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MANUAL Ps ai Be &

OF THE

BOTANY

OF THE

NORTHERN UNITED STATES:

SECOND EDITION;

INCLUDING VIRGINIA, KENTUCKY, AND ALL EAST OF THE MISSISSIPPI ?

| ARRANGED

ACCORDING TO THE NATURAL SYSTEM.

By ASA GRAY,

FISHER PROFESSOR OF NATURAL HISTORY IN HARVARD UNIVERSITY.

(THe MOSSES anp LIVERWORTS By Wm. 8. Suxurvant.)

WITH FOURTEEN PLATES, ILLUSTRATING THE GENERA OF THE cnyea a.

q NEW YORK: GEORGE P. PUTNAM & CO. 1856.

Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1856, by GEORGE P. PUTNAM & CO., in the Clerk’s Office of the District Court for the Southern District of New York,

Library, from

: y Sci

CAMBRIDGE:

STEREOTYPED BY METCALF AND COMPANY.

TO

JOHN TORREY, LL. D.,

CORRESP. MEMBER OF THE LINNAZAN SOCIETY, ETC.,

THIS VOLUME IS DEDICATED,

IN GRATEFUL ACKNOWLEDGMENT

OF THE FRIENDSHIP WHICH HAS HONORED AND THE COUNSEL WHICH HAS AIDED

THE AUTHOR

FROM THE COMMENCEMENT OF HIS BOTANICAL PURSUITS.

Camprings, January 1, 1848. e ‘

CONTENTS.

2 ; PAGE PREFACE : ‘ : 3 ‘ E = Vil List or ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE WorK . ‘ ill DIRECTIONS TO THE UNPRACTISED STUDENT ae y XV

ARTIFICIAL ANALYTICAL Key TO THE NATURAL ORDERS, ETC. xvii

List oF THE NATURAL ORDERS AND OF THE NUMBER OF

GENERA AND SPECIES UNDER EACH, ETC. . ‘ XXV

FLORA. — PuxNxoGamous or FLowrerinag Plants. eal |

Dicotyledonous or Exogenous Plants. ‘ =

Angiospermous, Polypetalous ‘ ‘ A 2

Monopetalous : ‘ 163

Apetalous : . . 859

Gymnospermous : . ‘ y 420

Monocotyledonous or Endogenous Plants. . 426 CryproGamous or Frownriess Puants “ 607 :

ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS . . ‘ é . 708

issex : : : é ‘ , 705

EXPLANATION OF TUE PLATES . 5 : ; -

a*

ERRATA.

Page 71, line 23, to Linum Boottii, add syn. “L. sulcatum, Riddell (an older name which has been overlooked).” 213, line 8, for “KX. Spimosum,” read “ XK. sprnosum.” 226, line 24, after “hemispherical,” add “ (merely convex in No. 1).” 231, line 2 from bottom, after “New York,” add “Lake Superior, Prof. Whitney.”

291, line 26, for “12-20-seeded,” read “1 ~2-seeded.”

465, line 2, under Medeola: for “base,” read “middle,” and add “ ex- trorse!” For “Styles 3,” &e., read “Style none: stigmas 3, re- curved-diverging, long and thread-form.”

598, line 24, for “Sept.” read “ July - Sept.”

652, line 13, dele “ (including the operculum).”

PREFACE,

Tis work is designed as a compendious Flora of the Northern portion of the United States, arranged according to the Natural System, for the use of students and of practical botanists.

The first edition was hastily prepared to supply a pressing want. Its plan, having been generally approved, has not been altered, although the work has been to a great extent rewritten. Its increased size is mainly owing to the larger geographical area embraced in it, being here extended southward so as to include Virginia and Kentucky, and westward to the Mississippi River.

This southern boundary coincides better than any other geographical line with the natural division between the cooler-temperate and the warm- temperate vegetation of the United States; very few characteristically Southern plants occurring north of it, and those only on the low coast of Virginia, in the Dismal Swamp, &c. Our western limit, also, while it includes a considerable prairie vegetation, excludes nearly all the plants peculiar to the great Western woodless plains, which approach our borders in Iowa and Missouri. Our northern boundary, being that of the United States, varies through about five degrees of latitude, and nearly embraces Canada proper on the east and on the west, so that nearly all the plants of Canada East on this side of the St. Lawrence, as well as of the deep peninsula of Canada West, will be found described in this volume.

The principal facts respecting the geographical distribution of the plants which compose the flora of our district, will be presented in another place. In this work I endeavor briefly to indicate the district in which each species occurs, or in which it most abounds, in the following manner: 1. When the principal area of a species is northward rather than south- ward, I generally give first its northern limit, so far as known to me, if within the United States, and then its southern limit if within our boun- daries, or add that it extends southward, meaning thereby that the species

viii PREFACE.

in question occurs in the States south of Virginia or Kentucky. Thus Magnolia glauca, p. 16, a prevailingly Southern species, but which is spar- ingly found as far north as Massachusetts, is.recorded as growing “ near Cape Ann and New York southward, near the coast”; M. acuminata, *©W. New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, and southward”; &c. While in species of northern range, the southern limits are mentioned; as, Nuphar Kalmiana, p. 23, “ New England, New York, and northward”; Cardamine pratensis, p. 33, “ Vermont to Wisconsin, northward,” &c. And so of Western plants; e. g. Jsopyrum biternatum, p. 11, ‘‘ Ohio, Kentucky, and westward”; Psoralea argophylia, p. 94, “ Wisconsin and westward ” ; Amorpha canescens, p. 95, “ Michigan to Wisconsin, and southwestward.” 2. Where no habitat or range is mentioned, the species is supposed to be diffused over our whole area, or nearly so, and usually beyond it. 3. When the species is of local or restricted occurrence, so far as known, the special habitat is given; e. g. Vesicaria Shortii and V. Lescurii, p. 38; Sullivantia Ohionis, p. 144, &c. Except in such cases, the want of space has generally demanded the omission of particular localities, which are so appropriate and so useful both in local Floras and in more detailed works, but for which there is no room in a manual like this.

For the same reason, I could not here undertake to specify the range of those species which extend beyond the geographical limits of this work, or beyond the United States. Nevertheless, to facilitate the comparison of our flora with that of Europe, I have appended the mark (Eu.) to those species which are indigenous to both.

Foreign plants which have become denizens of the soil are of course enu- merated and described along with the genuine indigenous members of our flora; but the introduced species are distinguished by the specific name be- ing pimniadé in a different type, namely, in small capitals (e. g. Ranunculus ACRIS, p. 10), while the names of the indigenous species are in full-face letter (e.g. R. repems). Moreover, the country from which they were introduced is specified (mostly Europe), as well as the nature of the deni- zenship. That is, following the suggestions of M. Alphonse De Candolle, I have classified our introduced plants as well as I could into two sorts, the thoroughly naturalized, and the adventive ; the first comprising those species which have made themselves perfectly at home in this country, propagating themselves freely by seed beyond the limits of cultivated grounds ; the sec- ond, those which are only locally spontaneous, and perhaps precarious, or which are spontaneous only in cultivated fields, around dwellings, or in manured soil, and which, still dependent upon civilized man, would prob- ably soon disappear if he were to abandon the country. (I here rank with the adventive plants those which De Candolle terms plants cultivated with- out or against man’s will.) Accordingly the species naturalized from Europe are indicated, at the close of the paragraph, by the phrase “ (Nat. from

PREFACE. ix

Eu.)”: those adventive, or imperfectly naturalized from Europe, by the phrase “ (Ady. from Eu.),” &c.

Such varieties as are marked and definite enough to require names are distinguished i in this edition into two sorts, according to their degree of ap- parent distinctness: — 1. Those which, I think, can hardly be doubted to be varieties of the species they are referred to, at least by those who hold sound views as to what a species is, have the name printed in small capi- tals; e. g. Nasturtium palustre, var. HIsPIDUM, p. 30; Vitis cordifolia, var. RIPARIA, p. 78. 2. Those so peculiar that they have not only for the most part been taken for species, but may still be so regarded by many most excellent botanists; some of them I may myself so regard hereafter, on further and more critical examination of the apparently connecting forms. ‘The names of these are printed in the same full-face type as those of the indigenous species (e. g. Ranunculus aquatilis, var. divaricatus, p- 7; Actzea spicata, var. rubra, and var. alba, p. 14); and they usu- ally stand at the head of a separate paragraph.

Another important feature of the present edition consists in the plates, fourteen in number, crowded with figures, illustrating the genera of the six Cryptogamous Orders (Mosses, Ferns, &c.) deabenndd % in the work. The eight most elaborate and admirable plates illustrating the Mosses and Liv- erworts are furnished by my generous friend, Mr. SuLLIv AN, the author ‘of that portion of this work.* The remaining six plates, devoted to the Ferns and their allies, were drawn from nature, and executed by Mr. Isaac SPRAGUE.

Mr. Sutiivanr has included in this edition all the species of Musci and Hepatice known to him as natives of any part of the United States east of the Mississippi, and has sedulously elaborated the whole anew; not only laying a broad foundation for a knowledge of North American Muscology, but furnishing botanical students with facilities for the study of these two beautiful families of: plants such as have never before anywhere been afforded in a book of this kind.+

* The illustrations of forty of the genera, as indicated in the Explanation of the Plates at the close of the volume, are entirely original productions of Mr. Sullivant’s pencil. Seven of them represent new species, and for most of the others those species were chosen which have before been only imperfectly if at all figured. The rest of the genera were taken from Schim- per, Bischoff, or Hooker, but amended or altered in accordance with the object in view, and the suggestions of an actual examination of the plant, which was always made.

t The reference ‘‘ Musc. Bor.-Amer.,” appended to many new or rare Mosses, is made to an almost complete arranged collection of the Musci and Hepatice east of the Mississippi, the types in great measure of the present elaboration of these families, all critically studied by Messrs. Sullivant and Lesquereux, and published in sets of specimens by the latter.

The materials from which these sets haye been prepared are chiefly Mr. Lesquereux’s own ‘Very extensive collections, the result of his numerous journeys made during the last six or Seven years, especially in the southern ranges of the Alleghany Mountains. To these have been added Mr. Sullivant’s ample accumulations, embracing the collections of the lamented

PREFACE.

Probably the time is now not far distant when, as the result especially of the labors and investigations of Pror. TucKERMAN upon our Lichenes, of the Rev. Dr. Curtis upon our Fungi, and of Pror. Harvey upon our Alge, as well as of Messrs. SULLIVANT and LesquEREUX upon our Mosses, all our Cryptogamia may be in a similar manner presented to the student, in the form of a supplementary volume, separate from that com- prising the Pheenogamous or Flowering Plants.

I have omitted from this edition the concise Introduction to Botany, and the Glossary, prefixed to the first; supplying their place with a more extended, familiar, and copiously illustrated elementary work, especially intended for beginners (First Lessons in Botany), and which may, when

desired, be bound up with the present volume. Or the student may use

the author’s Botanical Text-Book for the same purpose. In either of these, all the technical terms employed in this volume are explained and illus- trated. [Having prepared this Manual for students rather than for learned botanists, I have throughout endeavored to smooth the beginner’s way by discarding many an unnecessary technical word or phrase, and by casting the language somewhat in a vernacular mould, — perhaps at some sacrifice of brevity, but not, I trust, of the precision for which botanical language is distinguished.

Botanists may find some reason to complain of the general omission of synonymes; but it should be considered that all synonymes are useless to the beginner, — whose interests I have particularly kept in view, — while the greater part are needless to the instructed botanist, who has access to more elaborate works in which they are plentifully given. By discarding them, except in case of some original or recent changes in nomenclature, I have been able to avoid abbreviations (excepting those of author’s names, and some few customary ones of States, &c.), to give greater fulness to the characters of the species, and especially of the genera, (a point in which I conceive most works of this class are deficient,) and also to add the deriva- tion of the generic names.

The Natural Orders are disposed in a series which nearly corresponds, in a general way, with De Candolle’s arrangement, beginning with the highest class and ending with the lowest; and commencing this first and far the largest class (of Dicotyledonous or Exogenous Plants) with those orders in which the flowers are mostly provided with double floral enve-

Mr. Oakes in the White Mountains, of Fendler in New Mexico, and of Wright in Texas. The title of the work is ‘‘Musci Boreali-Americani, sive Specimina Exsiccata Muscorum in Ameri- cx Rebuspublicis Foederatis detectorum, conjunctis studiis W. 8. SuLLIVANT et L. LESQUEREUX, 1856.” Mr. Sullivant’s connection with the work extends no further than to a joint and equal responsibility in the determination of the species. This most extensive and valuable collec- tion ever made of American Mosses, which has cost much labor and expense, and comprises nearly 400 species and marked varieties, is published at ¢20 for each set, and will doubtless be eagerly sought after by Bryological students,

PREFACE. Xi

lopes, viz. with both calyx and corolla, and in which the corolla consists of separate petals (the Polypetalous division); beginning this series with those orders in which the several organs of the flower are most distinct and separate (hypogynous), and proceeding to those which have the parts most combined among themselves and consolidated with each other (perigynous and epigynous) ; then follow those with the petals combined into a mono- petalous corolla (the Monopetalous division) ; and, finally, those destitute of a corolla or destitute of all floral envelopes (the Apetalous division). The class of Monocotyledonous or Endogenous Plants opens with orders exhibit- ing one form of simplified flowers, passes to those with the organs most combined and consolidated, then to those most perfect and less combined, and closes with other simplified and reduced forms. The present problem in Botany is to group the numerous Natural Orders in each class into nat- ural alliances. But this has not yet been done in such a manner as to be available to the ordinary student.

I do not here attempt, therefore, to group the orders naturally, but let them follow one another in what seems to be on the whole the most natu- ral and practically convenient sequence. And, by means of an Analytical Artificial Key to the Natural Orders * (p. xvii.), I enable the student very readily to refer any of our plants to its proper Family. This Key is entirely remodelled in the present edition, is founded on characters of easy observation, and is so arranged as to provide for all the exceptional instances and variant cases I could think of. I shall be disappointed if the attentive student is not able by it to refer to its proper order any to him unknown plant of the Northern States of which he has flowering speci- mens. Referring to the Order indicated, the student will find its dis- tinctive points, which he has chiefly to consider, brought together and printed in italics in the first sentence of the description.

Then, to abridge the labor of further analysis as much as possible, I have given a synopsis of the genera under each order, whenever it com- prises three or more of them, enumerating some of their leading characters, and grouping them under their respective tribes, suborders, &c., as the case may be. I have also taken pains to dispose the species of every ex- tensive genus under sections (§) or subgenera (§ with a name in capitals), subsections ( * ), and subordinate divisions (+, +, &c.) ; and whenever there are two or more species under a division, I have italicized some of the principal distinctions (after the manner of Koch’s Flora Germanica), so that they may at once catch the student’s eye.

To aid in the pronunciation of the generic and specific names, &c., I

* No Linnean Artificial Arrangement is here given, experience having shown that, as a Key to the Natural Orders or to the genera, it offers no clear advantage on the score of facility over 4 well-devised Analytical Key; which the learner will find equally certain, and much more satisfactory in its results.

xi PREFACE.

have not only marked the accented syllable, but have followed Loudon’s mode of indicating what is called the long sound of the vowel by the grave (~), and the short sound by the acute accent-mark (’). In respect to this, my friend, Mr. Foxrsom, has obligingly rendered most important assistance throughout the pages of this volume.

The imperative necessity of economizing space to the utmost, alone has debarred me from more largely recording my acknowledgments to nu- merous obliging correspondents, in all parts of the country, who have con- tributed to this work, either by notes of corrections, observations, or cata- logues, or by communicating specimens of rare or local plants. In the comparison of our flora with that of Europe, I am greatly indebted to my excellent friend and correspondent, M. Goprr of Neuchatel, author of the Flore du Jura, for a suite of authentically determined plants of that district, and for a series of acute and very important critical notes upon many of our own identical or related species.

As to special collaborators in the preparation of the work, in addition to the acknowledgments made in the preface to the former edition, I have again to express my particular indebtedness to my friends, Joun Carey, Esq., now of London, for various emendations in the genus Carez, formerly elaborated by him for this work; and Dr. ENGELMANN of St. Louis, for fall notes upon the botany of our Western borders, many critical obser- vations upon various genera, and for contributing the articles upon Cus- cuta, Euphorbia, and the three genera of Alismew. The renewed and still more extensive contributions of Mr. Surtivanr have already been referred to,— contributions which introduce a new era in the study of American Muscology, and which justly claim, not only my warm per- sonal acknowledgments, but the gratitude of all the votaries of our science in this country.

I renew the request, that those who use this book will kindly furnish information of all corrections or additions that may appear to be necessary, so that it may be made more accurate and complete in a future edition.

HARVARD UNIVERSITY, CAMBRIDGE, June 30th, 1856.

ABBREVIATIONS AND SIGNS USED IN THIS WORK.

I. PRINCIPAL ABBREVIATIONS OF THE NAMES OF AUTHORS.

Adans. = Adanson. Hartm. = WHartmann. Ait. Aiton. Hedw.' — Hedwig. Andr. Andrews. Hoffim. Hoffmann. Arn. Arnott. : Hook. Hooker. Aubl. _—_- Aublet. Hook. f. (filius) J. D. Hooker. Bart. _ Barton. . Hornsch. Hornschuch. Baril. Bartling. ; Huds. Hudson. Beauv. Palisot de Beauvois. Hub. ‘Hubener. Benth. Bentham. Jacq. Jacquin. Bernh. —_—_— Bernhard. Juss. JUSSIEU. Bie, _ — Bieberstein. L.or Linn. = Linnazvus. Bigel. Bigelow. Lag. _ _ Lagasca. Br. § Sch. Bruch and (W.P.) Schimper. Zam. ° Lamarck. Brid. Bridel. Lamb. Lambert. Brongn. . Brongniart. Ledeb. Ledebour. Cass. Cassini. . LT? Her. L’Heritier. Cav. Cavanilles. Lehm. Lehmann. Cham. ~ Chamisso. Lesqr. ~ Lesquereux. Chav. Chavannes. | Lestib. _ Lestibudois. DC. De Candolle. | Lindenb. Lindenberg. ma. DC, Alphonse De Candolle. Lindl. Lindley. Desf. Desfontaines. Mich. Micheli. Dew. - Dewey. Miche. Michaux (the elder). i Dillenius. Michx. f: F. A. Michaux (the Dumort. Dumortier. Mill. Miller. [younger). Ehrh, Ebrhart. Mitch. Mitchell. Ell. Elliott. Mont. Montagne. Endl. . Endlicher. : Muhl. Muhlenberg. Engel. Engelmann. Mull. C. Muller. Geertn. Geertner. Nees. Nees von Esenbeck. G.L.§ N. Gottsche, Lindenberg, & Nees. Nutt. Nuttall. Gimel. Gmelin. Pav. Pavon. Good. Goodenough. ; Pers. Persoon. Grev. Greville. Pluk. _ Plukenet. Griseb. Grisebach. Plum. Plumier. Gronov. Gronovius. Poir. Poiret.

b

xiv ABBREVIATIONS AND SIGNS.

R. Br. Rozsert Brown. Steud. Steudel. Raf. Rafinesque. Sulliv. Sullivant. Rich. Richard. Tayl. J. Taylor. Richards. Richardson. Lorr. Torrey. Rem. Reemer. Torr. & Gr. Torrey and Gray. Salish. Salisbury. Tourn. Tournefort. Schimp. W. P. Schimper. Trin. Trinius. Schk. Schkuhr. Tuckerm. Tuckerman. Schlecht. Schlechtendal. Vaill. Vaillant. Schrad. Schrader. Vent. Ventenat. Schreb. Schreber. Vill. Villars. Schult. _ Schultes. Wahl. Wahlenberg. Schw. or Schwein. Schweinitz. Walt. Walter. Schwegr. Schwegrichen. Web. Weber. Scop. Scopoli. Willd. Willdenow. Soland. Solander. Wils. Wilson. Spreng. Sprengel. Wulf. Wulfen.

II. SIGNS USED IN THIS WORK.

@) An annual plant. @ A biennial plant. y A perennial plant. 2 A mark of doubt. ! A mark of affirmation or authentication. 1°, 2f, 3". To save space, the sign of degrees (°) is used for feet; of min- utes (') for inches; of seconds (') for lines, —the (English) line being the twelfth part of an inch. The dash — between two figures, as 5-10, means from 5 to 10, &c.

DIRECTIONS TO THE UNPRACTISED STUDENT.

Tue Student is supposed to have a general acquaintance with the rudiments of Structural Botany, such as is readily to be acquired from the author’s First Lessons in Botany, or his Botanical Text-Book, or from any other similar trea- tise. One of these will be needed for reference while using this Manual. The former is much the simplest, and was expressly prepared for the beginner’s use. To learn the meaning of all words he meets with, and which he does not precise- ly understand, he has only to refer, as occasion requires, to the Glossary or Dic- tionary of Botanical Terms appended to either of these books, especially to that in the Lessons on Botany.

To show the beginner how to proceed in using the Manual for the purpose of ascertaining the name, and the place in the system, &c. of any of our wild plants, we will take an example. Suppose him to make his first trial with the common Spiderwort, which grows wild throughout the southern and western parts of our country, is cultivated in most gardens, and blooms the whole summer long.

With a flowering specimen in hand, let the student turn to the following Arti- Jicial Key to the Natural Orders, p. xvii. Having flowers, it is evident the plant belongs to the great series of Phenogamous or Flowering Plants. To which of its two classes is the first question. To answer this, let the student compare the plant with the characters — that is, the enumeration of the principal distinc- tions —of Class I. given on p. xvii., and of Class IT. on p. xxi. Without the seeds, which may not be ripe,—and if they were it might require more skill than could be expected of the beginner to dissect them,— we cannot directly ascertain whether the embryo is monocotyledonous or dicotyledonous. But the other characters are abundantly sufficient, and easy to verify. Take first the stem; is it formed on the exogenous or endogenous plan? 4A slice across it plainly shows, to the naked eye, or by the aid of a common magnifying-glass, that there is no distinction of parts into pith, bark, and a ring of wood or woody tissue between these two: but the woody part of the stem is here represented by separate bundles, or threads, whose cut ends, as seen in the cross-section in the form of dots, are scattered throughout the whole diameter, —just as in a stalk of Indian Corn, a rattan, or a Palm-stem, — leaving no central pith and showing no tendency to form a ring or layer of wood. It is therefore endogenous. The simple, parallel-veined leaves show the same thing, and so does the arrangement of the flower with its parts in threes, — namely, three sepals, three petals, six (twice 3) stamens ; and even the pistil, if the ovary be cut across, is found to have three cells. So the plant plainly belongs to Class II. Monocaigledangus or Endogenous Plants.

We have next to refer it to its proper Order under this Class, lichen is readily done vy following the successive subdivisions in the Artificial Key. The first

xvi DIRECTIONS TO THE UNPRACTISED STUDENT.

division is into three groups, marked A. IB. and C.- Of these B. alone has “flowers with true floral envelopes,” and therefore includes our plant. The subdivision of B. is into “1. Flowers densely crowded on a spadix,” and “2. Flowers not on a spadix.” Our plant falls under the latter. This is subdivided into “% Perianth adherent to the ovary,” and “* * Perianth free from the ovary.” Our plant accords with the latter. This is subdivided into four groups, with this mark (+ ), characterized by the nature of the perianth; and it is evident that our plant, having 3 green sepals, and 3 colored petals, and no glumaceous or husky bracts, falls into the third group, + + +. Under this there are four alterna- tives, based on differences in the pistil. The numerous distinct pistils exclude the first; the many or several seeds in each cell exclude the second; the one- celled ovary, &e. exclude the fourth ; while the third, having a single pistil with a 2—3-celled ovary, and only one or two ovules or seeds in each cell, agrees with our plant; which we are thus brought to conclude must belong to the order Commelynacee. The number, 485, affixed to this name, refers to the page in the body of the work where this order is characterized.

After comparing the plant with the ordinal character, especially with that por- tion of it in italic type, and noting the agreement, let the student proceed to de- termine the Genus. We have only two genera in this order, viz.: 1. Commelyna, which has irregular flowers, petals unlike and on long claws, and the stamens of two sorts, only three of them bearing perfect anthers, —all of which is very different from the plant we are studying; and 2. Tradescantia (p. 286), with the characters of which our plant will be found perfectly to accord.

Let the student then proceed to ascertain the Species, of which three are de- scribed under this genus. Of the two sections, marked with stars ( * ), our plant belongs to the first, having a sessile umbel. And of its two species, a comparison with the characters of each fixes our plant as belonging to the first, viz. T. Virginica.

The abbreviated name or letter after the name of the genus and that of the species, denotes the founder of the genus or the species ;—in this instance Lin- nus, whose nante is indicated by the abbreviation L.

Whenever an order comprises several genera, a synopsis of them is given, like that of Ranunculacee, p. 2, by the aid of which the student will readily deter- mine the genus of the plant under examination. The number prefixed to the name of the genus, in the synopsis, is that under which it stands, farther on, in the full account. The genera in the synopsis are often ranked under their proper Tribes, or Suborders, &c.; and the student will first determine the Tribe, or other great group to which the plant he is examining belongs, and then the Genus under that tribe, &e.

Sometimes a genus embraces two or more strongly marked sections, or Sub- genera, Which are designated by the mark § followed by aname. For example, Cimicifuga, p. 14, has two subgenera, § 1. Macrotys, and § 2. Cimicifuga proper, each with its own characters; and the genus Rhus, p. 76, has three subgenera, viz. ¢ 1. Sumac, § 2. Toxicodendron, and § 3. Lobadium. These names, how- ever, do not make a part of the appellation of a plant, which is called by its generic and its specific name only; as, Cimicifuga racemosa, the Black Snake- root; Rhus glabra, the Smooth Sumac, &e.

ARTIFICIAL KEY TO THE NATURAL ORDERS

OF ALL THE PLANTS DESCRIBED IN THIS WORK, FOUNDED ON SOME OF THE EASIEST CHARACTERS, CHIEFLY THOSE FURNISHED BY THE FLOWER.

Surres I. PHASNOGAMOUS or FLOWERING PLANTS: those producing real flowers and seeds.

Crass I. DICOTYLEDONOUS or EXOGENOUS PLANTS.

Stems formed of bark, wood, and pith ; the wood forming a layer be- tween the other two, and increasing, when the stem continues from year to year, by the annual addition of a new layer to the outside, next the bark. Leaves netted-veiged. Embryo with a pair of opposite cotyledons, or in Subclass II. often 3 or more in a whorl. Parts of the flower mostly in fours or fives. |

Suscrass I ANGIOSPERMZ. Pistil consisting of a closed ovary which contains the ovules and the seeds.

Division I. POLYPETALOUS: the calyx and corolla both present; the latter of separate petals.

A. Stamens numerous, at least more than tavice as many as the 4-9 petals. 1. Calyx entirely free and separate from the pistil or pistils.

* Stamens unconnected either with the calyx or corolla, hypogynous. Page Pistils numerous, but cohering over each other on a Jong receptacle. MAGNOLIACEA, 15 Pistils several, immersed in the upper surface of a top-shaped receptacle. NELUMBIACE®, 21 Pistils more than one, wholly separate and distinct

Filaments scarcely any, much shorter than the anther. Trees. ANONACEH, 17 Filaments longer than the anther. * Anthers 4-celled, 4lobed. Flowers dicecious. Woody vines. MENISPERMACESH, 18 Anthers 2-celled. Flowers mostly perfect Herbs. Petals and mostly the sepals also deciduous. RANUNCULACEM, 2 Petals and sepals persistent after flowering. CABOMBACE, 22 Pistils only one, or 2- several more or less completely united into one. Ovary simple, 1-celled wit one parietal placenta. Filaments shorter than the anthers: petals large. Podophyllum in BERBERIDACE, 19

Filaments slender. Petals smaller than the sepals. RANUNCULACE#, 2 Qvary compound, 8 -80-celled: ovules borne on the partitions. ’ NYMPHACER, 2° Ovary compound, 1-celled, with a free central placenta. PORTULACACER, 65

b*

XVili ARTIFICIAL KEY TO THE NATURAL ORDERS.

Ovary compound, 1 —5-celled, when 1-celled the 2- several placentz parietal. Sepals persistent, 4-7 in number. 2 Leaves punctate with transparent or dark dots, all opposite. HYPERICACER, Leaves not punctate, all or some of them alternate. Ovary and pod not lobed, 1-celled or partly so: ovules orthotropous, CISTACEZ, Ovary and pod 3-7-horned or lobed, 1-celled, opening early. RESEDACE, Ovary and pod 5-celled. Style umbrella-shaped. SARRACENIACER, Sepals caducous, only 2 or 3. Juice milky or colored. PAPAVERACER, Sepals deciduous, 5 in number, valvate in the bud. TILIACES,

* * Stamens united with the base of the (hypogynous) petals. Calyx valvate in the bud. Stamens monadelphous : anthers I-celled. MALVACE, Calyx imbricated in the bud. Anthers 2-celled. Trees or shrubs. CAMELLIACER,

* * * Stamens and petals inserted on the calyx ( perigynous). Leaves alternate, with stipules. Pistils 1-few-seeded. ROSACEZ, 110 Leaves opposite, no stipules, Calyx-tube enclosing the ovaries. CALYCANTHACEA, 126

2. Calyx more or less coherent with the surface of the ovary ; i. e. ovary inferior or partly so. Leaves with stipules, alternate. Pomex in ROSACER, 110 Leaves without stipules. (In Cactaces there are no proper leaves.)

Ovary 1-celled, with parietal placentz.

Fleshy and leafless plants: sepals and petals many, and much alike. CACTACEA, 136 Rough-leaved plants: calyx-lobes 5: petals 5 or 10. LOASACE, 135

Ovary 1-5-celled more than half free from the calyx, with a many-seeded placenta in the axis : pod circumcissile, the upper part falling off as a lid. PORTULACACER, 63

Ovary 2-celled, half free : styles 2: pod 2-beaked, 2-seeded. HAMAMELACEA, 147

Ovary 3 ~4-celled (style 1) with 1~4 ovules in the axis of each cell. , STIYRACACEA, 265

Ovary 3-5-celled (styles separate at the top): ovules and seeds very numerous on pla-

centx projecting from the axis. Philadelphus in SAXIFRAGACEA, 141

Ovary and berry-like pod 10- 30-celled, many-seeded on the partitions. N YMPHHIACEA, 22

B. Stamens of the same number as the petals, and opposite them.

Pistils 3-6, separate. Flowers dicecious. Woody vines. MENISPERMACER, 18 Pistil only one: ovary 1-celled. Style or stigma 1, simple: anthers opening by uplifted valves. BERBERIDACES, 19 Style and stigma 1: anthers opening lengthwise. PRIMULACES, 270 Styles 5. Calyx funnel-form, dry. Ovule and seed solitary. PLUMBAGINACEA, 270 Style 3-cleft at the apex. Calyx 2-leaved. Seeds few. PORTULACACER, 63 Pistil only one: ovary 2- 4-celled. Calyx very short, 4-5-toothed, or the limb obsolete, Petals yalvyate. VITACE®, 77 Calyx 4 -5-cleft, valvate in the bud Petals involute. RHAMNACER, 78

C. Stamens when of the same number as the petals alternate with them, sometimes twice as many, sometimes fewer. 1. Calyx free from the ovary. * Leaves punctate with transparent (or sometimes blackish) dots.

Flowers perfect. Leaves entire and simple, opposite. HYPERICACEA, 48 Flowers dicecious or polygamous. Leaves compound or divided. RUTACER, 74 * * Leaves not punctate with transparent dots.

+ Pistils one or more, simple, i. e. of one carpel.

Stamens inserted on the receptacle (hypogynous). Stipules none. Flowers dioecious. Fruit a drupe, Woody climbers. MENISPERMACER, Flowers mostly perfect. Herbs, rarely somewhat shrubby plants. RANUNC ULACE, Stamens inserted on the base or tube of the calyx (perigynous). Flower mostly papilionaceous or otherwise irregular. Pistil only one. LEGUMIN OS®, Flower vegular. Pistils 1- several.

ARTIFICIAL KEY TO THE NATURAL ORDERS. xix

Leaves with stipules. Seeds single or few, destitute of albumen. ROSACEA, 110 Leaves destitute of stipules. Seeds with albumen. Pistils 2, fewer than the (5, or rarely 4) petals. SAXIFRAGACER, 142 Pistils 8-5, of the same number as the petals. CRASSULACES, 189

Stamens connected with the stigma, which unites the tops of 2 pistils. ASCLEPIADACEA, 850 + + Pistil one, compound ; the ovary 1-celled. ;

Corolla irregular, of 4 petals. Stamens 6, collected in two sets. FUMARIACER, 26 Corolla irregular, of 5 petals. Stamens 5; their broad anthers united. VIOLACEA, 41 Corolla regular: ovule solitary from the base. Leaves alternate. ANARCARDIACEH, 76 Corolla regular: ovules from the base or axis. Leaves opposite. CARYOPHYLLACER, 53 Corolla regular: ovules few or many on 2 - several parietal placenta.

Stamens monadelphous, their tube sheathing the stalk of the ovary. PASSIFLORACER®, 188

Stamens separate, inserted on the calyx. SAXIFRAGACEA, 141 Stamens separate, inserted on the receptacle. Sepals 2, caducous. Juice milky or colored. PAPAVERACED, 24 Sepals 4, deciduous. Style 1. Juice not milky. CAPPARIDACE, 40 Sepals 5, or sometimes 3, persistent. , A cluster of sterile filaments placed before each petal. PARNASSIACEH, 48 Sterile filaments or appendages none. Styles 6 or 10, double the number of the placentz. DROSERACE, 47 Style 1 or none: stigmas 1-38: placentz 3. CISTACER, 45 a4

+ + + Pistil one, compound ; the ovary 2 -10-celled. ++ Flowers irregular. Stamens 6 or 8 in two sets, connected with the petals: anthers l-celled. POLYGALACER, 85

Stamens 10, distinct, free from the petals: anthers 2-celled. Rhodora in ERICACEA, 245 Stamens 6 - 8, distinct, free from the petals: anthers 2-celled. — SAPINDACER, 82 Stamens 5: anthers conniving over the stigma, 2-celled. BALSAMINACER, 73 ++ ++ Flowers regular or nearly so. Stamens (mostly 2) fewer than the 4 petals. OLEACEZ, 356 Stamens more numerous than the petals, but not twice as many. : Of equal length. Corolla not cruciform. ACERINEE, 84

Two stamens shorter than the 4 others. Corolla (of 4 petals) cruciform. CRUCIFERA, 28 Stamens just as many or twice as many as the petals. Ovules and seeds only 1 or 2 in each cell.

Herbs. Flowers monecious. Styles fewer than the sepals. EUPHORBIACEA, 385 Herbs. Styles or stigmas as many as the petals or sepals. es Sepals, petals, and lobes of the ovary 3. Stamens 6. LIMNANTHACER, 74 Sepals and petals 5. Ovary and pod 10-celled. LINACEZ, 70 Sepals, petals, and cells of the ovary 5. Stamens 10 or 5. GERANIACE®, 72 Shrubs or trees. Fruit a fleshy colored pod. Seeds enclosed in a pulpy aril. CELASTRACE, 81 Fruit 2-winged. Leaves opposite. Aril none. ACERINE, 84 Fruit a 4 - 8-seeded drupe. Leaves alternate. AQUIFOLIACEA, 263 Ovules (and usually seeds) several or many in each cell. Stipules between the opposite and simple leaves. ELATINACEA, 52 Stipules between the opposite and compound leaves. STAPHYLEACE®, 82 Stipules none when the leaves are opposite. Stamens 5, monadelphous in a 10-toothed tube or cup. GALACINEZ, 262 Stamens 10, monadelphous at the base. OXALIDACEH, 71 Stamens distinct, free from the calyx. Style 1, undivided. - ERICACE, 245 Styles 2 - 5, separate. CARYOPHYLLACEH, 52 Stamens distinct, inserted on the calyx. Style 1; Pod enclosed in the calyx becoming 1-celled. LYTHRACEA, 127

Styles 2 (rarely 3), or splitting into 2 in fruit. ; SAXIFRAGACEA, 141

ARTIFICIAL KEY TO THE NATURAL ORDERS.

2. Calyx-tube adherent to the ovary, at least to its lower half.

Stamens more or less united together. Tendril-bearing herbs CUCURBITACES, 138 Stamens distinct. Not tendril bearing. Ovules and seeds more than one in each cell. Ovary 1-celled, many-ovyuled from the base. PORTULACACE®, 68 Ovary 1-celled, with 2 or 8 parietal few -many-seeded placentae. Some SAXIFRAGACEA, 141 Ovary 2-5-celled. [and GROSSULACEM, 136 Anthers opening by pores at the apex. Style 1. MELASTOMACE, 127 Anthers opening lengthwise. Style 1. Petals 4, rarely 2. : ONAGRACEZ, 129 Styles 2, rarely 3. SAXIFRAGACES, 141 Ovules and seeds only one in each cell. Stamens (in perfect flowers) inserted on the tube of the calyx. Stipules deciduous. Pod 2-beaked. HAMAMELACES, 147 Stipules present or deciduous. Fruit globular, fleshy. POME, 123 Stipules none. ONAGRACEZ, 129 Stamens inserted on a disk which crowns the top of the ovary. Styles 2 Herbs. Flowers umbelled. Fruit dry. UMBELLIFERZ, 148 Styles 2-5. Flowers umbelled. Fruit fleshy. ARALIACEA, 159 Style 1. Shrubs or trees. Flowers clustered. CORNACEA, 161

Division If. MONOPETALOUS: calyx and corolla both present; the latter with its petals united more or less into one picce.

A. Stamens more numerous than the lobes of the corolla.

* Ovary compound, 3 -many-celled, or 1-celled with the ovules rising from the base. Stamens free or nearly free from the corolla, distinct. ERICACEZ, 245 Stamens borne on or adherent to the base of the tube of the corolla.

Filaments wholly distinct. Calyx wholly free from the ovary. EBENACE, 266 Filaments 1 - 5-adelphous below : anthers 2-celled :

Calyx adherent to the base or to the whole surface of the ovary. STYRACACEA, 265

Calyx wholly free from the ovary. CAMELLIACE, 70

Filaments mopadelphous in a column: anthers 1-celled. MALVACEX, 65

* * Ovary compound, 1-celled, with 2 parietal placenta. FUMARIACE, 26

* * * Ovary simple, with 1 parietal (sutural) placenta. LEGUMINOSZE, 38

B. Stamens (1. e. fertile stamens) as many as the lobes of the corolla, and opposite them.

Ovary 5-celled. Corolla appendaged with scales inside. SAPOTACE, 267 Ovary 1-celled: utricle 1-seeded. Styles 5. PLUMBAGINACEZS, 270 Ovary l-celled: pod several-many-seeded. Style 1. PRIMULACEA, 270

C. Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla and alternate with them, or fewer.

* Ovary adherent to the calyx-tube (inferior). Stamens united by their anthers into a ring or tube. — Flowers collected in a head which is furnished with an involucre. COMPOSITA, 177 Flowers separate, perfect, irregular. Corolla cleft down one side. LOBELIACE®, 241 Flowers separate, monoecious or dicecious, regular. CUCURBITACE, 188 Stamens separate. Leaves alternate, without stipules. Juice milky. Pod 2-5-celled. CAMPANULACE®, 248 Leaves opposite with intervening stipules, or whorled without them. RUBIACEA, 168 Leaves opposite without stipules. Flowers not involucrate. Stamens 4 or 5. Corolla 4 - 5-lobed. CAPRIFOLIACE, 163 Flowers not involucrate. Stamens 2 or 3. Corolla 5-lobed. VALERIANACES, 174 Flowers in an involucrateehead. Stamens and corolla-lobes 4. DIPSACES, 176

ARTIFICIAL KEY TO THE NATURAL ORDERS. | XXI

% * Ovary free from the calyx (superior). + Flowers irregular. Perfect stamens almost always less than 5. Ovules and mostly the seeds numerous, or sometimes only 2, in each cell. Pod 1-celled, with a free central placenta. Stamens 2. LENTIBULACEA, 275 Pod 1-celled with 2-4 parietal placentae. Stamens4. Leafless plants. OROBANCHACE®, 279 Pod falsely 2 - 5-celled: placentee parietal. Seeds without albumen. BIGNONIACEA, 277 Pod 2-celled with the placentz in the axis.

Seeds numerous, sometimes few, with copious albumen. SCROPHULARIACES, 281 Seeds few in each cell, flat, entirely destitute of albumen. ACANTHACEA, 296 Ovules and seeds (4, rarely 1) one in each cell. Ovary deeply 4-lobed ; the style rising from between the lobes. LABIATA, 300 Ovary not lobed; the style terminal. VERBENACEA, 298

+ + Flowers regular; stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla or calyx. Ovary deeply divided around the single style into 4 one-oyuled lobes. BORRAGINACES, 319 Ovary 1-celled, with the ovules or placentz parietal.

Leaves toothed or cut, often rough-hairy, petioled. HYDROPHYLLACEZ, 326 Leaves entire, sessile and opposite, glabrous. Leaves petioled, alternate, entire or with 3 entire leaflets. } CHNEANAOB A841 Ovary 2 -10-celled. Style none. Corolla deeply 4-6-parted. Shrubs or trees. AQUIFOLIACE, 263 Style present. Plants with green herbage. Stamens 4. Pod circumcissile, and the partition loose. PLANTAGINACEA, 268 Stamens 5, nearly or quite free from. the corolla. . ERICACEA, 245 Stamens 5, borne on the corolla. Stipules present between the bases of opposite leaves. LOGANIEA, 174 Stipules none... Leaves opposite. Pod 2-celled, with several winged seeds. | GELSEMINEZ, 283 ‘ Leaves opposite or alternate. Pod 8-celled, few-seeded. POLEMONIACEA, 329 Leaves alternate. Pod or berry many-seeded. SOLANACEZ, 338 Leaves alternate. Pod 2-6-seeded. Style present. Plants destitute of green foliage. CONVOLVULACEA, 882 Ovaries 2, separate ; their styles and stigmas also separate. Ovaries 2, separate, but united at the top by a common stigma. Filaments distinct : pollen powdery, in ordinary anthers. APOCYNACER, 349 Filaments mostly monadelphous: pollen cohering in masses. ASCLEPIADACE®, 350

+ + + Flowers regular: stamens fewer than the lobes of the corolla.

Lowherbs. Pod circumcissile, 4- many-seeded: partition separating. PLANTAGINACE, 268 Shrubs. Drupe or berry 1-2-seeded. ‘OLEACEZ, 356

Divisron Ht. APETALOUS: corolla (and sometimes the — wanting. | A. Flowers not in catkins.

* Ovary or cells of the ovary containing many ovules.

Ovary and pod 6-celled, inferior (calyx-tube adherent). ARISTOLOCHIACEA, 359 Ovary and pod 4-celled, inferior. Ludwigia in ONAGRACEA, 129 Ovary and pod 3-5-celled, superior (calyx free i Pod 5-beaked, opening across the beaks. Penthorum in CRASSULACE®, 139 Pod beakless, circumcissile. Leaves fleshy. Sesuvium in PORTULACACE®, 638 Pod beakless, 8-valved. Leaves whorled. MOLLUGINEA, 54

Ovary 2-célled, superior. Flowers perfect, separate.

Calyx enclosing the thin (at length often 1-celled) pod. © Ammannia in LYTHRACEZ, 127

Calyx none. Pod many-ribbed. Aquatic herbs, PODOSTEMACE4, 384 Ovary 2-celled. Flowers imperfect, capitate. Liquidambar in HAMAMELACEA, 148 Oavry 1, compound, but only one-celled.

Placentze 2, parietal. . Chrysosplenium in SAXIFRAGACEA, 141

xxii ARTIFICIAL KEY TO THE NATURAL ORDERS.

Placenta in the axis or the base of the cell. Stamens 5, alternate with the 5 sepals, Glaux in PRIMULACEZ, 270 Stamens opposite the sepals when of the same number. CARYOPHYLLACER, 52 * * Ovary or its cells containing only 1 or 2 (rarely 8) ovules. + Pistils more than. one, and distinct or nearly so. Stamens inserted on the calyx. Leaves with stipules. ROSACEA, 110 Stamens inserted on the receptacle. Leaves punctate, with pellucid dots, Ovaries stalked. Zanthoxylum in RUTACER, 74 Leaves not dotted. Calyx present, usually colored or petal-like. RANUNCULACE®, 2 Calyx absent. Flowers entirely naked, but perfect, spiked. SAURURACE®, 383 a + Pistil one, compound: ovary 2 -10-celled, Ovary coherent with the calyx-tube (inferior), 3 - 4-celled. HALORAGEA, 129 Ovary free. (Calyx sometimes wanting.) Herbs, aquatic. Fruit 4-celled, indehiscent, nut-like: styles2. CALLITRICHACEM, 384 Herbs. Fruit splitting inte 2 or 3 two-valved pods. EUPHORBIACE, 885 Herbs. Fruit a 10-celled and 10-seeded berry. ; PHY TOLACCACE®, 361 Heath-like undershrubs. Drupe 3-9-celled. _ EMPETRACE, 393 Shrubs or trees. Fruit a berry-like drupe or a samara. Ovule solitary in each cell, erect. Stamens alternate with the sepals. RHAMNACEA, 78 Ovule solitary in each cell, suspended. ULMACEX, 894 Qvules a pair in each cell: these Horizontal er ascending. Fruit a double samara. ACERINE®, 82 Suspended or pendulous. Fruit a single samara or a drupe. OLEACEA, 356 a + + Pistil one (simple or compound), 1-celled, 1-seeded. Ovary coherent with the calyx-tube. Stigma extending down the whole length of one side of the style. Stamen 1. Aquatic herbs. Seed suspended. Hippuris in HALORAGER, 129 Stamens 5-10. Trees. Seed suspended. Nyssa in CORNACE, 160 Stigma terminal, with or without a style. Anthers 3 - 4, sessile. Woody parasites on trees. LORANTHACE®, 882° Anthers 5, on filaments. SANTALACEA, 881 Ovary free, sometimes enclosed in the calyx-tube, but not adherent to it, Stipules forming closed sheaths at the joints. Calyx conspicuous, often colored or petal-like. Herbs. POLYGONACEX, 871 Calyx none. Trees: flowers in heads. PLATANACE, 400 Stipules not sheathing, often none. Stamens 8 - 24, more numerous than the lobes of the calyx. Anthers opening by uplifted valves. Leaves pellucid-dotted. LAURACER, 378 Anthers opening lengthwise. Shrubs, with dotless and silvery-scurfy leaves. ELZAGNACEZ, 380 Shrubs, with entire and dotless leaves. : THYMELACEZ, 380 Aquatic herbs, with finely dissected leaves. CERATOPHYLLACE, 383 Stamens 1 - 6, equalling or fewer than the calyx-lobes. Embryo coiled around the outside of the albumen. Flowers scarious-bracted. AMARANTACE, 867 Flowers not scarious-bracted. Calyx colored, imitating a monopetalous corolla. NYCTAGINACEZ, 860 Calyx herbaceous or searious. CHENOPODIACEA, 361 Embryo coiled or bent, without albumen. Embryo straight in the axis of albumen. URTICACEA, 394 Radicle superior. Style and stigma 1. Radicle inferior. Stigmas 8, two-cleft. EUPHORBIACES, 385 Embryo straight: albumen none. Flowers polygamous. ; Planera, &c. in URTICACER, 394 Flowers perfect. Stamens on the calyx. ROSACEA, 110

ARTIFICIAL KEY TO THE NATURAL ORDERS. XXHI

B. Flowers (monecious or diwcious) one or both sorts in catkins.

% Only one sort of flowers in catkins or catkin-like heads.

Fertile flowers forming a short catkin or strobile in fruit. Humulus in URTICACE, 394 Fertile flowers Single or clustered: sterile ones in slender catkins. Nut in an involucre or cup. Leaves simple. CUPULIFERZ, 408 Dry drupe naked, with no involucre. Leaves pinnate. JUGLANDACEZ, 106 * * Both the sterile and fertile flowers in catkins or heads. Fruit a thin dehiscent pod. Seeds numerous, downy-tufted. SALICACE®, 413 Fruit a woody pod. Seeds naked. Liquidambar in HAMAMELACE®, 148 Fruit a berried drupe or drupe-like. Ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled. Parasitic : leaves opposite, thick.. LORANTHACEZ, 382 Not parasitic : leaves alternate, fragrant. MYRICACEA, 409 Fruit, i. e. the pericarp itself, a nutlet or achenium. Nutlets winged or oblong, under dry cr woody scales. BETULACEZ, 410 Nutlets club-shaped, naked, plumose-hairy below. ' PLATANACEA, 400 Achenia thin, surrounded by an herbaceous or often juicy calyx. URTICACEM, 394,

Susciass I. GYMNOSPERMZE. Pistil an open scale or altered leaf, bearing naked ovules on its margin or upper surface, or in Taxus entirely wanting.

Flowers monoecious or dicecious. Stems branched. Leaves simple. CONIFER, 420

Crass Il. MONOCOTYLEDONOUS or ENDOGENOUS PLANTS.

Stems with the wood collected into separate bundles or threads, which are irregularly dispersed throughout the whole diameter, leaving no dis- tinct pith in the centre; not forming annual layers. Leaves mostly paral- lel-veined. Embryo with a single cotyledon, and the first leaves alternate. Parts of the flower generally in threes.

A. Flowers destitute of any proper floral envelopes (either calyx or corolla), and also of glumes like those of Grasses and Sedges, mostly aggregated on a Spadiz,

A. Terrestrial or aquatic, with root, stem, and leaves.

Fruit a 1- -Mivictien berry. Spathe conspicuous. ARACEAE, 426 Fruit a dry nutlet. Flowers densely spiked or capitate. Marsh herbs. TYPHACEA, 429 Fruit a nutlet, drupe, or utricle. Immersed aquatics. NAIADACEA, 481

2. Floating free: no distinction of stem and foliage. Flowers bursting from the edge of a floating frond. LEMNACE, 480

B. Flowers with true floral envelopes ( perianth) representing the calyx or calyx and corolla. 1. Flowers densely crowded ow a spadix. Certain ARACEM, 426, and NAIADACE, 431 2. Flowers solitary, clustered, or variously disposed, but not collected on a spadix.

%* Perianth adherent to the ovary or to its base. Flowers dicecious or polygamous, regular. Aquatics. Fruit fleshy, indehiscent. HYDROCHARIDACE.S, 440 Climbers, veiny-leaved. Pod 3-winged. DIOSCOREACEA, 460 Flowers perfect. (Pod several - many-seeded ) Stamens 1 or 2, gynandrous. Pod 1-celled with 8 parietal placenta. ORCHIDACE, 442 Stamens 3, before the outer divisions of the perianth. Pod s-celled.

Anthers turned inwards. BURMANNIACES, 442

Anthers turned outwards. IRIDACEZ, 459 Stamens 3, before the inner divisions of the perianth. } HEMODORACEA, 457 Stamens 6. Perianth free except the base. ,

Xxiv ARTIFICIAL KEY TO THE NATURAL ORDERS.

Stamens 6. Perianth adherent to the whole ovary. AMARYLLIDACEA, 455 * * Perianth free from the ovary:

+ Its 6 or rarely 4 divisions similar, not glumaceous nor furnished with glumaceous bracts, Anthers turned inwards.

Stamens 8, or when more unlike or sterile. Style 1. PONTEDERIACEA, 488

Stamens 6, rarely 5 or 7. Styles 2-8, separate. Flowers dicecious. SMILACEZ, 461

Stamens 6, rarely 4. Styles united into one. LILIACEA, 126 Anthers turned outwards (except Tofieldia).

Seeds with albumen. Leaves grass-like or with a proper blade. MELANTHACEA, 472

Seeds without albumen. Leaves rush-like, without a blade. JUNCAGINEA, 436 + + Its 6 divisions similar and glumaceous (except Narthecium). JUNCACEA, 479

4 + + Its divisions of two kinds, viz. 8 herbaceous or membranaceous sepals and 8 colored petals; not furnished with glumaceous bracts.

Pistils numerous, distinct. Stamens from 6 to many. ALISMACE, 486 Pistil (ovary) one, 3-celled, many - several-seeded. Styles 1. Thick or scurfy-leaved epiphytes. BROMELIACEA, 458 Styles or sessile stigmas 3. Leaves whorled. . TRILLIACEA, 461 Pistil (ovary) one, 2 - 3-celled ; the cells 1- 2-seeded, COMMELYNACEA, 485 Pistil 1: ovary 1-celled, with parietal placentzx. AXYRIDACEA, 487 + + + + Its divisions of two kinds, or the inner (corolla) rarely wanting ; the outer (calyx) gostly glumaceous or chaffy ; the flowers also furnished with glumaceous or chaffy bracts. Rush-like herbs: flowers in dense heads. Pod 1-celled, many-seeded, with 8 parietal placenta. ~ XYRIDACEZ, 487 Pod 2 - 3-celled, 2 -3-seeded. ERIOCAULONACER, 488 C. Flowers destitute of any proper perianth, except sometimes small scales or bristles, but cov- ered by glumes, 2. e. husk-like or scale-like bracts.

Glume a single scale-like bract with a flower in its axil. CYPERACEA, 490 Glumes in pairs, of two sorts. GRAMINEZ, 585

Serms II. CRYPTOGAMOUS or FLOWERLESS PLANTS: those destitute of stamens and pistils, in fructification producing spores instead of seeds.

CLass II. ACROGENOUS PLANTS.

Plants with a stem containing woody tissue and vessels, as does the foliage when there is any (in the form of veins). Fructification borne on the leaves (fronds), commonly on their backs or margins. FILICES, 587 Fructification of several spore-cases borne on the under side of the shield-shaped stalked scales of a terminal spike or cone. Leayes none, except a whorl of teeth at each joint of the stem. EQUISETACEA, 585 Fructification of spore-cases in the axil of small simple leaves or bracts. LYCOPODIACER, 602 Fructification at the base of leaves or naked branches. Aquatics. HYDROPTERIDES, 605

Crass IV. ANOPHYTES. (MossEs.)

Plants consisting of cellular tissue only, with stem and foliage distinct, or sometimes the two confluent into a foliaceous body (frond).

Spore-cases mostly opening by a lid. Leaves distinct. MUSCT, 607 Spore-cases not opening by a lid. Leayes distinct or confluent into a frond. HEPATIC, 682

Se = - = ~

f

ARRANGED LIST OF THE NATURAL ORDERS

OF THE FLORA OF THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES, WITH THE NUMBER | OF THEIR GENERA AND SPECIES, THE NUMBER OF INTRODUCED SPECIES, AND OF THOSE COMMON TO EUROPE.

Crass I. DICOTYLEDONOUS or EXOGENOUS,

No. of |Tndigenous|Whole No.] rule

Species of eae common to} Indigenous

Europe. Species.

No. of No. of

Onpens. Genera. | Species.

Subclass I. all ANGIOSPERMOUS. ]

Div. 1. Potyprranouvs.

- Ranunculacee, Magnoliacee, Anonacee, . Menispermaceze, . Berberidacex, . Nelumbiacez, Cabombacez, Nympheace, - Sarraceniaces, 10. Papaverace, 11. Fumariacez, - E 12. Crucifere,

13. Capparidacez, 14. Resedacez, 15. Violacez,

16. Cistacex,

17. Droseraces, 18. Parnassiacez, 19. Hypericacee, 20. Elatinacez, 21. Caryophyllacez, 22. Portulacacee, 23. Malvacez, 24. Tiliaceze,

25. Camelliaces, 26. Linacez,

27. Oxalidacez,

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CNNNONANH OWA

rary SOSCOPHNSHOOCOMPHORH USOC OHOSCOR

_~ eo

ARRANGED LIST OF THE NATURAL ORDERS,

| indigenous) Whole No.

Species of

common to| Indigenous Europe. Species.

No. of ORDERS. ‘ Introduced: Species.

. Geraniaces, - Balsaminacee, . Limnanthacee, Rutacee, . Anacardiacer, . Vitacez, . Rhamnacee, . Celastracee, 3. Sapindacez, . Polygalacex, . Leguminose, . Rosacex, . Calycanthacez, . Melastomacee, 2. Lythracez, 3. Onagracex, . Loasacee, . Cactacee, . Grossulacez, . Passifloracese, . Cucurbitaces, . Crassulaceze, . Saxifragacee, . Hamamelacee, . Umbelliferee, . Araliacee, . Cornacez,

— hm OF aT ad > COR DO Or

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ist)

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rary no bo

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ih AmwmwnwmnwnwnaeMHo

Comooroooooow CoOoMmrrROrFOCOrHFOOCOOCOW eo O 1 0o b> O09 DO et RY I OO

~~ roar =~ _

Div. 2. MonoprraLous.

Caprifoliaces, Rubiacee,

. Valerianaces,

. Dipsacee, Composite,

. Lobehacee, Campanulacex,

. Ericacee, Galacinee,

. Aquifoliacez, Styracacee,

. Ebenacex, Sapotacez,

. Plantaginacee,

. Plumbaginacez,

. Primulacez,

. Lentibulacez,

. Bignoniacez, Orobanchacez, Scrophulariacez,

ie.) bo

i)

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ry DOOR DRFPRFPOOCOOCOCOCOCrFRrF WOO ORW

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bo i ry

WITH THE NUMBER OF THEIR GENERA AND SPECIES. XXVii {|

ae ae Na OF — sige No. He Onpers. Genbva. ptainal Introduced dbtcvon td Tikdideniodk a ice Europe. | Species» . Het 75. Acanthacee, y) y 0 0 3 76. Verbenacez, — 4 10 3 0 7 77. Labiate, ae 71 22 4 49 . An 78. Borraginacee, at 25 9 38 16 79. Hydrophyllacee, 4 11 0 0 11 | ij 80. Polemoniacez, 4 12 0 1 1, 81. Convolvulacee, 7 20 5 ra 15 82. Solanacee, 6 10 6 0 4 83. Gentianacex, 9 an 3 2 24. 84. Apocynaces, 3 4 0 0 4 85. Asclepiadacez:, 5 22 1 0 21 86. Oleacez, 5 10 1 0 4 Div. 8. APETALOUS. | i Atti 87. Aristolochiacee, 2 6 0 0 6 ay 88, Nyctaginacee, 1 1 0 0 1 | 89. Phytolaccacez, 1 1 0 0 ao 1 90. Chenopodiacex, 9 21 11 6 10 i 91. Amarantacez, 6 14 9 0 5 j 92. Polygonacex, » 4 32 10 6 22 | 93. Lauracee, 4 5 0 0 5 94. Thymeleacez, 1 1 0 0 1 95. Elaagnacee, 1 1 0 0 1 Hy 96. Santalacez, 2 3 0 0 Z 97. Loranthacee, 1 1 0 0 1 98. Saururacez, oe < 1 oe 0 1 99. Ceratophyllacez, 1 i 0 1 1 100. Callitrichacex, 1 3 0 3 ‘3 101. Podostemacex, 1 1 0 0 eae! 102. Euphorbiacee, 9 33 5 0 28 103. Empetracee, 2 2 0 be 2 104. Urticacea, 11 19 4 1 15 105. Platanaces, 1 1 0 0 1 A 106. Juglandacez, 12 9 0 0 9 He 107. Cupulifera, 6 25 0 1 25 | 108. Myricacez, - i 3 0 1 3 109. Betulacee, 2 10 0 4 10 110. Salicacea, 2 28 4 3 24 Subclass II. GYMNOSPERMOUS. 111. Conifers, 8 20 0 2 20 ' Total, Class I. Dicotyl.| 622 | 1713 | 293 | 180 | 1490 Ni || Hil 2

XXVilii ARRANGED LIST OF THE NATURAL ORDERS, &c.

Crass II. MONOCOTYLEDONOUS or ENDOGENOUS

; = = ee paagigenons Whole No.

; Species of ORDERS. : a oduced common to| Indigenous

Europe. Species.

. Aracez,

. Typhacee,

. Lemnacee,

. Naiadacee,

. Alismacez,

. Hydrocharidacex, . Burmanniacee, . Orchidacee,

. Amaryllidacee, . Hemodoracee, - Bromeliaceer,

. Iridacez,

. Dioscoreaces, . Smilacex,

. Liliacez,

. Melanthacee,

. Juncacee,

. Pontederiacee, . Commelynacee, . Ayridacez,

. Eriocaulonacee, . Cyperaceze,

. Graminex,

Total, Class IT. Mo- i

nocotyledonons,

ry

ROH PRR Re tor aons eS HAH Phe Cob DON

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ay

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794

sy) bo port

Total, Pheenoga- mous Plants,

Crass III. ACROGENOUS.

. Equisetacee, . Filices,

. Lycopodiacee, . Hydropterides,

Total, Class III.

Ciass IV. ANOPHYTES.

139. Musci, 80 394 394 140. Hepaticee, 108 108

es es ee : 502

Total of the 4 Classes,) 937 | 676 2668

BOTANY

OF THE

NORTHERN UNITED STATES.

‘SERIES I. | PHANOGAMOUS or FLOWERING PLANTS.

_ VecETasLes bearing proper flowers, that is, having sta- mens and pistils, and producing seeds, which contain an embryo.

Cuass I. DICOTYLEDONOUS “OR EXOGE. 3 NOUS PLANTS.

Stems formed of bark, wood, and pith ; the wood form-

ing a layer between the other two, i increasing, when the stem continues from year to year, by the annual addition

of a new layer to the outside, next the bark. Leaves net-_

ted-veined. Embryo with a pair of opposite cotyledons,

or rarely several in a whorl. Flowers having their parts

usually in fives or fours.

Suscrass L ANGIOSPERMZ.

Pistil consisting of a closed ovary, which contains the ovules and forms the fruit. Cotyledons only two. ws

RANUNCULACER, (CROWFOOT FAMILY.)

Drvision I. POLYPETALOUS EXOGENOUS PLANTS.

Floral envelopes double, that is, consisting of both calyx and co- rolla; the petals not united with each other.*

Orpen 1. RANUNCULACE. (Crowroor Fay.)

Herbs (or woody vines) with,a colorless acrid juace, polypetalous, or apeta- lous with the ‘calyx often colored like a corolla, hypogynous ; the sepals, petals, numerous stamens, and many or few (rarely single) pistils all distinct and unconnected. — Flowers regular or irregular. Sepals 3-15. Petals 3— 15, or wanting. Stamens indefinite, rarely few: anthers short. Fruits either dry pods, or seed-like (achenia), or berries, 1-several-seeded. Seeds anatropous, with fleshy albumen and a minute embryo, — Stipules — none. Leaves mostly dissected, their stalks dilated at-the base. (A large family, mostly of acrid plants, some of them acrid-narcotic poisons.)

Synopsis of the Genera.

Trips Il. CLEMATIDE AE. Sepals valvate in the bud, or with the edges bent inwards. Petals none, or small and stamen-like. Achenia numerous, tailed with the feathery or hairy styles. Seed solitary, suspended. — Vines: leayes all opposite.

1. ATRAGENE, Petals several, small, and resembling sterile stamens. 2. CLEMATIS. Petals none.

Tre TI. ANEMONEAR. Sepals imbricated in the bud. Petals none, or yery small and stamen-like. Achenia numerous or several. Seed solitary. — Stem-leayes often op- posite or whorled, forming an involuere.

* Seed suspended. 8. PULSATILLA. <Achenia bearing long plumose tails. Petals resembling sterile stamens. 4. ANEMONE. Achenia merely pointed, numerous, not ribbed nor inflated. Inyeluere re- mote from the flower, and resembling the other leaves. 5. HEPATICA. Achenia several, not ribbed. Inyolucre close to the flower, of 3 simple leaves, and resembling a calyx, 6. THALICTRUM. Achenia 4-10, ribbed, grooved, or inflated, Involucre none, or leaf-like. * * Seed erect. 7. TRAUTVETTERIA. Achenia inflated and 4-angled. Inyolucre none.

Tribe Il. RANUNCULE ZS. Sepals imbricated in the bud. Petals evident, often with a scale or pore inside. Achenia numerous. Seed solitary. 8. RANUNCULUS.. Sepals not appendaged. Acheniain ahead, Seed erect. ; 9. MYOSURUS. Sepals spurred at the base. Achenia in a long spike. Seed suspended.

Trt IV. HELLEBORINEA. Sepals imbricated in the bud, deciduous, rarely persistent, petal-like. Petals (nectaries of the earlier botanists) tubular, irregular, or 2-lipped, often none. Pods (follicles) few, rarely single, few -several-seeded. — Leayeg all alternate.

* Flower regular. Pods several-seeded. Herbs. 10. ISOPYRUM. Petals none (in our species). Pods few. Leaves compound. 11. CALTHA. Petals none. Pods several. Leaves kidney-shaped.

*In many exceptional cases some species or some genera belonging to polypetalous orders are destitute of petals; as Clematis, Anemone, our Isopyrum, and other plants of the Crow- foot Family.

RANUNCULACEH, (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 3

12. TROLLIUS. Petals many, minute and stamen-like, hollowed near the base. Pods 8-15, : sessile. Leaves divided. . ' - F 18. COPTIS. Petals 5-6, small, hollowed at the apex. Pods 3-7, long-stalked. Sepals decid- Mi uous. Leaves divided. $ 14. HELLEBORUS. Petals 8-10, small, tubular, 2-lipped. Pods Several, sessiles Sepals 5, persistent, turning green with age. — ‘ H - 15. AQUILEGIA. Petals 5, spur-shaped, longer than the 5 deciduous sepals. Pods 5.. | _ * * Flower unsymmetrical and irregular. Pods sevyeral-seeded. 4 16. DELPHINIUM. Upper sepal spurred. Petals 4, of two forms; the upper pair with long spurs, enclosed in the spur of the calyx. : 17. ACONITUM. Upper sepal hooded, covering the 2 long-clawed petals. Ay * * * Flower symmetrical. Pods ripening only one seed. Shrubby. | 18. ZANTHORHIZA. Petals 5, small, 2-lobed, with claws. Stamens few. Flowers in droop- Ait ing compound racemes, polygamous.

il | TRIBE V. CIMICIFUGEZE. Sepals imbricated, falling off as the flower opens. Petals ‘ t " small and flat, or none. Pistils 1-several. Fruit a 2-several-seeded pod or berry. fd Leaves all alternate. Rial Cog 19. HYDRASTIS. Flower solitary. Pistils several in a head, becoming berries in fruit, 2- . | seeded. Leaves simple, lobed. Petals none. 20. ACTAIA. Flowers in a single short raceme. Pisti] single, forming a many-seeded berry. / Leaves 2-38-ternately compound. Petals manifest. F i 21. CIMICIFUGA. Flowers in long spiked racemes. Pistils 1 -8, in fruit forming dry several- seeded pods. Leaves 2-8-ternately compound.

I. ATRAGENE, L. Arnracens. 7 i I Sepals 4, colored, their valvate margins slightly turned inwards in the bud. ( . Petals several, much smaller than the sepals, passing gradually into stamens. i

plumose tails. — Perennial vines, climbing by the leafstalks ; stems a little woody. Buds scaly. Leaves opposite, compound. Peduncles I-flowered. (A name of obseure derivation, given to a climbing plant by Theophrastus.) |

q Achenia. numerous in a head, bearing the persistent styles in the form of long

1, A. Americana, Sims. (American ATRAGENE.) Leaflets stalked, i] ovate, pointed, entire or a little toothed, sometimes slightly heart-shaped. (Clem- atis verticillaris, DC.) — Shady rocky hills, Maine and Western N. England to Vi Wisconsin, Pennsylvania, and_ mountains of Virginia. April, May.— From if each of the opposite buds in spring arise two ternate leaves with long-stalked wih | leaflets, and a peduncle which bears a bluish-purple flower, 2~3 inches across. i a

a . 2. CLE MATIS, L. Virain’s-Bower.

fe | Sepals 4, colored, the valyate margins turned inwards in the bud. Petals : ae none. Achenia numerous in a head, bearing the persistent styles as naked, hairy, or plumose tails. — Perennial herbs or vines, a little woody, and climbing by the twisting of the leafstalks. Leaves opposite. (KAnparis, a name of Di- oscorides for a climbing plant with long and lithe branches.) . * Peduncles bearing single large nodding flowers : calyx leathery: anthers linear. + Stem erect and mostly simple: calyx silky outside. 1. C, ochroletica, Ait. Leaves simple and entire, ovate, almost sessile, silky beneath, reticulated and soon smooth above; tails of the fruit very plu- F

4 RANUNCULACES. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.)

_mose.— Copses near Brooklyn, New York ; Pennsylvania and Virginia: rare. May.—A foot high. Calyx yellowish within.

+ + Stems climbing : leaves pinnate: calyx (and foliage) glabrous or puberulent.

2. C. Viérna, L. (LuarHER-rLoweER.) Calyx ovate and at length bell-shaped ; the purplish sepals very thick and leathery, with abrupt edges, tipped with short recurved points ; the long tails of the Jruit very plumose ; leaflets 3-7, ovate or oblong, sometimes slightly cordate, 2—3-lobed or- entire; uppermost leaves often simple. — Rich soil, Penn., Ohio, and southward. May — Aug.

3. C. Pitcheri, Torr. & Gray. Calyx bell-shaped; the dull purplish sepals with narrow and slightly margined recurved points ; tails of the fruit filiform and barely pubescent ; leaflets 3-9, ovate or somewhat cordate, entixe*or 3-lobed, much reticulated ; uppermost leaves often simple. —TIlinois, on the Mississippi, and southward. June.

4 Ce cylindrica, Sims. Calyx cylindraceous below, the upper half of the bluish-purple sepals dilated and widely spreading, with broad and wavy thin margins ; tails of the fruit silky; leaflets 5-9, thin, varying from oblong-ovate to lanceolate, entire or 3—5-parted.— Virginia near Norfolk, and southward. May -Aug.

* * Flowers in panicled clusters: sepals thin: anthers oblong.

5. C. Virgimiama, L. (Common Virein’s-Bower.) Smooth; leaves bearing 3 ovate acute leaflets, which are cut or lobed, and somewhat heart-shaped at the base; tails of the fruit plumose.— River-banks, &c., common ; climbing over shrubs. July, August. — The axillary peduncles bear clusters of numerous white flowers (sepals obovate, spreading), which are polygamous or dicecious; the fertile are succeeded in autumn by the conspicuous feathery tails of the fruit.

3. PULSA TILLA, Tourn. PASQUE-FLOWER.

Sepals 4-6, colored. Petals none, or like abortive gland-like stamens. Achenia with long feathery tails. Otherwise as Anemone; from which the genus does not sufficiently differ. (Derivation obscure. The popular name was given because the plant is in blossom at Easter.)

1. P. Nuttalliama. Villous with long silky hairs; flower erect, devel- oped before the leaves; which are ternately divided, the lateral divisions 2-part- ed, the middle one stalked and 3-parted, the segments deeply once or twice cleft into narrowly linear and acute lobes; lobes of the involucre like those of the

leaves, at the base all united into a shallow cup; sepals 5—7, purplish, spread-

ing. (P. patens, ed. 1. Anemone patens, Hook, gc. not of Z. A. Nuttalliana, DC. A. Ludoviciana, Nutt.) — Prairies, Wisconsin (Lapham) and westward. April.— A span high. Sepals 1/-13/ long. Tails of the fruit 2/long. More like P. vulgaris than P. patens of Europe.

4. ANEMONE, L. Ayémone. WIND-FLOWER.

Sepals 5-15, petal-like. Petals none. Achenia short-beaked or blunt. Seed suspended. — Perennial herbs with radical leaves; those of the stem 2 or 3 to-

RANUNCULACE. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 5 ; a gether, opposite or whorled, and forming an involucre remote from the flower. (Name from dvepos, the wind, because the flower was thought to open only when the wind blows.)

« Pistils many, crowded in a very dense head, clothed with long matted wool in fruit : sepals downy or silky underneath.

1. A. parviflora, Michx. (Smarz Anemone.) Somewhat pubescent ; stem slender and simple, one-flowered ; leaves roundish, 3-parted, their divisions wedge-shaped, crenate-lobed ; involucre of 2 almost sessile leaves; sepals 6, oval, whitish ; head of fruit globular.— Lake Superior ; ; thence soptiwstl. Plant 2-12! high.

2. A. multifida, DC. ie CLEFT ANEMONE.) Silky-hairy ; prin- cipal involucre 2—3-leaved, bearing one naked and one or two 2-leaved pedun- cles; leaves of the involucre short-petioled, similar to the root-leaves, twice or thrice 3-parted and cleft, their divisions linear ; sepals 5—8, obtuse, red, sometimes greenish-yellow or whitish ; head of fruit spherical or oval.—Rocks, Western Vermont and Northern New York, Lake Superior, &c.: rare. June.— Plant 6’-12' high: sepals 3/ long.

3. A. cylindrica, Gray. (Lone-rrvitED ANEMONE.) Slender, clothed with silky hairs; flowers 2-6, on very long and upright naked pedun- cles; leaves of the Solaare long-petioled, twice or thrice as many as the flower- stalks, 3-divided ; their divisions wedge-shaped, the lateral 2-parted, the middle one 3-cleft; fober cut and toothed at the apex; sepals 5, obtuse, greenish-white ; head of TR cylindrical (1! long).— Sandy or dry woods, Massachusetts and Rhode Island to Wisconsin and Illinois. May.—Plant 1°-2° high. Pedun- cles 7/—12! long, all appearing together from the same involucre, and naked throughout, or sometimes part of them with involucels, as in No. 4.

4. A. Virgimiama, L. (Tarr Anemone.) Hairy; principal involucre 3-leaved ; the leaves long-petioled, 3-parted ; their divisions ovate-lanceolate, pointed, cut-serrate, the lateral 2-parted, the middle 3-cleft; peduncles elongated, the earliest naked, the others with a 2-leaved involucel at the middle; sepals 5, acute. greenish (in one variety white and obtuse) ; head of fruit oval or oblong. — Woods and meadows ; common. June-August.— Plant 2°-3° high; the upright pe- duncles 6/—12' long. In this and the next species the first flower-stalk is leaf- less ; but from the same involucre soon proceed one or two lateral ones, which

are 2-leaved at the middle ; these partial involucres in turn giving rise to similar

peduncles, thus producing a succession of flowers through the whole summer.

* * Pistils fewer, in a rather loose head, hairy or pubescent.

5. A. Pennsylvamica, L. (Pennsyivanian Anemone.) Hairy, involucres (or stem-leaves) sessile; the primary ones 3-leaved, bearing a naked peduncle, and soon a pair of branches or peduncles with a 2-leaved involucre at the middle, which branch similarly in turn; leaves broadly wedge-shaped, 3- cleft, cut and toothed ; radical leaves 5—7-parted or cleft ; sepals obovate, white ; head of fruit spherical; the carpels flat, orbicular, hairy.— W. New England to Ohio and Wisconsin. June-Aug.— Plant rather hairy, 6! high when it be-

gins to blossom, but continuing to produce branches, each terminated by a naked

peduncle, through the summer ; flowers 14/ broad, handsome. 1*

RANUNCULACES. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.)

6. A. memordésa, L. (Wixp-riowrr. Woop ANEMONE.) Low,

_ smooth ; stem perfectly simple ; flower single on a naked peduncle ; leaves of the involucre 8, long-petioled, 3-divided, toothed and cut ; the lateral divisions often (var. QUINQUEFOLIA) 2-parted; radical leaf single ; sepals 4-7, oval, white,

sometimes tinged with purple outside; carpels only 15-20, oblong, with a hooked heak.— Margin of woods. April, May.— A delicate and pretty vernal species; the spreading flower 1/ broad. (Eu.)

5. HEPATICA 9 Dill. Liver-tear. Heparioa.

Involucre simple and 3-leaved, very close to the flower, so as to resemble a calyx ; otherwise as in Anemone (of which this genus may be viewed as only a section). — Leaves all radical, heart-shaped and 3-lobed, thickish and persistent through the winter, the new ones appearing later than the flowers. Flowers single, on hairy scapes. (Name from a fancied resemblance to the liver in the shape of the leaves.)

1. Hi. triloba, Chaix. (Rounp-topep Heparica.) Leaves with 3 ovate obtuse or rounded lobes; those of the involucre also obtuse. — Woods : common ; flowering soon after the snow leaves the ground in spring. Sepals 6-9, blue, purplish, or nearly white. Achenia several, in a small loose head, ovate-oblong, pointed, hairy. Lobes of the leaves “usually very obtuse, or rounded. (Eu.) :

2. Hi. acutiloba, DC. (Smarr-topep Heparica.) Leaves with 3 ovate and pointed lobes, or sometimes 5-lobed ; those of the involucre acute or acutish. — Woods, Vermont and New York to Wisconsin. Sepals 7-12, pale ‘purple, pink, or nearly white. Perhaps runs into No. 1.

6. THALICTRUM, Toun. Meavow-Ruz.

Sepals 4 or more, petal-like or greenish. Petals none. Achenia 4-15, tipped by the stigma or short style, grooved or ribbed, or else inflated. Seed suspend- ed. — Perennials, with 2-—3-ternately compound leaves, the divisions and the leaflets stalked. Flowers in corymbs or panicles, often polygamous. (Deriva- tion obscure.)

* Stem-leaves forming an involucre at the summit, as in Anemone: root tuberots- thickened and clustered: flowers perfect: fruits sessile, grooved.

1. I. amemonoides, Michx. (Ruz-Anemonz.) Low; root-leaves twice or thrice 3-divided; the leaflets and the long-stalked leaflets of the invo- lucre obtusely 3-lobed at the apex; flowers few in a simple umbel. (Anemone thalictroides, Z., Bigel.) Woods: common. April, May.—A pretty plant, — more like Anemone than Thalictrum in aspect. The stem bears 2 or 3 leaves at the very summit, like those from the root, but without the common petiole, so that they seem like a whorl of long-stalked simple leaves. Sepals 7-10, half an inch long, not falling off before the stamens, white, or tinged with pink. Pistils several in a little head, tipped with a flat stigma.

% % Stem-leaves scattered, 3-4 times compound: root fibrous: flowers diccious or

RANUNCULACEA. (cnowsoor FAMILY.) 7 |

polygamous: sepals 4—5, Salling away early: fruits sessile, tipped with wie slig- I mas, ribbed-angled. 2. T. dioleum, L. fies Mzapow-Rvue.) Leaves all with general petioles ; leaflets rounded and 5—7-lobed ; flowers in compound panicles, green- » ish.—Rocky woods and hill-sides ; common northward. April, May. — A foot i or so high, with very pale and delicate foliage, and slender yellowish nether on capillary filaments. :

3. T. Cornuti, L. (itm pogeabes:} “Stem-leaves without general peti- oles ; leaflets 3-lobed at the apex, the lobes acutish ; flowers in very compound _ ; large panicles, white. — Meadows and along streams. June, July. — Stem

_ 8°-4° high, furrowed. Leaves whitish or.downy beneath. Filaments slightly club-shaped ; anthers oblong.

%, dai bounce, Fischer & Meyer. Fause Buepann. aut

Sepals 4 or 5, concave, petal-like, very caducous. Petals none. Achenia numerous, in a head, membranaceous, compressed-4-angled and inflated. Seed erect. — A perennial herb, with palmately-lobed leaves, all alternate, and corym- ea 4 bose (white) flowers. (Dedicated to Prof. Trautvetter, a Russian botanist.) ; ad | 1. BT. palmata, Fischer & Meyer. (Cimicifuga palmata, Michz.)

Woods, along streams, Virginia and Kentucky along the mountains : also spar- ingly in Ohio and Illinois. July, Aug.— Root-leaves large, 5—9-lobed'; the lobes toothed and cut. Stems 2°-3° high.

* ,

8. RANUNCULUWS, L. Crowroor. Burrercur.

Sepals 5. Petals 5, flat, with a little pit or scale at the base inside. Ache-

nia numerous, in a head, mostly flattened, pointed ; the seed erect. — Annuals aT ii or perennials : stem-leaves alternate. Flowers solitary or somewhat corymbed, yellow, rarely white. (Sepals and petals rarely only 3, the latter often more

+ than 5. Stamens occasionally few in number.) —(A Latin name for a little

frog ; also applied by Pliny to these plants, the pareie species growing where

those animals abound.)

§1. BATRACHIUM, DC. — Petals with a pore or naked pit at the base, white, the claw yellow: achenia turgid, transversely wrinkled: aquatie perennials, with the immersed foliage dissected into capillary lobes.

1. R. aquatilis, L., var. divaricatus. (Wurte Water-Crow-

Foor.) Floating ; leaves all immersed and similar, compoundly dissected into

many capillary lobes, which are rather rigid, and all widely spreading in a hori- i a zontal plane, making an orbicular outline ; petals obovate, much longer than a” 3 the calyx ; receptacle of fruit hispid. (R. divaricatus, Schrank. R. circinatus, #

Sibthorp.) — Ponds and slow streams: common.. June—Aug. (Eu.) 4

§2. Petals with a little scale at the base ( yellow in all our species).

* Achenia smooth, — ;

+ Aquatic, perennial: immersed leaves filiformly dissected. 4 :

2. RR. Parshii, Richards. (Yerrow Warer-Crowroor.) Stem ‘ : floating, with the leaves all dissected into several times forked capillary divis- i]

8 RANUNCULACEE. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.)

ions ; or sometimes rooting in the mud, with the emersed leaves kidney-shaped - ae

or round and variously lobed or cleft; petals 5-8, much larger than the calyx ; carpels in a spherical head, pointed with a straight beak. (R. multifidus, Pursh, Bigel. KR. lacustris, Beck.) —Stagnant water; most common northward. May - July. — Stems 2°-4° long, round and tubular. Petals bright yellow, mostly as large as in the common Buttercup.

+ + Terrestrial: perennial, except Nos. 6 and 9, which are at least sometimes annual. ++ Leaves all undivided: plants glabrous.

3. KR. alismeefolius, Geyer, Benth. (Warer-Pranrarn SPEaR- wort.) Stems hollow, ascending, often rooting from the lower joints; leaves lanceolate, mostly denticulate, the lowest oblong, all contracted into a margined petiole with a membranaceous dilated and half-sheathing base; petals 5-7, much longer than the calyx, bright yellow; carpels flattened, pointed with a long and straight subulate sharp beak, collected in a globular head. (R. Flammula & R. Lingua, Amer. authors.) — Wet or inundated places ; common northward. June-Aug. Stems 1°-2° high. Leaves 3/—5! long. Flower 5!!— 6", in Ore- gon and California 7//—9"', broad. Carpels much larger than in the next.

4. KR. Flammula, L. (Spzarworr.) Stem reclining or ascending, rooting below; leaves lanceolate or linear, or the lowest oblong-lanceolate, en- tire or nearly so, mostly petioled; petals 5-7, much longer than the calyx, bright yellow ; carpels turgid, mucronate with a very short and usually curved blunt point, forming a small globular head.— Shore of L. Ontario (a small form) ; thence northward. June-Aug. Corolla 4-6"! broad. (Eu.)

Var. réptams. (Creeprnc Spearwort.) Much smaller and slenderer; the filiform prostrate stems rooting at all the joints. (R. reptans, Z. R. fili- formis, Michx.) — Gravelly or sandy banks of streams, &c. New England and Penn. to Wisconsin, northward. Stems 4/-6/ long. (Eu.)

5. BR. pusillus, Poir. Stem slender, ascending ; root-leaves ovate or round- ish, obtuse, entire, often rather heart-shaped, on long petioles; the lower stem- leaves similar; the uppermost becoming linear-lanceolate, obscurely toothed, scarcely petioled ; petals 1-5, commonly 3, about as long as the calyx, yellowish ; stamens few (5-10); carpels slightly pointed or blunt, in a globular head. — Wet places, S. New York, New Jersey, and southward near the coast. July.— Stems 5!-12/ high.

6. BR. Cymbailaria, Pursh. (Sza-stpz Crowroor.) Stem sending off long runners from the base which are rooting and leafy at the joints ; leaves all roundish, mostly heart-shaped at the base, coarsely crenate-toothed, rather fleshy, on long petioles ; flower-stalks (scapes) leafless, 1 —'7-flowered ; petals 5-8, bright yellow ; carpels in oblong heads, very numerous, short-beaked, striate-veined on the sides. — Sea-shore, Maine to New Jersey. Salt springs, Salina, New York. June ~ Aug. — Scapes 3!—6/ high.

++ ++ Root-leaves undivided, often cleft, but not to the base.

7, R. rhomboideus, Goldie. Dwarf, hairy; root-leaves roundish, or

rhombic-ovate, rarely subcordate, toothed or crenate; lowest stem-leaves similar or $-5-lobed ; the upper 3-5-parted, almost sessile, the lobes linear; cerpels

RANUNCULACEE. “(CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 9

orbicular with a minute beak, in a spherical head ; petals large, exceeding the calyx. (Also R. brevicaulis & ovalis, Hook.) — Prairies, Michigan and Wisconsin. April, May.— Stems 3/-6! high, sometimes not longer than the root-leaves. Flower deep yellow, as large as in No. 12. :

8. HR. abortivus, L. (Smarr-rrowzrep Crowroor.) Glabrous and very smooth ; primary root-leaves round heart-shaped or kidney-form, barely crenate, the succeeding ones often 3-lobed or 3-parted ; those of the stem and branches 3-—5-parted or divided, subsessile; their divisions oblong or narrowly wedge- form, mostly toothed ; carpels in a globular head, mucronate with a minute curved beak ; petals shorter than the reflexed calyx. — Shady hill-sides and along brooks,

mmon,.. April-June. — Stem erect, 6/—2° high, at length branched above, the pale yellow flowers ‘very small in proportion. :

Var. muicramthhus. Pubescent; root-leaves’ seldom at all heart-shaped, ~ some of them 3-parted or 3-divided; divisions of the upper stem-leaves more linear and entire; peduncles more slender. (R. micranthus, Nutt.) — Massa- chusetts (near Boston, C. J. Sprague), Michigan, Illinois, and westward.

-9. R. sceleratus, L. (Cursep Crowroor.) Smooth and glabrous ; root-leaves 3-lobed, rounded ; lower stem-leaves 3-parted, the lobes obtusely cut and. toothed, the uppermost almost sessile, with the lobes oblong-linear and near- ly entire ; carpels barely mucronulate, very numerous, in oblong or cylindrical heads ; petals scarcely exceeding the calyx.— Wet ditches : appearing as if introduced. June - Aug. — Stem thick and hollow, 1° high. Leaves thickish. Juice acrid and blistering. Flowers’ small, pale yellow. (Eu.) ;

10. R. recurvatus, Poir. (Hooxep Crowroor.) Hirsute; leaves of the root and stem nearly alike, long-petioled, deeply 3-cleft, large, the lobes broad- ly wedge-shaped, 2-3-cleft, cut and toothed towards the apex ; carpels in a glob- ular head, flat and margined, conspicuously beaked by the long and recurved hooked - styles; petals shorter than the reflexed calyx, pale. —Woods, common. May, June. — Stem 1° 2° hich. abs sass ++ ++ ++ Leaves all ternately parted, or compound, the divisions cleft : achenia Slat.

a. Head of carpels oblong : petals pale, not exceeding the calyx.

ll. R. Pennsylvanicus, L. (Brisrry Crowroor.) Hirsute with rough spreading bristly hairs; stem stout, erect ; divisions of the leaves stalked, somewhat ovate, unequally 3-cleft, sharply cut and toothed, acute; carpels . pointed with a sharp straight beak. — Wet places, common, June-Aug.—A coarse plant, 2°-3° high, with inconspicuous flowers. _ .

b. Head of carpels globular : petals bright yellow, much larger than the calyx.

12. RB. fascicularis, Muhl. (Earzy Crowroor.) Low, pubescent with close-pressed silky hairs; root a cluster of thickened fleshy fibres; radical leaves appearing pinnate, the long-stalked terminal division remote from the ses- sile lateral ones, itself 3-5-divided or parted and 3- 5-cleft, the lobes oblong or linear; stems ascending ; petals spatulate-oblong, twice the length of the spread- ing calyx; carpels scarcely margined, tipped with a slender straight or rather curved beak.— Rocky hills. April, May.— Plant 5!-9! high; the bright yel- low flower 1! broad; petals rather distant, the base scarcely broader than the scale. ;

10 RANUNCULACEA. (OROWFOOT FAMILY.)

13. R. répems, L. (Crenriné Crowroor.) Low, hairy or nearly glabrous ; stems ascending, and some of them forming long runners; leaves 3-divid- ed; the divisions all stalked (or at least the terminal one), broadly wedge-shaped or ovate, unequally 3-cleft or parted and variously cut; peduncles furrowed ; petals obovate, much larger than the spreading calyx ; carpels strongly margined, pointed by a stout straightish beak. — Moist or shady places, wet meadows, &c., May - Aug. — Extremely variable in size and foliage, commencing to flower by upright .stems in spring before the long runners are formed. Flowers as large as those of No. 12, or often larger. (Hu.)

14. . sBuxsdsus, L. (Bursovs Crowroot, Burrercurs.) Hairy; stem erect from a bulb-like base ; radical leaves 3-divided ; the lateral divisions ses- sile, the terminal stalked and 3-parted, all wedge-shaped, cleft and toothed ; pedun- cles furrowed ; petals round, wedge-shaped at the base, much longer than the reflexed calyx; carpels tipped with a very short beak.— Meadows and pas- tures ; very abundant only in E. New England; seldom found in the interior. May - July. mA. foot high. Leaves appearing as if pinnate. Petals often 6 or 7, deep glossy yellow, the corolla more than an inch broad. (Nat. from Eu.)

15. HB. Acris, L. (Tart Crowroor, Burrercurs.) Hairy; stem erect; leaves 3-divided ; the divisions all sessile and 3-cleft or parted, their seg- ments cut into lanceolate or linear crowded lobes; peduncles not furrowed ; petals obovate, much longer than the spreading eee. — Meadows and Gels, June ~ Aug. — Plant twice the height of No. 14, the flower nearly as large, but not so deep yellow. — The Buttercups are avoided by cattle, on account of their very acrid juice, which, however, being volatile, is dissipated in drying, when these plants are cut with hay. (Nat. from Eu.)

%* * Achenia beset with rough points or small prickles: annuals.

16. BR. muricatrus, L. Nearly glabrous; lower leaves roundish or reni- form, 3-lobed, ea crenate; the upper 3-cleft, wedge-form at the base; petals longer than the calyx ; carpels flat, spiny-tuberculate on the sides, strongly beaked, surrounded with a wide and sharp smooth margin. — Eastern Virginia and southward. (Nat. from Eu.)

17. HR. PARVIFLORUS, L. Hairy, slender, and diffuse; lower leaves round- ish-cordate, 3-cleft, coarsely toothed or cut; the upper 3—5-parted ; petals not longer than the calyx; carpels minutely hispid and rough, beaked, narrowly mar- gined. — Norfolk, Virginia, and southward, (Nat. from Eu.)

9 MYOSURBRUS, Dill. Mouse-razn.

Sepals 5, spurred at the base. Petals 5, small and narrow, raised on a slen- der claw, at the summit of which is a nectariferous hollow. Stamens 5-20. Achenia numerous, somewhat 3-sided, crowded on a very long and slender spike-like receptacle (whence the name, from pis, a mouse, and ovpd, a tail) ; the seed suspended. — Little annuals, with tufted narrowly linear-spatulate root- leaves, and naked 1-flowered scapes. Flowers small, greenish.

1. Mi. minimus, L. Carpels blunt. —AUuvial ground, Illinois and Kentucky, thence south and west. (Eu.)

RANUNCULACEE. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.)

10. ISOPYRUM, L. (Enéuroy, Raf)

Sepals 5, petal-like, deciduous. Petals 5, minute, wanting in the American species. Stamens 10-40. Pistils 3-6 or more, pointed with the styles. Pods ovate or oblong, 2—several-seeded. — Slender smooth herbs, with 2 — 3-ternately

-compound leaves ; the leaflets 2-3-lobed. Flowers axillary and terminal, white. (Name from igos, equal, and mupos, wheat ; of no obvious application.)

1. I. bitermatum, Torr. & Gray. Petals none; pistils 3-6 (com- monly 4), divaricate in ‘fruit, 2-3-seeded ; seeds even. i. — Moist shady pla- ces, Ohio, Kentucky, and westward. May.— Fibres of the root thickened here and there into little tubers. Aspect and size of the plant much like Thalictrum anemonoides,

~

ii. CALTHA, L. Marsn Maricorp.

Sepals 6-9, petal-like. Petals none. FPistils 5— 10, with scarcely any styles, Pods (follicles) compressed, spreading, many-seeded. Glabrous perennials, with round and heart-shaped, or kidney-form, large, undivided leaves. (Name from kddabos, a goblet, in allusion to the golden flower-cup or calyx.)

1. C. pahistris, L. (Marsn Marigorp.) Stem hollow, furrowed ; leaves round or kidney-shaped, either crenate or nearly entire; sepals about 6, broadly oval (bright yellow). — Swamps and wet meadows, common north-

ward. April, May.— This well-known plant is used as a pot-herb in spring, when coming into flower, under the name of Cowstres ; but the Cowslip is a totally different plant, namely, a species of Primrose. The Caltha should bear with us, as in England, the popular name of Marsh Marigold. (Eu.)

12. TROLLIUS +f» GLOBE-FLOWER.

Sepals 5-15, petal-like. Petals. numerous, small, 1-lipped, the concavity

near the base. Stamens and pistils numerous. Pods 9 or more, sessile, many- seeded. — Smooth perennials with palmately parted and cut leaves, like Ranun- culus, and large solitary terminal flowers. (Name thought to be derived from the old German word troll, a globe, or something round.)

1. TR. Iaxas, Salisb. (Srreapineg GLOBE-FLOWER.) Sepals 5 —6, spreading ; petals 15-25, inconspicuous, much shorter than the stamens. — Deep swamps, New Hampshire to Delaware and Michigan. May. — Flowers twice the size of the common Buttercup ; the sepals spreading, so that the name is not appropriate, as it is to the European Globe-flower of the gardens, nor is the blossom showy, being pale greenish-yellow.

13. COPTIS » Salish. Goxtptrureap.

Sepals 5-7, petal-like, deciduous. Petals 5— 7, small, club-shaped, hollow at the apex. Stamens 15-25. Pistils 3—7, on slender stalks. Pods divergent, membranaceous, pointed with the style, 4-—8-seeded. — Low smooth perennials, with ternately divided root-leaves, and small white flowers on scapes. (Name from kérre, to cut, alluding to the divided leaves.) -

12 RANUNCULACEE. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.)

1. ©. trifolia, Salisb. (Turun-teavep GoLpTHREAD.) Leaflets 3, obovate-wedge-form, sharply toothed, obscurely 3-lobed; scape 1-flowered. — Bogs, abundant northward ; extending south to Maryland along the mountains. May.— Root of long ; hee yellow, bitter fibres. Leaves evergreen, shining. Scape naked, lendsh,. 3!-5! high. (Eu.)

14. HELLEBORUWS, L. Hettenore

Sepals 5, petal-like or greenish, persistent. Petals 8-10, very small, tubu- lar, 2-lipped. Pistils 3-10, sessile, forming coriaceous many-seeded pods. — Perennial herbs of the Old World, with ample palmate or pedate leaves, and Jarge, solitary, nodding, early vernal flowers. (Name from éAéiy, to “ae and Bopa, food, from their well-known poisonous properties.)

1. Hl. vfripis, L. (Green Heriezore.) Root-leaves glabrous, pedate ; calyx spreading, greenish. — Near Brooklyn and Jamaica, Long Island. (Ady. from Hu.)

45. AQUILE GHA, Tourn. Coxrumerne.

Sepals 5, regular, colored like the petals. Petals 5, all alike, with a short spreading lip, produced backwards into large hollow spurs, much longer than the calyx. Pistils 5, with slender styles. Pods erect, many-seeded. — Peren- nials, with 2~38-ternately compound leaves, the leaflets lobed. Flowers large and showy, terminating the branches. (Name from aquila, an eagle, from some fancied resemblance of the spurs to talons.)

1.A. Camadénsis, L. (Witp Coxumpine.) Spurs inflated, sud- denly contracted towards the tip, nearly straight; stamens and styles longer than the ovate sepals. — Rocks, common. April—June.— Flowers 2! long, scarlet, yellow inside, nodding, so that the spurs turn upward, but the stalk be- comes upright in fruit. — More delicate and graceful than the

A. Vurearis, L., the common GARDEN CoLumMBinNE, from the Old World, which is beginning to escape from cultivation in some places.

16. DELPHINIUM, Toum. Larxsrvr.

Sepals 5, irregular, petal-like; the upper one prolonged into a spur at the base. Petals 4, irregular, the upper pair continued backwards into long spurs which are enclosed in the spur of the calyx; the lower pair with short claws : rarely all four are united into one. Pistils 1-5, forming many-seeded pods in fruit.— Leaves palmately divided or cut. Flowers in terminal racemes. (Name from Delphin, in allusion to the shape of the flower, which is sometimes not un- like the classical figures of the dolphin.)

1. D. exaltatum, Ait. (Tary Larxspur.) Leaves deeply 3-5- cleft; the divisions narrow wedge-form, diverging, 3-cleft at the apex, acute ; racemes wand-like, panicled, many-flowered ; spur straight; pods 3, erect. \, — Rich soil, Penn. to Michigan, and southward. July.— Stem 2°-5° high. Low- er leayes 4!—5! broad. Flowers purplish-blue, downy.

RANUNCULACES. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 18

ae - : i

eas 2. D. tricérme, Michx. (Dwarr Larxspur.) Leaves deeply 5-part- .

“Br: *. ‘ed, their divisions unequally 3—5-cleft; the lobes linear, acutish ; raceme few- ae | [

j flowered, loose; spur straightish, ascending ; pods strongly diverging. \ —W. |] ere Penn. to Illinois and southward. April, May. — Root a tuberous cluster. Stem ; simple, 6/-12! high. Flowers bright blue, sometimes white. — 3. D. aztireum, Michx. (Azure Larkspur.) Leaves deeply 3-5- parted, the divisions 2-3 times cleft; the lobes all narrowly linear; raceme |

: ‘ strict ; spur ascending, usually curved upwards ; pods 8-5, erect. 1} — Wiscon-— sin, Illinois, and southward. May, June. —Stem 1°-2° high, slender, often softly pubescent. Flowers sky-blue or whitish. .

ones

eit 4. I. Consourpa, L. (Frerp Larxsrur.) Leaves aisceeiea into nar- row linear lobes ; racemes rather few-flowered, loose; pedicels shorter than the | bracts ; petals all combined into one body; pod one, glabrous. @ — Penn. (Mer- | cersburg, Porter) and Virginia, escaped from a ia and sparingly along road-sides farther north. (Nat. from Eu.) * = if

17. ACONETUM » Tourn. Aconrte. Monxsnoop. Wo.rspane.

Sepals 5, petal-like, very irregular; the upper one (helmet) hooded or helmet- shaped, larger than the others. Petals 2 (the 3 lower wanting entirely, or very minute rudiments among the stamens), consisting of small spur-shaped bodies raised on long claws and concealed under the helmet. Pistils 3-5. Pods sev- eral-seeded. Seed-coat usually wrinkled or scaly. — Perennials, with palmately cleft or dissected leaves, and showy flowers in racemes or panicles. (The an- cient Greek and Latin name, said to be derived from Acone, in Bithynia. “es f

1. A. uncinatum, L. (WiLtp Monxswoop. ) Glabrous; stem fe. i der, erect, but weak and disposed to climb ; leaves deeply 3 —5-lobed, petioled ; the i lobes ovate-lanceolate, coarsely toothed ;' ‘Holi blue ; helmet erect, obtusely conical,

compressed, slightly pointed or beaked in front. — Rich shady soil along streams, # | 8. W. New York, and southward along the mountains. June-Aug. j 2. A. reclinatum, Gray. (Trarmine WorrsBane.) Glabrous ; | stems trailing (3°-8° long) ; leaves deeply 3—7-cleft, petioled, the lower orbicu- lar in outline ; the divisions wedge-form, incised, often 2—3-lobed ; flowers white, , til

in very loose panicles; helmet soon horizontal, elongated-conical, with a straight beak in front. — Cheat Mountain, Virginia, and southward in the Alleghanies. Aug. — Lower leaves 5’/-6! wide. Flowers 9’ long, nearly glabrous.

18. ZANT HORHIZA, Marshall. Surus YELLOW-ROOT.

Sepals 5, regular, spreading, deciduous. Petals 5, much smaller than the sepals, concave and obscurely 2-lobed, raised on a claw. Stamens 5 or 10. i Pistils 5-15, bearing 2 or 3 pendulous ovules. Pods 1-seeded, oblong, the short styie becoming dorsal in its growth.— A low shrubby plant; the bark : and the long roots deep yellow and bitter. Flowers polygamous, dull purple, in compound drooping racemes, appearing, along with the 1 -2-pinnate leaves,

from large terminal buds in early spring. (Name compounded of £av0ds, yellow, and pi¢a, root.)

2

14 RANUNCULACES. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.)

1. Z. apiifolia, L’Her. — Shady banks of streams, in the mountains of Pennsylvania and southward. Sherburne, New York, Dr: Douglass. Stems clustered, 1°-2° hich. Leaflets cleft and toothed. — The roots of this, and also of the next plant, were used as a yellow dye by the aborigines.

is. HW D RASTIS 9 OnancE-noor. YELLOW PuCccoon.

Sepals 3, petal-like, falling away when the flower opens. Petals none. Pistils 12 or more in a head, 2-ovuled : stigma flat, 2-lipped. Ovaries becoming a head of crimson 1 —2-seeded berries in fruit. — A low perennial herb, sending up in ~ early spring, from a thick and knotted yellow rootstock, a single radical leaf, and a simple hairy stem, which is 2-leaved near the summit, and terminated by a single greenish-white flower. (Name perhaps from Uap, water, and dpda, to act, alluding to the active properties of the juice.)

1. HL Canadénsis, L.— Rich woods, New York to Wisconsin and southward. — Leaves rounded, heart-shaped at the base, 5~7-lobed, doubly serrate, veiny, when full grown in summer 4! — 9/ wide.

20. ACT HA 9 L. Bayeperry. Conosu.

Sepals 4 or 5, falling off when, the flower expands. Petals 4-10, small, flat, spatulate, on slender claws. Stamens numerous, with slender white filaments. Pistil single: stigma sessile, depressed, 2-lobed. Fruit & many-seeded berry. Seeds smooth, flattened and packed horizontally in 2 rows. — Perennials, with ample 2-3-ternately compound leaves, the ovate leaflets sharply cleft and toothed, and a short and thick terminal raceme of white flowers. (Name from axr7, the Elder, from some resemblance in the leayes.)

1. A. Spiekta, L. (A.. Americana, Pursh, A. brachypétala, DC.) Called Hers CHRISTOPHER in Europe.

Var. ritbra, Michx. (Rep Baneperry.) Petals about half the length of the stamens; pedicels slender 3 berries cherry-reil, oval. (A. rubra, Willd., Bigel, §c. Rich woods, New England to Penn. and Wisconsin, and northward. April, May: Plant 2° high. (Eu.)

Var. &lba, Michx, (Wuire BaneBerry or Conosu.) Petals rather longer and narrower; pedicels thickened both in flower and fruit ; berries milk- white, short-oval: or globular. (A. alba, Bigel. A. pachypoda, £il.) — Rich woods, more common southward, extending to Virginia and Kentucky. May. — Plant 2°~3° high. Pedicels in fruit often almost as thick as the main peduncle. Berries sometimes tinged with red or purple, very rarely deep red (Dr. Knies- kern) ; while in. some districts white berries occur abundantly on slender pedi- eels (Mfr. Oakes, Prof. Chadbourne) ; also in Siberia. Nor does the length of the petals afford marked distinctions. So that all probably belong to one species. —

27h. CIMICIFUGA, LL. Bocnae.

Sepals 4 or 5, falling off soon after the flower expands, Petals, or rather transformed stamens, 1-8, small, on claws, 2-horned at the apex. Stamens ag

MAGNOLIACEE. (MAGNOLIA. FAMILY.) 15

in Actwa. Pistils 1-8, forming dry dehiscent pods in fruit. — Perennials, with

2-3-ternately-divided leaves, the leaflets cut-serrate, and white flowers in elon-

gated wand-like racemes. (Name from. cimex, a bug, and fugo, to drive away ; the Siberian species being used as a bugbane.)

§ 1. MACROTYS, Raf. — Pistil 1, sometimes 2-8: seeds smooth, eee wel packed horizontally in the pod in two rows, as in Acteea: stigma broad and flat.

1. C, racemosa, Ell. (Brack SnaxeRoor.) Racemes very long; pods ovoid, sessile. — Rich woods, Maine and Vermont to Michigan, and south- ward. July. — Plant 3°-8° high, from a thick knotted root-stock : the racemes in fruit becoming 19- 2° long.

§2. CIMICIFUGA, L.— Pistils 3-8: seeds flattened laterally, covered with chaffy scales, and SeLGERUIRG one row in the membranaceous pods : style awl-shaped : stigma minute.

2, C. Americana, Michx. (American Bucsanzg.) Racemes slen- der, panicled; ovaries mostly 5, glabrous ; pods stalked, flattened, veiny, 6 -8- seeded. — Mountains of §. Pennsylvania and southward throughout the Alle- ghanies. Aug.— Plant 2°-4° high, more slender than No. 1.

Aponis AuTUMNALIS, L., the Paeasant’s Eye of Europe, has been found growing spontaneously im Western New York, and in Kentucky, but barely es- caped from gardens.

Niegéira Damaschyna, L., the FenneL-FLOWER, which offers a remark-

able exception, in having the pistils partly united into a compound ovary, SO as .

te form a several-celled pod, grows nearly spontaneously around gardens.

_Pamonta, the Pzony, of which P. orrroinauxis is familiar in gardens, forms a sixth tribe of this order, distinguished bya leafy persistent calyx, and a iat disk surrounding 4 the base of the follicular pistils.

. Danna 2. MAGNOLIACEAS. (Macyorra Famy.)

Trees or shrubs, with the leaf-buds sheathed by membranous stipules, poly- petalous, hypogynous, polyandrous, polygynous ; the calyx and corolla colored alike, in three or more rows of three, and imbricated in the bud. — Sepals and petals deciduous. Stamens in several rows at the base of the recep- tacle: anthers adnate. Pistils many, mostly packed together and covering the prolonged receptacle, cohering with each other, and in fruit forming a sort of fleshy or dry cone. Seeds 1 or 2 in each carpel, anatropous: albu- men fleshy : embryo minute. — Leaves alternate, not toothed, marked with minute transparent dots, feather-veined. Flowers single, large. Bark aromatic and bitter. — There are only two Northern genera, Magnolia and Liriodendron.

1. WAGNOLMA, L. Maenorra.

Sepals 3. Petals 6-9. Stamens with. very short filaments, and long anthers opening inwards. Pistils aggregated on the long receptacle and coherent in a mass, together forming a fleshy and rather woody cone-like red fruit; each car-

16 MAGNOLIACEZ. (MAGNOLIA FAMILY.)

pel at maturity opening on the back, from which the 1 or 2 berry-like seeds hang by an extensile thread composed of unrolled spiral vessels. Inner seed-coat bony. — Buds conical, the coverings formed of the successive pairs of stipules, each pair enveloping the leaf next above, which is folded lengthwise, and ap- plied straight against the side of the next stipular sheath, and so on. (Named after Magnol, Professor of Botany at Montpellier in the 17th century.)

%* Leaves all scattered along the branches : buds silky.

1. ME. glatiea, L. (Smati or Lauren Macnouza. Swerr Bay.) Leaves oblong or oval, obtuse, white beneath 3 petals white, rounded-obovate ; cone of fruit small, oblong. — Swamps, from near Cape Ann and New York south- ward, near the coast ; in Pennsylvania as far west as Cumberland Co. June- Aug. — Shrub 4°- 20° high, with thickish leaves, which farther south are ever- green, and sometimes oblong-lanceolate. Flower very fragrant, 2!~3! broad.

2. Mi. acuminata, L. ( CucumBER-TREE.). Leaves oblong, pointed, green and a little pubescent beneath petals glaucous-green tinged with yellow, oblong ; cone of fruit small, cylindrical. — Rich woods, W. New York, Penn., Ohio, and southward. May, June.— Tree 60-90 feet high. Leaves thin, 5/— 10/ long. Flower 3/ broad. Fruit 2/—3! long, when young slightly resembling a small cucumber, whence the common name.

3. Wi. macrophylla, Michx. (GREAT-LEAVED Maenorra.) Leaves obovate-oblong, cordate at the narrowed base, pubescent and white beneath ; petals white, with a purple spot inside at the base, ovate ; cone of fruit ovoid. — Rock- castle and Kentucky Rivers, S. E. Kentucky. Occasionally planted farther north. May, June.— Tree 20°-40° high. Leaves 210-30 long. Flower 8’—10! broad when outspread. ae

* & Leaves crowded on the summit of the Jlowering branches in an umbrella-like _ circle: buds glabrous.

4. Wi. Umbrélla, Lam. (UMBRELLA-TREE.) Leaves obovate-lanceolate, pointed at both ends, soon glabrous, petals obovate-oblong. (M. tripétala, Z.) — Mountains of Penn. (and W. New York 2) to Virginia and Kentucky along the Alleghanies. May.— A small tree. Leaves 1°90 long. Flowers white, 7'—8! broad. ~ Fruit rose-color, 4’— 5! long, ovoid-oblong.

5. Mi. Fraseri, Walt. (Ear-teavep UMBRELLA-TREE.) Leaves ob- long-obovate or spatulate, auriculate at the base, glabrous ; petals obovate-spatulate, with narrow claws. (M. auriculata, Zam.) — Virginia and Kentucky along the Alleghanies, and southward. April, May. — Tree 30° = 50° high. Leaves 8/— 12’ long. Flower (white) and fruit smaller than in the preceding.

M. corpAra, Michx., the Yextow CucumBer-Tre», of Georgia, and —

M. Granpiriora, L., the Great Laurer Mageyorra, of the Southern States (a noble tree, remarkable for its deliciously fragrant flowers, and thick evergreen leaves, which are shining and deep green above and rusty-colored be- neath), are the only remaining North American species. The former is hardy as far north as Cambridge. One tree of the latter bears the winter and blos- soms near Philadelphia. The Umbrella-tree’ attains only a small size in New England, where M. macrophylla is precarious.

ANONACEH. (CUSTARD-APPLE FAMILY.) WW

2. LIRIODENDRON, L. Turip-reez. ,

Sepals 3, reflexed. Petals 6, in two rows, making a bell-shaped corolla. An- thers linear, opening outwards. Pistils flat and scale-form, long and narrow, imbricated and cohering together in an elongated cone, dry, separating from each other and from the long and slender axis in fruit, and falling away whole, like a samara or key, indehiscent, 1-2-seeded in the small cavity at the base. Buds flat, sheathed by the successive pairs of flat and broad stipules joined at their edges, the folded leaves bent down on the petiole so that their apex points to the base of the bud. (Name from Alpuoy, lily or tulip, and dévSpor, tree.) : .

1. LE. Pulipifera, L.— Rich soil, S. New England to Michigan, Illi- °

-nois, and southward. May, June.—A most beautiful tree, sometimes 140° high and 8°-—9° in diameter in the Western States, where it is called wrongly Portar. Leaves very smooth, with 2 lateral lobes near the base, and 2 at the

“apex, which appears as if cut off abruptly by a broad shallow notch. Corolla 2! broad, greenish-yellow marked with orange.

Orper 3. ANONACE. (Custarp-APPLE FAMILY.)

_ Trees or shrubs, with naked buds and no stipules, a calyx of 8 sepals, and a corolla of 6 petals in two rows, valvate in the bud, hypogynous, polyandrous. — Petals thickish. Anthers adnate, opening outwards: filaments very short. Pistils several or many, separate or cohering in a mass, fleshy or pulpy in fruit. Seeds anatropous, large, with a crustaceous seed-coat, and a minute embryo at the base of the ruminated albumen. — Leaves alter- _ nate, entire, feather-veined. Flowers axillary, solitary. Bark, &c. acrid- aromatic or fetid.—A tropical family, except one genus in the United ' States, viz. :

1. ASIMINA » Adans. Norrm American Paraw.

Petals 6, increasing after the bud opens; the outer set larger than the inner. Stamens numerous in a globular mass. | Pistils few, ripening 1-3 large and oblong pulpy several-seeded fruits. Seeds horizontal, flat, ericlosed in a fleshy aril.— Shrubs or small trees, with unpleasant odor when bruised; the lurid - flowers axillary and solitary. (Name from Asiminier, of the French colo- nists.) : ; :

1. A. triloba, Dunal. (Common Paraw.) Leaves thin, obovate-lan- ceolate, pointed; petals dull-purple, veiny, round-ovate, the outer ones 3-4 times as long as the calyx. (Uvaria, A. DC., Torr. g- Gray.)—Banks of streams in rich soil, W. New York and Penn. to Ohio and southward. April, May.— Tree 10°-20° high; the young shoots and expanding leaves clothed with a rusty down, soon glabrous. Flowers appearing with the leaves, 14/ wide. Fruits 2'~3! long, yellowish, sweet and edible in autumn.

A. PARVIFLORA, a smaller-flowered and small-fruited low species, probably

does not grow 80 far north as Virginia. 2*

18 MENISPERMACEH. (MOONSEED FAMILY.)

Orprr 4. MENISPERMACEAE. (Moonszep FAmIty.)

Woody climbers, with palmate or peltate alternate leaves, no stipules ; the sepals and petals similar, in threé.or more rows, imbricated in the bud ; hypo- gynous, dicecious, 3-6-gynous ; fruit a I-seeded drupe, with a large or long curved embryo in .scanty albumen. — Flowers small. Stamens several. Ovaries nearly straight, with the stigma at the apex, but often incurved in-fruiting, so that the seed and embryo are bent into a crescent or ring. Properties bitter-tonic and narcotic. — Chiefly a tropical family: there are only three species, belonging to as many genera, in the United States.

Synopsis.

1. COCCULUS. Stamens, petals, and sepals each 6. Anthers 4-celled.

2. MENISPERMUM. Stamens 12-24, slender. Petals6-8. Sepals4-8. Anthers 4-celled.

8. CALYCOCARPUM. Stamens in the sterile flowers 12, short ; in the fertile flowers 6, abor- tive. Petals none. Anthers 2-celled.

Il. COCCULUWS, DC. Coccutus.

Sepals, petals, and stamens 6, the two latter short. Anthers 4-celled. Pistils 8-6 in the fertile flowers: style pointed. Drupe and seed as in Moonseed. Cotyledons narrowly linear and flat. — Flowers in axillary racemes or panicles. (An old name, from coccum, a berry.)

1. C. Carolimus, DC. Minutely pubescent; leaves downy beneath, ovate or cordate, entire or sinuate-lobed, variable in shape; flowers greenish ; the petals in the sterile ones auriculate-inflexed below around the filaments ; drupe red (as large as a small pea). — River-banks, 8. Kentucky, Virginia, and southward. July.

2. MENISPERMUM, L. Moonszep.

Sepals 4-8. Petals 6—8, short. Stamens 12-20 in the sterile flowers, as long as the sepals: anthers 4-celled. Pistils 2-4 in the fertile flowers, raised on a short common receptacle: stigma broad and flat. Drupe globular, the mark of the stigma near the base, the ovary in its growth after flowering being strongly incurved, so that the (wrinkled and grooved) laterally flattened stone (putamen) takes the form of a large crescent or a ring. The slender embryo therefore is horseshoe-shaped: cotyledons filiform. — Flowers white, in axillary panicles. (Name from pnvn, moon, and oréppa, seed.)

1. MW. Camadémnse, L. (Canaptan Moonsrep.) Leaves peltate near the edge, 3~T7-angled or lobed. — Banks of streams; common. June, July, — Drupes black with a bloom, ripe in September, looking like frost grapes.

3. CALYCOCARPUM, Nott. Curszep. Sepals 6. Petals none. Stamens 12 in the sterile flowers, short: anthers 2-celled. Pistils 3, spindle-shaped, tipped with a radiate many-cleft stigma. Drupe not incurved ; but the thin crustaceous putamen hollowed out like a cup

:

BERBERIDACE. (BARBERRY FAMILY.) eS

on one side. Embryo foliaceous, heart-shaped. — Flowers greenish-white, in long racemose panicles. (Name composed of «ddvé, a cup, and xaprds, fruit, from the shape of the shell.) : ;

1. €. Lyomi, Nutt. (Menispermum Lyoni, Pursh.) — Rich soil, 8. Ken- tucky. May.— Stems climbing to the tops of trees. Leaves large, thin, deeply 3-5-lobed, cordate, at the base; the lobes acuminate. Drupe an inch long, globular, greenish; the shell rithidetidetood on the edge of the cavity.

ORDER 5. BERBERIDACEE. (BARBERRY Faminy.):

Shrubs or herbs, with the sepals and petals. both imbricated in the bud in 2 or more rows of 2—4 each ; the hypogynous stamens as many as the petals and opposite them: anthers opening by 2 valves or lids hinged at the top. (Podophyllum is an exception, and Jeffersonia as respects the sepals i in one

row.) Pistil single. Filaments short. Style short or none. Fruit a ber-

ry or a pod. Seeds few or several, anatropous, with albumen. Leaves alternate. Synopsis.

TRIBE I. BERBERIDE. Shrubs. Embryo large: cotyledons flat. (Berries ine and innocent. Bark astringent ; the wood yellow.) oe 1. BERBERIS. Petals 6, each 2-glandular at the base.

Tris II. NANDINE AS. Herbs. sie short or minute. (Roots and foliage some- times drastic or poisonous.) E * Anthers opening by uplifted valves. . ; 2. CAULOPHYLLUM. Petals 6, thick and gland-like, short. Ovules 2, soon 1 naked. 8. DIPHYLLEIA. Petals 6, flat, much longer than the calyx. Berry 2 -4-seeded. 4. JEFFERSONIA. Petals 8. Pod many-seeded, opening on one side by a lid. * * Anthers not opening by uplifted valves.

5. PODOPHYLLUM. Petals6-9. Stamens 6-18! Fruit pulpy, many-seeded.

I. BERBERIS, L. Banuuzry.

Sepals 6, roundish, with 2 or 6 bractlets outside. Petals 6, obovate, concave, with 2 glandular spots inside above the short claw. Stamens 6. Stigma cir- cular, depressed. Fruit a 1-few-seeded berry. Seeds erect, with a crustaceous integument. — Shrubs, with yellow wood and inner bark, yellow flowers in drooping racemes, and sour berries and leaves. Stamens irritable. (Derived from Berbérys, the Arabic name of the fruit.)

1. B. vurearis, L. (Common Barperry.) Leaves seattered on the fresh shoots of the season, mostly small and with sharp-lobed margins} or re- duced to sharp triple or branched spines ; from which the next season proceed rosettes or fascicles of obovate-oblong closely bristly-toothed leaves, and droop- ing many-flowered racemes ; petals entire ; berries oblong, scarlet. — Thickets and waste grounds, in FE. Pier England, whakd it has become thoroughly wild: else-

where rarely spontaneous. May, June. (Nat. from Eu.)

2. B. Canadémsis, Pursh. (American Barperry.) Leaves re- pandly-toothed, the teeth less bristly-pointed ; racemes Sew-flowered ; petals

20. BERBERIDACEZ. (BARBERRY FAMILY.)

notched at the apex ; berries oval (otherwise as in No. 1, of which Dr. Hooker deems it a variety, perhaps with reason).— Alleghanies of Virginia and south- ward: not in Canada. June. — Shrub 1°-3° high.

B. (Manonra) Aqurrétrum, Pursh, of Western N. America, — belonging to a section of the genus with mostly evergreen pinnate leaves and blue ber- ries, — is not rare in cultivation, as an ornamental shrub. ~

2. CAULOPHWLLUM, Michx. Brive Conosn.

Sepals 6, with 3 small bractlets at the base, ovate-oblong. Petals 6 thick and gland-like somewhat kidney-shaped or hooded bodies, with short claws, much smaller than the sepals, one at the base of each of them. Stamens 6: anthers oblong. Pistil gibbous: style short: stigma minute and unilateral: ovary bursting soon after flowering by the pressure of the 2 erect, enlarging seeds, and withering away ; the spherical seeds naked on their thick seed-stalks, look- ing like drupes ; the fleshy integument turning blue: albumen of the texture of horn. — A perennial glabrous herb, with matted knotty rootstocks, sending up in early spring a simple and naked stem, terminated by a small raceme or pani- cle of yellowish-green flowers, and a little below bearing a large triternately compound leaf without any common petiole (whence the name, from xavAos, stem, and vor, leaf; the stem seeming to form a stalk for the great leaf). Leaflets obovate-wedge-form, 2-—3-lobed.

1. C. thalictroides, Michx. (Also called Parroosr-roor.) Leén- tice thalictroides, Z.— Deep rich woods. April, May.— Stems 1°-2$° high. Flowers appearing while the leaf is yet small. A smaller biternate leaf often at the base of the panicle. Whole plant glaucous when young, also the seeds, which are of the size of large peas.

3 DIPHYLEL WEA, Michx. Umsrenra-tear.

Sepals 6, fugacious. Petals 6, oval, flat, larger than the sepals. Stamens 6: anthers oblong. Ovary oblong: style hardly any: stigma depressed. Ovules 5 or 6, attached to one side of the cell below the middle. Berry few-seeded. Seeds oblong, with no aril.—A perennial glabrous herb, with thick horizontal rootstocks, sending up each year either a huge, centrally peltate and cut-lobed, rounded, umbrella-like radical leaf on a stout stalk, or a flowering stem bearing two similar (but smailer and more 2-cleft) alternate leaves which are peltate near one margin, and terminated by a cyme of white flowers. (Name composed of Sis, twice, and PvAdoy, leaf.) :

_ 1. D. cymosa, Michx. Wet or springy places, mountains of Virginia and southward. May.— Root-leaves 1°-2° in diameter, 2-cleft, each division 5—7-lobed ; lobes toothed. Berries blue.

4. JEFFERSONIA, Barton. TwIN-LEAF.

Sepals 4, fugacious. Petals 8, oblong, flat. Stamens 8: anthers oblong- linear, on slender filaments. Ovary ovoid, soon gibbous, pointed: stigma 2- ‘lobed. Pod pear-shaped, opening half-way round horizontally, the upper part

*

-NELUMBIACEE. (NELUMBO FAMILY.) 21

making a lid. Seeds many in several rows on the lateral placenta, with a fleshy lacerate aril on one side. — A perennial glabrous herb, with matted fibrous roots, long-petioled root-leaves, parted into 2 half-ovate leaflets, and simple naked 1- flowered scapes. (Named in honor of Thomas Je erson.)

1. J. diphyla, Pers. — Woods, W. New York to Wisconsin and south- ward. April, May.—Low. Flower white, 1/ broad: the parts rarely in threes or fives. — Called Rheumatism-root.in some places.

5. PODOPHYLLUM 9 L. May-Appre. Manpraxe.

“Flower-bud with 3 green bractlets, which early fall away. Sepals 6, fuga- cious. Petals 6 or 9, obovate. Stamens as many as the petals in the Hima- layan species, twice as many in ours: anthers linear-oblong, not opening by up- lifted valves. Ovary ovoid: stigma sessile, large, thick, and undulate. Fruit a Jarge fleshy berry. Seeds covering the very large lateral placenta, in many rows, zach seed enclosed in a pulpy aril, all forming a mass which fills the cavity of the fruit. — Perennial herbs, with creeping rootstocks and .thick fibrous roots. Stems 2-leaved, 1-flowered. (Name from ods, a Joot, and pvddoy, a leaf, from @ fancied resemblance of the 5—7-parted leaf to the foot of some web-footed animal.)

1. P. peltatum, L. Stamens 12-18; leaves 5—9-parted; the lobes oblong, rather wedge-shaped, somewhat lobed and toothed at the apex. — Rich woods, common. May.—Flowerless stems terminated by a large, round, 7 -9- lobed leaf, peltate in the middle, like an umbrella. Flowering stems bearing 2 one-sided leaves, with the stalk fixed near the inner edge; the nodding white flower from the fork, nearly 2! broad. Fruit ovoid, 1/—2/ long, ripe in July, slightly acid, mawkish, eaten by pigs and boys. Leaves and roots drastic and poisonous !

Orper 6. NELUMBIACE. (NeLumBo Famiy.)

Huge aquatics, like Water-Lilies, but the pistils distinct, JSorming acorn- shaped nuts, and separately imbedded in cavities of the enlarged top-shaped receptacle. Seeds solitary, Jilled with the large and highly developed embryo : albumen none.— Sepals and petals colored alike, in several rows, hypogy- nous, as well as the numerous stamens, and deciduous. Leaves orbicular, centrally peltate and cup-shaped. — Embraces only the singular genus

1. NELUMBIUM » Juss. | Netumso. Sacrup Bran.

Character same as of the order. (Name Latinized from Nelumbo, the Cey- lonese name of the East Indian species.)

1. N. litteum, Willd. (Yerrow Nrtumszo, or Warzr Curnquerin.) Corolla pale yellow: anthers tipped with a slender hooked appendage. — Wa- ters of the Western and Southern States; rare in the Middle States: introduced into the Delaware below Philadelphia. Big Sodus Bay, L. Ontario, and in the ‘Connecticut near Lyme; perhaps introduced by the aborigines, June, July,

.

2 NYMPHEACER, (WATER-LILY FAMILY.)

—-Leaves 1°-2° broad. Flower 5/-6! in diameter. Tubers farinac@ous. Seeds also eatable. Embryo like that of Nympheza on a large scale. Cotyle- dons thick and fleshy, enclosing a plumule of 1 or 2 well-formed young leaves, enclosed in a delicate stipule-like sheath.

Orver 7. CABOMBACE®. (WATER-SHIELD FAMILY.)

Aquatics, like Water-Lilies ; but the hypogynous sepals, petals, stamens (in threes, persistent), and pistils much fewer (definite) in number, all distinct and separate. Seeds very few.— Really no more than a simple state of Nymphzacew : embraces Cabomba, of the Southern States, and the follow- ing genus. oS

1. BRASENZIA, Schreber. ‘WATER-SHIELD.

Sepals 3 or 4, Petals 3-4, linear, sessile. Stamens 12-18: filaments fili- form: anthers innate. Pistils 4-18, forming little club-shaped indehiscent pods. Seeds 1-2, pendulous on the dorsal suture! Embryo enclosed in a peculiar bag, at the end of the albumen next the hilum.— Rootstock creeping. Leaves alternate, long-petioled, centrally peltate, oval, floating on the water. Flowers axillary, small, dull-purple. (Name of uncertain origin.)

1. B. peltata, Pursh. (Hydropéltis purpirea, Michx.) — Ponds and slow. streams. June—Aug.— Stalks coated with clear jelly. Leaves entire, 2/-3! across. (Also a native of Australia and Eastern India !)

Orper 8. NYMPHACE®. (Warer-Lity Famtry.)

_ Aquatic herbs, with round or -peltate floating leaves, and solitary showy flowers from a prostrate rootstock ; the parily colored sepals and numerous petals and stamens imbricated.in several rows ; the numerous pistils combined into a many-celled compound ovary. Embryo small, enclosed in a little bag at the end of the albumen, next the hilum, with a distinct plumule, en- closed by the 2 fleshy cotyledons. — Sepals and petals persistent, hypogy- nous or perigynous; the latter passing into stamens: anthers adnate, opening inwards. Fruit a pod-like berry, ripening under water, crowned with the radiate stigmas, 14—30-celled; the many anatropous seeds at- tached to the sides and back of the cells. — Rootstocks imitating the endo- genous structure (astringent, with some milky juice, often farinaceous).

I. NY MPUWALA, Toun. Warer-Nymen. Warer-Liny.

Sepals 4, green outside. Petals numerous, in many rows, the inner narrower and. gradually passing into stamens, imbricately inserted all over the surface of the ovary. Stamens inserted on the top of the receptacle, the outer with petal- like filaments. fruit depressed-globular, covered with the bases of the decayed petals. Seeds enveloped by a sac-like aril, — Flowers white rose-color, or blue, very showy: (Dedicated by the Greeks to the Water-Nymphs.)

_ SARRACENIACES. (PITCHER-PLANTS.) 23

1, N. Odorata, Ait. (Swuer-scenrep Warter-Lity.) Leaves orbic- | ular, sometimes almost kidney-shaped, cordate-cleft at the base to the petiole, —

the margin entire ; flower white, fragrant; petals obtuse; anthers blunt. —Va- . Yies occasionally with the flowers rose-color. — Ponds, common ; the trunks im- bedded in the mud at the bottom, often as large as a man’s arm. June-—Sept. — Flower closing in the afternoon. :

2. NUPHA R, Smith, Yxrrow Ponp-Iary. Sparrer-pocx.

Sepals 5 or 6, partly colored, roundish. Petals numerous, small and glandu- lar, inserted with the stamens into an enlargement of the receptacle under the ovary, shorter. than the circular and sessile many-rayed peltate stigma. Fruit ovoid, naked. Aril none. — Flowers yellow. Leaves roundish, sagittate-cor- date. (Name from Neufar, the Arabic name for the Pond-Lily.)

1. N. &Advema, Ait. Leaves floating, or oftener emersed and erect, on stout half-cylindrical petioles ; sepals mostly 6, very unequal ; petals narrowly oblong, very thick and’ fleshy, truncate, resembling the very numerous stamens and shorter than they; anthers much longer than the filaments ; stigma 12-24- rayed; the margin entire or repand; fruit strongly furrowed, ovoid-oblong, trun- cate, its summit not contracted into a beak. —In still or stagnant water ; com- mon. May~Sept.—Leaves 8/— 12! long, thick, rounded or. oblong-ovate in outline. Elower 2! broad. : ; .

2. N. Kalmiama, Pursh. Leaves floating, on slender or filiform peti- oles ; sepals 5; petals spatulate, as long as the moderately numerous stamens ; anthers shorter than the filaments ; stigma 8—14-rayed, the margin crenate ; fruit not furrowed, ovoid-globose, contracted under the stigma into a narrow and angled beak. (N. lutea, var. Kalmiana, Torr. & Gray, and ed. 1. N. intermedium, Ledeb. ?) — Ponds, &c., New England, New. York, and northward. July, Aug. —Leayes 13/-—4! long, roundish, the veins. beneath much fewer and more branched than in the last. Flower 1/-14 broad. (Eu. 2)

N. torn, Smith, I have not seen anywhere in the United States.

OrpER 9. SARRACENIACE. (Prrcyer-Prants.)

* Polyandrous and hypogynous bog-plants, with hollow pitcher-form or trum- pet-shaped leaves, — comprising one plant in the’ mountains of Guiana, an- other (Darlingtonia, Torr.) in those of California, and the following genus in the Atlantic United: States.

1. SARBRAC 1D NEA, Toun. Srprsappre Frower.

Sepals 5, with 3 bractlets at the base, colored, persistent. Petals 5, oblong or obovate, incurved, deciduous. Stamens numerous, hypogynous. . Ovary compound, 5-celled, globose, crowned with a short style, which is expanded at the summit into a very broad and petal-like 5-angled, 5-rayed, umbrella-shaped body ; the 5 delicate rays terminating under the angles in as many little hooked stigmas. Capsule with a gfanular surface, 5-celled, with many-seeded placentae

24 PAPAVERACER. (POPPY FAMILY.)

in the axis, 5-valved. Seeds anatropous, with a small embryo at the base of fleshy albumen. — Perennials, yellowish-green and purplish ; the hollow leaves all radical, with a wing on one side, and a rounded arching hood at the apex. Scape naked, 1-flowered: flower nodding. (Named by Tournefort in honor of Dr. Sarrazin of Quebec, who first sent our Northern species, and a botanical account of it, to Europe.)

1. & purptirea, L. (Sipesappie Frower. PircHEer-PLant. Huntsman’s Cur.) Leaves pitcher-shaped, ascending, curved, broadly winged, the hood erect, open, round heart-shaped; flower deep purple; the fiddle-shaped petals arched over the (greenish-yellow) style. — Varies rarely with greenish- yellow flowers, and without purple veins in the foliage. (S. heterophylla, Eaton.) — Peat-bogs ; common from N. England to Wisconsin, and southward east of the Alleghanies. June.— The curious leaves are usually half filled with water and drowned insects: the inner face of the hood is clothed with stiff bristles pointing downward. Flower globose, nodding on a scape a foot high : it is difficult to fancy any resemblance between its shape and a side-saddle, but it is not very unlike a pillion.

2. S flawa, L. (Trumrets.) Leaves long (1°-3°) and trumpet-shaped, erect, with an open mouth, the erect hood rounded, narrow at the base; wing almost none; flower yellow, the petals becoming long and drooping. — Bogs, Virginia and southward. April. :

Orprr 10. PAPAVERACEAE. (Poppy FAMILY.)

Herbs with milky or colored juice, regular flowers with the parts in twos or fours, fugacious sepals, polyandrous, hypogynous, the ovary 1-celled with 2 or more parietal placente.— Sepals 2, sometimes 3, falling when the flower expands. _ Petals 4-12, spreading, imbricated in the bud, early deciduous. Stamens 16—many, distinct. Fruit a dry 1-celled pod (in the Poppy im- perfectly many-celled, in Glaucium 2-celled). Seeds numerous, anatro- pous, often crested, with a minute embryo at the base of fleshy and oily albumen. — Leaves alternate, without stipules. Peduncles mostly 1-flow- ered. Juice narcotic or acrid.

Synopsis.

* Petals more or less crumpled or corrugate in the bud. + Pod partly many-celled by the projecting placentz, not valved. 1. PAPAVER. Stigmas united in a radiate crown: style none. + + Pod strictly 1-celled, 2-6-valved ; the valves separating by their edges from the thread- like placentee, which remain as a framework.

2. ARGEMONE. Stigmas (sessile) and placentze 4-6. Pod and leaves prickly. 8. STYLOPHORUM. Stigmas and placente 8-4. Style distinct, columnar. Pod bristly. 4, CHELIDONIUM. Stigmas and placentz 2. Pod linear, smooth. Petals 4.

+ + + Pod 2-celled by a spongy partition between the placente, 2-valved. 5. GLAUCIUM. Stigma 2-lobed. Pod linear. Petals 4.

* * Petals not crumpled in the-bud.

6. SANGUINARIA. Petals 8-12. Pod oblong, turgid, 1-celled, 2-valved.

| PAPAVERACEA. (POPPY FAMILY.) . 25

a. PAPAVER, L. Porry.

Sepals mostly 2. Petals mostly 4, Stigmas united in a flat 4- —20-rayed crown, resting’ on the summit of the ovary and capsule; the latter short and turgid, with 4-20 many-seeded placentx projecting like imperfect partitions, opening by as many pores orychinks under’ the edge of the stigma.— Herbs “with a white juice; the flower-buds nodding: (Derivation obscure.) —'Two species of the Old World are sparingly adventive ; viz.

1. P. somnfrervm, L. (Common Porry.) @ Smooth, aig leaves clasping, wavy, incised and toothed ; pod globose ; corolla mostly white or pur- ple. — Near dwellings in some places. (Adv. from Eu:)

2.P. pusium, L. (Smooru-rRvITED Corn-Porry.) @) Pinnatifid leaves and the long stalks bristly ; pods club-shaped, smooth ; corolla light scarlet. —

. Cult. grounds, Westchester, Penn. and southward : rare. (Ady. from Eu.) >

2. ARGEMONE, 1 ; PRICKLY Poppy.

Sepals 2 or 3. Petals 4-6. Style almost none: stigmas 3-6, radiate. Pod oblong, prickly, | opening by 3-6 valves at the top. ‘Seeds crested. — Herbs, with prickly bristles and yellow juice.” Leaves sessile, sinuate-lobed, and with prickly teeth, blotched with white. Flower-buds erect, short-peduncled. (Name . from dpyéya, a disease of the eye, for which the juice was a supposed remedy.) te, Mexicana, i. (Mexican Prickty Porrry.) @ @ Flowers sol-

itary (pale yellow or white); calyx prickly. ee places ; not —

July—Oct. (Adv. from trop. Amer.) ”

Be STYLOPHORUM, Nutt. Cenanpine Porry. — Sepals 2, hairy. Petals 4. Style distinct, columnar: stigma 3-4-lobed. Pod ovoid, bristly, 3- 4-valved to the base. Seeds conspicuously crested. — “Perennial herb, with pinnatifid or pinnately divided leaves like Celandine, the uppermost in pairs, subtending one or more slender 1-flowered peduncles ; the buds and pods nodding. Juice yellow. Corolla yellow. (Name from ordnos,

a style, and hepa, to bear ; indicating one of its characters.) ; r 1, S. diphylium, Nutt. “(Meconépsis. diphylla, DC.) — Woods, W. Penn. to Wisconsin and Kentucky. “May. — Divisions of the leaves 5—7, sinu-

ate-lobed.. Flower 2! broad. . pas 18 ns

-. a CHELIDONIUM, gh dtiidte ies:

Sepals 2. Petals 4. Stamens 16-24. Style nearly none: stigma 2-lobed. Pod linear, slender, smooth, 2-valved, the valves opening from the bottom up- wards. Seeds crested. — Perennial herbs, with brittle stems, saffron-colored acrid juice, pinnately divided or 2-pinnatifid and toothed or cut leaves, and small yel- low flowers. (Name from Xeddav, the Swallow, because, according to iat corides, it begins to flower at the time the swallows appear.)

1. C. mAgus, L. (Ceranpinz.) Flowers several, i in umbel-like clusters. — Waste grounds near dwellings: May='Aug. (Adv. from Eu.)

cs ee ne ae

FUMARIACE®. (FUMITORY FAMILY.)

5 GLAUCIUM > Lourn. Horn-Porry.

Sepals 2. Petals 2. Stamens indefinite. Style none: stigma 2-lobed or 2- horned. Pod very long and linear, completely 2-celled by a spongy false par- tition, in which the crestless seeds are partly immersed. — Annuals or bientials, with saffron-colored juice, clasping leaves, and solitary yellow flowers. (The Greek name, yAavxvoy, from the glaucous foliage.)

1. G. LorEumM, Scop. Glaucous ; lower leaves pinnatifid; upper ones sin- uate-lobed and toothed, cordate- scladpinr ; pods rough (6/—10! long). — Waste places, Maryland and Virginia; not common. (Ady. from Eu.)

G SANGUINARIA, Dill. Buxoov-noor.

Sepals 2. Petals 8-12, spatulate-oblong, the inner narrower. Stamens about 24. Style short: stigma 2-grooved. Pod oblong, turgid, I-celled, 2- valved. Seeds with a large crest.— A low perennial, with thick prostrate root- stocks, surcharged with red-orange acrid juice, sending up in earliest spring a rounded palmate-lobed leaf, and a 1-flowered naked scape. Flower white, hand- some. (Name from the color of the juice.) is

1. S. Camadénsis, L.— Open rich woods; common. April, May.

EscuscuHoitzia Catirérnica, and E. Douexrdsi1, now common orna- mental annuals in the gardens, are curious Papaveraceous plants from Califor- nia and Oregon. Their juice is colorless, but with the odor of muriatic acid.

Orprer 11. FUMARIACE. (Fomrrory Famty.)

Delicate smooth herbs, with watery juice, compound dissected leaves, irregu- lar flowers, with 4 somewhat united petals, 6 diadelphous stamens, and pods and seeds like those of the Poppy Family. — Sepals 2, small and scale-like. Corolla flattened, closed ; the 4 petals in two pairs; the outer with spread- ing tips, and one or both of them spurred or saccate at the base ; the inner pair narrower, and with their callous crested tips united over the ‘stigma. Stamens in two sets of 3 each, placed opposite the larger petals, hypogy- nous; their filaments often united; the middle anther of each set 2-celled, the lateral ones 1-celled. Stigma flattened at right angles with the ovary. Pod 1-celled, either 1-seeded and indehiscent, or several-seeded with 2 pa- rietal placenta. — Leaves usually alternate, without, stipules. (Slightly” bitter, innocent plants.)

Synopsis.

Ea * Pod slender: the 2 valves separating from the persistent filiform placentee. 1. ADLUMIA. Corolla heart- -shaped, persistent ; petals united. Seeds crestless. 2. DICENTRA. Corolla heart-shaped or 2-spurred at the base. Seeds crested. 8. .CORYDALIS. Corolla 1-spurred at the base. Seeds crested. * * Pod fleshy, indehiscent, globular, 1-seeded. 4. FUMARIA. Corolla 1-spurred at the base. Seed crestless.

FUMARIACEE. (FUMITORY FAMILY.) 27

Il. ADLUMIA > Raf. Crimeineg FuMIToRY.

Petals all permanently united in an ovate corolla, 2-saccate at the base, be- coming dry and persistent, enclosing the small few-secded pod. Seeds not crested. Stigma 2-crested. Stamens diadelphous. — A climbing biennial vine, with thrice-pinnate leaves, cut-lobed delicate leaflets, and ample panicles of drooping whitish flowers. (Dedicated by Rafinesque to Major Adlum.)

1. A. cirrhdésa, Raf. (Corydalis fungosa, Vent.) —Wet woods 3 com- mon westward. July—Oct.—A handsome vine, with delicate foliage and pale flesh-colored blossoms, climbing by the tendril-like young leafstalks over high bushes ; cultivated for festoons and bowers in shaded places. :

by -

2. DICENTRA, Bork. Durcuman’s BREECHES.

Petals slightly united into a heart-shaped or 2-spurred corolla, either decidu-

ous or withering. Stigma 2-crested and sometimes 2-horned. Filaments slightly united in two sets. Pod 10-20-seeded. Seeds crested. — Low, mostly stem- less perennials, with ternately compound and dissected leaves, and racemose nodding flowers. Pedicels 2-bracted. (Name from Sis, twice, and KEVTPOV, @& spur.) : 1. D. Cucullaria, DC. (Durcuman’s Breecues.) Granulate-bulbous ; lobes of the leavés linear ; raceme simple, few-flowered ; corolla with 2 divergent - '. Spurs longer than the pedicel ; crest of the inner petals minute. — Rich woods, es- pecially westward. April, May.—A very delicate plant, sending up in early spring, from the cluster of little grain-like tubers crowded together in the form of a scaly bulb, the finely cut long-stalked leaves and slender scape, the latter bearing 4-10 pretty, but odd, white flowers tipped with cream-color.

2. D. Canadénsis, DC. ( Squrrret-Corn.) Subterranean shoots tuberiferous ; leaves and raceme as in No. 1; corolla merely heart-shaped, the spurs very short and rounded ; crest of the inner petals conspicuous, projecting. — Rich woods, Maine to Wisconsin and Kentucky, especially northward. “April, May. — Tubers scattered, round, flattened, as large as peas or grains of Indian Corn, yellow. Calyx minute. Flowers greenish-white tinged with red, with the fragrance of Hyacinths.

3. D.-eximia, DC. Subterranean shoots scaly ; divisions and lobes of the leaves broadly oblong ; raceme compound, clustered ; corolla oblong, 2-saccate at the base ; crest of the -inner petals projecting. — Rocks, W. New York, rare (Thomas, Sartwell), and Alleghanies of Virginia. May-Aug.—A larger plant than the others. Flowers reddish-purple.

8. CORYDALIS, Vent. Conrparus,

Corolla 1-spurred at the base (on the upper side), deciduous. Style persist- ent, Pod many-seeded. Seeds crested. Flowers in racemes. Our species are biennial and leafy-stemmed. (The ancient Greek name for the Fumitory.) , 1. C. atirea, Willd. (Gortpey Corypatts.) Stems low, spreading ; ra- cemes simple; spur incurved ; pods pendent ; seeds with a scalloped . crest. —

*

(28 CRUCIFERA. (MUSTARD FAMILY.)

Rocks by streams, Vermont to Wisconsin and Kentucky. April -July. — Glau- cous: flowers golden-yellow and showy, or paler and less handsome. Pods 1’ long, uneven.

2. ©. glatiea, Pursh. (Parez Corypauis.) Stem upright ; racemes panicled ; spur short and rounded ; pods erect, slender, elongated ; seeds with a small entire. crest. — Rocky places; common. May-July. — Corolla whitish, shaded with yellow and reddish.

4@. FUMARTA, L. Fumirory.

Corolla 1-spurred. at the -base. Style deciduous. Fruit indehiscent, small, globular, 1-seeded. Seeds crestless. — Branched annuals, with finely dissected compound leaves, and small flowers in dense racemes or spikes. (Name from Jumus, smoke.)

1.1. orricrxAris, L. (Common Fumirory.) Sepals ovate-lanceolate, acute, sharply toothed, narrower and shorter than the corolla (which is flesh- color tipped with crimson) ; fruit slightly notched. — Waste places, about dwell- ings. (Adv. from Eu.)

OrveEr, 12. CRUCIFERE. (Mustarp Famity.)

- Herbs with a pungent watery juice and cruciform tetradynamous flowers : jruit a silique or silicle. — Sepals 4, deciduous. Petals 4, hypogynous, reg- ular, placed opposite each other in pairs, their spreading limbs forming a cross. Stamens. 6, two of them inserted lower down and shorter. “Pod 2-celled by a thin, partition stretched between the 2 marginal placente, from which when ripe the valves separate, either much longer than broad (a silique), or short. (a silicle or pouch), sometimes indehiscent and nut-like (nucumentaceous), or separating across into 1-seeded joints (lomentaceous). Seeds campylotropous, without albumen, filled by the large embryo, which ds curved or. folded. in various. ways: i. e. the cotyledons. accumbent, viz.

their margins on one side applied to the radicle, so that.the cross-section of

the seed appears thus o© ; or else incumbent, viz. the back of one .cotyle- don applied to the radicle, thus off). In these eases the. cotyledons are plane ; but:they may be folded upon themselves, as in Mustard, where they

are conduplicate, thus >. In Leavenworthia alone the wholesembryo is straight. — Leaves alternate, no stipules. © Flowers in terminal.racemes or corymbs: pedicels not bracted.— A large and. very. natural family,. of pungent or acrid, but not poisonous plants. (Characters taken from the pods and seeds ; the flowers being nearly alike in all.)

Synopsis. J. SILIQUOSZ. Pod long, a siliquey opening by valves.

Temr I. ARABIDEZE. ° Pod elongated (except in Nasturtium). .Seeds-flattened. Co- tyledins ateumbent, plane.

-

ORUCIFEREZ. (MUSTARD FAMILY:) 29

* Pod terete, or slightly flattened; the, valves. nerveless. 1. NASTURTIUM. Pod linear, oblong, or even globular, turgid. Seeds tees A in two rows in: each cell, small. 2. IODANTHUS. Pod:linear, elongated. Seeds ina single row in each cell. * Pod flat; the valves nerveless. Seeds in one row in each cell. 8. LEAVENWORTHIA. Pod oblong. Seeds winged. Embryo straight! Leaves all radical. 4. DENTARIA. Pod lanceolate. Seeds wingless, on broad seed-stalks. Stem few-leaved. 5. CARDAMINE. Pod linear’ or’ linearlanceolate. Seeds -wingless, on slender seed-stalks. Stems leafy below. x ¥°% Pod flattened or 4-angled, linear 3 the valves-one-nerved:in the middle; or veiny. 6. ARABIS. Pods flat or flattish. Seeds in one rowin eachcell. Flowers,white or purple. 7. TURRITIS. Pods and flowers as in Arabis, but the seeds occupying two rows in each cell. 8. BARBAREA. Pod somewhat 4-sided. Seeds in one row in each cell. Flowers yellow:

Trine Il. SISYMBRIEZE. Pod elongated. Seeds thickish. Cotyledons incumbenty. narrow, plane.

9. ERYSIMUM. Pod sharply 4-angled, linear. Flowers yellow. 10. SISYMBRIUM. Pods terete, or obtusely 4~6-angled, or fiattish: Flowers white or yellow.

TrisE III. BRASSYICE AX. Pod elongated. Seeds globular. Cotyledons incumbent and conduplicate, folded round the radicle. : il. SINAPIS. Pod terete; the valves 3-5-nerved. Calyx spreading. : Il. SILICULOSA.. Pod.short; a’ silicle or pouch, opening by. valves: Trizge IV. ALYSSINE ZS. Pod oval: or oblong, flattered. parallel’ to: the:broad parti-

tion, if at all. Cotyledons accumbent, plane.

12. DRABA. Pod flat, many-seeded:: valves:1-8-nerved. 13. VESICARIA. Pod globular, inflated, 4- several-seeded : valves cictvoles. 1. NASTURTIUM. Pod turgid, many-seeded : valves nerveless.

Tre V. CAME LINEA. Pod ovoid or oblong, flattened parallel.to the broad past - tion. Cotyledons incumbent, plane. 14. CAMELINA. Pod'oboyoid, turgid: valves I-nerved. Style slender. Tre VI. LEPIDINEZE. Pod short, the boat-shaped valves flattened. contrary to the narrow ee Cotyledons incumbent iia tet es in one instance), plane. 15. LEPIDIUM, Pod two-seeded. 16. CAPSELLA. Pod many-seeded, inversely heart-shaped-triangular.

Trizz VII. SUBULARIEAR. Pod oyal, turgid, somewhat flattened contrary to the broad partition. Cotyledons long and narrow, transversely folded on themselves and incumbent.

17. SUBULARIA. Pod several-seeded': the valves convex-boat-shaped. Tae VIII. SENEBIEREZ. Pod compressed contrary to the very narrow parti-

tion ; the cells separating from the partition at maturity as two closed: oneé-seeded a lets. Cotyledons as in Tribe 7. t

18. SENEBIERA. Niitlets or closed cells roundish, reticulated.

UI. LOMENTACEZ. Pod articulated, i. e. separating across into two or more closed joints. Tre IX. CAKILINE A. Cotyledons plane and accumbent, as in Tribe 1. 19. CAKILE. Pod short, 2-jointed : the joints 1-celled and 1-seeded. Tae X. RAPHANEZE. Cotyledons conduplicate and incumbent, as in Tribe 3.

20. RAPHANUS. Pod elongated several-seeded, transversely intercepted. 3%*

30 CRUCIFERE. (MUSTARD FAMILY.)

1. NASTURTIUM, R. Br. Warer-Crzss.

Pod a short silique or a silicle, varying from oblong-linear to globular, terete or nearly so, often curved upwards: valves nerveless. Seeds small, turgid, marginless, in 2 irregular rows in each cell. Cotyledons accumbent. — Aquat- ic or marsh plants, with yellow or white flowers, and pinnate or pinnatifid

leaves, usually glabrous. (Name from Nasus tortus, a convulsed nose, alluding to the effect of its pungent qualities. ) § 1. Petals white, twice the length of the calyx : pods linear : leaves pinnate.

1. N. orricinarz, R. Br. (Warer-Cress.) Stems spreading and root- ing ; leaflets 3-11, roundish or oblong, nearly entire; pods (6-8! long) on slender widely spreading pedicels. }|—Brooks and ditches; rare: escaped from cultivation. (Nat. from Eu.)

§ 2. Petals yellow or yellowish, seldom much exceeding the calyx: pods linear, oblong, ovoid, or globular: leaves mostly pinnatifid. * Perennial from creeping or subterranean shoots : Jlowers rather large, bright yellow. 2. N. syivistre. R. Br. (YEerLow Cruss.) Stems ascending ; leaves pinnately parted, the divisions toothed or cut, lanceolate or linear ; pods linear (4!’—6"' long), on slender pedicels ; style very short. — Wet meadows, near Phila- delphia ; and Newton, Massachusetts, C. J. Sprague. (Adv. from Eu.)

3. N. Sinuatum, Nutt. Stems low, diffuse; leaves pinnately cleft, the short lobes nearly entire, linear-oblong ; pods Iinear-oblong (4!—6! long), on slender pedicels ; style slender. — Banks of the Mississippi and westward. June.

* * Annual or biennial, rarely perennial? with simple fibrous roots: flowers small or minute, greenish or yellowish : leaves somewhat lyrate.

4. N. sessilifldrum, Nutt. Stems erect, rather simple; Jeaves obtusely incised or toothed, obovate or oblong; flowers minute, nearly sessile; pods elon- gated-oblong (5/'—6/ long), thick; style very short.— With No. 3 and south- ward. April-June. - :

5. N. obtiisuma, Nutt. Stems much branched, diffusely spreading ; leaves pinnately parted or divided, the divisions roundish and obtusely toothed or repand ; flowers minute, short-pedicelled ; pods longer than the pedicels, varying from linear-oblong to short-oval; style short. — With No. 3 and 4.

6. N. palvistre, DC. (Marsn Cruss.) Stem erect; leaves pinnately cleft or parted, or the upper laciniate ; the lobes oblong, eut-toothed 3; pedicels about as long as the small flowers and mostly longer than the oblong, ellipsoid, or ovoid pods ; style short. — Wet ditches and borders of streams, common. June ~ Sept. — Flowers only 1-14" long. Stems 1° high. — The typical form with oblong pods is rare (W. New York, Dr. Sartwell). Short pods and hirsute stems and leaves are common. Var, gusripom (N. hispidum, DC.) is this, with ovoid or globular pods. (Eu.)

§ 3. Petals white, much longer than the calyx : pods ovoid or globular : leaves undi- vided, or the lower ones pinnatifid. - (Armoracia.)

7. N. lactistre, Gray, Gen. Ill. 1, p. 132. (Lax Cress.) Aquatic ;

immersed leaves 1-3-pinnately dissected into numerous capillary divisions ;

emersed leaves oblong, entire, serrate, or pinnatifid ; pedicels widely spreading ;

CRUCIFERAE. (MUSTARD FAMILY.) < e

pods ovoid, one-celled, a little longer than the style. j (N. natans, ed.1. N.natans, var. Americanum, Gray. Armoracia Americana, Arn.) — Lakes and rivers, N. New York to Illinois and Kentucky. July.

8. N. ArmoraAcia, Fries. (Horsurapisu.) Root-leaves very large, ob- long, crenate, rarely pinnatifid; those of the stem lanceolate ; fruiting pedicels ascending ; pods globular (seldom formed); style very short. (Cochlearia Armoracia, Z.) — Roots large and long ;—a well-known condiment. Escaped. from cultivation into moist ground. (Ady. from Eu.)

2 LODANTHUS, Torr.&Gray. Farse Rocxxr.

Pod linear, elongated, terete; the valves nerveless. Seeds in a single row in each cell, not margined. Cotyledons accumbent. Claws of the violet-purple petals longer than the calyx. — A smooth perennial, with ovate-oblong pointed and toothed leaves, the lowest sometimes lyrate-pinnatifid, and showy flowers in

‘panicled racemes. (Name from iddys, violet-colored, and avOos, flower.)

1. I. hesperidoides, Torr. & Gray. (Hésperis pinnatifida, Michx.) —

Banks of rivers, west of the Alleghanies. May, June. —Stem 1°-3° high.

Petals 5’ long, spatulate. Pods 1! to nearly 2! long, somewhat curved upwards.

3. LEAVENWORTHIA, Tor. Leavenworruta.

Pod linear or oblong, flat; the valves nerveless, but minutely reticulate- veined. Seeds in a single row in each cell, flat, surrounded by a wing. Em- bryo straight! or the short radicle only slightly bent in the direction which if

continued would make the orbicular cotyledons accumbent. — Little biennials or.

hyemal annuals, glabrous and stemless, with lyrate root-leaves and short one — few-flowered scapes. (Named in honor of Dr. M. C. Leavenworth, the discoverer of one species.) j 1. L. Michawxii, Torr. Scapes one-flowered; petals white or purplish, yellowish towards the base. (Cardamine uniflora, Mdichr.)—On flat rocks, Southeastern Kentucky (also Tennessee and Alabama, whence Prof. Hatch sends it with purple flowers). March, Apziil. 2. L. atures, Torr. Scapes 1-8-flowered ; petals yellow, larger than in the other (perhaps not distinct). — With No. 1, and southwestward.

4. DENTARIA, L. Toornworr. PrEpPER-RooT.

Pod lanceolate, flat, as in Cardamine, but broader. Seed-stalks broad and flat. — Perennials, with long, horizontal, fleshy, sometimes interrupted, toothed rootstocks of a pleasant pungent taste; the low simple stems bearing 2 or 3 petioled compound leaves about the middle, and terminated by a single raceme of large white or purple flowers. (Name from dens, a tooth.)

1. D. diphylla, L. Rootstock long and continuous, toothed ; stem-leaves 2, similar to the radical ones, close together, of 3 rhombic-ovate coarsely toothed leaflets. — Rich woods, Maine to Kentucky. May.— Rootstocks 5’-10/ long, crisp, tasting like Water-Cress. Flowers white.

CRUCIFERE. (MUSTARD FAMILY.)

2. D. mAxima, Nutt. Rovistock interrupted, forming a string of toothed tubers ; stem-leaves (2-7) mostly 3 and alternate ; leaflets 3, ovate, obtuse, coarsely toothed and incised, often 2-3-cleft. (D. laciniata, var, 6., Torr. § Gr.) —W. New York, and Penn., Nuttall! Watertown, New York, Dr. Crawe! May.— Stem 10/-2° (Nuit.) high: raceme elongated. Flowers larger than in No. E purple. Joints of the rootstock 1/-2! long, 3! thick, starchy. The leaves are intermediate between No. 1 and No. 3.

3. D. lacimiata, Muhl. Rootstock necklace-form, consisting of a chain of 3 or 4 nearly toothless oblong tubers ; stem-leaves 3 in a whorl, 3-parted ; the leaflets linear or lanceolate, obtuse, irregularly cut or cleft into narrow teeth, the lateral ones deeply 2-lobed.—Rich soil along streams, W. New England to Wisconsin and Kentucky, May.— A span high: raceme scarcely longer than the leaves. Flowers pale purple. Root-leaves much dissected.

4. D. heterophylla, Nutt. Rootstock necklace-form, obscurely toothed ; stem-leaves 2 or 3, small, alternate, 3-parted, the leaflets lanceolate and nearly entire ; root-leaves of 3 round-ovate obtuse somewhat toothed and lobed leaflets. — West- ern Pennsylvania, Virginia, and Kentucky. May.—A span high, slender: stem-leaves 1’ long. Flowers few, purple.

5. CARDAMEINE, L._ Birrer Cruss.

Pod linear, flattened, usually opening elastically from the base; the valves nerveless and veinless, or nearly so. Seeds in a single row in each cell, wing- less ; their stalks slender. Cotyledons accumbent.— Flowers white or purple. (From Kdpdapoy, an ancient Greek name for Cress.) — Runs into Dentaria on the one hand, into Arabis on the other.

* Root perennial : leaves simple or 3-foliolate. . 1. Cc. rhomboidea, DC. (Spring Cress.) Stems upright, tuberifer- ous at the base ;. stems simple ; root-leaves round and_ rather heart-shaped ; lower stem-leaves ovate or rhombic-oblong, somewhat petioled, the upper almost lan- ceolate, all somewhat angled or sparingly toothed ; pods linear-lanceolate, point- ed with a slender style tipped with a conspicuous stigma; seeds round-oval. — {ess meadows and springs ; common. Flowers large, white. April-June.

. purptirea, Torr. Lower (4-6! high) and slightly pubescent ; ze Mane ; flowers rose-purple, appearing earlier.— Along streams in rich soil, W. New York to Wisconsin. ee

2. C. rotundifolia, Michx. (American Warer-Cress.) Stems branching, weak or decumbent, with creeping runners ;. root fibrous ; leaves all much alike, roundish, somewhat angled, often heart-shaped at the base, petioled, the lowest frequently 3-lobed or of 3 leaflets; pods linear-awl-shaped, pointed with the style; stigma minute; seeds oval-oblong. (Sill. Journal, 42. p. 30.) — Cool, shaded springs, Penn., and southward along the mountains. May, June. — Leaves with just the taste of the English Water-Cress. Runners in summer 1°-3° long. Flowers white, smaller than in No. 1.

3. C. bellidifolia, L. Dwarf (2'-3! high), tufted; leaves ovate, en- tire, or sometimes 3-lobed (4! long), on long petioles ; pods upright, linear ; style

4 %

CRUCIFERE. (MUSTARD FAMILY.) 38

nearly none. — Alpine summit of the White Mountains, New Hampshire. July. — Flowers 1-5, white. Pods 1! long, turgid, the convex valves I-nerved : sO that the plant might as well be an Arabis! (Eu.)

* % Root perennial : leaves pinnate : flowers showy.

4. C. pratémsis, L. (Cucxoo-rtownr.) Stem ascending; leaflets 7- 13, those of the lower leaves rounded and stalked; of the upper ones oblong or linear, entire, or slightly angled-toothed ; petals (white or rose-color) thrice the length of the calyx; style short but distinct. — Wet places and bogs, Vermont to Wisconsin northward; rare. May. (Eu.)

%* * * Root biennial or annual: leaves pinnate: flowers small.

5. C. hirsitta, L. (Common Brrrur Cress.) Mostly smooth in the United States, sometimes hairy; leaves pinnate with 5-13 leaflets, or lyrate- pinnatifid ; leaflets of the lower leaves rounded, angled or toothed; of the upper oblong or linear, often entire; petals twice as long as the calyx (white) ; the narrow pods and the pedicels upright: style shorter than the width of the pod. (C. Pennsylvanica, Muhl.) — Moist places, everywhere: a small delicate variety, with narrow leaflets, growing on dry rocks, is C. Virarnica, Michx. (not of Hb. Linn.) May-July. (Eu.)

6 ARABIS, L. Rock Cruss.

Pod linear, flattened ; the valves plane or convex, 1-nerved in the middle, or longitudinally veiny. Seeds in a single row in each cell, usually margined or winged. Cotyledons accumbent.— Flowers white or rose-color. (Name from the country, Arabia. See Linn. Phil. Bot., § 235.)

* Leaves all pinnately parted : root annual or biennial. (Aspect of Cardamine.)

1, A. Ludoviciima, Meyer. Nearly glabrous, diffusely branched from the base (5'-10! high) ; divisions of the almost pinnate leaves numerous, oblong or linear, few-toothed or incised ; flowers very small; pods erect-spread- ing, flat (9’"-12/ long, 1!’ wide), the valves longitudinally veiny (not elastic) ; seeds wing-margined. (Cardamine Ludoviciana, Hook. Sisymbrium, Nutt.) — Open fields,-&c., Illinois, Kentucky, and southward. April.

_ * & Stem-leaves, if not the root-leaves, undivided : annuals or doubtful perenmals. + Seeds wingless or slightly margined.

2. A. lyrata, L. Diffusely branched, low (4/10! high), glabrous ex- cept the lyrate-pinnatifid radical leaves ; stem-leaves spatulate or lanceolate, tapering to the base, the upper entire; petals (white) twice the length of the calyx ; pods spreading, long and slender, pointed with a short style. — Rocks. April-June. —- Radicle sometimes oblique. — A variety’? from Upper Michigan and northward,

(Sisymbrium arabidoides, Hook.) has erect pods, and the cotyledons:often whol- ly incumbent.

3. A. demta&ta, Torr. & Gray. Roughish-pubescent, diffusely branched (1°-2° high), leaves oblong, very obtuse, unequally and sharply toothed ; those of the stem half-clasping and eared at the base, of the root broader and tapering into a short petiole ; petals (whitish) scarcely exceeding the calyx, pods spread- ing, straight, short-stalked ; style scarcely any.— New York and Illinois to Virgin-

34, CRUCIFERE. (MUSTARD FAMILY.) ,

ia and Kentucky. May.— About 1° high, = Pods 1' long, almost fili- form ; the valves obscurely nerved.

4. A. patems, Sulliv. Downy with spreading hairs, erect (1°-2° high) ; stem-leaves oblong-ovate, acutish, coarsely toothed or the uppermost entire, half- clasping by the heart-shaped base ; petals (bright white) twice the length of the calyx ; pedicels slender, spreading ; pods spreading and curving upwards, tipped with a distinct style. — Rocky banks of the Scioto, Ohio, Sullivant. (Also Ten- nessee.) May.— Flowers thrice as large as in No. 5. Pods 14/-2! long.

5. A. Ihirstita, Scop. Rough-hairy, sometimes smoothish, strictly erect (1°-2° high) ; stem-leaves oblong or lanceolate, entire or toothed, partly clasp- ing by a somewhat arrow-shaped or heart-shaped base; petals (greenish-white) small, but longer than the calyx ; pedicels and pods strictly upright ; style scarcely any. — Rocks, common, especially northward. May, June. — Stem 1°-2° high, simple or branched from the base. Root-leaves spatulate-oblong, sessile or near- ly so. Flowers small. (Eu.)

a + Seeds winged; their stalks adherent to the partition: petals narrow, whitish.

6. A. leevigata, DC. Smooth and glaucous, upright; stem-leaves partly clasping by the arrow-shaped base, lanceolate or linear, sparingly cut-toothed or entire; petals scarcely longer than the calyx; pods long and narrow, recurved- spreading. — Rocky places, Maine to Wisconsin and Kentucky. May.— Stem 1°-3° high. Pods 3! long, on short merely spreading pedicels. (This is also A. heterophylla, Nutt.)

7, A. Canadénsis, L. (Sickie-pop.) Stem upright, smooth above ; stem-leaves pubescent, pointed at both ends, oblong-lanceolate, sessile, the lower toothed ; petals twice the length of the calyx, oblong-linear ; pods drooping, flat, scythe-shaped. (A. falcata, Michx.)—Woods. June- - Aug. — Stem 2°-3° high. Pods 3! long and 2" broad, veiny, hanging on gis pedicels, curved like @ scymitar.

7 TKTURRITIS, Dill. TowER Musrarp.

Pod and flowers, &c., as in Arabis ; but the seeds occupying 2 longitudinal rows in each cell. —Biennials or rarely annuals. Flowers white or rose-color. (Name from turris, a tower.)

1. EH. glabra, L. Stem-leaves oblong ¢ or ovate- ened smooth and glau- cous, entire, half-clasping by the arrow-shaped base; the yellowish white petals little longer than the calyx; flowers and the long ae narrow (3/ long) straight pods strictly erect. — Rocks and fields ; common northward. June. (Ku.)

2. I. stricta, Graham. Smooth (1°-2° high) ; stem-leaves lanceolate or linear, half-clasping by the arrow-shaped base, entire or nearly so ; petals twice the length of the calyx ; pedicels erect in flower ; the linear elongated flat pods up- right or spreading at maturity. Jefferson and Chenango Counties, New York. Lake Superior, and northward. May.— Root-leaves small. Petals white, tinged with purple. Ripe pods 2}/—4! long, 1" wide.

3, KT. brachycarpa, Torr. & Gray. Smooth and glaucous ; stem-leaves linear-lanceolate, acute, arrow- -shaped ; pedicels of the flowers nodding, of the short

CRUCIFERE. (MUSTARD FAMILY.) 35

and broadish pods spreading or ascending. —Fort Gratiot, &e., Michigan, — Root-leaves hairy. Pod 1/ long. Flowers pale purple. ‘gin f

8. BARBAREA, R.Br. Wryrer Cress.

Pod linear, terete or somewhat 4-sided ; the valves being keeled by a mid- nerve. Seeds in a single row in each cell, marginless. Cotyledons accumbent. — Mostly biennials: flowers yellow. (Anciently called The Herb of St. Bar- bara.) .

1. B. vulgaris, R.Br. (Common Winter Cress. Yrttow Rocx- Et.) Smooth; lower leaves lyrate, the terminal division round ; upper leaves obovate, cut-toothed, or pinnatifid at the base; pods convex-4-angled, much thicker than the pedicel, erect, pointed with a manifest style ;— or, in the var. © strfora, rather flatter, tipped with a thicker and very short style (B. preecox, Hook. F'l. Bor.-Am., &¢.) ; —or, in var. ARCUATA, ascending on spreading ped- _ icels when young. — Low grounds and road-sides. May.— Probably naturalized from Europe. But the varieties here indicated are indigenous from Lake Supe- rior northward and westward. (Eu.)

B. prmcox, R. Br. (B. patula, Fries), — occasionally cultivated for salad in the Middle States, under the name of Scurvy-Grass,— is becoming spon- taneous farther south. It is readily known by its longer and less erect pods, scarcely thicker than their pedicels, and by the linear-oblong lobes of most of the stem-leayes. ;

9. ERYSIMUM, L. TREACLE Musrarp.

Pod linear, 4-sided ; the valves keeled with a strong midrib. Seeds in a single row in each cell, oblong, marginless. Cotyledons (often obliquely) incumbent. Calyx erect. — Chiefly biennials, with yellow flowers; the leaves not clasping. (Name from €pva, to draw Blisters.)

1. E. cheiranthoides, L. (Worm-szxp Mustarp.) Minutely roughish, branching, slender ; leaves lanceolate, scarcely toothed ; flowers small; pods small and short (7"'-12" long), very cbtusely angled, ascending on slender divergent pedicels. — Banks of: streams, New York, Penn., Illinois, and north- ward : apparently truly indigenous. July. (Eu.)

2. E. Arkansinum, Nutt. (Wssrern WALL-FLOWER.) Minutely roughish-hoary ; stem simple; leaves lanceolate, somewhat toothed ; pods nearly erect on very short pedicels, elongated: (3! - 4! long), exactly 4-sided ; stigma 2-lobed. — Ohio (on limestone cliffs) to Illinois, and southwestward. June, July. — Plant stout, 1°-2° high ; the crowded bright orange-yellow flowers as large as those of the Wall-flower. ,

10. SISYMBRIUM, L. Hxpan Mustarp

Pod terete, flattish, or 4—6-sided; the valves 1-3-nerved. Seeds oblong, marginless. Cotyledons incumbent. Calyx. open. — Flowers small, white or yellow. (An ancient Greek name for some plant of this family.) -

36 CRUCIFERZ. (MUSTARD FAMILY.)

1. S$. OFFICINALE, Scop.. (Hepex Musrarp.) Leaves runcinate; flow- ers very small, pale yellow ; pods close pressed to the stem, awl-shaped, scarcely stalked. @)— Waste places. May-Sept.—An unsightly, branched weed, 2°-3° high. (Nat. from Eu.)

_2. S Tuarianum, Gaud, (Movsn-nar Cress.) Leaves obovate or oblong, entire or barely toothed; flowers white; pods linear, somewhat 4-sided, longer than the slender spreading pedicels. @)—Old fields and rocks, New York to Kentucky, &c. April, May.— A span high, slender, branched, hairy at the base. (Nat. from Eu.) :

3. 8 caméscems, Nutt. (Tansy Mustarp.) Leaves 2-pinnatifid, the divisions small and toothed; flowers whitish or yellowish, very small; pods in long racemes, oblong or rather club-shaped, not longer than the spreading pedi- cels; seeds irregularly in 2 rows in each cell. (@—Penn. and Ohio to Wiscon- sin, and southward and westward. — Slender, 1° high, often hoary pubescent.

zi. SEN AP I Ss >. Lourn. MustTarp.

Pod nearly terete, with a short-beak (which is either empty or 1-seeded) ; the valves 8—5- (rarely 1-) nerved. Seeds globose, one-rowed. Cotyledons incum- bent, folded around the radicle. Calyx open. — Annuals or biennials, with yel- low flowers. Lower leaves lyrate, incised, or pinnatifid. (Greek name Sivamt, which is said to come from the Celtic nap, a turnip.)

1. S. Ava, L. (Waire Mustarp.) Pods bristly, turgid, on spreading pedicels, shorter than the sword-shaped one-seeded beak ; leaves all pinnatifid. — (Cult. and ady. from Eu.)

2, S. arvensis, L.. (Fisrp Mustarp. CuHarzocx.) Pods smoath, knot- ty, about thrice the length ofthe, conical 2-edged usually empty beak ; upper leaves merely toothed. — A noxious weed in cultivated fields, New York and Wiscon- sin. (Adv. from Eu.)

3. S& nigra, L. .(Brack Musrarn.) Pods smooth, 4-cornered. (the. valves 1-nerved only), appressed, tipped with a slender persistent style (rather than beak) ; leaves lyrate or lobed, the upper narrow and entire. — Fields and waste places. The acrid seeds furnish the mustard of our tables, &e. (Ady. from Eu.)

12. DRABA, L. WuitTLow-GRass.

Pouch oval, oblong, or even linear, flat ; the valves plane or slightly convex, 1~8-nerved: partition broad. Seeds several or numerous, in 2 rows in each cell, marginless. Cotyledons accumbent. Calyx equal... Filaments. not toothed. — Low herbs, with entire or toothed leaves, and white or yellow flowers. Pu- bescence mostly stellate. (Name from dpd8n, acrid, in allusion to the pungency of the leaves.) '

e §1. DRABA, DC.— Petals undivided. _ »% Perennial, tufted, leafy-stemmed : flowers white : pods twisted when ripe. _

1. D. ramosissima, Desv.. Diffusely much branched (5'-8! high), pubescent ; leaves laciniate-toothed, linear-lanceolate, the lower oblanceolate; ra-

CRUCIFERE. (MUSTARD FAMILY.) 37

cemes corymbose-branched ; ; pods heiiry, oval-oblong or lanceolate (2! - 5! long), on slender pedicels, tipped with a long style. — Cliffs, Harper’s Ferry, Natural Bridge, &e. , Virginia, to Kentucky River, and southward. April, May. 2D. arabisans, Michx. Slightly pubescent ; flowering stems (6’-10 high) erect and mostly simple ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, linear, or the lower spatu- late, sparingly toothed ; racemes short, usually simple ; pods glabrous, oblong- lanceolate (5! - 6! long), on rather short pedicels, tipped with a very short style. — Rocky banks, Vermont, Northern New York, Upper Michigan, and north- ward. May, June. — Petals large.

* * Annual or Biennial : leafy stems short: flowers white or in No. 4 yellow; style . none. (Leaves oblong or obovate, hairy, sessile. )

3. D. brachycarpa, Nutt. Low (2/-4! high), minutely pubescent, stems leafy to the base of the dense, at length elongated raceme ; leaves narrowly oblong or the lowest ovate (23!/-4/ long), few-toothed or entire ; flowers small ; pods smooth, narrowly oblong, acutish (2" long), about the length of the ascent pedicels. — Dry hills, Illinois, Kentucky, and southward. April.

4. D. memordsa, L. Leaves oblong or somewhat lanceolate, more or less toothed ; racemes elongated (4! - 8! long in fruit) ; petals emarginate, small; | pods dipliealeblong, half the length of the horizontally spreading pedicels, sahesteatt

(D. nemoralis, Hhrh.), or smooth (D. lutea, DC.).— Fort Gratiot, Michigan, and northward. (Ku.) :

5. D. cumeifolia, Nutt. Leaves obovate, wedge-shaped, or the lowest spatulate, toothed ; raceme somewhat elongated in Jruit (1/-3'), at length equal- ling the naked peduncle ; petals emarginate, much longer than the calyx; pods oblong-linear, minutely hairy, longer than the horizontal pedicels. -— Grassy places, Illinois, Kentucky, and southward. March, April. :

6. D. Caroliniama, Walt. Small (1/-4" high) ; leaves obovate, most- ly entire; peduncles scape-like; petals twice the length of the calyx; raceme short or fecmebaome, in fruit (3!-1! long) ; pods broadly linear, smooth, much longer than the ascending pedicels. — Sandy fields, Rhode Island to Illinois, and southward. March—June.

7. D. micrantha, Nutt. Pods minutely hairy ; flowers small or minute ; raceme sometimes elongated ; otherwise as in No. 6. —From Wisconsin baat westward.

§2. EROPHILA, DC. — Petals 2-cleft. (Annual or biennial : flowers white. )

8. D. vérna, L. (Wuiriow- Grass. ) Small (scapes 1/-3! high) ; leaves all radical, oblong or lanceolate ; racemes elongated in fruit; pods varying from round-oval to oblong-lanceolate, ‘smooth, shorter than tis pedicels. — Sandy waste places and road-sides : not common. April, May. — Not found north of Lower Canada. The same as the plant of Europe, and perhaps introduced. (Eu.)

13. V ESICARIA . Lam, BLADDER-POD.

Pouch globular and inflated, or more or less flattened parallel to the orbicular partition ; the hemispherical or convex thin valves nerveless. Seeds few or sev- 4

38 CRUCIFERE. (MUSTARD FAMILY.)

eral, flat. Cotyledons accumbent. Filaments toothless. — Low herbs, pubes- cent or hoary with stellate hairs. Flowers mostly yellow. (Name from vesica, a bladder, from the inflated pods.)

1. V. Siaértii, Torr. & Gray. Annual, decumbent, slender, somewhat hoary ; leaves oblong, entire or repand; raceme loose; style filiform, longer than the (immature) small and canescent spherical pod; seeds not margined, 1-2 in each cell. — Rocky banks of Elkhorn Creek, near Lexington, Kentucky, Short.

2. W.? Leseiirii, n. sp. Somewhat pubescent, but green ; stems diffusely ascending from a biennial root; leaves oblong or oval, sparingly toothed, those of the stem halfclasping by a sagittate base; racemes elongated, many-flowered ; pedicels ascending ; filaments inflated at the base; style half the length of the his- pid orbicular or broadly oval flattened pod; seeds wing-margined, 1-4 in each cell. — Hills near Nashville, Tennessee, Leo Lesquereuc. April, May. — Flow- ers golden yellow. Pods so flat that, as far as they are concerned, the species should rather belong to Alyssum. Plant to be sought in Southern Kentucky.

14. CAMELIUNA, Crantz. Fatse Frax.

Pouch obovoid or pear-shaped, pointed, turgid, flattish parallel to the broad partition: valves l-nerved. Seeds numerous, oblong. Cotyledons incumbent. Style slender. Flowers small, yellow. (Name from xXapai, dwarf, and divor, Jlax. It has been fancied to be a sort of degenerate flax.)

1. €. sativa, Crantz. Leaves lanceolate, arrow-shaped; pods margined, large. @ —Flax-fields, &e. A noxious weed. (Ady. from Eu.)

15. LEPIDIUM » L. Pxrpperwort. PrrrercRrass.

Pouch roundish, much flattened contrary to the narrow partition, usually notched at the apex ; the valves boat-shaped and keeled. Seeds 1 in each cell, pendulous. Cotyledons incumbent or in No. 1 accumbent! Flowers small,

white. Stamens often only two! (Name from Aemidz0y, a little scale, alluding to the small flat pods.) Ours are annuals or biennials.

1... Virgimicum, L. (Witp Perrererass.) Pods orbieular, wing- less, notched ; cotyledons accumbent ; upper leaves lanceolate, toothed or incised ; the lowest pinnatifid; petals 4; stamens 2. Road-sides. June -Sept.—A weed which has immigrated from farther South. ,

2. LL. imtermeédium, Gray. Cotyledons incumbent ; upper leaves linear or lanceolate, entire: otherwise like No. 1.—From Michigan northward and southwestward. — Petals often thrice the length of the calyx.

3. LE. ruperare, L. Pods oval and smaller ; cotyledons incumbent ; petals none; stems diffusely much branched: otherwise much as in No. 1.— Road- sides, near towns ;-sparingly. (Ady. from Eu.)

4, I. campistre, L. Pods ovate, winged, rough with minute scales, notched ; leaves arrow-shaped, toothed, downy; stamens 6. Fields, sparing from Massa- chusetts to Delaware. (Ady. from Eu.)

_CRUCIFERE.. (MUSTARD FAMILY.)

16. CAPSELLA, Vent. Suepnern’s Purse.

Pouch inversely heart-shaped-triangular, flattened contrary to the narrow par- tition ; the valves boat-shaped, wingless. Seeds numerous. Cotyledons incum- bent. oo eS flowers small, white. (Name a diminutive of capsula, a pod.)

1. C. Bursa-pdstorrs, Mench. Root-leaves clustered, pinnatifid or toothed; stem-leaves arrow- -shaped, sessile. — Waste places ; the commonest of weeds. April-Sept. (Nat. from Eu.)

I7. SUBULARIA, L. Awtworr.

Pouch oval, turgid, somewhat flattened contrary to the broad partition. Seeds several. Cotyledons long and narrow, incumbently folded transversely, i. e. the cleft extending to the radicular side of the curvature. Style none. —A dwarf stemless perennial, aquatic; the tufted leaves awl-shaped (whence the name). Scape naked, few-flowered, 1/-3/ high. Flowers minute, white.

1. S. aquatica, L.— Margin of lakes in Maine. June, July. (Eu.)

18. SENE BIERA » DC. Warr-Cruss. Swine-Cress.

Pouch flattened contrary to the narrow partition; the two cells indehiscent, but falling away at maturity from the partition as closed nutlets, strongly wrin- kled or tuberculate, 1-seeded. Cotyledons as in the last. —Low and diffuse or prostrate annuals or biennials, with minute whitish flowers. Stamens often only 2. (Dedicated to Senebier, a distinguished vegetable physiologist.)

1. S. didymna, Pers. Leaves 1-2-pinnately parted; pods notched at the apex, rough-wrinkled. (S. pinnatifida, DC. Lepidium didymum, Z.) — Waste places, at ports, &c., Virginia and Carolina: an immigrant from farther South.

2. $ Coronopus, DC. Leaves less divided, with narrower lobes ; pods not notched at the apex, tubercled. Virginia, Pursh. Rhode Island, Robbins. (Ady. from Eu.)

19. CAKILE, Tou. Spa-Rocxer.

Pod short, 2-jointed across, angular, fleshy, the upper joint flattened at the apex, separating at maturity; each indehiscent and 1-celled, 1-seeded ; the lower sometimes seedless. Seed erect in the upper, suspended in the lower joint. Cotyledons rather obliquely accumbent.— Sea-side, branching, fleshy annuals. Flowers purplish. (An old Arabic name.)

1. €. Americzma, Nutt. (Amertcan Sna-Rocxer.) Leaves obo- vate, sinuate and toothed; lower joint of the fruit obovoid, emarginate ; the upper ovate, flattish at the apex.— Coast of the Northern States and of the Great Lakes. July-Sept.—Joints nearly even and fleshy when fresh; the upper one 4-angled and appearing more beaked when dry.

20. RAPHANUS, L. Rapisu.

Pods linear or oblong, tapering upwards, 2-jointed ; the lower joint often seed- less and stalk-like ; the upper necklace-form by constriction between the seeds,

40 CAPPARIDACE®. (CAPER FAMILY.)

with no proper partition. Style long. Seeds as in the Mustard Tribe. — An- nuals or biennials. (The ancient Greek name from pd, quickly, and qaiva, to appear, alluding to the rapid germination.)

1. BR. Rarnanfstrum, L. (Wiip Rapisu. Jorntep Cuarxock.) Pods necklace-form, long-beaked ; leaves lyre-shaped, rough; petals yellow, turning

whitish or purplish, veiny. coe troublesome weed in fields, in E. New England ‘and New York. (Ady. from Eu. )

The most familiar representatives of this order in cultivation, not already mentioned, are

CurrrAntuus Cuetnrtr, the well-known WALt-FLOWER.

Marrufora Annva, and other sorts of Stocx.

H&spERIs MATRONALIS, the Rocket, which begins to escape from gardens.

BrAssica OLERAcEA, of which the Canpacr, Konn-Rapi, CAULIFLOWER, and Brocco. are forms: B. campésTRIs, which furnishes the SwEp1sH TuR- nip or RutaBpaca: and B. Rapa, the Common Turnip. The latter becomes spontaneous for a year or two in fields where it has been raised.

RApuanvs sativus, the Raprsu; inclines sometimes to be spontaneous.

Lunaria REpIviva, the hbotW ont or Honzsty, with its broad flat pods.

IpeRIs UMBELLATA, the CanpY-rurt, and ALyssum MARITIMUM, the Swert ALYSsuM.

Lepfpium sativum, the cultivated Peprrrerass.

IsATIs TincTORIA, the Woan, of the division Nucumentacee, having inde- hiscent 1-celled fruit.

Orpver 13. CAPPARIDACER. (CAPER FAMILY.)

Herbs (when in northern regions), with cruciform flowers, but 6 or more not tetradynamous stamens, a 1-celled pod with 2 parietal placentee, and kid- ney-shaped seeds. — Pod as in Crucifere, but with no partition, often stalked: seeds similar, but the embryo coiled rather than folded. — Leaves alternate, mostly palmately compound. — Often with the acrid or pungent qualities of Cruciferz (as is familiar in capers, the flower-buds of Cappa- ris spinosa) ; also commonly bitter and nauseous. Represented within our limits only by the following plant.

is POLANISIA, Raf. PoLANISIA.

Sepals 4. Petals 4, with claws, notched at the apex. Stamens 8-32, une- qual. Receptacle not elongated, bearing a gland behind the base of the ovary. Pod stalkless or nearly so, linear or oblong, veiny, turgid, many-seeded. — Fetid annuals, with glandular or clammy hairs. Flowers in leafy racemes. (Name from wodvs, many, and dvicos, unequal, points in which the genus differs jn its stamens from Cleome.)

1. P. gravéolems, Raf. Leaves with 3 oblong leaflets; stamens about

11, scarcely exceeding the petals; style short ; pod slightly stalked. — Gravelly

VIOLACEH. (VIOLET FAMILY.) “Al

— % oe ; banks from Lake Champlain and Pennsylvania to Wisconsin and Kentucky. June - - Aug. — Flowers small: calyx and filaments purplish : Beene yellowish- white.

Orver 14. RESEDACE. (Micnonerre FAMILY.)

Herbs, with unsymmetrical 4—7-merous small flowers, with a fleshy one- sided hypogynous disk between the petals and the (3-40) stamens, bearing the latter. Calyx not closed in the bud. Pod 3 -6-lobed, 3 —6-horned, 1- celled with 83-6 parietal placentae, opening at the top before the seeds (which are as in Order 13) are full grown. — Leaves alternate. Flowers in ter- minal spikes or racemes.— A small and unimportant family, of the Old World, represented by the Mignonette (Reseda odor as and the Dyer’s Weed.

I. RESEDA, L. Mrenonurre. Drzr’s Rocker.

Petals 4—7, often cleft, unequal. Stamens 10-40, turned to one side. (De- riv. from resedo, to calm or assuage, in allusion to supposed sedative properties. ) 1. RL Luriora, L. (Dyrr’s Weep or Wexp.) Leaves lanceolate; ca- lyx 4-parted ; petals 4, greenish-yellow ; the upper one 3-5- cleft, the two lateral 8-cleft, the lower one linear and entire ; pods depressed. G — Road-sides in W. ‘New York, &c.— Plant 2° high. Used for dyeing yellow. (Ady. from Eu.)

Orper 15. VIOLACE. (Viorer Fairy.)

Herbs, with a somewhat irregular 1-spurred corolla of 5 petals, 5 hypogy- nous stamens with adnate introrse anthers conniving over the pistil, and a 1- celled 3-valved pod with 3 parietal placente. — Sepals 5, persistent. Petals imbricated in the bud. Stamens with their short and broad filaments con- tinued beyond the anther-cells, and often coherent with each other. Style usually club-shaped, with the simple stigma turned to one side and hol- low. Valves of the capsule bearing the several-seeded placentz on their middle. Seeds anatropous, rather large, with a hard seed-coat, and a large and straight embryo nearly as long as the albumen: cotyledons flat.— Leaves alternate, with stipules. Flowers axillary, nodding. (Roots slight- ly acrid, or emetic.) — Two genera in the Northern United States.

i. SOLEA, Ging., DC. . Green VioLet.

Sepals not prolonged at the base. Petals nearly equal in length, but the low- er one larger and gibbous or saccate at the base, more notched than the others at the apex. Stamens completely united into a sheath enclosing the ovary, and pearing a broad gland on the lower side. Style hooked at the summit.— A homely perennial herb, with stems leafy to the top, and 1-3 small greenish- white flowers in the axils, on short recurved pedicels. (Named in honor of W, Sole, author of an essay on the British Mints.)

4%

42 VIOLACEZ. (VIOLET FAMILY.)

1. S. cémcolor, Ging. (Viola concolor, Pursh, &c.) — Woods, New York to Illinois and southward. June.— Plant 1°-2° high. Leaves oblong, pointed at both ends, entire. Pod 1! long: after opening, each valve as it dries folds together lengthwise firmly, projecting the large round seeds to a consider- able distance. The same thing occurs in many Violets.

2. VIOL A, L. Vioter. Hart’s-HAsE.

Sepals extended or eared at the base. Petals somewhat unequal, the lower one spurred at the base. Stamens closely surrounding the ovary, often slightly cohering with each other; the two lower ones bearing spurs which project into the spur of the corolla. (The ancient Latin name of the genus.)

* Stemless ; the leaves and scapes all from subterranean or prostrate rootstocks ; peren- nial. (Commonly producing apetalous flowers all summer long, on shorter peduncles concealed under the leaves, or on runners: these ripen seed much more freely than the ordinary blossoms.)

a- Flowers light yellow (small ; spur very short).

1. V. rotumdifolia, Michx. (Rounp-LeEaAvep Vioxnr.) Leaves round-ovate, heart-shaped, slightly crenate; lateral petals bearded and marked with brown lines. — Cold woods, Maine to Michigan, and south along the Alle- ghanies. April, May.— Smoothish: leaves 1’ broad at flowering, increasing to 3! or 4’ in the summer, then close pressed to the ground, shining above.

+ + Flowers white ; the lower petals veined with lilac: spur short.

2. V. lanceolata, L. (LANcE-LEAVED Viotnt.) Smooth; leaves lanceolate, erect, blunt, tapering into a long petiole, almost entire ; petals beardless. — Damp soil, Maine to Michigan, Kentucky, and southward ; common near the coast. May.

3. V. primuleefolia, L. (Prrrosz-teavep Vrioter.) Smooth or a, little pubescent ; leaves oblong or ovate, abrupt or somewhat heart-shaped at the base ; petals often acute, the lateral ones usually sparingly bearded. (V. acuta, Bigelow.) —Damp soil; with No. 2: intermediate between it and No. 4.

4. Vs Dildmda, Willd. (Sweer Wauirre Viornr.) Leaves round-heart- shaped or kidney-form, minutely pubescent ; petals beardless.— Damp places, Maine to Wisconsin and Kentucky. April, May.— Flowers small, faintly sweet-scented. a+ + Flowers violet or blue. ,

5. VW. paliistris, L. (Marsu Viorer.) Smooth; leaves round-heart- shaped and kidney-form, slightly crenate ; flowers (small) pale lilac with purple streaks, nearly beardless; spur very short and obtuse. — Alpine summits of the White Mountains, New Hampshire; June. (Eu.)

6. VW. Selkirkii, Goldie. (Great-spurrep Vioret.) Leaves round- heart-shaped with a deep narrowed sinus, hairy above, lying flat on the ground; spur nearly as long as the beardless petals, thickened at the end; anther-spurs very long. — Shaded hills, W. Massachusetts and the adjacent parts of New York, thence northward. May.—A rare and delicate species, 2/ high; the flowers

large in proportion.

VIOLACEH. (VIOLET FAMILY.) 43

os We cucullata, Ait. (Common Brun Vioxtet.) Leaves all long- petioled and upright, heart-shaped with a broad sinus, varying to kidney-shaped and

dilated-triangular, smooth, or more or less pubescent, the sides at the base rolled.

inwards when young, obtusely serrate ; lateral and often the lower petals bearded ; Spur short and thick; stigma obscurely beaked or beakless.— Low grounds,

~ g€ommon everywhere. April-June.— Very variable in size, &c. and in the

color and size of the (usually large) flowers, which are deep or pale violet-blue or purple, sometimes nearly white, or variegated with white. Scapes 3/—10! high. Passes by intermediate forms of all sorts into

Var. palmata. . (Hanp-tear VrotEer.) Leaves variously 3-7-cleft or parted, or the earlier ones entire on the same individual. . (V. palmata, Z.) — Common, especially southward. __

8. WV. willOsa, Walt., Nutt. (Harry Viorer.) Leaves mostly short- petioled and lying flat on the ground, orbicular or round-heart-shaped with a narrow or closed sinus, hairy especially above, or nearly smooth, thickish; lateral and mostly the lower petals bearded; spur short and thick ; stigma beaked. (Y. cordifolia, Schwein. V. sororia, Le Conte, &c., scarcely of Willd.) —Dry hills and woods, Pennsylvania, Kentucky, and southward. April, May. — Smaller than the last, 2’-4! high: “corolla reddish-blue.” Probably only a round- leaved variety of the next.

9. V. Sagittata, Ait. (Arrow-teavep Vioret.) Smoothish or hairy ; leaves on short and margined, or the later often on long and naked petioles, varying from oblong-heart-shaped to halberd-shaped, arrow-shaped, oblong-lanceolate or ovate, denticulate, sometimes cut-toothed near the base, the lateral or occasion- ally all the (purple-blue) petals bearded ; Spur short and thick; stigma beaked. (V. ovata, Nutt., & V. emarginata, Le Conte, are states of this variable species.) — Dry or moist open places, New England to Illinois and southward. April, May. — Flowers rather large.

10. V. delphinifolia, Nutt. (Larxsrur Vioter.) Leaves all pal- mately or pedately 5 -'7-parted, the divisions 2~-3-cleft; lobes linear ; lateral petals bearded ; stigma short-beaked. — Rich prairie soil, Illinois and westward. April. — Much resembles the next. '

ll. V. pedata, L. (Birp-roor Vioxzr.) Nearly smooth; leaves ail 3-5-divided, or the earliest only parted, the lateral divisions 2-3-parted, all linear or narrowly spatulate, sometimes 2-3-toothed or cut at the apex ; petals beardless ; stigma nearly beakless.— Sandy or gravelly soil, New England to Illinois and southward. May.— Flower large and handsome, 1’ broad, pale or deep lilac-purple or blue; the two upper petals sometimes deep violet and vel- vety like a Pansy. . :

* * Leafy-stemmed, from subterranean perennial rootstocks. ‘Stems leafy from the base to the summit, branching : flowers not yellow, sometime produced all summer long. : 12. V. rostrata, Pursh. (Lone-Spurrep Vioter.) Stems ascending (3/- 6! high) ; leaves roundish-heart-shaped, serrate, the upper acute 3; stipules lanceolate, fringe-toothed, large ; spur slender, longer than the pale violet beardless petals ; style straight and slender ; Stigma terminal, beakless. — Shaded _hill-

44 VIOLACEEX. .(VIOLET’ FAMILY.)

sides, Maine to Ohio'and Kentucky; rare. June, July: — Spur 3’ long. An- ther-spurs also very long.

13. V. Muhlenbérgii, Torr. (American Doc VI0LET.) Stems ascending (3'-7/ long), at length with creeping branches; leaves round-heart- shaped, or the lowest kidney-form, crenate, the uppermost slightly pointed ; stipules lanceolate, fringe-toothed ; spur cylindrical, about half the length of the pale violet petals, the lateral ones slightly bearded; stigma beaked. — Shaded wet places; common. May, June.

14. VW. strikta, Ait. (Pare Vion.) Stems angular, ascending, branching (6-10! high); leaves heart-shaped, finely serrate, often acute ; sti- pules oblong-lanceolate, large, strongly fringe-toothed ; spur thickish, much shorter than the cream-colored petals, the lateral ones bearded, the lower striped with purplish lines; stigma beaked. — Low grounds ; common, especially westward. April - Oct. ,

15. V. Canmadémsis, L. (Canapa Viorer.) Upright (1°-2° high) ; leaves heart-shaped, pointed, serrate; stipules ovate-lanceolate, entire ; petals white or whitish inside, the upper ones tinged’ with violet beneath, the lateral bearded’; spur very short; stigma beakless, hairy on each side.— Rich woods; common northward and along the Alleghanies. May- Aug.

+ + Stems mostly simple, erect, naked below, and 2-4-leaved above: stipules nearly entire: flowers yellow: stigma not beaked, but bearded on each side.

16. V. pubéscens, Ait. (Downy YEeriow Vioxer.) Softly pubes- cent (6/-12/ high) ; leaves very broadly heart-shaped, toothed, somewhat pointed ; stipules ovate or ovate-lanceolate, large; spur extremely short; lower petals veined with purple. — Woods ; common. May-Aug.

Var. eriocarpa, Nutt. “More ‘pubescent, stout, 19-2° mee pods’ wool- ly. (V. eriocarpa, Schwein.) — Common westward.

Var. Secabriuscula, Torr. & Besos Smaller and greener, slightly pubescent; stems often decumbent (4'=10' high). — Rhode Island to Ohio and Kentucky.

17. V. Ihastata, Michx. (HALBERD-LEAVED Viotet.) Nearly gla- brous, slender (4’-10! high) ; stem-leaves' halberd-shaped, slightly serrate, acute ; stipules ovate, small; spur very short. — Mountains of pepsin and sath ward. June.

* % * Leafy-stemmed annuals or bienmals : the 4 upper petals ascending.

18. W. rrfcoror, L. (Pansy. Hearr’s-kasx.) Stem angled and branched ; leaves roundish, or the upper oval and the lowest heart-shaped, cre- nate or entire; stipules very large and leaf-like, lyrate-pinnatifid ; petals vari- able in color or variegated (yellow, whitish, violet-blue and purple) ;— in var. ARVENSIS shorter or rather longer than the calyx.— Dry or sandy soil, New York to Kentucky and southward: doubtless only a small state of the Garden Pansy run wild. (Nat. from Eu.)

V. oporAra, the Swrnr Vroxer of Europe, which far excels all the sant. ican species in fragrance, sometimes grows spontaneously near dwellings.

CISTACEE. (ROCK-ROSE FAMILY.) 45

_ -Orper 16. .CISTACER. (RocK-ROSE Famity.) —

Low shrubs or herbs, with regular flowers, distinct.and hypogynous mostly indefinite stamens, a persistent calyx, a 1-celled 3—5-valved pod with as many parietal placente borne on the middle of the valves, and orthotropous albu-— minous seeds. — Sepals 5; the two external small, like bracts, or sometimes wanting ; the three others a little twisted in the bud. Petals 3 or 5, usu- ally fugacious, convolute in the opposite direction from the calyx in the bud. .Anthers short, innate, on slender filaments. Style single or none. Ovules few or many, on slender stalks, with the orifice at their apex. Em-

bryo long and slender, straightish or curved, in mealy albumen : cotyledons

narrow. — Leaves simple and mostly entire, the lower usually opposite, and thé upper alternate. (Inert.plants. .A small family: mostly. of the Medi-

terranean region.)

‘Synopsis.

1. HELIANTHEMUM. Petals 5, crumpled in the bud, fugacious. Stamens and ovules nu- . merous in the petal-bearing flowers. Style none. at 2. HUDSONIA. Petals 5, fugacious. Stamens 9-30... Style long and slender. Pod strictly 1-celled, 2-6-seeded.

/§. LECHEA. | Petals 3, persistent. Stamens, 3-12. Style none. , Pod partly. 3-celled, the

imperfect, partitions bearing broad 2-seeded placenta.

1. HELIANTHEMUM, Tourn. :Rock-rosz.

Petals. 5, crumpled. inthe bud, fugacious. Style short or none: stigma 3- lobed. Capsule strictly 1-celled. . Embryo curved in the form of a hook or

_ xing. — Flowers in most N. American species of two sorts, viz., 1. the primary, or. earliest ones, with large petals, indefinitely numerous stamens, and many-

seeded pods: 2. secondary, or later ones, which are much smaller and in clus- ters, with small petals or none, 3-10 stamens, and much smaller 3 -few-seeded pods. ‘The yellow flowers open only once, in sunshine, and cast their petals by the next day. (Name from Atos, the sun, and dvOeuor, flower.)

1. Hi. Camadénse, Michx. (Frost-weep.) Petal-bearing flowers soli-

tary ; the small secondary flowers clustered in the axils of the leaves, nearly sessile ;

calyx of the large flowers hairy-pubescent ;. of the small ones hoary, like the stem — and lower side of the lanceolate-oblong leaves. — A variety is more hoary, and

-with a stronger tendency to multiply the minute clustered flowers. — Sandy or

gravelly dry soil, Maine to Wisconsin and southward, but rare west of the Alle- ghanies. June-Aug.— Stems at first simple. Corolla of the large flowers 1/

_ wide, producing pods 3 long: pods of the smaller flowers not larger than a

pin’s head. — Late in autumn, crystals of ice shoot from the cracked bark at the root, whence the popular name.

2. A. corymbésum, Michx. Flowers all clustered at the summit of the stem or branches, the petal-bearing ones at length on slender stalks; calyx woolly. — Pine barrens, New Jersey and southward along the coast.

CISTACER. (ROCK-ROSE FAMILY.)

2. HUDSONIA, L. Hounsonra.

Petals 5, fugacious (lasting but a day), much larger than the calyx. Stamens 9-30. Style long and slender: stigma minute. Pod oblong, enclosed in the calyx, strictly 1-celled, with 1 or 2 seeds attached near the base of each nerve- like placenta. Embryo coiled into the form of a closed hook. — Bushy heath- like little. shrubs (seldom a foot high), covered all over with the small awl- shaped or scale-like persistent downy leaves, producing numerous (small but showy) bright yellow flowers crowded along the upper part of the branches. (Named in honor of Hudson, an English botanist contemporary with Lin- nus.)

1. Hi. ericoides, L. Downy but greenish; leaves awl-shaped, loose; flowers on slender naked stalks. — Dry sandy soil near the coast, Maine to a ginia: extending interior as far as Conway, New Hampshire. May.

2. Hi. tomentosa, Nutt. Hoary with down; leaves oval or oblong, close-pressed and imbricated; flowers sessile. — Sandy coasts from Maine to Maryland, and on the Great Lakes from Champlain to Superior. May, June. — Flowers 5" broad. ;

Be LECHEA, L. PINWEED.

Petals 3, narrow, flat in the bud: not longer than the calyx, withering-persist- ent. Stamens 3-12. Style scarcely any: stigmas 3, plumose. Pod globular, appearing partly 3-celled; the 3 broad and thin placenta borne on imperfect partitions, each bearing 2 seeds on the face towards the valve: in our species, the placents curve backwards and partly enclose the seeds. Embryo straight- ish. — Homely perennial herbs, with very small greenish or purplish flowers, (Named in honor of Leche, a Swedish botanist.)

2. LL. major, Michx. Hairy; stem upright, simple, producing slender prostrate branches from the base ; leaves elliptical, mucronate-pointed, alternate and opposite or sometimes world: ; flowers densely crowded in panicled clusters ; pedicels shorter than the globose-depressed (very small) pods. — Sterile wood- lands ; Maine to Kentucky and southward, chiefly eastward. July -Sept.— Plant 1°-2° high, stout.

2. LL. thymifolia, Pursh. Hoary with appressed hairs, especially the decumbent stout leafy shoots from the base; flowering stems ascending, loosely branched, with the leaves linear or Siahiilbed: those of the shoots ellip- tical, whorled, crowded ; flowers scattered in small and loose clusters; pedicels as long as the globose pods. — Sandy coast, Maine to New Jersey and south- ward. July -Sept.— Scarcely a foot high, tufted, rigid; the pods larger than in No. 1.

3. Le minor, Lam. Minutely hairy; stems slender, upright or diffuse ; leafy shoots densely tufted at the base; leaves linear ; flowers loosely racemed on the slender branchlets; pedicels mostly longer than the globose pods. — Dry open soil; common. June-Sept.—Plant 5/-15! high, slender, running into numberless variations accor to se soil, season, and exposure. Pods small- er than in No. 2. A HOO

DROSERACES. (SUNDEW FAMILY.) 47

Orprr 17. DROSERACE. (Sounpew Famrty,)

Bog-herbs, mostly glandular-haired, with regular hypogynous lowers, pen- tamerous and withering-persistent calyx, corolla, and stamens, the anthers Jixed by their middle and turned outwards, and a 1-celled pod with twice as many separate styles or stigmas as there are parietal placente. — Calyx im- bricated. Petals convolute. Seeds numerous, anatropous, with a short and minute embryo at the base of the albumen. — Leaves circinate in the bud, i. e. rolled up from the apex to the base as in Ferns. (A small fam- ily, of no known qualities, except a slight bitterness, &c.; the Sundews impart a purple stain to paper in which they are dried.) Only one genus within our limits, viz. ; >

1. DROSERA, L. Suxprw.

Stamens 5. Styles 3, or sometimes 5, deeply 2-parted so that they are taken for 6 or 10, slender; stizmatose above on the inner face. Pod globular or ob- long, 3- (rarely 5-). valved, the valves bearing the numerous seeds on their mid- dle for the whole length. — Low perennials; the leaves clothed with reddish

gland-bearing bristles, in our species all in a tuft at the base; the naked scape.

bearing the flowers in a 1-sided raceme-like inflorescence, which nods at the un- developed apex, so that the fresh-blown flower (which opens only in sunshine) is always highest. (The glands of the leaves exude drops of a clear fluid, glit- tering like dew-drops, whence the name, from Spocepos, dewy.)

1. D. rotumdifdlia, L. (Rounp‘tzavep Sunpew.) Leaves orbicu- lar, abruptly narrowed into the spreading hairy petioles; seeds spindle-shaped,

the coat loose and chaff-like; flowers white, the parts sometimes in sixes. —

Peat-bogs, common, especially northward. July-Aug. (Eu.) 2. D. longifolia, L. Leaves spatulate-oblong, tapering into the long rather

erect naked petioles; seeds oblong, with a rough close coat; flowers white.

(D. intermedia, Hayne.) —Bogs, chiefly northward and eastward. J une- Aug. — Plant raised on its prolonged caudex when growing in water. (Eu.) :

3. D. limearis, Goldie. (StexpER SunpEw.) Leaves linear, obtuse, the blade (2'-3! long, searcely 2! wide) on naked erect. petioles about the same Tength ; seeds oblong, with a smooth and perfectly close coat; flowers white.— Shore of Lake Superior. July. Z

4. D. filiférmis, Raf. (Tureap-teavep Sunpew.) Leaves very long and filiform, erect, with no distinction between the blade and the stalk; seéds spindle-shaped ; flowers numerous, purple rose-color (}/ broad).— Wet sand, near the coast, Plymouth, Massachusetts, to New J ersey, Delaware, and south- ward. Aug.—Scapes 6/-12! high ; and the singular leaves nearly as long.

DIon#A MuscfpuLs, Hillis, the Venus’s Fry-rrap, —so noted for the ex- traordinary irritability of its leaves, closing forcibly at the touch, —is a native of the sandy savannas of the eastern part of North Carolina. It differs in sev- eral respects from the character of the order given above ; the stamens beig 15, the styles united into one, and the seeds all at the base of the pod.

48 HYPERICACEH. (ST. JOHN’S-WORT FAMILY.)

Orpen 18. PARNASSIACEZE. (Parnassta FAMILY.)

Character that of the single genus .Parnassia, technically most like Hypericacee, but the leaves alternate and dotless,— sometimes clearly perigynous, and therefore perhaps nearer Saxifragacee, — the 4 sessile stigmas situated directly over the parietal placentee !

A. PARNASSIA, Tourn. Grass OF Parnassus.

Sepals 5, imbricated in the bud, persistent. Petals 5, veiny, spreading, at length deciduous, imbricated in the bud: a cluster of somewhat united gland- tipped. sterile filaments at the base of each. Proper stamens 5, alternate with the petals : filaments persistent: anthers opening inwards. Ovary 1-celled, with 4 projecting parietal placente: stigmas 4, sessile, directly over the" placentz.

- Pod 4-valved, the valves bearing the placente on their middle. Seeds very nu- _Ierous, anatropous, with a thick wing-like seed-coat and no albumen. Embryo straight: cotyledons very short. — Perennial smooth herbs, with the entire leaves chiefly radical, and. the solitary flowers terminating the long naked stems. Petals white, with greenish or yellowish veins. (Named from Mount Parnassus :

called Grass of Parnassus by Dioscorides.)

1..P. paliistris, L. Petals sessile; rather longer than the calyx, few- veined ; sterile filaments 9-15 in each set, slender.— Shore of Lake Superior, ‘Upper. Michigan, and northward. Aug.-—Stalks 3-10! high. Leaves all heart-shaped... Flower nearly 1/ broad. (Eu.)

2. P.. Carolimiama, Michx. Petals sessile, more than twice the length of.the calyx, many-veined ; sterile filaments 3 in each set, stout, distinct almost to the base. — Wet banks, New,,England to,Wisconsin and southward, especially along the mountains. .. July - Sept. — Leaves thickish, ovate or rounded, often

_ heart-shaped, usually but one on the stalk, and that low down and clasping. Stalk 1°- 2° high. Flower 1/— 14! broad. :

3..P. asarifolia, Vent. Petals abruptly contracted into a claw at the base ; sterile filaments 3 in each set ; leaves rounded kidney-shaped : otherwise as in No. 2.— High Alleghanies of Virginia, and southward.

OrpeER 19. HYPERICACE. (St. Joun’s-wort Famixy.)

Herbs or shrubs, with opposite entire. dotted leaves and no stipules, regular . hypogynous flowers, the petals mosily.oblique. and convolute in the bud, and many or few stamens commonly collected in 3 or more clusters or bundles. Pod 1-celled with 2-5 parietal placente, and as many styles, or 3 —5-celled by the union of the placente in the centre: dehiscence septicidal. — Sepals 4 or 5, imbricated in the bud, herbaceous, persistent. Petals 4 or 5, mostly deciduous. . Pod 2~5- (rarely 6-—7-) lobed, with as many persistent styles, which are at first sometimes united. Seeds very numerous, small, andtropous, with no albumen. Embryo cylindrical : the cotyledons very

Reger tmanteiaane raneieieaemeeeemeatte epee e ea O a <a = —

- HYPERICACEE. (ST. JOHN’S-WORT FAMILY.) 49.

‘i

eG

short.— Plants with a resinous juice (of acrid and. balsamic qualities), dotted with pellucid or dark glands, usually smooth. Leaves mostly ses- sile. Flowers solitary or cymose.

Synopsic.

1. ASCYRUM. Sepals 4, very unequal. Petals 4, oblique, convolute, yellow. 2. HYPERICUM. Sepals 5. Petals 5, oblique, convolute, yellow. _ 8. ELODEA. Sepals 5. Petals 5, equal-sided, imbricated, naked, purplish. Glands 3.

Ll. ASCYRU ME, Te Sr. Perer’s-wort.

Sepals 4; the 2 outer very broad and leaf-like; the inner much smaller. Pet als 4, oblique, very deciduous, convolute in the bud. Stamens numerous; the filaments distinct and scarcely in clusters. Pod strictly 1-celled, 2—4-valved. —~ Low, rather shrubby plants, with pale black-dotted leaves, and nearly solitary pale yellow flowers. (Name from a, without, and okipos, roughness, being very smooth plants.)

1. A. stams, Michx. (Sr. PEeTER’s-wort.) Stem simple or branched above, 2-edged, 19~2° high, stout; leaves oval or oblong, somewhat clasping, thick- ish ; petals obovate ; styles 3-4,— Pine barrens, Long Island, New Jersey, and southward. July, Aug.— Flowers showy, almost sessile: outer sepals round- heart-shaped. ,

2. A. Crux-Andrew, L. (Sr. Axprew’s Cross.) Low, much branched and decumbent ; leaves narrowly obovate-oblong, contracted at the base, thin ; petals Linear-oblong ; styles 2, very short; pod flat.— Pine barrens, New Jersey to Kentucky, and southward. July — Sept.— Petals scarcely exceeding the outer sepals, approaching each other in pairs over them, in the form of a St. Andrew’s cross.

2. HYPERICUM, L. Sr. JOHN’S-WoRT.

Sepals 5, somewhat equal. Petals 5, oblique, convolute in the bud. Stamens numerous or few, united or clustered in 3-5 parcels: no interposed glands. : Pod 1- or 3-5-celled. Seeds usually cylindrical. — Herbs or shrubs, with cymose yellow flowers. (An ancient name, of obscure origin.)

§ 1. Stamens very numerous, 5-adelphous : pod 5- (rarely 6~7-) celled, with the pla- centee turned far back into the cells : herbaceous, perennial : flowers very large.

1. Pyramidatum, Ait. (Great Sr. J OHN’S-worT.) Branches 2~-4-angled; leaves ovate-oblong, partly clasping ; petals narrowly obovate, not deciduous until after they wither ; stigmas capitate. — Banks of rivers, rare, W. New England to Wisconsin and Illinois. July. — Plant 3°-5° high. Leaves mii} 2!-3! long. Petals 1/ long. Pod %! long, conical. i § 2. Stamens very numerous : pod 3 — 5-celled by the union of the placentae, which are Pe | i

seed-bearing on the outer face. fie * Shrubs, leafy to the top : styles (at first united) and cells of the pod 3 or 5; calyx : i leafy, spreading : stamens scarcely at all clustered. —- He 3

HYPERICACE®. (ST. JOHN’S-WORT FAMILY.)

2. Hi. Halmiinum, L. Bushy, 1°-3° high; branches angled: branchlets 2-edged ; leaves crowded, glaucous, oblanceolate; flowers few in a cluster ; pods ovate 5-celled.— Wet rocks, Niagara Falls se Northern lakes. Aug. — Leaves 1/-2/long. Flowers 1/ wide.

3. A. prolificum, L. (Survussy Sr. JOHN’S-wort.) Branchlets 2- edged; leaves lanceolate-oblong, mostly obtuse, narrowed at the base; flowers numerous, in simple or compound clusters ; pods oblong, 3-celled. —New Jersey to Michigan, Hlinois, and southward. gaye Sept. — Shrub 1°-4° high, with long rather simple shoots, leaves 2/ long and 3’ or more wide, and flowers 3/-1/ in diameter. Varies greatly in size, &e.

Var. densifiorum. Exceedingly branched as 1°-6° high, the branches slender and crowded with smaller leaves; flowers smaller (1! - 3! in diameter) and more numerous, in crowded scinoed cymes. (H. densiflorum, & H. galioides, Pursh.) —Pine barrens of New Jersey, and glades of Western Maryland, Kentucky, and southward.

* % Perennial herbs: styles (diverging) and cells of the pod 3: petals and arithers with black dots: calyx erect : stamens distinctly in 3 or 5 clusters.

4, Hi. perrorarum, L. (Common Sr. Joun’s-worr.) Stem much branched and corymbed, somewhat 2-edged (producing runners from the base) ; leaves elliptical-oblong or linear-oblong, with pellucid dots; petals (deep yellow) twice the length of the lanceolate acute sepals ; flowers numerous, in open leafy cymes. — Pastures and meadows, &. June—Sept.— Too well known every- where as a pernicious weed, which it is difficult to extirpate. Its juices are very acrid. (Nat. from Eu.)

5. H. corymbosum, Mubl. Conspicuously marked with both black and pellucid dots; stem terete, sparingly bray shed; leaves oblong, somewhat clasping ; flowers crowded (small); petals pale yellow, much longer than the oblong sepals.—Damp places; common. July—Sept.— Leaves larger and flowers much smaller than in No. 4; the petals 2/'—3" long, marked with black lines as well as dots.

§ 3. Stamens very numerous, obscurely clustered : pod 1-celled, or incompletely 3-celled, the 3 placente sometimes borne on short partitions, but not joined in the centre: perennial herbs or low shrubs.

* Sepals foliaceous and spreading, unequal : styles more or less united into one.

6. HX. ellipticuma, Hook. Stem simple, herbaceous (1° high), obscure- ly 4-angled ; leaves spreading, elliptical-oblong, obtuse, thin; cyme nearly naked, rather few-flowered ; sepals oblong ; pods ovoid, very aes purple, 1-celled. — Wet places, New S actoua and Pennsylvania to Lake Superior and northward. July, Aug. — Petals light yellow, 3!’ long.

7. adpréssum, Barton. Stem simple, herbaceous, or slightly woody ut the base (1°-2° high), obscurely 4-angled below and 2-edged above ;, leaves ascending, lanceolate or linear-oblong, often acute, thin; cyme leafy at the base, few-flowered ; sepals linear-lanceolate ; pods ovoid-oblong, incompletely 3 - 4-celled. —

-Moist places, Rhode Island (Olney), New Jersey, Pentisylvania, and southwest- ward. July, Aug. — Leaves 14’ long. Petals bright yellow, 3//-5" long.

HYPERICACES. (ST. JOBN’S-WORT FAMILY.) 51

8. Hi. dolabrif6rme, Vent. Stems branched from the decumbent base, woody below (6’-20/ high), terete; leaves linear-lanceolate, widely spread- ing, veinless; cyme leafy, few-flowered ; sepals oblong- or ovate-lanceolate, about the length of the very oblique petals (5! ~6/ long) ; pods ovate-conical, pointed,

strictly 1-celied, the walls very thick and hard. (H. procumbens, Michx.) —Dry -

hills and rocks, barrens of Kentucky and westward. June - Aug.

9. Hl. sphzrocarpon, Michx. Stem simple or branched above, her- baceous, scarcely angular (19-90 high) ; leaves widely spreading, oblong-linear or lanceolate, very obtuse, thickish, nearly veinless ; cyme compound and many- flowered, flat, naked ; sepals ovate ; pods depressed-globular, strictly 1-celled, rather thin. — Rocky banks of the Ohio and Kentucky Rivers. July, Aug. — Petals about 3” long.

10. HN. mudifiérum, Michx. Stems branched, woody at the base, sharply 4-angled or almost winged above (1°-4° high); leaves oblong or oval- lanceolate, obtuse, obscurely veined, pale ; cyme compound, many-flowered, naked ; sepals oblong ; pods ovate-conical, pointed, almost 3-celled. — Low grounds, Pennsylvania to Kentucky and southward. July. — Petals 3/4!’ long,

* & Sepals herbaceous, erect, equal : styles 3, separate.

ill. EL. anguldsum, Michx. Stem slender, strict, simple, sharply 4- angled, herbaceous (1°-2° high); leaves opaque, ovate or oblong-lanceolate, acute (3/—1/ long), ascending, closely sessile by a broad base; cyme compound, naked, the branches prolonged and ascending, with the scattered flowers raceme- like ; sepals enclosing the ovoid 1-celled pod. — Wet pine barrens of New Jersey and southward. July —Sept.— Petals copper-yellow, 4” ~5/ long, much longer than the calyx, furnished with a teoth on one side, :

§ 4. Stamens 5-12, distinct or in 3 elusters : pod (brown-purple) i-celled, with 3 strictly parietal placentee : styles short, distinct : petals oblong or linear, small ; sepals narrow, erect: slender annuals, with 4-angular branches.

12. Hi. miitilum, L. Stem flaccid, widely branching (6/~10) high) ; leaves ovate or oblong, obtuse, partly clasping, 5-nerved ; cymes leafy; pods ovate- ‘conical, rather longer than the calyz. (H. parvifloram, Juhl.) — Low grounds, everywhere. — Flowers 2" broad.

13. Wf. Canadémse, L. Stem strict (6’-20! high), with the branches erect ; leaves linear or lanceolate, 3-nerved-at the base ; cymes naked ; pods conical- oblong, usually much longer than the calyx. — Wet, sandy soil: common. June- Oct. — Flowers copper-yellow, 2/3! broad when expanded. ~ 2

‘i4. A. Drumm6ndii, Torr. & Gray. Stem and the mostly alternate bushy branches rigid, erect (10!—18' high) ; leaves linear-subulate, nearly -erect, l-nerved (3! long) ; flowers scattered along the upper part of the leafy branches, short-pedicelled ; pods ovoid, not longer than the calyx. (Sarothra Drum- mondii, Grev. g- Hook.) —W. Illinois and southward, in dry soil. July -Oct.

— Sepals 2/"—38" long, mostly exceeding the petals.

15. HM. Sarothra, Michx. (OrancE-Grass. Prye-werp.) Stem and bushy branches thread-like, wiry (4!~9' high) ; leaves minute awl-shaped scales, appressed ; flowers ‘minute, mostly ‘sessile and ‘scattered along the erect branches ;

52 ELATINACES. (WATER-WORT FAMILY.)

pods ovate-lanceolate, acute, much longer than the calyx. (Sarothra gentianoides, L.) —Sandy fields; common. June - Oct.

H. cravbotens, Buckley, a species with foliage like No. 5, but with large flowers, & H. Bicxxxyr, Curtis, a low suffruticose species with large flowers, both natives of the mountains of Carolina, may be expected in those of Vir- ginia.

3. ELODEA, Pursh. Mansn Sr. Jonn’s-worr.

Sepals 5, equal, erect.. Petals 5, equal-sided, oblong, naked, imbricated in ‘the bud. Stamens 9 (rarely 12 or 15), united in 3 sets; the sets separated by as many large and ovate orange-colored glands. Pod 3-celled, oblong: styles distinct. — Perennial herbs, growing in marshes or shallow water, with small close clusters of flesh-colored flowers in the axils of the leaves and at the sum- mit of the stem. (Name from éAwédys, growing in marshes.)

1. E. Virgimica, Nutt. Leaves closely sessile or clasping by a broad base, oblong or ovate, very obtuse; filaments united below the middle.. (Hypericum Virginicum, Z.) — Common in swamps. July, Aug.

2. E. petiolata, Pursh. Leaves tapering into a short petiole, oblong : fila~ “ments united beyond the middle. — From New Jersey southward and west- ward.

Orper 20. ELATINACE. (Warer-worr Famtry.)

Little marsh annuals, with opposite dotless leaves and nembranaceous stip- ules, minute axillary flowers like Chickweeds, but the pod 2—5-celled, and the seeds as in St. John’s-wort. — The principal genus is

i. ELATINE, L. WATER-WORT.

‘Sepals 2-5, persistent. Petals 2-5, hypogynous. Stamens as many, rarely twice as many, as the petals. Styles, or sessile capitate stigmas, 2~5. Pod 9-5-celled, several -many-seeded, 2—5-valved; the partitions left attached to the axis, or evanescent. Seeds cylindrical, straightish or curved. (A Greek name for some obscure herb.) ety 1. E. Americima, Amott. Dwarf (1! high), creeping, rooting in the mud, tufted ; leaves obovate ; flowers sessile; sepals, petals, stamens, and stig- mas 2, rarely 3; seeds 5 or 6 in each cell, rising from the base. (Peplis Amer- icana, Pursh. Crypta minima, Nutt.) — Margin of ponds, &c., Connecticut to Kentucky. Pod very thin and delicate; the seeds large in proportion, straightish.

Orper 21. CARYOPHYLLACEH. (Pink Famiy.)

Herbs, with opposite entire leaves, symmetrical 4 — 5-merous flowers, with or without petals; the distinct stamens no more than twice the number of the sepals, either hypogynous or perigynous + styles 2-5; seeds attached to the

10. STELLARTA. Petals 4~5, mostly

11. HOLOSTEUM. Petals 5, denticulate at the en, 12. CERASTIUM. Petals 4 ~5, usually 2-cleft.

18. SAGINA. Petals 4-5, undivided, or none.

CARYOPHYLLACES, (PINK FAMILY.) 08

base or the central column of the 1-celled (rarely 3—5-celled) pod, with a slender embryo coiled or curved around the outside of mealy albumen.— Bland herbs; the stems usually swollen at the joints; uppermost leaves rarely alternate. Leaves often united at the base. Calyx imbricated in the bud, persistent. Styles stigmatic along the inside. Seeds amphitro-— pous or campylotropous. — There are several suborders, of which the first three are the principal. : Synopsis.

Suporper I. SILENEZ. Tue Proper Pr Faminy.

Sepals united into a tubular calyx. Petals and stamens borne on the stalk of the many-seeded pod, the former with long claws included in the calyx-tube, mostly convolute in estivation. Seeds numerous. — Stipules none. Flowers mostly showy.

* Calyx with scaly bractlets at the base. Seeds flattened : embryo nearly straight. 1. DIANTHUS. Calyx terete, mostly cylindrical. Styles 2. * * Calyx naked. Seeds globular or kidney-shaped : embryo curved or coiled, 2. SAPONARIA. Calyx terete. Styles 2. 8. VACCARIA. Calyx 5-angled and in fruit 5-winged. Styles 2. 4, SILENE. Calyx 5-toothed. Styles 8, rarely 4. 5. AGROSTEMMA. Calyx with 5 narrow leafy lobes. Styles 5.

Suporper Il. ALSINEAR. Tur CHICKWEED FamIty.

Sepals distinct or nearly so. Petals without claws (sometimes none), mostly imbricated in zestivation, and with the stamens inserted at the base of the sessile ovary, or into a little disk which often -coheres with the base of the calyx. Pod splitting into valves, few—many-seeded. Stamens

opposite the sepals, when not more numerous than they. — Low herbs. Stipules none.

* Styles opposite the sepals, or, when fewer, opposite those which are exterior in the bud. + Valves of the pod as many as the styles (usually 8), and entire. 6 HONKENYA. Seeds few, at the base of the pod. Stamens borne on a thick and glandu- lar 10-lobed disk.

7. ALSINE. Seeds many, attached to a central column, naked.

+ + Valves or teeth into which the pod splits twice as many as there are styles. ++ Pod splitting to the middle or farther into valves. 8. ARENARIA. Petals 5, entire. Styles 8. Pods at first 3-valved, the valves soon 2-cleft, Making 6. Seeds rough, naked.

9. M@HRINGIA. Petals 4-5, entire. Styles 2-4. Pods 4-8-valved. Seeds smooth and shining, appendaged at the hilum.

2-cleft, sometimes minute or none. Styles (2-5) most- eas many valves. Seeds not appendaged.

++ ++ Pod opening only at the top by teeth.

d. Stamens and styles mostly 3.

Styles as many as the petals. * * Styles alternate with the Sepals: stamens as man

ly 8. Pods Splitting into twic

y as they, sometimes twice as many.

Styles 4-5. Pod 4—5-yalved. 5*

—

54.0 CARYOPHYLLACEE. (PINK FAMILY.)

SuBoRDER Til. ILLECEBREZ. Tue Kynotworr Famury.

Character same as of the Chickweed Family, but with dry scale-like stipules, the uppermost leaves rarely alternate, and the 1-celled pods some- times 1-seeded.

%* Pod (capsule) many-seeded. Styles3-5, Petals usually conspicuous.

14, SPERGULARIA. Styles 8-5. Leaves opposite. 15. SPERGULA. Styles 5. Valves of the pod opposite the sepals. Leaves whorled. ~

* * Pod (utricle) l-seeded. Styles 2, often united. Petals bristle-form or none. Stamens plainly inserted on the base of. the calyx.

16. ANYCHIA, Petals none. Sepals flattish, unarmed. 47. PARONYCHIA. Petals minute or bristle-form. Sepals concave, awned.

Susorper IY. S CLERAN THEZ. Tue Knawet Famity.

Characters of the preceding, but no stipules, and the sepals more united below into an indurated tube surrounding the utricle; the stamens inserted at the throat.

18. SCLERANTHUS. Petals none. Stamens 5 or 10. SuporpeR V. MOLLUGINEZ. Inprayn-Cuicewerp Famizy,

Stamens alternate with the sepals when of the same number, when fewer alternate with the cells of the 3-celled ovary :— otherwise as in Suborders 2 and 3.

19. MOLLUGO, Petals none. Stamens3-5. Stigmas 3. Pod 3-celled, many-seeded.

SUBORDER I. SILENEE. Tae Prorer Pink Faminy.

i. DIANTHUS, L. Pink. Carwartion.

Calyx cylindrical, 5-toothed, supported at the base by 2 or more imbricated bractlets. Stamens 10. Styles 2. Pod long-stalked, 1-celled, 4-valved at the apex. Seeds flattish: embryo scarcely curved. 7, Ornamental plants, of well- known aspect and value in cultivation, none natives of this country. (Name from Avds, of Jupiter, and avOos, flower, i. e. Jove’s own flower.)

1. DB. Arminia, L. (Derrrorp Pink.) Flowers in close clusters; bract- lets of the calyx and bracts lance-awl-form, downy, as long as the tube; leaves linear, hairy; flowers small, scentless, rose-color with white dots, crenate. @ —Fields, &c., Pennsylvania and E. Massachusetts. July.— (Adv. from Eu.)

D. Caryorniiuvs, L., is the original of the CLove-Pink or Carnation, &c. of the gardens. D. pargaArus is the Sweer-Wirtmam or Buncu Pink.

I

2. SAPONARIA, L. Soarwonr.

Calyx tubular, terete and even, 5-toothed, naked at the base. Stamens 10, Styles 2. Pod short-stalked, 1-celled, or partly 2-celled at the base, 4-toothed at the apex. Embryo coiled into a ring.—Flowers cymose-clustered. (Name

CARYOPHYLLACER, (PINK FAMILY.) 50

from sapo, soap, the mncleginggs j juice of the common species forming a lathes with water. )

1, S$. orricrinAnis, L. (Common Soarwort. Bouncing Bet.) Clus ters corymbed ; calyx cylindrical, slightly downy ; petals crowned with an ap- pendage at the top of the claw; leaves oval-lanceolate. |— Road-sides, &e, July—Sept.—A stout plant with large rose-colored. flowers, which are com monly double. (Ady. from Eu.)

3. VWACCAREA, Medik. Cow-Hure.

Calyx naked at the base, ovoid-pyramidal, 5-angled, 5-toothed, enlarged and wing-angled in fruit. Petals not crowned. Stamens 10. Styles 2, Pod in- completely 4-celled at the base. — A smooth annual herb, with pale red. flowers in corymbed cymes, and ovate-lanceolate leaves. (Name from Vacca, a cow. )

1. V. vuneAris, Host. (Saponaria Vaccaria, L.) — Escaped from gardens and becoming spontaneous in some places. (Ady. from Eu.)

4. SILENE, L. Carcuriy. Campion.

Calyx tubular, 5-toothed, naked at the base. Stamens 10. Styles 3, rarely 4. Pod I-celled, or partly 3 3-celled at the base, opening by 6 teeth at the apex. Embryo coiled. — Flowers solitary or in clustered cymes. Petals mostly crowned with a scale at the base of the blade. (Name from ciaXoy, saliva, in allusion to the viscid secretion on the stems and calyx of many pon The English name Catch fly alludes to the same peculiarity. )

* Calyx bladdery-infiated « perennial : flowers panicled, white.

1. S. stellata, Ait. (Srarry Campion.) Leaves in whorls of 4, ovate. lanceolate, taper-pointed ; calyx bell-shaped ; petals cut into a fringe, crownless. — Wooded banks, Rhode Island to Wisconsin, Kentucky, and southward. July. — Stem 3° high, minutely pubescent, with a large and open pyramidal panicle, Corolla 3! broad. (Cuciibalus stellatus, Z.)

2. S$. mivea, DC. Leaves opposite, lanceolate or oblong, taper-pointed ; ca lyx oblong ; petals wedge-form, 2-cleft, minutely crowned. — Columbia, Pennsyl- vania, to Ohio and Illinois: rare. July.— Stem 1°-2° high, almost smooth. Flowers few, larger than in No. 1.

8. S. inrrAra, Smith. (Buapprr Campron.) Glaucous ; leaves opposite, ovate-lanceolate ; calyx globular, much inflated, elegantly veined ; petals 2-cleft, nearly crownless. — Fields and road-sides, E. New England. aly. —A foot high. Flowers loosely cymose. (Nat. from Eu.)

* * Calyzx elongated or club-shaped, not inflated except by the enlarging pod : flowers cymose or clustered : perennial, pubescent with viscid hairs, especially the calyx : petals crowned, red or rose-color. - -

4. S. Pennsylviénica, Michx. (Witp Pinx.) Stems low (4-9! high) ; root-leaves narrowly spatulate, nearly glabrous, tapering into hairy peth oles ; stem-leaves (2-3 pairs) lanceolate ; flowers clustered, short-stalked ; calyx club-shaped ; petals wedge-form, slightly notched and eroded at the end, purple rose

56 CARYOPHYLLACE. (PINK FAMILY.)

color.— Rocky or gravelly places, Eastern New England to Pennsylvania, Ken- tucky, and southward. April-June.

5. S. Virgimica, L. (Fire Prin. Carcuriy.) Stems slender (1°- 2° high) ; leaves thin, spatulate, or the upper oblong-lanceolate ; flowers few and loose- iy cymose, peduncled ; calyx oblong-cylindrical, soon obconical ; petals oblong, 2- cleft, deep crimson ; the limb 1! long. — Open woods, W. New York (Sartwell) to Hlinois and southward. June- Aug.

6. S. régia, Sims. (Roya Carcuriy.) Stem roughish, erect (3° 4° high) ; leaves thickish, ovate-lanceolate, acute ; flowers numerous, short-stalked, in clusters, forming a strict panicle; calyx ovoid-club-shaped in fruit ; petals spatu- late-lanceolate, mostly undivided, deep scarlet. — Prairies, Ohio, Kentucky, and southward. July.

7. S rotumdifolia, Nutt. (Rounp-teavep Carcurry.) Viscid- hairy; stems weak, branched, decumbent (2° long) ; leaves thin, round, abruptly pointed, the lower obovate ; flowers few and loosely cymose, stalked; calyx elon- gated ; petals 2-cleft and cut-toothed, deep scarlet. — Shaded banks of the Ohio, and in Kentucky. June—Aug.—Leayes and flowers large. This and No. 6 may pass into No. 5.

%* * * Calyx not inflated, except by the enlarging pod: annual : Jlowers rose, flesh- color, or white, opening only at night or in cloudy weather (except No. 8). +~ Glabrous throughout : a portion of each joint of the stem mostly glutinous.

8, S Armbria, L. (Sweet-WiLi1am Catcuriy.) Glaucous; leaves ovate-lanceolate ; flowers cymose-clustered ; calyzx club-shaped, purplish, as well as the petals, which are notched, and crowned with awl-shaped scales. — Escaped from gardens to waste places; rare. (Ady. from Eu.)

9. S. antirrhima, L. (Strezpy Carcurry.) Stem slender (8/-30/ high) ; leaves lanceolate or linear ; flowers small, paniculate ; calyx ovoid; petals obovate, minutely crowned, inconspicuous, rarely seen expanded. — Dry soil; common in waste places. June-—Sept.

+- + Viscid-pubescent : flowers white or nearly so, sweet-scented at night.

10. S nocrtrna, L. (Nrent-Catcurry.) Leaves short, the lower spatu- late, the upper linear; flowers small, alternate in a strict 1-sided spike; petals 2- parted. — Introduced sparingly in Pennsylvania, according to Schwetnitz. (Ady. from Eu.)

ii. 8. nocririora, L. (Nigut-rLrowerine Carcurry.) Viscid-hairy, - tall (1°-3° high); lower leaves large and spatulate; the upper lanceolate, taper-pointed ; flowers solitary in the forks, peduncled; calyx cylindrical with long awl-shaped teeth; petals rather large, 2-parted, crowned. (S. nocturna, Bigelow.) — Cultivated grounds. (Nat. from En.)

* KKK Dwarf, tufted, smooth : perennial, 1-flowered.

12. S. acatilis, L. (Moss Capron.) Tufted like a moss (1! —9/ high) ; leaves linear, crowded to the summit of the short stems; flowers almost sessile ; calyx slightly inflated; petals purple or rarely white, inversely heart-shaped, crowned. — Alpine summits of the White Mountains, New Hampshire. July (Eiu.)

CARYOPHYLLACES. (PINK FAMILY.) o7

5. AGROSTEMMA, L. Cory-Cocxzuz.

Calyx naked, tubular, coriaceous, its limb of 5 long and linear foliaceous teeth or lobes, longer than the corolla, which fall off in fruiting. Petals not crowned, entire. Stamens 10, those opposite the petals adhering to the base of their claws. Styles 5, alternate with the calyx-teeth. Pod 1-celled, opening at the top by 5 teeth. Embryo coiled. — Annual or biennial, erect and branching, pubescent, with long linear leaves, and large purple flowers on long peduncles. (Name dypod oréupa, crown of the field, being a handsome corn-weed.)

1. A. Girmico, L. (Lychnis Githago, Lam.) Wheat-fields; too common; the black seeds of Cockle being injurious to the appearance of the flour. (Adv. from Eu.)

Lycunis, Tourn., to which the Cockle was once referred, is represented in our gardens by L. coronaria, the Mutunm Pink; L. CHALCEDONICA, the Scanner Lycunis; and L. Fxos-ctcunr, the Raccep Roxiy.

Suzsorper Il. ALSENEZE. Tue CHIcKWEED Famiiy. .-

6. WONKENYA, Ehrhart. Sza-Sanpworr.

Sepals 5, fleshy. Disk at the base of the ovary conspicuous and glandular, 10-notched. Petals 5, obovate-wedge-shaped, tapering into a short claw. Sta- mens 10, inserted on the edge of the disk. Styles 3-5, short, opposite as many of the sepals. Ovary more or less 3—5-celled. Pod fieshy, opening by as many valves as styles, few-seeded at the base. Seeds smooth, short-beaked next the naked hilum. A very fleshy maritime perennial, forked, with ovate or oblong leaves, and solitary axillary flowers, more or less polygamo-dicecious. Petals white. (Named in honor of Honckeny, a German botanist. )

1. Hi. peploides, Ehrhart. (Arenaria peploides, L.) — Sea-beach,

Maine to New Jersey. May, June. — Grows in large tufts in the sands, 6/-10' |

high. Leaves §/ long, partly clasping, very thick. (Eu.)

7% ALSINE, (Tourn.) Wahl. Grove Sanpworr.

Sepals 5. Petals 5, entire, or rarely notched at the apex. Stamens 10, in- serted on a small disk. Styles 3. Ovary 1-celled. Pod many-seeded, 3-valved to the base; the valves entire, opposite the inner sepals. Seeds usually rough, naked at the hilum. — Small tufted herbs, with narrow leaves, and mostly white flowers, which are solitary and terminal or cymose. (Name from dAgos, a grove.) — This and No. 9 are comprised in Arenaria by many botanists.

* Leaves rigid, awl-shaped or bristle-shaped.

1. A. Squarrésa, Fenzl. (PINE-BARREN Sanpwort.) Densely tuft- ed from a deep perpendicular root ; leaves closely imbricated, but spreading, awl- shaped, short, channelled ; branches naked and minutely glandular above, several- flowered ; sepals obtuse, ovate, shorter than the pod. (Arenaria squarrosa, Michx.) —In pure sand, Long Island, New Jersey, and southward along the coast. May-July. ig BOE <0

3 CARYOPHYLLACEE. (PINK FAMILY.)

2, A. Michawxii, Fenzl. Erect, or usually diffusely spreading from a small root, smooth ; leaves slender, between awl-shaped and bristle-form, with many others clustered in the axils; cyme diffuse, naked, many-flowered ; sepals pointed, 3-ribbed, ovate, as long as the pod. (Arenaria stricta, Michx.) —Rocks and dry wooded banks, Vermont to Wisconsin and Kentucky. July.

_ * & Leaves soft and herbaceous, filiform-linear : petals retuse or notched.

3. A. patula. Diffusely branched from the slender root; stems filiform (6’-10! long)