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AMERICAN
JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.

———$__—

VeOlaO IMERy de

————=

EDITED BY
GEORGE W. TRYON, Jr,

Member of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia; Corresponding Member of the
Boston Society of Natural History, the New York Lyceum of Natural History,
the California Academy of Natural Sciences, &c.

CONTAINING ARTICLES BY

T. A. CONRAD. JOHN G. ANTHONY. Prof. S. S. HALDEMAN.
THOMAS BLAND. WILLIAM G. BINNEY. Dr. WM. STIMPSON.
CHARLES M. WHEATLEY. WILLIAM M. GABB. A. D. BROWN.
WESLEY NEWCOMB, M.D. R. P. WHITFIELD, WM. HARPER PEASE,
A. O. CURRIER. And the EDITOR,

ILLUSTRATED BY THIRTY-ONE COLORED AND PLAIN PLATES.

SAA -2 BO

PHILADELPHIA:

Grorcre W. Tryon, Jr., 625 MARKET STREET.

NEW YORK: BOSTON:
BalLLierb Broruers, No, 520 Broadway. Lirrte, Brown & Co.
LONDON:
TRUBNER & Co., No. 60 Paternoster Row.
PARIS:
J. B. BAILLIERE ET Fis, Rue Hautefeuille.

BERLIN:
Asner & Co., No. 20 Unter d. Linden,

1865.

MADRID:
C. BAILLY-BAILIIERE, Calle del Principe.

Part 1 published February 25th, 1865.
oe ‘ April 15th, ‘
ang " July Ist, #

‘4 “ October Ist, “

vo

=

14.

CONTENTS.

Part 1—February 25th, 1865.

. Catalogue of the Eocene and Oligocene Testacea of the

United States, by ,'T., A. @onrad., j.cs £0.) daeraweayesBgcec «sense

. Description of two New sapepies of Goniobasis, Py John

G. Anthony ..

-. Description of ae ‘New ‘Species of Goniobasis, we Ss.

PLA OSTI Tyee sscsiro See als na dey ie oehdes losis ad sions wanes in cvaleeantwccreCacer aacer reece tae

. Description of New Species of Birepammanidiat by George

WV is WAVIQUAA, ul plac chitetae: stm ine heanestee chasis oso. bg aenseret aenceracn a6
Descriptions of New Species of Pholadide, by George W.
PUT OMN, SUM arn sure seman na vas feuhanssinadan yameih sane n Sage sata ctls a caopten abana to osse

. Observations on the Genus Io, by George W. Tryon, Jr......
. Note on the Buccal Plate (Jaw,) in Certain Genera of

the Family Cyclostomacea, by Thomas Bland...............

. Note on the Jaws of Helices, by W. G. Binney.......... .........
-. Description of the aoe eee Morch, by Wis Gi

Binney ..

; De emnons ‘of New, (apse of North Tauoaree aan

and Fresh Water Shells, by W. G. Binney................00

. Diagnoses of Newly Discovered Genera of Gasteropods,

belonging to the Sub- -Family Hydrobiinee, of the
Family Rissoide, by Dr. Wm. Stimpson................68 cece

. On Certain Genera and Families of Raisiskin: Meats Gas-

teropods, by Dr. Wm. Stimpson ..

. Revision of M. Pettit’s Catalogue of the Genus Mono-

condyloea, by Charles M. Wheatley...

Catalogue of Mollusca, Collected by Prof. UD, 's. Shel-
don, at Davenport, Iowa, by George W. Tryon, Jr..

EDITOR’S TABLE.

Reviews and Summary of Conchological Publications.......

American.—On the Terrestrial Pulmonifera of Maine, by Ed. 8S. Morse.—
Meek’sCheck List of North American Miocene Fossils.—Mr. Lea’s
Papers in Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Phila-
delphia, for 1864.—On the Structural Characters of the so-called Me-
lanians of North America, by Wm. Stimpson.—Descriptions of nine
New Species of Helix inhabiting California, by W. Newcomb.—Come

plete Writings of Rafinesque.

71

Foreign.—On the Classification of the Gasteropodous Mollusca, by M.
Gouriet.—On the Present State of Malacological Nomenclature, by P.
P. Carpenter.—Species of Mollusca obtained in Corunna Bay, by R.
McAndrew and H. Woodward.—Sowerby’s Thesaurus Conchylio-

rum.—Conchologica Iconica, &c.

SClENMHC Entel gene we cxcsctes eons -s\andenacss desbedctns dacncetevisensnaedeseece
Note on the Genus Simnia, Risso.—British Association.—Judge Coop-

er’s Collection of Shells, &e.

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Portrait of Thomas Say, with Autograph.
Four Colored and Five Plain Plates. is
1.

94

iv. CONTENTS.

Part 2—April 15th, 1865.

1. Observations on the Family Strepomatide, by Geo. W.
Tryon, Jr.
L, Classification: 22s el ican eee tea ect cos eatcce cebese me aeeneas 97
2. Geographical Distribution............ 0... oss reececeee
. Description of two New Species of Helix, by A. D. Brown. 136
. Descriptions of New Eocene Shells from Enterprise, Mis-
SISSIPpl, Dy: VA. WONTad t'kes.ccevereencestese cde duc lnaatelceaneetes 137
4. Description of New Eocene Shells of the United States,
Dy TV? APMC ONMAGA GT eediec, ccdencee "ese seclastnstace sos spe bucueedae ace cetee 142
5. Catalogue of the Older Eocene Shells of Oregon, by T. A.
CONTAC (M2 FA Bi ve tee dae toetec tees Be ae eS 150
6. Descriptions of New Species of North American Union-
idee, by John G. Anthony... ...... . 155

. Catalogue of the Species of Physa, inhabiting the United

CO vw

7
States, by George W2: Tryon, Jr’. iaieee ss. Sesccccen cescre cccsecars 165
EDITOR’S TABLE.
Reviews and Summary of Conchological Publications ......... 174

American.—Description of Six New Species of Western Asiatic Unionide,
by Isaac Lea.—Newcomb’s Descriptions of New Land Shells-—De-
scriptions of New California Marine Shells, by W. M. Gabb.

Foreign.— Reeve’s Conchologica Iconica.— Mr. P. P. Carpenter’s New
West Coast Species in Annals and Magazine of Natural History.—De-
scriptions of New Terrestrial Shells, by W. H. Benson. -

Bourguignat’s Mollusques Noveaux, Litigieux ou peu Connus.—Malaco
logie de l’Algerie.—Conchology of the Island of Bourbon, by Des-
hayes-—Journal de Conchyliologie, etc.

SCICMHAC LNECLISON COs one suse. scsasnccrnaves sisccprneb ess tetra-tonsrinn syneceTgscaee 188

Change of Name of Helix Binneyana Morse, to H. Morsei.—Depar-
ture of Mr. J. G. Anthony to Brazil.—Correction of Date of Publi-
cation of No. 1 of this Journal.—Correction of Error in Date of Pub-
lication of Mr. Lea’s ‘‘ Contributions to Geology,’’ in Mr. Conrad’s
Cat. of Eocene Mollusca, published in No. 1 of this Journal.

Corrections and Additions to Mr. Conrad’s Kocene Catalogue.

ILLUSTRATIONS.
Portrait of Isaac Lea, with Autograph.
Three Colored and Five Plain Plates.

CONTENTS. Vie

Part 3—July Ist, 1865.

1. Memoir of Charles B. Adams, late Professor of Zoghosy
in Amherst College, Massachusetts, by Thomas Bland ... 191

2. Descriptions of two New Species of Monocondyleea, iy

John Ga Aim thongs ccucsscecosssceesecnssser htsae s Ae Oe oon 205
3. Description of a New Exotic Melania, by John G. An-

FN OMY aasmcetereatesaslasecebudesesscsisncecsjec aus aces sorcrontecet ie seteeaccee eons 207
4. Descriptions of three New Species of Mexican Land

Shoevlcpy Williaa MS Gappicevcsccenstccenst ests ce resremecetes econ earn 208
5. Descriptions of New Eocene Shells, and eter oners with

Figures to published Species, by T. A. Conrad.. . 210

6. Descriptions of five New Species of Older. feos
Shells from Shark River, Monmouth Co., N. J. » by Ate

(AWC ONUTA Gy soareatuesisaduees ve aetia concent aretter ees » O19
q, Sieh eather of New Species of Molania, by kent ‘W.
TT TWO ATs casaterae . 216

8. Descriptions of ea fe ocuion of fC Sy Pomanensi,
Bomatwey THs, Sabbie, Hysrope and Epoe by George

W. Tryon, Jr. . 219
9. Descriptions of New nenes of North Feary see
neoidee, by George Wes ryone Ma FC iron oose contol cewoen se lece 223

10. Remarks on the Genera Monocondylea, D’Orb., and
Pseudodon, Gould, with a Synopsis of the latter, by T.
PAE © OMTA CIN. {53 ngap tact ic csoteteosenectonnase satamnes Seeeewstoeete ore 232
11. Description of a New Genus of Unionidae, by T. A. Conrad. 234
12. Description of a New Species of Helix, by Wesley New-

EWTN PONE S OO) Pre re EINES tae od citrate ho ivs srs ceewmcnan Bed ceo veasecreecdiie: enceks 235
13. Review of the oui cheees of ie cag and pencnnera by,
George W. Tryon, Jr .. wd . 236
14. Catalogue of the Sab cieg of mie inhabiting the Uni-
ted States, by George W. Tryon, Jr.. . 247
15. Descriptions of New Species of Eocene BGuaitee i R. ?.
AWATEA GLO S.<:cadcicesses cosesares svateetese coset torcctont res ieee ee 259
EDITOR’S TABLE.
Reviews and Summary of Conchological Publications......... 269

American.—Bibliography of North American Conchology, by Win! G.
Binney.—Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences.—Remarks
on Beatrice, by A. ‘Hyatt, Jr.—Synonymy of Strepomatide, by Geo.
W. Tryon, Jr.

Foreign.—Conchologica Iconica, by Lovell Reeve.

Malacologie de V Algerie, by Sage Bourguignat.—Journal de Conchyli-
ologie.
Land and Fresh Water Shells of Denmark, by O. A. L. Morch, etc.

Sciorntttite: Intelligome ere. 2 cee vciccs'3sdeinnsusaeslecstce dosed e sgctewececeeccscecess 285
Locality of Navea Newcombii.—On the Distinctive Characters of Buli-
mus marginatus, and B. fallax.—New Works in Preparation.—New
Locality of Limnea ampla, Mighels.

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Portrait of Prof. Charles B. Adams, with Autograph.
Three Colored and Five Plain Plates.

Vi. CONTENTS.

Part 4—October Ist, 1865,

1. Descriptions of New Species of Phaneropneumona, in-
habiting Polynesia, by William Harper Pease ......... ss60. « 287
: Patelerne of the Mollusca of Grand pe Jieniben,
by AO! CaImer ssn. - 292
3. Description of a New Spocies of Mereenaria, by George
W. Tryon, Jr.. nabades . 297
4. On the ani of Tes asa ieee. Name by Prof.
B.S: Haldentansctssccc steer ces seaeecsevecsbecess ceniesess tots sade dacea ania 298
5. Monograph of the cary Rizepariatiee, by George W.
Tryon, Jr.. . 299
6. Catalogue of Helices Pyteragseas me West Gcnat of Aeon:
ica, North of Cape St. Lucas, and West of the Rocky
Mountains; together with Remarks upon some of
the Animals, and their Special Distribution, by W.

ri)

ANG WCOLED, | MESAD oS euteonctest loteaclavsls cnawnis dv oeueniasvee. relate seat hacbebaan gs 342
7. Description of New Species of Shells, by John G. An-
LBRO 7 Bost south coaoadco oabaLhiONanodoKd CoacconvOdOuun) coscad pSccos aacceo src 351
8. Description of a New Species of Pseudodon, by T. A. Con-
TAG ceepsas trros'surevs scenes cavecscvesccces sensincserencaccatcrecetabteraddess ss cetaccs 352
EDITOR’S TABLE.
Reviews and Summary of Conchological Publications......... 354

American.—Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences.—Annals
of the Lyceum of Natural History, New York.—Proceedings of the
Essex Institute, Salem, Mass.—Paleontology of California, with Criti-
cism by T. A. Conrad.

Foreign.—Annals and Magazine of Natural History.—Proceedings of the
Zoological Society, London.

Journal de Conchyliologie.

Monatsberichte der KonigIn. Preuss. Akad. der Wissenchaften zu Berlin.
—Fossilen Mollusken des Tertieer-Beckens von Wien.—Fauna der
Land und Susswasser Mollusken Siebenburgens, by E. A. Bielz.--Ver-
handlungen der K.-K. Zool.-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien.

Scientific Intelligence .. ace sccunesastiees sen anosteceter els
Obituary.--Dr. 8. P. Wiosawata, fen Guck NeGecaseeceece oscassjnstes 379
ILLUSTRATIONS.

Portrait of Dr. Augustus A. Gould, with Autograph.

Two Colored Plates.

LIST OF AUTHORS,

And their Contributions.

Anthony, John G.
Descriptions of two New Species of Goniobasis... .......0.42.
Descriptions of New Species of North American Unionide...
Descriptions of two New Species of Monocondyleea...........
Description of a New Exotic Melania. .............2. .scces ces veces eee
Descriptions of New Species Of SHEMS....s<rcs secaccccccesect stesscare

Binney, William G.
Note.on the, Jaysjo& Meliges: aces. aod ropes mntee sewas toca epiaoreessianidses
Description of the Genus Ariolimax, Morch. ...... ...2.06 sesesoece
Descriptions of New Species of North American Land and
A resn, Water (OMNIS ao05 denaisn sae sanacwsis an ener When navman <anacus

Bland, Thomas.

Note on the Buccal Plate, in certain Genera of Cyclostomacea
Memoir of Professor Charles B. Adams.......

Brown, A. D.

Description of two New Species of Helix

Conrad, T. A.

Catalogue of the Eocene and Mbeogens Testacea of the United
States .. +E

Description of ‘New ‘Botan ‘Shells, ftom Entérpke “Miss Raaee
Description of New American Beene els 20e.dwusces werateneates
Catalogue of the Older Eocene Shells of Oregon. ...... 6.26. ..008
Descriptions’of New Eocene Shells..........cccc:s.cccccos senecenss ov

Descriptions of five New Species of Older mobene Shells from
Shark River, Monmouth County, New Jersey... ...... 222.0000

Remarks on the Genera 1 Seas eS and Pseudodon, with
a Synopsis of the latter. of

Description of a New Genus of Unions dea!
Description of a New Species of Beenadoaon mislaneaiecscetorssasaseass

Criticism on Mr. Gabb’s Report on Cretaceous Mollusca of
California)... ccomemsssters osslestcesscouceon eesti dont ete ne

Corrections and Additions to Eocene Catalogue...

Currier, A. 0.
Catalogue of Mollusca of Grand Rapids, Michigan.............0.

COOP omer eeeee seeoeress soeene

Vil.

36
155
205
207
801

292

vill. LIST OF AUTHORS, ETC.

Gabb, William M.

Descriptions of three New Mexican Land Shells............. Soocce

Haldeman, Prof. S. S.
Descriptions of Two New Species of Goniobasis. ...... ...seeeee oe
On the Propriety of Leptoxis as a Generic Name............ 0000

Newcomb, W., M. D.

Description of a New Species of Helix... ....... ...000 04

Catalogue of Helices inhabiting the West. Coast “of i patente
with Remarks on their Geographical Distribution, etc......

Pease, William Harper.
Descriptions of New Polynesian Phaneropneumona..............

Stimpson, William, M. D.
Descriptions of New Genera of Hydrobiina.........- .sscseee eeceee
On Certain Genera and Families of Zoophagous Gasteropods..

Tryon, George W., Jr.
Description of New Species of Strepomatidee... .......00 cesses cee ees
Descriptions of New Species of Pholadidee ...... ....scses eevee. cones
Observations on the Genus Io... eentene
Catalogue of Mollusca of Daedvos, lowe.
Observations on the Family Strepomatide... saetee
Catalogue of the Species of Physa, of the United States. tested.
Descriptions of New Species of Melania...........+sscccosee seeeceees

Descriptions of New Species of Amnicola, Pomatiopsis, Soma-
togyrus, Gabbia, Hydrobia and Riss0a.....ssss cesceeee soses eeee

Descriptions of New North American Limneide......... ...0.00
Review of the Goniobases of Oregon and California...........-+¢.
Catalogue of the Species of Limnza of the United States.......
Description of a New Species of Mercenaria........
Monograph of the Family Strepomatida......... cece sereee

Wheatley, Charles M.

Revision of M. Petit’s Catalogue of the Genus Monocondylea...

Whitfield, R. P.

Descriptions of New Species of Eocene Fossils..... . seecsece covers

208

38
39
41
68
97
165
216

219
223
206

AMERICAN

JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.

VoOrsk FEBRUARY J; 1865. No. 1. Z

CATALOGUE OF THE EOCENE AND OLIGOCENE
TESTACEA OF THE UNITED STATES.

BY T. A. CONRAD.

THE fossil shells inthe following catalogue characterise two
consecutive Tertiary formations, the oldest of which has long
been regarded as an equivalent of the Huropean Kocene. The
later formation I believe to be of the same age as the Oligo-
cene which immediately succeeds the Eocene. The fossils
of the latter formation indicate two very distinct periods or
stages which hold in common only two species:so far as our
present collections indicate. The older Hocene species may
be known by the localities cited; Maryland, Virginia and
New Jersey. Those of Claiborne, Alabama, are all upper
Hocene exclusively, except Venericardia planicosta, V. densata,
Cyclas Claibornensis and Turritella Mortont. The Texan
species are probably upper Eocene. A few other species are
indicated in the catalogue as occurring only in the older divi-
sion of that formation.

No species has been determined to be common to the Kocene
and Oligocene. The latter is indicated by the locality of
Vicksburg.

bo

AMERICAN JOURNAL

WORKS REFERRED TO.

Amer. J. Science—The American Journal of Science and
Arts.

Amer. Philos. Soc-—Transactions of the American Philoso-
phical Society.

Cont. to Geol—Contributions to Geology by Isaac Lea.

Foss. Shells of Tert—F¥ossil shells of the Tertiary Forma-
tions of the United States, by T. A. Conrad.

Geol. Trans—Transactions of the Geological Society of
Pennsylvania.

J. A. N. S—Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences
of Philadelphia.

Proceed. A. N. S—Proceedings of the Academy of Natural
Sciences of Philadelphia.

Proceed. Nat. Instit.—Proceedings of the National Institution.

LOCALITIES.

Claib.—Claiborne, Clarke County, Alabama.
Enterprize—Clarke County, Mississippi.
Jackson—Hinds County, Mississippi.

St. Stephens —W ashington County, Alabama.
Texas.— W heelock, Robertson County, Texas.
Vicks——Vicksburg, Warren County, Mississippi.

CONCHIFERA.
PHOLADIDA.
PHOLAS, Lin.

P. PETROSA, C.—Proceed. Nat. Instit., p. 1939, £4. Aad,
Science, i. 2d series, p. 218, t.2, £1. Piscataway, Md.

PHOLAMERIA, Conrad.

P. TRIQUETRA (Pholas,) C—J. A. N. Sciences, i., 2d series, p.
LD At. Mapes Te Wireks:

TEREDO, Lin.
T. SIMPLEX, Lea.—Cont. to Geol., p. 38, t. 1, f. 6. Claib.
GASTROCH ANID.
GASTROCH ANA, Spengler.

. LARVA (Fistulana,) C.—A. J. Science, 1. 2d series, p. 212, t.
de feb Clas,

SAXICA VIDA.
GLYCIMERIS, Klein.

G. ELONGATA (Panopea,) C.—Trans. Geol. Soc. Penns.,1., ).
So9. t: 18,01; Avedecience, 1. 2d series, p. 2L0/t, tha,
f.1. Piscataway, Md.

ep)

OF CONCHOLOGY. 3

G. OBLONGATA (Panop.) C.—J. A. N. Sciences, i., 2d series, p.
Mi de he POND oe? Nixeks,

CORBULID.
CORBULA, Brug.

. ALTA, C.—J. A. N. Sciences, 1, 2d series, p. 124,t.12, f. 33

oD. (Vicks:

. BICARINATA, C.—Wailes’ Ag. and Geol., of Miss., t. 14, f.

3. Jackson, Miss.

. DENSATA, C.—Jbid., f. 9.—Jbid.

. FILOSA, C.—Amer. Jour. Conch.,* 1865.

ENGONATA, C.—J. A. N. Sciences, 1., 2d series, p. 124, t. 12,
f. 30. Vicks.

INTASTRIATA, O.—J. A.N Sciences, i. 2d series, p. 124, t. 12,
f. 31.— bid. '

. LAQUEATA, C.—Amer. Jour. Conch., 1865.—Vicks.

. NasuTA, C.—Foss. Shells of Tert., p. 38.—Claib.

C. Alabamiensis, Lea.—Cont. to Geol., p. 45, t. 1, f. 12.

. ONISCUS, C.—A. J. Science, xxii., p. 841. Claib.

C. Murchinsonii, C. gibbosa, Lea.—Cont. to Geol. p. 44, t. 1,

f. 18, 14.
C. Texana, Gabb.—J. A. N. Sciences, iv., 2d series, p. 384, t.
67, £.54. Texas.

PHOLDOMYA, Sowerby.

P. MaryLAnpica, C.—Proceed. Nat. Instit., p. 198, t. 1, £3.
A.J. Seience, 1, 2d series, p. 2141. 1,£9. U. Marlboro’,
Maryland.

CO. CO+.6Gm.000. 6-6

ANATIDE.
PERIPLOMA, Schum.

P. CLAIBORNENSIS (Anatina,) Lea.—Cont. to Geol., p. 40, t. 1, f
8. Claib.

MACTRIDA.
MACTRA, Lin.

M. DeEcIsA, C.—Foss. Shells of Tert. p.42. A. J. Science, 1.,
2d series, p. 216, t, 2,f. 3. Claib.
M. dentata? Lea—Cont. to Geol. p. 41, t. 1, f. 9.
M. MissIsstPpPIEnsis, C.—J. A. N. Sciences, i., 2d series, p. 121,
t. 12, £14. Vicks:
M? PARILIS, C. Foss. Shells of Tert., p. 42. A. J. Science, i.,
> \ ad series, \p.. 217, tania 6) -Claib:
M. pygmea, Lea.—Conik. to Geol., p. 44, t. 1, f£. 11.

* Species thus indicated will be published in the next Number of this
Journal.

vA

4 AMERICAN JOURNAL

MACTRELLA, Gray.

M. prawrenuis, (Mactra,) C.—Foss. Shells of Tert., p.42. A

J. Science, i., 2d series, p. 217, t.2, f, 4. Claib.
LUTRARIIN #.
PTEROPSIS. Conrad.

P. papyria (Lutraria,) C.—Foss. Shells of Tert., p. 41. A. J.

Nis
_ LINTEA (Psammobia,) C._—J. A.N. Sciences, 1. 2d series, p.

Science, 1., 2d series, p. 216, t. 1. fi 8.

_LAPIDOSA (Lutraria,) C.—A. J. Science, 1., 2d series, p. 215,

t. sl, dead:
TELLINID A.
GARI, Schumacker.
FILOSA, C.—Foss. Shells of Tert., p. 42. Claib.

199) 4. LOME 250 + Vices:

G. papyria (Psammobia,) C.—J. A. N. Sciences, 1., 2d series, p.

«

MOD, +. 112, f: 15a af Mirelss.

G. Mississipprensis (Psammobia.)—Ibid.—p. 122, t. 12, f. 26.

Vicks.
Suscenus, PSAMMOCOLA, Lam.

. EBOREA (Psammobia,) C.—Foss. Shells of Tert., p. 42.

Claib. .

. BLAINVILLII (Solecurtus,) Lea—Cont. to Geol, p. 39, t. 1, f.

7, -Claib. _
TELLINA, Lin.

. MoorEANA, Gabb.—J. A. N. Sciences, iv., 2d series, p. 287,

fOr. a oG; -. Mexag,

_ pecrorosa, C.—J, A. N. Sciences, i., 2d series, p. 122, t. 42)

ft. OY... WICKS)

T. pprovata, C.—J. A. N. Seiences, iv., 2d series, p. 123, t. 12,

t20. Clarb.

|, PAPYRIA, C.—Foss. Shells of Tert., p.41. A.J. Science, 1.,

ae [lees

is

2d series, p. 399, t. 4, £7. Claib.

. PLANA (Hgeria,) Lea.—Cont. to Geol. p. 54, t. 1, f 24. Con-

rad, A. J. Science, 1., 2d series, p. 400.

. SCANDULA, C.—A. J. Science, 1. 2d series, p. 400, t. 4, f. 8.

Claib.

. SmiiIMANI, C.—A. J. Science, 1, p. 399, 't.4, £9" Claib.
Mewrica, O—J. A. IN: Sciences, 1, 2d series ip: 125%, 125%,

28. Vicks.
T. euryterma, Gabb.—Proceed. A. N. Sciences, 1861, p. 369.
VICKSBURGENSIS.—J. A. N, Sciences, 1., 2d series, p. 123, t.
12, f. 32.

OF CONCHOLOGY. 5

Suscenus, PERONAODERMA, Poli.

. OVALIS (Hgeria,) Lea.—Cont. to Geol. p. 54, t. 1, f 25.--

Claib.
Supcenus, ARCOPAGIA, Brown.

T. ALTA, C.—Foss. Shells of Tert., p. 41. A. J. Science, 1. 2d

series, p. 399, t. 4, f. 10. Claib.

T. RAVENELI, C.-A. J. Science, i., 2d series, p. 400, t. 5, f. 1.

Claib.

T. SUBEQUALIS, C.—J.A.N. Science, i. 2d series, p. 129, t. 18,

i.
E.

EK.

f. 8. South Carolina.
| EGERIA, Lea.
DONACIA, C.—-Proceed. A. N. Science, 1864.
FUNERATA (Donaz,) C.—J. A. N. Science, iv., 2d series, p.
LOS: ta PS ke 9:
LIMATULA (Donax,) C._—Foss. Shells of Tert., p. 42.
#. triangulata, Lea.—Cont. to Geol. p. 51, t. 1, f. 20.
FE. Bucklandii, Lea.—Ibid., p. 21.

H? wana, Lea.—Tbid,, p. 55, t. 1, f. 26. -Claib.

EK.
. SUBTRIGONIA, Lea.——J bid, p. 58, t. 1, £22. Lbid.
. VENERIFORMIS, Lea.—Jdid., p. 538, t. 1, £25. Lbid.

rF FP PF PF PP Be

op

M.

OvALIS, Lea.——/bid., p. 54, t. 1, f. 24. Lbdrd.

ABRA, Leach.

. MISSISSIPPIENSIS, (Psammobia,) C.—J. A. N. Sciences, iv.,

2d series, p. 121, t. 12, f 20.

! NITENS, (Hgeria,) luea.—Cont. to Geol, p. 51, t. 1, f 19.

Claib.

. PEROVATA (Psammobia,) C.J. A. N. Sciences, i., 2d series,

palzdy tai lS Vacke:

. STAMINEA (corbis,) C.—J. A. N. Sciences, 1., 2d series, p. 124,

ieto, fe 20. Vicks.

. TELLINULA (Amphidesma,) C.—A. J. Science, i., new series,

p. 897, t. 4, £5. Claib.
SEMELE, Schum.

. LINOSA (Amphidesma,)C.—Foss. Shells of Tert., p. 42, Sillim.

‘Journal, 1., new series, p. 397, t. 4, f. 2. Claib.
MACTROPSIS, Conrad.
AHQUOREA (EHrycina,) C——Foss. Shells of Tert., p. 42. (Zri-
quetra,) A.J. Science, i., 2d series, p. 218, t. 2, f. 5. Claib.
Mactra Gray, Lea.—Cont. to Geol., p. 42, t. 1, f. 10.

M. RECTILINEARIS (/rycina,) C.—Foss. Shells of Tert., p. 42.

(Triquetra,) A.J. Science, i., 2d series, p. 218, t. 2, f. 8.
Claib.

VENERIDA.

MERETRIX, Lam.

M? yoaAKkumul, Gabb.—Proceed. A. N. Science, 1861, p. 370.

Texas.

6 AMERICAN JOURNAL

DOSINIOPSIS, Conrad.

D? aura (Dosinia,) C—Ex. and Surveys, Railroad Route to

D.
D.

Bee So

eats or oe O- Oe. Of 2

D.

D;

Pace. v., p. 820, t. 2, f.2. California.
Meek, C.-—Proceed. A. N. Science, 1864, p. 218. Mary-
land. :
LENTICULARIS (Cyth.,) Rogers.—Tran. A. P. Society, vi., 2d
series, p. 872, t.28, f.1. Virginia.

CHIONE, Megerle.’

. MISSISSIPPIENSIS ( Cytherea,) C.J. A. N. Science, 2d series,

p. 123, t. 18, f, 16. “Wicks.
DIONE, Gray.

. HQUOREA (Cytherea,) C.—Foss. Shells of Tert. p. 36.

C. Hydii, Lea——Cont. to Geol., p. 66, t. 2, f. 42.

. ASTARTIFORMH (Cytherea,) C.—-J. A. N. Sciences, i., 2d

series, p. 123, t. 18, £18. Vicks.

. CALIFORNIANA (Meretrix,) C—-Ex. and Surveys; Railroad

Route to Pac., p. 320, t. 2, f 4.

. DISCOIDALIS (Cytherea,) C.—Foss. Shells of Tert., p. 36.

Claib.
C. trigoniata, Lea.——Cont. to Geol., p. 67, t. 2, fi 44.
C. minima, Lea.——Ibid., p. 68, t. 2, f. 45.

. EVERSA (Cytherea,) C.—J. A. N. Sciences, 1., 2d series, p. 131,

t.14,f.21. Virginia.

_ IMITABILIS (Cytherea,) C.—J. A. N. Sciences, i., 2d series, p.

123, 13, £14. Vicks.

. LENIS (Cytherea,) C.—J. A. N. Sciences, 1., 2d series, p. 180,

t.14,f19. Virginia.

. LICIATA (Cytherea,) C——J. A. N. Sciences, 1., 2d series, p. 189,

t. 14, f.20. Virginia.

. Mortont (Cytherea,) C——J. A. N. Sciences, vii., 150.
. Nurrauit ( Cytherea,) C.—J. A. N. Sciences, vii, p. 149.

Claib.

. OVATA (Cytherea,) Rogers—Trans. A. P. Society, v., p. 840,

wi, t. 27, £2. “Wirginia.

. PERBREVIS (Cytherea,) C_—J. A. N. Sciences, 2d series 1, p.

23, t. 13, £18. “Virginia.

. PEROVATA (Cytherea,) C._Foss. Shells of Tert., p.87. Claib.

O. comis, Lea.——Cont. to Geol. p. 66, t. 2, f 41.

Pounsoni ( Cytherea,) C.—Foss. Shells of Tert., p. 36.
Claib.

(. globosa, Lea.—Cont. to Geol., p. 65, t. 2, f. 40.

PYGA (Cytherea,) C—J. A. N. Sciences, i, 2d series, p. 181,
t. 14, f.18. Virginia.

D. SOBRINA (Cytherea,) C.—J. A. N. Sciences, i, 2d series, p.

ort: to, a.07. Vieks.

OF CONCHOLOGY. vi

D. SUBORASSA (Cytherea,) Lea.--Cont. to Geol.,, p. 67, t. 2, f. 40.
Claib.
D. SUBIMPRESSA (Cytherea,) C.
p- 180, t.14,f26. Vicks.
D. uvASANA (Meretrix,) C—Ex. and Surveys; Railroad Route
to Pac. v., p. 820, t. 2, £3. California.
CYTHERIOPSIS, Conrad.

C. HYDANA (Cytherea,) C.—Foss. Shells of Tert., p. 36.
Gratelupia Moulinsii, Lea.——Cont. to Geol. p. 59, t. 2, f 33:
CARDIUM, Lin.
Suspgenus, CERASTODERMA, Poli.
C. EvERsUM, C.—J. A. N. Sciences, i., 2d series, p. 122, t. 12,
fib) Wace:
C. VICKSBURGENSE, C.—J/odid., t. 12, f. 16. Vicks.

Suscenus, TRACHYCARDIUM, Morch.
C. gLoBosum, C.J. A. N. Sciences, 1., 2d series, p. 122.
PROTOCARDIA, Beyrich.

P. GAMBRINA, Gabb.—Proceed. A. N. Sciences, 1861, p. 371.
Texas.

P. DIvERSA (Cardium,) C.—J. A, N. Sciences, 2d series, p. 122,
tls. tS Vicks:

P. diversa, Gabb.——Proceed., 1861, p. 370. Texas.

P. tima, C.—Amer. Jour. Conch. 1865 Enterprise, Miss.

P. Nicouett (Cardium,) C.—J. A. N. Sciences, viii, p. 190.
Louisiana.

J. A. N. Sciences, i., 2d series.

LAVICARDIUM, Swains.
LL. LINTEUM (Cardium,) O—-Ex. and Surveys; Railroad Route
to Pac. v., p. 820, t. 2, £1. California.

CHAMID Ai.
CHAMA, Lin.
C. MIssIssrPreNsis, C.—J. A. N. Sciences, 1. 2d series, p. 124,
tS ews | Nir less
VENERICARDIA, Lam.
V. ALTICOSTATA (Cardita,) C—A. J. Science xxii, p. 342,
Jan. 1833. Claib.
V. transversa, Lea.—Cont. to Geol. p. 68, t. 2, f. 46, 1834.
V. asciA, Rogers.—Trans. A. P. Science, vi., p. 374, t. 29, f.
2. Virginia.—TLbid.
V? BILINEATA (Cardita,) C—J. A. N. Sciences, i., 2d series, p.
128, t.14,f9. South Carolina. .
V. BLANDINGI, C.—J. A. N. Sciences, vi. p. 229, t. 9, f 20.
South Carolina.

n

8 AMERICAN JOURNAL

V. DENSATA (Cardita,) C—J. A. N. Sciences, 2d series p. 130,
t. 14, f. 24. Claib.
V. MONILIcosTA (Cardita,) ae ang eas, BN ~ Sciences,
1861, p. 371. exes. “Y
V. parva, Lea.—Cont. to Geol., é 70, t.2 2, £. 49.
V. PERANTIQUA, C.
Cardita subquadrata, Gabb.—J. A. N. Sciences, iv., 2d series,
p. 803, t. 48, f 22.—-Monmouth County, N. J.
V.PLANIcosTA, Lam., C.—Foss. Shells of Tert., p. 20, t. 5;
f.2: var. regia, Conrad. Piscataway, Md.
V. RoTUNDA, Lea—Cont. to Geol., p. 70, t. 2, f 48.
V. SILLIMANI, Lea.—Ibid., 47.
A. SUBQUADRATA (Cardita,) C—J. A. N. Sciences, i., 2d
series, p. 128, t. 14, f 9. -South Carolina.

LUCINIDAL,

CYCLAS, Klein.

Lucina, Brug.

C. ALVEATA, (Lucina,) C.—Foss. Shells. of Tert. p. 40, Nov.
P1885; A. .J. science, 152d ‘series. 402.04) f.12s
Claib.

LT. lunata, Lea.
Claib.

C. CARINIFERA (Lucina,) C.
2d series, p. 402, t. 4, f. 15. Claib.

C. cornuta (Lucina), Lea—Cont. to, Geol., p. 56, t. 1, f. 29.
Claib.

C. CLAIBORNENSIS, C.—Amer. Jour. Conch. 1865.

C. curtTa, C.—Amer. Jour. Conch. 1865. Enterprise.

L. DOLABRA (Lucina,) C.—Ibid., p. 40. Claib.

Astarte recurva, Lea.—Cont. to Geol. p. 61, t. 2, f. 34.

C. MODESTA (Lucina,) C.—A. J. Science, 1, 2d series, p. 403,
tet 3. | Oleab.

(, MISsISsIPPIENsIs (Lucina,) C.—J. A. N. Science, 1. 2d
series, p. 124, t. 12,£.22. Vicks.

C, PAPYRACEA (Lucina,) Lea.—Cont. to Geol. p. 58, t. 1, f. 31,
Claib.

C. PANDATA (Lucina,) C—Foss. Shells of Tert., p. 40, Claib.

LL. compressa, Lea.—Cont. to Geol., p. 50, t. 1, f. 27.

C» PERLEVIS, (Lucina,) C—J. A. N. Science, 1., 2d series, p.
124. Vicks

C. PpomILiIa (Lucina,) C—Foss. Shells of Tert., p.40. A. J.
Seience, 1., 2d series, p. 402, t. 4, f. 17. Claib.

C. IMPRESSA (Lucina,) Lea.—Cont. to Geol., p. 57, t. 1, f 380.

C. SUBVEXA (Lucina,) C.—Ibid., p. 40. A. J. Science, i., 2d

series, p. 4038, t. 4, f 14. Claib.

Cont. to Geol., p. 58, t. 1, f. 82. 1834.

OF CONCHOLOGY. 9

C. SYMMETRICA (Lucina,) C.—Foss. Shells of Tert., p. 40.
Claib.
L. rotunda, Lea.

Cont. to Geol. p: 56,4. 1, £ 28.
GAFRARIUM, Bolten.

G. DISTANS (Corbis,) C—Foss. Shells of Tert.,p.41. A.J.
Science, 1., 2d series, p. 401, t. 4; f. 11. . Claib.

C. undata ( Young.)—Foss. Shells of Tert.—Ibid., p. 41.

G. LIRATUM (Corbis,) C—A. J. Science, i., 2d series, p. 401,
t..4,f 16. A.J. Science, i., 2d series; p. 401; t: 442-16:
Claib.

Corbis lamellosa, Conrad, not Lam.
SCINTILLA, Deshayes.

S. OBLONGA (Kellia,) C-——J»A: N. Sciences, 1., 2d series, p. 125
te ist fey 2Oe VICKS,

MYSIA, Leach.

M.. ASTARTa#FORMIS, C.—J. A. N. Sciences, iv., 2d series, p.
296. Claib.

M. DELTOIDEA, C.—J. A. N. Sciences, iv., 2d series, p. 296.

M. EBURNEA (Loripes,) C—J. A. N. Sciences, i., 2d series, p.
124, t12; £. 23: Vicks.

M. niveENS (Hgeria,) Lea.—Cont. to Geol. p. 51, t. 1, f 19.
Claib.

M. uneuLINA, C.—Morton’s Org. Rem. Appendix, p. 7. Claib.
Astarte ungulina, C—A. J. Science, xxiil., p. 842. 1838.
Lgeria rotunda, Lea.—Cont. to Geol., p. 50, t. 1, f. 17. 18384.

SPH AZRELLA, Conrad.

S. INFLATA (Hgeria,) Lea.—Cont. to Geol. p. 50, t. 1, f. 18.

» Claib.

S. LEvis, C._— Amer. Jour. Conch. 1865. Claib.

S. TURGIDA (Loripes,) C—J. A. N. Sciences, 2d series, p. 124
ty 12y fe 2382 Vieks:

CRASSATELLID &.

ASTARTE, Sow.

A. PARILIS, C.—Wailes’ Ag. and Geol. of Miss., t. 14, f. 2.
Jackson, Miss.
A. PARVA, Lea.—Cont. to Geol., p. 63, t. 2, £ 37. Claib.
A. minor, Lea.—T bid., f. 88. Ibid.
A. TELLINOIDES, C.—A. J. Science, xxiii., p. 342. Claib.
A. Nicklinii, A. sulcata, Lea.—Cont. to Geol, p. 61, t. 2, f.
35, 86. Claib.
PTEROMERIS, Conrad.

P. MINUTISSIMA (Aséarte,) Lea—Cont. to Geol., p. 64, t. 2, f.
39. Claib.

?

?

c.

GQ

10 AMERICAN JOURNAL

GOULDIA,

. PERDITA, C.—Amer. Jour. Conch., 1865. Enterprise, Miss.

ALVEINUS, Conrad.

. PARVA, C.—Amer. Jour. Conch., 1865. Enterprise, Miss.

*" CRASSATELLA, Lam.

. ALZFORMIS, C.—J. A. N. Sciences, vi, p. 228, t. 10, f 1.

A. J. Science, p. 396, t. 3, f 3. Maryland.

. ALTA, C.—Foss. Shells of Tert., p. 31,t.7. A. J. Science,

1, 20 Series, Paced, t. 0,4. ‘Claib:

. ANTESTRIATA, Gabb.—J. A. N. Sciences, iv., 2d series, p.

O06, t. 67, £. 63. Texas.
CAPRI-CRANIUM, Rogers.—Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. vi.,
p. 375, t. 30, f 2. Virginia.

. FLEXURA, C.—Wailes’ Ag. and Geol. of Miss., t. 14, f. 7.
. MISSISSIPPIENSIS, C.—J. A. N. Sciences, i., 2d series, p. 122,

ted, ths LO. Vieks

C. pRopuctA, C.—Proceed. A. N. Sciences, 1862, p. 289. En-

M

ga

iP.
le

A

8.

terprise, Miss.

. PROTEXTA, C.—Foss. Shells of Tert., p. 22, t.8,f 2. A.

J. Science, 1., 2d series, p. 395, t.3, f. 2. Claib.

. PALMULA, C.—A. J. Science, i., 2d series, p. 396, t. 4, f. 1.

Maryland.

. RHOMBOIDEA, C.—A. J. Science, i. 2d series, p. 396, t. 3, f.

5. South Carolina.

. UVASANA, C.—Ex. and Surveys; Railroad Route to Pac.,

v., p. 820, t. 2, £5. California.
MYTILID A.
MYTILUS, Linn.

? HUMERUS, C.—Ex. and Surveys; Railroad Route to Pac.
v., p. 821, t. 2, f. 10.’ California.

_PERNA, Adanson.

CRETACEA (Modiola,) C_—Trans. Geol. Soc. Philadelphia, p.
340, t. 18, f. 2. Clarke County, Alabama.
MISSISSIPPIENSIS (Modiola,) C—J. A. N. Sciences, i., 2d
series, p. 126, t. 12, f£ 19. Vicks.
TEXxANA, Gabb.—Proceed. A. N. Sciences, 1861, p. 371.
Texas.
ARCOPERNA, Conrad.

. FILosA, C.—Amer. Jour. Conch., 1865. Enterprise, Miss.

STALAGMUM, Conrad, 1833.
Myoparo, Léa, 1834.
MARGARITACEUM, C.—Foss. Shells of Tert., p. 39. Claib.
Myoparo costatus, Lea—Cont. to Geol., p. 74, t. 2, f 51, 1854.

OF CCONCHOLOGY. ll

CRENELLA, Brown.

C? LATIFRONS, C.—J. A. N. Sciences, iv., 2d series, p. 296.
Alabama.

LITHOPHAGIN 4.
LITHOPHAGA, Bolten.
L. CLAIBORNENSIS (Lithodomus,) C.—J. A. N. Sciences, i., 2d
series, p. 182, t. 14, f. 27. Claib.
AVICULID.
AVICULA, Klein.

A. ARGENTEA, C.—J. A. N.Sciences, i., 2d series, p. 126, t. 12,
f. 10; Vicks.
A. LIMULA, C.—Foss. Shells of Tert., p. 39. Claib.
A. Claibornensis, Lea.—Cont. to Geol., p. 86, t. 3, f 65.
PINNA, Lin.

P. ARGENTEA, C.—J. A. N. Sciences, i., 2d series, p. 126, t. 12.
feelOs Vaeks:

TRIGONIID 4.
HIPPAGUS, Lea.—1834.

H. Isocarpio1pEs, Lea.—Cont. to Geol., p. 72, t. 2, f 50.

ARCIN &.

ARCA, Lin.
A. PROTRACTA (Byssoarca,) C..—J. A. N. Sciences, i., 2d series,

p. 126, t.13,f 26. Vicks.
ANOMALOCARDIA, Klein.

‘A. MISsIssIPPrENsis (Arca,) C.—J. A. N. Sciences, ig) Bel
Series, pr. 25, 6 Poet io. packs:

A. RHOMBOIDELLA (Arca,) Lea.—Cont. to Geol. pulley t: 2,
f 52:

CUCULL@ARCA, Conrad.
C. tim (Byssoarca,) C.—J. A. N. Sciences, i., 2d series, p. 125,
fi, f. 23.) “Vicks:
. CUCULLOIDES (Arca,) C.—Foss. Shells of Tert., p. 37.

. MISSISSIPPIENSIS (Byssoarca,) —J. A. N. Sciences, 1., 2d
Series, p. 125) t. Tomi 3d2 Vicks,

LATIARCA, Conrad, 1862.

elie

L. GIGANTEA (Cucullea,) C—J. A. N.Sciences,’ vi., p. 227, t.
10, f.4. Maryland.

L. ONONCHELA (Cucullea,) Rogers.—Trans. Amer. Philos.
S0c., vi, p. 372, t. 28, f. 2. Virginia.

i) AMERICAN JOURNAL

L. TRANSVERSA (Cucullxa,) Rogers.—Jbid, p. 378, t. 29, f. 1.
Virginia.
AXIN_AIN Ai.
AXINEA, Poli.

A. ArcTatus (Pectunc,).C.—J. A. N. Saieneee! 1, 2d Series, p.
125, 4. 18, £24... Wick:

A. BELLASCULPTA, C.—J. A. N. Sciences, iv., 2d series, p. 295.

A. IDONEA (Pectune,) C.—Foss. Shells of Tert., p. 39. Claib.

A. INTERCOSTATA, Gabb.—J. A. N. Sciences, iv., 2d series, p.
402, t.68,f2. Texas.

A. MISSISSIPPIENSIS (Pectunc,) C.—J. A. N. Sciences, i., 2d
Series,1p. 125, t. 18, £1.25. Vicks:

A. STAMINA (Pectunc,) C.—A. J. Science, xxiii, p. 842. 1838.

Claib.

A. TRIGONELLA (Pectunc,) C—A. J. Science, xxii., p. 342.

Pectunculus deltovdeus, Lea.—Cont. to Geol., p. 77, t. 38,
f. 50.

LIMOPSIS, Sarsi. -

L. AVICULOIDES (Pectunc.) C.—Foss. Shells of Tert., p. 39.

JA. N. Sciences; iv. 2d series, p:'297, t. 4.7, £ D2.
Pectunculus obliquus, Lea.——Cont. to Geol., p. 78, t. 8, f 57.

L. CORBULOIDES, (Pectunc.) C.—Foss. Shells of: Lert, p: 40:
J. A. N. Sciences, p. 297:

L. pEctsus, (Pectunc.) C._—Ibid,, p. 47, t. 18.

Noetia pulehra ? Gabb.—J. A. N. Sciences, iv. 2d series, p.
388, t. 67, f. 55.
L. DECLIVIS (Pectwnc.) C.—Foss. Shells of Tert., p. 16.
Pectune. minor, Lea.—Cont. to Geol. p. 77, t. 3, f 54.

L. Evuipsis (Pectwnc.) Lea.—Cont. to Geol., p. 78, t. 3, f. 56.
C.—J. A.. N. Sciences, iv., 2d series, p. 297, t. 47, f. 9.
Claib.

L. PECTUNCULARIS (Nucula,) Lea—ZTbid., p. 81, t. 3, f. 60.

~ Claib.

L. PERPLANUS (Pectunculus,) C.—Foss. Shells of Tert., p. 40.
J. A. N. Sciences, i1v., p. 297, t. 47, £. 16. Claib.

TRIGONOCZELIX.
T. cuNEus (Limopsis,) C.—J. A. N. Sciences, iv., 2d series, p.
297, t. 46, 2.17. s@lab:
NUCULID.
NUCULA, Lam.

N. CARINIFERA, Lea.—Cont. to Geol. p. 198, t. 6, f 212.
Claib.
N. mMag@nirFica, C.—Foss. Shells of Tert., p. 37. Claib

N

¥.

N.

N

N.

N.

A

Ae 1 al ah i aii ls i

ZA

Zi IZ

OF CONCHOLOGY. 13

N. Sedgewickei, Lea.—Cont. to Geol., p. 79, t. 8, f. 58.
. VICKSBURGENSIS, C.—J. A. N. Sciences, i. 2d series, p.
125, t: 185 £29. “Vieles:
YOLDIA, Moll.

EBOREA (Leda,) C—J. A. N. Sciences, iv., 2d series, p. 295,
t. 47, £. 26. Alab.

NUCULANA, Link.

ZAQUALIS (Nucula,) C.
N. media, Lea.—Cont. to Geol.
. BELLA (Nucula,) C—A. J. Science, xxii, p. 848. Claib.
CHLATA (Nucula,) C—A. J. Science, xxii, p. 843. Claib.
N. Brongniartii, Lea—Cont. to Geol.
CALCARENSIS (Nucula,) C—J. A. N. Sciences, i., 2d series,
p. 128, t. 14, £5. South Carolina.
. CLAIBORNENSIS,° (Nucula,) C.—J. A. N. Sciences, i, 2d
series, p. 131, t..14, f. 22.

. CAROLINENSIS (Nucula,) C.—Ibid., p. 128, t. 14, f. 3.
. compsA (Leda,) Gabb.—J. A. N. Sciences, iv., 2d series, p.
Sol. bool Lexas,
. CULTELLIFORMIS (Nuewla,) Rogers.—Trans. A. P. Soe., v.,
p. 399. Virginia.
. EQUALIS (Nucula,) C.—Foss. Shells of Tert., p. 46.
. IMPROCERA (Nucula,) C—J. A. N. Sciences, i., 2d series,
p. 131, t. 14, f 23. Virginia.
MAGNA, (Nucula,) Lea.—Cont to Geol., p. 197, t. 6, f. 121.
MEDIA (Nucula,) Lea.—Cont. to Geol.,p. 83, t. 3, f 62.
Claib.
MUCRONATA (Nucula,) C.—J. A. N. Sciences, i, 2d series,
p. 128, +t. 14, £2. Vicks.
OPULENTA (Nucula,) C.—Foss. Shells of Tert., p. 46. Claib.
OVULA (Nucula,) Lea.—Cont. to Geol., p. 80, t. 8, f 59.
. PARILIS (Nucula,) C—J. A. N. Sciences, i., 2d series, p.
132, te 14. HS.
. PARVA (Nucula,) Rogers.—Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., v., p.
340.
PLANA (Nucula,) Lea.—Cont. to Geol., p. 199, t. 6, f 218.
Claib.

. PLICATA (Nucula,) Lea.—Cont. to Geol., p. 85, t. 8, f 64

Claib.
. PROTEXTA, Amer. Jour. Conch., 1865.

. PULCHERRIMA (Nucula,) Lea.—Cont. to Geol., p. 84, t. 3,

£695. Claib.

. SEMEN (Nucula,) Lea.—Cont. to Geol., p. 200, t. 6, f 214.
Claib.

. SERICA, C.—J. A. N. Sciences, i., 2d series, p. 125, t. 18, f.
29* Vicks.

14 AMERICAN JOURNAL

N. SUBTRIGONA (Nucula,) C.—J. A. N. Sciences, i., 2d series,

P.

p. 128, t.14, £4. South Carolina.
PECTINIDZ.
PECTEN, Lin.

ANATIPES, Morton.—Org. Rem. Cret. Group, p. 58, t. 5, f.
4. St. Stephens, Alabama.

P. cALvATUs, Morton.—Org. Rem. Cret. Group, p. 58, t. 10, f.

8. ‘South Carolina.

P. DesHAystI, Lea.—Cont to Geol., p. 87, t. 8, £66. Claib.

P. Lyell, Lea—Tbid., p. 88, t. 8, £ 67.—Lbid.

P. HouBrooktt, Ravenel.—Proceed. A. N. Sciences, 11., p. 96,

P;

Pero gard

2

A. sucosa, C.—Proceed. A. N. Sciences, i., p. 310. iii, t. 1

South Carolina.
MEMBRANOSUS, Morton.—Org.-Rem. Cret. Group, p. 59, t.
10, f. 4. South Carolina.

. NuPERUS, C.—Proceed. A. N. Sciences, vii., p. 259. Wailes’

Geol. Miss., pl., xiv. f. 11. Jackson.

. PERPLANUS, Morton.—Org. Rem. Cret. Group, p. 58, t. 14,

f. 8. St. Stephens.

. Poutson1, Morton.—Org. Rem. Cret. Group., p. 59, t. 19,

f.2. St. Stephens.

. SPILLMANI, Gabb.—J. A. N. Science, iv., p. 402, t. 68, f. 3.

Alab.
AMUSSIUM, Klein.
. Mortont (Pecten,) Ravenel.—Proceed. A. N. Science,s i1.,
p- 96. South Carolina.
RADULA, Klein.

. STAMINEA (Zima,) C.—J. A. N. Science, i. 2d series, p.

126; 4.13, £30. Vieks.

SPONDYLID.
SPONDYLUS, Lin.

. DuMosus (Plagiostoma,) Morton.—Org. Rem. Cret. Group,

p- 59, t. 16,f. 8. Clarke County, Alabama.
PLICATULA, Lam.

. FILAMENTOSA, C.—Foss. Shells of Tert., p. 88. Claib.

P. Mantelli, Lea—Cont. to Geol., p. 89, t. 3, f. 68.

ANOMIIDA.
ANOMIA, Lin.

f.15. South Carolina.

A. RuFFINI, C.—Proceed. A. N. Sciences.
OSTREA, Lin.
O. ALABAMIENSIS, Lea.—Cont. to Geol., p. 91, t. 8, f. 71.

Claib.

OF CONCHOLOGY. 15

O. princerna, (young.)—Jobid., f. 78.
O. lingua-canis.—I bid., f. 72.
O. CAROLINENSIS, C.—Foss. Shells of Tert., p. 27, t. 14, f. 1.
South Carolina.
O. COMPRESSIROSTRA, Say.—J. A. N. Sciences, iv., p. 182, t. 8
f.2. U. Marlboro,’ Md.
O. Bellovacina, C. not Lam.—Proceed. N. Instit., p. 172.
O. GrorGIANA, C.—J. A. N. Sciences, vii, p. 156. Savannah
River, Georgia.
O. stnuosa, Rogers.—Trans. Amer. Philos. Soe. v., p. 340.
Wl Pe 21,0 1.) Virginiat
O. STELLZFORMIS, C.—Foss. Shells of Tert., p. 27, t. 18, f. 2.
Claib.
QO. divaricata, Lea.—Cont. to Geol., p. 91, t. 3, f. 70.
O. radians, Conrad.—Foss. Shells of Tert., p. 27, t. 18, f. 1.
O. semilunata, Lea.—Cont. to Geol., p. 90, t. 8, f. 69.
O. TRIGONALIS, C.—Proceed. A. N. Sciences, vii, p. 259.
Wailes’ Geol. Miss., t. 14, f. 10. Jackson.
SuBGENUus, GRYPH(CEOSTREA, Conrad.

O. SUBEVERSA, C.—Amer. Jour. Conch., 1865. U. Marlboro’,
Maryland. uy,
ANOMIA, Lin.
A. EPHIPPIOIDES, Gabb.—J .A. N. Sciences, iv., 2d series, p.
388, t. 67, f.59. Texas.

0
BRACHIOPODA.
THREBRATULID.

TEREBRATULINA, D’Orbigny.

T. GRactuis, Schloth—Die Petrifactenkunde, p-. 270, No. 35.

Alabama.
T. LACHRYMA (Terebratula,) Morton. —Org. Rem. Cret. Group,

p. 72, t. 10, f. 11 and 16, 6. Near Claib. Alabama, South
Carolina.

TEREBRATULA, Lihyd.

T. CANIPES, Ravenel. raters AON Scicnges peo:
Cane

anne

CEPHALOPODA.
ATURIA, Bronn.
A. ALABAMENSIS (Nautilus,) Morton.—Org. Rem. Cret. Group
p. 38, t. 18, f. 8. Clarke County, Alabama.

A. VANUXEMI (Pelagus,) C—J, A. N. Sciences, i., 2d series, p.
130, Ae Lb. Nl

),

w/

16 AMERICAN JOURNAL

BELOSEPIA, Voltz.

B. unGuLA, Gabb.—J. A. N. Sciences, iv., 2d series, p. 376, t.
67, f. 1, 2, 38,4. Wheelock.

)
GASTEROPODA.

MORICIDA.
MUREX, Lin.

M. enconatus, C.—Foss. Shells of Tert., p. 30. Claib.
Fusus sexangulus, C—J. A.N. Sciences, vii, p. 144.
M. Manreui, C.—J. A. N. Sciences, vii, p. 154. Claib.
M. Conradi—D'Orb. Prodromus, ii, , p- "364, 548.
M. MISSISSIPPIENSIS, C.—J. A.N. Sciences, i , 2d series, p.. b16,
t. 11, £30. Vicks.
M. morutus, C.—J. A. N. Sciences, vi., 2d series, p. 298, t.
AT, f.28. Alabama.
M. sEPTENARIUS, C.—J. A. N. Sciences, vil., p. 159. Claib.
M? vAMUXEMI. C.—Proceed--A;-N-Seiences, 1864. Claib.
TYPHIS, Mont,

T. GRAcILIS, C—A. J. Science, xxii, p. 844. Claib.
Murex alternata. Lea.—Cont. to Geol.
ODONTOPOLYS, Gabb.
O. CoMPSORHYTIS, Gabb.—J. A. N., Sciences, iv., 2d series, p.
uiieth. Ol, te LO,

FUSID i.
FUSUS, Lam.
F. ExpPLicATus, C.—Foss. Shells of Tert., p. 48. Claib.
F. rrrasus, C.—J. A. N. Sciences, vit, p. 145. Claib.
F. MISSISSIPIENSIS, C.—J. --A. N. Sciences, 1.,:2d. series, p. 117,
ff) 84).7) Vicks.
F. Mortonit, Lea.—Cont. to Geol., p. 145, t. 5, f 145. Claib..
I. Morrontopsis, Gabb.—J. A. N. Sciences, iv., 2d series, p.
Bis i Ol, 1. c0 oe exes.
F. PROTEXTUS, C.—Foss. Shells of Tert., p: 48. Claib.
F. staMIneus, C.—Jbid., p. 48. Claib.
F. SALEBROSUS, C.—J. A. N. Sciences, vu., p. 145. Claib.

SIPHO, Klein,

Nepiunea, Bolton.

S. BELLA, (Fusus,) C.—Foss. Shells of Tert., p.48. Claib.
Fusus crebissimus, Lea.—Cont. to Geol., p. 147, t.5 f. 149.
Claib.
S. CONYBEARII, (Fusus.) Lea.—Cont to Geol., p. 149, t. 5. f
154. Claib.

OF CONCHOLOGY. 17

S. DECISA (Fusus,) C.—Foss. Shells of Tert., p. 48. Claib.

S. DELABECHIT (fusus,) Lea—Cont. to Geol., p. 148, t. 5, f
151. Claib.

S.-uinteEA (Neptunea,) C—Proceed. A. N- Sciences, 1865.

Claib.

S. MAGNocosTaTa (Fusus,) Lea.—Cont. to Geol., p. 147, t. 5,
f. 150. Claib.

S. oRNATA (Fusus,) Lea.—Cont. to Geol., p. 148, t. 5, f. 152.
Claib.

S. PUMILA, (Musus,) Lea, (young shell.)—Cont. to Geol., p. 215,
ion f 226. “Claib:

S. VICKSBURGENSIS (Fusus,) C—J. A. N. Sciences, i., 2d series,
perliy, t. 111 338., Vicls:

S. VENusTA (fusus,) Lea—Cont. to Geol., p. 145, t. 5, f. 148)

STREPSIDURA, Swainson.

S. LIMULA (Fusus,) C.—Foss. Shells of Tert., p. 48, 2d edi-
tion, p. 53, t. 18, f. 4. Claib:

S. LINTEA (Fusus,) C—Amer. Jour. Conch., 1865. Claib.

S. PERLATA, (fusus,) C.—Foss. Shells of Tert., p. 54, t. 18, f
5. | Claib.

Fusus acutus, Lea—Cont. to Geol., p. 149, t. f. 5. 153.
PAPILLINA, Conrad. * rise
P. ALTILIS (Pusus,) C.—Foss. Shells of Tert.; p. 48. Claib.
P. MISSISSIPPIENSIS, C.—Proceed. A. N. Sciences, vii., p. 262.

Wailes’ Geol. Miss., p. 17, f. 10. Jackson.
P. PAPILLATUS (Fusus,) C.—Lbid., p. 29. Claib.
LEVIFUSUS, Conrad.
L. BLAKE! (Busycon ?) C_—Ex. and Surveys, Railroad Route
to Pac. v., p. 822, t. 2, f..138. California. oi
L. TRABEATUS (Fusus,) C.—Koss. Shells of Tert., p. 29. Claib.
Fusus bicarinatus, Lea.—Cont. to Geol, p. 146, t. 5, f. 147
LIROFUSUS, Conrad,
L. THoRAcIcUS (fMusus,) C.—Foss. Shells of Peto Un}
Claib.
Fusus deculsstus, Lea.—Cont. to Geol., p. 145,
Fusus nanus ? (young,) Lea.—T bid., p. 150, t. 5,
BULBIFUSUS, Conrad.
B, INAURATUS (Husus,) C. Foss Shells of Tert., p.29. Claib.
Fusus Fittonir, Lea—Cont. to Geol., p. 150, t. 5, f. 156.
Fusus minor, Lea—Tbid., p. 158. fase
Fusus parva, Lea.—T bid., p. 157. ‘oe
CLAVELLA; Swains, es
C. HUMEROSA, C.— Proceed. A. N. Sciences, vii, p. 259, +

Wailes’ Geol. Miss., rs 15, £2. Jackson. D y if Rye),

tacos
pea lisa

C.

Di 27

py = (Op\— GB Op tp dp) ip

op)

RN mM nm

18 AMERICAN JOURNAL

PACHYLEURA (fusus,) C. J. A. N. Sciences, viii., p. 199, 1.,
2d series, p. 132, t. 14, f 25. Alabama.

_ MissISsIPPrENsis, C.—Proceed. A. N, Sciences, vil., p. 259.

Wailes’ Geol., Miss., p. 17, f. 8. Jackson.

. RAPHANOIDES, (Fusus,) C7 Am Sciences, vil, p. 144.

Claib.

. VARICOSA, C.—Proceed. A. N.Sciences, vii., p. 159. Wailes’

Geol. Miss. p. 16, f. 7. Jackson.

. VICKSBURGENSIS, C.—J. A. N. Sciences, i. 2d series, p. 207 :

iv., 2d series, p. 41, t.1, £5. Vicks.
EXILIFUSUS, Conrad.

. THALLOIDES (fusus,) C-—Foss. Shells of Tert., p.43. 2d

edition, t. 18, f. 12. Claib.

PLEUROTOMID2.
SURCULA, Adams.

. ACUTIROSTRA (Pleurot.,) C.—Foss. Shells of Tert., p. 52, t.

17,f£.21. 2d edition, p. 50, t. 17, £3. Claib.

. ALTERNATA (Pleuwrot.,) C.—Foss. Shells of Tert., p. 40, 2d

edition. p. 50, t. 17, £18. Claib.
Baumontil, (Pleurot.,) Lea.—Cont. to Geol., p. 134, t. 4, f.
127. Claib.

. BISERIATA, (Pleurot.,) C.—Morton’s Org. Rem. of Cret.

Group. Appendix 4.

. CALATA (Pleurot.,) Lea—Cont. to Geol., p. 132, t. 4, f. 1238.

Claib.

. COCHLEARIS, (Pleurot.,) C_—J. A. N. Sciences, i., 2d series,

palo: t. 111. 23.’ . Vicks.

. CONGESTA (Pleurot.,) C—J. A. N. Sciences, 1., = series, p.

PS agai) tf. 19s) Wicks!

_ CHILDRENI (Pleurot.,) Lea.—Cont. to Geol., p. "187, t. 4, f.

12." OC lari:

. DECLIVA, (Pleurot.,) C.—J. A. N. Sciences, i., 2d series, p.

116, t. 11, £27. Vicks.

. DEPYGIS (Pleurot.,) C—Foss. Shells of Tert., p.46. 2d

edition, p. 52, t.17, f. 20. Claib.

. DESNOYERSII (Pleurot.,) Lea.—Cont. to Geol, p. 1385, t. 4,

f. 128. “Claib:
GABBII, C.—Amer. Jour. Conch., 1865: Texas:

. GEMMATA (Pleurot.,) C—Foss. Shells of Tert., p. 52, t. 17,

f.22. Claib.
KE.Luoail (Turris,) Gabb.—J. A. N. Sciences, iv., 2d series,
p. 0/9, t. 67, £10. “Dexas.

. LINTEA, C. Proceed. A. N. Sciences. 1865. Texas.
. LIRATA, C.—Proceed. A. N. Sciences, 1865. Claib.
. MONILIFERA (Pleurot.,) Lea.—Cont. to Geol., p. 133, t. 4, f.

126. Claib.

OF CONCHOLOGY. 19

S. NODOCARINATA (Pleurot.,) Gabb.—J. A. N. Sciences, iv.,
2d series, p. 379, t. 67, f. 18. Texas.

S. NUPERA (Pleurot.,) C.—Foss. Shells of Tert., p.46. 2d edition,
po Ol, t. Ll 162; Claib,

S. OBLIQUA (Plewrot.,) Lea.—Cont. to Geol., p. 186, t. 4, f. 181.
Claib.

S. ROTADENS (Pleurot.,) C.—J. A. N. Sciences, i., 2d series, p.
PUGS) Lids £265 -sNaeks:

S. RuGosA (Pleurot.,) Lea—Cont. to Geol. p. 186, t. 4, f 130.
Claib.

S. RUGATINA, C.—Proceed. A. N. Sciences, 1865. Claib.

S. Savi (Pleurot.,) Lea—Cont. to Geol. p. 182, t. 4, f. 125.
Claib.

5

S

. SERVATA (Pleurot.,) C_—J. A. N. Sciences, iv., 2d series, p.

115, 4.148 1S. 0) Vaeles
. SUBEQUALIS (Pleurot.,) C.—Foss. Shells of Tert., p. 51, t.

IM, f. 28. »Clarb:

5S. TABULATA (Pleurot.,) C.—Foss. Shells of Tert., p.46, 2d edi-
tion, p. 50, t. 17, £14. Claib.

P. celata, Lea.—Cont. to Geol.

S. TENELLA (Pleurot.,) C.—J. A. N. Sciences, i., 2d series, p.
tot. lis t 226 f Vicks,

S. Texana (Turris,) Gabb.—J. A. N. Sciences, iv., 2d series,
Paove, i100; t. bh Texas.

DRILLIA, Gray.

115, t. 11, £25. Vicks.

115, t. 11, f. 24. Vicks.
LAVIs, C.—Amer. Jour. Conch., 1865. Claib.

Be Yb

124. Claib.
D. MIsSISSIPPIENSIS (Pleurot.,) C.—J. A. N. Sciences, i., 2d
series, py 115, t. UL Ee, Vicks.

D? TANTULA (Pleurot.,) C_—J. A. N. Sciences, i., 2d series, p.

115, t.11,£21. Vicks.

D. Texana, C.—Amer. Jour. Conch., 1865. Wheelock, Texas.

MONILIOPSIS. Conrad.

M. ELABORATA (Pleurot.,)—Foss. Shells of Tert., p. 46, 2d edi-

tion, p. 52, t. 17, f. 19. Claib.

Turris retifera? Gabb.—J. A. N. Sciences, iv., 2d series, p.

oto t. 61, f, 12a aiexcas:
COCHLESPIRA, Conrad.

C. cristata (Pleurot.,) C—J. A. N. Sciences, i., 2d series, p.

115, t.11, £20. Vicks.

. ABUNDANS (Pleurot.,) C.—J. A. N. Sciences, 1., 2d series, p.

. EBOROIDES (Pleurot.,) C.—J. A. N. Sciences, 1., 2d series, p.

. Lonspauit (Pleurot.,) Lea—Cont. to Geol. p. 182, t. 4, f.

20 AMERICAN JOURNAL

Turris cristata, Gabb.—Tbid., iv., p..378, t. 67, f. 8.
C. ENGONATA, C.—Amer: Jour; Conch., 1865. . Claib.,; and
Texas.

CONORBIS, Swains.

CONOIDES (Pleurc?.,) C.—Foss. Shells of Tert., p. 51, t. 17,
eas.” Claib.

C. PORCELLANA (Pleurot.,) C.—J. A. N. Sciences, i., 2d series,
pid4, t. 2a fale: Witelss:

EXILIA, Conrad.

HK. PERGRACILIS, C.—J. A. N. Sciences, iv., 2d series, p. 291,
t. 46, f 84. Texas.

EUCHEILODON, Gabb.

K. RETICULATA, Gabb—J. A. N. Sciences, iv., 2d series, p.
o00) t. O7,2.,18. ,, Dexas.
SCOBINELLA, Conrad, August, 1848.

S. CHLATA, C.—J. A. .N. Sciences, i., 2d ‘series, p. 120, t. 12, f.
8,9. Vicks.

5S? CRASSIPLICATA, Gabb.—J. A. N. Setences, iv., 2d series, p.
S000) 67,f. 1O.qsBexag

5? LAWVIPLIcaTA, Gabb.—Jbid., f:20. Texas.

TRITONIDA.

SIMPULUM, Klein.
Tritonium, Link., Triton, Lam.

Q

S. EXILIS, C—J. A. N. Sciences, iv., 2d series, p: 293, t. 47,
f. 21. Alabama.
SuseENus, EPIDROMUS, Klein.
S. oTopsis, C.—J. A. N. Sciences, iv., 2d series, p. 298, t. 47,
f. 25. (autopsis err.)
. SHOWALTERI (Triton,) C—J. A. N. Sciences, iv., 2d series,
p.292, t. 47; f. 11. ° Alabama.
BUCCITRITON, Conrad.
B. ALTUp, C.—Proceed. A. N. Sciences, 1865. Texas.
_B. sAGENUM, (Buecinum,) O—Foss. Shells of Tert., p. 84. Claib.

Nassa cancellata, Lea.—Cont. to Geol., p. 165, t. 5, f. 170.
B. TEXxANwUM, (Phos.,) Gabb.

TRITONOPSIS, Conrad,

T. SUBALVEATUM (Zriton,) C._—J.A. N. Sciences, i., 2d series,
p. 20751. 41, foes a areles:

DISTOR{TIO, Bolten.

D. CRASSIDENS (Zriton,) C—J. A. N. Sciences, i., 2d series, p.
118-4 11.4 40;° Vaeke:

OD)

OF CONCHOLOGY. 21

Distortriz crassidens, C—Proceed. A. N. Sciences, vii, p. 31.
Supcenus, PERSONELLA, Conrad.
D. SEPTEMDENTATA, Gabb.—J. A. N.. Sciences, iv., 2d series,
p. 880, t. 67, f: 21. Texas,
BURSA, Bolten.
B. ABBREVIATA (Triton.,) C—J. A. N. Sciences, i., 2d series,
pellsy it 742> WVacks:
B. MISSISSIPPIENSIS (Triton.,) C—TIbid,, f. 41. Vicks.
$ANELLINA, Conrad.

R. Machurut (Ranella,) C—Foss. Shells of Tert., p. 55, t. 18
f. 9. Claib.

RAGENELLA, Conrad.
5. BELLALYIRATA (Phos,) Gabb.—Proceed. A. N. Sciences,
1861, p. 867.,~ Claib:
S. Texana, C—-Amer. Joun., Conch., 1865.
BUCCINID A.
TRITEIARIA, Conrad.
T. MISSISSIPPIENSIS (Buccinum,) C—J. A. N. Sciences, i., 2d
series, p. LLG iLike i. 23. Vicks!
LAVIBUCCINUM, Conrad. .
L. PRORSUM (Buccinum,) C.—Foss. Shells of Tert., p. 45. Claib.

PURPURID.
LACINIA, Conrad.

L. ALVEATA (Melongena,) C—A. J. Science, xxiii, p. 344.—
Posse ouells ot Vert... o4,,t; 1p, t.2.- Cleib:
Pyrula Smith, Lea.—Cont. to Geol., p. 155, t. 5, £ 162.
Lacinia alveata, C—Proceed. A. N. Sciences.
CORNULIRIA, Conrad.

CO. ARMIGERA (Monoceros,) C.—¥oss. Shells of Tert., p. 44. 2d
edition, p. 37, t 15, f 12 Olaib.
Fusus Taitii, Lea—Cont. to Geol., p. 152, t. 5, f 159.
C. CRASSICORNUTA (Melongena,) C——J. A. N. Sciences, i., 2d
Series, p..116, t-11,f.:31) ‘Vicks.

SULCOBUCCINUM, D’Orbigny.
SusGEeNnus, BUCCINORBIS, Conrad.

. CARINATA, C., M.S., Gabb.—J. A. N. Sciences, iv., 2d series,
p. 081, t..67, f. 32.

. FUSIFORMIS, C., M.S., Gabb.—Joérd., f. 30.

. LINOSA, C., M.S., Gabb.—Joérd., f. 31.---Texas.

. PERSPECTIVA, C., M.S., Gabb.—Jodid., f. 29. Jackson.

ae}ime} | ole lac!

92 AMERICAN JOURNAL

P. TUBERCULIFERA, C.—J. A. N. Sciences, iv., 2d series, p.
294,t.47, £27. Alabama.
lee verusta (Monoceros,) C.— —Foss. Shells of He ,p. 44. 2d edi-
tion, p. 87, t. 15, £3. . Claib.
Monoceros pyr uloides, Lea.—Cont. to Geol., p. 161, t. 5, f. 166.
M. fusiformis—l1 bid, CLG, :

DACTYLIDA.
LAMPRODOMA, Swains.

L. ALABAMENSIS (Oliva,) C.—Foss. Shells of Tert., p. 82. 2d
edition, p. 41, t. 16, f. 3. Claib.
O. Grenoughi, Lea.—Cont. to Geol., p. 183, t. 6, f. 197.
O. dubia, Lea.—Tbid., f. 198.
L. BOMBYLIS (Oliva,) C.—Foss. Shellsof Tert., p. 32. 2d edition,
p. 42, t. 16, f. 4. Claib.
O. constricta, Lea.—Cont. to Geol., p. 182, t. 6, f. 195.
L. Graciuts (Oliva,) Lea.—Tbid., f. 196. Claib.
L. MISSISSIPPIENSIS (Oliva,) C.—J. A. N. Sciences, 1. 2d
series, p. 119, t. 13, f. 6, 388... Vicks.
L. Puruuipsit (Oliva,) Lea—Cont. to Geol. p. 184, t. 5, f. 199.
Claib.

ANCILLOPSIS, Conrad, 1864.

A. ALTILE (Ancillaria,) C_—Foss. Shells of Tert., p. 24, t. 10,
face. Claib:
Anolax gigantea, Lea.—Cont. to Geol., p. 180, t. 6, f. 198.
A. SCAMBA (Anevll.,) C—Foss. Shells of Tert., p. 25, t. 10, f.
4, Claib.
A. SUBGLOBOSA (Anceill.)—Tbid., f. 3. Claib.
A. TENERA (Ancill.,) C_—Ibid., p. 42, t..16, f. 5. Claib.

TORTOLIVA, Conrad.

T. Texana, C.—Amer. Jour. Conch., 1865.
OLIVULA, Conrad.

O? piicata (Anolax,) Lea—Cont. to Geol., p.181, t. 6, f. 194.
Claib.
QO, PUNCTULIFERA (Agaronia,) Gabb.—J. A. N. Sciences, iv.,
2d series, p. 381, t. 67, f. 22. Texas.
O. sTAMINEA-—Foss. Shells of Tert. pi 2594910, fo: Claib.
Anaulax staminea, C.—Proceed. ALN. Sciences, L857, Pp.
166.
MONOPTYGMA, Lea.
M. ALABAMIENSIS, Lea.—Cont. to Geol., p. 186, t. 6, f. 201.
M. crassipLica, O.—J. A. N. Sciences, iv., 2d series, p. 384,
te O01, 1. O05 yh exas:
M. curta, C.—Amer. Jour. Conch. 1865. Claib.

OF CONCHOLOGY. 23

M. LYMNEOIDES (Ancillarta,) C._—Foss. Shells of Tert., p. 44. 2d

edition, p. 42, t. 16, f. 6. Claib.

FASCIOLARIID A.
FASCIOLARIA, Lam,

'? ELEVATA, Lea.—Cont. to Geol., p. 143, t. 5, f. 148. Claib.

B.

BUSYCON, Bolten.

NODULATUM (Fulgur,)C.—J. A. N. Sciences, i., 2d series,
pe200. ivy puAl ee Tykoy f._. Vacke:

B. SPINIGER (Fusus,) C—J. A. N. Sciences, i, 2d series, p.

i

<q <<<< <

Petty B32. Wicks:
LATIRUS, Montfort.
Suscenous, PERISTERNIA, Morch.

PLICATUS (Fasciolaria,) Lea.—Cont. to Geol., p. 148, t. 5, t.
142. Claib.

TURBINELLID A.
MAZZA, Klein.

Turbinella, Lam.

. WILSONI (Turbinella,) C.—J. A. N. Sciences, 1., 2d series,

pe 120 AL2 fs las Vices:
MAZZALINA, Conrad.

. PYRULA, C.—J. A. N. Sciences, iv., 2d series, p. 295. <Ala-

bama.
CORDIERIA, Rouatt.

. GRACILIS, C.—Proceed. A. N. Sciences, 1865. Claib.
. Moore! (Fasciolaria,) Gabb.—J. A. N. Sciences, iv., 2d

series, p. 882, t. 67, f 27. Texas.

. PEREXILIS (TJurbinella,) C.—J. A. N. Sciences, 1., 2d series,

pe 121, t. 13) 452.4 0 Vieks:

}. PROTRACTA (Turbinella,) C_—J. A. N. Sciences, i., 2d series,

pet2OF te ler iy is eV Gs,
VOLUTIDA.
VOLUTILITHES, Swainson.

. CALIFORNIANA, C—Ex. and Surveys; Railroad Route to

Pac; v., p/ 322, t. 276 9.) California.

. DuMosA, C.—Wailes’ Geol. Miss., p. 16, f. 1. Jackson.

. IMPRESSA, C.—Amer. Jour. Conch., 1865. Texas.

. INDENTA, C.—Amer. Jour. Conch., 1865. Texas.

, LIMopsis, C.—J. A. N. Sciences, iv., 2d series, p. 292, t. 47,

f. 24. Alabama.

. PETROSA ( Voluta,) C_—Foss. Shells of Tert., p. 29. 2d edition,

p. 41, +. 16,£2. Claib.

QA AMERICAN JOURNAL

Voluta Vanuxemi, Lea——Cont. to Geol., p. 178, t. 6, f. 182.
V. RUGATA, C.—J. A. N. Sciences, V1, ad series, p. 299, t. 47,
f, 32. Alabama. .

V. sayana ( Voluta,) C.—Foss. Shells of Tert., p. 29. 2d edition,

p. 41, t.16, £1. Claabs
Voluta Defrancit, Lea—Cont.'to Geol., p. 171, t. 6, f£. 179.
Voluta gracilis, Lea.—Cont. to Geol., p. 172, t. 6, f. 180.
7oluta parva, Lea.—Cont. to Geol p. Lis, t: Gf ere
V. symMMETRICA, C.—Wailes’ Geol. Miss., p. 15, f. 6. Jackson.
Suscenus, ATHLETA, Conrad.

V. Tuomeyi, C.—Proceed. A. N. Sciences, vi., 449. Alabama.
Older iocenes i4

CARICELLA, Conrad.

C. BOLARIS (Mitra,) C.—Foss. Shells of Tert., p. 84. 2d edition,
p.43;t 16°f"11. -Claib.
Mitra Humboldtit, Lea.—Cont. to Geol., p. 170, t. 6, f. 178.
M. Parkinsonii, Lea—Cont. to Geol. ?. 175, t. 6, f. 184.
©, pEmMissa, C.—J. A. N. Sciences, 1., Od series, p. 1204. ai
fo. Vicks,
C. potiaTta (Mhitra,) C.—Foss. Shells of Tert., p. 84. Claib.
Voluta prisca, C—Foss. Shells of Tert., p. 48, t. 16, f. 11.
V. Cooperit, Lea.—Cont. to Geol., p. 175, t. 6, f. 185.
. Fiuemineit (Mitra,) Lea—TLbid., p. 170, t. 6, £177. Claib.
Voluta striata? Lea—Cont. to Geol., p. 174, t. 6, f 188.
. PRHTENUIS (Turbinella,) C_—Foss. Shells of Tert., p. 45, 2d
edition, p. 44, t. 17, f.1. Claib.
. PoLITA, C.—Wailes’ Geol. Miss., pl. xvi. f. 4. Jackson.
. PYRULOIDES (Zwurbinella,) C.—Foss. Shells of Tert., p. 24,
tel Oma gO lanb.
C. SUBANGULATA, C.—Wailes’ Geol. Miss., pl. xv., f. 8. Jack-
son, Miss.

EG) 4Q@

OTOCHEILUS, Conrad.
O. NEREIDIS (Cythara,) C—J. A. N. Sciences, vi., 2d series, p.
2938. Alabama.
O. MISSISSIPPIENSIS (Mulgoraria,) C.—J. A.N. Sciences, i., 2d
series, p. 119, t.131. Vicks.

MITRIDA.
LAPPARIA, Conrad.

L. pumosa (Mitra.,) C.—Proceed. A. N. Sciences, vii, p. 260.
Wailes’ Geol. Miss., pl. xv., f 4. Jackson, Miss.

L. Moorreana (Mitra. .) Gabb. —J. ALN. Sciences, iv., 2d series,
p. 383, t. 67, £1 24. ‘Texas.

L. PACTILIS (Mitra.,) C.—Foss. Shells of Tert., p: 46. 2d edition,
p. 48, t. 16, f. 21. Claib.

OF CONCHOLOGY. 95

Suscenus, CALLITHEA, Swains.

M. extn, Gabb.—J. A. N. Sciences, iv., 2d series, p. 388, t.
64,1. 23; Texas.
FUSIMITRA, Conrad.

F. CELLULIFERA, C.—J. A. N. Sciences, i., 2d series, p. 119, t:
bef 3." Vieks:
F. conquisita, C—J. A. N. Sciences, 1., 2d series, p. 119, t. 12,
[eas 2 V rele:
M. Millingtoni, C—Proceed. A. N. Sciences, vii., p. 261.
Wailes’ Geol., Miss., pl. xvi, f.5. Jackson, Miss.
F? tingata (Mira.,) Lea—Cont. to Geol., p. 168, t. 5, f. 174.
Claib.
F? mintma (Mira.,) Lea.—Tbdid,, t. 6, f. 175. Claib.
EF? PEREXILIS (Mfitra.,) C.—Foss. Shells of Tert., p.46. 2d edi-
tion, p. 42, t. 16, f. 7. Claib.

CONOMITRA, Conrad.

C. FusompEs (Mira.,) Lea—Cont. to Geol., p. 169, t. 6, f. 176.
C.—Foss. Shells of Tert., p. 42, t. 16, f 8. Claib.

C. sTamMINEA (Dhira.,) C—J.A.N. Sciences, i. 2d_ series, p.
HO tele tee. WICKS:

C. VICKSBURGENSIS (MMitra.,) C_—Tbid., p. 120.

MARGINELLID A.
ERATO, Risso.

EK. CRASSILABRA (Marginella,) C.—Foss. Shells of Tert., 38,
2d edition, p. 45, t. 16, f. 18. Claib.
M. anatina, Lea.—Cont. to Geol., p. 176, t. 6, f 186.
E? constricta (Marginella,) C—Foss. Shells of Tert., p. 46,
te lO, & Lo. Claib:
K. HUMEROSA (Marginella,) C—Foss. Shells of Tert., p. 40, t.
16, f. 14. Claib.
Marg. crassilabra, Lea:—Cont. to Geol., t. 6, f. 188.

VOLUTELLA, Swains.
V.LARVATA (Marginella,)C.— Foss. Shells of Tert., p. 38, 2d edi-
tion, p. 40, t. 16, f. 12... Clarb.

Marginella ovata, Lea.—Cont. to Geol., p. 179, t. 6, f 191.
Marginella semen, Lea.—Tbid., f. 190.

CASSIDID At.

SEMICASSIS, Klein.

5. BREVICOSTATA (Cassis,) C.—J. A. N. Sciences, vii, p. 146.
Claib.

S. CHLATURA (Cassis,) C.—Ibid., i., 2d series, p. 119, t. 11,f.
44. Vicks.

26 AMERICAN JOURNAL

S. MIssIssIPPIENSIS (Cassis,)C.—IJbid. p. 118, t. 17, f. 43.
Vicks.
S. NUPERA (Cassis,) C.—Foss. Shells of Tert., p. 46. Claib.
S? Sowers (Buccinum,) Lea.—Cont. to Geol., p. 164, t. 5, f.
169. Claib.
S. Tartu (Cassis,) C.—J. A. N. Sciences, vii., p. 145. Claib.
GALEODIA, Link.

G, LINTEA (Cassidaria,) C—J. A. N. Sciences, i., 2d series, p.
TLS) t. i, fA Vals
G. TRICARINATA (Cassis,) C._—J. A. N. Sciences, i., 2d series,
iv., p. 298. Vicks.
Suscenus, GALEODARIA, Conrad.

G. PeTERSONI, C.—Proceed. A. N. Sciences, vii., p. 262.—
Wailes’ Geol., Miss., pl. xvii, fi 9.
MORUM, Bolten.

M. HARPULA (On‘scia,) C._—J. A.N. Sciences, i., 2d series, p.
AMOR te UD if. 6: Wieks,
DOLIOPSIS, Conrad.
D. TRICARINATUM, C.—Amer. Journ. Conch., 1865.
SYCOTYPUS, Browne.

S. PENITUS (Pyrula,) C.—Foss. Shells of Tert., p. 32. Claib
P. tricarinata, C., (not Lam.)—2d edition, p. 38, t. 15, f. 6.
P. cancellata, Lea.—Cont. to Geol., p. 154, t. 5, f. 160.

P. elegantissima, Lea.—J bid., p. 155, t. 5, f. 161.
3. MIssIssIpPIENSIS (/usus,) C.—J. A. N. Sciences, i., 2d series,
pe tiv. © Vieks.
NATICIDAs.

NATICA, Lam.

. MAGNOUMBILICATA, Lea.—Jodid., p. 109, t. 4, f. 94. Claib.
. MINIMA, Lea.—Cont. to Geol., p. 107, t. 4, £91. Claib.
MINOR, Lea.—Jbid., p. 107, t. 4, f. 90. Claib.
. PERMUNDA, C.—Proceed. A. N. Sciences, vii. p. 260.—
Wailes’ Geol. Miss., t. 16, f. 2. Jackson.
LUNATIA, Gray.
L? Atveata (Natica,) C—Ex. and Survey ; Pac. Railroad, v.,
p. 821, t. 2, f. 8. California.
L. EMINULA (Natica,) C.—Foss. Shells of Tert., p. 46. Claib.
Natica parva, Lea.—Cont. to Geol., p. 106, t. 4, f. 89.
L. MAryLanpica, C.—Nov. Spec.
L. MiIniMA (Natica,) Lea.—Cont. to Geol., p. 107, t. 4, f. 91.
Claib.
L. Mooret, Gabb.—J. A. N. Sciences, iv., 2d series, p. 384, t.
67, f.34. Texas.

Ze

OF CONCHOLOGY. 27

L. SEMILUNATA (Natic1,) Lea— Cont. to Geol., p. 108, t. 4, f. 98.
Claib.
NEVERITA, Risso.
N. arites (Natica,) C.—Foss. Shells of Tert., p. 46. Claib.
Natica mamma, Lea.—Cont. to Geol., p. 109, t. 4, f. 95.
N. ARATA, Gabb.—J. A. N. Sciences, iv., 2d series, p. 384, t.
OF; te 35. Texas.
8, t. 4, f. 92.

Claib.
N. timuLA (Natica,) C_—Foss. Shells of Tert., p. 46. Claib.

AMPULLINOPSIS, Conrad.
A. MISSISSIPPIENSIS (Natica,) C—J. A. N. Sciences, i, 2d
Series, p.hl4, te 415.f 10... Vieks.
NATICINA, Gray.
N? MissIssIPpPIENsis (Natica,) C.—J. A. N. Sciences, 1. 2d
series, p. 118, t11,£ 81). Vieks:
LUPIA, Conrad.
L. PEROVATA (Ampullara,) C—Proceed. A. N. Sciences, ii1.,
p- 21. Claib.
CATINUS, Klein.
OC. ARCTATUS (Srgaretus,) C_—Foss. Shells of Tert., p. 46.
C. BILIX (Srgaretus,) C—A. J. Science, Xxiil., p. 344, Claib.
C. DECLIVIS (Sigaretus,) C.—Foss. Shells of Tert. , p. 40.
C, MISSISSIPPIENSIS (Stgaretus,) C—J. A. N. Sciences, i., 2d
series p.ditd, tL i O.> “Varela:
SCALARIDA.
SCALA, Klein.
S. DORMITOR, C.—Nov. Spec.
S. LINTEA (Scalaria,) C.—J. A. N. Sciences, 2d series, p. 294.
Claib.
S. QUINQUEFASCIATA (Scalaria,) Lea.—Cont. to Geol., p. 116.
Claib.
S. PLANULATA (Scalaria,) Lea—Cont. to Geol., p. 115, t. 4, f.
102. Claib.
Suscrenus, SCALINA, Conrad.
5. STAMINEA (Scalaria,) C.—J. A. N. Sciences, iv., 2d series,
p- 294. Claib.
S. TRIGINTINARIA (Scalaria,) C_—J. A. N. Sciences, i. 2d
series, p.114, #011,¢, 145. Vicks.
Suscenus, OPALIA, Adams.
5. SESSILIS (Scalaria,) C_—Foss. Shells of Tert., p. 45. Claib.
Scalaria carinata, Lea.—Cont. to Geol., p. 116, t. 4, f. 103.

98 AMERICAN JOURNAL

Suspcenus, CIRSOSTREMA, Adams.
C. CLAIBORNENSIS, C.—Nov. Spec.
C? nassuna (Scalaria,) C—Foss, Shells of Tert., p. 31. Claib.
C, ocTOLINEATA (Scalaria,) C—J. A. N. Sciences, vi., p. 294.
Miss.
COMPSOPLEURA, Conrad.
C. TRINoDosA (Chemnitzia,) C—J. A. N. Sciences, iv., 2d
series, p. 288, t. 47, f. 33. Alabama.
TEREBRIDG.
TEREBRA, Adanson.
T. DIvisuRA, C.—J. A.-N. Sciences, i., 2d series, p. 114, t. 11)
£13. Vicks.
T. TANTULA, C._—J. A. N. Sciences, i., 2d series, p. 114, t. 11,
ato Vicks.
T. vENuSTA, Lea.

Cont. to Geol., p. 167, t. 5, f. 178. Claib.
TEREBRIFUSUS, Conrad.
T. AM@NA (Buccinwm,) C.—Foss. Shells of Tert. p. 46. Claib.
Terebra gracilis, Lea.—Cont. to Geol., p. 166, t. 5, £171.

Buccinanops amenum, D’Orbig.—Prodromus, i1., p. 369, t.
641,

PYRAMIMITRA, Conrad.

P. costata (Mitra,) Lea—Cont. to Geol., p-,,..66, t..5, £172.
Claib.
P. TEREBRIFORMIS (Jhtra,) C.—J. A. N. Sciences, 1., 2d series,
p. 182, t. 14, f. 30. Claib.
OBELISCUS, Humph.

O. LARVATUS (Pyramidella,) C—Foss. Shells of Tert., p. 46.
Acteon elevatus, Lea——Cont. to Geol., p. 118, t. 4, f. 98.
A. pygmeus, Lea.—T bid., p. 114, t. 4, f. 101.
O. MELANELLUS (Actwon,) LLea.—-Cont. to Geol., p. 118, t. 4,
, 99." Clan:
O. PEREXILIS, C._-_Amer. Jour. Conch., 1865. Claib.
O. pyammuS (Acteon,) Lea—Cont. to Geol., p. 114, t. 4, fi
101. Claib.
O? srriatTus (Acteon,) Lea.—Cont. to Geol., p. 114, t. 4, f. 100.
Claib.

CASLATURA, Conrad.

C. sutcaTa (Pasithea,) Lea—Cont. to Geol., p. 108, t. 4, f 84.
Claib.
C. sTRIATA (Pasithea,) Lea.—Lbid., p. 102, t. 4, f. 83. Claib.

EULIMA, Risso.

H. ACICULATA (Pasithea,) Lea.—Cont. to Geol., p. 102, t. 4, ff.
82. Claib.

OF CONCHOLOGY. 29

EK. EXxILis, Gabb.—J. A. N. Sciences, 2d series, iv., p. 385, t.
67, f.43. Texas.

H. tuGuBRIs (Pasithea,) Lea.—Cont. to Geol. p. 101, t. 4, f
81. Claib.

KH. Norata (Pasithea,) Ibid, p. 101, t.4, £80. Claib.

H. TENUA, Gabb.—J. A. N. Sciences, iv., 2d series, p. 386, t. 67,
f 450) Texas

H. TeExana, Gabb.—Jdid., p. 386, t. 67, £44. Texas.

KE. SECALE (Pasithea,) Lea.—Cont. to Geol., p. 100, t. 4, f. 79,
Claib.

Supepnus, PASITHEA.
K. CLAIBORNENSIS (Pasithea,) Lea.—Cont. to Geol. D. 104, t. 4,

f. 87. Claib.
H. GUTTULA (Pasithea,) Lea—Tbid., p. 104, t. 4, £86. Claib.

NISO, Risso.

N. UMBILICATA (Bonellia,) C—J. A. N. Sciences, viii, p. 188,
Claib.
Pasithea umbilicata, Lea.—Cont. to Geol., p. 108, t. 4, f 88,
Claib.
Niso umbilicata, D’Orbig.—Prodromus, ii., p. 318, t. 92.
pve lineata, Creat N. Sciences, vii Lp: 188.

CERITHIOPSID.A.
CERITHIOPSIS, Forbes and Hanley.

C. BICOSTELLATUS (Cerithium,) C.—J. A. N.Sciences, 2d series,
1, p. 129. South Carolina.

C. CLAIBORNENSIS (Cerithium,) C.--Lbid., p. 182, t. 14, f 32.
Claib.

C. NASSULA (Cerithiwm,) C.-Ibid., p. 1382, t. 14, f. 82. Claib.

O. SOLITARIA (Cerithiwm,) C.—J. ALN. Sciences, Vill, pe, ew
1, 2d series, p. 232, t.14, f. 28. Claib.

ARCHITECTONICID A.
ARCHITECTONICA, Bolten.

A. ALVEATA (Solarium,) C.-—Foss. Shells of Tert., p. 81. Claib.
S. bilineatum, Lea.——Cont. to-Geol., p. 119, t. 4, f 106,
A. AMENA (Sol,) C.—Foss. Shells of Tert., p.44. Claib.
A. AntRoSA ( Sol.) C.—ILbid., p. 81. Claib.
A. CANCELLATA (Sol.) C.-—A. J. Science, xxii, p. 844. Claib.
Lea.——Cont. to Geol. p. 121, t. 4, £110.
A. ELABORATA (Sol.) C.—A. J. Science, xui., p. 844. Claib.
A. EXACUUA (Sol.),C:——Foss. Shells of Tert., p. 44. Cloib.
Delphinula plana, Lea.——Cont. to Geol., p. 117, t. 4, f. 104.
A. FUNGINA (Sol.),C-—Foss. Shells of Tert., p. 44. Claib.
A. Hewrict (Sol.,) Lea——Cont. to Geol., p. 119, t.4, f. 107.
Claib.

30 AMERICAN JOURNAL

. MEEKANA, Gabb.—J. A. N. Sciences, iv., 2d series, p. 385,
. ORNATA (Sol.,) Lea.—-Cont. to Geol., p. 120, t. 4, f. 108.
t. 67, £40, Texas.
. PLANA (Delphinula,) Lea——Cont. to Geol. p. ge t. 4, f:/0Y
. PSEUDOGRANULATA (Sol.) D’Orbig. ——Prodrom., nips 349,
t, 292, -¢ @laiibs
S. granulatt, Lea.——Cont. to Geol. p. 122, t. 4, f 111.
104. Claib.
A. SCROBICULATA (Sol.,) C.——Foss. Shells of Tert., p. 44. Claib.
A. STALAGMIUM (Sol.) C-——Foss. Shells of Tert., p. 44. Claib.
S. elegans, Lea.—-Cont. to Geol., p. 121, t. 4, f. 109.
A. TExAna, Gabb.—J. A. N. Sciences, iv.,2d series, p. 384, t.
Oiji..08. Texas.
A. TRILIRATA (Sol.,) C—J. A. N. Sciences, i., 2d series, p. 113,
11,44 Vicks.
A. VESPERTINA, Gabb.—Jdid., f. 39. Texas.

SOLARJORBIS, Conrad.

S. DEPRESSA (Delphinula,) Lea.——Cont. to Geol., p. 118, t. 4, f.
105% Claib.

S. BELLA, C.—Noy. Spec.

S. LINEATUS (Turbo,) Lea.—-Cont. to Geol., p. 126, t. 4, f 116.
Claib.

S. NITENS (Turbo,) Lea.-—Ib:d., p. 125, t. 4, £115. Claib.

ORBIS, Lea.
O. ROTELLA, Lea.—-Cont. to Geol., t. 4, f 112. Claib-

CONIDA.
CONUS, Lin.

C. ALVEATUS, C.—Amer. Jour. Conch., 1865, p. 186. Vicks.
C. @yratus, Morton._-Org. Rem. Cret. Group, p. 49, t. 10, f
tS pus cast.) South Carolina.
C. SAURIDENS, C.-—Foss. Shells of Tert., p. 33. Claib.
C. Claibornens's? Lea.—Cont. to Geol., p. 186.
C. SUBSAURIDENS, C.—Amer. Jour. Conch., 1865.
C. ToRTILIS, C.—Proceed. A. N. Sciences, p. 260. Wailes’
Geol., Miss., t. xv. f.5. Jackson, Miss.

STROMBID.
LEIORHYNUS, Gabb.

L. CaLtForNica (Pleurotoma,) C.--Ex. and Surveys; Pac.
Railroad, v., p. 322, t. 2, f. 11. - California.
L. pRoRvuTA (Pleurotoma,) C.—-Foss. Shells of Tert., p. 51, t.
17; £15. Claibe
L. crassilabris, Gabb. ——J. A. N. Sciences, i iv., 2dssenies, p.
402, t. 67, f. 60.

>> PP

OF CONCHOLOGY. 31

PLATYOPTERA, Conrad.

P. EXTENTA (Aporrhais,) C.-Proceed. A. N. Sciences, vii.,’p:

260. Wai§les’ Geol. t. 16, f.-3.
APORRHAIS, Petiver.
Suscenus, ALIPES, Conrad.

A. LIRATUS (Chenopus,) C.—J. A. N. Sciences, i., 2d series, p.

AT, t D1, S80 Vicks,
CALYPTRAPHORUS, Conrad.

C. STAMINEUS (fostellaria,) C. --Proceed. A. N. Sciences, p.
260. Wailes’ Geol. Miss. t. 16, £9. Jackson.

C. TRINODIFERUS, C.—J. A. N. Sciences, iv., 2d series, p. 47,
f. 29. Proceed. A. N. Sciences, 1857, p. 166. Alabama.
Older Eocene ?

C. VELATUS (Hostellaria,) C—Foss. Shells of Tert., p. 31, 2d
edition, p. 38, t. 15, £4. Claib.

Fostellaria Lamarckii, Lean—Cont. to Geol., p. 158, t. 5, f.
164- Claib.
RIMELLA, Agaz.

R. LAQUEATA (Rostellaria,) C.--Foss. Shells of Tert., p. 41. 2d

edition, p. 38, t. 15, f.5. Claib.
Rost. Cuvieri, Lea.—Cont. to Geol., p. 160, t. 5, f. 165°
Rimella laqueata, C.—Proceed. A. N. Sciences, 1857, p. 166.
CYP AID:
CYPRA@A, Min.
Suscenus, CYPRAORBIS, Conrad.

C. SPHEZROIDES, C.—-J. A. N. Sciences, 2d series, p. 11, t. 118,

f-<6.) «Wicks:
Suspcenus, SULCOCYPRAA, Conrad. =

C. tintEA, C.--J. A. N. Sciences, 1., 2d series, p. 11, t. 1138,

f. 7, and t. 18,;f. 4.” Vicks:
CYPRADIA, Swains,

C. FENESTRALIS, C.—-Proceed. A. N. Sciences, vii', p. 262-——
Wailes’ Geol. Miss’, t. 17, £5. Jackson, Miss.

CANCELLARIDA.
CANCELLARIA, Lam.
C. ALVEATA, C.-—Foss. Shells of Tert., p.45. 2d edition, p: 44,
thief 9.0 Olavb.
C. sculpturata, Lea.—Cont. to Geol., p. 140, t. 5, f. 137.
C. BABYLONICA, Lea.——Cont. to Geol, p. 189, t. 5 f. 184.--
Claib.
C. costaTa, Lea.—Cont. to Geol., p. 141, t. 5, f. 140° Claib.

82 AMERICAN JOURNAL

Supcenus, BABYLONELLA, Conrad.

C. ELEVATA, Lea:—Cont. to Geol., p. 141, t. 5, £189. Ctaib.

C. FUNERATA, C.—J. A. N. Sciences, 1., 2d series, p. 118, t. 11,
f. 39. Vicks.

C. GEMMATA, C.—Foss. Shells of Tert., p. 35, 2d series, p. 44, t.
1654; 10... Clai:

C. tMpRESSA, C.—Amer. Jour. Conch., 1865. Claib.

C. LIRATA, C.—Amer. Jour. Conch., 1865. Texas.

C. MissIssIPPIENsis, C.—J. A. N. Sciences, 1, 2d series, p.
LIS LIS, B84 a Mieks:

C. MULTIPLCATA, Lea.—Cont to Geol., p. 139, t. 5, f. 185.—
Claib.

C. pARVA, Lea.—Cont. to Geol., p. 142, t.5, f. 141. Claib.

C. puicatTa, Lea.—Cont. to Geol.; p. 189, t. 5, f. 185. Claib.

C. TESSELLATA, Lea.—Cont. to Geol. p. 140, t. 5, f 188.—
Claib.

C. TortipLica, C—Amer. Jour. Conch., 1865. Texas.

CERITHIIDA.
CERITHIUM.

C? GEoRGIANUM, Lyell and Sowerby.—Jour. Geol. Soc. Lon-
don, i. p. 481. Wilmington, N. C.
C. stniceum, C.—J. A. N. Sciences, 1. 2d series, p. 129, t. 41,
f. 1. South Carolina.
VIVIPARIDAL.
VIVIPARA, Mont.
Vv? ————(Paludina,) Lyell.—Jour. Geol. Soc. London, i.,
p. 431. Wilmington, N. C.
(VIVIPARA LYELLI, C.)
TURRITELLID.
TURRITELLA, Lam.
. CHLATURA, C.— 5S. A, N. Sciences, i., 2d series, p, 114, t.
14, f. 16. South Carolina.
. CARINATA, Lea.—Cont. to Geol., p. 129,t.4,f12. Vicks.
. HUMEROSA, C.——Trans. Geol. Soc. Philadelphia, p. 340, t.
15, f. 3. Piscataway, Maryland.
. Mississiprensis, C.J. A. N. Sciences, iv., 2d series, p.
114, t:. 11, £ 12. 5h Viel
. Mopront,, C.—J. FA. ON. Sciences, yi... 22db ei 10) te
Maryland. Claib.
. NasuTA, Gabb.—J. A. N. Sciences, iv., 2d series, p. 385, t.
167, £42". Texas
. PRHCINCTA, C.—Proceed. A. N. Sciences, 1864, p. 211,
Alabama. .
. UVASANA, C.—Ex. and Survey; Pac. Railroad Route, v.,
p. 82,1 t. 2,12. California.

rot Volek le 3 ile eile fea lee lmfao =

OF CONCHOLOGY. 33

MESALIA, Gray.

M. ALVEATA (Turritella,) C.—Proceed. A. N. Sciences, vii., p.
2638. Wailes’ Geol. Miss., pl. xvii, f. 7. Jackson, Miss.

M. LINTEA, C.—Novy. Spec. Claib.

M. osruta (Turritella,) C.—Foss. Shells of Tert., p.45. Claib.

T. lineata, Lea.—Cent. to Geol., p. 180, t. 4, f. 121.

M. striata, Lea.—Cont. to Geol., p. 131, t. 4, f. 122.

M. venusta (Melania ?) C.—Foss. Shells of Tert., p. 85.—
Claib.

TENAGODA, Guettard.
T. vitis (Siliiquaria,) C.—Foss. Shells of Tert., p. 36. <A. J.
Science, 1.. 2d series, p. 211, t. 1, f. 1 Claib.
Siliquaria Cliirbornensis, Lea.—Cont. to Geol. p. 38, t. 1,
fds
ONUSTID 2.
ONUSTUS, Humphreys.
O. HuMILIS (Phorus,) C.—Proceed. A. N.Sciences, iii, p. 284.
J. A. N. Sciences, 2d series. i) 116, t. 11, £46. Claib.
O, RECLUSUS (Phorus,) C.—Proceed. A. N. Sciences, vii. p.
262, % 17, t. 6. Jackson:
CALYPTREV DAE:
TROCHITA, Schum.
T. ALTA, C.—Proceed. A. N. Sciences, vii., p. 259. Wailes’
Geol. Miss., pl. xv., f. 3. Jackson.

T. TROCHIFORMIS (Infundibulum,) Lea—Cont. to Geol., p. 96,
fio, t.00. Claib.
CRYPTA, Humph.
C. DuMOSA (Crepidula,) C.—J. A. N. Sciences, vii, p. 148-

Claib.
C. LIRATA(Crepidula,) C.—A. J. Science, xiii., p. 344. Claib.
Crep. cornu-ar.etis, Lea.—Cont. to Geol. p. 97, +. 3, f 77.
CAPULIDA.
CAPULUS, Montfort.

C. AMERICANUS, C.—Proceed. A. N. Sciences, vii. p: 259.
Wailes’ Geol. Miss., pl. xv., f. 1. Jackson.
COCHLOLEPAS, Klein.
C. pyemM&a (Hipponyz,) Lea—Cont. to Geol. p. 95, t. 8, f. 75
Claib.
TROCHID 4.
, PLANARIA, Lea.

P, niTENS, Lea.—Cont. to Geol., p. 124. t. 4, £113. Claib.

34 AMERICAN JOURNAL

UMBONIUM, Link.

U. nANnus (Rotella,) Lea.—Cont. to Geol., p. 214, t. 6, f. 225,
Claib.
TUBA, Lea.

T. ANTIQUATA (Littorina,) C.—Foss. Shells of Tert., p. 35.
Claib.
T. striata, Lea—Cont. to Geol., p. 128, t. 4, f. 117.
oi alternata : TL. sulcata, Lea.—(young shells) f 11S Ate

FESSURELLID&.
FISSURELLA, Lam.
F. MIssIssIPPIENsis, C.—J. A. N. Sciences, i., 2d series, p: 113,
asl at: DW icks}
F. TENEBROSA, C.—Foss. Shells of Tert, p. 38. Claib.
EMARGINULA, Lam.
EK. ARATA, C.—Foss. Shells of Tert., p. 44. Claib.
DENTALIID &.
DENTALIUM, Lin.

D. MINUTISTRIATUM, Gabb,—J. A. N. Sciences, iv., 2d series,
p. 386, t. 67, f.46. Texas.
D. MissIssIpPIENSE, C.—J. A. N. Sciences, i, 2d series, p.
DD ety dala Vela:
D. THALLOIDES, C.—Foss. Shells of Tert., p. 34. Claib.
D. alternatum, Lea.—Cont. to Geol., p: 84, t. 1, f 2.
D. TuRRITUM, Lea.—Jbid., p. 35, t. 1, f 3.

CHITONID..
CHITON, Lin.

C. ANTIQUUS, C.—Proceed. A. N. Sciences, vii., p. 263. Claib.
C. EOCENENSIS, C.—Jbid., p. 263.

ACT ZONID A.
ACTON, Montfort.
A. ANDERSONI, C.—J. A. N. Sciences, i., 2d series, p. 117, t.
tl fod. Vieks.
A. IDONEUS, C.—Foss. Shells of Tert., p. 45. Claib.
A. lineatus, Lea.—Cont. to Geol., p. 112, t.4, f. 97.
A. Pomitius, C.—Foss. Shells of Tert., p. 45. Claib.
Monoptygma elegans, Lea.—Cont. to Geol., p. 208, t. 6, f. 217.
A. punctatus, Lea.—Jbid, p. 111, t. 4, f. 96. Claib.
Suscenus NUCLEOPSIS, Conrad.
A. COSTELLATUS, @.—Foss. Shells of Tert., p. 45.
A. LATUS, C.—Amer. Jour. Conch., 1865.
A. SUBVARICATUS (Acteonina,) C. Sy Avan, Sciences, iv., 2d
series, p. 294, t. 44, f. 22. Alabama.

C.
C.

C.

C.

OF CONCHOLOGY. 85

CZ LATURA, Conrad.

. STRIATA (Pasithea,) Lea.—Cont. to Geol., p. 102, t. 4, fi 88,

Claib.
RINGICULA, Deshayes.

. BIPLICATA (Marginella,) Lea.—Cont. to Geol., p. 201, t. 6.

f. 216, Claib.
RINGINELLA, D’Orbigny.

. MISSISSIPPIENSIS (Ringicula,) C_—J. A. N. Sciences, i., 2d

series, p. 117, t. 18, f. 36. Vicks.

CYLICHNID A.
CYLICHNA, Loven, 1840; CYLINDRELLA, Swainson, 1840.

CRASSIPLICA (Bulla,) C.—J. A. N. Sciences, i., 2d series, p.
113; t. 11. f 5. - Wicks:

DEKAYI (Bulla,) Lea.—Cont. to Geol., p. 200, t. 6, f. 215.
Claib.

GALBA (Volvaria,) C.—Foss. Shells of Tert., p. 34. Claib.

Bulla St Hillarii, Lea. Cont. to Geol., p. 98, t. 4, £. 78!

KELLOGII (Bulla) Gabb.—J. A. N. Sciences, iv., 2d series,
p. 386, t. 67, f. 50. Texas.

TORNATINA, Adams.

. WETHERELLI (Actxon,) Lea.—Cont. to Geol., p. 215, t. 6, f

224. Claib.
VOLVULA, Adams.

. CONRADIANA, Gabb.—J. A. N. Sciences, iv., 2d series, p.

Zour tcaol.. | Texas!

. MINUTISSIMA, Gabb.—Jbid., t.52. Texas.

PLEUROBRANCHID.
OPERCULATUM, Lin.

. PLANUTATUM (Umbrella,) C_—Proceed. A. N. Sciences, p-

259. Wailes’ Geol. of Miss. pl. xiv, f 1. Jackson.
Addenda.
RHYNCONELLA, Fischer.

. WILMINGTONENSIS (Terebratula,) Lyell and Sowerby.—

Quarterly Journal Geological Society, London, 1., p. 431.
Wilmington, North Carolina.

36 AMERICAN JOURNAL

DESCRIFTIONS OF TWO NEW SPECIES OF GONIOBASIS-
BY JOHN G. ANTHONY.

1. G. TRANSLUCENS, Anthony.—-t. 1, f. 1, 2.

Description —Shell ovate, bulbous, consisting of five convex
whorls; or the upper ones sometimes flattened. Aperture
ovate, slightly produced and angular at the base. Columella
curved to the right below. Shell thin, translucent, smooth ;
color light brown or yellowish, ornamented with two dark
brown bands, which are very distinct both within and on the
outside ; the upper one is visible on the whorls of the spire.
Columella frequently tinged with brown.

Length °7, breadth ‘35 of an inch.

Habitat, Canada.

This beautiful species is distinguished alike by coloration
and texture from @. livescens, which it greatly resembles in
form. (. Milesiz, Lea, is a larger, more inflated species. G.
pulchella, Nob., is far more solid, and a narrower species.

2 G. INTERLINEATA, Anthony.—t. 1. f. 3.

Description.— Shell thin, elongate, slender; of a greyish horn
color, alternating with narrow, brown, hair-like lines, longitu-
dinally and closely arranged ; whorls 7-8 subconvex, smooth ;
sutures distinct; aperture small, elliptical, ashen gray within ;
columella regularly rounded, much curved at base, and with
a faint indentation or notch where the outer lip meets it.

Length of shell -62 imch. Length of aperture -25 inch;
breadth of shell -25 inch; breadth of aperture -15 inch.
Habitat, Christy Creek, Indiana.

A most beautifully delicate, slender species whose most
prominent characteristic is indicated by its specific name.
Upon a light grayish horn-colored surface we find narrow,
brown, longitudinal, curved lines distinctly drawn. These are
very. conspicuous under the microscope, and appear to be
slightly raised. It bears a general resemblance to G. elata,
Nob., and @. bicolorata, Nob., but its peculiarly varied exterior
will at once distinguish it from either. I know of no other
American species so marked.”

OF CONCHOLOGY. 3T

DESCRIPTION OF TWO NEW SPECIES OF GONIOBASIS.

BY 8S. S. HALDEMAN.

1. G. GRAMINEA, Haldeman.—t. 1, fi 4.

Shell fusiform, short, inflated, spire very obtuse; surface
smooth, polished, brilliant green, with a light yellow sutural
band; spire brownish. Whorls five, somewhat convex. Aper-
ture large, rhomboidal, somewhat angular below, bluish
within. Columella somewhat curved, tinged with brown.

Length 56 inch., diam. 38 inch. Aperture ‘3 inch., diam.
-2 inch.

Habitat, unknown.

This shell is very closely allied to G. Vauaiana, Lea; but
that species is banded, and the spire is carinated; it has not
the light sutural band which distinguishes graminea.

2. G. CATABAA, Haldeman.—t. 1, f. 5, 6, 7.

Shell short conic, inflated, the whorls flat, the body convex,
bright green, polished. Sutures well impressed. Whorls five
or six, encircled in the middle with two raised lines. Aper-
ture ovate, bluish and translucent within, acuminate below.
Columella nearly straight. Some of the specimens are marked
in the centre of the body whorl with two very narrow dark
approximate bands. ;

Length -63 inch., width -34 inch.

Length of aperture ‘3 inch., width of ditto -17 inch.

Habitat Catawba River, near Morgantown, North Carolina.

This species is nearest related to G. proxima, Say, which
inhabits the same river. It is, however, a wider, more inflated
species than @. proxima.

38 AMERICAN JOURNAL

DESCRIPTION OF NEW SPECIES OF STREPOMATID.
BY GEORGE W. TRYON, JR.

GoNIOBASIS HALDEMANI, Tryon.—t. 1, f. 8.
Melania acuta, Lea.—Bell, Canadian Nat. » pt. 8, p. 218.
Lewis, Boston Proceed., Wis Paes
Melania ewilis, Hald. — Adams, Moll, Vermont.

Description —Shell narrowly atneaed| whorls nine, smooth,
flat, the last subangulated at the periphery ; aperture small,
subrhomboidal, lip slightly sinuous, columella, incurved ; color,
light horn, not banded, yellowish within.

Length 1 inch; diameter } inch.

Habitat, Lake Erie, Lake Champlain.

Observations—Resembles P. elevatum, Say, but differs in the
aperture, is still more narrowly elongated, and the whorls more
flattened, and is entirely without strie. In this last respect it
differs widely from that species, and much resembles P. Con-
radi, Nob.

This species has long been known in our Cabinets as G. ew-
this, of Hald., but does not resemble that species in the remo-
test degree, as exzlis is wider, with more convex whorls, and a
larger aperture.

2. PLEUROCERA ConrADI, Tryon.—t. 1, f. 9.

Description —Shell Bae slewated, consisting of ten flat-
tened whorls, narrowly but distinetly carinated and angulated
on the periphery. The carinea are visible on each whorl of
the spire above the suture. Upper whorls carinated. 'T'wo or
three slight strize revolve on the body below the angle. Lines
of growth curved, very crowded. Aperture small, ovate, ob-
lique, shortly and rather widely anger shaped at the base.

Color olive brown; carina yellow, with a yellowband below
the sutures. Aperture and columella reddish

Length 1 inch; breadth -25 inch.

Length of aperture ‘25 inch; width of aperture ‘15 inch.
Habitat, Tennessee and Alabama.

Observations.—This species has been very extensively distri-
buted by Mr. Anthony, as Melania pyrenella, Conrad, while
Mr. Lea has regarded it as doubtfully identical with his elen-
gatum.

P. pyrenellum, as I have ascertained from an examination
of the type pons is a very much wider species, measur-
ing 14 inch long, by $ inch wide. It is of a light green color.

OF CONCHOLOGY. 39

é

DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES OF PHOLADID.

BY GEORGE W. TRYON, JR.
NAVEA, Gray.

1. N. Newcomsil, Tryon.—pl. 2, f. 1, 2, 3.

Description —Shell subglobose, obtusely rounded posteriorly,
diagonally truncate anteriorly, the sinus formed by the two
valves broadly cordate, exhibiting the interior. Surface di-
vided in the centre by an impressed line from the beaks to
the basal margin. The margin of the valve posterior to this
line is almost regularly semicircular, and devoid of striae, ex-
cept the growth marks. Anterior to the line the margin is
diagonally emarginate, and the surface is covered with crowded
shagrined radiating ribs. Margin of the hiatus thickened
internally and denticulate. Apophysis long, blade shaped,
curved forwards.

Dimensions—Length -25 inch; width *30 inch; Diameter
25 inch.

Habitat, Australia. Wesley Newcomb, M. D.

My Cabinet, Cabinet of Dr. Newcomb.

Observations —Three other species of Navea have been de-
scribed; the N, nucivora of Spengler is longer than wide,
with a very small hiatus, NV. tewwis, Gray is thin, and the
anterior portion is only concentrically striate, instead of
radiately ribbed. Our species is more nearly related to N.
subglobosa Gray, but that shell may be distinguished from it
by being longer than wide, with the hiatus nearly perpendicu-
lar, its margin but little curved, and by the paucity of ribs
anteriorly.

PENITELLA, Valenciennes.

2. P. pARVA, Tryon.—pl. 2, f. 4, 5.

Description.—Shell small, ovate, inflated, rather thick. Sur-
face divided by an oblique impressed rib, posteriorly to which
it is concentrically striate, while anteriorly it is radiately
ribbed.

The reflexed dorsal margins are each covered with a thick,
irregularly shaped accessory valve, witha single central valve
posterior to them. The latter is somewhat pentagonal, emar-
ginate in front.

Hiatus filled by a heavy callus, which juts out somewhat
into a point or beak, instead of preserving a rounded outline.

40 AMERICAN JOURNAL

Dimensions —Length 33 inch; width -50 inch; diameter
‘30 inch.
Habitat, Lower California, in Haliotis —W. Newéomb, M. D.

My Cabinet, Cabinet of Dr. Wesley Newcomb.

Observations—Except in size this shell much resembles
P. penita, Conr.; besides being much smaller than that spe-
cies, 1t may be distinguished from it by its smaller anterior
area, and its greater solidity.

3. P. curvaTa, Tryon.—pl. 2, f. 6, 7, 8.

Description —Shell narrow, mnch lengthened, aacteeed
posteriorly. Surface marked as usual in the genus, the area
anterior to the furrow, comprising rather more than a third of
the total width. Posterior to the furrow, the shell is curved
downwards or upwards, and frequently to one side. Posterior
margin reflexed. Posterior dorsal plate very small, somewhat
pentagonal, pointed anteriorly.

Dimensions —Lenegth *80 inch: width -70 inch; diameter
‘28 inch.

abb.

for)
My Cabinet. Cabinet of Mr. Gabb. Cabinet of the Academy
of Natural Sciences.

Observations—This species, which comes from a quite
northern locality, is readily distinguishable by its narrow
elongate form, and by its curiously curved posterior portion
and minute accessory valve.

These two new species of Penztel/a are particularly interest-
ing additions to the Molluscous fauna of the West Coast, inas-
much as they prove the genus to be larger than was supposed,
and variable in size and other characters; and also that it in-
habits a considerable extent of the coast.

OF CONCHOLOGY. 41

OBSERVATIONS ON THE GENUS IO.
BY GEORGE W. TRYON, JR.

The first species of this singular and beautiful genus was
described by Mr. Say, nearly fourty years ago, asa Pusus.—
He remarks, “From the name of the genus it might reasona-
bly be supposed to be a marine shell, but it has never been
discovered on the coast, and seems to be limited to a very
small district of Holston River, in company with Unio cariosus,
subtentus, Nobis; Melania subglobosa, Nobis, and no doubt
other fluviatile shells) When the inhabitant becomes known
it may authorize the formation of a new genus, but there ap-
pears no character in the conformation of the shell that would
readily distinguish it from Musus.”

Mr. Lea, in describing Jo spinosa, remarks, ‘ Prof. Troost
informs me that they are rare in the river, that they had been
observed in the graves of the aborigines, and it was generally
believed that these were ‘conch shells’ consequently coming
from the sea, it was urged that the inhabitants who possessed
them must have come over the sea. It does not appear that
they had been observed in their native element, though living
at the very doors of the person who had remarked them in the
tumuli.’

Mr. Lea proposed the generic name Jo for these shells in
1831, and Swainson in 1840 called them Melafusus. Until the
year 1860 only three species were known; in February of that
year Mr. Anthony described, in the Proceedings of the Aca-
demy of Natural Sciences, four additional species.

Mr. Reeve published, in April of the same year, a magnifi-
cent monograph of the genus in his Conchologica Iconica,
adding four more species by Mr. Anthony, and one of his own.

Mr. Lea has recently described eight species which he pro-
poses to consider a distinet group of Jo, but I cannot distin-
suish them from Plewrocera. The longer fuse, sharp lip and
fragile texture of most of these species, “shows them to be im-
mature shells, and in several instances I had do difficulty in
proving them identical with mature shells described by Mr.
Lea as Trypanostoma (—Pleurocera,) by means of series of speci-
mens of different ages.

Excluding these, twelve species have been described; of
which we propose to retain five, regarding the others as sy-
nonyms.

Many naturalists consider the genus to be restricted to one

42 AMERICAN JOURNAL

variable species, and cite the nearly uniform size of the shells,
their similar ornamentation and restricted habitat as proofs of
the correctness of their opinion; there appears to us to be a
well founded division of the species into two groups, the one
containing shells which are smooth or obscurely tuberculate,
and the second those developing distinct spines.

Endeavors have been made to connect Jo fluvialis and spi-

nosa the respective types of the two groups, by series of speci-
mens, but no fluvialis has been found with better developed
protuberances than the shell described by Mr. Reeve as verru-
cosa, Which is still a long way from the spinosa. In the young
shells the differences are very much better Shown than in ma-
ture individuals, and no one would think of connecting the
quite young of the two species. There are very many groups
in the other genera of Strepomatide, in which the species
resemble one another quite as closely as in Jo; we may in-
stance the close resemblance of Angitrema armigera, Dut-
toniana and fasciolata; of verrucosa Raf., (nupera, Say,) and
lima; of geniculata, salebrosa, and subglobosa; of Anculosa
prerosa and teniata; of the species of Schizostoma ; of the
heavy cylindrical Goniobases of North Alabama; and many
like instances will readily occur to those who have studied the
family.

The following remarks on the species are illustrated by
figures in most cases drawn from the original type specimens :*

SMOOTH SPECIES.
1. Io FLUVIALIS, Say. .
Plate 3. Fig. 1, typical ; fig. 2, variety; fig 3. verrucosa, Reeve.

Our figures exhibit the extreme range of variation in form

and ornamentation ; there is considerable variety in coloration,
from light yellow, through various shades of light and dark
ereen and brown, to black. Some specimens are beautifully
banded. <A very dark colored shell, not half grown, was des-
cribed by Mr. Lea as a distinct species, with the name of tene-
brosa. ;
He now agrees with me in considering it a synonym of flu-
vialis. In the description he remarks, “It seems to me to be
very distinct in color. The channel is more curved to the left
and backward, than in Mr. Say’s species.”

This distortion of the channel is of very frequent occurrence
in the genus, sometimes giving it a spiral curve as in /o spiros-
toma, Anthony, and sometimes, when twisted higher up, caus-
ing a hump to revolve on the body whorl, as in lo gibbosa,
Anthony.

*T am indebted to the liberality of Prof. Jos, Henry, of the Smithsonian
nstitution, for the opportunity of using these engravings.

’

OF CONCHOLOGY. 43

Mr. Lea upon instituting the genus Jo re-named the fluvialis
as fusiformis, Lea, in accordance with a custom, very usual
among naturalists, but very disreputable. He has recently
done Mr. Say and himself the justice of restoring the original
name,—an example worthy to be followed.

The verrucosa of Reeve is founded on a beautiful specimen,
but presents no claims to rank even as a variety.

2. Io INERMIS, Anthony.
Plate 3. Fig. 4, typical; fig. 5, lurida, Anthony.

This is a very distinct species, being larger and of heavier
texture than fluvialis. The lurida differs only in color, being
much darker. Mr. Anthony perfectly agrees with me in con-
sidering it identical with cnermis.

This shell is rather rare compared with fluvialis and spinosa,
though Mr. Anthony states that he has observed some hun-
dreds of them.

lo inermis was first published in the Proceedings of the
Academy of Natural Sciences, 1860, and Jurida in Reeve’s
Monograph.

SPINOSE SPECIES.

3. Io SPINoSA, Lea.
Plate 4. Fig. 7, typical; fig. 8, gibbosa, Anthony ; fig. 9, recta, Anthony.
Plate 3. Fig. 6, rhombica, Anthony.

This species, originally described and figured in vol. v.,
Philosophical Transactions, has been well known to Concholo-
gists for many years. The three synonyms were first pub-
lished in Reeve’s Monograph.

fo recta is a variety of very usual occurrence, and does not
in any respect present distinct specific characters: rhombica is
merely a half grown shell of the same general form.

Mr. Reeve in describing gibbosa, says, “The gibbous ridge
which encircles the lower part of the. body whorl of this
species, ‘is not,’ writes Mr. Anthony, ‘a mere accidental abbera-
tion, I have seen others like it.’”

The extensive suite of specimens that I have examined con-
vinces me, nevertheless, that the gibbous ridge 7s “a mere ac-
cidental abberation,” being found in all stages of development
on specimens of spinosa which are otherwise distorted in growth,
but never on perfect, well grown specimens.

4. lo BREVIS, Anthony.
Plate 4, Fig. 10, typical; fig. 11, spirostoma, Anthony.

This heavy short species offers many points of difference
from Jo spinosa.

The texture, form, short wide channel and broad obtuse
spines are all prominent, distinctive characters. Mr. Anthony

44 AMERICAN JOURNAL

writes, “ Appears to be a rather common species in some locali-
ties, of which I possess some hundreds of specimens.”

The beautiful specimen which Mr. Reeve has described as
To spirostoma is only a distortion of this species. I have seen
several specimens which exhibit the same form of growth in
a less marked degree. Mr. Reeve himself suspects their spe-
cific identity.

5. Io TurRiTA, Anthony.

Plate 4. Fig. 12,

This species is certainly further removed from the ordinary
type of /o than any of the others; its graceful, slender form,
long spire of many whorls, and sharp spines, serve readily to
distinguish it. Mr. Reeve’s fig. 19 8. of this species, does not
represent it however, but is decidedly a spinosa. I have seen
the original of this figure.

The species is a rare one. Mr. Anthony possesses only the
type specimen, but several fine individuals occur in Mr, Lea’s
collection. A specimen is also in the Museum of the Academy
of Natural Sciences.

OF CONCHOLOGY. 4

en

NOTE ON THE BUCCAL PLATE (JAW,) IN CERTAIN
GENERA OF THE FAMILY CYCLOSTOMACEA.

BY THOMAS BLAND.

Gray and l’feiffer arranged the Cyclostomacea in various
subfamilies, mainly distinguished by ditferences in the charac-
ters of the operculum. Troschel ( Gebiss Der Schnecken, part 1,
1856,) with especial reference to the form and arrangement
of the teeth on the lngual membrane, and considerations as
to the buccal plate, divides the Cyclostomacea examined by
him into three families, embracing the following genera: ’

POMATIACEA.—Gen. Pomatias.

CycLOTACEA.—Gen. Cyclotus, Craspedapoma, COyclophorus
and Rhegostoma.

CycLostoMACcEA.—Gen. Cyclostomus, Leonia, Chondropoma,
Tudora, Choanopoma and Cistula.

It is remarkable, and I believe not generally understood,
that the buccal plate. is found in Pomatiacea and Cyclotacea,
but not in Cyclostomacea. My attention was lately directed
to this subject by my friend, Mr. Robert Swift, of the Island
of St. Thomas, W. L., who sent to me specimens of the buccal
plate, taken and prepared for microscopic examination by
himself, from the animals of Cyclotus stramineus. and M. galo-
mastoma cylindraceum. 'Troschel describes (p. 65) the jaw
(kiefer) of Pomatias patulus as consisting of two thin lamine,
having 20 parailel rows of rhombodial’ scales of yellowish
color, directed obliquely from the upper towards the anterior
margin, to which 14 of the rows extend, causing it to be
irregularly serrated. ‘Towards the posterior margin the scales
are less colored, more transparent, and disappear at some dis-
tance from the margin of the membrane, on which they seem
to be inserted. In the single rows, the scales are always
quadrate, or rather rhombical, becoming shorter, but more
elevated towards the anterior magin.

The structure of the jaw in Cyclotacea, is said by Troschel
(p. 66) to be entirely similar to that in Pomatiacea, indicating,
as he remarks, a close relationship. He gives a figure (Taf.
iv., fig. 8,) of the jaws of Craspedopoma lucidum, Lowe, ob-
serving that it agrees completely in organization with that of
Pomatias patulus.

The jaw of Cyclotus stramineus, as shown by our figure 1.
plate 5, accords with T'roschel’s description.

Troschel (1. c. p. 68) states that he had examined species of

46 _ AMERICAN JOURNAL
Cyclostomus and of the other genera comprised in his Fam.
Cyclostomacea, but found no jaw existing.

It is singular that Moquin-Tandom (JMoll. de France, I1., p.
891) in describing his Fam. Orbacés, in which are embraced
the species of Cyclostomus, (sulcatus and elegans,) and of
Pomatias, occurring in France, gives as one of the characters
“Machoire nulle;” he was correct, it would appear, as re-
gards Cyclostomus, but in error as to Pomatias.

The characters of the jaws are peculiar. It may be noticed
that Megalomastoma is placed by Pfeiffer in his Subfam.
Pupinea, with Registoma (Rhegostoma, Troschel, which, as
shown above, is included by Troschel in Cyclotacea. An
examination of the jaw of Cataulus and other genera em-
braced in Puynea may lead to interesting conclusions.

The alliance of Megalomastoma and Cyclotus, as regards the
form and arrangement of the teeth on the hngual membrane,
is shown by figure 2, plate 5, from examples of Megalomastoma
cylindraceum, for which I am also indebted to Mr. Swift.

The characters of the operculum in the Cyclostomacea are
doubtless of value in classification, but a complete examina-
tion of the animals will probably lead to modifications of the
methods adopted by Gray and Pfeiffer. The presence or
absence of the jaws would seem to be of equal, if not of more
characteristic value than differences in the operculum.

Troschel states that in the Fam. Helicinacea no jaw exists.
Whether it is found or not in the Fam. Proserpinacea, I am
unable to say.

Norr.—The figures are from drawings made by Mr. Edward §. Morse,

of Gorham, Me., to whom, for his skill and care, in making the necessary
microscopic examination of the objects, lam under much obligation,

OF CONCHOLOGY. 47

NOTE ON THE JAWS OF HELICES.
BY W. G. BINNEY.

In examining the jaws of the North American Helices, I
have been struck with the want of uniformity in the number
and disposition of the ribs on the anterior surface in different
individuals of the same species. To call attention to the sub.
ject, and guard against too much reliance on the number of
ribs as a specific character, I have here figured (plate 6, figs. 2,
—10,) the jaws of nine inviduals taken at random, from a
number of Helix tryoni, Newc., received from Dr. J. G.
Cooper. All the individuals were apparently mature.

I mention this as in his work on the Mollusks of France,
Moquin-Tandon remarks that young individuals of the
genus Helix have fewer ribs upon the jaw than adult, or aged
ones, that the central ribs appear first, their number increaing
from the centre towards the extremities, so that the appear-
ance of the denticles on the margin of the jaw follows the
same order as prevails in the dentition of the superior verte-
brates. He also observes that in the case of some species
furnished with but few, widely separated ribs, there are
accessory, but not very prominent ribs formed in the intervals,
when the animal becomes aged. The arrangement of the ribs
in the jaws figured does not seem to be governed by these
laws.

Fig. 1 represents the shell of the species from which the
jaws were taken. This and the other figures are used by
Iermission of Prof. Henry in anticipation of the Smithsonian
pnstitution’s work on the Land and Fresh-water Shells of
North America.

48 AMERICAN JOURNAL

DESCRIPTION OF THE GENUS ARIOLIMAX, MORCH*.
BY W. G. BINNEY.
Plate 6, Figures 11, 12, 13.

Body attenuated towards the posterior extremity, which 1s
carinated strongly. Surface with oblong tuberosities. Mantle
anterior bluntly truneated before and behind, minutely granu-
lated, free at the front and sides, attached posteriorly, con-
taining a testaceous rudiment. Longitudinal furrows along
the sides above the foot. Locomotive disk? Respiratory orifice
at the posterior third of the shell. Anal orifice? Orlfice of
the generative organs—? A caudal mucus pore.

Testaceus rudiment hexagonal longer than wide, ends
pointed acutely, not spiral.

Jaw arcuate, with numerous crowded antenor ribs, denticu-
lating the concave margin.

Lingual membrane, (of A. Columbianus,) very broad and
long, composed of about 120 rows of teeth, each row contain-
ing 113 teeth, 56-1-56. Central teeth, large, with a long
medean cusp. Side cusp obsolete; lateral teeth bicuspid, the
inner cusp longer and more slender than the outer, and
becoming proportionally still more slender and lengthened as
the teeth are modified in passing off laterally.

This genus is founded on the large species inhabiting the
Pacific States, known as Limax Columbianus. It is readily
distinguished from Ar.on by its internal shelly plate, and the
position of the respiratory orifice; from Limax by its dentate
jaw. The only species of Geomalacus yet known has an
internal plate, but its respiratory orifice 1s much more
anterior.

The figures are used by permission of Prof. Henry, in ad-
vance of the “ Landand Fresh-waterShells of North America,”
being prepared by the Smithsonian Institution.

* Mandidulum costatum; porus caudalis Arionis; corpus postice
carinatum; orificium respiration in tertia parte postica clypei situm,
Testa interna hexagonalis.—Morch. Matak, Blatt. yi., 110,

OF CONCHOLOGY. 49

DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES OF NORTH AMERICAN
LAND AND FRESH WATER SHELLS.

BY W. G. BINNEY.

The following descriptions are published in advance of the
work on the North American Land and Fresh Water Shells,
being prepared for the Smithsonian Institution. Prof. Henry
has kindly permitted the use of the figures engraved for that
work.

VIVIPARA INORNATA, Binney.t. 7, f. 1.

Description—Shell minutely perforated, globose-conic, thin,
smooth, polished, lines of growth extremely delicate on the
body whirl, imperceptible above; color uniformly greenish or
pale olive, unadorned with any revolving lines; the suture
unpressed, spire short, conical; apex acute, distinct, not trun-
cated, whirls regularly increasing, inflated, the last globose,
equalling about two-thirds of the shell’s length; aperture
oblique, rounded, large ; lp continuous in one plane ; peristome
thin, acute, continuous; columellar extremity appressed to the
body whirl, almost entirely concealing a minute umbilicus ;
parietal wall of the aperture covered with athin, shining, color-
less callus.

Leneth of axis 19 mill. breadth 17 mill.

Habitat, near Chopatilo, Mexico.

It isafter a very careful examination of the specimens brought
from Chopatilo, that I have decided to propose for them a
specific name. Having submitted them to several experienced
Conchologists, I find my decision approved by them. It can
be compar red with no known American form.

The smooth, polished surface, unbroken by revolving lines,
the pale olive color and acute apex, are the more prominent
features of it.

About a dozen specimens were brought. On one is an obtuse,
ill-defined carina on the middle of the body whirl.

MELANTHO DECAMPI, Currier.—t. 7, f. 2, 3.

Description.—Shell ovate, ‘sae imperforate, rather thick,
irregularly roughened by occasional coarse wrinkles of growth,
decussated by delicate revolving and longitudinal strize ; green-
ish olive, with revolving dark broad lines when young, darker
when old; suture impressed, spire elevated, but truncated ;
remaining whirls, three, of which the two upper are flattened,
the lower sub-convex, with a median obtuse carina, reaching to

50 AMERICAN JOURNAL

and modifying the peristome; aperture higher than broad,
roundly lunate, produced below ; bluish within; peristome
simple, acute, sinuous, angular above at the termination of
the carina.

Greater diameter, including aperture, 22 mill.; length, 36

mill.; length of the aperture, 20 mill; diameter, 10 milli
metres.

Opereulum horny, concentric.

Habitat, Huntsville or Stevenson, Alabama.—Dr. W. H.
DeCamp, 1st Michigan Vol. Engineers.
This species was given me by Mr. A. O. Currier, of Grand

Rapids, Michigan, w ho suggested its bearing the name of its
discoverer.

About a dozen specimens were collected. All but the one
drawn in plate 7, fig. 3 could not be distinguished from Melania
without the presence of the operculum, thus furnishing
another example of the impossibility of ascertaining from the
shell alone the generic position of some species. It is probable
other species of Melgntho have been described as Melanie.

Fig. 2 was photographed from nature on wood. It repre-
sents the largest and oldest specimen.

Fig. 3 is drawn from
a younger individual.

CYLINDRELLA COAHUILENSIS, Binney.. 7, fi 4, 5d.

Descript‘on.— Shell rimate, cy Fees ventricose, thin,
smooth or delicately striate on the upper whirls, strongly
ribbed on the last two; white, composed of twelve ventricose
or flattened whirls; apex obtuse, shining, upper three whirls
of about equal diameter and smooth, the next four rapidly
increasing in width and striate, the next whirl the widest
of all and smooth, the remainder very rapidly decreasing in
diameter towards the attenuated base; last whirl with about
ten elevated ribs, not carinated below, and appressed against
the shell so as hardly to be rimate, until extended beyond it,
and ending in a continuous peritreme expanded around the
subquadrate aperture.

Greatest diameter, 7; leneth, 29 millimetres.

Habitat, Cienga Grande, Coahuila. Four specimens are pre-
served in the collection of the Smithsonian Institution.
Plate 7, fig. 5, is an enlarged view of the apex of this spe-

cies. It belongs to the sub-genus Gongylostoma.

Genus CARINIFEX, Binney.—t. 7, f. 6, 7.

Description —Jaws—? Trae membrane—? Tentacles—?
Mantle—?

Shell, dextral, spiral, somewhat triangular, strongly cari-

OF CONCHOLOGY. le

nated, deeply and widely umbilicated, horn-colored, spire flat-
tened, terraced, last whirl triangular, strongly carinated above ;
aperture small, wide above, narrowed, acute below; inner lip
with a thin callus; outer lip simple, sinuous, angular.

In the catalogue of North American Pulmonates, published
by the Smithsonian Institution, December 9th, 1863, I pro-
posed the generic name Car¢nifex* for a shell described as Planor-
bis newberryi, Lea,(Proceedings Philadelphia Academy Natural
Sciences, 1854, p. 41.) It 1s somewhat related to Taphius,
but has not the excavated upper surface or rounded whirls of
that subgenu*, and the aperture is below the plane of the
whirls.

‘T'wo species of the genus have been described, C. newberry?,
and C. brewert, Newcomb. The latter.may prove but a
variety of the former. In the Smithsonian Institution’s col-
lection are specimens from Klamath Lake, Canoe Creek and
Clear Lake, California.

BULINUS BERLANDIERIANUS, Binney.. 7, f. 8.

Description. — Shell cylindrical, smooth, whitened, rather
thick; whirls five, the upper ones narrowly flattened, the
lower ohe comprising more than 15-17 of the whole length
of the shell; quite compressed; aperture very long, narrow;
columella simple, with a light cailus.

Length of the shell 17, greatest breadth 8, of aperture
length, 14, breadth 4 millimetres.

Habitat, Texas, in the region of Metamoras.
Six specimens were presented to the Smithsonian Institution
by Gen. Couch, among the shells collected by Berlandiere.

This species resembles Bulinus elatus, Gld., more than any
other known to inhabit North America. But that species is
very much thinner and delicate, has a longer, more pcinted
spire, a shorter aperture and more convex body whirl.

Fig. 9 is drawn from the largest American specimen of the
widely distributed Bulinus hypnorum. It shows how slight is
the resemblance to that species in B. berlandiertanus.

* Subsequently, (January, 1864,) Mr. Tea proposed the generic name

Megasystropha forthe same shell, (Proceedings Philadelphia Academy,
1864, p. 5).

AMERICAN JOURNAL

Oo
Lo

DIAGNOSES OF NEWLY DISCOVERED GENERA OF
GASTEROPODS, BELONGING TO THE SUB-FAM.
HYDROBIINEA, OF THE FAMILY RISSOIDA.

BY DR. WILLIAM STIMPSON.

COCHLIOPA.*

Shell depressed-conic; base concave, carinated ; umbilicus
large and deep; aperture oblique.

Operculum thin, corneous, subspiral.

Rostrum of moderate size; tentacles rather long, tapering.
Verge geniculated and bifid, the inner branch being very
small, less than one-fourth the size of the outer and arising at
the inner anele of the geniculation.

Lingual dentition of the typical species:—Rhachidian tooth
short and broad, armed with two denticles on each side of the
base, and eleven denticles at the cusp. Intermediate tooth
with a long peduncle and square body, having a cavity in
the centre; cusp with eight denticles. Lateral teeth with an
expansion of the inner side of the shank, separated from the
sammit by a deep rounded sinus; inner lateral with eighteen,
outer one with twenty-four denticles at the summit.

Station.—FK resh water.
Distribution —California.

Type, C. RowELuil.

Amanicola Rowellii Tryon,Proc. A. N. Sciences, Philadelphia,
18638, p. 147, pl.i., f. 8, 9—Clear Lake, California.

FLUMINICOLA.

Shell comparatively large, obliquely ovate, thick, smooth,
imperforate; spire short, obtuse; aperture ovate, inner lip
flattened, callous; outer lip effuse and projecting anteriorly, so
that the peritreme is not in the same plane.

Operculum corneous, subspiral.

Foot short, broadly rounded behind. Tentacles tapering.
Rostrum large. Verge compressed, with a broad, semicircular,
laminiform expansion or wing at the left side.

Lingual ribbon (of type) with the rhachidian tooth twice as
broad as long, and trilobate below ; cusp armed with five den-
ticles; basal denticles, three on each side. Intermediate tooth

* Kéyais, cochlea parva ; smn, foramen.

OF CONCHOLOGY. 53

armed with six denticles at the summit; inner lateral with
ten, outer lateral with seven. |
Ova deposited in circular groups, enclosed in a common
corneous envelope or capsule.
Station.—F resh water.
Distribution —Oregon and California.
Type, F. NUTTALLIANA. .

Paludina nuttalliana Lea—Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., vi.,
LoS ps tOL, ply sxx a1 O9!

The Paludina v.rens Lea, P. nuclear Lea, P. seminalis Hinds,

and Amnicola Hindsii Baird, will fall into the same genus.
GILLIA. oo

Shell rather large, subglobular, thin, subperforate, smooth ;
spire small; suture not impressed; aperture large, broad,
ovate, oblique, with the outer lip thin, acute, and not pro-
jecting anteriorly.

Operculum subspiral, thin, corneous, regularly ovate.

Foot oblong, broadly rounded behind, and strongly auricu-
lated in front. Rostram rather large. Tentacles tapering,
pointed. Verge small, simple, lunate.

Lingual dentition of type:—Rhachidian tooth deeply trilo-
bate below, with the outer angles much produced; cusp with
nine denticles ; basal denticles two on each side, rather close
to the basal margin, and projecting beyond it. Intermediate
tooth with the body subrhomboidal, shehtly excavated at the
middle, and the peduncle as long as the body, but only half
as broad. Inner lateral tooth with fourteen denticles; outer
lateral with ten. '

Ovacapsules hemispherical, each containing but one egg,
and deposited singly or in groups, or linear series.

Station—F resh water.

Distribution.—N orth America, east of the Alleghanies, from
Pennsylvania to Georgia.

Type, G. ALTILIS.

Melania qiltilis Lea, Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., vii, 1848, p.
174, pl. v., f. 23.

POTAMOPYRGUS.

Shell ovate-conic, imperforate ; apex acute; whorls coronated
with spines; outer whorl nearly two-thirds the length of the
shell; aperture ovate, outer lip acute.

Operculum corneous, subspiral.

Foot rather short for the length of the shell, broadest in
front and strongly auriculated. Tentacles very long, slender,
and tapering. Hyes on very prominent tubercles... Rostrum
of moderate size.

54 AMERICAN JOURNAL

Lingual dentition of type :—Rhachidian tooth trapezoidal,
with the inferior or basal margin nearly straight, only faintly
trilobate; cusp with nine denticles; basal denticles minute,
four in number on each side, close to the lateral margins. In-
termediate tooth with the peduncle very long, three times as
long as the body and constricted at its juncture therewith; body
subrhomboidal and excavated in the middle ; cusp with eleven ,
equal denticles. Lateral teeth constricted near the summits;
inner lateral with fifteen denticles at the summit; outer lateral
with the summit broad, shaped hke-a chopping-knife, and
armed with twenty denticles.

Station—Fresh water.

Distribution—New Zealand.
Type, P. coROLLA.

Amnicola corolla Gould, U. 8. Expl. Expedition, Moll.
1852, p. 129, pl. 1x, f 149, a. ¢.
TRYONIA,

Shell perforate, elongated, turreted, subnlate, acute at sum-
mit and rather pointed at base; surface longitudinally ribbed
or plicated, not spinous; whorls numerous, shouldered ; aper-
ture small, oblique, rhombo-ovate, somewhat pointed, sinuated
and effuse at base; outer lip thin and sharp, projecting below;
inner lip appressed to the whorl above; peritreme continuous.

Station.—F resh water.
Distribution —Southern California.
Type, “Tl. CLATHRATA, Nov..sp:, pl. 3, a

Description—Whorls eight. Longitudinal ribs variable in
number, usually about twelve to each whorl. Surface other-
wise smooth, or marked with delicate incremental striz.
There is no trace of revolving lines or striae.

Length 0-2 inch.

The specimens described-are in a semi-fossilized condition,
mostly white, though not chalky, but with an ivory-like hard-
ness. Some of themare translucent, looking as if silicitied.
From the circumstances under which they were found, how-
ever, it is probable that the species existed within a very recent
period, if not indeed now living.

Large numbers of specimens were found, in company with
other dead fresh water shells, in the Basin of the Colorado
Desert, by Mr. Wm. P. Blake. This basin is the bed of an
ancient lake, now dry.

or
|

OF CONCHOLOGY.

ON CERTAIN GENERA AND FAMILIES OF ZOOPHAGOUS
GASTEROPODS.

BY DR. WILLIAM STIMPSON.

Fam. CYSTISCID At.

The characters of the soft parts, in the the new genus des-
cribed below, seem to warrant the establishment of a distinct
family for its reception, notwithstanding the great similarity
to the Marginellidze shown in the shell and lingual dentition.

CYSTISCUS, nov. gen.—pl. 8, f. 2.

Shell (plate 6, fig. 2, a, b,) resembling that of some Marginelle
or Persicule, small, thin, ovate, inflated, smooth and polished;
spire very short, but distinct; suture not impressed, but filled
up with a clossy deposit of shelly matter; aperture narrow ;
columella with plaits on the anterior half. Foot (fig. 2. d,) elon-
gated, narrower than the shell, and truncated in front : head
oblong, depressed, bifurcated in front to form the short, trian-
cular, flattened and horizontal tentacles; eyes at the lateral
margins of the head, a little behind the bases of the tentacles;
mentum as broad as the head, but not extending beyond the
tips of the tentacles. Teeth of the lingual ribobn (fie. 2.¢,) in a
single row, 0° 1:0, and resembling in form the rhachidian
teeth of the Muricidze*, thick and strong, with seven unequal,
conical denticlest on its upper surface, “of which the central,
and two outer ones on either side are large, and project slightly
beyond the anterior margin.

In the examination of the living animal, it was unfortuna-
tely not determined whether the shell is covered externall
by an expansion of the mantle as in the Marginellidze, but
this is probably the ease, judging by the character of the surface
of the shell and the filling up of the suture. This pallial en-
velope, if existing, must be very thin and delicate, and not
ornamented with tubercles or fringes, otherwise it would not
have easily escaped observation. The form of the respiratory
siphon also remains to be ascertained.

CYTISCUS CAPENSIS, sp. unica, nov. (plate 8, fig. 2,

Shell four-whorled, white, translucent ; the contained bluish

viscera showing through in living examples. Columella with
* As restricted further on, to Murex, Trophon, etc.

+ There were eight denticles in the specimen figured, producing a want
of symmetry doubtless merely accidental.

56 AMERICAN JOURNAL

four-folds beside that forming its basal extremity or truncation.
Foot lemon yellow; eyes minute, dark reddish.

Length of the shell 0-14; width about 0°10 inch.

Found on Gorgonize dr aio by the writer from a rocky
bottom in 20 fathoms, in False Bay, Cape of Good Hope,
North Pacific Expl. Expedition, Com. C. Ringgold, U.S. N.

Commanding.
Fam. MURICID.

This group has been used with several very different limita-
tions by recent malacological writers, and requires careful re-
vision, toward which we have some suggestions to offer.

Woodward * includes in the family the genera JMurea,
Typhis, Pisania, Ranella, Triton, Fasciolaria, Turbinella, Can-
cellaria, Trichotropis and Fusus (= Colus.) H. & A. Adamst
include Murex, and its recent subdivisions ( Chicoreus, Phyllono-
tus, Vitularia, Ocinebra, Muricidea, etc.,) san pe Pusus (= Co-
lus,) ) Neptunea, Clavella, Pisania, Metula, Cassidulus, Hemifusus,
Cantharus (—Pollia,) Tritonidea and Buthria. Grayt assigns
to the family his groups, Muricina, Colusina, Pisaniana, (in-
cluding Columbella and Hngina,) Cominellina, Nassina and
Phosina. Carpenter§ restricts it to the genera J/urex and its
allies, Trophon, Fusus (—Colus,) Chrysodomus (—Neptunea,)
Clavella, Pisania, Engina, Cominella, Metula and Anachis.

We thus have representatives of ten families (Muricide,
Buccinide, Cassidulidee, Nassidze, Columbellide, Fasciolariide,
Turbinellide, Trichotropide, Cancellaride: and Tritonide,)
and of three distinct suborders, (Hamiglossata, Toxoglossata
and T'aenioglossata,) referred to the Muricidz by one or other
of the different authors quoted.

From this long list we will proceed to eliminate as follows :
—The reference “by Woodward of the Taenioglossate Ranella
Triton, Trichotropis and Pyrula (—Ficula, Sw. ,) and of the
Toxoglossate Cancellaria to the group is not surprising, since
the importance of the characters of the lingual dentition in
classification was not generally understood at the time when
the first part of that author’s excellent and comprehensive
work was published. The same remark will apply to the
Odontoglossate Fasciolaria and Turbinella, which have been
since referred to their proper place by H. & A. Adams, Gray
and Carpenter.

But the family, as understood by these three authors, re-

* Manual of the Mollusca, 1851, p. 106.

} Genera of Recent Mollusca, I., 1853, p. 70.

{ Guide to the Syst. Distr. of Mollusca, 1856, p. 11.
§ Lectures on Mollusca, 1861, p. 27.

OF CONCHGLOGY. Bi

quires still further reduction. Colus, as we have recently
determined by the examination of the teeth of a species allied
to the type, Musus colus Lam., belongs to the Fasciolaride,
Bullia, Nassa, Phos, and their allies, included in the group by
Gray, have been very properly separated by H. & A. Adams
‘and Carpenter. Cassidulus and its allies, included by H. & A.
Adams, is properly separated by Gray and Carpenter. Certain
Columbellide included by Gray and Carpenter, are properly
separated by H. & A. Adams. The Columbellidee have, in
their unarmed rhachidian and claw-shaped lateral teeth, a pecu-
lar and singularly constant type of lingual dentition*, which
forbids the dismemberment of the group on account of differ-
euces in the shape of their opercula.

We have then remaining to the family the genera Murez,
Typhis, Trophon, Neptunea, Strombella, Clavella, Pisania,
Pollia, Tritonidea, Engina, Metula and Futhria, none of which
have been referred to any other family by the most recent
scientific authors. Among these, however, we find two dis-
tinct types of lingual dentition.

1. In Murex and the two genera following, the lingual rib-
bon (plate 8, fig. 8,) is very small; the rhachidian tooth is
thick and solid, somewhat like a section of a prism, with the
denticles projecting from the anterior edge of the convexity of
the upper surface ; while the lateral teeth are always simple,
with but a single dentiform lobe arising from the base of at-
tachment.

2. In Neptunea and the six genera following, the lngual
ribbon (plate 8, fig.4,) is much larger and broader in propor-
tion; the rhachidian tooth is flat and lamelliform, with denti-
cles arising directly from the anterior margin; while the lateral
teeth are each armed with at least two strong dentiform lobes.
This dentition closely resembles that of the Buccinide.

There is thus a far greater difference between the dentition
of the Murex-group, and of the Neptunea-group than between
that of this latter group and that of the Buccinide. We
therefore propose to restrict the limits of the family Muricidz
to the genus Murex and its allies, and to place the Neptunes
etc., in the family Buccinide as a sub-family Neptuniine.

The dentition of Metula and Euthria is as yet unknown, so
that their true place remains uncertain.

After so wholesale a depauperization of the family Muri-
cidee, we can dono less than endeavor to make amends by
seeking for the genera which, though properly belonging to
it, may have been wrongly placed i in other families.

*See Moerch’s investigations upon the lingual teeth of the Columbellide.
Journal de Conchyliologie, VIL., 1858, p. 254. :

58 AMERICAN JOURNAL

Asa commencement of this portion of the work, we may
mention the group of shells of minis the Ranella caudata of
Say, and the &. muriciformis of Broderip are examples,
which was named Hupleura by H. & A. Adams,* as a sub-
genus of Bursa (Ranella). This group, which forms a good
genus, proves to be nearly allied to Ocmebra. We add a
figure of the lingual dentition of FH. caudata. (plate 8, fig. 5.)

To the Muricidze we have also the following genus to add,
which appears to have as yet received no name.

UROSALPINX,} nov. gen.
Type, U. CINEREA.

Fusus cinereus Say, Amer. Conch., pl. xxix., the two mid-
dle figures.

Shell elongated oval, or short fusiform, longitudinally ribbed
or undulated and spirally striated; aperture with a short
canal. Operculum somewhat like that of Purpura, semi-cor-
date, with the nucleus at the outer edge a little below the

middle. Lingual dentition (plate 8, fig. 6) nearly like that of

Trophon, the lateral teeth having an elongate base of attach-
ment; but the rhachidian tooth has numerous minute denticles
between the principal ones, corresponding to ridges on the
surface of the tooth, as in the Murices. Ova-capsules (fig. 7)
oblong, shouldered, widest near the summit, compressed, cari-

nated on either side, peduncle short ; base of attachment
very small; aperture median at the summit.

Tt differs from ophon in its operculum, and from Ocinebra
in its smoother shell, want of varices, and open canal.

* Genera of Recent Mollusca, I., p. 107. It is doubtful whether we are
required to adopt the name Eupleura, and several others among the names
given by H. & A. Adams to groups of shells supposed to be of generic
value. For, in the cases referred to, the authors cannot strictly be consi-
dered to have given a determinable type or example, which is necessary
tor the acceptance of a generic name by the scientific world. They indeed
give a list of species, with authorities, but without references to descrip-
tons, and with no mention of the genus to which the species was origi-
nally referred. For instance, the first species of Eupleura mentiored is
simply ‘‘ caudata, Say’? ; but we may search in vain through Say’s works
for any such name as ‘‘ Euplewra caudata,” or even ** Bursa caudata.’? Out
of courtesy, indeed, many of the names so proposed by H. & A. Adams
will be adopted when the genera prove to be good, if collateral knowledge
enables us, as in the present instance, to form a tolerably correct surmise
as to the type; butit is highly desirable that the typical species should be
much more clearly indicated in fulure.

} Olp2, cauda; carne, buccina.

{In the form of the ovacapsules we find an important difference between
the Muricide and the Buccinide. In the former group they are more or
less pedunculated and erect, while in the latter they are flattened, discoidal,
adhering by the broad flat base, and generally occur piled upon one another
in masses. '

OF CCONCHOLOGY. 59

The typical species has been considered by some as a
Fusus, on account of the length of the canal, by others as a
Buceinum, on aecount of the form of the operculum. It is
described by Gould in the “Invertebrata of Massachusetts,”
under the name of Buccinum plicosum. Its dentition proves it
to belong to the Muricidz. It is littoral in its habits and is
found on the Eastern coast of the United States, from Maine
to Florida.

Fam. PTYCHATRACTIDA. rn

This new group is proposed for the reception of the follow-
ing genus, which will not fall into any of the Hatiglossate
families as yet named. Its dentition resembles that of the
Purpuridz more than that of any other family, but the form
of the shell and operculum forbid its approximation to that
group.

PTYCHATRACTUS*, nov. gen.
Type, P. LIGATUS.

Fasciolaria ligata Mighels & Adams. Boston Journal Nat-
Hralelictoty, iV. bo42, pol, pl. iv. £17
Shell fusiform, spirally striated; aperture with a rather long
canal; columella plicated as in Fascvolarza. Operculum like
that of Ne eptunea. Lingual teeth, (plate 8, fig. 8,)1- 1-1; rha-
chidian tooth deeply arched, with three strong denticles at the
middle of the anterior edge; lateral teeth versatile, greatly
elongated, simple, with a swollen base and hook-shaped
extremity.

This mollusk, in the character of its lingual dentition, is
widely removed from the Fasciolariide, in which the lateral
teeth are not versatile. The only known species is found in
deep water, off the coasts of Maine and Nova Scotia, and has
also occurred in the Gulf of St. Lawrence.

Fam. BUCCINID.
Sub-fam. NEPTUNIIN-AL.

Shell more or less beaked. Operculum ovate, nucleus
apicial.

The Neptunie and their allies are so very closely allied to
the true Buccina in their lingual dentition, in the form of the
soft parts and of the ovacapsules, and in many other characters,
that they should doubtless be arranged in the same family.
They may, however, be kept separate from the Buccinum
group, as a subfamily, on account of the different form of the
operculum, the canaliculated aperture of the shell, and the
position of the eyes.

* rv, plica, arpaxtec, fusus.

60 AMERICAN JOURNAL

To the sub-family Neptuniine as separated from the Muri-
cidze on a previous page, we have to add two genera which
have been erroneously placed, hitherto, in widely different
groups.

PERISTERNIA Moerch.

The first of these is Peristernia of Moerch,* which has been
referred to the Turbinellidze. In this genus, however, the late-
ral teeth of the lingual ribbon are versatile, and the entire
structure of the animal is similar to that of Neptunea. We
add a figure (plate 9, fig. 9,) of the teeth of a species found on
the coast of Georgia.

This case, with that of Ptuchatractus and Colus, will serve
to show that by far too much dependence has been placed, in
classification, upon the presence or absenee of folds upon the
columella of the shell.

BUSYCON Bolten.

To the Neptuniine we have also to refer the genus Busycon
of Bolten (—Fulgur, Montfort.) The systematic position of
this genus has been thus far involved in doubt. Dr. Gray
places it in the Cassidulide.t

Dr. P. P. Carpenter makes the following remarkst with
regard to this very natural group of large gasteropods, which
is confined, geographically, to the eastern shores of America.
‘Whether it speaks well for the zeal of American Naturalists
that these large species, which can be so easily examined, should
be abundant in collections as far as the shell is concerned, but
as vet undescribed from the lving animals, must be for others
to determine.” And further :—“W hether they have a whelk-
like dentition, or whether they are Fasciolariz with undevel-
oped plaits, cannot be told till their animals have been
dissected.”

Having recently had an opportunity of examining the
animals in question, we hasten to remove the stigma upon
“the zeal of American naturalists,” who, unlike their European
brethren, are surrounded by such an abundance of new
materials, that it is hardly surprising that so much lies
uninvestigated at their doors. We cannot do everything at
once. Dr. Carpenter's first conjecture is right—the Busycons
have a “whelk-like dentition.” Pl. 9, fig. 10 represents that
of B. pyrum. In this species we have a rather narrow rhac-
hidian tooth, armed with three strong denticles, and a 4-den-

* Cat. Yoldi Coll., 1852, p. 99. Type Turbinella craticulata Schubert &
Wagner; Kiener pl. ix., f. 2.

i Guide, I., p. 11.

} Lectures on Mollusca, p. 32.

OF CONCHOLOGY. 61

ticulate lateral tooth. In B. canaliculatum, the rhachidian
tooth is broader, with three denticles smaller than in B. pyrum ;
lateral tooth 5-denticulate. In B. carica the rhachidian is still
broaderand armed with five denticles in the female and six
in the male; lateral tooth 5-denticulate (2) or 6-denticulate
ie) in, perversum ¢, rhachidian 5-denticulate, lateral tooth
6-denticulate.

Besides these four species, a few others have been described
B. carica. The four species may be arranged in two groups
as existing on our coast, but these appear to be all varieties of
upon the “characters of their shells. B. carica and B. per-
versum have rather thick and heavy shells, with the shoulder
of the whorls armed with strong spines; B. pyrum and B.
canaliculatum have on the contrary thin, canaliculated shells
with unarmed whorls and a ciliated epidermis. These dif-
ferences, taken in connection with those to be noticed in the
lingual dentition, might lead us to separate the two groups
generically, were it not that in the Miocene formation of our
Atlantic slope we find intermediate forms. For instance, the
B. coronatum of Conrad has the thick shell and prominent
conical spines of the first group in conjunction with the spiral
canal of the second; B. carinatum of the same author has a
thin smooth shell, but no spiral canal; and B. fustiformis has
a thick shell, while the whorls have neither canal nor spines.

Fam. NASSIDAL.

We regard the Masse and their allies as forming a family
distinct Sopa the Buceinide on account of the arched form
and very numerous denticles of the rhachidian tooth of the
gual ribbon,—a constant character.

ILYANASSA,* nov. gen.

Type, I. oBSOLETA.

Nassa obsoleta ; Say, Journal Academy Natural Sciences,
Philadelphia, IT, 1822, p. 282. Buccinum obsoletum Gould,
Invert. Massachusetts, 1841, p. 808, f 210.

Shell reticulated or decussated, rather thick and strong ;
spire elévated; inner lip smooth; callus moderate. Foot
broad, without caudal bifureation or cirri. Operculumt re-
sembling somewhat that of Buccinwm, obovate, broadest
below; nucleus a little within the margin at the outer side
near the base; margin entire, not serrated; lingual teeth
(plate 9, fig. 11,) hke those of Nassa. Ova-capsules (plate 9, fig,

* Etym., iats, limus; dvacca, regina.

+ The operculum is always herein considered in its natural position
when retracted into the aperture of the shell.

62 AMERICAN JOURNAL

12,) rounded, erect, slightly compressed, with the anterior
and upper surface covered with facettes formed by reticu-
lating ridges or ciests, the angles of which are spinous.

It differs from Massa and Phos in the form of the oper-
culum and the want of candal cirri on the foot. From
Northia in the shape of the shell, as well as that of the
operculum. ‘he typical species is littoral in station, living on
mud-flats in bays and harbors, and is found more abundantly
than any other gasteropod on the EHastern coasts of the
United States of North America.

Fam. CLIONELLID i.

The genus Clionella of Gray,* founded on the Buccinum
sinuatum of Born==Pleurotoma buecinoides Lam,t will form
the type of a new family. It has been supposed, from the
color of the thick periostraca of the shell, to be a fresh-water
genus, and is placed in the Melanopsine by recent authors.
It is, however, as has been already pointed out,{ a marine
form. We have had opportunities of observing the living
animal in specimens dredged from a sandy bottom at the
depth of two fathoms, in Simon’s Bay, at the Cape of Good
Hope, by the United States North Pacific Exploring Expedi-
tion. The soft parts do not accord with the figure of the type
given in H. & A. Adams’ “Genera,” pl. xxii, f. 10.§

In our specimens the eyes are placed near the tips of the
tentacles; the foot is short and very broad, projecting
anteriorly but little beyond the head, and broadly rounded
behind. The operculum is subelliptical, with the nucleus near
the middle of the inner side,—resembling that of Clavatula, as
figured by H. & A. Adams, and that of Tomella, as figured
by Gray.|

“The lingual dentition is of a very peculiar type, differing
from any yet described (plate 9, fig. 13.) The animal has a
true lingual ribbon, with the teeth in three rows 1-1-1;
the rhachidian tooth being very small and delicate, as in
Fasciolaria, aud armed with a single denticle; while the lateral
teeth are very large, not versatile, and shaped somewhat like
the canine teeth of Mammals, pointing obliquely inward and
backward, and hollow at the root or base of attachment.

* Proceedings Zoological Society, London, 1847, p. 153.
+See Kiener, Pleurot., p. 38; pl. xiii., f. 1.
¢{ American Journal of Science and Arts, [2] xxxviii., p. 48.

§ This figure is said to be taken from the ‘‘Regne Animal” of Cuvier,
Ed. 2d. May not some confusion have arisen between the ideas concerning
the animal in question and the Melanopsis buccinoidea, in consequence of
the similarity of specific names? We have not the ‘‘Regne Animal’ at
hand to refer to.

|| Guide, I., p. 7, fig.4.

OF CONCHOLOGY. 63

This dentition is in some degree intermediate in character
between the Odontoglossata of Gray and the Toxoglossata;
and indicates a new group of value equivalent to these, which
may be called Tomoglossata. Probably all of the Clavatu-
lin, or Pleurotomidz with an operculum having the nucleus
on the inner edge, will be found to belong to it,

The relations of the genus Hala, the anatomy and dentition
of which are described by Fischer in the ‘‘ Journal de Conchy-
liologie,” vol. vil, 1858, p. 141, will probably be found to lie
with this group, rather than with the Defranciins. That ani-
mal has a true lingual ribbon, with the lateral teeth similar in
position to those of Clionella, though much more slender. No
rhachidian teeth have been observed.

Fam. DENTALITD A.
HELONYX, nov. gen.
Type, H. chavatus.—pl. 9, f 14.

Dentalium clavatum Gould, Otia, p. 119.

Shell small, subulate, polished, almost hyaline, arcuated,
swollen before the middle, and contracted atthe mouth; poste-
riorly attenuated, with the margin of the anal aperture entire.
Foot ereatly elongated , cylindrical, and obtuse at the extremity;
collar apparently entire. . Anal siphon longer than in Dental-
dum. not fissured.

This genus comprises certain small Dentalia, which, from
the contraction at the anterior extremity of their shells, have
been commonly supposed to belong to Annelides allied to
Ditrupa. An examination of the living animal in the typical
and only living species, D. clavatum, discovered by the writer
in the harbor of Hong Kong, China, has shown it to be a
Mollusk, very closely allied to Dentalium. This species lives
on muddy bottoms, at depths of from six to twenty fathoms.
It was of a pure waxen-white color when alive, except where
the dark-brown rami of the liver showed through the shell.

The genus, which first appears in the Cretaceous, is repre-
sented by several species in the various formations deposited
during the Tertiary epoch, when it seems to have reached its
climax of development.

The following are some of the fossil species, for information
regarding which I am chiefly indebted to Mr. Meek.

H. pusiiuus. Dentalium (Ditrupa ?) pusillum Gabb., Palee-
ontology of Califernia, 1., 1864, p. 139; pl. xxi, f. 99 —Creta-
ceous formation of California.

H. suscoarcratus. Ditrupa subcoarctata Gabb., Jour.
Acad. Nat. Sciences, Philadelphia, [2] Iv., 1860, p. 886; pl.
Ixvi., f. 47.—Eocene of Wheelock, Texas.

64 AMERICAN JOURNAL

H. coarctatus. Dentalium coarctatum Lamarck, An. sans.
Vert., 2d edition, v., 1838, p.599.—Miocene of Peidmont.

HA. taannus. Dentalium thallus Conrad, Miocene Foss., 1844,
p. 78, pl. xlv., £ 5—Miocene of Virginia.

OF CONCHOLOGY. 65

REVISION OF M. PETIT’S CATALOGUE OF THE GENUS
MONOCONDYLGA, D’ORB.

BY CHARLES M. WHEATLEY, PH@NIXVILLE, PA.

In Journal de Conchyliologie, 8d series, No. 1, January 1865,
M. Petit de la Saussaye publishes “ Note on the genus Monocon-
dyloea, D’Orb., description of a new species (JZ. Cambojensis,)
with catalogue of fifteen species.” I propose the following re-
vision of M. Petit’s list :—

Asia.

M. EvpHratica, Bourg—River Euphrates, and Tigris River,
near Bagdad.
Unio Huphraticus, Bourg.—Test. Nov. p. 28, No. 4. 1852.
Unio Huphraticus, Bourg—Voy. de la mer morte, pl. 4,
fio. 14, 1858.
Unio Opperti, Bourg—Amén. vol. 1., p. 54, pl. 14, fig. 6.
and pl To, fio. I 1856.
Unio Churchilianus, Bourg—Amén. vol. i, p. 35, pl.
2, fig, 14. 1857.
Monocondylea rhomboidea, Lea —Pro. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila.,
pei te7. Le59.
M. Micuont, Bourg.—Jaffa, Syria.
Unio Michonti, Bourg.—Test. Nov., p. 27, No. 2. 1852.
Unio Michonti, Bourg—Voy. de la mer morte, pl. 3, fig.
10-12. 1858.
M. TripotiraNa, Bourg.—Tripoli, Syria.
Unio Tripolitanus, Bourg.—Test. Nov. p. 28, No. 38. 1852.
Unio Tripolitanus, Bourg.—Voy. de la mer morte, pl. 4,
fig. 10-12. 1853.
M. Sauucyt, Bourg.—Jafta, Syria.
Unio Saulcyi, Bourg.—Test. Nov. p. 27, No.1. 1852.
Unio Sauleyi, Bourg—Voy. de la mer morte, pl. 8, fig.
1-3. 1858.
M. Wuearteyt, Lea.—River Tigris, near Mosul.
Monocondylea Wheatley, Lea—Pro. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila.,
pe L(G. 1862.
Monocondylea Wheatley’, Lea.
50, fig. 807.
M. Marpryensis Lea.—Tigris River, near Mardin.
Monocondylea Mardinensis, Lea.— Pro. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Phila., Dec. 20, 1864.
M. Cumineu, Lea.—Malacca and Cambodia.

“Obs,” val LOS an, apt.

66 AMERICAN JOURNAL
Anodonta Cumingti, Lea.—Pro. Zool. Soc. Lond., p. 199,
1850

Monocondylea Cumingii, Lea— Obs,” vol. 7, p. 58, pl.
38, fig. 114.
M. Monuortt, Lea. Streams in Laos Mountains, Cambodia.
Monocondylea Monhotii, Lea—Pro. Acad. Nat Sci., Phila.,
p. 190. 1868.
M. comMPREssaA, Lea.—Siam.
Monocondylea compressa, Lea.—Pro. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila.,
p' 190. 1868.
M. CAMBOJENSIS, Petit—Cambodia.
Monocondylea Cambojensis, Lea.—Jour. de Conchyliologie, pl.
4, fig. 4, Jan., 1865.
M. INOSCULARIS, Gould.—River Salwen.
Anodonta tnoscularis, Gould.—Pro. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist.,
voll, p, 160: Decsril843%
M. CREBRISTRIATA, Anthony, M.S.—Pegu.
M. PEGUENSIS, Anthony, M.8.—Pegu.

South America.

M. PARAGUAYANA, Orb.—Parana and Rio Batel, Province
Corrientes.
Monocandylea Paraguayana, Orb.—Mag. Zool., p. 387, No.
i. * 18385.
Monocondylea Paraguayana, Orb—Voy. Am. Merid., p.
612, pl. 70, fig. 6-7.
M. Minuana, Orb.—Rosario, Uruguay.
Monocondylea Minuana, Orb.—Mag. Zool., p. 37, No. 2.
1835.
Monocondylea Minuana, Orb.— Voy. Am. Merid., p. 612, pl.
70, fig. 8-10.
M. ParcHAPPIt, Orb.—Parana, near Itaty, Province Corrientes.
Monocondylea Parchappii, Orb.—Mag. Zool., p. 38, No. 8.
1835.
Monocondylea Parchappii. Orb.—Voy. Am. Merid., p. 612,
pl. 68, fig. 1-38.
M. CoRRIENTESENSIS, Orb.—Rio Batel, Province Corrientes.
Monocondyleu Corrientesensis, Orb—Mag. Zool., p. 88, No.
4, 1835.
Monocondylea Corrientesensis, Orb.—Voy. Am. Merid., p. 618,
pl. 68, fig. 8-10.
M. Guarayana, Orb.—Rio San Miguel, Province Chiquitos,

Boliva.
Monocondylea Guarayana, Orb.—Mag. Zool., p. 38, No. 5.
1835.

Monocondylea Guarayana, Orb.—Voy. Am. Merid., p. 614,
pl. 68, fig. 4-7.

OF CONCHOLOGY. 67

M. FOSSICULIFERA, Orb.—Rio Panana, at Iribucua.
Monocondylea fossiculifera, Orb.—Mag. Zool. p. 38, No. 6.
1835.
Monocondylea fossiculifera, Orb.— Voy. Am. Merid., p. 614,
pl. 80, fig. 5-7.
M. Tamstana, Dunker.—Rivers in Mountain Valleys. Vene-
zuela.
Monocondylea Tamsiana, Dunker.—Malak. Blatt, p. 226.
1858.
M. FRANcIscANA, Moricand.—Brazil.
Monocondylea Franciscana, Moric.—Jour. Nat. Hist. Soc.,
Geneva, vol. 8, pl. 3, f. 14.

Oceanica -

M. VONDEMBUSCHIANA, Lea.—Java.

Monocondylea Vondembuschiana, Lea—Trans. Am. Philos.
Soc., vol. 8, pl. 18, fig. 39. 1840.

Margaritana Zollingeri, Mousson.—Zeits. fur Malak., p. 185.
1849.

Margaritana crispata, Mousson.—Zeits. far Malak., p. 185.
1849.

Margaritana fragilis, Mousson.—Zeits. fur. Malak, p. 185.
1849,

M. PLANULATA, hbea.—Java.
Monocondylea planulata, Lea.—Pro. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila,
pelsi. 1859: ; !
Monocondylea planulata, Lea.—‘ Obs.” vol. 7, p. 80, pl. 42,
fig. 142.
Hurope.

M. Boneuwu, Fer.—France. Lake Gonda, Italy.
Alasmadonta Bonelli, Yer—Rossm., p. 24, pl. 9, fig. 134.
Alasmadonta depressa, Villa—Cat. Moll. Lombardia.
Alasmadonta compressa, Villa.—Cat. Moll. Lombardia.

Unio depressa, Pfr.—Pfeiff, p. 32, pl. 8, fig. 8-4.
Unio compressa, Menke.—Menke, Synop., p. 106. 1830.
Unio Boneihii, Menke.

Doubtful Species.

M. VIGNONANA, Bernardi—Upper Gaboon, Africa.
Margaritana Vignonana, Bern.—Journal de Conchyliologie,
vol. 8., 2d series, p. 802, pl. 10, fig. 1.
M. PFEIFFERIANA, Bernardi.—Upper Gaboon, Africa.
Margaritana Pfeifferiana, Bern.—Journal de Conchyliologie,
vol. 4, 2d series, p. 331, pl. 12, fig. 1, 2.
M. etAauca? Gould.—(Petit’s Cat,) Oceanica.
Anodonta glauca, Gould.—Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 3,
p. 298. Nov., 1850.—Peru.

68 AMERICAN JOURNAL

CATALOGUE OF MOLLUSCA, COLLECTED BY PROF.
D. 8. SHELDON, AT DAVENPORT, IOWA.

BY GEORGE W. TRYON, JR.
HELICID At.

. HYALINA ARBOREA, Say.
i ELECTRINA, Gould.
x INDENTATA, Say.
. MESOMPHIX LIGERA, Say.
. GASTRODONTA LINEATA, Say.
. MAcROcYCLIS CONCAVA, Say.
. PATULA ALTERNATA, Say.

‘‘ PERSPECTIVA, Say.
; “ STRIATELLA, Anthony.
10. STENOTREMA HIRSUTA, Say.
dae i MONODON, Rackett.
12. TRIODOPSIS TRIDENTATA, Say.
13. MESODON ALBOLABRIS, Say.

SO CO NT > OTR OO DORE

14. te CLAUSA, Say.

15. : MULTILINEATA, Say.
16. “ THYROIDES, Say.
es 4 PROFUNDA, Say.

18. VALLONIA PULCHELLA, Mull.
19. STROBILA LABYRINTHICA, Say.
20. LEUCOCHILA CONTRACTA, Say.
21. SUCCINEA OBLIQUA, Say.

22. fe OVALIS, Gould.

LIMN AIDA.
23. LIMNHZA STAGNALIS, Linn.
L. jugularis, Say.
24, LIMNOPHYSA PALUSTRIS, Mall. .

LL. umbrosa, Say.
25. LIMNOPHYSA REFLEXA, Say.

26. ZEBRA, Tryon, Mss.
27. PHYSA GYRINA, Say.
28. ‘( HETEROSTROPHA, Say.

29. BULINUS HYPNORUM, Linn.

30. PLANORBELLA CAMPANULATUS, Say.
31, HELISOMA BICARINATUS, Say.

39. a REGULARIS, Lea.

38. “« __ TRIVOLYIS, Say.

oD

OF CONCHOLOGY. 69

. MENETUS EXACUTUS, Say.
. GYRAULUS DEFLECTUS, Say.

‘ PARVUS, Say.

. PLANORBULA ARMIGERA, Say.
. ANCYLUS RIVULARIS, Say.

STREPOMATIDA.

. PLEUROCERA SUBULARE, Lea.
. GONIOBASIS LIVESCENS, Menke.

VIVIPARID 4.

. MELANTHO SUBSOLIDA. Anthony.

- INTEGRA, Say.

. VIVIPARA INTERTEXTA, Say.
. LIOPLAX SUBCARINATA, Say.

AMNICOLID &.

. SOMATOGYBA ISOGONA, Say.

“ DEPRESSA, Tryon.

. AMNICOLA CINCINNATIENSIS, Anthony.

a SAYANA, Anthony.

. POMATIOPSIS LAPIDARIA, Say.

VALVATID A.
VALVATA TRICARINATA, Say.

UNIONID&.

. ANODONTA CORPULENTA, Cooper.

G GRANDIS, Say.

“ INBECILIS, Say.

AA SUBCYLINDRACEA, Lea.
i UNDULATA, Say.

. MARGARITANA COMPLANATA, Bar.

a HILDRETHIANA, Lea.
i MARGINATA, Say.
ff RUGOSA, Bar.
UNIO AESOPUS, Green.

“ ALATUS, Say.

“¢ ANODONTOIDES, Lea.

“ ASPERRIMUS, Lea.

“¢> CAPAX, Green.

“ CORNUTUS, Bar.

‘¢ CRASSIDENS, Lam.

“« pistaNns, Anthony, Mss.

“ DoRFEUILLIANUS, Lea.

“¢ EBENUS, Lea.

«ELEGANS, Lea.

“ ELLIPSIS, Lea.

“ FRBAGOSUS, Conrad.

70 AMERICAN JOURNAL

73. UNIO GIBBOSUS, Bar.

74. “ GLANS, Lea.

ie ) GRACILIS, Bar:

ie “ GRANIFERUS, Lea.
he “ Hieernsit, Lea.

78. “ — rrRis, Lea.

79. « LIGAMENTINUS, Lam.
80. «’" TUTEOLDS, lant.

81. « METANEVRA, Raf.
82. ‘“ MONODONTUS, Say-
85. “ OCCIDENS, Lea.

84. “ ORBICULATUS, Hild.
85. (C.. . PARMUS, am

86. (PHASEOLUS, Hild.
87. “ phicatus, Lesueur.
88. “ PUSTULATUS, Lea.
89. “ PUSTULOSUS, Lea.
90. ¢ PYRAMIDATUS, Lea.
oie “ RECTUS, Lam.

92. “ RUBIGINOSUS, Lea.
95. “ SECURIS, Lea.

94. “© SPATHULATUS, Lea.
95. “¢ ENUISSIMUS, Lea.
3G. «“ -TRIANGULARIS, Bar.
Ops “¢ -'TRIGONUS, Lea. .

98. «= TUBERCULATUS, Bar.
oo: ‘TN DULATUS, Bar.
100. ‘¢ VENTRICOSUS, Bar.
101. ‘¢ VERRUCOSUS, Bar.

102: “0 SZIGZAG, (ea.
NOTES.

The species appear to be very numerous, in individuals, at
this locality. They are large and perfect in growth, exhibit-
ing rich coloring; especially is this case with the Unionde,
which frequently possess warm pink, or purple nacres, very
iridescent, while the epidermis is bright yellow or green,
polished and splendidly rayed. The beaks are frequently so
perfect in old specimens as to exhibit the undulations plainly.

Among the species presented by the above catalogue, Melan-
tho subsolida, Anth., may be distinguished for the great size
and weight it attains, ane specimen being nearly two inches
long. Vivipara intertecta has not before been reported north
of Louisiana.

Unio Higginsii and Somatogyrus depressa have not been, as
yet, discovered, except in Iowa. Unio distans, Anth., and
Limnophysa zebra, Tryon, will be described in our April No.

OF CONCHOLOGY. 71

@ditors Gable.

REVIEWS.

YT. AMERICAN.
Transactions of the Nova Scotian Institute of Natural Sciences,
of Halifax, N.S. Vol. ii.; part 1, 1864. 2s., 6d. per part.

Contributions to the Natural History of the Bermudas,
part \, Mollusca: BY 5. M. JONES.

The catalogue embraces 120 species, among them Succinea
Texasiana, Pfr., with the following remarks :—

“When the Meollusk inhabits the shell, the latter appears to
be of a mottled, muddy green color, but when the Mollusk is
removed, the shell assumes a light orange hue.”*

Synopsis of the Fluviatile and Terrestrial Mollusca, of the State
of Maine.

Double sheet. Published by the Author, 1863.

Observations on the Terrestrial Pulmonifera of Maine, includ-
ing a Catalogue of all the species of Terrestrial and Fluvia-
tile Mollusca, known to inhabit the State: py Ep. s. mMoRsE,
8vo., 63 pp., with numerous wood cuts and several plates.

Reprinted from the Journal of the Portland Society of
Natural History, Portland, Maine, 1864.

We feel that we are but rendering justice to Mr. Morse, in
saying that never before have such important results of minute
and patient study appeared in any American volume on Con-
chology, of the small dimensions of the one before us.

This work is a substantial advance in conchological sci-
ence, and should stimulate us all to renewed, painstaking re-
searches, even upon the species which have been supposed to
be well known to us.

Mr. Morse being an artist as well as a Conchologist, has
depicted, not only the shells of many. of the species, but in
most cases has illustrated their buccal plates, and frequently
their lingual dentition.

* We very much doubt if Suc. Texasiana inhabits the Bermudas, Proba-
bly some other species is alluded to.

72 AMERICAN JOURNAL

Mr. Morse commences his paper by stating that since the
publication of Mighels’ Catalogue, the number of terrestrial
and fluviatile mollusca, known to inhabit the State, has nearly
doubled. In studying them, he has been continually on his
guard not to rely too much on a single feature, but to consider
impartially all parts together. The interpretation of the
natural subdivisions which exist in these animals, will require
a deeper and more philosophical method of study, embracing
their complete embryology and anatomy, “and then whatever
may be revealed by such work, will, I believe, be as character-
istically stamped on the shell as on the habits and economy of
the animal.”

In the Helicide, Mr. Morse detects three different types of
lingual dentition, and remarks that the three sub-familics
founded on them, are alike distinguishable, from the “ character
of the shell; the external appearance of the animal, and the
general size of the species.”

“Taking the number of lingual plates in a row, from five
different species in each group from Pupine upwards, and
averaging this number for each group, we have the following

result :——
LIMACIDA, including PHILOMYCENIDA, 94.
HELICINA, 73.
HELICELLINA, 42.
VALLONIN A, 26.
PUPIN &, 24.”’

Tebennophorus dorsalis, Binney, is made a new genus Palli-
fera, characterised by arcuate buccal plate with seven promi-
nent ribs, crenulating its cuttingedge. Central plate of tongue
tridentate, laterals bidentate, uncini denticulated.

Sub-family HMelcinze embraces the large species, such as
albolabris, Sayit, Xe.

Anguispira is proposed as a generic name for H. alternata,
Day.
Hi elicellinee embraces the thin diaphanous Helices like cellaria
electrina, &c.; with these is described a new species, H. Bin-
neyanda, Morse. Differs from electrina in color, being nearly
white, with a greenish tinge, and is one-third smaller.

HT. exigua and H. minuscula form the new genus Pseudohya-
lina. “In Hyalina the laterals comprise one-sixth or one-
seventh of the whole number of plates in a row, while in
Pseudohyalina the laterals comprise about one-third the num-
ber. In Hyalina the shell is smooth and polished; in this the
shells are either ribbed or striated.” The buccal plate also
differs in form.

Striatura ferrea is the type of a new genus and species, the
former “ based upon peculiarities of dentition, as seen in the
enormous central plate and the channelled buccal lamina.”

OF CONCHOLOGY. ifs

Mr. Morse separates H. chersina from H. fulva, H. minuta,
Say, from H. pulchella, Zua lubricoidea, Stimp., from Z. lubrica.
But we think his reasons, though suggestive, are not conclu-
sive.

For H. minutissima, Lea, Mr. Morse makes the genus Pune-
tum and the sub-family Punctine, based on “ the peculiar con-
formation of the buccal plate, divided by sixteen distinct pieces,
and the character of the lingual dentition, corresponding closely
with Carychium exiguum.”

A full description and embryology of the much vexed Helix
harpa, Say, is given; it is made a genus, Zodgenetes in the sub-
family Pupine.

Limnea decollata, Mighels, Mr. Morse believes to be identical
with L. catascopium, an opinion which we cannot share with
him. JZ. ampla is shown to be very rare and probably local.
“Hound a few dead specimens in Mud Lake, at the northern
part of the State, the original place of discover Vet

Physa heterostropha deprived of air by being placed in a
small vial filled with water, survived the deprivation seven-
teen hours. Limnea desidiosa, under like circumstances lived
about seven hours.

Ancylus ovalis and A. borealis, two new species, are des-
cribed and figured.

Mr. Morse enumerates in all, 49 land and 55 fresh water
shells, total 104 species, which is actually a larger number than
inhabits Ireland, a somewhat larger country, and much larger
proportionally than England. In the last two countries the
terrestrial forms predominate, so as to make three-fifths of the
species, while in Maine more than half are fluviatile.

The remarks on the abundance or rarity of certain species
as compared with the data given by Dr. Mighels in his Cata-
logue published twenty years ago, does not appear to us to
serve any useful purpose, except “to suggest that such remarks
appled ‘to species as “ very abundant, a rare,” &c., ought to
' be received with great distrust.

The text to this volume is followed by 10 plates, principally
devoted to dentition. One of them exhibits magnified views
of the surfaces of several small Helices.

This work may be obtained of the author for $1.50, we be-
lieve, a price that will never repay him for the laborious produc-
tion of the magnified figures which adorn it.

Check List of the Invertebrate Fossils of North America,

Miocene: By. F. B. MEEK, (Smithsonian Miscellaneous Col-
lections, Nov. 1864.)

An exceedingly useful index to our Miocene Mollusca.
Prof. Meek has enumerated over 700 species. American
_ Palseontologists may congratulate themselves upon the pos-

74 AMERICAN JOURNAL

session of such thorough catalogues of species as those pub-
lished by Dr. Meek, Mr. Conrad and Mr. Gabb.

Wedo not agree with Dr. Meek in rejecting pre-Linneean
generic names.

Proceedings Academy Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, No. 1.,
January and February, 1864.

Description of a new Genus of the Family Melanide.
BY ISAAC LEA.

Meseschiza Grosvenori’, Wabash River, Indiana.

We have examined the specimens of this shell. They do
not appearto us to be mature. The pleurotomose slit in the
outer lip on the periphery, is a curious feature.

Descriptions of eleven new species of Indigenous Melanide :
BY ISAAC LEA.

Goniobasis Hmeryensis, Rocky Creek, East Tenn.
4 umbonata, Cumberland River.
Albanyensis, Baker Co., Georgia.
viridostriatus, Flint River, Georgia.
Tra ypanostoma subrobustum, Holston River.
Roanense, Roane Co., Hast Tenn.
4 Lesleyi, E. Tenn., Pulaski Co., Ky.
affine, Cumberland River.
cylindraceum, Roane Co., K. Tenn.
carinatum, Bull Run, Kast Tenn.
Strephobasis Lyonii, Holston River.

In this paper Mr. Lea proposes the genus Hurycexlon for
a small group of species having a large ear-shaped aperture,
the columella with a callus above and truncate below; the
whorls noduled. To this group pertain G. umbonata, midas,
and Anthonyi, Anc. turbinata, crassa, and some few other species.

Having described two new species of Goniobasis in 1861
under the names of blanda and Vanuaxemii, both of which
were pre-occupied by himself for species originally described
as Melanians but which now prove to be Goniobases, Mr. Lea
proposes to change their names to versa and Prestoniana re-
spectively. Goniobasis Canbi yi, Lea, having been previously
described by Mr. Reeve as @. Etowahensis, “Lea, the name of

Canby? is transferred to the shell which Mr. Lea subsequently
described as Htowahensis.

“

iT 9

Description of, and Remarks on, Planorbis Newberryi: BY
ISAAC LEA.

For this species a new genus is proposed, Megasystrophe ;
Mr. Binney’s name Carinifex, however, has priority.

OF CONCHOLOGY. 15

Synonymy of the species of Strepomatide, a family of Ful-
vialile Mollusca, inhabiting North America. Part 2d:
BY GEORGE W. TRYON, JR.

This part is occupied by the genus Goniobasis entire, except
a group of about sixty species from Alabama, which form the
subject of part 4th, just read to the Academy.

A synonymy of the genus shows no less than ten synonymic
names.

The species, numbering 216 adopted names and 118 syno-
nyms are divided into the following groups :—

a. Shell spirally ridged, f. Shell bi-multi- -angulate,
b. “ tuberculate, 2. “ clavate, smooth,
¢: A“ A plieate; Bierce elevated, smooth.
d. 4 angulate,..0* raw se SUTUOte.

e. “ carinate,

No. 2, March and April, 1864.

Synonymy of the family Strepomatide, &éc. Part. 3d: sy
GEORGE W. TRYON, JR.

This part embraces :—
Schizostoma 26 species and 17 synonyms.
Anculosa, 33 “ “

Descriptions of six new species af Unionide, from Lake
Nyassa, Central Africa: BY ISAAC LEA.
Onio Kirkii, Spatha alata,
“ Nyassaensis, “ Nyassaensis,
“ Aferula, ‘« — modesta.

Descriptions of six new species of Succinea of the United
States: BY ISAAC LEA.

Succinea Haleana, Alexandria, Louisiana.
is Grosvenort, Alexandria, Louisiana.
and Santa Rita Valley, Kansas.
es Mooresiana, Platte River.
i Wilsont’, Darien River.
“ Forsheyi, Rutersville, Texas.
“pellucida, United States.

Mr. Lea publishes a reclamation of his former species of
Succinea, eight in number. We certainly are disposed to
admit the validity, of not only those species conceded by
Messrs. Gould & W. G. Binney to be good ones, but also most
decidedly, that of S. inflata. With S. retusa and S. Wardiana
we are not autoptically acquainted.

Description of a new Species of Planorbis : BY ISAAC LEA.
Pil. Billingsiz, Ottawa River, Canada West.

76 AMERICAN JOURNAL

Description of thirteen new Species of Melanidz of the
Onited States: BY ISAAC LEA.
Gontobasis subrhombica, Hog Co., N. Georgia.
fraterna, Cahawba River, Alabama.
‘i Rome, Rome, N. Georgia.
Ac guadricincta, ‘Coosa River, Ala., E.
Tennessee, N. Georgia, &c,
e Smithsoniana, N. Geor., & East Tenn.
re pulla, Cumberland Gap, Hast Tenn.
¢ pupaeformis, Coosa River, Alabama.
Trypanostoma venustum, Big Prairie Creek, Ala.

‘ cinctum, North Alabama. i
i univittatum, Cahawhba Riv., Ala.
. corneum, Tennessee.

¥ napordeum, Tennessee.
Schizostoma Showalterii, Coosa River, Alabama.

We fear that this last name, as proposed, ought not to stand.
Mr. Lea used it once before for a shell which proved to have
been previously described by Mr. Anthony as Sch. carniferum.
If we now admit the name, naturalists will always be at a loss
to understand which species is referred to by it. We suggest
the propriety of recognizing the one now described as Showal-
teriana, which perhaps may present sufficient difference, and
still remain as it was intended to be, a compliment. to the assi-
duous naturalist who has so greatly enriched our collections
with new southern species.

Description of five new species of Lymnxa of North Amer-
ica: BY ISAAC LEA.
L. Smithsoniana, Loup Fork, Platte River.
L. Traskii, San Antonio Arroya.
LI. Jamesii, Ohio, Georgia.
LL. Lecontii, Georgia.
L. Arctica, Moose River, B. A.

As Limnea Traskii, Tryon, was published in 1868, Mr. Lea
will have to find another name for his species.

Descriptions of two new species of Unionide of South
Africa: BY ISAAC LEA.
Spatha Natalensis, Unio Natalensis.

Descriptions of twenty-four new species of Physa of the
United States and Canada: BY ISAAC LEA.

P. Niagarensis, Niagara. P. Showalterii, Uniontown, Ala.
P. Altonensis, Ulinois. P. Smithsoniana, Loup Fork,
P. crocata, Lafayette, Georgia. Platte River.

P. Forsheyi, Rutersville, Tex. P. Warreniana, Loup Fork,
P. tenuissima, Alexandria, La. Milwaukee, Grand Rap-
P. Halei, Alexandria, La., ids, Mich.

P

OF CONCHOLOGY. ’ TT

. Febigerii, Logan Co., Ohio. P. Traskii, California.

P. Nicklin, AlleghanyCo. Va. P. striata, California.

1%

. Grosvenorii, Santa Rita Val- P. Blandii, California.

ley, Kansas. Nuttalliz, Oregon.

dR
. White’, Georgia, Kansas. P. venusta, Oregon.
I Se

. Safford’, Tenn., Kansas.

hordacea, Oregon.

. anatina, Kansas. Canada West.

-P
P
P. Hawnii, Verdigris River. P. brevispira, Ottowa River,
if
P

. parva, Kansas.
No. 3. June, 1864.

Melantho, Bowdich= Campeloma, Raf., vide Theodore Gill,

verbal communication. Probably so, but by no means
so certainly, as to authorize the substitution of Ratfi-
nesque’s name for that of Bowdich.

Descriptions of new species of Marine Invertebrata from

Puget Sound: BY WM. STIMPSON, M. D.
Cynthia Gibbsir. Cynthia villosa.
“ cortacea. Chelysoma producta.

No. 4, September, 1864.

Notes on Shells, with descriptions of new Fossil Genera

and Species: BY T. A. CONRAD.

Turitella precincta, Kocene, Alabama.

Protocardia Virginiana Kocene !’amunkey Riv., Va.
Fasciolaria subtenta, North Carolina.

Lirisoma curvirostra, North Carolina.

Ericinella ovalis

Cyprimeria, new genus of Oyprinidee.

C’. excavata, Morton, Cretaceous, N. J., with figure.
Dosiniopsis, n. g.

D. Meekii, Hocene, Washington, D. C.

Mr. Conrad remarks that Noet/a (Arca) ponderosa, Say,
occurs abundantly in the Post-Pliocene of the Southern
States, and lives on the southern coast of Florida. To this
we would add that fossil valves are not at all uncommon both
at Cape May and Atlantic City, N. J. At the former locality
Mr. Say’s fossil Turitella plebeva also occurs on the beach.

American Journal of Science and Arts, No. 110, March, 1864.

Remarks on the family Pteriide—Aviculidx, with descrip-
tions of some new fossil genera: BY F. B, MEEK.

Three sub-families are proposed :—

PTERINA, (Pterinia group.)
Genera, Pterinia, Myalina, Ambonychia,
Actinodesma Gryphorhynchus, n. g.,
PTERILA (or Aviculine.)
Genera Pteroperna, Pteria, or (Avicula,)

78 AMERICAN JOURNAL

Margaritifera, Malleus, Aucella, Humicrotis, (n. g.,)
and probably the extinct genera,
Monotis, Halobia, Pteronites, Posidonomya,
MELININA, (Perna or [sognomon group.)
Genera Crenatula, Melina— Perna, (Brug.,
not Adanson,) Bakevellia, Gervillia,
Inoceramus, Pulvinites.

Notice of a small collection of Fossils from the Potsdam
Sandstone of Wisconsin, and Lake Superior Sandstone
of Michigan: BY PROF. ALEXANDER WINCHELL.

The new shells are:—
Orthis Barabuensis.
Straparollus primordialis.
Pleurotomaria advena.

No. 111, May, 1864.
On the Cretaceous and Superior Formations of West Ten-
nessee: BY J. M. SAFFORD.

Lists of species of shells occuring in the various formations
are given, and the following recent species are mentioned as
occuring fossil in the Bluff Loam, (Post-Tertiary.)

Helices appressa, hirsuta, monodon, solitaria profunda ; Pla-
norbis bicarinatus, Amnicola lapidaria, and species of Lymnea,

and Cyclas.

No. 112, May, 1864.

On the structural characters of the so-called Melanians of
North America. BY WM. STIMPSON, M. D.

A most excellent paper, containing a detailed account of the
results of anatomical investigations of the soft parts of
Anculosa dissimilis and Goniobasis Virginica. Dr. Stimpson
also examined Jo. fluvialis, but does not find any structural
differences in either of these species to warrant the separa-
tion of the Mel/anians into genera; at the same time he agrees
with Mr. Lea and others as to the propriety of separating
these genera. The most important facts developed, are that
the sexes are distinct in the Strepomatide, and that our spe-
cles are oviparous, while the Oriental MJe/anians are ovo-vivi-
parous. Dr. Stimpson states that the differences in the animals
of Trypanostoma and Groniobasis, as described by Dr. James
Lewis, (Pro. Acad., Feb., 1863,) are only sexual differences.

We are not surprised that the real differences in the
animals of our various genera of Strepomatide have not yet been
detected. The failure to do so, only shows that as a means of
distinguishing genera, Conchology is still far in advance of
Malacology. No one will presume to question the validity of
these genera, founded on the shell alone, or that correspond-

OF CONCHOLOGY. 79

ing differences must exist in the animals, although we have so
far failed to detect them.
No. 113, September, 1864.
Description of a new species of Chiton. BY WILLIAM
PRESCOTT, M. D.
C. Californicus==Oryptochiton Steller’, Middend., according
to No. 114, p. 481, November, 1864.
Had not this proved to be a synonym, the specific name is
still preoccupied for another species.
Proceedings, Boston Society of Natural History, vol. ix., De-
cember, 1863.
On the genus Gundlachia: BY WM. STIMPSON, M. D.
G. Meekiana, District of Columbia.
This makes the sixth species of the genus. Three have
been described from Cuba, one from Honduras and one from
California.

Proceedings, California Academy of Natural Sciences, San
Francisco, vol. ii., 1864.

Descriptions of nine new species of Helix inhabiting Cali-
fornia: BY WESLEY NEWCOMB, M. D.

Helix Hildebrandi, Helix facta,
“ — Tryoni, “ Whitney?,
“ crebristriata, “ Breweri,
“ rufocincta, “ Duranti.

eo) Gabbu,

Most of these are island species. Zryondi and facta, diverge
widely from the ordinary Californian forms, resembling very
much certain West Indian types. Indeed, H. Tryonii in-
stantly reminds one of H. alauda, of Cuba, and its allies.

The following additional species are contained in the State
collection :—

HI. arrosa, Gld., H. Californiensis, Lea, H. Carpenter’, Newce.,
H. Columbiana, Lea, H. chersina, Say, H. Dupetithouarsi, Desh.,
HT, exarata, Pfr., H. fidetis, Gray, H. infumata, Gld., H. Kellettii,
Forbes, H. loricata, Gld., H. Newberryana, W.G. B., H. Nickli-
niana, Lea, H. Mormonum, Pfr., H. sportella, Gld., H. Trask’,
Newe., H. tudiculata, Binney, H. Vancowverensis, Lea.

Description of a new Species of Pedicularia: BY WESLEY
NEWCOMB, M. D.
P. Californica.

Complete Writings of Constantine Smaltz Rafinesque on Recent
and Fossil Conchology. EDITED BY WM. G. BINNEY, AND GEORGE
W. TRYON, JR.*

The papers contained in the work above quoted, form most

*Octavo, 104 pp., and plates, 1864. Published by Bailliere Bros.,
New York and H, Bailliere, London, Price, $2.50.

80 AMERICAN JOURNAL

valuable contributions to American Conchology, and include
the Author’s papers in this department of Science to eleven
different works, with dates of publication ranging from 1714
to 1840,

Besides numerous genera and species of marine and of fossil
mollusca, nearly two hundred new species of American land
and fresh water shells are described ; of which many have been
identified and adopted by the distinguished naturalists who
have studied his works, notwithstanding the difficulty with
his which inadequate descriptions and rude figures have sur-
rounded them. .

Unfortunately, Rafinesque’s personal character together
with the very few and confusedly named specimens which he
distributed, have prevented these identifications from being so
numerous or so complete, as in the case of Linnzeus, Lamarck
and others, whose descriptions are in many cases even less de-
finite, but who surrounded themselves with scientific friends,

and bequeathed to prosterity rich and authentic collections of
shells.

A close study of Rafinesque’s generic and specific descrip-
tions has convinced us that he was possessed of a genius for
the subject, very far in advance of the age in which he lived ;
and that under more favorable auspices, his works would have
been quoted long ago, as those of a worthy pioneer in Ameri-
can Conchology.

In this edition of Rafinesque we have the original paging
of the various papers preserved in brackets, while the text is
an exact reprint, all the typographical and etymological errors
being retained, in preference to making alterations which in
some cases might not be acceptable to the student.

The work has additional attractions in the very copious
index, occupying seven pages of double columns, small type,
with reference to every genus, sub-genus, species or variety
menticned.

A brief notice of some of the American genera and species
described by Rafinesque may not be considered unacceptable,
and we offer no apology for rehearsing a subject which has
puzzled older and abler Cohchologists, except that we believe
that each fresh mind brought to the investigation of difficult
questions, will evoke some new truths which his predecessors
have failed to perceive. We are besides, in many cases, merely
summing together and deducing results from the heretofore
undigested studies of a number of Naturalists.

Of the genera of Helicide, described by Rafinesque, the
following have been retained :—

OF CONCHOLOGY. 81

Mesomphix, 1819 (p. 27,*)—Embracing such species as #.
fuliginosa, inornata, demissa, &c., together with many Kuropean
species. Characterized by a diaphanous texture, unreflected
lip, and large umbilical opening.

Stenotrema, 1819 (p.28.)—With a thick lip, emarginate, and
a second lip or callus on the body whorl, uniting with the
outer lip—Ex. H. hirsuta, Say, and allied forms.

Triodopsis, 1819 (p. 28.)—proposed for the tridentate species
of which H. tridentata, Say, may be considered the type.

Mesodon, 1831 (p. 67.)—“ Difter from Helix by lower lip
with a tooth,” referring to the species of the a/lbolabris group,
all of which exhibit this character in greater or less distinctness.

The following genera have not been adopted :—

Odotropis, 1819 (p. 27.)—Shell with a tooth on the colu-
mella, lip reflected and covering the umbilicus. This genus
was instituted for such shells as H. albolabris, H. exoleta, etc.,
but the characters are not in all cases of even specific value,
and the species have very properly been included in Mesodon.

Xolotrema, 1819 (p. 27.)—Difters from Zriodopsis by having
a covered umbilicus, and the inferior tooth lamelliform. This
genus, intended to embrace H. palliata, H. obstricta, H. ap-
pressa, &c., has been considered synonymous with Zrvodopsis.
We think, however, that the group of shells included by its
characters are sufficiently distinct to retain the name imposed
by Rafinesque, and have so separated them in our Cabinet.

Chimotrema, 1819 (p. 28.)—With a transverse covered aper-
ture, resembling a simple fissure.

Toxotrema, 1819 (p. 28.)—Differs from the preceding genus
by an emarginate lip. Both these genera are referable to
Stenotrema, Raf.

Aplodon, 1819 (p. 28.)—Umbilicated, aperture rounded, col-
umella toothed. This genus is a synonym of Mesodon, and
would include such species as H. thyroides.

Omphalina, 1831 (p. 67.)—“ Differ from Helix by no lps,
but an ombilic.” Appears to be the same as Mesomphix.

Trophodon and Odomphiwm, 1831 (p. 67,) are both forms of
Mesodon.t

* The pages referred to in parenthesis are those of the reprint, and not
of the original papers.
Novre ON THE CLASSIFICATION OF CERTAIN AMERICAN HELICES.

+ Such shells as H. inflecta and H. personata of Europe, referred by
Pfeiffer (Mal. Blatt., 1855,) to Isognomostoma, Fitz., 1833, and included
by Albers in the genus Ulostoma, do not appear to me to differ from Trio-
dopsis, Raf., as the covered umbilicus is scarcely of specific value. I
therefore include them in the latter genus, which has priority.

H. Rugeli, Shutt, also belongs here.

Helix elevata, placed by Pfeiffer in Mesodon and by Albers in Triodopsis
belongs together with H. Clarkii, Lea, in the genus Xolotrema, Raf.

H. profunda, placed by Pfeiffer in Ulostoma, together with the species
of Triodopsis, is really a Mesodon as Albers has correctly considered it.

82 AMERICAN JOURNAL

Rafinesque describes the following Helices :—

Aplodon nodosum, 1819, (p. 28.)—Not identified.

Toxostoma globularis, 1831, (p. 47.)—Not identified.

Mesodcn maculatum, 18381, (p. 67.)—Not identified.

Omphalina cuprea, 1881, (p. 68.)—Is possibly
HI, fulginosa.

Xolotrema clausa, 1831, (p. 68.) H. inflecta, Say,
identity first established by W. G. Binney.

Triodopsis lunula, 1831, (p. 68.)—I agree also
with W. G. Binney in considering this a
synonym of H. indentata, Say.

Mr. Rafinesque also described several species of naked
snails, none of which can be identified :—

Agatina variegata, (p. 68,)= Achatina fasciata, (var. picta Rve ?)
Agatina fuscata, (p. 68,)—same.

Various land shells from Buenos Ayres, (p. 98,) we cannot
identify; but the five new species of fresh water shells from
Bengal and Assam, described on the same page, are easily
recognizable, but cannot be adopted, other names having
priority.

Among the univalve fresh water shells of the United
States, described by Rafinesque, the following appear to us to
be worthy of recognition :—

Pleurocera. This we have adopted instead of Ceriphasia,
Sw., and Zrypanostoma, Lea, for species of Strepomatide be-
longing to the group of Melania canaliculata, Say. Of the
several species described, P. verrucosa alone can be recognized;
it is the same as Melania nupera, Say. ;

Ambloxis is the same as Jelantho, Bowditch, as we have
ascertained by the figures of two of the species in Rafinesque’s
manuscript “Conchologia Ohiensis,” but it is questionable
whether the published description is sufficiently explicit to
warrant its adoption :—does it not equally refer to Anculosa ?

Ellipstoma (p. 23 and 27) appears to us to be also referable
probably to Aneulosa.

Oxytrema (p. 26) is a Melanian, and would perhaps answer
well to the heavy pupzeform Goniobases of North Alabama.

Campeloma. Prof. Gill says this—Melantho, and that the
species described (C. crassula,)—Paludina heterostropha, Kirt-
land. The description does not seem to us to warrant this refer-
ence any more than it would to a Physa.

Omphiscola, (p. 26.) This name may be applied pretty
certainly to the group of Limnzans represented by L. umbili-
cata, Ads., DL. Adeline, Tryon, &c.

Leptoxis (p. 26) has been adopted by Haldeman, H.& A.
Adams, Chenu, and many other naturalists, instead of Anculosa,
Say. There is positively no excuse for this. The description

OF CONCHOLOGY. $3

does not indicate the Ancuwlose so well as several other of
Rafinesque’s genera. Hither Ambloxis or Hilipstoma are
better descriptions of this group. The fact is, Prof. Haldeman
has adopted Leptoxis, published 1819, and unrecognizable, but
identified by figures in the manuscript work lately belonging
to Prof. H., but presented by him to the Smithsonian Institu-
tion. Such authority cannot be received, even for the pur-
pose of elucidating published descriptions, provided good
descriptions of the same object have since been published by
other authors.*

The genus Strepoma, Raf, applied by Prof. Haldeman to
the American Melanians, exists only in manuscript.

Cyclemis (p. 26) is perhaps equivalent to Somatogyrus, Gill,
and Omphemis (p. 26) to Pomatiopsis, Tryon.

Lomastoma (p. 26) and Hutrema (p. 27) we cannot identify.

Mr. Prime has studied the Cyclades described by Rafinesque,
with partial success.

With regard to the Unionide the difficulties surrounding
the task of identifying his descriptions, are almost insur-
mountable, although they are not bad for the period ; indeed,
taking together, as he directs us, the generic and specific
descriptions, a very fair idea of the general appearance of
the species may be formed. The difficulty les in the vast
multitude of species which have been discovered since Rafi-
nesque’s time, naturally rending his descriptions those of
groups rather than of species. In the following reswmé
of identifications by American naturalists, the species, when,
supposed to possess priority, are printed in small caps; other-
wise, in italics.

* We would even reject names accompanied by those short unmeaning
Latin diagnoses, without giving distinctive characters or size of specimen,
which authors are in the habit of publishing in the Proceedings of various
Societies, if the same species is subsequently figured or fully described
by other naturalists. The abuse which has arisen from the claims of prior-
ity based on these unrecognizable descriptions is certainiy beyond endu-
rance, and no author ought to be permitted to impose upon the scientific
world a species characterized by half a dozen lines of conventional, mongrel
Latin, that would apply to several related species equally wellas to the one
described. <A positively recognizable description, or details of differences,
or a figure of the species should be rigidly required.

We recently had occasion to study a group, the species of which
possess great similarity in all their character and are considered peculiarly
difficult to determine. In looking for recent descriptions we found a num-
ber of Latin diagnoses, almost any one of which would suit any species we
had before us; now is it reasonable that if we publish our new species in a
satisfactory manner, that the author ofthese “ diagnoses’’ shall say—“ your
species are synonyms, this is my so and so, published so many months
or years in advance of you.’’ How do we know that it ts hissoand so? Are
we to take his word for it? Then we might as well dispense with his pub-
lished description altogether, save him the trouble of stringing together a
dozen or so of the few hundred words which comprise Sonchology Latin,

and above all, save ourselves the labor vainly expended in striving to com-
prehend it!

84 AMERICAN JOURNAL

We have very carefully studied the species of Unio, des-
cribed by Rafinesque, and find that the descriptions and figures
will not authorize the identifications attempted by some of our
conchologists. As mere surmises, they are probably correct,
but there are by no means sufficient grounds for the adoption
of his names. In our opinion, Mr. Lea, in his “ Synopsis,”
has allowed to Rafinesque even more species than he is enti-
tled to:—we can only identify metanevra, as a species entitled
to priority, although two synonyms of Lamarck’s species can
be recognized easily.

We will not review Rafinesque’s marine genera and species;
a number of them have been universally adopted.

We perceive throughout these papers the evidence of our
author’s extraordinary genius for classification, and, we may
add, for description also, and yet are continually made aware
of his ill-balanced mind, his carelessness and haste, his poverty,
and his pride.

Several passages like the following, occur :—

“Since 1820, several American Conchologists have attempted
to notice, describe, or figure these shells; Barnes, in 1828, Lea,
Say, and Eaton, later still. They had a fine field before them,
in elucidating them by good figures, and describing the new
kinds, but led astray, by various motives, they have neglected
to verify, or properly notice my previous labors, although they
were known to them. Mr. Say is, aboveall, inexcusable. I had
respectfully noticed, in 1820, his previous labors; but he has
never mentioned mine, and knows so httle of the animals of
these shells, as to have mistaken their mouth for their tail, and
their anterior for the posterior part of the shells!

If he had seen these animals alive, feeding, moving, and
watched their habits as I have done repeatedly, he would not
have fallen into such a blunder. The mouth is always near
the cardinal tooth, and the lamellar tooth is to the right of it in
the right valve, to the left in the left valve—Others pretend
that my monograph is too intricate; it is the subject which is
such; whenever many species belong to a tribe, many divisions
and sections are needed to elucidate and isolate the species.
All the great naturalists know and do this.

The works wherein their erroneous labors are found cost
above $100! (mine only 50 cents.) This has put it out of my
power, as yet, to verify all their mistaken and synonymous
names.

The volume we have reviewed, is worthy ofattentive study,
and should have a place in the library of every student of the
Sciences of Conchology and Paleontology.

ELLIPrio
ae

“e

LEPTODE!
“ce

ce

AXIMEDIA
EURYNIA
ee

te

LAMPSILIs

C¢
es
TRUNCILI
ae

PLAGIOLA

ELLIPsAR

QUADRUL:

ROTUNDAL

SCALENAR

SINTOXIA |

ce

PLEUROR

ce

AMBLEMA
ce

ce

ELLiprro

OBLIQUAR
ToxoLasm
ANOoDONT:

ALASMIDO]

*T have not
bases his ide}
descriptions o

Tf Only tho:

+ U. ecunea

\| U. carrna

§ Notwiths
satisfactorily

per

\LLIPTIO NIGRA, p. 37,
/‘* -VIRIDIS, p. 39,

-s FASCIATA, p. 40,

EPTODEA (ELLIPTIO) LEPTODON, p. 40,

a“ ee

ae ae
XIMEDIA rae
DURYNIA «e
a3 ae
Es “

oe

ee

PLLIPSARIA

JUADRULA

ROTUNDARIA Sy

SCALENARIA =
4c
ee

SINTOXIA e

ia
ee
ce
ae
ae

FRAGILIS, p. 41,
NERVOSA, p. 41,
LAVIGATA, p. 42,

DILATATA, p. 42,
LATISSIMA, p. 42,

: _ SOLENOIDES, p. 43,
LAMPSILIS CARDIUM, p. 43,

& FASCIOLA, p. 44,

[PTAPTERA MEGAPTERA, p. 44,

RUNCILLA TRIQUETER, p. 45,

- TRUNCATA, p. 46,

PLAGIOLA (OBLIQUARIA ) DECORTICATA, p.
a INTERRUPTA, p.

—————

DEPRESSA, p. 47,
LINEOLATA, p. 47,
ELLIPSARIA, p. 48,

FASCIOLARIS, p. 48,

VERRUCOSA, p. 48,
CUPREA, p. 48,
ATTENUATA, p. 49,
FLAVA, p. 49,
CYPHIA, p. 49,

METANEVRA, p. 90,

REFLEXA, p. 50,
RETUSA, p. 50,
FLEXUOSA, p. 50,
NODULATA, p. 51,
QUADRULA, p. 51,
BULLATA, p. 51,

TUBERCULATA, p. 51,
SUBROTUNDATA, p. 92,

OBLIQUATA, Pp. 93,

TRIANGULARIS, p. 53,

SCALENARIA, p. 53,

SINTOXIA, p. 54,

(OBOVARIA ) OBOVALIS, p. 54,

TORSA, p. 54,
STRIATA, p. 54,
STEGARIA, p. 59,
CORDATA, p. 5d,

“LEUROBEMA MYTILOIDES, p. 56,

* uc

iTS

CUNEATA, p. 56,
BLEMA OLIVARIA, p. 07,

Ef RUBRA, p. 57,

TORULOSA, p. 97,
GIBBOSA, p. 458,
COSTATA, p. 58,

ULLIPTIO (EURYNIA) TERES, p. 63,
BLIQUARIA (ELLIPSARIA) ATROVIOLACEA, p. 6
LOXOLASMA CYCLIPS, p. 72,

tNopoNTs (LASTENA) OHIENSIS, p. 59,

LATA, p. 09,

SMIDONTA (LASMIGONA) COSTATA, p. 60,

bo Tara
__ Synopsis.

? CRASSIDENS.

|

?crpposus, Bar.
» MULTIRADIATUS,
?SECURIS.

? NASUTUS.

Adopted.
CORNUTUS.

?FOLIATUS, Hild.

? veRRUCOSUS, Bar.

rEetusus, Lam.

?osiiquus, Lam.
Adopted.

? PYRAMIDATUS.

? PERPLEXUS, Lea.
2? UNDULATUS, Bar.

‘incrassatus.
| Tappanianus.§

Conran.
Monograph.

crassidens.
Adopted.

erncank Lea. tenuissimus, Lea.
gracilis, Bar.

gracilis, Bar.
zigzag, Lea.

‘lens, Lea.
gibbosus, Bar.
RECTUS.
CYLINDRICUS,
\wentricosus, Bar.

\subangulatus.
ALATUS, Say.
triangularis, Bar.
elegans, Lea.

brevidens. Lea.
\lineolata, Raf.
securts, Lea.

phaseolus, Hild.
tuberculatus, Bar.
‘DILATATA, Raf.

rubiginosus. Lea,
@sopus.
Adopted.
cornutus.

foliatus.
pustulatus, Lea.
asperrimus,
pustulosus, Lea.

circulus,
ridibundus.
sulcatus.
cLAVUS, Lam.

Adopted.
solidus, Lea.
RETUSUS.
subrotunda, Raf.
wrroratus.
Adopted.
CLAVus, Lam.
cLAVuS, Lam.
ellipsis, Lea.
pyramidatus,
perplexus.
\perplerus.**
undulatus,
‘anodontoides.
/DILATATA, Raf.

levissimus, Lea.

| paugost, Bar.

donaciformis, Lea.

ROTUNDATUS, Lam.

|

gibbosus, Bar.
RECTUS.

muitiradiatus.
ALATUS, Say.

brevidens, Lea.

rubiginosus,

Adopted.

cornutus.

foliatus.

pustulatus.
puslulosus.

verrucosus.

cLAvusS, Lam.

RETUSUS.
irroratus.
Adopted.
pyramidatus.
pyramidatus. §)
perplexus.
undulatus.

anodontoides.

CRASSUS, ABRUPTUS

wat

_ Synonymy.

Adopted.
‘CARIOSUS.
Adopted. ||
tenuissimus, Lea.
gracilis, Bar.
zigzag, Lea.
donaciformis, Lea.
castaneus, Lea ?
gibbosus, Bar.
|RECTUS.
|CYLINDRICUS.
\ventricosus, Bar.

multiradiatus.
|ALATUS, Say.
triangularis, Bar.
‘elegans, Lea.

|brevidens, Lea.
lineolata, Raf.
‘securis, Lea.
crassus, Say.
phaseolus, Hild.
tuberculatus, Bar.

rubiginosus.
@sopus,

Adopted.
cornutus,

stapes, var. ?
pileus, Lea.
pustulalus.
jasperrimus.
‘nodulosus, Wood.
pustulosus, Lea.

| verrucosus. '
circulus, orbiculatus.
rotundatlus.
sulealus. ~

ellipsis.

decisus, Var. ?

ebenus, Lea.

trroratus,

pyramidatus.

perplexus.
undulatus.
anodontoides

laevissimus.
dehiscens,
lortens.
rugosa,

AY,

| Catalogue.

—_ --—————-

‘crassidens.

pee

—Carinatus, Bar.
‘tenuissimus, Lea.
gracilis, Bar.

gibbosus, Bar.
RECTUS.

ventricosus.
occidens.
subovatus,
multiradialus.

‘brevidens, Lea.
lineolata, Rat.

CRASSUS, Say.
phaseolus, Hild.

rubiginosus,
@sopus.
Adopted.

cornutus

| folialus.
|

pustulosus,
Dorfeuillianus.

prasinus.
circulus,

CLAVUS.

CLAVUS,

oBLIQuus, Lam.

|
jundatus, Bar.
\trigonus, Lea.
ellipsis, Lea.
COCCINEUS.
perplexcus
undulatus,

CRASSUS, Say.
laevissimus.

4 U.

‘ce tctorily iden tified.

a

“Ihave not added Ferussac’s determinations to these, bec
Mises his identifications upon “authentic specimens,” labeled by Rafinesque.
“scriptions of Mr. Lea, than we would accord priority to unpublished names ov
‘Only those species which have been identified by one or more of the authors ¢
cuneatus, Bar., is a synonym.
ty erimatus, Bar., is synonym. ‘
.otWithstanding Prof, Haldeman’s assertion that Zappanianus lives

Li® pe
A synonym of mytiloides 7
A Synonym of torulosa.

ause his opinions were principally base
Even if these
ey published ones.
uoted, are included i

in the wate

n this table.

d only on specimens received from Rafin
specimens were original types, we would no more

f Kentucky, I do not believe that it and viridis are the same species, or that the latter has ever |
rs 0 y:

esque. Mr. Conrad, in his * Monography,” sometimes
adopt their names over the later, but satisfactory

een

‘— i. at a

eae a eee
SS Pe. LINEA Rss
; wil ee i et
PUN MSY, UT “Ome
alte cine Bas Lien bts |
vic aD A PA »

eleetiiperntte. Tes
i cad a A te

Ad tees

Seis yt A DA " 3
ete Mabry: ATCA Thad ale

eGR MT A MIOATTAD >
A So id Ce ae
Peni ay. Sie iy Vivieiee

th yewe > ae
- ‘ a a A ; p ; < a
aye. . jn Sea pitiaisiei i Wutrines., hi 4) oa at _
~ a Lave Zee * : > Wa TSU fae
me daa | ; HELE {i : Rel ‘ MP OUR Amt
a): = CN xa i 1 AAP m,
bi : " ; pe? «f. ATLOT Lund bind Baek ts a3
mies 4) “Gib Le P ~ 7 = Pairk irk Te wird
FEELS ahora shee os Pepe) af PERN
PL AV fae 1 a.) adi ‘EU VAAG wr bal

a a Ae AY ia ss y is
ie ; pee } A er or nce ST 7] j sz: =
aids‘ : ; re Re ic A Ash bd! hi }

H Exley rein : oe it Aled eh «i ;
: ; We i) (APA ANGS ee: i.
apps | ibm AVAL cae
nee of? ; ‘ ree i) Ato one
Gea.” Senge t & HED iy ee LE PM aoe ;
+ att pvier etc ‘ POTTS IE |. oh? Bas A245 a :
Za OT fie T Ab thier aes ‘tn ale
‘ eet Rh (ehh! Te , OD, io Feces ae ) i
ve : yrreey ; s hf ua 1 whew : P; sy one
fT ot DO. vr as : phtong)hcOii srl Ue yigs i ae i
=k fem 0 by Lay ; OT Ce ‘ Po Lahey onthe baa’ OM ae
; pe = ie

acdted nienigi PP MRR § vit eta nRES iN ‘
huh Apa ie hh Ole Tan rr Owy oe /
mn Ne, Sa da?e Ae ills oa 8 de He Tid ba

a Tila serous. wf Me apni sthes AGI EE ay
Ce Up r he collate go } Re
: (nS B
| Tae Ca 4 as
ie nes 9 ae ge
cA Lai SB Pn AM Ee
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pear, 9M ee nt 28 canta =,
SAGS wesley Hao. pont ’ “ bs,

Sr ptale Gy Rly en
pee

at yaa
CH) COR WAR:
i eS
rp a pewtoiisrey:t
tile a a
ae AA janis vos
+e wriphi > Tak th

OF CONCHOLOGY. 85

Il. FOREIGN.
British.

Annals and Magazine of Natural History. Vol. xiii., 3d series, No.
74, February, 1864.*

Characters of Coilostele, an undescribed genus of Auricu-
lacea(?) and of species of Helix, Pupa and Ancylus from
India, West Africaand Ceylon: BY W. H. BENSON.

Cotlostele scalaris. Pupa gutta.
Helix palmaria. «< eurina.
“ contracta, Hutton, MS. “ — ofella.
Pups Thibetica. Ancylus Ceylanicus.

Mr. Benson suspects that M. Bourguignat’s Ancylus Bacon’,
represented to be from Bengal, isreally Australian. A. verrucai
Bens., Ann. and Mag., January, 1865, is believed to be the
sole Indian species.

Notes on some Molluscous Animals from the seas of China
and Japan: BY ARTHUR ADAMS.

Desc. of Photinula quesita, A. Ad.,and of the animals of
Serpulus Adamst, Morch, Pilidium commodum, Midd., Eburna
Japonict, Reeve, Cancellaria Spengleriana, Desh., Turcica con-
stricta, Gould, and Glyphis guadriradiata, Sowb.

On the Classification of the Gasteropodous Mollusca: BY M.
GOURIET.

“ A division of the Gasteropoda founded on the generative
organs presents this radical defect, that many species reputed
to be hermaphrodite are constantly being found to be unisexu-
al, and further that Mollusca evidently nearly allied, such as
the Helices and Cyclostomata, are necessarily separated on the
consideration of their sexual organs.

Therefore most authors have justly selected the respiratory
apparatus as the basis of classification, since the position of this
organ determines the position of the heart and generally that
of the anus. In the classifications generally followed, such as
that of Cuvier, however, orders are found to be established upon
various characters of unequal importance although generally
derived from the respiratory apparatus. Thus the Nudibranchs
are generally characterized by their uncovered branchiz, al-
though with a restriction for the separation of the Infero-
branchs, which are really also Nudibranchs. Elsewhere only
the pectinated form of the organs is considered, as in the Pec-
tinibranchs, although in other divisions, such as the Tecti-

*No. 73, January, 1865, has not been received by us.

86 AMERICAN JOURNAL

branchs, this form of the branchize sometimes occurs. The

term Tectibranch also conveys to the mind the same sense as

Scutibranch. The expression Tubvlibranch would seem to

indicate a tubular form of the branchiz, when it only refers to

the tubular form of the animal. In the case of the Heteropoda
the branchize are set aside, and a character of subordinate val-
ue, the form of the foot, is set on the same level as those of the
preceding divisions. The word Cyclobranch would perhaps be
the most suitable, but for the confusion between them and the

Inferobranchs, if taken literally.

In fact, in the establishment of orders, the position and form
of the branchiz, the form of the foot, and the general form of
the animal have all been placed in the same rank, without as-
signing to any one of them a marked pre-eminence over the
others. ‘T'o remedy this defect the author proposes, taking the
respiratory apparatus as his basis, to select the most important
of its characters, and to establish the primary divisions upon
this. He considers the position of the branchize to furnish the
most important character. The branchie can only occupy
three positions: they are either.

Completely external ;

Or completely internal, and then concealed in a cavity which
is itself covered by a shell which usually envelopes the animal;

Or simply protected by an imperfect test, a condition inter-
mediate between the two preceding.

Hence, after the separation of the Pulmonata asa distinct
subclass, we get three great divisions,—the Hxobranchs, the
Stegibranchs, and the Endobranchs.

I. The order of ExoBRANCHS may be subdivided, according
to the point of the surface upon which the branchiz are insert-
ed, into—

1. Epibranchs, which have them on the back (Doris, Glabellina,

&c.)

. Peribranchs, which have them round the mantle (Zritonza,
Glaucus, Scyllea, Plocamocera, &c.) The Holide would be
allied to both the Epibranchs and Peribranchs.

. Hypobranchs (the Inferobranchs of Cuvier). The Thetydes
would approximate all three Orders.

4, Pleurobranchs, which have the branchiz on the side (Pleuro-
branchus, Pleurobranchidium, Laniogera, &c.) The Pleuro-
branchs lead both to the Stegibranchs by their small test, and
to the bulk of the Endobranchs by the pectinated form of the
branchie.
II. The order of SrgecipRANcHS would include four di-

visions :—

1. Stegibranchs proper, corresponding to the Tectibranchs of

bo

iw)

OF CONCHOLOGY. 8T

Cuiver (without the Pleurobranchs) and to the Scutibranchs

of the same author.

2. Cyclobranchs, corresponding with Cuvier’s group.

3. Heteropod Stegibranchs (Heteropoda of Cuvier,) which, if we
take Caurinaria asthe type, have the heart and branchiz
within a small shell. The shelless Heteropoda must_ be left
with Carinaria.

4, The Ianthine, which have their branchial lamine half con-
cealed by the shell, and which, like the Heteropoda, deserve
to be separated on account of their curious appendage.
Their pectinated branchiz also form a transition from the
Stegibranchs to the Endobranchs.

Ill. The order of ENDoBRANCHS would correspond with the
Pectinibranchs and Tubulibranchs of Cuvier. They may be
divided into Turbinata and Tubulata.

1. The Turbinata (the old Pectinibranchs) might retain the old
Cuvierian sabdivisions, or the much more natural division
of De Blainville into Siphonobranchs and Asiphonobranchs.

2. The Tubulata are the old Tubulibranchs.

Comptes Rendus, Nov. 16, 1863, p. 826.”

No. 75, April, 1864. Ff

On the Species of Nexra, found tn the Seas of Japan: BY
ARTHUR ADAMS.

Several new species are described, and the following new
sub-genera :—

Rhinomya, Cardiomya, Leptomya, Leiomya, Endopleura.

Characters of new Land Shells from the Mahabaleshwar
Mills in Western India and from Agra in the Northwest
Provinces: BY W. H. BENSON.

Achatina Arthuri, Helix Neherensis, Carychium Boysianum.
No. 76, April, 1864.

On some new Genera ard Species of Mollusca, from the Seas
of China and Japan: BY A. ADAMS.

Callocardia, n. g. Hucharis Recluzt.

C. guittata. ry Gouldt.
Lacra Japonica. ‘ Stimpsoni.
Thecodonta, a. 2. Leptoconchus rostratus.
LT. Sieboldi. Opalia exquisita.

Bucardia Cuming. Smaragdinella Sieboldi.

Diagnoses of new Forms of Mollusks, collected at Cape St.
Lucas, by Mr. J. Xantus : BY P. P. CARPENTER,
Asthenotherus, n. g. Lucina lingualis.

A. villosior. Crenella inflata.
Solemya valvulus. Bryophila, n. g.

88 AMERICAN JOURNAL

Tellina ochracea.
Psammobia regularis.
Callista pollicaris.

“. spuella.

B. setosa.
Atys casta.
Ischnochiton parallelus.

“é

prasinatus.

a

Levicardium apicinum. serratus.

No. 77, May, 1864.

Note on Mr. Carpenter’s Paper: BY LOVELL REEVE.

No. 78, June, 1864.

On the Classification of the Cyclostomacea of Eastern Asia:
BY WM. T. BLANFORD.

New Genera.

Cyclotopsis. Type, C. semistriatus, Sowb.

Jerdonia. «Jd. trochlea, Bens.

Cyathopoma. “ _ C. filocinctum, Bens.

Lagocheilus, Theobald, MS. Type,@. sciss’margo, Bens.
Craspedotropts, (sub-gen.) Type, C. involvulus, Mull.
Georissa. (near Hydrocena,) Type, G. pyxis, Bens.

Diagnoses of new Forms of Mollusks, from Cape St. Lucas,
&c., continued: BY P. P. CARPENTER.

Nacella peltordes. Narica aperta.
Acmea atrata. Fossarus parcipictus.
“ ~ strigatella. “purus.
Glyphis saturnalis. Littorina pullata.
Hucosmia(sub-gen. re- “ penicillata.

sembling Phasia-
nella.)
Hucosmia variegata.
. substriata.
ss punctata.
# cyclostoma.
Haplocochlias, (close to
Ethalia.)
‘ Cyclophoreus.

Rissoa albolirata.
Fenella crystallina,
Hydrobia compacta.
Hyala rotundata.
Diala electrina.
Acirsa Menesthoides.
Cynthia asteriaphila.
Bittium nitens.

Descriptions of new Species of Helix and Pupa, from the
Colony of the Cape of Good Hope: BY W. H. BENSON.

Helix Arnotti.
“ phytostylus.
“ capsula.
“ Hudsoniz.
prionacris.
“ Browningit.

Helix omphalion
Pupa Fryana.
“ pamphorodon.
‘¢ dadion.

“Layard.

OF CONCHOLOGY. $9

No. 79, July, 1864.

Outlines of the Geology of the Maltese Islands, with descrip-
tions of the Brachiopods: BY THOS. DAVIDSON.

Diagnoses of new Forms of Mollusca, from Cape St. Lucas,
&c., continued: BY P. P. CARPENTER.

Mangelia subdiaphana. Opalia crenatoides.

Drillia appressa. Truncaria eurytoides.
Cithara fusconotata. Sistrum rufonolatum.
Obeliscus variegatus. Nitidella millepunctata.
Odostomia sxquisculpta. “ densilineata.

i. delicatula. Anachis tincta.
Chrysalliaa angusta. « fuscostrigata.
KHulima fuscostrigata. Pisania elata.

No. 80, August, 1864.
On a new British Species of Rissoa: BY E, WALLER.

Rissoa Jeffreys.

On the Present State of Malacological Nomenclature: BY P.
P. CARPENTER.

We republish this article :—

“ At a time when the British Association are about to revise
their ‘Rules,’ it may be worth while to collect the experience
of workers in different branches of science. F

The nomenclature of Mollusca is not only in a most unset-
tled condition, but there seems no hope of bringing leading
writers to an agreement on any first principles. Dr. Gray,
whose contributions to malacology are second to none, and
whose position at the head of the department in the British
Museum would alone give the greatest weight to his example,
has systematically ignored the principles on which the British
Association Rules are based. The Messrs. Adams in England,
Morch in Copenhagen, many of the German and most of the
rising American naturalists take the same course. In France
the influence of Lamarck has restrained the modern antiqua-
rian imnovation.

Existing writers may be divided into two classes—(1) those
who profess the absolute law of priority, and (2) those who
accept it with limitations.

The advocates of ‘ mere priority’ claim that their rule is the
only one which admits of fixed application. It is granted that,
if limitations are once allowed, there will be differences of
opinion as to their amount: but does the refusal of limitations
produce uniformity? Putting aside the variations of opinion
as to the greater or less division of genera, how can authors be
brought to agree as to wherein the naming of a form consists ?
Those who compare Dr. Gray’s ‘Guide’ with Adams’ ‘Genera,’

90 AMERICAN JOURNAL

or Dr. Gray’s generic names at one date with his names at an-
other, will find that the mere-priority rule is thoroughly uncer-
tain in its application, principally in consequence of the very
loose definitions, and probably loose ideas of the early writers.
A modern author thinks that Klein or Link meant by a certain
name a genus existing in his own mind, which he accordingly
calls Tanis, Aven. Buta second author thinks (and is quite
sure he is right in thinking) that TALis, Ale’n, means what is
now considered a different genus, and alters the first author’s
series of names accordingly. Perhaps Klein meant neither the
first, nor the second, nor both; but had a vague idea which it
is now only confusing to endeavor to reproduce. ‘The mere-
priority writers often judge of the old authors by their types
or figures; but even the Linnean genera cannot thus be under-
stood, and many authors place their typical species in the
middle of the series.

Once more, among the mere-priority writers, some accept a
name only if published with description or figure; others, if
the name be printed in a list or catalogue; others, if the name
be written in a public, and others, even in a private collection.
But perhaps the namer has only spoken the name, or merely
thought it; according to the strictest law of priority, might not
even these claim precedence ?

Ifthe principle of limitation be once allowed, questions of
detail can be debated and settled with tolerable ease ; and if
one author calls his species Grayi, another grayi, and a third
Grayana, we all know what is meant, and that may suffice.
But ifa modern author quotes a Cyclas, a Capsa, or a Siliquaria,
who knows what is meant ?

Nomenclature clearly is for USE, not for honor or fancy.
That is the best which (1) expresses what it means, and (2) can-
not mean anything else. That moreover is publication, in the
highest sense; which is found to be in universal use. If in
property there is a statute of limitations, and a given number
of years’ undisturbed possession is tantamount to a right, is
there not the same reason for limiting property in a name ?
Why should not long accepted Lamarckian names be regarded
as much sacred as are considered those of Linnzeus.

If such are the difficulties of settling the lancuage ofthe past,
not much less are those of the present. In old times a Bucet-
num, a Bulla, a Mya, meant almostanything. In Lamarckiah
times, a Chiton, a Cerithium, a Pleurotoma meant what would
now be called a family. If a writer describes under these
genera, we know at least in what large division to search for
bis species. But if he describes a issoa, a Modelia, a Trunca-
tella, we have a right to suppose he means what he says, and

OF CONCHOLOGY. 91

cannot be expected to look for his species in another suborder.
of his Risso proves to be a Chrysallida, his Modelia a Lacuna,
and his Truncatella a Hydrobia, is he entitled to priority if his
‘successor, anxiously desirous to make out his species, has been
compelled through necessary ignorance to redescribe? Very
often neither the diagnosis nor the figure represent the real
shell. Ifan author, seeing one object “before his eyes, which
he calls his type, describes another, and sends a third to the
Cumingian collection to represent his species, for which must
his name stand? Does it not really belong to the zdea in his
own mind which is embodied in his diagnosis, or (if an artist)
in his figure, rather than to the shell which is not represented
by either one or the other? A truthful name therefore, even
though second or third in time, may be more useful to science
than a false: one given first.

Space only allows us to point out one more difficulty in
modern nomenclature. In old times a species (and even a
genus) was supposed to be clearly defined. The Darwinian
theory offers a satisfactory explanation of some facts in nature,
to many who are not prepared fully to accept it. Every
worker among large series finds forms which may or may not
prove conspecific With other s, the evidence not being as yet
conclusive; he describes these as doubtful ?varieties. Does
not the careful naming and description of a form establish a
claim for priority, whether by succeeding writers that form be
regarded as a variety, a species, or even a genus?

It depends much on habit of mind whether authors prefer
to work by large or by minute divisions. When we speak
of Callista undulata, it is a matter of little consequence
whether Callista be regarded as a sub-genus of Cytherea or a
Separate genus, whether undulata be regarded as a variety of
planulata ora distinct species. What is of consequence is,
that all the scientific world should have the means of knowing
at once what group of forms are included in Callista, what kind
of individuals in wndulata. YVirst, then, we need accurate des-
criptions, then these descriptions condensed into useful nomen-
clature. Science being a republic, there is no chance of even
the forthcoming Rules of the British Association being con-
sidered obligatory. But many persons who will not allow
themselves to be ruled, against what they consider a princi-
ple, may yet be brought to make concessions. ‘The Academi-
cians had great success in fixing the French language. Why
should there not be a congress of malacological authors®, un-
dertaken ina spirit of mutual respect, who should fix such

names to existing genera as in each case should prove most

* This was proposed, for naturalists in general, by Dr. Stimpson: vide
‘Silliman’s Journal,’ for March, 1860, pp. 289-293.

99 AMERICAN JOURNAL

useful because most widely or easily understood? If travel-
ing is dear, postage is cheap. At present, to teach the science
is almost hopeless ; to labor in it is fraught to each worker with
the unnecessary sacrifice of most valuable time. All consi-
derations of supposed honor to individuals, whether dead or
living (which often is equivalent to dishonor, because evi-
dence of work done badly,) ought to give way to the manifest
benefit, we might also say necessity, of using words to express
a given meaning in science, as we do in common life.”

Wo. 81, September, 1864.

Descriptions of Twenty-six new Species of Australian Land-
shells: BY JAMES ©. COX, M. D.

Helice Bloomfieldi. Succinea Macgillivray?.
conoidea. “ — rhodostoma.
“ Lyndhurstensis. Pupa Kingi.
“ Mitchelle. Pupina Wilcoxt.
‘( Mastersi. Pupinella Maegillivrayt.
“ — microscopica. r Whartoni.
“Ss Mort. Helicina Gladstonensis.
hire gin. Helix costulata.
‘¢ Strondensis. Pupa Ramsayt.
“ marmorata. Bulimus Walli.
‘« . Strangeordes. s Onslow.
“ Parramattensis. “ Jacksonensis.

“ — Nortont.

Species of Mollusca obtained in Corunna Bay: BY R.
M’ANDREW AND H. WOODWARD.

Among the 150 species enumerated are Cassis Saburon, Lam..,
“‘aorees exactly with Reeve’s description and figure, but
locality given for latter—Japan ;” Cyprea condidula, Gask.,
frequent at one particular locality. 'The species inhabits the
Madeira and Canary Islands, and has not previously been de-
tected in Hurope. Solarium Mediterranea, Lam., is roported
for the first time, on the Atlantic coasts north of Gibralter.

The genera Ringicula, Mitra, Solarium, Solemya, and the
species Cyprea candidula, Scalaria crenata, Dentalium dentate,
Auricula Firminii, Chiton fulvus, Cardium ciliare and Lucina
digitalis are supposed here to reach their northern limit, while
Lucuna puteolus is the only northern species which reaches its
southern limit in the neighborhood of Corunna.

Cassis, Murea Edwardsii, Purpura hemastoma, Mangelia
elegans and Lucina pecten have been found on the coast of
Asturias, and appear to extend to the Spanish or French
shores of the Bay of Biscay.

OF CONCHOLOGY. 93

No. 82, October, 1864.

Descriptions of new Species of Fluviatile and Terrestrial
Operculate Mollusca, from Trinidad ; BY R. J. LECHMERE

GUPPY.
Ampullaria purpurascens. Cyclotus rugatus.
Bithinia spiralis. Adamsiella aripensis.
Valvata agglutinans. Helicina zonata.
Cyclotus Trinitensis. barbata.

This fresh description of Phryganie as Valvate is amus-
ing; naturalists seem resolved to consider them Mollusca!

Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, voi. xx., parts 1,
2,3; Feb. to Aug., 1864. Each 96 pp. 4s.

These numbers are full of very interesting papers, well
illustrated by lithographic plates.

Transactions Zoological Society, London, v., part 3; 4to 1864.

Notice of a collection of Nudibranchiate Mollusca, made in

India, by Walter Elliot, Lisq., with descriptions of several

new Genera and Species: BY JOSHUA ALDER AND ALBANY
HANCOCK. 36 pp.,with 6 colored plates.

Sowerby. Thesaurus Conchyliorum, part 23,1864. Colored, 25s.,
plain, 16s.

Contains monographs cf

Cyclostrema, Adeorbis, Teinostoma, by Arthur Adams.
Argonauta, Pomatias, by G. B. Sowerby.

Also, 3 plates illustrating a monograph of the family Pupr-
nide, by A. Adams and G. B. Sowerby, the text of which will
be published in part 24.

Cyclostrema contains 28 species, Adeorbis 21 species, Te’nostoma
8 species. Ofthese the large proportion of 389 species were
first described by the author. 2 plates.

Six species of Argonauta and eleven of Pomatias are descri-
bed, illustrated by two plates and one plate respectively.

Voluta and Melo are completed from the last part, with 4 ad-
ditional plates.

The following are the illustrations of Pupinide,

Megalomastoma, Policaria, 1 plate.
Cataulus, Registoma, Raphaulus, 1 plate.
Pupina, Pupinella, Callia, 1 plate.

Mr. Sowerby announces that part 24 will complete the 3d
Volume of the Thesaurus, and the present Series. The Volu-
tide will shortly appear separately as a monogpaph; other
Genera and Families as completed, will be published in the
same way. Accompanying the Thesaurus is a pamphlet, con-
taining, with a colored plate, descriptions by G. B. Sowerby of
Voluta Elliot’, Conus nodulosus, Hburna Borneensis.

94 AMERICAN JOURNAL

Conchologica Iconica: BY LOVELL REEVE. |

Venus, (Keb. 1864.)—Completeing the Monograph, which was |
commenced in 1868 and now numbers 141 species, with
26 plates. 21 of the species are new.)

(Another monograph of Venus is publishing as a Supplement

to Novitates Conchologicae, by Hd. Roemer.)

Dione, (Feb. 1864.)—62 species, 6 of them new. 12 plates.

Circe, “ “ 49 ‘c ii uc 6 10 6

Oytherea, (Jan. Feb. 1864.)—49 species, 8 ofthem new. 10 plates.

Tapes, (OH Marte ti iehDos fy Tide cpticoulei ayers

Meroe, (March 1864.)—12 species, 1 of them new. 8 plates.

Solarium, (April 1864.)—21 species, d plates.

German.

On the Family Rissoide, II., Genus Risso. By a. swARTZ VON MOH-
RENSTERN. 4to., 58 pp.. 4 pl., 3 of them colored. Gerold Vienna,
1864,

Fourty-seven species are enumerated, a number of which are
fossil or sub-fossil.

SCIENTIFIC INTELLIGENCE.

oO
NoTE ON THE GENUS SIMNIA, Risso.

H. & A. Adams (Genera, i. 273,) adopt this genus, giving as
synonyms, Scymnia Leach, Volva, Flem., not Bolt., Calpurna,
Flem., for a group of Ovule; and thus characterise it.

“Shell thin, involute, oblong, subfusiform; aperture ex-
panded, contracted at both ends into short pointed canals;
inner lip straight, slightly twisted in front; outer lip simple,
acute, arcuated.”

Mantle margin simple, tuberculated; foot long, broad, not
longitudinally folded.

Three species of this genus are named, viz :—

Aperta, Sowb., patula, Pennant, wniplicata, Sowb. The first
of these is figured by Sowb., Thesaur. Conchyl, pl. 107, fig.
106, 107, (Desc., No. 86,) from a single specimen in possession
of Mr. Hanley; locality unknown. Notwithstanding Mr.
Sowerby’s assertion that the shell is mature, it does not from
the figure appear to us to be so.

S. patula, Pennant, (Sowb., pl. 101, f. 105, 118, Text, No. 35,)
an English species, is, according to Forbes & Hanley, an in-
habitant of the south-western coasts, Lands-End, &c., and

OF CONCHOLOGY. 95

ranges to the Mediterranean. It is undoubtedly the same as
Adriaticum, Sowb. (Thes. 99, f. 138, 14, sp. 12,) which has a
thickened inflected denticulate outer lip. The patulwm is not
mature. I find in a series from Torbay, presented by Sowerby
to the Academy of Natural Sciences, one specimen that 7s
thus thickened, and also in the Adriaticum, Sowb., (Ex. Auct.,)
one immature species which is exactly like the patulwm.

Patulum has priority as the specific name, and Adriaticwm
must be placed in its synonymy.

The third species, S. uniplicata, Sowb. (Thes., pl. 100, £. 80-
32, sp. 85,) has a very prominently thickened lip. It is excel-
lently well figured. Specimens from South Carolina and
Georgia, are in the Academy’s collection. The genus Simnia,
therefore, bereft of its species, will not stand, and must be
considered synonymous with Amphiperas, Gronov., (Ovula
Brug.,) into which its three species merge.

British Association for the Advancement of Science, 1864.
Papers Read.

On the Natural History and Cultivation of the Oyster. By
F. BUCKLAND.

On the Mollusca of Bath. BY J. E. DANIELL.

We notice the following among the Committees appointed:

For Dredging the Coast of Aberdeenshire.

For Dredging the Coasts of the Channel Islands.

For Investigating the Marine Fauna and Flora of Southern
Coasts of Cornwall and Devon.

The name of J. G. Jeffreys appears on each of these Com-
mittees, and those of Mr. McAndrew, and the Rev. Mr. Norman
on the second.

Prof. Haldeman’s valuable collections of shells and fossils
have been acquired by Meadville College, Pennsylvania.

We have received from Messrs. Westermann & Co., New
York, ‘Schmidt's Natural History Catalogue,” for 1864, con-
taining many rare and valuable works on Conchology; also a
list of species of Land and Fresh Water Shells from Turkey,
&e., which will be sold at 1-6 thaler each species.

The collection of Prof. Grandidier is also advertised for
sale in this Catalogue. It consists of 1677 species, and the
price is 200 thalers.

Among the papers which will appear in future numbers of
this Journal, we may name :—
Descriptions of new African Helices. BY A. D. BROWN.

Descriptions of a new Melania vnd Monocondylea fram
Pegu, (with colored plate.) J, G@, ANTHONY.

96 AMERICAN JOURNAL

Descriptions of new American Unionide, (with colored
plates.) BY J. G. ANTHONY.

Descriptions of new Fossil Testacea, (with plates.) BY. A.
CONRAD.

Review of the Goniobases of Oregon, of California, (with
plate.) BY GEORGE W. TRYON, JR.

Descriptions of new Species of Fresh Water Shells from
the Pacific States, (with colored plate.) BY GEORGE W.
TRYON, JR.

On the Classification and Geographical Distribution of the
Family Strepomatide. GEORGE W. TRYON, JR.

Several other papers are also being prepared for us by
Messrs. Binney, Conrad, and others.

The attention of Conchologists is requested to the adver-
tisement of a “Collection of Shells for Sale,” printed on the
third page of our cover.

The late Judge Cooper was very proud of this collection,
which cost him much time and trouble to accumulate. It is
particularly rich in marine shells, including over 2600 species
of these, besides several hundred fluvatile and. terrestrial
species. Mr. P. P. Carpenter, writing about this cabinet re-
inarks, “It contains a peculiarly valuable series of West Coast
shells, of West Indian species of authentic localities, and of
Hast Coast species.

This admirable collection we trust will pass entire into pos-
session of some Scientific Institution, College, or Public
Society, who, by acquiring it, will secure authoritively named
and scientifically arranged cabinet, ready for immediate use in
identifying, and studying the species of American Marine
Mollusca.

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JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.

Wan. +1. APRIL 15, 1865. No. 2.

OBSERVATIONS ON THE FAMILY STREPOMATIDZ:.

BY GEORGE W. TRYON, JR.

1. CLASSIFICATION.
9. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION.

THE following paper is the result of my investigations
during the preparation of a monograph of the family, under-
taken at the request of, and to be published by, the Smithsonian
Institution. I am greatly indebted to its Chief, Prof. Jos.
Henry, for granting permission to use any of the numerous
wood-cuts which have been prepared for the monograph.

As I have already published, in the Proceedings of the
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, a full
synonymy of the genera and species of Strepomatide, in the
present paper I will discuss only general considerations relating
to their classification and distribution I trust I may be excused
' for the extensive quotations which it has been thought
necessary to make in the portion of the paper relating to
classification. I have endeavored to preseut the whole history of
the subject in such a manner as to save the trouble of reference
to the numerous publications in which the papers quoted from
have appeared.

98 AMERICAN JOURNAL

1. Classification—Swainson, who may be considered the
originator of the modern system of classification of the Mol-
lusca (as hé was the first general conchologist who, breaking
through the trammels of Lamarckian nomenclature, inaugura-
ted the work since so boldly and successfully continued by Dr.
Gray and Messrs. H. & A. Adams.) had, unfortunately, very little
knowledge of the affinities with the other Mollusca, of the so-
called Melanians inhabiting both America and the Old
World, since he has confounded them with marine shells
under his family Zurbide ; but, notwithstanding this error in
the disposition of the whole group, he had the sagacity
to separate into numerous, and generally well-characterized,
genera, the incongruous matériel which Lamarck had allowed
to remain under one generic name,—Melania.

Messrs. H. & A. Adams* approach more closely to the
present ideas of conchologists relating to this subject, by sepa-
rating from, but placing in close neighborhood to, the Cerithiade,
their family Melaniide, of which they admit two subfamilies,
Melaniine including those shells with “aperture simple in
front, without a distinct notch,” — various genera of Melanians ;
and a second subfamily, characterized by a notched aperture
to the shell, including Melanopsis, Lam. Dr. Gray, the only
other recent systematist who has investigated the subject,t
adopts a family Aelaniadx, including the subfamilies R7s-
soaina, Melaniaina, Triphorina, Scalarina, and Ltiopina, with
a heterogeneous assemblage of marine and fluviatile genera;
the Melaniaina comprising all the genera of American and
exotic Melanians, the Cerithians, and the shells which I
recently separated under the family name of Amnicolide.

It is strange that neither Huropean nor American concholo-
gists who have studied this family have availed themselves
until quite recently of the obvious differences, both in shell
and animal, between the American and Oriental forms, for
their complete separation, notwithstanding the fact that Prof.
Haldeman showed our Melanians to have a plain or entire
margin to their mantle, whilst the Oriental species had the
mantle-margin fringed, thus allying the latter more closely
with the Cerithians than with the so-called American Mela-
nians.

Dr. Brot, a gentleman who has devoted much attention to
the Melanians, remarks{ that the generally adopted classifica-
tion of the family is very confused and uncertain, but does
not attempt to propose a new one.

* Genera of Recent Mollusca, i. 293.

+ List of the Genera of Recent Mollusca, Proceed. Zool. Soc., London,
1847.

+ Cat. syst. des Especes qui composent la Famille des Melaniens.

OF CONCHOLOGY. 99

Mr. Lovell Reeve, who has published an elaborate mono-
graph of the family,* in his preface assigns to the animals of
all the species a fringed mantle-margin.

Prof. S.S. Haldeman was the first naturalist who detected
the difference between our own and thé Oriental Melanians;+
but he did not at that time apply the results of his examina-
tions to their obvious separation into two families.

Mr. Isaac Lea in 1862 proposed a new genus of Melanians,
Goniobasis,{ which, with other genera previously admitted, and
including Melania, Lam., he still continued to regard as _be-
longing to the family Melaniide, although in a foot-note he
writes, “I very much doubt if we have a single species in
the United States which properly belongs to this genus.”

Mr. Theodore Gill, in a recent paper on the classification of
our fluviatile Mollusca,§ assigns the following characters to
the family MWelaniidee :—

“Teeth of lingual membrane, 3:1:3; gills concealed; ros-
trum moderately produced and entire or simply notched ;
foot not produced beyond the head; branchiz uniserial; lateral
jaws present.

“Aperture of shell acuminate behind; generally chan-
nelled at front; size moderate.

“The family of Melaniide is here restricted to exclude
Faunus, Montfort (— Pyrena, Lam.,) Melanatria, Bowditch,
Melatoma, Sw. (= Clionella? Gray), Melanopsis, Lam., Vibex,
Oken, and Hemisinus, Sw. These appear to belong to a dis-
tinct family, equally distinguished by the projecting foot of
the animal and the notch of the aperture of its shell.

“The family may be named Melanopide.

“The other genera or subgenera that have been proposed
scarcely appear to exist in nature. Fy * - 5S

“The American Melaniide form a peculiar subfamily,—
Ceriphasine.”

Subsequently, in a foot-note,| Mr. Gill mentions the reason
which caused him to make the above subfamily. “The
American Melaniide, so far as I know, have not a fringed
mantle, and, consequently, belong to a different group.” We
readily admit the propriety of separating the Melanopide
from Melaniide, as a distinct family, and only wonder that
Mr. Gill did not make a family of Ceriphasinie, as the distinct-
ive characters of the animal so far as known to us, and of the

* Conchologica Iconica,—Melania, Anculotus, lo, Melatoma.

t Amer. Jour. Science, xli. 1, 21.

¢ Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sciences, May, 1862.

$Systematic Arrangement of the Mollusks of the Family Viviparidex,

and others, inhabiting the United States.—Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci, p. 33
Feb., 1863. ,

| Ibid. p. 85.

100 AMERICAN JOURNAL

shell undoubtedly, are quite as important as those which he
assigns to his Melanopide. When we come to consider the
geographical distribution of the two groups, the reasons for
this separation are still more obvious. We find the JMela-
nopiilee distributed over both hemispheres, while the Ceripha-
sine are entirely restricted to North America, to the exclu-
sion almost entirely of the Melanopide, and totally of the fringe-
mantled Melantide. We find them inhabiting this faunal
province in immense numbers of species, exuberantly varied
in form, size, weight and color, presenting a number of de-
scribed (and many undescribed) genera, in fact, exhibiting all
that redundancy of character and isolation of position which
are the sure indications of a primordial separate existence.*

The publication of Mr. Gill’s paper re-directed Prof Halde-
man’s attention to the subject, which he had left unfinished
in his investigations at an earlier period; and the result is the
publication of a short but important paper in the Proceedings
of the Academy of Natural Sciences, September, 1865, en-
titled, ‘On Strepomatid asa Name for a Family of Fluviatile
Mollusca usually confounded with Melania,” wherein he
finally separates our species as a distinct family, remarking
that the Oriental Melanians are not so nearly allied to ours as
they are to the Cerithiade,—with which conclusion we cordi-
ally agree.

We have, therefore, adopted the name Strepomatide as in-
dicating a distinct family, m preference to the prior name of

*Tt has become fashionable lately to disparage the value of the mere
shells as a means of distinguishing generic and family groups, and to rely
wholly on such differences as may be ‘found in the animals. Without deny -
ing the great importance which should properly be accorded to the latter,
we would insist that, in general, the expression of these differences may be
observed in the shell, and that at least very few generic distinctions have
been made from the study of the animals which have not been also indi-
cated plainly enough by the shell. The study of Malacology is yet in its
infancy, and those who figure in it are very apt to give undue importance
to the characters on which they rely for building up theirsystems. To in-
vestigate how many characters of form or function have successively been
called forth as the mostimportant to stand godfathersat the baptisms of new
genera, would be curious, but lamentable.

One thing is certain, that genera founded on the shells alone are always
found to be corroborated by ‘the study of the animals, while many genera
founded on differences in the animal have remained unverified, and will
continue so, owing to the undue importance given to the difference of form
relied on for the generic distinction.

We do not regard the differences, so far as discovered, in the animals of
our so-called Melanians from the Oriental Melandide, as of sufficient import-
ance to justify their separation: We are contented to separate them upon
considerations connected with the shell only and with geographical distri-
bution, and accept the differences in the animals as merely corroborative,
for the present, believing, however, that other and more important distine-
ive characters will reward the industry and skill of some future Malaco-

ogist.

OF CONCHOLOGY. 101

Ceriphasine, the <doption of which would still leave our
species in connection as a subfamily with shells to which
they are not at all closely related.

In endeavoring to eliminate, from the rather confused
synonymy, generic and subgeneric groups of Strepomatide,
some difficulty is encountered at the threshold, on account of
the various opinions held by the different naturalists who have
studied them, regarding the relative importance which should
be assigned to various characters of the shell, in constituting
these divisions.

The genus Hemisinus, Swainson (Basistoma, Lea,) belongs
to Mr. Gill’s family Melanopide. The little Paludomus brevis,
D’Orb., of the West Indies, is apparently the American repre-
sentative of an exotic genus; the large tuberculate Melanians of
Central America, and the smooth Pachycheili of that country
and of Mexico, probably do not belong to our family
Strepomatide.

Thus the range of the species of the family may be con-
sidered as restricted within the borders of the United
States.*

Swainson formed the following curious generic system for
the shelis under consideration :—+

Family TURBID 4.
(Subfamilies Ampullarinw, Melaniane, Turbine, Janthine.)
Subfamily MELANIAN 4.

Genus PALUDOMUS, Swainscn.

Subgenus ANCULOSA, Say.
Genus MELANIA, Lam.

Subgenus HEMISINUS, Swainson.
Genus MELANopsis, Lam.

Subgenus MELAFUSUS, Swainson.

Subfusiform, the base contracted, and the aperture and

spire nearly equal. 1 species. America. (= Io.)
Subgenus MELATOMA, Swains.

Fusiform, longitudinally ribbed; a deep sinus at the top
of the outer lip; base contracted, channel wide. MM.
costata. (This species, mistaken by some for our genus
Schizostoma, is actually an exotic marine shell = genus
Clionella.)

* Threc or four are extra-limital, inhabiting Cuba and Mexico ; but these

do not constitute one per cent. of the whole number of species.
+ Manual of Malacology, 1840.

102 AMERICAN JOURNAL

Genus CERITHIDEA, Swainson.
Clavate, cerithiform; aperture subemarginate.
Subgenus CERITHIDEA, Swains.

Shell light, decollated ; outer lip semicircular, dilated by
a flattened border; aperture emarginate. C. lineolata,
Gri,’ Cur. 1 14, f. 4. ee Ibid. t. 32, f. 12.
(= PorAaMIDES.)

Subgenus CERIPHASIA, Swains.

Cerithiform ; outer lip thin, dilated at the base; aperture
small, slightly emarginate, without any internal groove;
inner lip thin. C. sulcata, Sw., fig. 38. Founded on
certain Ohio shells resembling Cerithidea ?

It will be noticed that in the above classification Melafusus
is a subgenus of Melanopsis, which belongs to the family
Melanopidee, while Ceriphasia is a subgenus of Cerithidea,
which includes shells belonging to the family Cerithiidee |

Dr. Gray (Proceed. Zool. Soc., London, 1847, p. 153) makes
the following division of his subfamily Melaniaina, which in
many respects is very correct. He separates the exotic genera
from the American, and of the latter quotes the following :—

ANCULOTUS, Say, 1825.

Anculosa, Swains., 1840—A. premorsa, Say.
Melanopsis, sp., Moricand—J/. crenocarina.*
Anculosa, sp., Anthony—Anc. rubiginosa.
Melania, sp., Say—Melan. obovata.

Mexatoma, Anthony, 184—? not Swains. 1840.
Melat. altilis, Anthony.
Io, Lea, 1832.

Fusus, sp., Say, 1825. Seca
Melafusus, Swains., 1840. Fusus fluviatilis, Say.

Melania, sp., Say—el. armigera, Say.
CERIPHASIA, Swains. 1840.
Gray, Syn. 1844.

Melania, sp., Say—Ceriphasia sulcata, Swains.
? Telescopella.
Melania, sp., Say—Mel. undulata, Say.

= Verena, H. & A. Adams: certainly not an Anculosa.—T.

OF CONCHOLOGY. 103

GLOTELLA, Gray.
Melania armigera, Say.
Messrs. H. & A. Adams (Genera of Recent Mollusca) pro-

pose the following classification :—*
‘“‘CERIPHASIA, Swainson, (i. p. 297.)

Shell subfusiform, whorls transversely sulcate, the last an-
culated; spire acuminated; aperture small, produced in front,
with a small groove-like canal at the fore part; outer lip thin,
posteriorly sinuated.

Syn. Telescopella, Gray.

Kx. @. canaliculata, Say, t.31, f. 6.

The shell of Ceriphasia is covered with a dark-green epider-
mis, and is more like that of Jo than any other of this family ;
it may, however, be distinguished from Jo by the beak being
shorter, and by the whorls being sulcated and not spiny.”

acuta, Lea. luteosa, Gould.
Alexandrensis, Lea. Ordiana, Lea.
annulifera, Conr. regularis, Lea.
canaliculata, Say. spurca, Lea.
elongata, Lea. subularis, Lea.
exarata, Lea. sulcosa, Lea.
Haleiana, Lea. symmetrica, Wald.
Kirtlandiana, Lea. Vainafa, Gould.
lugubris, Lea. Virginica, Gmel.t

“Genus PACHYCHEILUS, Lea, (i. 298.)

Operculum subcrbicular, of several whorls. Shell subfusi-
formly conical, smooth, solid ; aperture ovate, entire anteriorly ;
columellar lip thickened posteriorly; outer lip thick.

The chief pecuharity of this genus is the thickened outer
lip; it differs from Melanopsis in having no sinus at the fore

* We quote the full lists of species given by Messrs. Adams, in order that
the insufficiency of their genera may become more apparent from the in-
congruous assemblage of shells of which they have composed them. Prof.
Haldeman writes (Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sciences, p. 274, Sept., 1863,)
“The groups of Messrs. H. & A. Adams often indicate merely sections ;
and sectional names given as generic are scicntifically erroneous, because
they erect certain species into genera and subgenera only when they be-
long to extensive groups, requiring numerous specific names, whilst the
same amount of character goes for nothing in groups which have but few
species.”’

+ The species here assembled are principally Goniobases, but are included
in Ceriphasia evidently because they are ‘‘transversely sulcate.’ MZ, Vir-
ginica and its synonym multilineata are again introduced in Juga, a sub-
genus of Vibex, Oken !

M. canaliculata, Say, is introduced, but wndulata, Say, does not appear,
while jilwm, Lea, a very closely allied species, is placed in Hlimia, a sub-
genus of Jo.

104 AMERICAN JOURNAL

part of the aperture, and from Melania in having a callous
columella.

The operculum has the nucleus subcentral, and is composed
of two or three spiral revolutions.

dubiosus, Say. ferrugineus, Lea. simplex, Say.*
“Subgenus PoTADOMA, Swainson, (i. 299.)

Shell ovate, solid; spire short, whorls smooth; inner lip

somewhat thickened; aperture produced in front; outer lip
acute, simple.

depygis, Say. ovoideus, Lea.
gracilis, Lea. rufescens, Lea.
inornatus, Anth. sordidus, Lea.
levigatus, Lea. subcylindraceus, Lea.
Niagarensis, Lea. subsolidus, Lea.
Ocoeensis, Lea. Warderianus, Lea.t

“ Genus Io, Lea, (i. p. 299.)

Shell subfusiform, whorls spinose; aperture large, ovate, di-
lated anteriorly, produced in front into a grooved beak; outer
lip simple, acute.

Syn. Melafusus, Swains., Clotella, Gray.

Ex. J. fluviatilis, Say, t. 31, i. 8. Operculum, fi8 iow:

The species of /o inhabit the rivers of North America; the
shells, like those of most of the Melaniide, are covered with a
brown, black, or olivaceous epidermis, and are remarkable for

the peculiar elongation of the axis anteriorly, and for the spi-
nose nature of the last whorl.

armigera, Lea. pernodosa, Lea.
Duttoniana, Lea. plicata, Lea. .
Florentiana, Lea. robulina, Anthony.
fluviatilis, Say. spinigera, Lea.
fusiformis, Say. spinosa, Lea.
nobilis, Lea. tenebrosa, Lea.
pagodula, Gld. tuberculata, Lea.t

‘“Subgen. Exiimia, H. & A. Adams, (i. p. 300.)

Shell fusiformly ovate ; whorls reticulate or nodulose, carinate

in the middle; aperture graatly produced anteriorly ; outer lip
thin, simple, acute.

*The genus Pachycheilus was instituted by Mr. Lea to comprise a cer
tain form of shells attaining their greatest numerical development in Cen-
tral America. There are no shells inhabiting the United States which are
congeneric with these; and Messrs. Adams have entirely mistaken the
scope of the genus in including such species as simple.

+ = simplex, Say, which Messrs. Adams place in the genus Pachycheilus
as typical !

+ Among the species here enumerated are Angitreme, Anculosa, Lithasia,

Strephobases, Goniobases, and Pleurocera. I. pagodita is an exotic species,
and does not belong to the genus.

OF CONCHOLOGY. 105

acuticarinata, Lea. catenoides, Lea.
apis, Lea. elevata, Lea.
bella, Conrad. filum, Lea.
Boykiniana, Lea. Holstonia, Lea.
ealiginos2, Lea. nodulosa, Lea.
cancelluta, Say. Potosvensis, Lea.
earinocostata, Lea. spinalis, Lea.
catenaria, Say. torta, Lea.

“ MELANTA, Lamarck.
Subgen. Mentasma, H. & A. Adams, (i. p. 300.*)

Shell solid; spire elevated, whorls smooth, longitudinally ph-
cate; aperture produced anteriorly; inner lip simple, thin;
outer lip acute, simple.

blanda, Lea. Deshayesiana, Lea.
brevispira, Anthony. Edgariana, Lea.
claveeformis, Lea. laqueata, Say.
Comma, Conr. Lecontiana, Lea.
concinna, Lea. nitens, Lea.
costulata, Lea. plicatula, Lea.
crebricostata, Lea. plicifera, Lea.

Curreyana, Lea.

“Genus HEMISINUS, Swainson, (1. 302.)

Shell subulate; whorls smooth, simple, numerous; aperture
ovate, anteriorly contracted, canaliculate and emarginate in
front; outer lip thin, crenulated at the edge.

Syn. Tania, Gray, Basistoma, Lea.

Ex. H. lineolatus, Wood, t. 32, f. 2, a, 6.

This genus comprises many fine species of fresh-water shells,
principally from South America, though a few have been re-
garded as inhabitants of other countries.

bulbosus, Gould. symmetricus, Conr. lneolatus, Wood.t

“Genus VIBEX, Oken, (1. 305.)

Shell turreted; whorls tuberculated, spirally ridged or mu-
ricate; aperture subcircular, produced and broadly channelled
in front; outer lip thin, simple.

Syn. Clav/ger, Hald. Melania, Swains., not Lamarck.

“Subgenus Juea, H. & A. Adams, (i. 304.)

Shell thin; whorls rounded, transversely lirate or furnished
with elevated transverse lines; aperture produced anteriorly ;
outer lip simple, acute.

* This genus — the plicate species of Goniobasis. M. brevispira, how-
ever, is never plicate, although included with the species.

} The first two enumerated do not belong to this genus, nor have they
the slightest affinity with any of its species.—G. W. T., JR.

106 AMERICAN JOURNAL

Buddii, Say.* proxima, Say.
cireincta, Lea. Schiedeana Phil.
exilis, Hald. silicula, Gld.
multilineata, Say. striata, Lea.
obruta, Lea. Troostiana, Lea.
occata, Hinds. Virginica, Say.

proteus, Lea.

“Genus GYROTOMA, Shuttleworth, (i. 305.)

Shell ovate, turreted; whorls transversely sulcate ; aperture
oblong; inner lip thickened, with a posterior callosity ; outer
lip thin, with a deep, narrow, posterior fisure.

Syn. Schizostoma, Lea, not Bronn, Melatoma, Anthony,
not Swainson, Schizocheilus, Lea.

Ex. @. ovoidea, Shuttleworth, t. 32, f. 4, a, 6.

The fissure in the outer lip is wanting or obsolete in the
subgenus Megara, the species of which in other respects
closely resemble those of Gyrotoma proper. Both groups are
American in their geographical distribution.

aliilis, Anthony. excisa, Lea.
Babylonica, Lea. Foremani, Lea.
Buddii, Lea. Juniculata, Lea.
conica, Say. incisa, Lea.
constricta, Lea. laciniata, Lea.

curta, Migh.? ovoidea, Shuttl.
curvata, Say. pagoda, Lea.
cylindracea, Migh. ? pyramidata, Shuttl.t

“Subgenus MecAra, H. & A. Adams, (i. p. 3806.)

Shell ovate, solid; whorls transversely sulcate; aperture
ovate-oblong, subcanaliculated anteriorly; outer lip thin,
simple, acute.

alveare, Conr. Hoeydei, Lea.
arctata, Lea. impressa, Lea.
auriculeformis, Lea. lateralis, Lea.
basalis, Lea. lima, Conr.
brevis, Lea. oliva, Lea.
crebristriata, Lea. olivula, Conr.
harpa, Lea. ovalis, Lea.
Haysiana, Lea. pumila, Lea.

* Should read Buddii, Lea. M. exilis, Hald., and prozima, Say, certainly
do not belong here. I have already remarked upon AZ. Virginica and
multilineata.

t+ Mr. Anthony never described Gyrotoma altilis, ranked among these
species. G. conica, Say, is the young of Plewrocera canaliculata. There
are, besides, frequent mistakes in all these lists,in misquoting authorities.—T.

OF CCONCHOLOGY. 107

solida, Lea. undulata, Say.
torquata, Lea. Vanuxemiana, Lea.*

“Genus Leproxis, Rafinesque, (1. 307.)

Shell ovate or globose, solid, subperforate ; spire very short ;
aperture oval; inner lip with a posterior callosity, often
anteriorly callous and produced; outer lip thin, sinuous, with
a posterior, ascending canal.

Syn. Anculotus, Say, Anculosa, Swains., Ancylotus, Herm.

Ex. L. prerosa, Say, t. 32, fig. 6, a, b.

The species of this genus are peculiar to the North Ameri-
can rivers; the spire of the shell has a truncated, eroded apex,
and, in the typical species, the shell is solid and subzlobose,
with the aperture simple in front.

abrupta, Lea. pilula, Lea.
angulata, Conr. pisum, Hald.
crassa, Hald. plicata, Conr.
flammata, Lea. prerosa, Say.
fuliginosa, Lea. pumilis, Conr.
fusca, Hald. rubiginosa, Lea.
fusiformis, Lea. squalida, Lea.
gibbosa, Lea. subglobosa, Say.
globula, Lea. teenvata, Say.

Griffithsiana, Lea. tintinnabulum, Lea.

Hildrethiana, Lea.

integra, Say.
melanoides, Conr.
Nickliniana, Lea.
nigrescens, Conr.
obtusa, Lea.

trivittatus, DeKay.
Troostiana, Lea. +
turgida, Hald.
variabilis, Lea.
virgata, Lea.
viridis, Leat

picta, Conr.
“Subgenus Nitocris, H. & A. Adams, (i. 308.)

Shell thin, subglobose; whorls angulated, often carinate ;
inner lip subtruncate, or ending in a tubercle.

carinata, Lea. dilatata, Conr.
ecstata, Lea. dissimilis, Say.
dentita, Couth. ebena, Lea.

* Here we find shells belonging to several groups, as pumila, Lea, alveare,
Conr., and torquata, Lea, to Strephobasis ; lima, Conr., and solida, Lea, to
Lithasia ; undulata, Say, to Pleurocera, Hoeydei, Lea, was never described.
Can it be intended for Hydei, Conr. ? The species are generally, however,
the ponderous Goniobases of Northern Alabama.

t In the species of this genus there are several errors, some quite elon-
gated forms being included; also, a species of Lithasia.

105 AMERICAN JOURNAL

inflata, Lea. occidentalis, Lea.*
Kirtlandiana, Auth. Rogersvi, Conr.
monodontoides, Gld. subcarinata, Hald.

“Subgenus LirHasta, Lea, (i. 308.)

Shell thick, solid, ovate; whorls gibbose or tuberculated at
the hind part; aperture subcanaliculated and produced in
front; inner lip with a callus posteriorly, subtruncate ante-
riorly.

genicufa, Hald. salebrosa, Conr.
neritiformis, Desh.t semigranulosa, Desh.”

obovata, Say.

Chenu (Manuel de Conchyhologie) principally follows the
arrangement of Messrs. Adams.

Lovell Reeve monographs separately Lo, Hemisinus, Ancu-
lotus, and Melatoma, and treats all the species not included in
those genera as Melaniv. Te says, “ Advantage might have
been taken of the labors of systematists to have distributed
them into further genera;. but more materials are needed for
their elucidation than we at present possess.’’t

R. J. Shuttleworth (Mittheil. der Nat.-forsch. Gesellsch. in
Bern. No. 50, p. 88) proposed, July 22, 1845, a new Ameri-
can genus of fluviatile shells, which he characterized as follows:

a GyRoroma. —Shell turreted ; columella incurved, above cal-
lously thickened ; aperture oval, subeffuse at the base; lip sim-
ple, acute, narrowly profoundly fissured above.

“ Animal.—Operculum corneous, spiral.”

This forms one of the most distinct of the genera of Strepo-
matide. Mr. Lea, however, anticipated Mr. Shuttleworth’s dis-
covery.

* —1m some respects Mudalia, Hald., and Somatogyrus, Gill.

+ Neritiformis, Desh., is an Anculosa, and is a syn. of J. prerosa, Say.

t{ It is very much to be regretted that Mr. Reeve did not make some kind
of a division, however arbitrary, of the immense material entering into
his magnificent monograph of Melania, as he has published it. Species
from all countries, without regard to external resemblances, are, in many
cases, grouped on its plates indiscriminately, rendering the identification
of shells by its aid exceedingly difficult. Even several of the species are
duplicated in description and illustration in the monographs of Melania, Io,
and Anculotus.

While on the subject of Mr. Reeve’s monograph, we cannot refrain from
condemning the substitution of new descriptions of the species for those
originally given. The descriptions of Mr. Reeve in numerous cases en-
tirely neglect the most important specific characters. The plates frequently
do not represent the species for which they are intended ; but in this Mr.
Reeve has been undoubtedly deceived by wrongly-named specimens.

It is a strange fact that, notwithstanding the length of time which has
elapsed since very many of our Melanians and Unios have been described,
and the large number which have been sent to Europe in scientific ex-
changes, European conchologists are still to a great extent ignorant of the
most pr ominent and important specific characters.

OF CONCHOLOGY. 109

Dr. Brot, in his admirable “Systematic Catalogue of the Me-
lanians,” proposes, instead of the genera of H. & A. Adams, a
series of sections, which are generally excellent, for the ar-
rangement of the species. The following is his plan :—

1. Operculum concentric.
Genus PALUDOMUS, Swainson.

2. Operculum spiral or subspiral.
* Aperture entire.
Genus LrprToxis, Raf.
(Anculotus, Say ; Anculosa, Conr.)

Genus MELANTA, Lam.

Group a, type canaliculata, Say.
- “ eurvilabris, ‘Anth.
Sea Ces fae Sian, en.
[ type Virginica, Say.
b, “. costulata, Lea.
ss d, +c, “ perangulata, Conr.
fa, Saneples: Say.
Le, “ Warderiana, Lea.

Cor ‘“ nupera, Say.
Pies (Huropean.)
a, “ levissima, Sowb.

g, \ 5, “ glaphyra, Morelet.
c, “ nigritina, Morelet.
(All the other groups of this section, thirteen in number, are
exotic.)
** Anerture produced in front.

Genus Io, Lea.
xEX Aperture truncate in front.
(MELANOPSIS, HEMISINUS.)
eee A nerture posteriorly sinuate.
Genus GYROTOMA, Shuttlw.
REEEX Aperture sinuate in front and posteriorly.
(PrrENA, Lam.)

Passing to American authors, we find Mr. Say was the first
to eliminate a native genus from the genus Melania. In his
description of Melania prerosa, he says, “This shell does not
seem to correspond with the genus to which I have for the pre-
sent referred it; and, owing £0 the configuration of the base of
the columella, if itis not a “Melanopsis, it is probable its station

will be between the genera Melania and Agathina. I propose
for it the gcneric name of Anculosa.”

110 AMERICAN JOURNAL

He also remarks, in his subsequent description of M. subgio-
bosa, “It is a second species of my preposed genus Anculotus.”

Mr. Say never described his genus; but the above citation and
description of two species, both of which are well known, and
whose identity with his descriptions has never been ques-
tioned, entitle his generic name to be received as authority.

Rafinesque published the following genera which have been
referred to Strepomatide :—

“ Pleurocera, Raf. (Jour de Phys. Bruxelles, vol. Ixxxvii. p.
423, 1819.) Shell spiral, oval, or pyramidal, of numerous con-
vex volutions. Aperture obliquely oblong, the base prolonged
and twisted, sharp above. Outer lip thin, the inner lip ap-
pressed, twisted, without umbilicus. Animal with a membrana-
ceous operculum.

“ Head proboscidiform, inserted on the back; tentacles two,
lateral, subulate, sharp, with eyes at their exterior base.

“Family of Neritacea. Species numerous, of which I have al-
ready twelve, all fluviatile, from rivers and creeks, as well as
the following genera.”*

By some strange mistake, this genus is referred by Messrs.
H. & A. Adams to Vivipara.

Rafinesque published several species; one of which, P. ver-
rucosa, is identical with Lithasta nupera, Say, and therefore be-
longs toan entirely different group. Others, however, are evi-
dently closely related to M. canaliculata, Say, and M. elevata,
Say. The genus is certainly well characterized, and clearly
includes those shells which Mr. Swainson has subsequently dis-
tinguished as Ceriphasia, and Mr. Lea as Trypanostoma.

In the same Journal, (p. 26,) Rafinesque described a genus
“ Teptoxis” as follows. ‘ Leptoxis. Differs from Lymnula by an
oval shell, inflated, the spire of two or three whorls; aperture

* Rafinesque previously described Pleurocera in a short paper published in
the American Monthly Magazine and Critical Review, iii. p. 354, 1818
(Binney & Tryon’s Edit. of Rafinesque, p. 22,) as follows :—

‘“* Shell variable oboval or conical, mouth diagonal crooked, rhomboidal,
obtuse and nearly reflexed at the base, acute above the connection, lip and
columelle flexuose entire. Animal with an operculum membranaceous,
head separated from the mantle inserted above it, elongated, one tentaculum
on each side at its base, subulate acute, eyes lateral exterior at the base of
the tentacula.”’

This description was doubtless intended for all the elongate species of
Melanians from the Ohio River then known to him, but he afterwerds
amended it as above.

In his “ Enumeration and Account’’ (Binney & Tryon, p. 67,) Rafi-
nesque describes several species of Pleurocera, and remarks, ‘*‘ My G. Pleuro-
cera, 1819, is perhaps a 8. G. of Melania, but the animal is different, with
lateral feelers ; the shell is always conical oblong, with the opening oblong
oblique acute at both ends, columella flexuose twisted ;’’ and, further, “I
leave the name of Melania to the shells with opening obtuse at the end; or
they may form the 5. G. Amblozis.”’

OF CONCHOLOGY. TL

oval, almost as large as the whole shell. _Hyesexterior. About
four species, fluviatile, lacustrine, and palustrine.”

There can be no doubt that this description was ¢ntended for
Anculosa, Say, as is proved by a MSS. work by Rafinesque
(‘“Conchologia Ohioensis”) in the possession of the Smithsonian
Institution, in which there is a rude pen-and-ink drawing of
the animal and shell of a Leptoxis. The name has been adopted
by Prof. Haldeman and others. But as the published descrip-
tion refers equally well to Physa or some species of Lymnea,
and as MSS. authority is not recognized in questions of priority,
we are compelled to throw aside this name and adopt that
given by Say.

In the MSS. quoted above, occurs the description of a new
genus called Strepoma, together with the figure of a species;
which appears to represent a section of Plewrocera. It is unne-
cessary to quote the description, as it was never published: it is
only mentioned here because Prof. Haldeman adopts it asa
generic name in a late paper on the classification of these shells.*

For the same reason, we do not adopt the genus Amblowis de-
scribed in the American Monthly Magazine, p. 855, 1818 :—

“Univalve.—Shell thick oboval, mouth oval, rounded at the
base, obtuse above, with a thick appendage of the lip, columelle
flexuose, a small rugose umbilic. ”

This, the only description, would apply equally well to a
Paludina, Anculosa or a Goniobasis of Lea; and in 1831 (Enum.
and Account,) although he renders it plain that he intended the
latter, still he doesnot adopt the name for his species there de-
scribed, and seems disposed to doubt the value of his former
division.

The three following genera were pubiished in Journal de
Physique, Bruxelles, tome 88, p. 4238 et seq. :—

“ Hilipstoma, Raf.—Shell thick, oval, obtuse. Mouth ob-
lique, narrow, elliptic, lips thickened, united, and obtusely
decurrent posteriorly. A narrow, oblong umbilicus, half
covered by the interior lip. Animal unknown. Fluviatile
genus of 4 species, HL. gibbosa, H. vittata, H. zonalis, and
LH. marginula.

“From the Ohio, Mississippi, &c.”

“Oxytrema, Raf.—Difters from Plewrocera by an oval oblong
or ventricose shell, less number. of whorls, the last forming
nearly the whole; mouth sharp on both sides, and anteriorly
prolonged into a long sharp point. 38 fluviatile species.”

“ Campeloma, Raf—Shell oval; mouth oval, base truncated,
lip reflected, united in a posterior point. No umbilicus.
Animal unknown. I have only one species, found in the

* Proceed. Acad. Nat, Sciences, p. 274, September 1863.

112 AMERICAN JOURNAL

Ohio,—C. crassula. Four whorls of the spire reversed? apex
acute, shell thick, mouth more than half the total length.”

Messrs. H. & A. Adams, with very doubtful propriety, refer
this genus to Melanopsis. Prof. 8.8. Haldeman, in an article on
Mollusca, contributed by him to the American edition of
Heck’s Iconographic Encyclopeedia, 11. p. 84, remarks that

“Say’s Melania armigera (and also Lea’s M. duttoniana
and MM. catenoides) belongs to Rafinesque’s genus Pleurocera,
in which there is a short, straight canal anteriorly, and when
this canal is lengthened, as in Musus, the genus Lo, of Lea, is
the result.

“ Strepoma, of Rafinesque (or Ceriphasia, of Swainson,) are,
slightly different forms, in which the aperture and the vertical
plate formed by the anterior portion of the whirls, bear some
resemblance to the same parts in Cerithiwm telescopium.”

In October, 1840, Prof. Haldeman published a supplement
to his “ Monograph of the Limniades,” containing, among
other matter, the following proposed

‘“‘Subgenera of ANCULOSA.

“ Anculosa, Say.—Substance of the shell thick and heavy,
labium much thickened.

‘ Tithasia, Hald—Shell heavy, having protuberances ; aper-
ture with a notch in the nacre above and below.

“ Paludomus, Swains.—Shell smooth, margin of the outer lip
crenated, labium very thick and enamelled.

“Hemimitra, Swains.—Like Paludomus, but with coronated
whorls.

“ Mudalia, Hald.—Shell smooth, thin in texture; labium with-
ont enamel,”

In his description of a species of Anculosa published upon
the same occasion, Prof. Haldeman refers to “ Paludina
(Mudalia) dissimilis, Say,” so that there can be no doubt as to
the section of Anculosa indicated by the subgenus MJudala.
On the cover of No. 2, of the monograph (January, 1841) is
the description of ‘subgenus Angitrema. Shell spinous,
aperture subrhomboidal, with an anterior sinus. Hx. Melania
armigera, Say.”

T adopt Angitrema asa genus, with Lrthasia as a subgenus
of it. Mudalia cannot stand in the system, because its charac-
ters are not constant, Anc. dissimilis having frequently a heavy
deposit of nacre on the columella.

Mr. Lea has described several new genera of shells elimi
nated from the American Melanix. He early recognized in Mr.
Say’s genus Anculosu a good natural genus, and adopted it
in his descriptions. In Philos. Trans. vi. p. 168, he pro-
posed to separate the species of MJelania according to certain

OF CONCHOLOGY. (3053

obvious external (by no means generic) characters, for facility
in their determination. He described a large number of
species under the following divisions :—

cL Smooth: 4. Sulcate. 7. Granulate.
2. I’licate. 5. Striate. 8. Cancellate.
3. Carinate. 6. Tuberculate. 9. Spinose.”

_ Perhaps this division of the species suggested to Messrs.
Adams the genera which they have adopted in their classifica-
tion.

In Philos. Trans., Iv., p. 122, Mr. Lea proposed to institute
a new genus, Jo, for the Musus fluvialis, of Say. Tis descrip-
tion is, ‘‘ lo.—Shell fusiform ; base canaliculate; spire elevated ;
columella smooth and concave.”

In his description ot Melania excisa, and Anculosa incisa,
published in Philos. Proc., 11. p., 242, Dec. 1842, Mr. Lea sug-
gested the name Schizostoma for those species having a
pleurotomose sutural slit in the outer lip. The genus thus
proposed, and which bears the same relation to Goniobasis as
Schazicheila does to Helicina, was some time afterwards cha-
racterized by Mr. Shuttleworth, from independent observa-
tion, under the name of Gyrotoma.

In Philos. Proc. Aug. 1845, and in the Transactions, x. p. 67,
1853, Mr. Lea published the following description of his
genus :—

‘““ScuHizostomMa Lea. Shell conical or fusiform. Lip fis-
sured above. Aperture ovate, columella smooth, incurved.
Operculum.—

‘No operculum has come under my notice; but I can scarcely
doubt that it will be found to be horny, and to resemble, in
other respects, that of Melania.”

Subsequently (vol. x., p. 295,) Mr. Lea says, “ When I pro-
posed the name of Schizostoma for a genus of Afelaniana with a
cut at the superior portion of the aperture, I was not aware
that M. Bronn had already used that name for a fossil genus.
I now propose to substitute Schdzochetlus.”

In the Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of
Philadelphia, 1860, p. 68, Mr. John G. Anthony makes some
lengthy remarks on this genus, as follows:—

“G@yrotoma. As some confusion exists regarding the name
of this genus, the following notes are given:—

“The genus Melatoma was established by Swainson, and
first given to the world in 1840, in his ‘Treatise on Shells
and Shell Fishes,’ published in London, founded, as he says
(p. 202,) ‘upon a remarkable Ohio shell sent him many years
before by his old friend Prof. Rafinesque.” ‘It has,’ he
remarks, ‘the general form of a Pleurotoma and of a Afela-

114 AMERICAN JOURNAL

fusus, with a well-defined sinus or cleft near the top of the
outer lip, while the inner, though thin, is somewhat thickened
above.’ The other characters named by him are such as are
generally considered rather specific than generic, and the
pleurotomose cut in the outer lip, as applied to a fluviatile
univalye, is altogether sufficient to indicate a new genus.
The specimen alluded to by Swainson, and from which his
generic description was drawn, was an imperfect one; and the
species has not since been identified by American naturalists.
This is less to be wondered at when we consider how very
local the genus has always been, and how few specimens have
found their way into our collections. The waters of Alabama
have as yet monopolized this interesting genus,; and it is
probable that even there it is confined almost, if not quite,
exclusively to the Coosa and its tributaries.

“On p.342 Swainson gives the following generic description,
adding a figure:—

‘“*Vusiform, longitudinally ribbed; a deep sinus at the top
of the outer lip; base contracted; channel wide.’

“Mr. Swainson’s figure is quite unsatisfactory. His genus
Melatoma is referred doubtfully to Clionella by H.& A. Adams,
and has not prevailed for this genus in America or Europe.
I have, therefore, decided not to make use of it in this case.

“Subsequently this genus has been noticed by various au-
thors, and other names have been applied to it. In 1841 or
1842, Dr. J. W. Mighels sent me specimens of one species,
under the name of Apella scissura; but his generic name was
never published, and his species, if not identical with any
which Mr. Lea afterwards described, seems to have been over-
looked and forgotten.

“On the 14th of December, 1842, Mr. Lea read a paper be-
fore the American Philosophical Society, in which he de-
scribes Melania excisa and Anculosa incisa. In his remarks
upon these species he alludes to the pleurotomose cut in the
superior part of the upper lip, and at the same time suggests
the necessity, in consequence of this character, to construct a
new genus, which he proposed to call ‘ Schizostoma.’ Mr. Lea
finding his name ‘ Sch.zostoma,’ pre-occupied in Paleontology,
changed it to ‘Schizochilus’ (March 5, 1852, Obs., v., p. 51).
In a paper read May 2, 1845, Mr. Lea, in a foot-note to p.
93, first indicates the generic characters of Schizostoma, as
follows,—‘ Testa vel conica vel fusiformis; labrum superne
fissura; apertura ovata; columella levis, incurva,’—and de-
scribes six additional species.

“In the above concise definition of the genus, it will at once
be noted that the fissure at the upper part of the outer lip is
after all the essential character; and Mr. Lea himself seems to

OF CONCHOLOGY. 115

be aware of this, since, of the six species then described, he states
the aperture to be elliptical in five cases and rhomboidal in
the other, although his generic character is ‘aperture ovate.’
Indeed, in the species described by him but a single one has
the aperture ovate, and that one is described as an “Aneulosa.

“It may be doubted whether Mr. Lea’s first name will not
eventually prevail, since, before he published Schizostoma,
Bronn’s genus of the same name (Lethea Geoen., 1, 95,
1835-37,) had been called a synonym of Bifrontia ; (Omalaxis)
of Deshayes. (Vide Desh. in Lam, Ix., p. 104.) Indeed, H. &
A. Adams (Gen. Rec. Moll., 1. , 305,) do not appear correct in
giving preference to Gyrotoma over Schizostoma, Lea, on ac-
count of Schizostoma, Bronn, since (on p. 244) the latter is
placed in the synonymy of Omalazis.

“Another generic name Schizostoma is quoted in Her-
mannsen’s Index. I have not obtained access to the work
coutaining this description; but its date is said to be anterior
to Mr. Lea’s description.

‘“Mr. Lea’s second name, Schizochilus, had been previously
used in Coleoptera, but withdrawn after Mr. Lea’s description
was published.

“Mr. Shuttleworth, in July, 1845, (Mittheilungen der Na-
turforschenden Gesellschaft in Bern, p. 88,) gives another
description of the genus under the name of Gyrotoma,
founded on two species from the Coosa River, descriptions of
which are also given.

“The generic name of Mr. Shuttleworth has been adopted in
H.& A. Adams’ Genera of Recent Mollusca (i. p. 305, February,
1854.)

“Dr. Gray also (Guide to Mollusca, i. p. 103, 1857) adopts
Shuttleworth’s name.

Such being the confused state of the synonymy of the
genus, we have decided to adopt, at least temporarily, the
earliest name concerning which no doubt exists.”

, To the above, Mr. Lea made the following reply, upon occa-
sion of describing some new species belonging to the genus, in
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Philada., May, 1860 :—

“Genus SCHIZOSTOMA.

“Tt will be observed that I have here adopted my first name
(Schizostoma) for the division of those Melanide which have
a cut or fissure in the upper portion of the last whorl. This
name I proposed in December, 1842. Subsequently finding
that it was used by Bronn in 1835, I abandoned it, and pro-
posed the name of Schizochilus as a substitute, (Obs. on the
Genus Unio, v.5, p. 51, 1852, and Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., 1852.)
I am now satisfied that Bronn’s name was applied to the same

116 AMERICAN JOURNAL

genus— Huomphalus—which Sowerby established in 1814,
(Min. Conch., tab. 45.) This evidently liberates my original
name, and Herrmannsen, in the appendix to his “Generum
Malacozorum,” very properly restores it. It was supposed
that this was the Melatoma of Swainson, and Mr. Anthony
adopted this name. But it is evident that Mr. Swainson’s J/e-
latoma is not my Schizostoma. By reference to his figure (Mal-
acology, p. 842, f. 104) it will be observed at once that there
has never been observed in the United States any of the group
of which that figure is the type, while it is known that they
exist in the islands of the Indian Ocean. Mr. Swainson says,
(p. 202) that his Melatoma was ‘founded upon a remarkable
Ohio shell’ sent by Rafinesque. Now, as no member of the
family Melanide with a cut in the lip has ever been found in
the Ohio, where such hosts of active collectors have since pur-
sued their investigations, it is perhaps beyond the bounds of
possibility that the specimen sent by Rafinesque, so eminently
careless and reckless as he always was, should ever have been
found there. Indeed, if the specimen figured was sent by Mr.
Rafinesque to Mr. Swainson, then the question would arise
whether it had not been obtained by Mr. R. from some dealer
or collector, who may have obtained it from Asia. I have no
doubt of the Melatoma costata, which Mr. Swainson has figured,
being exotic, and belonging to a group probably from the Phil-

ippine Islands. Mr. Anthony says, page 64, Proc. A.N.S,,

1860, that ‘it may. be doubted whether Mr. Lea’s first name
will not eventually prevail, since, before he published Sch7zos-
toma, Bronn’s genus of the same name had been ealled a syno-
nym of Bifrontia, Desh. And that ‘H. & A. Adams (Gen.
Rec. Moll.,i. 105) do not appear correct in giving preference to
Gyrotoma over Schizostoma, Lea,’ &c. Notwithstanding this,
Mr. Anthony in this paper, where he describes nine supposed
new species of this genus, adopts the generic name of Gyrotoma.
it may be added here, that Dr. Gray, in his Genera of Recent
Mollusca, gives Melatoma to Mr. Anthony, not to Swainson,

while he does not notice the name of Schigostoma. Mr. A. does
not pretend to claim it, of course, but adopts Gyrotoma, Mr.
Shuttleworth’s name, proposed in 1845, which, being three years
later, cannot have precedence.

“The genus Schizostoma seems to be capable of being divided
into two natural groups in the form of the fisswra, the cut in the
lip. In one group this fissura is deep and direct, that is, paral-
lel with the suture or upper edge of the whorl; in the other it
is not deep and is oblique to the suture. ”

In the same Journal, (April 1862,) was published a new
genus witb the following name, description and remarks :—

OF CONCHOLOGY. 117

“Genus TRYPANOSTOMA, Lea.

“Shell conical; aperture rhomboidal, subcanaliculate below
Lip expanded. Columella smooth, twisted below. Operculum
corneus, Commencing spiral.

“The enormous number of species in the genus Melania has
made it very desirable to eliminate as many as possible, by
founding new genera, where well characterized groups can be
established. With this view I proposed, in the Proceedings of
the Academy, in April last, the genus Strephobasis. The genus
now proposed under the name of Tr yp wnostoma will include all
the well known Melania with an auger-shapel aperture, the type
of which may be considered to be Mr. Say’s Melania canalicu-
lata, a very common and well known species from the basin of
the Ohio River. It will include a number of large species;
indeed, nearly all of the large and ponderous species of the
United States. Many new ones will be found in this paper.
Objections may be raised against now increasing the number
of genera without the aid of the examination of the soft parts.
But there is no validity in this objection, from the fact that, in
the present condition of the science of Malacology, we are ‘be-
coming acquainted with a vast number of new and interesting
forms, without the hope at present of seeing the organic portion
of the animals. These may at some future time, and no doubt
will, be examined and ecarefelly described by zoologists who

may dwell near the waters where these numerous and highly-
Pees species reside. Until this takes place, we can only
group them upon the characters which are presented by their
outward hard portions, which are accessible to us now.

“Tn proposing this new genus, I am aware that Huropean
Zoologists have made many genera and subgenera in this Fam-
ily, but none have made groups of our numerous species by
which they can be properly divided. They have ated them
up, with all the time and care they have bestowed upon them,
in a manner so as to make great confusion.

“Mr. Swainson, in his ‘ Treatise on Malacology,’ proposed a
subzenus of Melania under the name of Ceriphasia, and gives a
ficure, page 204, (C. sulezta,) stating it came from Ohio. It is
evident, on looking at this figure, that it does not represent any
Ohio species, neither in the aperture nor in the revolving ribs.
Dr. Gray and Messrs. Adams adopt the genus, and the latter
give a figure (pl. 31, fig. 6,) of canaliculata, Say, as the type,
which I do not think answers to the description or figure of
Mr. Swainson. Dr. Gray, in his excellent ‘ List of the Genera
of Recent Mollusca,’ in the Pros. Zool. Soc., expressed a doubt
whether his Zelescopellt may not be the same with Ceriphasia.”

In April, 1861, Mr. Lea proposed another genus, as follows:

q

118 AMERICAN JOURNAL

“ Strephobasis, Lea.—Shell cylindrical; aperture subquad-
rate; columella thickened and retro-canaliculate below.

“Operculum commencing spiral, corneus.

“The mollusk, for which I propose this genus, was sent to
me by Wm. Spillman, M. D., of Columbus, Miss., and I have
before me over a dozen specimens from a third to nearly an
inch in length. The very great number of species of the genus
Melania makes it desirable to eliminate any group, with char-
acters sufficiently distinct to permanently recognize it. The
very remarkable retrorse callus at the base of the column, caus-
ing a lateral sinus, is characteristic of this genus. ”

Next we have the genus Goniobasis, intended to include
most of the vast residue of species not previously eliminated.
This genus, proposed in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sciences, May 1862,
is described as follows :—

“ Goniobasis, Lea.—Shell conical or fusiform. Aperture
subrhomboidal, subangulate below. Columella thickened
somewhat above. Operculum commencing spiral, corneus,

“In my paper on the genus 7rypanostoma, proposed by me,
(Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1868, p. 169,) I mentioned the impor-
tance of eliminating as many species as possible from the
genus Melania, which is so enormously extended as almost to
prevent the possibility of finding suitable names for the species.
In the Proceedings of the Academy, Dec., 1861, I stated that
Prof. Haldeman’s genus Jithasia formed a very excellent
group. In working up a very large number of the family
Melanide, obtained from the Southern and Western States, I
have, notwithstanding the divisions which had been made,
found myself embarrassed with that form of aperture which is
quite different from the auger-mouthed (Zrypanostoma) species
and the Lithasia, to which latter they are most nearly allied.
I mean those which usually, though not always, have a slight
thickening of the upper part of the columella and no eallus
below, and which are also without the notch of Lvthasia,
although subangular at base. In this subangular character
they differ from Melania proper, which are round or loop-like
at the base. For this group I propose the name of Goniobasi's,*
which will give us for our American Melanidx the following
genera, all of them having spiral opercula :—

“ Melania,t Lam,, Anculosa, Say, Io, Lea, Lithasia, Hald.,
Schizostoma, Lea, Strephobasis, Lea, Trypanostoma, Lea, Gonio-
basis, Lea, and Amnicola, Gould and Hald.

* Adams’ Elimia takes in part of this genus.

+ Cuvier describes Melania as having long tentacula, the eyes being on
the exterior side about the third of the length. The eyes of Melania
Virginica, Say, are at the base of short tentucula. I very much doubt if
we have a single species in the United States properly belonging to this
genus, ywhich Cuvier considered amarula as the type, and Lamarck,
asperata as the type.

OF CONCHOLOGY. 119

“They may be known by,

“ Melania having a regular loop-form aperture.

“ Anculosa having a rounded aperture and a callous columella.

“To having a greater or lesser elongate channel or spout at
the base.

“ Lithasia having a callus on the columella above and below,
and a notch at the base.

“ Schizostoma having a cut inthe upper part of the outer lip.

“ Strephobasis having a retrorse callus at base, and usually a
squarish aperture.

“ Trypanostoma having an expanded outer lip and an auger-
shaped aperture.

“ Goniobasis having usually a suabrhomboidal aperture, suban-
gular at base and without a channel.

“ Amnicola* having a round mouth and no callus.”

In Proc. Academy of Nat. Sciences, Jany., 1864, Mr. Lea
proposed the following :—

“ Mesechiza.—Shell fusiform, imperforate. Aperture rhom-
boidal, below canaliculate. Lip expanded, sht in the middle.
Columella smooth, incurved. Operculum corneous, spiral.

“The httle shell which I now propose asa new genus, has so
distinct a character in the incision of the middle of the outer
lip, as to mark perfectly its place in the Melanide of the United
States. It differs entirely in the character of the cut from that
in Schizostoma, which has, in all the many species I have seen,
a more or less deep incision immediately under the suture.
The living soft parts have not yet been observed. They may,
when examined, prove to have some characteristics quite dif-
ferent from Schizostoma.”

Hurycelon—In remarks on Gontobasis umbonata, (Proce.
Acad., p. 38, Jan. 1864,) “ This is the fourth species of a natural
group which I have described and which have a large ear-
shaped aperture. If they be not entitled to a generic place,
they may at least be considered a subgenus, for which I pro-
pose the name of Hurycelon, the aperture being larger than in
the Melanide generally. All the species of Hurycelon have a
callus on the columella above, but not below, as in Lithasia,
and the base is more or less angular, which is not the case with
Anculosa. Those which we have considered as varieties of
Anculosa prerosa, Say, which have an angular base, properly
belong, I think, to Hurycelon, as well also Anthony, Redfield,
turbinit1, and tintinnabulum (nobis,) and some others. When
the soft parts shall be examined, they will, I think, be found
to differ from Goniobasis, Trypanostoma and Lithasia, to which

* Amnicola, although much like Paludina, is more nearly allied to the

Melanide. The operculum is spiral, and, therefore, very different in this
character from Paludina.

120 AMERICAN JOURNAL

genera they seem nearest allied. The operculum of the only
one I have seen, is the same as Groniobasis, and the Melanide
generally.”* .

Dr. James Lewis (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Dec., 1862, pp.
588-90) describes the soft parts of Melania subularis and
Melania exilis, and remarks in conclusion, that “ The following
features of the two species above considered may suffice for
placing them apart in subgenera :—

‘“‘1, The presence of a sinus or fold in the sides of the foot
and neck of MW. subular/s, and its absence in JL. exilis.

“9. The extension of the anastomosing black lines from the
margin of the lateral portions of the foot upwards along the
side of the neck in JZ. subularis, and the restriction of these
lines to a narrow zone along the lateral portions of the foot of
M. exilis.

“3. A well-defined dark band around the tentacle in M.
extlis, not observable, or at most only faintly indicated in M.
subularis.”

Dr. Lewis endeavors, by these differences, to indicate respec-
tively the genera Trypanostoma and Croniobasis of Mr. Lea;
but, unfortunately, the only ¢mportant character of distinction
mentioned by him, is only a sexual difference.

And now, having cited all that has been done in the classifi-
cation of these animals by American and Foreign naturalists,
we will first ascertain the sequence of the genera, and then
give their names and limitation as we propose to adopt them.

Swainson commenced with the species having an entire
aperture, then he described genera possessing a truncated aper-
ture, (Hemisinus, Melanopsis,) and, finally, those with a more or
less developed channel at the base.

Dr. Gray’s arrangement does not differ essentially ; he adds,
however, Glotella, an intermediate form between the TYrypa-
nostomoid and Goniobasic groups.

Messrs. Adams commence with the canaliculate species, but
not with the highest developed type of that form,—/o. They
give the preference to Ceriphasia, Swainson, and next give Pa-
chycheilus, which is certainly more of a Goniobasic form, and
then give Lo.

Dr. Brot’s “Groups” represent nearly the following value
and sequence in genera:—Leptoxis, Trypanostoma, Goniobasis,
Lithasia, Pachycheilus, Io, Melanopsis, Gyrotoma, Pirena.

Mr. Lea, in remarks on his description of Goniobasis, gives

*Mr. Lea probably did not intend to include his téntinnabulum in Hury-
celon, but did so inadvertently. I would add to the description as given
above,—shell generally obovate, longitudinally humped or angled; colu-
mella truncate below. The genus may be placed between the Lithaste
and Goniobases.

OF CCNCHOLOGY. tpl

the list of genera, (which we have quoted,) but apparently in
the order of their publication.

The sequence of genera in the foregoing examples, can cer-
tainly be muchimproved ; /o may be considered as the highest
development of the canaliculate shell, and is also the largest
in size ; we find, moreover, as Mr. Lea has justly remarked,
the most ponderous species among the Z'rypanostome (Pleuro-
cere.) I would then commence with Jo, and proceed thus :—
Io, Pleurocera, Angitrema, Lithasia, Strephobasis, Euryceelon,
Goniobasis, Schizostoma, Mesechiza, Anculosa.

We thus proceed from a long canaliculate aperture to one
in which the aperture is entire, we also commence with the
largest and close with the smallest species. Pachychetlus is
not included in the above, because it represents an extra limi-
tal group, and will probably be found to belong to another
family, or subfamily. The same may be said of Hemisinus
and Paludomus.

With regard to nomenclature, we will examine—

1. Jo, Lea—We find this genus universally recognised.
European authors, however, do not seem to understand its true
limits, and include species of Lithasia.

2. Pleurocera, Raf—Notwithstanding Mr. Lea’s assertion
that Swainson’s figure of Ceriphasia sulcata does not represent
a species of this genus, nor his description correspond to it,
{ believe that Ceriphasia was certainly intended for that group
of Trypanostomoid shells represented by canaliculata, Say, and
that the figure represents some such shell as 7. moriforme, Lea.
Gray also, in 1847, proposed Telescopella for Melania undulata,
Say, which belongs to the same group.

Thus, Mr. Lea’s Z’rypanostoma is unquestionably a synonym.

Pleurocera, Rafinesque, is the same shell, and having pri-
erity over all the other names; I adopt it without hesitation.

Strepoma, Raf. MSS. applies to the same genus, and
Oxytrema, Raf. (Jour. de Physique,) may be intended for some
immature form of canalieulata, or its allies, which possesses the
sharp-pointed aperture described,—as Jo variabilis, Lea, for
instance.

Messrs. Adams adopt Ceriphasia, but they separate certain
Species, reticulate, or nodulosely carinate in the middle, to
form their genus Hlimia. Their Megara, also, consists of
species of this genus.

Of course these names are not founded on generic characters,
and, at best, can only be used to designate groups.

3. Lithasia, Haldeman.—This genus is recognized by Messrs.
Adams, but Mr. Reeve and Dr. Brot confound its species with
Jo. Prof. Haldeman first proposed it as a subgenus of
Anculosa. “Shell heavy, having protuberances.” This char-

22, AMERICAN JOURNAL

acter applies only to certain species; but the genus is now
recognized by American naturalists to include all the species
with the columella thickened above and below.

Prof. Haldeman’s subgenus Angitrema is synonymous with,
and has priority over, (lotella, Gray, both adopting Melania
armigera, Say, for their type. As this subgenus really
exhibits the highest development of the species, | have con-
cluded to adopt it as a genus, using Lthasia as a subgenus
for the smaller, smooth forms.

4. Strephobasis, Lea.

5. Hurycelon, Lea.

6. Goniobasis, Lea, May 1862.—This genus will retain Mr.
Lea’s name. Potadoma, Swainson, as understood by Messrs.
H. & A. Adams, embraces certain species only. These gentle-
men take some species of this, Strephobasis and Pleurocera, to
make their Megara, a subgenus of Gyrotoma (Schizostoma /)

They make of the plicate group, Melasma, and of the
striate species they form Juga. These names may be retained
as sections of the genus, possessing no really generic characters.

7. Schizostoma, Lea, Dec., 1842.—Messrs. Adams, Brot and
Anthony, adopt Gyrotoma, Shuttleworth, July 22, 1845, be-
cause Schizostoma was pre-occupied.

Mr. Lea was himself of the same opinion, and changed the
name to Schizocheilus ; (also pre-occupied.) He subsequently
reclaimed the original name, and I give him the genus as first
published, having two and one-half years’ priority over
Shuttleworth. I entirely agree with Mr. Lea, that J/e/aloma,
Swainson, represents an exotic, and not an American, group.
Mr. Anthony is ignorant how /’s name came to be used in
connection with Melatoma. It was first so used by Dr. Gray,*
eee through inadvertance,) and afterwards by Mr. Reeve.

8. Mesechiza, Lea.

9. Anculosa, Say.—Leptoxis, Rafinesque, as already men-
tioned, is not described definitely enough to justify its substitu-
tion for Say’s name. Prof. Haldeman, with the aid of Rafi-
nesque’s MSS. work, identified the genus and used the name.
He has been followed by Messrs. Adams, Brot and Binney,
while Messrs. Lea, Conrad, Anthony and Reeve, have
adhered to the old name. I think that ilipstoma, Raf.
(Jour. de Phys.,) really applies to this genus much better than
Leptoxis, and might be readily taken to represent such a form
of it as crassa, Hald.

Prof. Haldeman proposed a subgenus Mudalia for certain
thin species without enamel on the labium, and probably
intended to include such globose forms as altilis, Lea, &c., but

*Mr. Anthony never described such a she!l as Melatoma altilis, Anth.,
referred to by Dr. Gray.

OF cONCHOLOGY. 123

the only species which he cites under the name, are dissimilis,
Say, and turgida, Hald., both carinate shells. I am con-
vinced, from studying numerous examples, that the characters
of Mudalia are not persistent. The globose form of so-called
Anculose, represented by altilis, does not belong to the family.
Mr. Gill has proposed for it the generic name Somatogyrus,
and it is now included in Amnicolide.

These same Virginia and Ohio thin species, together with
the dentate forms, compose the subgenus Nitocris, H. & A.
Adams, a synonym, anyhow, and otherwise of no value.
Mr. Anthony proposes to me to call such shells as
Anculosa monodontoides ‘ Spirodon, but the toothed columella
is not even a constant specific character.

The characters assigned to Jo, Pleurocera, Angitrema, Litha-
sia, Strephobasis, Hurycelon, Goniobasis, Schizostoma, Mesechiza
and Anculosa, are by no means of equal value. I regard the
first five as members of the Trypanostomoid section of the
family, of which Jo is a genus, with Pleurocera for a sub-
genus. Jithasia should, perhaps, be-considered a subgenus
only of Angitrema, which is the highest development of this
form, having the thickened columelia.

Strephobasis occupies a position between Lithas‘a and
Goniobasis, but I think that it, also, should be considered a
subgenus of Angitrema.

Hurycxelon, Gon‘obasis, Schizostoma, Meseschiza, and Anczlosa,
are certainly distinct genera; the first four approximate, form-
ing the Gon/obasic group or section; and the last forms a sec-
tion by itself, characterized by an entire aperture.

Yet this arrangement is liable to exception, as all the
species of a genus do not fulfill the ideas here conveyed.
Some species, on the contrary, remind one of genera which do
not immediately succeed or precede them. Moreover, anato-
mical researches will enable us probably to separate the
natural genera of this family much more sharply than we are
now doing, and may enable us to-seize on corroborative
characters of the shell, which are now overlooked, or whose
importance, in this connection, have ‘been thus far under-
estimated.

124 AMERICAN JOURNAL

Synopsis of Genera of Strepomatide.

1. Aperture produced into a more or less obvious canal in front.
Trypanostomoid Section.
1. Shell fusiform inflated on the periphery.
Spire and canal produced; columella without deposit of
nacre. To, Lea.
(Plate 17, fig. 1.)

Shell conical, or oval, canal not so much produced.
Subgenus PLEUROCERA, Raf.
(Plate 17, figs. 2, 3.)

2. Shell oval, or turbiniform, or fusiform, with a revolving
row of nodules on the periphery, canal short. Colu-
mella callously thickened above and below.

ANGITREMA, Hald.
(Plate 17, fig. 4.)

Shell oval or oblong, smaller, either smooth or adorned
with nodules around the upper portion of the body
whorl. Subgenus Liraasta, Hald.

(Plate 17, fig. 5.)

Canal retrorse. Subgenus STREPHOBASIS, Lea.
(Plate 17, fig. 6.)

2. Aperture merely angulated in frcnt, with no canal, and the
the columella not twisted, frequently callously thickened
above. (oniobasic Section. ;

3. Shell obovate, heavy, nodulosely angled, aperture ear-

shaped; columella oval, truncate. Hurycaon, Lea.
(Plate 17, figs. 7, 8.)

4. Shell heavy, oval, truncate, oblong, or turrited; aper-

ture entire above. GONIOBASIS, Lea.
(Plate 17, figs. 9, 10.)

5. Aperture with asutural, pleurotomose slit above.

Scuizostoma, Lea.
(Plate 17, fig. 11.)

6. Lip slit in the middle. MEsrEscHizA, Lea.
3. Aperture entire and rounded in front.
7. Shell oval, heavy; ecclumella callously thickened

above. ANCULOSA, Say.
(Plate 17, fig. 12.)

OF CONCHOLOGY. 125

2. Geographical Distribution—We have, in North America,
nearly five hundred recognized species, of the shells belonging
to the various genera of Strepomatide. So considerable a
moiety of these are found to be inhabitants of the upper
Tennessee River and its branches in East Tennessee and North
Alabama, and of the Coosa River in the latter State, that we
quite agree with Mr. Lea in regarding that region as the great
centre of this kind of animal life. We have ascertained that,
leaving out the species inhabiting the Pacific States and those
which in the descriptions have their habitats designated by
States only,* of the remainder, full two-thirds belong to the
above two streams; including three entire genera, nearly all
the species in several others, and a majority of the species of
every genus except one (Meseschiza,) of a single species.

The Strepomatide do not appear to flourish in the neigh-
borhood of the sea, and nowhere have the species been found
numerous within a hundred miles of our coasts; nor do they
approach the more northern latitudes of the Middle and
Western States, very few species being found so far north as
the Ohio River.

The Mississippi River also, seems to have formed, from the
junction of the Ohio until its mouth, an insurmountable bar-
rier to the geographical dispersion of these shells.

Thus, we find the district of our country, which they inhabit
in such profuse numbers of species and individuals, to be
really of somewhat limited extent, and may give its boundaries
as follows:—WNorth, the Tennessee River and tributaries. The
Cumberland Mountains prevent the dispersion of the species
of this river to the northward until its course is directed into
Alabama. Were the character of its species (which we shall
again allude to further on,) changes, and they become gradu-
ally less numerous and of greater geographical dispersion, as
the river runs towards the west. ast, the mountain range of
the Blue Ridge, running southwestwardly into the interior of
Northern Georgia. Thence, the Chattahoochee River and tri-
butaries, to within about a hundred miles of the Gulf. South,
the species are restrained from spreading by the influence of the
Gulf of Mexico. West, the Alabama, Cahawba and Black
Warrior Rivers and their tributaries, thuse of the latter reach-
ing almost to Florence, on the Tennessee River, which may re-
present the northwestern point of our boundary.

These limits are necessarily imperfect, but nevertheless in-
clude at least three-fourths of our species within an area of
three hundred miles extent, either north and south, or east and
west.

* As the localities of nearly all of these are ‘‘ Tennessee’? or ‘‘ Alabama,”’
the most of them also were probably obtained from the Tennessee and
Coosa Rivers,

126 AMERICAN JOURNAL

Of course, where the rivers alone form the bounderies, many
of their species have spread into the adjacent streams; but in
East Tennessee, Southwest Virginia, West North Carolina and
Northwest Georgia, where several parallel mountain ranges
completely enclose the valleys of the rivers, almost all the
species inhabiting them appear to be confined within their
limits. And here, a space of one hundred and fifty miles in
length, by fifty in breadth, will cover the territory occupied
by probably more than a hundred and fifty species of Strepo-
matide.

The following table, representing the arrangement of the
Strepomatide followed in my “Synonymy” of the species, pub-
lished in the Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences,
1863-4, will show both the total number of species, and the
absolute and relative strength of the genera. A few species
since published have not all been included, as we are not
sufficiently well acquainted with them :—

NUMBER OF SPECIES OF STREPOMATIDA.

1. Trypanostomoid Section. 2. Goniobasic Section.
10, 5 EURYCZLON, 6
smooth, 2 GONIOBASIS, o74
spinose, 3 spirally ridged, it
PLEUROCERA, 84 tuberculate, es)
tuberculate, i plicate, 85
sulcate, 8 angulate, 16
striate, angulate, 12 bi-multi-angulate, jul
carinate, 8 carinate, 4
plicate, 2 smooth, short, 26
smooth, angulate, 15 elevated, 438
Saree ce: ROM 32 striate i 8
ANGITREMA, 12 compact, ponderous, 62
with a coronal of tu- SCHIZOSTOMA, 26
bercles, 4 fissure narrow, 14
with two rows of tu- fissure wide, 12
bercles, 1 MESESCHIZA, 1
with a central row of
tubercles, 7
LITHASIA, 17 Third Section.
large, oval, inflated, ANCULOSA, 21
small, compact, 7 nodulous, 1
obliquely flattened, 2 suleate, 9
subcylindrical, 3 striate, 3
STREPHOBASIS, 8 angulate, 4

ovate conical, 3 subglobose, or 21
cylindrical, 5 campanulate,

-

OF CONCHOLOGY. 127

Total in Ist section - - - 126species,
np geen Sere ts BOOT et 94 464 species in all.
“ 3d bc oy ome a 81 ‘“

é

We find that, while some groups of species extend over a

very wide territorial space, other groups are extremely re-
stricted, and yet are frequently characterized by as great
variation in form, size, ornamentation, Xec., as the former.
The Goniobasic Group occupy the entire extent of our coun-
try, represented by the sole species of our Northern Atlantic
States, the very few forms of the great Northern Lakes and
the species of the Pacific States, while they also occupy the
entire southern country, with one or two species in Mexico
and Cuba. ,
- The Trypanostomoid Section, on the contrary, is very much
more restricted, being confined principally to the streams
tributary to the Mississippi and the Gulf of Mexico. The
Mississippi appears to form their western boundary.

While the Zrypanostomoid forms attain their maximum
development in size and number in the Tennessee River, they
are, to a very great extent, replaced by the Goniobasic forms in
the Coosa River, which is undoubtedly the metropolis of the
latter. The most striking genus of each of these groups is ab-
solutely confined to the respective streams in which the
groups had their origin. Thus, fo and Schizostoma are inhabi-
tants, the first of the Tennessee and branches, the second of
the Coosa, and neither of them are elsewhere found.

Assuming the Ohio River asa dividing line, we find that
ninety-five per cent. of all the species originate south of it. Even
a smaller proportion inhabit the rivers east of the Allegheny,
and west of the Rocky Mountains. In the west, no species of
Strepomatide have been discovered in higher latitudesthan the
northern boundary of the United States, while in the east,
the St. Lawrence River and tributaries, appears to be the
northern limit of the family.

We thus find the Strepomatide to be distributed almost
exclusively within the limits of the United States, a distribu-
tion co-extensive with our Viviparide and other families of
Mollusca; clearly indicating that our country constitutes a
distinct faunal province. For, as the Viviparidx are replaced
in Mexico by Ampullaria, so, for the Strepomatide, are sub-
stituted the more ponderous Pachycheil. Between the former
and the latter extend the broad plains of Texas, with rivers
devoid of species, forming a barrier to the intermingling of
the two groups. Besides this, the Mississippi River, from
the junction of the Ohio to its mouth, appears to have formed
a barrier to the westward progression of the Strepomatide,

128 AMERICAN JOURNAL

which but very few species have been able to surmount. We
believe that one species only,—the Goniobasis sordida, of Lea,—
is common to both sides of that great stream, while several
forms, all of Goniobasts, are found inhabiting the western
tributary streams exclusively.

Of course, our great river does not interpose such a
formidable barrier in the northwest, where its volume is much
less, and we here find the species of the great lakes not only
inhabiting its waters in abundance, but extending into its
western branches.

The species of the great lakes, though few in number and
small in size, are very numerous in individuals, yet they fade
out as completely on approaching the Ohio River as do the
southern species; we are, therefore, compelled to admit in this
case the plausibility of the theory of a separate creation of a
small group of species, adapted to withstand the rigors of
a climate which effectually forbids the introduction of the
meridional species.

We may discover in the paucity of species, their small size
and scant ornamentation, but multiplicity of individuals, and in
their very extended distribution, a striking parallelism with
the distribution of boreal marine Mollusca. Like the
Onionide, the Viviparide, the Amnicolide and the Limneide,
of the same latidudes, the inter-communication afforded by
our waters has induced the plentiful distribution of the same
species from Iowa and Wisconsin to Western New York, and
even into Lake Champlain.

We have already alluded to the total separation of the
specics of our West Coast States. The barrier of the Rocky
Mountains has, of course, proved with them even a greater
obstacle than with our Helices. We find, accordingly, that the
ew species (all Goniobases) mostly partake of two common
type characters, being either plicately ribbed* or spirally
striated. The Strepomatide are entirely absent from the
waters of the New England States, the exclusion being due
probably not only to the severe climate, for they inhabit streams
in even higher latitudes, but probably also tu their proximity
to the sea. There is no natural method by which the species
of the lakes could extend into the head waters of the New
England rivers, and none of the species have as yet been
transported by accident across the intervening land.

That the proximity of the sea exercises a great disturbing

* Which, strangely enough, equally characterizes a group of Gondobases
of East Tennessee. Our West Coast Helices are all of different species
and generally of quite distinct groups; Vivipura is excluded, and the
Amnicolide belong to different genera from those of the Atlantic States,

yet the same species of 2hysa, Lymnaa and Planorbis, abound equally in
either section !

OF CONCHOLOGY. 129

influence on the very few species which are exposed to and
able to endure it, is proved by the great mutations of form
which characterize Gon. Virginica and Ane. dissimilis in the
Atlantic, and Gon. plicifera in the Pacific States.

The very great influence which our two great chains of
mountains has exercised, in restricting the distribution of our
species, may be inferred from what has already been said, and
requires no further allusion.

The following observations on the geographical distribution
of the various genera and smaller groups, will exhibit some
very curious facts.

I0.

Of this genus, the type of the Trypanostomoid form, there
are five species, two of which are smooth and three spinose;
they are of extremely localized distribution, being confined
to the head waters and tributaries of the T’ennessee River,
and principally to the Holston, in Southern West Virginia
and Hast Tennessee. They are very numerous in individuals,
as Mr. Anthony, during a visit made to this region several
years ago, selected and brought home several thousand speci-
mens. Prof. Haldeman also was very successful in collecting
them.

PLEUROCERA.

Of the eighty-four species, only thirteen are found so far
northward as the Ohio River, and only five of them originate
in that stream or its northern tributaries. The Tennessee
River and branches claims thirty-three species, of which
twenty-one appear to be confined to its waters. The Cumber-
land River contains four species identical with those of the
Tennessee, and about a dozen that are not found in the latter
stream. The Alabama River contains fourteen species, three
of which seem to be peculiar to it. These species are gene-
rally confined, however, to those portions of the Coosa and
branches that approach to East Tennessee. A few species
also inhabit the Tombigbee, of Mississippi.

About a dozen species have the simple habitat “ Tennessee”
stated; nine have “Alabama,” and two “South Carolina.” [
doubt very much whether the latter is correct.

There is very good reason to believe that a// the large
tuberculate, sulcate and anculate species inhabit the Tennessee
River, the most ponderous ones extending from the Coosa,
through middle and west Tennessee, to the Ohio River.
Among the angulate forms two, trivittatum and tortum, are
reported only from the Tombigbee and Chattahoochee Rivers
respectively. None of the carinate group—inhabitants of
Tennessee River—extend northward to the Ohio, but, strangely

130 AMERICAN JOURNAL

enough, the North-western States furnish two peculiar species,
—P. subulare of Niagara River, and P. Lewisii of Illinois
River.

But two plicate Plewrocere have yet been discovered,
although this form is so very common to the (Goniebases in-
habiting the same region. These shells are found in the
Clinch and Cumberland Rivers.

Of the smooth species, several extend to the Ohio River.

ANGITREMA.

The four species of the first group are inhabitants of the
Tennessee River. A. salebrosa has been gathered in the
Holston, in East Tennessee, and in the Tennessee at Florence,
Alabama.

A. Jayana inhabits Cany Fork, Tennessee.

The five species of the third group are, with the exception
of A. rota, very closely allied.

A. armigera enjoys an extensive distribution. It was de-
scribed from the Ohio River, and has since been found in the
Wabash, Indiana, along with several other nodulous and
plicate species, whose range is otherwise confined to more
southern rivers. Kentucky and Tennessee are also given as
habitats for this species; and in the latter State it doubtless
originated. A. Duttoniana and Stygia are both reported from
Cumberland River, and the former inhabits the Tennessee.
The fourth group contains two species not easily distinguished,
but differing very much in their range of habitat; for, while
A. lima is confined to the lower waters of the Tennessee, A.
verrucosa has a range co-extensive with that of armigera. It
occurs in the Holston River and the whole extent of the
Tennessee, the Cumberland, the lower parts of the Ohio, and
is very plentiful in the Wabash.

LITHASIA.

While the Angitreme are essentially a Tennessee group, the
subgenus Lithasia partakes of both characters. Its large
inflated species, five in number, all occur in the Tennessee
River at Florence, Alabama, and vicinity, while the more
numerous, compact, heavy species, approaching in form to
the typical Goniobases, are almost confined to the Coosa and
Cahawba Rivers. The exceptions are a small group of three
species, of which obovata is the type, which inhabit the Ohio
River and its Kentucky and Indiana tributaries, and one
singular subcylindrical species reported from the Cumberland.

Mr. Anthony assigns T'ennessee as the habitat of his
nucleola; but I think he is mistaken, as I have specimens
from the Coosa.

OF CONCHOLOGY. 131

STREPHOBASIS.

Several of the species are reported only from Kast
Tennessee, while two of them occur in the branches of the
Alabama River. One of these is found in both rivers. Prof.
Haldeman is in error in assigning Ohio River as the habitat
of his S¢. curta. It has never been found there, but is one of
the most plentiful shells of the Tennessee River, and as such,
is in all our cabinets.

Goniobasic Section.

These shells constitute three-fifths of the species of Strepo-
matide. They are naturally divided into two type forms:
the first, heavy, compact, with large subcylindrical body and
short spire, is eminently characteristic of the Coosa River;
while the second, containing narrow, elongated species, with
high spires of many whorls, although more extensively dis-
tributed, is still very characteristic of the waters of the
Tennessee River and branches.

To the first of these forms undoubtedly belongs Muryce-
fon, a new genus, which probably includes more species than
have yet beenassigned to it;—-and Schizostoma. Ofthe six species
of the former, one is from the Holston, another from the Cum-
berland, and the balance from the tributaries of the Alabama
River.

SCHIZOSTOMA.

This genus, embracing twenty-six species, divided into two
distinct groups of nearly equal respective numbers, inhabits
the Coosa River only, and in this limited space exhibits all
the range of variation in form, size and ornamentation,
belonging to genera which possess a more extended geo-
graphical distribution.

MESESCHIZA

Contains at present only the type species. It is a very
small, fragile shell, inhabiting the Wabash River, and does
not appear to be of mature growth.

GONIOBASIS.

This very large and widely-extended genus embraces over
two hundred and fifty species——more than half of all the
Strepomatide,—and includes the only representatives of the
famity west of the Rocky Mountains, or south of the United
States.

One species, beautifully ridged with sharp, revolving ribs,—
the G. proscissa, of Anthony,—is reported simply from
northern Alabama. There are eighteen tuberculate species ;
the heavy, compact ones being principally from the branches

132 AMERICAN JOURNAL

of Alabama River, while the elongate ones are found in the
Tennessee.

In the latter are incladed a very distinct group, typified by
Postellii, of Lea, belonging to the tributaries of the Tennessee,
in Northwest Georgia. ‘Two or three allied species are found
in Florida.

Among the tuberculate species, I have included G. occata,
Hinds,—a California shell, of very doubtful generic character.

The plicate species number eighty-five, of which about half
inhabit the Tennessee River. A few of these extend into the
Cumberland, and one or two to the Green River, of
Kentucky.

On the other side, a very few (five only) of the plicate
species are found also in the Coosa and Black Warrior Rivers.
Five species occur in Oregon and California. One species is
reported from South Carolina, and two from Florida. The
Ohio and Illinois Rivers each possess a species; and several
occur in the Flint and Savannah Rivers, of Georgia.

G. suturalis, Haldeman, reported from Ohio, is more likely
a Georgia species, identical with one recently described by
Mr. Lea.

Twenty-seven angulate species are about equally distributed
in the Coosa and 'l'ennessee Rivers. One of them, sordida,
Lea, occurs both in the Cumberland and in Saline River,
Arkansas.

G. Potosiensis, Lea, is found in St. Francis River, Mo.

G. proxima, Say, occurs in the Holston and Santee Rivers.

G. bicincta, Anth., inhabits the Cahawba, Chattahoochce,
Savannah, Roanoke, and is also reported from North Carolina
and Arkansas !

Mr. Anthony’s habitat, “Ohio,” for his G. tecta is an error;
the shell is known to come from the Coosa River.

It is also very doubtful whether the specimens of Mr. Lea’s
G. Spartanburgensis, from the Ohio River and from South
Carolina, really belong to the same species. In such cases
the authority for the alleged habitats should be rigorously in-
vestigated.

Of the twenty-six short, clavate, smooth species, a small
group, with dark-colored, inflated shells, are quite characteristic
of EK. Tennessee and southern W. Virginia. Five species are
found in the Ohio River and the Lakes, and two, both of
which will probably be found to be sometimes plicate, occur in
the rivers of the Pacific States.

There are forty-three smooth, elevated Gonzobases, of which
about one-fourth inhabit the Tennessee, and the same number
the Alabama River. Seven or eight occur in the Ohio River
and Great Lakes, and two are found in Califorma.

OF cONCHOLOGY. BB

Three species inhabit Louisiana, and are the only Strepo-
matidee reported from that State. Neither of them occur east
of the Mississippi.

G. semicarinata, one of the species of this division, extends
from Tennessee and Kentucky, throughout all the Western
States and the Lakes, and rejoices in twelve synonyms!

There are eight striate species, of which one, G. Virginica,
Say, is the only Goniobasis inhabiting the rivers of New
York, Pennsylvania and Maryland. Through the Erie canal
it is extendins to the Western Lakes.*

Very close relatives to this shell are latitans, Anth., and
sulcosa, Lea, the former from Green River, Ky., and the latter
from Tennessee.

There are over sixty species in the group which I have
designated as “compact, ponderous,” for want of a_ better
name. They are essentially a distinct group from the other
Goniobases, and all the species, except three, are peculiar to the
branches of the Alabama River.

ANCULOSA.

Thirteen species inhabit the Coosa River, three of which
are common to the Tennessee, and one of them, A. prerosa,
extends northward to the Ohio. ‘T'wo others are peculiar to
the Tennessee. Three species are found in the Dan, Roanoke
and Tar Rivers.

A peculiar group of shells, possessing an inflated form and
much lighter texture, are found in the Potomac and Susque-
hannah Rivers, the Kanawha and the upper Ohio. They are—
A. dissimilis, dilatata, costata and trilineata.

Concluding Observations.

In studying the species of Strepomatide, especial care must
be taken not to consider young shells to be adult species. All
of our conchologists who have described species of this
family have fallen into this error. The aspects assumed by
young or half-grown shells, are frequently so very different
from their appearance when mature, as to be liable to mislead
experienced naturalists.

All quite young shells are characterized by a thin texture,
very light color, and very sharp, acuminated spire, and in most
cases by the base of the aperture being acuminate also.

Nearly every species, even when smooth, in its adult state,
presents the first few spires either sharply carinate, or plicate,
or striate. Occasionally they are either one or the other in
the same species. Hence, in describing shells as carinate, or

* Vide Dr. James Lewis, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.

134 AMERICAN JOURNAL

plicate, or angulate, the appearance presented by the adult
only, should be thus described.

In some of the species, however, these lines, plice or
carins, are persistent in the old shell, under favorable cir-
cumstances, but in most specimens are not seen. ‘This is one
difficulty which has caused the multiplication of synonymic
names, generally unavoidably, on account of the scarcity of
specimens, known to be from the same locality, for comparison.

When a specimen exhibits a perfect spire in the adult state,
(rare among the Strepomatide,) and the initial whorls are pli-
cate or carinate, they cannot be regarded as affording reliable
data for specific discrimination. And it is only when these
marks extend quite, or more than half way to the body
whorl, that the species should be regarded as plicate or cari-
nate. Whether species not usually plicate do not in some
localities become so, from the absence of disturbing influences
of the waters, is a question that we cannot as yet definitely
decide ; its decision in favor of such occasional development
of plicze would effect the validity of many species which are
now regarded as established.

The development of carinz or tubercles on the body whorl
of the adult shells is not nearly so constant a character as would,
at first sight, appear to be the case, and several species are in
doubt on this account. Generally, however, these may be
regarded as more permanent characters when developed on
the body than on the spire, as an adu/t shell is not subject to
the same mutations of form as a juvenile individual.

Of course, the relations of size and texture are applicable
to adults only; and then the former is subject to much
variation from external influences. ‘Texture is an important,
because a tolerably permanent, discriminative guide.

Color, external or internal, generally, should not be much
relied on, nor the presence or absence of bands, or macula-
tions; but in exceptional cases it is very characteristic, as in
P. viridulum, Anth., for instance. Perhaps color in the
interior is a more reliable feature than epidermal or eaternal
hues.

In some species, however, the presence or absence of bands
forms a prominent distinctive feature.

Form, though subject to variation, may be relied on as one of
the best characteristics ; the length, number, and the convexity
of the whorls, relative size of the aperture to that of the entire
shell, shape of the outer lip and of the columella, are all
generally reliable,

T'o repeat; in distinguishing a species of Strepomatide, of
course the first step is to ascertain whether it is adult. The
signs of juvenility are—sharp extremities, thin texture, par-

OF CONCHOLOGY. 135

ticularly the outer lip, which is frequently, on this account,
broken, the very light color in the quite young, and the ab-
sence of callosity upon the columella.

A comparison of shape, angle of divergence of the whorls,
&c., with specimens of adult shells, or with figures and de-
scriptions, will generally suffice to detect half-grown shells.

Many of the ponderous Alabama (Goniobases are bulbous
in the half-grown state; the spire at first narrowly acuminate,
then suddenly and very convexly expanding, resembling the
growth of certain West India Cylindrelle. As with these
terrestrials, the subulate portion invariably disappears in the
adult, leaving a somewhat papzeform shell.

We thus find that no one character (with very few excep-
tions) can be relied on in specific discrimination, but rather a
combination of characters, with a general idea of the necessary
allowance for variation pervading other species of the same
general type, or contiguous locality.

136 AMERICAN JOURNAL

DESCRIPTION OF TWO NEW SPECIES OF HELIX.

BY A. D. BROWN.
1. Hetrx LIBERIA, nob.

Description—T. perforata, elevataé, tenue, diaphana, pallide
cornea, superne striata, subtus leve, carinat&é; spira elevata;
anfr. 7 superne planiusculis, subtus convexioribus, subex-
sertis, ultimo non descendente ; apertura vix obliqua, angulato-
lunare; perist. simplice, margine umbilicare reflexo.

Diam. maj. 18, min. 16, alt. 7 mill.
Habitat—Cape Palmas, Liberia.

Shell perforate, elevated, thin, diaphanous, pale horn-color,
above striated, beneath smooth, carinated; spire elevated ;
whorls 7, above rather flat, below more convex, subexserted,
the last not descending; aperture slightly oblique, lunately
angled; peristome simple, with the umbilical margin re-
flected.

Bears some resemblance to H. pellucida, Gld., but is
smaller, more coarsely striated, and much more acutely
earinated. The umbilicus is also much smaller, and the spire
more elevated.

2. HELIX AFRICA, nob.

Description—T. perforata, tenue, superne convexiuscula,
subtus convexa, diaphana, cornea, costata; spira subelevata;
anfr. 54 convexiusculis, sensim accrescentis, ultimo non de-
scendente, subcarinata; apertura vix obliqua, lunare; perist.
superne breviter reflexo, ad umbilicum late reflexo.

Diam. maj. 8, min. 7, alt. 5 mill.
Habitat—Great Brakke, South Africa.

Shell perforate, thin, above slightly convex, below convex,
diaphanous, horn-color, costate; spire somewhat elevated;
whorls 53, shghtly convex, gradually increasing, the last not
descending, subcarinated; aperture slightly oblique, lunate;
peristome above slightly reflected; at the umbilicus widely
reflected.

Resembles H. Planti, Pfr., but differsfrom it in being smaller,
more elevated, more acutely carinated, in the coarser striz,
and in the absence of the short hairs occurring in that species.

ar. + ao ia + OMrMy, L. O~
You from Eknterprise, but Prom
the Jackson formati on at Garlands
nw tie Doe Ci | yi 4 ys = | a «Me r3r
reek, %3 milés east of Shubuta,
fa Ar ’ % a ral ia

ee ( a «Ae GPM: eae ara i

20> e90c

Pp» whe 1? ! Ae

DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW EOCENE SHELLS FROM
ENTERPRISE, MISSISSIPPI.

BY. 12.) A.) CONRAD:

Dr. William Spillman, who formerly resided in Columbus,
Miss., has forwarded to the Academy of Natural Sciences of
Philadelphia, many new Cretaceous and Kocene fossils, among
which [I find a series collected at Enterprise, Clarke Co., Miss.,
all of which are new, and distinct from those of any other
locality from which fossils have been sent to the Academy.
The group, I presume, is more nearly synchronous with that of
Claiborne than with the Jackson group.

CORBULA, Lam.

C. FILOSA, nob.—pl. 10, fig. 7.

Description—Subtriangular, subequilateral; umbonal slope
carinated and submarginal; surface striated with fine imbri-
cated lines.

One valve only is in the collection, (the larger valve,) and
is very distinct from the other American Hocene species.

DIONE, Gray.

D. sECURIFORMIS, nob.—pl. 10, fig. 1.

Description—Subcordate, ventricose, with concentric re-
curved ribs; anterior margin acutely rounded; posterior ex-
tremity subtruncated; lunule cordate, defined by a slightly
impressed line; right valve—cardinal teeth approximate,
curved, direct.

D, ANNEXA, nob.—pl. 10, fig. 5.

Description.—Ovate, convex ; posteriorly cuneate, abruptly
rounded at the extremity; substance thick; anterior side
short, obtusely rounded; ventral margin rounded; umbo
broad; anterior cardinal tooth robust in the left valve, py-
ramidal.

One valve only is in the collection, and is water-worn, but
otherwise entire. It differs from D. perovata in being a smalley
species, less in diameter through the umbones, and less pro-
duced posteriorly. It has some resemblance to D. silicea, C., but
is shorter anteriorly, and proportionally longer in outline.

138 AMERICAN JOURNAL

TELLINA, Lin.
Suscenus, ANGULUS, Muhlfeldt.
T. EBURNEOPSIS, nob.—pl. 10, fig. 17.

Description.—Subovate, inequilateral, thin in substance,
compressed, white, polished; apex slightly prominent, acute,
fold submarginal, distinct; anterior margin regularly rounded ;
posterior margin very oblique, subtruncated at the end, and
angular at tip.

One right valve only, in the collection, very distinct from

any other fossil species I have seen from the Amevican Ter-
tiaries.

T. ALBARIA, nob.—pl. 11, fig. 7.

Description.—Oblong, inequilateral, thin in substance, com-
pressed, white, with traces of one or two concentric bands;
fold obsolete.

One left valve, very distinct from the preceding, or any
other American species known to me.

Suscenus, TELLINELLA, Gray.
T. LINIFERA, nob.—pl. 10, figs. 16, 18.

Description — Oblong ; fold distinct, but not profound; con-
centric lines acute anteriorly, and angulated over the fold.

Two left valves, imperfect, the outlines of which have been
restored in the figures. The outline of fig. 18 is incorrectly
drawn; it should be nearer the proportions of fig. 16.

ALYEINUS, Conrad.

Description—Equivalved, smooth; anterior, posterior and
ventral margins channelled within; hinge of right valve
emarginate under the apex, and having one pyramidal tooth
anteriorly; hinge of left valve with a pit under the apex, and
two compressed diverging teeth anteriorly; pallial line entire ?

A. MINUTA, nob.—pl. 10, fig. 2.

Description—Suboval or suborbicular, very inequilateral,
convex, smooth and shining ; margins rounded.

This is a minute shell, much enlarged in the figure, and
common in the small quantity of marl which accompanies
the specimens. The family to which it should be referred is
undetermined. A microscopic channel margins the valves
within.

: SPHZRELLA, Conrad.
S. BULLA, nob.—pl. 10, fig. 9.

Description —Equilateral, orbicular, subspheroidal; surface
with distant, shallow, concentric furrows, or undulations.

OF CONCHOLOGY. 139

CYCLAS, Klein.
C. curTA, nob.

Description—Kquilateral, suborbicular, ventricose, concen-
trically finely striated; posterior end truncated, direct; dorsal
margins each with two or three pointed tubercles; beaks
shghtly prominent, acute.

Length 2 inch; height the same.

PROTOCARDIA, Beyrich.
P. LIMA, nob.—pl. 10, fig. 8.

Description—Subtriangular, inequilateral, length greater
than the height, ventricose, minutely radiated; posterior
margin obliquely truncated, extremity much above the line
of the base, obtusely rounded; umbo rather narrow; post-
umbonal slope densely radiated and tuberculated.

Nearest in outline to P. diversa, Conrad; but that species is
smooth on the post-umbonal slope.

CRASSATELLA, Lam,

C. pRopucTA, nob.—pl. 10, fig. 6. Proc. A. N. Sei, 1862,
p. 289.
GOULDIA, Adams.
G. PYGMA, nob.

Description—Triangular, equilateral, with eight distinct
concentric ribs; posterior hinge-margin very slightly curved,
the anterior straight, but slightly angular at the umbo;
anterior extremity angular and situated medially to the
height of the valves.

AXINAA, Poli.

A. INEQUISTRIA, nob.—pl. 10, fig. 12.

Description. — Suborbicular, slightly oblique, moderately
ventricose, radiating striz, coarse, unequal towards the ends;
within, the marginal teeth are concave or channelled.

A. DUPLISTRIA, nob.—pl. 10, fig. 19.

Description—sSubcircular, longer than high; ventricose, '
subequilateral, not oblique; radii closely arranged, double or
grooved in the middle, except towards the ends; within, the
marginal teeth small and closely arranged.

NUCULANA, Link.
N. LINIFERA, nob.—pl. 10, fig. 8.

Description—Hlliptical, ventricose, equilateral, concentri-
cally ribbed; ribs obsolete posteriorly, and remote; each side

140 AMERICAN JOURNAL

has a slight furrow or fold radiating from the beak; anterior
extremity acute; ventral margin rounded.

This small species is very perfect, with both valves connected.
The figure is much enlarged.

NUCULA, Lam.
N. SPHENIOPSIS, nob.—pl. 10, fig. 13.

Description —Obliquely ovate-triangular, slightly ventricose ;
posterior side cuneiform, extremity acutely rounded; inner
margin minutely crenulated.

ARCOPERNA, Conrad,

Description —Oval or oblong, inflated; beaks terminal;
hinge edentulous; ligament internal; muscular impressions
marginal,

A. FILOSA, nob.—pl. 10, fig. 14.

Description—Suboval, inflated, thin, pearly; radiated with
minute, closely-arranged lines; disk somewhat flattened
behind the umbonal slope; posterior margin subtruncated
above, extremity rounded; basal margin rounded posteriorly ;
beak terminal.

This genus appears to me quite distinct from Modiola, and
is characteristic of the Hocene period. Jf. radiolata, Desh.,
is congeneric, and the peculiarities of the species described by
Deshayes are, I think, of generic value.

PECTEN, Lin.
Suspcgenus EBURNEOPECTEN, Conrad.

Description. — Smooth, polished, thin, of an _ ivory-like
substance.

This subgenus is common in ‘Hocene strata, but I have not
met with it in later formations.

P. SCINTILLATUS, nob.—pl. 10, fig. 4.

Description.—Ovate, very thin in substance; umbo ventri-
cose, narrow, apex acute; anteriorly the larger valve is
marked with minute fine lines, having a shagreen-like cha-
racter.

The smaller valve of this species is unknown.

OSTREA, Lin.
O. FALCIFORMIS, nob.—pl. 11, fig. 1.

Description—Subfaleate; larger valve, with divaricating,
prominent ribs; posterior submargin depressed, and finely
ribbed; upper valve convex, without ribs.

A variety of this species has very numerous narrow ribs,

OF CONCHOLOGY. 141

about forty-four in number; but the specimen figured has
not more than thirty-four, and is of a much broader form.
It is nearly allied to O. swbmissa, Deshayes.

DOLIOPSIS.
D. QUINQUECOSTA, nob.—pl. 10, fig. 15.

Description. — Subglobose, slightly beaked; body whorl
ornamented with five distant, acutely angular, revolving ribs,
the inferior rib smallest and approximate; spire short, whorls
angular at the top and flattened; aperture narrow; beak
sinuous.

TURRITELLA, Lam.
T. PERDITA, nob.—pl. 10, fig. 10.

Description.—Broad at base ; volutions thirteen or fourteen,
laterally flattened, and having five prominent revolving lines
on each, with an intermediate fine line; the two inferior volu-
tions of the spire slightly projecting near the base; body
volution angulated; base finely striated; lines on the volu-
tions, towards the apex, crenulated.

MESALIA, Gray.
M? ARENICOLA, nob.—pl. 10, fig. 11.

Description.—V olutions thirteen ? convex, penultimate, and
two contiguous volutions, each with seven acute, prominent,
revolving lines; the two inferior lines remote, and the third
more prominent and distant than the remainder; towards the
apex this line is not more prominent than those above it, but
the second becomes large and carinates the volutions, giving
them an angular appearance; one, -and occasionally two,
very fine lines alternate with the others.

142 AMERICAN JOURNAL

DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW EOCENE SHELLS OF THE
UNITED STATES.

BY T. A. CONRAD.

STREPSIDURA, Swainson.
S. LINTEA, nob. fpf. te ps

Description.—Ovate-acute ; spire scalariform, consisting of
five angular volutions; strix rugose, prominent and coarse
below the angle of the volutions and body whorl, fine on
the space above; longitudinal ribs acute, prominent, distant, ~
obsolete or wanting on the back of the body whorl; beak
very short, recurved.

Leneth ? inch.

Locality—Claiborne, Alabama.

SURCULA, Adams.
S. GABpit, nob.—pl. 11, fig. 5.

Description.—F usiform,; volutions eight or nine, convex and
subangulated beneath and indented above, with fine revolving
lines, the indented space angular above, between which
angle and the suture the striz are largest; this indentation
has minute, very close-arranged revolving lines; body volu-
tion with numerous rugose alternated lines, obsolete on the
upper part of the volution; beak long and straight.

Locality.— Texas.

S. LINTEA, nob.

Description —Turrited ; volutions ten, subangulated sub-
medially, with a prominent revolving line on the angle; lower
half of volutions salient and obscurely costate; revolving wrin-
kled lines on all the whorls, except three, from the apex ; five of
these on the penultimate volution below the prominent line on
the angle, which is situated above the middle of each volution ;
body whorl obscurely costate on the shoulder, and having re-
volving, unequal lines nearly to the extremity of the beak ;
lines about eighteen in number below the summit of the aper-
ture.

Locality —Claiborne. ?

COCHLESPIRA, Conrad.
C. ENGONATA, nob. (:2/ fry ©:

Description.—F usiform ; spire elevated, whorls seven, terebri-

form, with minute, wrinkled, revolying lines, obsolete above

OF CONCHOLOGY. 143

the angle, which is carinated and obscurely crenulated ; beak
produced, reflected at the end.

Length 1§ inch.
Locality Claiborne and Texas.

MONILIOPSIS, Conrad.

Description—Turrited, cancellated; fissure of labrum shal-
low; beak very short.

M. ELABORATA, (Pleurot.,) nob.

This beautiful shell does not agree in generic character with
other Pleurotomidex, but it forms a connecting link between
' the shells with a smooth or entire columella and the plaited
genera Scobinella, and Borsonia.

DRILLIA, Gray.
D. TEXANA, nob.

Description —Turrited, whorls seven, polished, longitudinally
costate ; ribs prominent, rather distant; suture profoundly ecari-
nated; deposit on labium thick and broad; beak very short.

Locality—W heelock, Texas.

TORTOLIVA, Conrad.

Description—Subeylindrical, or subovate; spire short, ob-
tuse; aperture elongated, effuse at base; columella callous,
with an impressed, oblique fold.

7. TeXANA, nob.

Description.—Ancilliform, smooth; spire papilliform, and
consisting of two volutions; an impressed, sinuous line
extends along the body near the columella, beneath which an
oblique impressed is continued from the columellar fold.

Length } inch.

MONOPTYGMA, Lea.
M. curTA, nob.—pl. 11, fig. 8.

Description. —Subelliptical; spire short, the volutions
slightly convex, indented at the suture; body volution
ventricose, abruptly rounded above, near the suture;
aperture patulous; columella with a prominent acute fold,
and tortuous and obtusely carinated towards the base; basal
margin wide.

Localhity.— Claiborne, Alabama.

144 AMERICAN JOURNAL

VOLUTILITHES, Swainson.
V. INDENTA, nob.

Description.—Subfusiform ; spire elevated ; volutions scala-
riform, and ridged below the suture, longitudinally costate ;
body whorl ribs acute; revolving, attenuated ‘strize from the
upper angle to the base; area above the angle concave ; strize
obsolete; columella with two equal, acute, oblique plaits.

Length $ inch.
V. IMPRESSA, nob.

Description —Fusiform; volutions seven, concave above, with
a revolving ridge at the suture: inferiorly ribbed ; ribs sub-
spinous at the angle ; body whorl with prominent, compressed _
spines on the angle, capping the ribs; revolving lines im-
pressed ; columella with two slender prominent, nearly equal
plaits.

Length 14 inch.

Locality.— Texas.

} OBELISCUS, Humphrey.
O. PEREXILIS, nob.

Description—Subulate, polished; volutions fourteen; sides
straight above and rounded at base; suture deeply chan-

nelled; body whorl with slightly concave sides; columella
with a prominent plait uniting with the labial deposit.

ARCHITECTONICA, Bolten.
A. CHELATURA, nob.—pl. 11, fig. 13.

Description Depressed, with minute beaded, or tuberculated,
revolving lines, and a larger line near the base of each volu-
tion, and one near the suture above, smaller than the former,
but more distinct than the finer lines beneath; periphery
carinated ; base finely striated and tuberculated, with two dis-
tant larger lines; submargin of umbilicus grooved; umbilicus
small, edge crenate.

Locality.—Claiborne, Alabama.

BULIMUS,
B. FLoripanus, nob.—pl. 11, fig. 11,

Enlarged figure of fossil described by me in the Amer.
Jour. of Science, (Hulima Floridana, D'Orbigny.) The tertiary
limestone in which it was found, is supposed to be an Eocene.
rock.

OF CONCHOLOGY. 145

CANCELLARIA, Lam.

C. LIRATA, nob.—pl. 11, fig. 3.

Description—F usiform, volutions five, angular at the summit ;
spire scalariform ; ribs longitudinal, compressed and acute; sum-
mit or upper area of body whorl slightly concave, and the
ribs prominent or subspiniform at the angle; a few distant ob-
solete revolving lines towards the base; umbilicus small, pro-
found.

Length, + inch.
This small species (enlarged in the figure) is probably from
Texas.

C. IMPRESSA, nob.—pl. 11, fig. 16.

Description—Hlongated, acutely ovate, volutions seven, angu-
lar, and flattened above; ribs longitudinal, acute, subspiniform
at the summit angle; body whorl slightly carinated at the
angle, with only one or two ribs; umbilicus wide, carinated
on the margin; labrum finely striate within; labium reflexed;
base subacute.

Locality.—Claiborne, Alabama.

C. TORTIPLICA, nob.

Description.—Subfusiform, with longitudinal narrow ribs
and a few thick varices; volutions six, those of the spire con-
vex; regular, prominent revolving lines, six in number, on the
penultimate volution, eighteen or nineteen on the body whorl,
fine, and crowded near the suture and base; labrum striate
within ; columella with three sinuous plaits, the upper one large
and thick.

Length 2 inch.

Locality.— Texas.

TORNATELLAA, Conrad.
APNEA S nob:

Description—Subglobose, with numerous revolving lines;
spire short, acute; aperture patulous; columella with two dis-
‘tant plaits.

Actzxon latus, Conrad, Hocene Catalogue, p. 34.

Locality.— Alabama.

CORBULA, Lam.
C. FILOSA, nob.

Description —Subtriangular, equilateral, length and height
nearly equal; disk concentrically ribbed; ribs imbricated;
posterior slope indented; extremity truncated.

Lenyth 4 inch.

Locality— Vicksburg, Miss.

146. AMERICAN JOURNAL

EGERIA, Lea.

E. DONACEA, nob.—pl. 11, fig. 12.

Description.—Triangular, donaciform, ventricose ; posterior
side short, subtruncated at the extremity; anterior dorsal mar-
gin slightly incurved ; disks minutely radiated; umbo ventri-
cose; inner margin crenulated.

Locality.—Claiborne, Alabama.

VENERID AL.
CYTHERIOPSIS, Conrad.

Description —Triangular; hinge composed of two compressed
or linear teeth under the apex, and two oblique teeth anterior to
them; in the left valve are four diverging teeth, the posterior
one linear; and a lateral pyramidal compressed tooth ante-
riorly; cartilage area rugose; pallial lime with a shallow,
rounded sinus.

C. Hypana, Conrad.

This very distinct genus has been usually referred to Gra-
teloupia, Desmoulins; but it has one more cardinal tooth in
each valve, and a slight pallial sinus, which in Grateloupia is
very profound. It is at present represented by this one spe-
cies, and peculiar to the Hocene.

CYCLAS, Klein.
C. CLAIBORNENSIS, nob.

Description—Suborbicular, compressed, inequilateral; beaks
small and acute; disk with concentric, prominent, numerous
lamelliform strize ; ligament margin straight, oblique ; poste-
rior end truncated, or slightly emarginate; ventral margin
profoundly rounded.

Height 1} inch. Length 14 inch.
Locality.—Claiborne, Alabama.

This shell occurs in the group at the base of Claiborne
Bluff, belonging to an older division of the Hocene than the
Claiborne group above. The cardinal teeth are prominent,
and the pits profound.

OF CONCHOLOGY. 147

MYSIA, Leach.
M. ASTARTIFORMIS, nob.—t. 11, fig. 15.

Mysia Astartiformis, Conrad.—Jour. Acad. Nat. Sciences, 2d
series, IV., p. 296.

M. LEVIS, nob.

Description.—Suborbicular, thin, convex, inequilateral ; pos-
terior margin subtruncated.

Sphzrella levis, C.—Cat. of Eocene Shells in this Journal,
arte! neo: .
Locality Claiborne, Alabama.

It is smaller than Diplodonta bidens, Deshayes, but more
nearly resembles it than any other species of the Paris Hocene-

M. DELTOIDEA, nob.—t. 11, fig. 10.

Description—Subtriangular, ventricose, subequilateral; pos-
terior margin obtusely rounded; anterior angular; extremity
medial compared with the height; disk anteriorly concen-
trically striated, posteriorly smooth.

Locality — Claiborne, Alabama.
NUCULANA, Link.
N. PROTEXTA, nob.—pl. 11, fig. 6.

Description —Hlongated, slightly ventricose, with closely-
arranged, minute thread-like concentric lines, distinct and
rugose on the anterior submargin, which is flattened, or broadly
and slightly furrowed; upper margin oblique, medially recti-
linear, reflexed at the end; posterior extremity above the
middle and on a line with the anterior end; posterior ventral
margin obliquely truncated.

Alabama. Dr. Showalter.

ACT AZONEMA, Conrad.
Oxlatura, Conrad.—Amer. Jour. Conch., No. 1, p. 39.

Locality.

Description. — Conical; volutions numerous, sculptured as
in the genus Actwon, Montfort; aperture suboval, acutely
rounded and reflected at base; peristome not continuous.

This genus has some resemblance to Aciis, Loven, but the
sculpture is the same as in Actwon, and the aperture like that
of many species of Melania, Lam.

A. sTRIATA.—+t. 11, fig. 2.
Pasithea striata, Lea.—Contributions to Geology.

148 AMERICAN JOURNAL

Description.—V olutions nine, each with four transversely-
striated grooves, except the body whorl, which has twelve;
base slightly umbilicated; labium grooved within.

CONUS, Lin.
C. ALVEATUS, nob.—t. 11, fig. 4.

Description. — Oblong-turbinate, thin in substance; sides
straight below and slightly convex above; summit of body
volution and each whorl of the spire profoundly carinated ;
spire very short, with a slightly concave outline; base with
impressed revolving lines.

Locality—Vicksburg, Miss.

This species differs from the Hocene sauridens, in having a
less elevated and a more profoundly carinated spire, and the
revolving lines on the spire are less numerous than in the
former.

C, SUBSAURIDENS, nob.—t. 11, fig. 9.

Description. — Hlongately acutely conical, with straight
sides, slightly curving towards the summit of body whorl;
summit and spire sharply carinated; three volutions from the
apex exserted.

Locality—From the Burrstone, probably, of Alabama.

The specimen is silified. It differs from the preceding
species in form, and the lower part has much finer, more
equal, and more numerous revolving lines.

OF CONCHOLOGY. 149

REFERENCE TO THE PLATES ILLUSTRATING Mr. CoNRAD’S
DESCRIPTIONS OF EocENE MOLLUSCA.

Plate 10.

Fig. 1. DIONE SECURIFORMIS, C.—P. 187.
te

2. ALVEINUS MINUTA, C.—P. 138.

3. PROTOCARDIA LIMA, C.—P. 139.

4, PECTEN SCINTILLATUS, C.—P. 140.
5. DIONE ANNEXA, C.—P. 137.

6. CRASSATELLA PRODUCTA, C.—P. 189.
7. CorRBULA FILOSA, C.—P. 187.

8. NUCULANA LINIFERA, C.—P. 139.
9. SPHHRELLA BULLA, C.—P. 138.
10. TURRITELLA PERDITA, C.—P. 141.
11. MESALIA? ARENICOLA, C.—P. 141.
12. AXINIA INEQUESTRIA, C.—P. 139.
13. NucuLA SPHENIOPSIS, C.—P. 140.

14. ARCOPERNA FILOSA, O.—P. 140.

‘ 15. DOLIOPSIS QUINQUECOSTA, C.—P. 141.

16. TELLINA LINIFERA, C.—P. 138.
Thy i EBURNEOPSIS, C.—P. 188.
iio: e LINIFERA, C.—P. 188.
19, AXINIA DUPLISTRIA, C.—P. 139.

Piawevidl:

OSTREA FALCIFORMIS, C.—P. 140.

. ACTHONEMA STRIATA, Lea, (sp.)—P. 147.
. CANCELLARIA LIRATA, C.—P. 145.
CoNUSs ALVEATUS, C.—P. 148

. SURCULA GABBII, C.—P. 142.

. NUCULANA PROTEXTA, C.—P. 147.

. TELLINA ALBARIA, C.—P. 188.

. Monopry@mMa curtA, C.—P. 1438.

. CONUS SUBSAURIDENS, C.—P. 148.

. MYSIA DELTOIDEA, C.—P. 147.

. BULIMUS FLORIDANUS, C.—P. 144.

. EeERIA DonactraA, C.—P. 146.

. 14. ARCHITECTONICA CHLATURA, C.—P. 144.
. Mysra ASTARTIFORMIS, C.—P. 148.

16. CANCELLARIA IMPRESSA, C.—P. 145.

ft j

ee el ae
orw bd Fe

150 AMERICAN JOURNAL

CATALOGUE OF THE OLDER EOCENE SHELLS OF
OREGON.

BY T. A. CONRAD.

The Fossil Shells of the United States Exploring Expedi-
tion, collected at Astoria, and published in Dana’s Report on
Geology and Paleontology, were referred by me to the Mio-
cene period. A larger acquaintance with Tertiary Fossils in
general, has led me to the conclusion, that their position is in
the Older Eocene, and that they correspond in their horizon
to the group of Shark River, Monmouth Co., New Jersey;
holding, in common, the Aturia ziczac. ‘The shells of Shark
River being in the form of casts, not sufficiently characteristic
for comparison with those of Oregon, the Aturia is the only
species that is certainly common to the two localities, but
several of the Oregon species are almost identical with shells
of the London Clay of Bracklesham and Bognor. All the
species in this catalogue contained in Dana’s Report, are with-
out other reference than page, plate and figure.

CEPHALOPODA.
ATURIA, Bronn.
A. z1czAc, (Nautilus,) Sowerby.
Nautilus angustatus, Con.—P. 728, pl. 20, figs. 5, 6.
Pelagus Vanuxemi, Con.—Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., i., 2d se-
ries, p. 130, t. 14, f. 5.
GASTEROPODA.
MURICID.
PRISCOFUSUS, Conrad.

P. CORPULENTUS (Fusus,) Con.—P. 728, pl. 20, fig. 4.
P. DEVINCTUS (Buccinum?) Con.—P. 728, pl. 20, fig. 2.
P. GENICULUS (Fusus,) Con.—P. 728, pl. 20, fig. 3.
P. MEDIALIS (Cerithium?) Con.—P. 728, pl. 20, fig. 1.
P. NODIFERUS, Con.—PI. 20, fig. 12.
P. OREGONENSIS, Con.—PI. 20, figs. 10, 11.

DOLIID A.

DOLIOPSIS, Conrad.

D. PeTRosuS (Doliwm,) Con.—P. 727, pl. 19, figs. 8 and 5.
D. BILIRATUM (Dolium petrosum,) Con.—P. 727, pl. 19, fig. 4.

OF CONCHOLOGY. 151

SYCOTYPHUS, Browne.
S. MODEsTUS, Con.—Amer. Jour. Science, 1848, p. 433, fig. 12.
S. OREGONENSIS, (Fusus,) Con——Amer. Jour. Science, 1848, p.
433, fig. 18.
VOLUTIDA.
VOLUTILITHES, Swains,

V? INDURATA (Rostellaria,) Con.—P. 727, pl. 19, fig. 12.

NATICIDA.
LUNATIA, Gray.

L. OREGONENSIS, Con.—PI. 19, fig. 6, b, ¢.
NEVERITA, Risso.
N. SAXEA (Natica,) Con.—P. 727, pl. 19, fig. 7.
CATINUS, Klein.
C. scopuLosus (Sigaretus,) Con.—P. 727, pl. 19, figs. 6 and 6 a.

CHRITHIOPSIDA.
CERITHIOPSIS, Forbes and Hanley.
C.? OREGONENSIS, Con.—PI. 20, figs. 18, 14.

CANCELLARITDA.
CANCELLARIA, Lam.
C.? OREGONENSIS, Con.—PI. 20, fig. 8.
CY LICHNIDA.
CYLICHNA, Loven.
C. OREGONA (Bulla petrosa,) Con.—P. 727, pl. 19, fig. 8.
C. peTROSA (Bullina,) Con—Amer. Jour. Science, 1848, p.
438, fig. 11.
CALYPTRAID A.
CRYPTA, Humphrey.
C. PRERUPTA (Crepidula,) Con.—P. 727, pl. 19, figs. 9, 10.
C. ROSTRALIS, Con.—PI. 19, fig. 11.
DENTALITD®.
DENTALIUM, Lin.
D.? suBSTRIATUM (Teredo,) Con.—P. 728, pl. 20, figs. 7 and 7 a.

152 AMERICAN JOURNAL

CONCHIFERA.
SOLENID.
SOLENA, Browne. F
S. PROTEXTA (Donax?) Con.—P. 728, pl. 17, fig. 9.
ENSIS, Schum.
E. curtus (Solen,) Con—Amer. Jour. Science, 1848, p. 433,

g.

SAXICAVIDA.
GLYCIMERIS, Klein.
G. ABRUPTA (Panopxa,) Con.—P. 723, pl. 17, fig. 5.
ANATINID.
THRACIA, Leach,
!.? TRAPEZOIDES, Con.—P. 723, pl. 17, fig. 6.
MACTRIDE.
MACTRA, Lin.
M. ALBARIA, Con.—Amer. Jour. Science, 1848, p. 432, fig. 4.
TELLINID.
TELLINA, Lin.
T. ALBARIA, Con.—P. 725, pl. 18, fig. 5.
T. ARcTATA, Con.—P. 725, pl. 18, fig. 3.
T. BITRUNCATA, Con.—P. 725.
T’". EMACERATA, Con.—P. 725, pl. 18, fig. 4.

T.? opruTA, Con.__Amer. Jour. Science, 1848, p.432, fig. 6.
T. OREGONENSIS, Con. “ ss a ema ee
T. SUBNASUTA (nasuta,) Con.——P. 725.
VENERID A.
VENUS, Lin.

V.? LAMELLIFERA.—P. 724, pl. 17, fig. 12.
V. sEcuRIS, Shumard.——Trans. St. Louis Acad., vol.i., p. 122.
DIONE, Gray.

D. ANGUSTIFRONS ( Venus,) Con.—-P. 724, pl. 17, fig. 11.

D. BREVILINEATA ( Venus,) Con.—P. 724, pl. 17, fig. 18.

D. OREGONENSIS (Cytherea,) Con—-Amer. Jour. Science, 1848,
p. 483, fig. 8.

D. VESPERTINA (Cythrea,) Con.—Jbid., fig. 9.

OF CONCHOLOGY. 153

CYPRINID A.
CYPRINA, Lam.

C. BISECTA (Venus.)—P. 724, pl. 17, fig. 10; val Mey ties, 17
CARDIID A.
CARDIUM, Nin.

C. SUBTENTUM (Cardita,) Con.—P. 726, pl. 18, fig. 12.
LUCINID 4.
CYCLAS, Klein.

C. ACUTILINEATA (Lucina,) Con.—P. 728, pl. 18, fig. 2.
Pectunculus patulus? Con.—P. 726, pl. 18, fig. 8.
C. FiBROSA (Lucina,) Shumard.—Trans. St. Louis Acad., vol.

ib pei20
SOLEMYAD&.

SOLEMYA, Lam.
S. VENTRICOSA, Con—P. 728, pl. 17, figs. 7, 8.
UNGULINID.
MYSIA, Leach.

M. PARILIS (Loripes,) Con.—Amer. Jour. Science, 1848, p. 483,

Ra fe
ARCID As.

ANOMALOCARDIA, Klein.
A.? DEVINCTA (Arca,) Con.—P. 726, pl. 18, fig. 10.
AXIN AIDA.
LIMOPSIS, Sassi.
L. NITENS (Pectunculus,) Con.—P. 726, pl. 18, fig. 9.
L.? OREGONENSIS, Con.—PI. 18, fig. 11.
NUCULID.
NUCULA, Lam.
Susgenus ACILA, Adams.
N.Conrapt, Meek, (NV. divaricata, Con.)—P. 723, pl. 18, fig. 6.
LEDID 4s.
NEILO, Adams.
N. asrupta (Nucula,) Con—Amer. Jour. Science, 1848, p.
423, fig. 8.
iN. Onncona, (Zeda,) Shumard.—Trans. St. Louis Acad.,
N.. eh (Nucula,) Con.—Amer. Jour. Science, 1848, p. 4338,
N. Re (Leda,) Shumard.— Trans. St. Louis
mead, tp. ll.

154 AMERICAN JOURNAL

YOLDIA, Morch.
Y. impressa (Nucula,) Con.—P. 728, pl. 18, fig. 7.

PECTENIDA.

PECTEN, Lin.
P. PROPATULUS, Con.—P. 723, pl. 19, fig. 18.
P. CoosENsIs, Shumard.—Trans. St. Louis Acad., vol.i., p.122.
BRACHIOPODA.
RHYNCONELLA, Fischer.

R. (Lerebratula) NITENS, Con.—P. 728, pl. 19, fig. 1.

OF CONCHOLOGY. 1U5%5)

DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES OF NORTH
AMERICAN UNIONIDE.

BY JOHN G. ANTHONY.

UNIO sTRIATISsIMuS, Anthony.—t. 12, fi 1.

Description. — Shell roughly striate, rhombic, depressed,
rather thick ; epidermis olivaceous, with green rays, more dis-
tinct at, and for a short distance below each mark of growth,
which lines become obsolete, or nearly so, about midway be-
tween two of the lines of increase; old specimens have these
rays so indistinct as to be scarcely perceptible, and the whole
shell presents a uniform, greyish-olive color; beaks scarcely
elevated, wrinkled at tip; marks of growth distant and very
distinct ; cardinal teeth large, broad, striate, deeply cleft in
the left valve; lateral teeth long, curved, and with a long,
smooth plate between them and the cardinal teeth; anterior
cicatrices distinct and deep; posterior cicatrices well im-
pressed, but confluent ; nacre white.

Habitat.—Tennessee.
My Cabinet. Cabinet of George W. Tryon, Jr.

Observations.—This species is remarkable for its unusually
rough exterior, being more rudely striate than any known
American species. This character, combined with its dull
greyish-olive color, its flattened form and rhombic outline,
will readily distinguish it from all others. Some forty or
fifty specimens have been observed, of all ages, and it is
probably not uncommon where found. It is somewhat
remarkable that so striking a species, occurring in a region
often explored, should have so long been overlooked, which
may, however, be owing to its being very local in habitat.
May be compared with U. scamnatus, Mor., which it resembles
somewhat in striation, but its form is less elongate, it is pro-
portionally broader, more depressed, and its strise are not so
erect and prominent as in that species. From U. stramineus,
Con., it differs in being less inflated, less elliptical, and its
marks of growth are more crowded and rougher than in
stramineus, while the color is very different.

156 AMERICAN JOURNAL

Unio pistans, Anthony.—t. 18, f. 2.

Description. —Shell smooth, elliptical, slightly inflated,
rather thick; beaks somewhat prominent, finely and closely
undulated at tip; epidermis yellowish-olive, relieved by
beautiful dark-green rays over the umbones and anterior
portion of the shell, while the posterior end, which is some-
what truncate and subangulated, is also darker in. color,
often of a blackish-brown; cardinal teeth double in both valves ;
posterior lobe of the right valve triangular, compressed,
pyramidal and striated; anterior lobe small, pointed; the
anterior lobe of the teeth in the left valve is narrow, conical,
pointed, and the posterior lobe less elevated; the cleft be-
tween them is very deep and rather broad; nacre white and
iridescent.

Dimensions.—Diameter ? inch; length 8 inches; breadth
1? inch.

Habitat.—Ohio.
My Cabinet.

Observations—In form and general appearance not unlike
U. siliquoideus, Barnes, but varies in several particulars, being
more elongate, less inflated, and having its marks of growth
stronger and darker in color; the green rays are also of a
different shade and more interrupted. The epidermis is only
- moderately shining, never possessing the brilliant, shining
surface of s¢liquoideus.

UNIo DEviatTus, Anthony.—t. 12, fi 2.

Description.—Shell smooth, elliptical, moderately thick;
epidermis olivaceous, with delicate, fine, capillary rays over
the umbones and posterior part of the shell, obsolete on the
anterior portion; beaks not elevated, very much eroded in all
the specimens observed, but apparently never undulated;
ligament very short and thin; cardinal teeth in the right
valve long, curved and striate, or crenulate; in the left valve
they are double, erect, slightly curved, and both deeply and
widely cleft; anterior cicatrices distinct and well impressed ;
posterior cicatrices confluent; nacre white and iridescent on
the posterior margin.

Habitat.—Tennessee.

My Cabinet. Cabinet of Hugh Cuming, London.
Mus. Comp. Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.

Observations.—Belongs to a group of which U. capsexformis,
Lea, U. Haysianus, Lea, and U. interruptus, Raf., are promi-

OF CONCHOLOGY. JO

nent members. It differs from capseformis, in being more
inflated and narrower, while its peculiar sac-development is
nearer the posterior basal edge in the female shell, and the
males of each are still more unlike in appearance.

From Haysianus it differs by its longer form and thiner.
texture; and interruptus, Raf., which is the female of brevidens,
Lea, is always broader, heavier and differently marked as to
coloration.

Unto saccuLus, Anthony.—t. 12, f. 3.

Description.—Shell smooth, elliptical, inflated; valves rather
thin; beaks somewhat prominent; epidermis olive-colored,
and nearly covered with fine green rays, which become
obsolete on the lower portion of the anterior half of the
shell; cardinal teeth small, compressed, erect, double in both
valves; lateral teeth short, curved and striated; nacre pearly
white and iridescent.

Habitat—Tennessee.

My Cabinet. Cabinet of Hugh Cuming, London. Mus.
Comp. Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.

Observations—Belongs to a group, the females of which
are characterized by a bulbous swelling, containing the ege-
sac. To this group belongs also, U. capseformis, Lea,
deviatus, Anth., florentinus, Lea, and many others. The
present species has this enlargement more globular than those
mentioned above, resembling in this respect the honey bag of
a monster bee. Some twenty or thirty specimens have at
various times been observed, all very uniform in appearance,
and no one who has ever seen it can well mistake it for any
other species.

ALASMODON ImpRESSA, Anthony.—t. 12, fi 4.

Description—Shell smooth, elliptical, inequilateral, rounded
before and biangular behind; substance of the shell rather
thin; beaks subprominent, recurved, and undulate at tip; epi-
dermis greenish-yellow, relieved by darker, fine, green lines,
radiating from beak to basal margin, which is often emargi-
nate; anterior portion of the shell regularly rounded, posterior
portion biangular and darker in color, often quite brown;
marks of growth distant, and very conspicuous, only two or
three on each valve; anterior cicatrices lightly impressed, con-
fluent; posterior cicatrices distinct and deeply impressed ;
nacre silvery white and iridescent.

Habitat—Tennessee.
My Cabinet. Mus. Comp. Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.

158 AMERICAN JOURNAL

Observations —A_ small, but beautiful species, not readily
confounded with any other; resembles A/as. calceola, Lea, in
general form, but is less inflated, proportionally longer, and
is generally emarginate on the basal edge, besides being less
truncate on the posterior end. On the umbonial slope may
generally be observed several short, distinctly-impressed lines
often decussating; hence its name. Such lines are sometimes
seen in other species, but not often, and never so conspicuously
as in this.

ALASMODON RHOMBICA, Anthony.—t. 12, f. d.

Description.—Shell smooth, quadrate or rhombic in form,
somewhat inflated, obtusely angulated behind, rounded before,
and nearly equilateral; substance of the shell somewhat thin ;
beaks prominent, rugosely undulate at the tips and for some
distance below, occupying sometimes nearly half the first
srowth; epidermis olivaceous, faintly rayed, and with promi-
nent, somewhat crowded marks of growth; these marks of
growth are indicated by broad, darker bands, about four in
number on each valve; anterior cicatrices rather deep and
distinct; posterior cicatrices less deep and confluent; nacre
deeply salmon-colored under the beaks, becoming fainter
towards the basal margin, where it is bluish-white and shin-
ing, but not iridescent.

Dimensions.—Diameter 3 inch; length 2 inches; breadth 14
inches.

Habitat.—Michigan.

My Cabinet. Cabinet of Hugh Cuming, London. Cabinet
of George W. Tryon, Jr.

Observations.—This species cannot easily be mistaken for
any other, its short, quadrate form being sufficient to identify
it. In old specimens the epidermis is generally coarsely
striate and nearly black. It is less elongate, and not elliptical,
like A. edentula, Say, which often has the same colored nacre.
The ligament of this species is yellowish-brown, rather short
and slender. Among some twenty specimens now before me,
I find very little variation; not nearly so much as is usual in
this genus; and it is altogether a remarkably neat, pretty
species.

ANODON SUBANGULATA, Anthony.—t. 18, f. 1.

Description—Shell broadly elliptical, very inequilateral,
rounded befcre and biangular behind; substance of the shell
rather thick; epidermis greenish-yellow, the green predomti-
nating on the posterior half of the shell; beaks slightly promi-

OF CONCHOLOGY. 159

nent, undulate and rugose at tip; anterior cicatrices distinct
and well impressed ; posterior cicatrices indistinct and con-
fluent; marks of growth widely separate and very distinct,
about three on each valve; nacre bluish-white and iridescent,

Habitat.—Michigan.

My Cabinet. Cabinet of Hugh Cuming, London. Mus.
Comp. Zoology, Cambridge, Mass. Cabinet of George W.
Tryon, Jr.

Observations.—A. fine, large species, and more robust than
is usual in this genus. May be compared with Anovdon plana,
Lea, but is less inflated and of lghter color. It is also
decidedly biangulated, which cannot be said of A. plana, and
it is also more depressed than Mr. Jea’s species. May, per-
haps, better be compared with Anod. Danielsii, Lea, but seems
to be larger, less inflated, and lighter colored, as well as more
robust.

ANODON IMBRICATA, Anthony.—t. 14, f. 1.

Description.—Shell elliptical, somewhat inflated, inequilate-
ral; substance of the shell rather thin; epidermis brownish-
olive, darker on the posterior slope; beaks elevated, recurved,
wrinkled; marks of growth crowded, darker in color than the
general hue; ligament short, thin, brown; nacre silvery white
and iridescent.

Habitat—Camp Lake, Michigan.

My Cabinet. Cabinet of H. Cuming, London. Mus. Comp.
Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.

Observations—This species need not be confounded with
any other; its graceful form and peculiarly rough, imbricated
surface will readily determine it. The marks of growth are
decidedly elevated, and are particularly close to each other
near the basal edge. The roughness caused by these closely-
set, projecting, concentric lines, will at once show the propriety
of.the specific name. The beaks are beautifully recurved,
showing a long, narrow lunule.

ANODON OPALINA, Anthony.—t. 14, fi 2.

Description.—Shell smooth, inflated, elliptical, inequilateral,
rather thin; epidermis yellowish, with rather distant marks
of growth, about three on each valve; beaks prominent, with
beautiful, fine undulations at tip; ligament long, slender,
brownish yellow; anterior slope rounded, posterior slope sub-
truncate and biangular, with one or two impressed lines near
the ligament; nacre silvery white and iridescent.

160 AMERICAN JOURNAL

Dimensions.—Diameter 14 inch; length 8 inches; breadth
1 inches.

Habitat—Shears Lake, Michigan.

My Cabinet. Cabinet of Hugh Cuming, London. Mus.
Comp. Zoology, Cambridge, Mass. Cabinet of George W.
Tryon, Jr.

Observations—Its fine, translucent, yellow epidermis, to-
gether with its inflated form, will readily determine this spe-
cies. It is extremely delicate in texture for so large a shell,
and one evidently adult. Only three or four specimens have
come under notice, but they all have the peculiar characters,
and it is manifestly not the young of any other species.
Anod. pallida, nob., herein described, is, perhaps, equally
delicate; but the yellow color of that species is relieved by
the green tinge near its base, and it is much more depressed.
Other species may resemble this in some of its characters, but
it seems to be pecular in its soft, creamy white, diaphanous
epidermis, and delicately rounded outline.

ANODON FLAVA, Anthony.—t. 14, fi 3.

Description —Shell, smooth, thin, elliptical, very inequilate-
ral; epidermis light brownish-yellow, very obscurely rayed;
beaks slightly raised, and undulated at the tips; hinge-margin
very straight ; ligament rather short and thin; marks of erowth
distinct and distant, about three on each valve: anterior and
posterior cicatrices scarcely perceptible; nacre silvery white and
iridescent.

Habitat— Michigan.

My Cabinet. Cabinet of Hugh Cuming, London. Mus.
Comp. Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.

Observations.— Distinguished by its fine, soft, yellowish
color, which is very opaque, looking as if painted on the shell;
surface very plainly and closely concentrically striate; resem-
bles Anod. pallida, nob, in form, but is less slender, thicker,
and has the marks of growth more crowded and darker co-
lored, besides being a rougher and more ventricose species.

ANODON sUB-INFLATA, Anthony.—t. 15, f. 1.

Description.—Shell long-ovate, niuch inflated, somewhat
gibbous, very inequilateral ; substance of the shell rather
thick ; beaks prominent, und ulate at tip; epidermis olivaceous
over the umbones and on the anterior portion of the shell,
while its posterior end is darker, and even of a brownish
tinge; marks of growth very distant and distinct, about three
on each valve; dorsal line very straight; nacre silvery white
and iridescent.

OF CONCHOLOGY. 161

Dimensions —Diameter 1} inches; length 88 inches; breadth
= inches
8 .

Habitat—Michigan.

My Cabinet. Mus. Comp. Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.
Cabinet of George W. Tryon, Jr.

Observations—Resembles Anod. Dariensis, Lea, in form, but
is rather larger in proportion to its width, lighter in color, and
the lines of growth are more distant and more distinct, while
the whole epidermal surface is less uniform in color. The
marks of growth are unusually distant, dark in color, rather
broad, and seldom more than two on each valve, even of a
large specimen. The posterior end is only slightly angulated,
the angle nearest the ligament being the most distinct, and the
surface there is usually lighter in color than on the umbones
or the anterior part of the shell. Altogether, it is a graceful
and beautiful species.

ANODON PAPYRACEA, Anthony.—t. 15, f. 2.

Description—Shell smooth, elliptical, inequilateral, very
thin; epidermis brownish-olive, with obscure, dark rays;
beaks prominent, recurved, minutely rugose at tip; rounded
before and angular behind; marks of growth very distant,
and not very prominent; anterior and posterior cicatrices both
confluent; nacre dirty yellow under the beaks, but this color
does not extend beyond the middle of the valve, the lower
portion being of a dull bluish-white color.

Habitat. ?

My Cabinet. Cabinet of Hugh Cuming, London. Maus.
Comp. Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.

Observations—This is not a very showy species, but, never’
theless, rather an interesting one. Its dull, dark olive color
and short, quadrate form may be sufficient to distinguish it
from its congeners. In its general form, it approaches a Bra-
zilian species, Anod. obtusa, Spix, but is thinner, more trun-
cate, and less inflated. Old specimens are rather coarsely striate,
and much darker incolor. The species is always very thin, and
uniformly so, being never thickened anteriorly, as most Ano-
dons are. The beaks of this species are unusually prominent
and recurved, with a very decided lunule.

162 AMERICAN JOURNAL

ANODON PALLIDA, Anthony.—t. 15, f. 8.

Description —Shell smooth, elliptical, thin, rounded before,
biangular behind, and very inequilateral; epidermis pale yel-
low, with faint and fine green rays over the whole disc, which,
being more numerous and crowded on the posterior part of
the shell, gives it a decided green tinge near its lower mar-
gin; substance of the shell exceedingly thin, and very trans-
parent; beaks slightly prominent, finely and closely undu-
late at the tips, having about ten waved wrinkles on the first
growth; ligament rather short, pale in color, and very slender;
posterior and anterior cicatrices very slightly impressed, be-
ing scarcely visible; nacre silvery white and very iridescent.

Dimensions—Diameter § inch; length 3 inches; breadth
14 inches.

Habitat.—Michigan.

My Cabinet.. Cabinet of Hugh Cuming, London. Cabinet
of Mus. Comp. Zoology, Cambridge, Mass. Cabinet of George
W. Tryon, Jr.

Observations.—Cannot well be compared with any known
species. Its pale, delicate coloring and beautifully undulated
beaks will serve to identify the species; and its well defined
and very distant lines of growth are also unusual in this
genus. Rarely do we find more than two on each valve, and
being quite dark, they contrast finely with the general color
of the shell. In the regularity and beauty of the undulations
on its beak, I have seen no species comparable with it, ex-
cept, perhaps, Anod. opalina, herein described, and that species
resembles this, also, in general tone of coloring, but is shorter,
more inflated, and has not any of the green tinge so charac-
teristic of Anodon pallida.

ANODON mIcANS, Anthony.t. 16, f. 1.

Description —Shell smooth, elliptical, and very inequilateral ;
substance of the shell thin; epidermis brownish-olive, wrink-
led or striate; beaks flattened, not prominent, and with
apparently few, if any undulations at tip; shell not much
inflated, rounded before and more depressed, and broadly,
but not very distinctly biangular behind; anterior cicatrices
distinct and well impressed; posterior cicatrices confluent;
nacre of a brownish golden color over the whole interior, and
very iridescent.

Dimensions.—Diameter 1 inch; length 2% inches; breadth
= inch.

Habitat.—Texas.

My Cabinet.

OF CONCHOLOGY. 163

Observations.—Cannot well be compared with any of our
species. Its exterior cannot be called attractive; its rich,
golden-brown interior is its chief characteristic. Resembles
Anod. leprosa, Villa, of Kurope, in form, but is never so
roughly decorticate, is a little more inflated, and the nacre of
our species is incomparably richer and more brilliant. The
posterior slope has two obscurely raised angles of a wavy
character, and also marked by a dark-brown line on the
summit of each. Its crowded marks of growth are distin-
guished by similarly colored lines, which are, however,
narrower.

ANODON GLANDULOSA, Anthony.t. 16, f. 3.

Description—Shell elliptical, inequilateral, thin; epidermis
yellowish-olive, with faint green rays over the whole disk;
more numerous, and crowded on the posterior slope, which is
consequently decidedly green; beaks but slightly raised,
rugose at tip; marks of growth free, distant, and well
defined; ligament long, thin, brown; nacre silvery white, and
remarkably iridescent.

Habitat.—Michigan.

My Cabinet. Cabinet of Hugh Cuming, London. Mus.
Comp. Zoology, Cambridge, Mass. Cabinet of George W.
Tryon, Jr.

Observations.—This species may at once be recognized by
its peculiar form,—like an elongated gland. When young it
is beautifully and broadly rayed on the posterior half of the
shell, whilst the anterior portion is so finely and delicately
rayed, that it presents hardly more than an uniformly ereenish-
yellow surface.

Resembles in some degree Anodon imbecillis, Say, but is less
inflated, less uniformly green, and the color is never so intense
as in that species. The beaks of Anodon glandulosa are ele-
vated and wrinkled, while those of Anodon imbecillis are flat
and smooth. The marks of growth in this species are very
conspicuous, and, with the broad green rays, give the shell a
remarkably pleasing look. The posterior end is somewhat bi-
angular, with a third raised line nearer the ligament, indicated
by a darker color.

ANODON IRISANS, Anthony.—t. 16, f. 2.

Description—Shell smooth, elliptical, rounded before, and
obscurely angulated behind; valves very thin and semi-
transparent; epidermis olivaceous, with capillary green rays
from the beaks to the basal margin, intersected by. very
conspicuous darker lines of growth, about seven or eight of

164 AMERICAN JOURNAL

these lines of growth being on each valve; posterior slope
long, subangulated, somewhat excavated, and distinctly rayed;
beaks rather prominent, with a few rugose undulations at the
tips; ligament rather long, slender, pale brown in color;
posterior and anterior cicatrices confluent and lightly impressed ;
nacre silvery white, and delicately iridescent.

Dimensions.—Diameter 1 inch; length 8 inches; breadth 13
inch.

Habitat— Michigan, in Bostwick’s Lake.

My Cabinet. Cabinet of Hugh Cuming, London. Mus.
Comp. Zoology, Cambridge, Mass. Cabinet of George W.
Tryon, Jr.

Observations—A decidedly beautiful species of this inte-
resting genus: in form not unlike Anod. pallida, nob., but
more ventricose, more solid, darker in color, and the marks of
growth are closer and more decided, being quite prominent in
old specimens, rendering the shell rough. Like Anod. pallida,
it has the green color predominant at the base of the obtuse
carina on its posterior end, and two rather marked, broad
brown lines between that and the ligament. The nacre is
very silvery and somewhat peculiar, in having numerous fine
papille-like pin points scattered over it, which, however,
may be only local peculiarity. Altogether, it is one of our
most beautiful Anodons.

OF CONCHOLOGY. 165

CATALOGUE OF THE SPECIES OF PHYSA, IN-
HABITING THE UNITED STATES.*

BY GEORGE W. TRYON, JR.

*

1. PHysA AMPULLACEA, Gould.
ved bullata, Gould.—Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., v., p. 128.
rots Conchologica, p. 215. 1862.
Habitat.—Oregon (Gld.)
2. Pu. Lorpt, Baird.
Ph. Lordi, Baird.—Proceedings Zoological Soc., London
Part 1.; p. 68:° 1863.

Habitat—Lake Osoyoos, Brit. Columbia, (Baird,) Washing-
ton Territory, (Coll. Tryon.)

3. PH. SAyI, Tappan.

Ph. Sayi, Tappan.—Amer. Jour. of Sci., 1st ser., vol. 35, p.
269.4. 3, £355 /1838)
Kirtland, Report on Zoology of Ohio, p. 174. 1838.

Ph. ancillaria, Bay, (Part.) Haldeman.—Monog. Limniades
No. 6, p. 27, £9. 1848.

Habitat.—Lake Bega Ohio, (Tappan.)
4, PH. PLICATA, De Kay.
Ph. plicata, De Kay.—Report on Mollusca of New York, p.
78, t. 5, £. 85. 1848.
Habitat.—New York, (De Kay.)

5. PH. pRoPINqUA, Tryon, MS.*
Habitat—Jordan Creek, 8. W. Idaho, (Coll. Tryon.)
6. Po. WARRENIANA, Lea.

Ph. Warreniana, Lea.—Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 115. 1864.

Habitat—Loup Fork of Platte River, Milwaukee, Wis.,
Grand Rapids, Mich., (Lea.)

7. PH. Trask, Lea.

Ph. Traskit, Lea.—Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci, p.115. 1864.
Habitat—Rio Los Angelos, California, (Lea.)

* Several species herein quoted as MS. are described for a future No.
of this Journal, and will be published with lithographic figures.

166 AMERICAN JOURNAL

8. PH. Hauer, Lea.
Ph. Halei, Lea—Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci, p. 114. 1864.

Habitat— Alexandria, La., (Lea,) San Felippe Springs, (Coll.
Tryon.)

9. Po. GABBII, Tryon.

Ph. Gabbii, Tryon.—Proe. ee Nat. Sci.,.p. 149, to, 5
14. 1863.

Contrib. to Conchology, vol. iil. 1865.
Habitat—Mountain Lake, San Francisco, and Santa Anna
River, Los Angelos Co., Cal., (Tryon.)
10. PH. vinosa, Gould.

Ph. vinosa, Gould.—Proce. Bost. Soe. Nat. Hist., vol. i, p. 263.
1847.
Lake Superior, p. 244, t. 7, £10, 11. 1850.
Otia Conchologia. 1862.
Habitat—Lake Superior, (Gould.)

11. PH. rraciuis, Mighels.

Ph. fragilis, Mighels.—Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. i, p.
49. 1841.

Jour. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. iv., p. 44, t. 4, f. 12.
1842.

Shells of Maine. 1843.

Haldeman, Monog. of Limniades, No. 6, p. 31, t. 8, fi
11—138. 1848.

Morse, Pulmonifera of Maine.
Habitat.—Maine, (Mighels.)
12. sPH:; LATA, Tryon, MS:
Habitat.— Juniata River, Hollidaysburg, Penna., (Tryon.)

13. PH. HUMEROSA, Gould.

Ph. humerosa, Gould. — Appendix to Blake’s Geological
Report, p. 28. 1855.

Explorations and Surveys, vol. v., p. 331, t. 11. £1—4,
1857.

Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. v., p. 128. 1858.
Habitat—Colorado Desert, Pecos River, (Gould.)

OF CONCHOLOGY. 167

14. PH. ANCILLARIA, Say.

Ph. ancillaria, Say.—Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. vol. v., 1st
series, p. 124. 1825.
Gould, Invert. Mass., p. 213, f. 142. 1841.
Adams, Shells of Vermont, p.4. 1842.
DeKay, Moll. New York, p. 78, t. 5, f. 90. 1848.
Haldeman, Monog. of Limniades, No. 6, p. 27, t. 3, f.
1—10. 1848.

Binney, Works of Say, p. 114. 1858.

Ph. obesa, DeKay.—Mollusca of New York, p. 78, t. 5, f. 86.
1848.

Habitat.—Kastern and Middle States.

15. PH. HETEROSTROPHA, Say. *

Physa heterostropha, Say.—Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci, vol. ii,
p: 172:> 1821.

Binney’s Hdit.,p. 46, t. 69, f. 6. 1858.

Appendix to Narrative of Long’s Expedition, vol. ii,
p. 264. 1824.

Gould, Invert. Mass., p. 211, f. 141. 1841.

Adams, Shells of Vermont, p.4. 1842.

Haldeman, Monog. of Limniades, No. 6, p. 23, t. 1.
1843.

DeKay, Moll. of New York, p. 76, t. 5, f. 82. 1848.

Limnexa heterostropha, Say.—Nicholson’s Encycloped., t. 1,

tO: ae USEC:
Ph. fontana, HWald.—Cover of No. 2, Monog. of Limniades.
1841.

Ph. osculans, (Part.) Hald.
Ph, striata, Menke.—Synopsis, Meth. Molluse., p. 182. 1830.
Ph, subarata, Menke.—Synopsis, Meth. Mollusce., p.182. 1830.
Hahitat.—United States.

16. PH. INFLATA, Lea.
Ph. inflata, Lea—Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., vol., i, p. 32.

1841.
Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., vol. ix. p. 7. 1844.

Habitat.—V irginia, (Lea.)
17. PH. PRIMEANA, Tryon, MS.
Habitat.—Long Island, (Coll. Tryon.)

* Bulla crassula, Dillwyn, B. fontinalis, Chemn., Cochlea neritoides, Lister,
&c., are quoted by Haldeman and others for this species. I have carefully
examined the figures and studied the descriptions of these authors, and
cannot identify them.

168 AMERICAN JOURNAL

18. PH. BREVISPIRA, Lea.

Ph. brevispira, Lea.—Proe. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 116. 1864.
Habitat—Ottawa River, Canada West, (Lea.)

19. Pu. NIAGARENSIS, Lea.

Ph. Niagarensis, Lea.— Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. p. 114.
1864. +

Habitat.—Niagara River, New York, (Lea.)

20. PH. DISTINGUENDA, Tryon, MS.
Habitat—Marysville and Stockton, California, (Tryon.)

21. PH. occIDENTALIS, Tryon, MS.

Habitat—San Francisco, Centreville, Fort Tejon, Clear
Lake, San Geronimo Creek, Dry Creek, California; Umpqua
River, Warner’s Valley, Oregon, (Tryon.)

22. PH. PoLITISsIMA, Tryon, MS.

Habitat—Sacramento, California, (Tryon.)

23. PH. BLANDII, Lea.
Ph. Blandii, Taea.—Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 116. 1864.
Habitat.— California, (Lea,) Marysville, California, (Coll.
Tryon.)
24, PH. MALLEATA, Tryon, MS.
Habitat Hellgate River and Goose Lake Valley, Oregon.
(Tryon.)
95. Pu. NUTTALL, Lea.
Ph. Nuttallii, Lea.—Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 116. 1864.
Habitat—Lewis’ River, Oregon, (Lea.)
26. Pu. DIAPHANA, Tryon, MS.
Habitat.—Oakland, California, (Tryon.)
27. Pu. WHITEI, Lea.

Ph. Wihitei, Lea—Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. p. 114. 1864.
Habitat.— Lafayette, Georgia; Verdigris River, Kansas,
(Lea ;) Cooper River, South Carolina, (Coll. Tryon.)

28. PH. POMILIA, Conrad.

Physa pomilia, Conrad._-Amer. Jour. Sci., 1st series, vol.
xxy., p. 848. 1838.
Miller, Synopsis Test. Viv., p. 85. 1836.
DeKay, Mollusca of New York, p. 81. 1848.

Habitat,—Claiborne, Alabama, (Conrad.)

OF CONCHOLOGY. 169

29. Po. SHOWALTERII, Lea.
Ph. Showalterii, Lea—Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 115. 1864.
Habitat—Uniontown, Alabama, (Lea.)
30. Pu. ForRsHEYI, Lea.
Ph. Forsheyt, ea—Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 114. 1864.
Habitat—Rutersville, Texas, (Lea,) Indianola, Texas, (Coll.
Tryon.)
31. Pu. Cooperu, Tryon, MS.
Habitat.—Crane Lake Valley, N. E. California. (Tryon.)
32: PH. GROSVENORII, Lea.
Ph. Grosvenorvi, Lea.—Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 114. 1864.
Habitat—Santa Rita Valley, Kansas? (Lea.)
33. PH. PARVA, Lea.
Ph. parva, Lea.—Proe. Acad. Nat. Sci, p. 115. 1864.
Habitat.—Verdigris River and Rock Creek, Kansas, (Lea.)
Probably young shell of Ph. Grosvenorit.—(G. W. T. Jr.)
o4. PH. AUREA, Lea.

Ph. aurea, Lea.—Trans. Amer. Philos. Soe., vol. vi. p. 18,
ti Aoi LOO.’ 1839)
DeKay, Mollusca of New York, p. 80, t. 5, £. 89. 1848,
Ph. heterostropha, Say, (part.) Haldeman.—Monog. of Lim-
niades, No. 6, p. 23. 1848.
Habitat—W arm Springs, Virginia, (Lea.)
35. PH. coNCcOLOR, Hald.
Ph. concolor, Haldeman.—Monog. of Limniades, No. 6, p.
30, t.2,f.10. 1843.
DeKay, Moll., New York, p. 81. 1848.
(Too young to identify satisfactorily.)
Habitat Oregon, (Hald.)
36. PH. TRITICEA, Lea.

Ph. triticea, Lea—Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci, viii, p. 80. 1856.

Habitat—Shasta County, Cal. (Lea;) W. side of Stein’s
Mountain, and H. side of Warner’s Mountain, Oregon, (Coll.
Tryon.) .

XX

37. PH. VIRGATA, Gould.

Ph. virgata, Gould.—Proce. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. v., pe
LISS sLSOo.

Otia Conchologica. 1862.

170 AMERICAN JOURNAL

Ph. striata, Lea—Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci, p. 115. 1864.
Habitat—Gila River and San Diego, (Gould,) Santa Ana
River, Los Angelos County, Cal., Mohave River, (Coll. Tryon.)
38. PH. SPARSESTRIATA, T'ryon, MS.
Habitat—San Joaquin Valley, California, (Tryon.)
89. Pu. costata, Newcomb.
Ph. costata, Newcomb.—Proe. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Hatbitat—California, (Newc.)
40. PH. VIRGINEA, Gould.

Physa virginea, Gould.—Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.,
i, p. 215. 1847.
Mollusca, U.S. Exploring Exped. p. 220, f. 188. 1852.

Habitat—Sacramento River, (Gould,) Puget’s Sound, Ore-
gon, (Coll. Tryon.)
41, Pu. vENusTA, Lea.
Ph. venusta, Lea.—Proc. Acad. Nat. Sciences. p. 116. 1864.
Habitat.—Near Fort Vancouver, Oregon, (Lea.)
Very closely allied to, if it does not = Virginea.

42, PH. TENUISSIMA, Lea.

Ph. tenuissima, Lea.—Proc. Acad. Nat. Sciences, p. 114.
1864.

Habitat— Alexandria, La., (Lea.)

43. PH. SMITHSONIANA, Lea.
Ph. Smithsoniana, Lea—Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci, p. 115.
1864.
Habitat.—Loup Fork, of Platte River, (Lea.)

44, Pu. Troostiana, Lea.
Ph. Troostensis, Lea.—Proe. Amer. Philos. Soc., vol. 2, p.
82. 1841.
Ph. Troostiana, Trans. Amer. Philos. Soce., vol. ix., p. 7. 1844.
Habitat Tennessee.

45. PH. GYRINA, Say.
Ph. gyrina, Say.—Jour. of Acad. Nat. Sci. lst series, vol.
2,0. 141. VAI.
Adams, Shells of Vermont, p.4. 1842.
Haldeman, Monog. of Limniades, No. 6, p. 82, t. 3, fi
1—6. 1848.
DeKay, Mollusca of New York, p. 79, t. 5, f. 87. 1848.

Ph. elliptica, Lea—Amer. Philos. Trans. vol. v. p. 115,
hae bo wh of nd he oat bs

OF CONCHOLOGY. 171

Ph. Hildrethiana, Lea.— Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., vol.
i, p. 82. 1841.
Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., vol. ix., p. 7. 1844.
Ph. cylindrica, Newcomb.—DeKay, Moll., N. York, p. 77, t.
5, f. 84. 1848.
Habitat—United States.
46. PH. GLABRA, DeKay.
Ph. glabra, DeKay.—Mollusea of New York, p. 80, t. 5, f. 88.
1848.
Lewis, Proce. Bost., Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. v., p. 298. 1856.

Physa elongatina, Lewis.—Proc. Bost.Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. v., p.
122. 1855.
Proc. Nat. Sci., Hist., vol: v., p. 298. 1856.

Habitat—New York, (DeKay.)
47. PH. cRocATA, Lea.
Ph. crocata, Lea.—Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci, p. 114. 1864.
Habitat—Lafayette, Georgia, (Lea.)
48. Pu. Hawnti, Lea.
Ph, Hawnii, Lea—Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 115. 1864.
Ph. Saffordii, Lea.—Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. p. 115. 1864.
Habitat.—Lebanon and Nashville, Tennessee; Verdigris
River, Kansas, (Lea.)
(Ph. Saffordit, Lea, appears to me to be the young of
Hawnii.
49. Pu. FEBIGERII, Lea.
Ph. Febigerii, Lea.—Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 114. 1864.
Habitat—Logan County, Ohio, (Lea.)

50. Pu. Nicku1ntl, Lea.
Ph. Nicklinii, Lea—Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci, p.114. 1864.
Habitut— Allegheny County, Ohio, (Lea.)

51. Po. ALTONENSIs, Lea.
Ph, Altonensis, Lea.—Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci, p. 114. 1864.
Habitat.— Alton, Hlinois, (Lea.)

52. PH. ANATINA, Lea.
Ph. anatina, Lea.—Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci, p. 115. 1864.
Habitat—Northern Tributary of Arkansas River, Kansas,
(Lea.)

172 AMERICAN JOURNAL
KHKEX
53. PHYSELLA GLOBOSA, Hald.

Physa globosa, Haldeman.—Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. i., p.
78. 1841.

Cover of No. 4, Monog. of Limniades. 1842.
Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1st series, vol. viii, p. 200. 1842.
No. 6, Monog. of Limniades, p. 38, t. 5, £.10-12. 1848.
DeKay, Moll, New York, p. 81. 1848.
Hatbitat—Nolachucky River, (Hald.)
KXKKEE
54. PHYSODON MiIcRostoma, Hald.
Ph. microstoma, Haldeman.—Monog. of Limniades, Sup-
plement to Part I. 1840.
No. 6, Monog. of Limniades, p. 39,t. 4, £. 12-14. 1848.
Habitat—Kentucky, Ohio, (Hald.)
KKEKKEK
55. BuULINUsS HYPNoRUM, Linn, (sp.)
Bulla hypnorum, Linn.—Syst. Nat., Edit. 12, p. 1182.
Physa elongata, Say.— Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1st series,
voli pe ATL. L620:
Gould, Invert., Mass., p. 214, f. 148. 1841.
Adams, Shells of Vermont, p. 4. 1842.
Haldeman, Monog. Limniades, No. 6, p. 36, t. 5, f. 4-9.
1843.
DeKay, Mollusca of New York, p. 81, t. 36, f. 346. 1848.
Lewis, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. v., p. 298. 1856.
Habitat. United States.
56. But. BERLANDIERIANUS, W. G. Binney.
Bul. Berlandierianus, W.G. B.——Amer. Jour. Conch., No.
Deb tt. ty. Bt 7. 18Gb:
Habitat.Texas, (Binney.)
57. Bub. HORDACEUS, Lea.
Ph. hordacea, Lea—Proe. Acad. Nat. Sci., p.116. 1864.
Habita:— Vancouver Island, Oregon, (Lea.)
KRXKEKEKK
58. IstporA DisTorTA, Hald.
Ph, distorta, Haldeman.—Supplement to No. 1, Monog. of
Limniades. 1840.
No. 6, Monog. of Limniades. p. 35, t. 0, f. 1--8. 1848.
Habitat—Mo., Ohio, Kentucky, (Hald.)
59. I. InvEGRA, Hald.
Ph. integra, Haldeman.— Cover of No. 3, Monog. of
Limniades. 1841.
No. 6, Monog. of Limniades, p. 38, t. 4, f. 7, 8. 1848.
DeKay, Moll., New York, p. 81. 1848.
Habitat.——Indiana, (Hald.)

OF cCONCHOLOGY. n7i3

EXKKKKREE
60. 1? SCALARIS, Jay.
Physa scalaris, Jay.—Catalogue of Shells, 8d Edit., p. 112,
t.1, f. 8—9. 1839.
Haldeman, Monog. of Limniades, No. 6, p. 84, t. 4, f.
9. 1848.
Annals of N. Y. Lyceum of Nat. Hist., vol. iv., p. 170.
1846.
(= Young of a large species of Planorbis?)

Habitat—F lorida, (Jay.)
Spurious Species.

Ph. planorbula, DeKay.— Moll. New York, p. 76, t. 5,
f£. 83. 1848.
= Planorbis bicarinatus, Say. (Young.)
Bulla fluviatilis, Say—Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. it, p. 178.
1821.

= Planorbis lbicarinatus, Say. (Young.)

174 AMERICAN JOURNAL

Gditors Gable.

REVIEWS.

—— (4 ——.

I. AMERICAN.

Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadel-
phia. No. 5.—November and December, 1864.*

Description of six new species of Western Asiatic Uniont-
dz: BY ISAAC LEA,

Unio Homsensis. Unio Mardinensis.
“ Kullethensis. “ — Emesaensis.
“ Orphaensis. Monocondylea Mardinensis.

These species are all from the rivers Tigris and Orontes,
in Syria and Assyria. It certainly reflects great credit on
American naturalists, that they are enabled, under great
disadvantages, to anticipate their Huropean brethren so fre-
quently in the discovery of new forms of animal life in the
interior of Asia and Africa. Mr. Lea has been very success-
ful in this respect, and often, as in the present instance, has
described very interesting new shells from localities fre-
quented by Huropean scientific men, who do not appear to
have noticed them, or who confounded them with previously
described species.

Proceedings of the California Academy of Natural Sciences,
San Francisco, January, 1865.

Description of new species of Land Shells: BY W. NEW-
COMB, M.D.

Helix Blakeana, Japan. Succinea Japonica, Japan.
“ declivis, Helix Hillebrandi, Newe. (Re-.
“ — Cronkhitei, Oregon. marks on.)
“ Rowelli, Arizona. Achatinella Alewandri, Maui.

* We cannot too strongly condemn the practice of antedating their Pro-
ceedings, which the Academy have for some time indulged in. The present
No. was issued, as nearly as we can tell, February 14th, 1865, and ought to
bear that date.

OF CONCHOLOGY. WG,

Dr. Newcomb, who has assumed the task of identifying the
terrestrial Mollusca collected by the Geological Survey of
California, has, within the last few years, described a number
of new species of Helix inhabiting that State and Oregon.
Many of these are very beautiful species, of different type
and more brilliant color than those of the Atlantic and Middle
States. The number of species of Californian Helices is al-
ready quite large.

Description of new species of Marine Shells from the Coast
of California: BY WM. M. GABB.

Muricidea Barbarensis. Ptychostylis, n. g., (Trochide.)
Surcula perversa. oy caffea.

¢ Carpenteriana. Eimarginula bella.
Clathurella constricta. Gadima (s.g. Rowellia, Cooper.)

if erystallina. (#.) radiata, Cooper.

Daphnella clathrata. Tylodina fungina.
Mangelia hexzagona. Circe (Lyoconcha) Newcombiana.
Lurbonilla gracillima. Yoldia Cooperii.

Cancellaria (Narona) Cooperii.
Calliostoma tricolor.

Il. FOREIGN.
British.

Conchologica Iconica: BY LOVELL REEVE.

Parts 238, 239, Marginella, Siguretus, Unio.

Parts 240, 241, ditto.

Parts 242, 248, Ancillaria, Unio.

Marginella (Aug., 1864,) is still incomplete; thirteen plates
have, so far, appeared, illustrating fifty-seven species, of which
the following are new :—

M. vitrea. M. quadrilineata.

Sigaretus (July——Sept., 1864,) is completed, with twenty-
seven species, illustrated by five plates. The new ones are:——

S. incisus, Malacca. S. pellucidus, Malacea.

“ coarctatus, Singapore. “ pictus, Adelaide, S. Australia.
“ tumescens. ‘“ argenteus, Australia.

“ oblonqus. fibula.

“ eximius, Malacca.

Aneillaria (Nov., 1864.) This monograph comprises fifty-
one species, being seven more than were monographed by
Sowerby in 1859, in his Thesaurus Conchyliorum. The new
species are :——

176 AMERICAN JOURNAL

A. pyramidalis, New Zealand. A. monilifera, Swan River.

“ eontusa. “ bulloides.
“ marmorata. “ oryZd.
“ sarda. “ fusciata.

Unio (Aug.—Nov., 1864,) comprises, as far as published,
over eighty species, most of which are American. The figures
are not executed with that fidelity which usually distinguishes
the pencil of Mr. Sowerby. The wrong valve is selected for
figuring, and the shells, consequently, appear badly on the
plates. No attention has been paid to delineating the undula-
tions of the beaks, (actually the most constant of specific cha-
racters,) a feature which seems to be generally overlooked by
European naturalists; nor is a fair idea of the convexity of
the valves conveyed by these drawings. In species like mul-
tiplicatus, the tuberculated surface is made by far too promi-
nent, and the tubercles themselves are too large. The color-
ing is a perfect success.

We regard it as a great misfortune that Mr. Reeve has seen
fit to adopt the very uncertain names of Rafinesque for many
of the species. As the completion of the monograph will
still require a considerable time, we hope he will ignore these
names for the future.

Unio celatus (pl. 2,) is figured from a poor specimen of the
species. The same may be said of U. trapezoides, (pl. 5.)

U. apiculatus (pl. 8, fig. 11) is not covered by a series of
vaulted scales, as depicted in the figure.

We do not recognize U. Phillipsii, Conrad, in the figure,
(pl. 4, fig. 15,) given for that species.

U. Eilliottii (pl. 5, fig. 20) is figured from a miserable speci-
men, and is not at all characteristic.

U. quadratus, Raf., (pl. 6, fig. 24,) is certainly not U. asper-
rimus, Lea, but U. lachrymosus, Lea. What U. quadratus
really is we. cannot tell.

The “hump” on UW. dromas (pl. 8, fig. 29) is not depicted,
and U. cicatricosus (same pl., fig. 31,) is from a very poor
specimen.

U. nodulosus (pl. 9, fig. 32) is not Mya nodulosa, Wood, which
is a Prisodon,* but more like to, if it does not = U. Leaz,
Gray.

U. graniferus (pl. 9, fig. 84) is from a poor, half-grown spe-
cimen.

U. lachrymosus (pl. 9, fig. 83) is U. asperrimus.

U. Perlensis (pl. 11, fig. 42,) Con—We spell it Pearlensis.

* Vide Isaac Lea in Proc. Acad. Nat, Sci., Philadelphia, Vol. 6, 1853, p.
368.

OF CONCHOLOGY. 177

U. bullatus, (pl. 12, fig. 43.\—A very poor specimen of this
beautiful species has been figured.

U. pernodosus (pl. 12, fig. 46) does not inhabit “North Caro-
lina,” that we are aware of. Why has Mr. Reeve so hurried
his descriptions as to forget, in most cases, to assign better lo-
cealities than “ North America” as the habitat? The localities
were easily obtainable from the works he quotes as authorities,
and he seems, by the omission, to be ignorant of the fact that
there are distinct geographical groups of species of Unio in
the United States.

U. Rangianus (pl. 14, fig. 54) we consider a pretty good
U. sulcatus. U. interruptus, (brevidens, Lea,) Arceformis, and
Sowerbyanus, all figured on this plate, are remarkably poor.

U. deviatus (pl. 15, fig. 61) and U. sacculus (pl. 15, fig. 67)
are the same as those herein described. Mr. Reeve’s descrip-
tions are from specimens in Cuming’s collection, sent by Mr.
Anthony, with MS. name attached.

U. perdix, Con., (pl. 18, fig. 82.)—The figure would never
be taken for that species.

We trust that future numbers of Mr. Reeve’s beautiful
work will exhibit some improvement upon the ones now be-
fore us. The descriptions are not very good, but would answer
with good figures; but the latter, so far as published, have an
unreal look, are stiff, exaggerated in detail, and very unsatis-
factory. We consider this work, by no means, equal to the
other Huropean monographs of Unio.

Annals and Magazine of Natural History, No. 83. Nov., 1864.

Remarks on Stilifer, a genus of quasiparasitic Mollusks,
with particulars of the Huropean species S. Turtoni: BY
J. GWYN JEFFREYS.

Much information is given concerning the animal of this
curious little shell, including details of habits, &c., and a full
conchological history. T'wenty-four species of Stclifer are
enumerated.

No. 84, December, 1864,

Diagnoses of new forms of Mollusca from the Vancouver
District: BY P. P. CARPENTER.

Mera salmonea. Gibbula lacunata.
Angulus variegatus. fo punteulata.
Miodon, (n. g.) THipponyx cranioides.
M. prolongatus. Bivonia compacta.
Adula stylina. Lacuna porrecta.
Axinxa subohsoleta. at compacta.

Siphonaria Thersites. varregata.

178

Mopatia Swannii.

Margarita Cidaris, A. Ad.

Gibbula parcipicta.
“ _ succincia,

AMERICAN JOURNAL

Isapis fenestrata.
Alvania reticulata.
“ filosa,

Remarks on Dentalium pretiosum, Nuttall: BY W. BAIRD,

M.D.

With Notes on their Use by the Natives of Van-

couver’s Island and British Columbia: BY J. K. LORD.

No. 85. January, 1865.

New Land-Shells from Travancore, Western and Northern

India: BY W. H. BENSON.

Helix Basilessa.

ch Manga:
Travancoria.
pedina.
chloroplax.

“é

“é

“cc

Achatina leptospira.
ie Fairbankt.
id Vadalica.

Bulimus Smithet.

Diagnoses of new forms of Mollusca from the Vancouver

District: BY P. P. CARPENTER. (Continued.)

? Assiminea subrotundata. Odostomia avellana.

? Paludinella castanea. es tenuisculpta.

Mangelia crebricostata. Scalaria Indianorum.
. inter fossa. % tincta.

Ae tabulata. Opalia borealis, Gould.

? Daphnella effusa. Cerithiopsis munita.

Odostomia satura. 7 columna.

Gouldii.
r muciformis.

Cancellaria modesta.
Velutina prolongata.

No. 87, March, 1865.

Description of Helix odontophora, a new species of the
the Corilla type, from Upper Ouvah, in Ceylon: BY W.
H. BENSON.

Description of a new genus of Land Shells from the Island
of Labuan, Borneo: BY HENRY ADAMS.

Plectostoma De Crespignit, H. Adams.

“Tt appears to have affinities with the genus Boysia, Pf,
and Hypselostoma, Bens., from which, however, it differs in
having the last whorl constricted at its separation from the
others, and in the extraordinary prolongation backwards of
the free portion. From Boysta it also differs in being more
heliciform, and in having the umbilicus open; and from
Hypselostoma in the aperture being edentulate.”

OF CONCHOLOGY.

179

Diagnoses of new forms of Mollusca from the West Coast
of North America, first collected by Col. E. Jewett: BY

P. P. CARPENTER.

Nolen rosaceus.
Amuantis (s. g. of Callista.)
Lazaria subquadrata.
Modiola fornicata.
Pecten equisulcatus.

< paucieostatus.
squUarrosus.
Volvula cylindrica.
Phasianella punctulata.

oh pullordes.

73

Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society.
Noy. 1, 1864, and Vol. 21, No. 81, Feb. 1, 1865.

Phasianella elatior.
Trochiscus convexus.
Hipponyx tumens.
Bittium esuriens.

fastigiatum.
Amphithalamus (n. ¢. Rissoid.)
A. inclusus.
Drillia mesta.
Mitromorpha filosa.

Vol. 20, No.*80,

Two excellent numbers, filled with interesting and valuable

papers.

French.

Mollusques Noveaux, Litigieux ou peu Connus: By J. R. BOUR-

GUIGNAT.

F. Savy, 24 Rue Hautefeuille, Paris.

1st Fasiculus, 22 pp. 8vo., 4 lithographic plates. March, 1863,

contains :—

Descriptions of several new /elices of the same type

as H. tigriana, Gervais,
Algeria. Also:—

and, like that shell, inhabiting

HT, Aucapitainiana, Algiers, a near relative of H. pygmca

of Hurope.
Hf. Nilotica, the Egyptian

representative of Ef, pomatia.

H. Genezarethana, Mousson, from Syria.
Clausilia cedretorum and C. Raymondi, Bourg., both from

Syria.

The latter species is already represented in

several American collections.

2d Fasciculus, 28 pp., 3 pl., April, 1868, contains:—
Description of a new Limax from the Pyrennees.

Observations on Helix pygmea, and descriptions of new
species belonging to the same group.

Mr. Bourguignat gives the following table:—

1. Shell smooth, or nearly so,
H. Debeauxiana, Bourg., Al-
giers.
“¢ pygmea, Drap., France.
“ Aucapitainiana, Bourg., Al-
giers.
“ Massott, Bourg., Perpignan.

2. Shell always lamellated.
H. micropleuros, Paget, France.
“ elachia, Bourg., France.
“ Poupillieri, Bourg., Algiers.

180 AMERICAN JOURNAL

On Helix Berytensis, Fer—Separating as new species the
following, which have hitherto been confounded with it:

H. Rachiodia, Bourg. (H. granulata, Roth, pre-occupied.)

H. Fourousi, Bourg.

Descriptions of H. Colliniana, from the mountains of
Sweden, resembling H. strigella; H. Arrouai, Syria; and of
a beautiful spinous ribbed Pupa from Spain,—P. Raymondi.
3d Fasciculus, 30 pp., 4 pl., December, 1868, contains:

Helix Lawleyanus, Bourg., Florence. .A minute species.
H. lavendulz, France. Somewhat like H. Telonensis, Mittre.
H. Mogadorensis, Mogadore.

H. tuberculosa, Con., Syria. (The type of Mr. Conrad’s spe-
cies is in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences,
Philadelphia.)

H. philammia, Bourg.; ptychodia, Bourg.; Ledereri, Pf.;
Daviaiana, Bourg. All of the same type as tuberculosa, and
inhabiting Syria.

Pupa endolicha, Pyrennees.

Ampullaria Raymondi, Egypt, with synonymy, descriptions
and figures of the other species of Hgyptian Ampullarie.

Ath Fasciculus, 45 pp., 8 pl. March, 1864.

This number contains principally Syrian Helices.

H. Ehrenbergi, var. chilembia, H. Kurdistana, Parr., (new,)
H. guttata, Oliv., and H. Michoniana, Bourg., separated from
it. .

Several varieties of H. Cesarea and H. spiriplana are de-
scribed.

M. Bourguignat remarks, that these descriptions indicate
a special group of Asiatic Helices, closely related to certain
Grecian species, such as Codringtoni, eucincta, eupecilia, eu-
chromia and Parnassia. The species of this group are, for
the most part, excessively rare and little known. Two or
three have been described and figured, but they have nearly
always been confounded one with another. In order to end this
confusion, he describes the new species, and to show their re-
ciprocal affinities and differences, gives plates of all the spe-
cies, eight in number. He forms two groups as follows :—

1. Species of which the superior 2. Species with the superior
whorls are convex, and not whorls strongly cari-
carinated. nated.

HA. Kurdistana. HH. Cesareana.
“ Dschulfensis. “ spiriplana.
“ Michoniana.

“ guttata.

“ Hscheriana.

~
n~

Bellardit.

OF CCNCHOLOGY. 181

Then follows a detailed description of the specific differ-
ences.

Descriptions of new species of Ferussacia. Witha full syno-
nymy and synopsis of the genus, now numbering 51
species.

Malacologie de l’Algerie, ou Histoire Naturelle des Animaux
Mollusques terrestres et fiuviatiles, recueillis jusqu’a ce
Jour dans nos Possessions du Nord de lAfrique. J. R.
BOURGUIGNAT.

This magnificent work is published in quarto, to be com
pleted in Six Parts, of which four are before us. The litho
graphic plates are exceedingly well done, the paper and print-
ing excellent.

Published by Challamel ainé, Paris. Price 20 frances each
Part, or 120 francs for the entire work. i

Part 1st, May, 1863, 80 pp., 8 pl., contains a very extended
bibliography, followed by descriptions of the species of
Arion 1, Limax 8, of which 1 is new; Arinickillus 1,
with a synonymy of all the species; Jflax 3, with a
synonymy; Parmacella 1, with anatomical descrip-
tion; Tvstacella 5, Succinea 4, Zonites 10, of which 4
are new.

Part 2d, June, 1865, pp. 112 and pl. 9—18, contains Zonites
5 species, Helix 56, of which 14 are new.

Part 3d, Nov., 1863, pl. 19—82, contains 56 Helices, of which
13 are new, and a full index, completing the Ist
volume.

Part 4th, Jan., 1864, pp. 144, pl. 7, contains Bulimus 9 spe-
cies, of which 8 are new, Azeca 1, Ferussacia 24, of
which 7 are new,* with a full synonymy of the genus,
(also published in “ Mollusques Noveaux, Litigieux ou
peu Connus,”) Clausilia 3, 1 of them new, Pupa 12, of
which 5 are new, Vertigo 8, of which 2 are new, Cexcilia-
nella 4, Glandina 2, Carychium 2, Alexia 4, of which 1
is new. Full synonymies of the species of the last two
genera are given.

Bourguignat. Malacologie d’Aix-les-Bains. 1 vol., 8vo., 114

species, 3 plates. 1864. 10 francs.

Bourguignat, Malacologie de la Grande Chartreuse. §8vo.,
1864., with a number of plates.
This prolific author announces the following forthcoming
publications :
* We do not remember ever before to have seen an author name a

species after himself, as Mr. Bourguignat has done in Ferussucia Bourguig-
natiana,

182 AMERICAN JOURNAL

1. Etudes Anatomo-physiologiques sur les Mollusques. 4to., in
fasciculi, containing 4 colored plates. Each six francs.

Two parts are in press.

2. Histoire Malacologique des Pyrennees. $vo., in fasciculi, with
plates, at 5 francs each.

The first two Parts are in press, and contain :—

1. Malacological History of the Caverns of Bedeillac-
Studies of Melia lactea, and particularly of the Z. lactea
of Perpignan.

The true Pupa Pyrenaica and Clausiliotdes.

2. Complete Catalogue of the terrestrial and fluviatile
Mollusks of the Oriental Pyrennees, preceded by a
Critical Review of the works published on the Mala-
cology of this Department.

3. Histoire Malacologique de la Syrie et de la Mesopotamie.
To be published in 2 yols., 4 to., with 60 pl., at 120 francs.

Conchology of the Island of Bourbon: By M. @. P. DESHAYES. 8yo.,
144 pp., 14 col. pl. Paris. 1863.
560 species are enumerated, of which 129 are new. There
are also 2 new genera described :

Prasina.—A curious new bivalve.

Scalenostoma.—A new shell, somewhat like a Pyramidella,
or very like our Gon. Conr adi, figured in our first No.

The new species, which are all figured, are of Amphidesma,
Anisodonia, Arca, Bulla, Conus, Cypricardia, Hrycina, Lucina,
Modiola, Nassa, Ostrea, Plicatula, Purpura, Rissoina, Sipho-
naria, Trochus, Cryptobia, each 2.

Broderipia, Cardita, Cardium, Columbella, Cyclostoma, Cy-
prea, Dolabrifera, Dosinia, Galeomma, Gastrochena, Haliotis,
Janthina, Lima, Marsenia, Morrisia, Mytilus, Ovula, Pecten,
Pedicularia, Pedipes, Perna, Phasianella, Pileopsis, Prasina,
Psammobia, Rissoa, Saxicava, Scalaria, Scalenostoma, Scintilla,
Solarium, Spondylus, Siylifer, Umbrella, oe ee each 1.

Cerithium, Teredo,* each 5

Patella, Turbo, each 4,

Chiton, Leptoconchus, Pupa, each 5.

Hmarginula, Helix, each 6

Pleurotoma, 7

Triphoris, 10.

= Mr. J. Gwyn Jeffreys writes to me, that two of these are synonyms of
species enaanee by ne in Annals and Magazine of Natural History,
1260. TT. affinis, Desh., is a synonym of T. ereavata, Lukis, and 7, brevis,
Desh., is a synonym of 7. cuculluta, Norman.

OF CONCHOLOGY. 183

Archives des Sciences Physiques et Naturelles. No. 81. Geneva,
Sept. 20, 1864.
On the succession of Gasteropodous Mollusca during the Cre-

taceous Period, in the Region of the Swiss Alps and of
Jura: BY F, J. PICTET.

Revue et Magazin de Aoologie: Par Guerin Meneville. Monthly.
20 francs perannum. Paris, Rue des Beaux-Arts 4. 1864.
No. 3. ;
Mollusques Noveaux: BY AL. BONNET. With 2 col-
ored plates.
Helix Brotii, Borneo. Bulimus amenus, Peru.
Eo ysinistra, a& Pupa varius, Tasmania.
vitrea, South America. Fissurella Tasmaniensis.
Bulimus pictus, Peru.

No. 5.
Persistance of Life in some Terrestrial Shells when exposed.
to marine waters. BY H. AUCAPITAINE.

be

The author selected one hundred specimens, of which twenty}
seven survived several days’ immersion.

Cyclostoma elegans, on account of its operculum, seemed to
be most tenacious of life, as eleven out of twelve individuals
survived. This experiment presents a good reason for the
occurrence of the same species in countries or islands sepa-
rated by salt water.

Nos. 6, 7, 8, 10, 11.
Mollusques litigieux ou peu connus. By BOURGUIGNAT.

Already noticed by us as a separate work.

No. 9.

Coquilles Nouvelles. At. BONNET.

Achatina Lorioli, Brazil.
Bul. Wairgecrensis.
Planorbis sinuosus,* New Mexico.
Littorina aurea. is
Trochus mille-lineatus, Torres Straits.
Conus rubescens, Isle of Anam.t

Journal de Conchyliologie: By nu. crossE. 25 Rue Tronchet, Paris,

3d series, iv. No. 1, January, 1864, 88 pp., and 5 pl., of which four
are colored.

Note on the rapidity of growth of Mytilus. BY P. FISCHER.
Additions to the Catalogue of Marine Shells of the Coast of
Algiers. BY H.C. WEINKAUFF.

* This appears to us to = Pl. glabratus, Say.

+ The editor mentions, in a note, that this appears, on examining the
collection of M. Deshayes, to be a var. of C0. canonicus.

184 AMERICAN JOURNAL

Observations on certain species of the Mediterranean. BY
H. C. WEINKAUFF.

Notes on the Psammobie of Algiers, with a description of @
mew species. BY H. CROSSE.

Description of three new species. By DR. Brov.

Melania plumbea, New Guinea.
Hemisinus Wesseli, Brazil?

Helix Humberti, Ceylon. (Of the group of erronea, Alb.)

Catalogue of the species of Pomatias, and description of a
mew one. BY H. CROSSE.
P. Hidalgo, Spain.
Pomat septemspiralis, Razoumowski.—Hist. Nat., 1789.
i, p. 278 is used instead of maculatum, Drap, 1805.

Description of five new species of Conus, BY A. BOIVIN.

Description of new species of the Caledonian Archipelago.
BY M. SOUVERBIE and R. P. MONTROUZIER.

Columbella regulus, Souv.
Pedipes Forestiert, Mcn.

Diagnoses of new species. BY H. CROSSE.

Cyclophorus Debeauxi, Singapore.
Emarginula Thomasi, Red Sea.

Description of new species of several genera of Nudibranchiate
Mollusks, from the vicinity of Port Le Seo BY GEO.
FRENCH ANGAS.

sp. Doris, 1 Actinodoris, 1 Angasiella, (with descrip-
tion of the genus, by Crosse.) 8 (oniodoris, 1
Polycera, 1 Plocamophorus, 1 Triopa, 1 Bornella, 1 ‘Me-
libeea, 1 Janus, 2 Avolis, 5 "Flabellina,* 1 Hlysia.

Diagnosis of a new species of Odostomia. BY P. FISCHER,

Odos. Moulinsiana, France.

Description of the genus Pernostrea. BY MUNIER CHALMAS.

Six fossil species from the superior part of the Great
Oolite. Five of these species are new, from France, and one
from England, described originally “by Lycett as Ostrea
Wiltonensis, var. monstrosa.

Diagnoses of two new species of Belemnites, BY P. MAYER
Bibliography.
* Necrology. Moquin-Tandon. Bernardi.

* We notice one species is named Flabellina Newcombi, after our friend
Dr. Wesley Newcomb.

OF CONCHOLOGY. 185

Journal de Conchyliologie. No. 2, April 1st, 1864.

Note on a Monstrosity of the Animal of Patella vulgata.
BY P. FISCHER.

Monography of the genera Stylifer and Entoconcha. BY
P. FISCHER.

One species of the former new.

Critical Study of the Auriculaform Bulimi of new Cale-
donia. BY H. CROSSE.
Twenty-three species are enumerated and described with full
synonymy.
Description of a new species of Corbicula. BY T. PRIME.
O. Angasi, Australia.

Description of new species. BY H. CROSSE.
Emarginula Thomasi, Red Sea.
Planorbis Schrammi, Island of Guadeloupe.

Descriptions of new Shells. BY ARTHUR MORELET.

Helix Cottyi, Algiers. Melanopsis Tingitana, Algiers.

Anodonta Tunizana.

Helix Paivana, Gomerensis quadricincta, Canaries.

H, inermis, Bul. Aithiops, obsoletus, electrinus, Ampul. palustris,
—Africa.

Unio megapterus, U. Mandarinus, Cochin China.

Journal] de Conchyliogie. No. 3, July, 1864.
Monographie du genre [Rissella. BY A. CROSSE.

Since the publication in the ‘“Conchylien Cabinet,” twelve
years ago, of a Monograph by Dr. Philippi, of this small
genus of trochiform shells, peculiar to the Australian seas,
but little has been done to extend our knowledge of them.
The present paper reviews their synonymy and gives very
full specific descriptions. M. Crosse has added a new species,

R Bruni.
Procédé pour la préparation des Limaciens : BY E. DUBRUEIL.

Addition a la note sur Vorigine de Vv Ambre gris: BY PROF.
J. BIANCONI.

Observations sur le genre Fossar. (Fossarus): BY M. ©.
RECLUZ.

Note sur le genre Fossarus, suivie du catalogue des espéces :
BY P. FISCHER.

Mr. Arthur Adams in 1853 proposed to form a family
(Fossaride) for the reception of the genera Mossarus of Philippi,
Isapis, H. & A. Adams, and several new genera, which he

186 AMERICAN JOURNAL

characterized under the names of Conradia, Couthouyia, Cithna,
Gottoina. ‘To these, M. Fischer proposes to add Ariadna,
the type of which is 7richotropis borealis.

We are indebted to Mr. Arthur Adams for a very large in-
crease in the number of described species of Fossarus. His
monograph of the genus, published in the Proceedings of the
Zoological Society, 18538, contained nine species, five of which
were then first described. In 1863 he added about twenty
additional species from the seas of China and Japan. Messrs.
C. B. Adams and P. P. Carpenter have described most of the
American species.

The list, as now given by M. Fischer, embraces forty-four
recent and four fossil species, with their synonymy and geo-
graphical distribution. Of the living forms, more than half
belong to the Japanese fauna, five to the Mediterranean and
west coast of Africa, two to the West Indies, and nine to Ma-
zatlan and Panama.

Descriptions d’especes nouvelles de ?Archipel Calédonien:
BY M. SOUVERBIE and R. P. MONTROUZIER.

Marinula Forestieri, Montr. Columbella sublevis, Montr.
Turbo naninus, Souv. “ articulata, Souy.
Pleurotomu apiculata, Montr. Nassa tringa, Souv.

Pisania Billeheusti, Petit. ‘¢ acuticosta, Montr.

var. P. Artensis.
Fusus Desmoulinsi, Montr.

Description despéces nouvelles de l Australie méridionale :
BY H. CROSSE.

Buccinum Angasi. Buccinum Adelaidense.
Trophon Paive.

Description @une espéce nouvelle: BY H. CAILLET.
Columbella Saint Pairiana. Marie Galante, Antilles.
Diagnoses de Mollusques terrestres noveaux: BY. UW. CROSSE.

Helix Lienardiana, Salomon’s Isle.
‘© Hidalgoiana, Oceanica. Helix Mabillei, Oceanica.
“ — Primeana, China.
“ Bocageana, China.

Cailleti, Oceanica.

Description de Coquilles inédites: BY A. MORELET.

Bulimus ingenuus, Isle Mayotte.
s spinula, Gaboon Niver.
Melania psorica, Madagascar.

- soriculata, Grand Bassam.
Neritina cristata, Gaboon River.
Paludomus cyanostomus, Siam.
Unio Massini, Cochin China.

OF CONCHOLOGY. 187

Helix seminigra, Australia.
Pupina Coxi,
Melampus tetricus.

Journal de Conchyliologie, No 4. Oct., 1864.

Note sur la présence du genre Dreissena dans les eaux de la
Loire: BY P. FISCHER.

Note sur le developpement des Mollusques dans le port de
Toulon: BY H. AUCAPITAINE.

Description Wespéces nouvelles de Shanghai et du nord de
la Chine: BY H. CROSSE and 0. DEBEAUX.

Helix Arcasiana. Helix Tchefouensis.
“ Yantaiensis. “ frilleyt.

Description dune espece nouvelle: BY H. CROSSE,
Cyclophorus Debeauai, Isle of Singapore.
Faune Malacologique de Cochin chine. Premier Supplé-
ment: BY H. CROSSE and P. FISCHER.
The new species are:—

Donax Saigonensis. Helix Billeheusti.

Diagnose dune nouvelle espéce de Volute de Australie: BY
G. B. SOWERBY.
Voluta Ellioti.

Description @espéeces nouvelles provenant de V Australie mé-
ridionale: BY H. CROSSE.

Trochus Blandianus. Liotia Angasi.
+ abnormis. Phasianella Angast.
“ Rambure. Nassa Munieriana.

Diagnoses Molluscorum Australie méridionalis: BY H.
CROSSE and P. FISCHER.

Buccinum filiceum, Fissurella concatenata.
Scalaria delicatula. Patella calamus.

of consors. Mactra amygdala.
Cerithium monachus. iy (Mulinia) pinguis.
Turritella spina. Periploma Angast.
Fissurelia omicron. Mesodesma obtusa.

Description de Coquilles fossiles des terrains tertiaires su-
péerieurs: BY C. MAYER. (Continued.)

Corbula Tournoueri. Dentalium Burdigalinum.
Mactra Burdigalensis. ss Lamarcki.
Syndosmya Rolande. e parvum.
Tellina aquitanica. Scalaria Billaudelt.
Cardium Palasanum. Sigaretus suturalis.

a fraternum. Fascioloria Jouanneti.

Note sur genre Pernostrea: BY P, FISCHER.

188 AMERICAN JOURNAL

Description de Coquilles fossiles des terrains jurassiques :
BY 0. MAYER.

Belemnites peregrinus. Ammonites Lang,

oi Semanni. is precursor.

‘ dispar. Ry opalinoides.
Ammonites Dyonysii, Meseh. a Rauracus.

ib Eischeri. fe Remeri.

Lussian.
Bulletin de ?Academie, Imp. des Sciences de St. Petersbourg.
v., No. 7

Vorliufige Diagnosen einiger neuer Gastropoden-Arten
aus dem Nord Japanischen Meere: BY DR. L. V. SCHRENCK.

Chiton Albrechtit. Trochus globularis.
Lindholmit. Natica bicincta.
£6 Nordmannit Tritonium Jessoense.
‘¢ subrufescens. % pericochlion.
Trochus Jessoensis. Voluta pusilla.
a tridescens.

SCIENTIFIC INTELLIGENCE.

As Helix Binneyana, a name given by Mr. E. 8S. Morse
(Cat. Terrest. Pulmonifera of Maine, 1863,) to a new species
described by him, is preoccupied by Dr. Pfeiffer, (Zeit. fir
Mal., 1847,) we propose that Mr. Morse’s species be designated
hereafter as Helia Morsev.

Our readers will be interested to learn that Mr. John G.
Anthony has departed with Prof. Agassiz and other na-
turalists, for Brazil. The party are under the direction of
Prof. A., and their object is, the collection of specimens of
natural science for the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cam-
bridge. Mass. Mr. Anthony is well known as a veteran col-
lector of shells, and will, doubtless, bring home with him
very large collections. The interior of Brazil has really been
very imperfectly explored for shells, and we may reasonably
expect that many species, unknown to science, will reward
the patience and skill which Mr. A. knows so well how to
employ in his favorite pursuit.

We notice that Mr. Jelski, of the University of Kieff, is
about to depart for Cayenne, intending to explore the zoology,
and particularly the conchology, of that part of South
America; and another gentleman, M. Bocourt, of Paris, is
attached as zoologist to the Scientific Commission which the
French Government is about to send to Mexico.

OF CONCHOLOGY. 189

CoRRECTION OF DATE oF PuBLICATION.—When the first
sheet of No. 1 of this Journal was printed, the date Feb.
15th was affixed to the title, but various causes delayed the
final publication until Feb. 25th. As exactitude in such mat-
ters is of the greatest importance in determining questions of
priority, we suggest that subscribers alter the date on the title
of No. 1 with ink, in order to avoid possible future trouble.

ee

We feel, that to those who have worked long in science or
literature, and who, therefore, can appreciate the difficulties
with authors, compositors and proof-readers surrounding the
the hurried preparation of a new periodical, an apology is
scarcely necessary for the very numerous short-comings of our
first number. We hope and believe that the present one at
least exhibits ¢mprovement.

We do not give an original portrait in this number of our
Journal, because the large excess of colored plates, beyond the
promises made in our Prospectus, makes an aggregate cost far
exceeding any hope of immediate remuneration. We are ex-
ceedingly obliged to our friend, Mr. T..A. Conrad, for very
kindly drawing and presenting us with the first six plates of
this number.

- We may as well say here, that, if properly supported by
our subscription list, it is our intention ¢o ¢llustrate every species
published in this Journal.

Our old correspondent, Dr. G. von dem Busch, of Bremen,
Germany, writes to us, that he would be very glad to have
live specimens of American Helices, for the purpose of making
some investigations and comparisons of their lingual dentition,
and for other anatomical researches.

Conchologists, who will take the trouble to send, packed in
moist moss, the species of their neighborhood, directed as
above, per Bremen steamer from New York, will greatly
oblige a gentleman, who can give them a rich exchange for
their trouble, and at the same time will aid in the important
work for which these specimens are required.

. We have received a note from Isaac Lea, Esq., calling at-
tention to the fact, that Mr. Conrad, in his ‘Synopsis of
Hocene Mollusca,” has given the wrong date of 1834 to “Lea’s

190 AMERICAN JOURNAL

Contributions to Geology.” Mr. Lea proves to us, that his
work was read before the Academy of Natural Sciences,
August 27th, 1833, and was printed and distributed in the
latter part of November, or beginning of December, 1883—
the exact date cannot be ascertained.

Mr. Conrad was in Alabama at the time that this work, as
well as his own “ Fossil Shells of the Tertiary Formation,”
was published, and desires us to correct the unintentional
error he has made regarding the date of publication of Mr.
Lea’s book.

We offer the following dates, copied from the Minute Book
of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia:

Aug. 27th, 1833, Mr. Lea read his paper on “ Tertiary Forma-
tion of Alabama” before the Academy of Natural Sciences,
describing 202 species.

Sept. 8d, 1833, Mr. Conrad’s work, “ Fossil Shells of the Ter-
tiary Formation,” presented to the Library. (Presumed
to be to No. 8, inclusive.

Nov. 26th, 1833, Dr. Morton presented to the Library the 4th
No. of Mr. Conrad’s “Tertiary Fossils.”

Dee. 10th, 1833, Lea’s “ Contributions to Geology,” (including
his paper on Tertiary Fossils of Alabama,) presented by
the author.

Mr. Conrad probably has priority in printed publication.
But Mr. Lea claims priority upon the “reading” of his paper
to the Academy of Natural Sciences, Aug. 27th, 1833. While
we, in common with most conchologists, recognize in the date
of publication of printed paper the only correct rule for de-
termining questions of priority, yet it is still, we believe, an
unsettled point, whether this comparatively recent rule ought
to be extended back in its apphecation to a time when all the
principal publishing Societies united in determining priority
by date of reading. It is a question, how much the interests
of science are benefited by innovation in such cases.

We do not know that any authoritative decision has been
made on a like question since the general adoption of the
Rules of the British Association, and are not prepared to give
our own opinion at present. We, therefore, merely state the
facts as above, and leave our readers to form their own con-
clusions.

Mr. Conrad, we should add, repudiates, and always has
done so, the reading of papers, as establishing priority; while
Mr. Lea has always adhered to the date of reading, which is
in accordance with the rules of the French Academy, tHe
Royal Society of London, the American Philosophical So-
ciety, &c.

CorrREcTIONS AND ADDITIONS TO Mr Conrab’s CATALOGUE OF
Eocene Mouiusca, PuBLIsHED IN 1st NUMBER OF THIS
JOURNAL.

Circumstances having prevented me from seeing a revise of
the Hocene Catalogue of Shells, published in the first number
of this Journal, typographical and more important errors have
occurred which demand an early correction.

Pholadomya.—t\t was intended to refer this genus to Anati-
nidee, instead of Corbulide. For Pholdomya read Pholadomya,
Deo; .

For Anatide read Anatinide, p. 3.

Dione Astartiforme read Astartiformis, p. 6.

Cardiide should be over Cardium, p. 7.

Venericardia, p. 7, should be under Family Astartide.
~ A. parva read A. parvus, p. 10, fourth line from top.

For Stalagmum read Stalagmium, p. 10.

Arcine read Arcide, p. 11.

Axinea stamina read A. staminea, p. 12.

For Trigonocelic read Trigonocelia, p. 12.

Grypheostrea read Grypheostrea. The species subeversa is
probably identical with ( strea eversa, Deshayes.

Ostrea should be under Ostreide, and Anomiide with Anomia,
jugosa and Ruffini transferred to p. 15, over Anomia.

For Bolton read Bolten, on p. 16, line sixth from the

bottom.

Neptunea lintea, p. 17, is Strepsidura lintea.

Fusus deculsstus read F. decussatus, p, 17.

Buccitriton altus read B. altum, p. 20.

Distortio read Distorsio, p. 20.

Sanellina read Ranzllina, p. 21.

Ragenella read Sagenella, p. 21.

S. bellalvirata read S. bellalirata, p. 21.

Cornuliria read Cornulina, p. 21.

Rouatt. read Rouault., p. 28.

T. amena read T. amenus, p. 28.

Celatura striata and sulcata, p. 28, should be at the top of
3d.

Niso wmbilicata, (Pasithea,) Lea.—Cont. to Geol., &e., must
be substituted for the sixth line, p. 29, and strike out Bonellia
lineata, which is a Mvocene species.

S. depressa and bella, p. 80, read depressus, bellus.

Humphreys read Humphrey, p. 88.

Fessurellidx read Fissurellide, p. 33.

Sulcobuccinum, D’ Orbiny.—Probably identical with Pseu-
doliva, Swains. The American species are peculiar in being
umbilicated before maturity.

ADDITIONS.
TORNATELL@A, Conrad,

JT. BELLA, C.—Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. vol. iv., p. 294.
JT. LATA, (Acteon,) C—Amer. Jour. Conch. 1865.
OstreA Morront, Gabb.—Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 329.
1861.
NUcULANA EQUALIS (Nucula,) C.—Foss. Shells of Tert. Form.,
p. 46.
N. media, Lea.—Cont. to Geol., p. 83, t. 8, fig. 62.

Eburnespecten, Conrad, p. 140, this number, is a synonym
of Camptonectes, Agas.

Phe Nis UR a Te Ae

JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.

Vor. I. JULY 1, 1865. No. 3.

MEMOIR OF CHARLES B. ADAMS, LATE PROFESSOR
OF ZOOLOGY IN AMHERST COLLEGE,
MASSACHUSETTS.

BY THOMAS BLAND.

Charles B. Adams, the subject of this Memoir, was born in
Dorchester, Massachusetts, on the 11th of January, 1814. Of
a family of six children, he was the only one spared to his
parents. When four years old, his father, Mr. Charles J.
Adams, established himself in business in Boston, and resided
there during the rest of his life.

At a very early age C. B. Adams manifested a decided taste
for Chemistry and Natural History, in which he was encou-
raged by his parents, who gave upa room to him for a labora-
tory, and furnished the means for procuring apparatus and
chemicals. Time usually spent by boys in sports and amuse-
ments, was occupied by young Adams in experimenting, and
in the study and arrangement of the various specimens in Na-
tural History contributed by his friends and collected by him-
self in walks with his father.

C. B. Adams was prepared for College in Boston, and at
191

192 AMERICAN JOURNAL

the Phillips Academy, Andover. In October, 1830, he en-
tered Yale College, but removed to Amherst College, and
there joined the Sophomore Class in September, 1831. In
1834 he graduated at Ambherst with the highest honors.
Shortly afterwards he entered the Theological — Seminary at
Andover, but in June, 1836, abandoned his Theological
studies to assist Professor Hitchcock in a geological survey of
the State of New York. The magnitude ‘of the undertaking,
and especially imperfect health, soon led Professor Hitchcock
to abandon the work, and Adams, although strongly urged to
do so, was unwilling to assume the lead in labors given up by
one so much older and more experienced in science. Return-
ing to Amherst, he spent several weeks in preparing a course
of lectures on Geology, which he.delivered in Bradford
Academy, in September, 1836. In October of that year he
became a Tutor in Amherst College, and in the following
Spring delivered another course of lectures on Geology in
Bradford Academy.

C. B. Adams was invited, in the Autumn of 1837, to accept
the Professorship of Chemistry and Natural History in
Marion College, at Marion, Missouri, and went there to learn
the condition of the Institution before deciding to accept the
proffered appointment. The College was in its infancy, with
very few students, and its financial affairs were in an unsettled
state. The prospect was discouraging, and after a few months
of hard labor, Adams returned to his home in Boston. Sub-
sequent events proved the prudence of his decision,—Marion
College was given up, its founders being unable successfully to
establish it.

In September, 1838, C. B. Adams accepted the appointment
of Professor of Chemistry and Natural History in Middlebury
College, Middlebury, Vermont. Indefatigable in his exer-
tions, ever ready to aid and encourage the students, he be-
came a very popular teacher, and was held in the highest
estimation by the Trustees and the Faculty, who contributed
every thing in their power to render his position happy and
desirable.

In February, 1839, Professor Adams married Mary,
daughter of the Rev. Sylvester Holmes, of New Bedford. He
visited the Island of Jamaica, West Indies, in the Winter of
1843-44. The Professor’s health, as well as that of his family,
eventually suffered from the severity of the climate of Ver-
mont, and a change becoming absolutely necessary, he, with
much regret, resigned his Professorship in August, 1847. He
removed from Middlebury to Amherst, and immediately com-
menced his labors in the College there as Professor of Zoology
and Astronomy,—labors which terminated only with his death,
in 1858.

OF CONCHOLOGY, 193

While Professor in Middlebury College, C. B. Adams was
appointed Geologist of the State of Vermont, entering upon
its duties in 1845, and continuing in the office for three years.
He presented the results of his labors to the State in four
“Annual Reports,” (1845-48;) but the funds appropriated be-
came exhausted, and the final report was not made before the
Professor’s removal to Amherst. Subsequently he was too
much absorbed in other scientific pursuits to attend to it, al-
though solicited to finish the work.

Kstablished at Ambherst, (1847,) Professor Adams took a
deep interest in the College, his Alma Mater, and soon sub-
stantially proved it by presenting to the Institution his exten-
sive and valuable collections of Natural History, on certain
conditions, however, of which the following deserve to be
recorded :—

“A fund, not less in value than the above mentioned gift,
viz: $5000 or more, shall be established, to be called ‘The
Natural History Fund.’

“The income of this fund, and of such additions as may be
made to it, shall be used for ever for increasing the collection
of books of Natural History and of specimens in Natural
History belonging to Amherst College.

“This expenditure shall be made by myself during my offi-
cial connection with the College, and subsequently by the
officer or officers of instruction, who shall have charge of the
department of Natural History, and shall be subject to such
regulations as the Trustees of the College may deem requisite
to secure its faithful appropriation to the objects specified.

“The words ‘increase of books and of specimens,’ are not
intended to include the care and exhibition of the same; but
these may be included, in case the general treasury of the
College shall be embarrassed with debt. So much of the in-
come as shall not be expended within the year in which it
accrues, shall be added to the principal.”

To the written conditions referred to is added the following
“remark,” characteristic of its distinguished author :—

“This gift, with these conditions, is made with a view to
contribute in some small degree to the exhibition of the glo-
rious plan of creation, especially of the creation of organic
beings, as this plan exists in the mind of the Creator.”

The gift in question was accepted by the authorities of Am-
herst College, and the conditions have, it is hoped, been faith-
fully performed. The collections, enriched by the unceasing
efforts and successful explorations of Professor Adams, remain
at Amherst, a monument of his extraordinary labors.

The Professor again visited Jamaica in the winter of 1848-49.
In November, 1850, he went to Panama, returning, early in

194 AMERICAN JOURNAL

1851, to the United States, by way of Jamaica, where he was
the guest of the late Hon. Edward Chitty.

Between the years 1838 and 1850, a considerable number of
Professor Adams’ papers relating to Mollusca* were published
in the Proceedings of several Scientific Societies and in va-
rious Journals. Most of those papers which embraced the
results of his explorations in Jamaica were, from time to time,
re-published, with much original matter, in the ‘Contribu-
tions to Conchology,” (issued in twelve parts, between October,
1849, and November, 1852,) and in Monographs of the genera
Stoastoma and Vitrinella. In the autumn of 1852 his “ Cata-
logue of Shells Collected at Panama” appeared, and also “ Hle-
ments of Geology,” the latter the joint production of himself
and the late Professor Alonzo Gray. The last paper by Pro-
fessor Adams was the “Catalogue of species of Lucina which
inhabit the West Indian Seas,” written in November, 1852,
and published in the concluding part of the “Contributions.”

Anxious to pursue further investigations in the West Indies,
with a view to the completion of a work on the Shells of
the Zoological Province, embracing those islands, Professor
Adams left for St. Thomas, by way of Bermuda, in December,
1852. He arrived at St. Thomas on the 27th of that month,
and on the next day addressed to the writer of this memoir a
letter, from which the following extract will be read with
interest :—

“Had a storm first night out; got to the east end of Ber-
muda Saturday evening, and up to town Sunday morning; off
Monday noon.- At Bermuda got forty to fifty species of shells,
mostly in quantities,—one or two new Pedipes, two or three new
Auricule, a new Siphonaria, any quantity of Zruncatella, and
of the ten or dozen species of land shells, among which is a
very small, dirty Succinea, but got only one of Helix Bermu-
densis; the large Succinea plenty. Got a new Modulus, a va-
riety of Columbella cribraria, more like the Panama than the
West India shell}! I forgot about your reply to K.’s letter.
That awful nervous headache quite spoiled me in New York.
Luckily, I got over it the day before we reached Bermuda.

“T was perfectly enraptured with Bermuda for scenery and
shells. I must have taken three or four thousand specimens,
not yet assorted. It will be curious to learn the distribution
of the land shells on the different islands. Mr. John H. Red-
field, you and myself must make a special expedition to Ber-
muda, have a skiff, and visit them all.”

* For a complete list of these papers, consult ‘‘ List of American Writers
on Recent Conchology,’’ by G. W. Tryon, Jr., N. Y., 1861, and ‘‘ Biblio-
graphy of North American Conchology, (Smithsonian Miscellaneous Col-
lections,)’? by W. G. Binney, 1863-4.

OF CONCHOLOGY: 195

Professor Adams, as had been previously arranged, was
most kindly and hospitably entertained at St. Thomas by Mr.
Robert Swift. The Professor’s health had been so much im-
paired by his unceasing labors, (he never allowed himself more
time for rest than nature absolutely demanded,) that he easily
fell a prey to disease. He contracted fever, and, notwithstand-
ing the most devoted attentions and the best medical care,
died on the 18th of January, 1853, at the early age of thirty-
nine years,—a martyr, 1t may with justice be said, to the cause
of science. His remains were deposited in the burial ground
at St. Thomas, where a tablet was erected by his friends as a
memorial of his worth and their esteem.

The Professor’s widow, an estimable lady, and five children,
four sons and a daughter, survived him; two of the former
enlisted in the service of their country in the army, and died
in the autumn of 1861, the one at Brooklyn, N. Y., and the
other at Annapolis, Md., of diseases contracted in the perform-
ance of their military duties.

The published works of Professor Adams and the collec-
tions at Amherst College give ample evidence of his great
abilities, of his untiring energy, industry and perseverance, of
his unselfish devotion to science. Earnest and able in the
performance of his duties as Professor, successful and popular
as a teacher, of upright and irreproachable character, his loss
will long be deplored at Amherst. In his domestic relations
he was gentle and affectionate, in his friendships faithful and
generous.

The principal conchological works of Professor Adams—
the “Contributions to Conchology,” and “Catalogue of Shells
Collected at Panama, with Notes on their Synonymy, Station
and Geographical Distribution”—deserve more than the pass-
ing notice which they have received in the foregoing memoir,
and we propose shortly to review their contents, so far, at
least, as to show the character of the Professor’s opinions and
the extent of his labors. Our limits do not permit of further
reference to his writings on Geology.

Professor Adams found an unexpectedly rich field for re-
search, especially as regards Land Mollusca, in the Island of
Jamaica, and to him belongs the merit of especially directing
the attention of naturalists to the shell-faunas of the West
Indies. At the date of his first visit to Jamaica compara-
tively few species from those islands were known; since he
commenced the publication of the “Contributions to Con-
chology,” an immense number of species have been discov-
ered. In that work, and a paper published in the “ Proceed-
ings of the Boston Society of Natural History,” (1845,) the

196 AMERICAN JOURNAL

Professor described, of the Jamaica fauna, besides a large num-
ber of marine species, upwards of two hundred and fifty spe-
cies of land and twenty of fresh-water shells, very few of
which proved to have been previously known.

The descriptions are framed with the greatest care, the pecu-
liarities of the species nicely distinguished, and their affinities
discussed. As a remarkable example of critical investigation,
we would refer to the Professor’s ‘‘ Analysis of the Group of
Species of Cyclostoma, which is represented by C. Jamaicense,
Chem.” (‘Contributions,” pp. 140—148.)

In “Remarks on the Distribution of the Terrestrial and
Fresh-water Mollusca which Inhabit Jamaica,” (‘“Contribu-
tions,” pp. 45—50, 1849,) the Professor comments on the great
profusion of the terrestrial species, and their accumulation in
certain districts. He says, that, of the 265 species enumerated
in his Catalogue, more than 200 were collected by himself in
a hasty exploration of one-tenth of the surface of the island,
and that a collector, after becoming acquainted with their sta-
tions and localities, might easily obtain eighty or ninety spe-
cies in one day.

The study of the Jamaica shells directed, at an early period,
the attention of Professor Adams to the general questions of
the limits, origin and distribution of species. He refers to the
perplexities which arise in attempting to ascertain the limits
of species from such facts as he observed in the group of
Helices represented by Heliz sinuata, several of which facts
he thus specifies :—

“Tn some instances, the peculiarities of a local type, which
differs but slightly from the typical species, are quite constant
at the given place, but vary geographically, that is, are grad-
ually lost in the more and more distant individuals. I am not
aware that these examples are numerous.

“Not only does the amount of difference between the local
types vary from that of well marked species to that of scarcely
distinguishable varieties, but the individuals of a given lo-
cality, while preserving the peculiarities of the type, some-
times differ from each other in characters which appear to be
as important, except in the want of constancy, as those which
distinguish the local group.” (‘“Contributions,” p. 78, Feb.,
1850.

Ne the views of the Professor on these questions
became more developed, and were published especially in his
“Remarks on the Origin of the Terrestrial Mollusca of Ja-
maica,” (“Contributions,” pp. 85—87, March, 1850,) and in a
paper entitled “On the Nature and Origin of the Species of
the Terrestrial Mollusca in the Island of Jamaica,” (“Contri-
butions,” pp. 189—194, Nov., 1851.)

OF cONCHOLOGY. 197

In the former Professor Adams notices, that since the pub-
lication of his previous remarks, he had received an article*
on the Geographical Distribution of Animals, by Professor
Agassiz, and adds:—*‘ Following so eminent an authority and
safe guide, we need no longer hesitate to state the hypothesis,
which was prepared with the remarks above referred to, on
the sinwata group of Helices.”

The Professor then remarks as follows:—

“The distribution of the terrestrial Molluscs in Jamaica
(and probably of all Molluses in all parts of the world) is most
easily accounted for by the following hypothesis: that the
introduction of the existing races was effected by the creation
of many individuals, and that they were modeled after certain
types, which were mostly local, and between which there ex-
isted, as at the present day, unequal differences, from those
which merely distinguish individuals, to those of varieties, of
species, of groups of species, of genera, &ec.”

_... “Tf these views are correct, we cannot retain the preva-
lent theory that species are natural groups, but that genera
and other groups are artificial. All groups are natural, so far
as they are founded on actual types. Any groups are artifi-
cial, or, to speak more correctly and intelligibly, are arbitrary,
in proportion as the differences between individuals, varieties,
species, and the successively more comprehensive groups, pre-
sent a series of an indefinite number of nearly equal degrees.
In proportion to the equality of the degrees are the points at
which we mark off species, &c., arbitrary.”

... “Tt is obvious that an illustration of this subject may
be found in the different species and varieties of mankind.”

With regard to the foregoing hypothesis as to the distribu-
tion of the terrestrial Molluses, Professor Adams, in the latter
of the two papers above referred to, adds this additional ex-
planation :—

“The proof of this proposition is found in the geographical
distribution of the varieties. In the great majority of species,
the varieties are so distributed, that the space which is occu-
pied by one of them coincides with that of other two or more.
Now, if the circumstances of locality had produced the local
types by modifications of one original type of the species,

* The following extract from the article referred to, states the conclu-
sions of Agassiz:—*‘ And this is the view which we take of the natural
distribution of animals, that they originated primitively over the whole
extent of their natural distribution ; that they originated there, not in pairs,
but in large numbers, in such proportions as suits their natural mode of
living and the preservation of their species ; and that the same species may
have originated in different unconnected parts of the more extensive circle
of their distribution.’’ (‘‘ Christian Examiner,’’ Boston, March, 1850, p.
192.)

198 AMERICAN JOURNAL

then all the varieties which inhabit a locality should have been
affected. In that case, all the varieties in any given place
would have the same geographical limits. But the contrary
more frequently occurs. Hach variety has its own limits of
distribution. If a few coincide in the boundary of their pro-
vince, on the other hand one is often found to have an extent
of distribution, which is equal to that of two or more other
varieties. But such a geographical coincidence of one variety
with several other varieties is inconsistent with any other
theory than that of an original constitutional peculiarity of
character in each variety. ‘This inference is confirmed by the
occasional intermingling in one locality of varieties, which
differ from each other as much as those which occupy distinct
regions. If, then, we assume the original independent creation
of all the varieties, each originally represented by at least sev-
eral individuals, the facts of distribution become explicable
with the greatest facility.

“The same statements might be made respecting entire spe-
cies, and even groups of species and genera. Some are very
local, and others, more widely distributed, occupy the ground
of several local species.”

The very local distribution of the terrestrial Mollusca in the
West Indies* did not escape the attention of Professor Adams.
In “Hints on the Geographical Distribution of Animals, with
especial Reference to the Mollusca,” (‘Contrib.,” pp. 207—215,
Oct., 1852,) a paper which contains many original and sugges-
tive remarks, he mentions that the terrestrial faunze of Cuba,
St. Domingo, Porto Rico and Jamaica, are distinct from each
other; and that the same is true, to a great extent, of the West
India Islands generally; that those of the Bahamas and Ber.
mudas are also distinct. Jamaica, he says, ‘‘contains more
known species of land Molluscs than the whole of North
America, from the Isthmus to Melville Island.”

Referring to the relations of the subject discussed in the
paper in question, to theories of the origin of species and to
geological reasoning, Professor Adams makes the following
among other observations:—

“Tf large groups of such islands as the West Indies should
be united in a common area of dry land, then, according to
the theory which accounts for the facts of distribution by ac-
tual dispersion from centres, there would be zoological pro-
vinces containing five to tenfold as many species as any which
now exist.

“The geological fact, that continents by submergence be-

* See paper ‘“ On the Geographical Distribution of the Genera and Spe-

cies of Land Shells of the West India Islands, with a Catalogue of the
Species of each Island.’’ By T. Bland, Ann. N. Y. Lyceum, vii., 1861.

OF CONCHOLOGY. 199

come islands, and that islands by emergence become conti-
nents, does not affect the foregoing reasoning, because such
changes require an amount of time exceeding one geological
period, during which time there is change of faunee.

“Such insular faunse as have been described in § 7 and § 18,
prove that the islands which they inhabit have been geographi-
cally separate since an era anterior to the introduction of the
existing species. But this conclusion does not depend on the
assumption that the species would have dispersed themselves
over several islands if they had not always been restrained
by water; but on the fact that such small zoological provinces
exist nowhere on continents.

“The occurrence of a very few identical species on different
islands, or on islands and the mainland, does not prove the
union of such land since the existence of the species, because
such a distribution may have been caused by the accidents of
dispersion, or by independent creation.

“The occurrence of many species common to different
islands, in some parts of Polynesia, renders it probable that
such islands have constituted one island since the existence of
these species.

“The frequent occurrence of analogues and the prevalence
of generic or subgeneric types in some islands do not prove
the former union of these islands, but may indicate their
greater proximity at a former period.”

Professor Adams, in a paper from which we have already
quoted, (“Contrib.,” p. 50, 1849,) remarked :—

“With this extremely local distribution of the terrestrial
Mollusca in the West Indies may be associated the great fact
of their geological history —that these islands have, since the
later Tertiary periods, been in the process of elevation,—that
they are the harbingers of a future continent, unlike the
groups in the Pacific, which are the remains of ancient conti-
nents. Coincident with these two general facts in the West
Indies is also a third,—that their coral reefs are all fringing,
and that coral lagoon islands are wanting.”

It remains for us to notice the last, and, indeed, the most
complete and valuable work published by Professor Adams—
his “Catalogue of Shells Collected at Panama.”

Professor Adams sailed from New York on the 13th of No-
vember, 1850, arrived at Panama on the 26th, and left it on
the 4th of January, 1851, having had scarcely more than five
weeks for making his collections; yet they amounted “to 58,920
specimens of 376 species of G'asteropoda, 2,860 specimens of
139 species of Acephala, and 50 specimens of 1 species of

200 AMERICAN JOURNAL

Brachiopoda; total, 41,880 specimens of 516 species of Mol-
lusks.” ©

The two principal objects of the expedition were, to collect
for the Musenm in Amherst College, and “to ascertain with
the certainty of personal observation, what and how many
species of shells exist at Panama.” Having formerly, the
Professor remarks, in his ‘‘ Introduction,” “collected about 500
marine species in Jamaica, near the centre of the Caribbean
Zoological Province, it was thought that a comparison of these
authentic materials would not be without interest.” A subor-
dinate object was to make observations on the habits of the
species, in respect of station.

The results of the expedition were read before the New
York Lyceum of Natural History on the 10th of May, 1852,
and published in the Annals of that Institution, Vol. V., pp.
229—549, and subsequently, but in the same year, as a sepa-
rate work, under the title already mentioned. Dr. P. P.
Carpenter, than whom no one is more competent to re-
view with sagacity and in a just and liberal spirit the la-
bors of other naturalists, comments, in his invaluable “ Report
on the Present State of our Knowledge with regard to the
Mollusca of the West Coast of North America,” (“Report of
the Brit. Assoc.,” 1856,) on the Panama Catalogue, and in terms
far more authoritative than any which we could offer, of which
the following is a short abstract, his language being, however,
scrupulously adopted :—

“Professor Adams had before collected about the same
number of marine species at Jamaica; and, holding the theory*
that no species could be common to the two oceans, he was
well qualified to detect any sources of error which might
have militated against his own hypothesis. The very minute
discrimination, also, to which he had accustomed himself in
his researches among the land shells of Jamaica, would at
once prevent him from confounding similar species. And as
he visited no other spot than the shores of Panama, and the
neighboring Island of Taboga, theré is no danger of the ad-
mixture of specimens from different localities. In the work
under consideration the author gives all his references from
personal research: quotes every assigned habitat, with authori-
ties (discriminating original testimony by the mark !); and, in
addition to his own remarks, states the number of specimens
from which he writes. He was not able to dredge, nor to

* “Tt is scarcely necessary to consider the question, whether any of the
shells on the opposite sides of tropical America could have had a common
origin. Although in some points the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific ap-
proach within forty or fifty miles in a direct line, it is difficult to imagine
any adequate means of the intercommunication of living marine Mollusks.”?
(C. B. Adams, in ‘‘ Introduction to Panama Catalogue,”’ p. 9.)

OF CONCHOLOGY. 201

make observations on the animals; but for the shore shells,
including the minute species, there is scarcely any thing left
to be desired. The author describes 157 as new species: of
the value of many of these there will be two opinions. Pro-
fessor Adams, in his work on Jamaica Shells, (‘Contributions
to Conchology,’ pp. 84 e¢ seq.,) gives up the common opinion
that species are natural groups, while genera, &c., are artificial:
and as he believes that there are different species as well as
varieties of mankind, it is natural that he should distinguish
as species of shells what others might consider varieties, and
as varieties what may be accidents of growth. To the dis-
cerning reader, however, this does not interfere with the ex-
treme value of the work. In a branch of inquiry so over-
burdened with carelessly observed or recorded facts, the free-
dom from the usual sources of error is a matter of the first
importance. Where a species has originated in a mere theory,
as in the case of common types from the two oceans, the stu-
dent is at once on his guard. Where it arises from deficiency
of materials, as in the Ceca, additional knowledge will soon
set the error right. And in the present state of our ignorance,
to designate forms as species which will hereafter have to be
united, is much more pardonable than to overlook differences,
all of which should be carefully noted before we can obtain a
natural history of any single species. For the first great
requirement in a scientific writer, patient and laborious
accuracy, this, the last work of Professor Adams, (for he
died in 1853,) stands in the very foremost rank. The new
species are described in Latin, and with an accuracy which
often makes it safer to identify shells from them alone, than
from the showy plates and loose diagnoses of some works of
the greatest pretensions.”

Mr. Carpenter, several years after the publication of his
Report, visited America, and found that no steps had been
taken to figure the unique specimens deposited in the Museum
at Amherst, or to verify Adams’ determinations of old species.
Fortunately for the cause of science, Mr. Carpenter went to
Amherst, and, with his accustomed care and fidelity, examined
Professor Adams’ Panama collection. The result, a “Review
of Professor C. B. Adams’ Catalogue of the Shells of Panama,
from the Type Specimens,” was published in the “ Proceedings
of the Zoological Society of London,” (June, 1863.) Mr. Car-
penter, in pointing out some errors in the diagnoses of small
shells, and referring, among other things, to the incessant de-
mands on the Professor’s attention, from his multifarious du-
ties at Amherst, precluding much time for original research,
justly remarks:—“ What he accomplished during his short life
is marvellous. Had that life been spared to revise his works,

202 AMERICAN JOURNAL

the necessity for this friendly criticism would not have arisen.”

With respect to the views entertained by Professor Adams,
that no species could be common to the Atlantic and Pacific
Oceans, it may be mentioned as an interesting fact, that he
departed from his theory as regards Crepidula unguiformis,
Lam.* As to this species the Professor observes:—

“This shell is well calculated to confound the popular no-
tion of species. We have now before us many perfect spe-
cimens from Sicily, from Massachusetts, from Jamaica, and
from Panama, all of which, with the exception of the Medit-
erranean shells, we collected in person.”

“So far, at least, as the shells are concerned, it seems neces-
sary to admit that they all may be comprised in one species;
or to maintain that individuals, which cannot be distinguished
from each other, belong to different species, because it is proba-
ble that they descended from distinct original stocks. But if
we admit that each species in the animal kingdom was intro-
duced by the creation of many original stocks, then the fact
before us becomes intelligible and very uncommon in only one
particular, viz: that the original individuals of a single spe-
cies were created in very distant zoological provinces.”—‘ Pa-
nama Catalogue,” p. 231.

After the foregoing brief review of the work of Professor
Adams on the Panama Shells, and reference to his opinions as
to the origin and distribution of species, it will not be out
of place to state the results of study and research devoted
since his death to the subject of the Mollusca of the west coast
of America.

Carpenter, in his before mentioned “Report” of 1856, enu-
merates 35 species “regarded as identical between the Pacific
and Atlantic,” 84 “which may prove to be identical,” 41
“really separated, but by slight differences,” and 26 species
‘“analagous, but quite distinct,” remarking, that probably
those lists will hereafter be greatly extended.

The same author, in his “Supplementary Report,” (“Report
of Brit. Assoc.,” 1864,) has some extremely valuable remarks
with respect to the marine fauna of the west coast, some of
which may thus, but in his own words, be shortly stated’:—

‘With regard to the tropical fauna, the researches at Cape
St. Lucas and in the interior of the Gulf of California, though
leaving much to be desired, bear out the general conclusions
arrived at in paragraphs 78—87 (of the Report of 1856). The
evidence for the identity of specific forms on the Atlantic and
Pacific sides of Central America has been greatly confirmed.

* See Carpenter’s remarks in ‘‘Cat. of Reigen Collection, Brit. Mus.,”’
1855—7, p. 285, and in his ‘‘ Review,’’ referred to in the text.

OF CONOHOLOGY. 2038

Dr. Gould writes:—‘The doctrine of local limitations meets
with so few apparent exceptions, that we admit it as an axiom
in zoology that species strongly resembling each other, de-
rived from widely diverse localities, especially if a continent
intervenes, and if no known or plausible means of communi-
cation can be assigned, should be assumed as different until
their identity can be proved. ( Vide “ Expl. Exped. Moll. Intr.,”
p- x1.) Much study of living specimens must be made before
the apparent exceptions can be brought under the rule.’ It
has, however, to be borne in mind that the researches of mo-
dern geology clearly point to considerable alterations in the
existing configuration of continents, and in the consequent
direction of ocean currents during the ascertained period of
many species now living. Nor are we warranted in the belief
that the existing fauna in any locality has been created at any
one time, or has radiated from any single spot. To study the
relations of living shells simply in connection with the exist-
ing map of the world must lead but to partial results.

“Tt is interesting to observe, that, notwithstanding the proba-
ble connection of the oceans through the Rocky Mountains
during the Miocene age, there is extremely little similarity
between the special temperate faunas of Hast and West
America. Nota single species has yet been proved identical,
and the allied forms are but few in number.

“When, however, we approach the region in which boreal
and sub-boreal forms occur, many species are found in common,
and between others there is but slight difference. Yet even
here there are more British than New England species in the
west-coast fauna. As might be expected, the British species
are, for the most part, those which are also found fossil, and,
therefore, have had time to diffuse themselves widely over the
hemisphere. It is, however, remarkable that many Crag species
have reached Eastern Asia and West America, which are not
found in Grand Manan and New England. It is also extra-
ordinary that certain special generic forms of the Crag re-
appear in the North Pacific.

“The Vancouver and California districts have so many
characteristic species in common, (111 out of 492,) that they
must be regarded as constituting one fauna, differing as do
the British and Mediterranean regious. One fact must, how-
ever, be here specially noted, viz: the great peculiarity of the
island-fauna, Although the Sta. Barbara group are so near
the mainland, the dredge has not only produced many species
not known on the continent, but also many before considered
as essentially tropical. Along with these are not only some
species of types hitherto regarded as almost exclusively
Asiatic, but also some which belong to the sub-boreal district,

904 AMERICAN JOURNAL

—one of the latter belonging to the British, and not to the
New England form.

“Of the blending of the temperate and tropical faunas on
the peninsula of Lower California, we are still in ignorance.
All we know is, that at Margarita Bay the shells are still
tropical, and that at Cerros Island they are strangely in-
termixed. There is peculiar evidence of connection between
the faunas of the peninsula and of South America, not only
in the land-shells, but in some of the marine forms.”

Mr. lk’. B. Meek, in his “Check List of the Miocene Inverte-
brate Fossils of North America,” (‘Smithsonian Miscel. Coll.,”
1864,) has the following note regarding Dr. Carpenter’s opin-
ion as to the identity of Miocene shells of the Pacific slope
with living species:—

“The extensive and critical knowledge of the living Mol-
lusks of the Western Coast of North America, possessed by
this able conchologist, renders his remarks on the relations of
Tertiary and existing species of that region unusually inter-
esting to the paleontologist. It is to be regretted, however,
that his comparisons were, in most cases, necessarily made
with very imperfect figures of the fossil species ; the type speci-
mens not being accessible at the time he was in this country.
Hence, his suggestions that so large a proportion of the Mio-
cene shells of the Pacific slope are, probably, identical with
living species, should not be too hastily accepted. Particu-
larly since the questions involved are of far greater import-
ance than that of the mere specific difference or identity of
certain forms, for, if wrongly decided, they may lead to very
erroneous conclusions in regard to the age of these tertiary
deposits; while they have a direct and important bearing on
the discussions respecting the duration of specific types in
time. Consequently, I have carefully compared the types of
Mr. Conrad’s Western Coast Tertiary species with their living
representatives, in all cases where authentic examples of each
were at hand, and give the results of these comparisons under
each of the species in these notes.

“Tn most of these cases, it will be observed, I have arrived
at the conclusion that the fossil shells are distinct species from
the recent. This accords with the conclusions, in many cases,
adopted by those who have, of late years, instituted careful
comparison of the Miocene species formerly supposed to be
identical with living forms.”

OF CONCHOLOGY 205

DESCRIPTIONS OF TWO NEW SPECIES OF
MONOCONDYLGA.

BY JOHN G. ANTHONY.

MonoconDYL@A Pr@uENsis, Anthony.—t. 18, f.&. <.

Description—Shell smooth, rhombic-ovate, inequilateral,
somewhat inflated, sub-biangular behind; substance of the
shell thick; beaks rather prominent, eroded, but apparently
not undulated; ligament short and thin; epidermis dark brown
or nearly black, smooth over the umbones and on the anterior
portion of the shell, but having the sub-truncate posterior
portion nearly covered with distinct corrugated folds, more
prominent near the hinge margin; cardinal teeth prominent,
curved and slightly bilobed, particularly in the right valve;
anterior cicatrices distinct and deeply impressed; posterior
cicatrices confluent; dorsal cicatrices deeply impressed, placed
in a curved line under the beaks; nacre light salmon color
and very iridescent.

Dimensions —Length 3:7 inches, breadth 2-4 inches, diam.
1:2 inches.
Habitat—Peeu.

Museum Comp. Zoology, Cambridge, Mass. Cabinet of
Hugh Cuming, London. Cabinet of G. W. Tryon, Jr.

Observations.—This species, recently received from Pegu,
seems to differ essentially from all hitherto described species.
It is of a somewhat rhombic form, has very distinct but rather
distant lines of growth, which, however, become closer near
the basal edge. The beaks are considerably eroded, but show
no marks of any undulations there. From WM. crebristriata it
differs in being larger, more inflated, more elliptical in form,
and the epidermis is smoother and darker in color; thé nacre
has a rich satiny lustre, which near the edge of the shell be-
comes of a highly iridescent hue. Four specimens only of
this species were received, but they are very constant in char-
acter, and cannot well be mistaken for any other species.

MoNOCONDYL@A CREBRISTRIATA, Anthony.—t. 18, f. 1.

Description—Shell rhombic, strongly striate, very inequi-
lateral, depressed, bi-angular behind; substance of the shell

206 AMERICAN JOURNAL

rather thick; beaks not prominent, eroded, having no indica-
tion of any undulations at the tip; epidermis light brown,
with occasionally broad green rays on the posterior slope; the
umbones, and, indeed, the whole surface is covered ‘with
erowded, fine, crenulose striz, which on the posterior slope
are crossed at right angles with prominent, regular folds; car-
dinal teeth prominent, erect, bilobed in the left valve; anterior
cicatrices deeply impressed, distinct; posterior cicatrices. con-
fluent and indistinct; dorsal cicatrices small, but distinct, and
placed at the base of the prominent tooth in the left valve,
while in the right valve they are less distinct and placed a
little more posteriorly; nacre light salmon, iridescent.

Dimensions.—Length 2°1 inches, breadth 1:45 inches, diam.
> neh.

Habitat—Pegu.

Museum Comp. Zoology, Cambridge, Mass. Cabinet of
Hugh Cuming, London. Cabinet of G. W. Tryon, Jr. Cabi-
net of C. M. Wheatley.

Observations — With Monocondylea Peguensis herein de-’
scribed, came also several fine specimens of this interesting
shell. At first they were supposed to be merely the young of
Pequensis, but, on examination, were found to differ in many
esssential particulars; they are uniformly more depressed
lighter colored, more regularly rhombic in form, and of less
size; but the most prominent difference consists in the beauti-
ful crenulose strive of the present species, which are densely
crowded over the whole surface of the shell, while IZ Pegu-
ensis is remarkably smooth over all except the posterior slope,
and there the rugose folds are broader and less numerous than
in VM. crebristriata; the lines of growth are also more nume-
rous in M. Pequensis, generally about 8, while crebristriata has

rarely more than 3.

OF CONCHOLOGY. 207

DESCRIPTION OF A NEW EXOTIC MELANIA.

BY JOHN G. ANTHONY.

MELANIA GLORIOsSA, Anthony.—t. 18, f. 2.

Description—Shell ovate-conic, smooth, olivaceous; spire
elevated, but abruptly decollate, exhibiting only four whorls,
which are convex and quite broad; sutures very deep
and distinct; lines of growth remarkably prominent, often
amounting to varices, and with revolving striz less prominent,
but, nevertheless, distinct, decussating with them; aperture
large, ovate, blotched with reddish-brown within; columella
very much curved, thickened with a white callus, and forming,
with the sinuous outer lip, a lengthened, but not very decided
sinus at base.

Dimensions.—Length (as eroded) 2°5 inches, breadth 1 inch,
Length of aperture 1 inch, breadth of aperture ‘7 inch.

Habitat —Pegu.

Mus. Comp. Zoology, Cambridge. Cabinet of George W.
Tryon, Jr.

Observations.—Belongs to a group of which WM. herculea,
Gould, may be cited as an example, but is much larger, has
never such regular folds as that species, nor are its concentric
striz so prominent as to form nodulous ridges as in M. hercu-
lea ; it is probably one of the most ponderous species of the
genus; the revolving strize are more prominent near the su-
tures, and at the base of the shell they are also much crowded
and more elevated.

208 AMERICAN JOURNAL

DESCRIFTION OF THREE NEW SPECIES OF
MEXICAN LAND SHELLS.

BY WILLIAM M. GABB.

CYLINDRELLA, Pfr. .

C. Remonpu, Gabb.—t. 19, f. 10—18.

Description—C. t. “Pfeifferii” similis; albida, elliptico-ob-
longa; apice subtruncata; anfractibus 12, 2% levibus, reliquis
convexiusculis, dense et tenuissime oblique costatis, ultimo ad
basim convexo; umbilico minuto; apertura subrotundata ;
perist. continuo, reflexo, parum incrassato. Long. -44, lat. -13.

Locality—1}% leagues from Arivechi, Sahuaripa Valley, So-
nora, Mexico. Sent me by M. Aug. Rémond.

My Cabinet. Cabinet of George W. Tryon, Jr.

Closely related to C. Pfeifferti, but smaller, with more mi-
nute striz, there being nearly twice as many in the same
space; the nuclear whorls are rounder, and the first three or
four whorls below the nucleus are distinctly flattened above
obliquely and subangulated just above the suture, while in C.
Pfeifferti they are all very regularly rounded.

Accompanying the above were numerous specimens of C.
Pfeifferit from the “Cerro de la Campana,” near Hermosillo,
Sonora.
HELIX, Linn.

H. (Polygyra) BeuRuU, Gabb.—t. 19, f. 5—9.

Description H. testa “acutedentata” similis; discoidea, pla-
nulata; superne spira maxime depressa, infra umbilicata; an-
fractibus 5, oblique et transversim costatis; anfr. ultimo ad
aperturam valde descendens, constricto; umbilico angusto, |
profundo; apertura obliqua, tridentata, labro incrasso; colore
albo(?).

Locality—I have had the opportunity of examining five
specimens of this species, all from near Guaymas, Mexico.
My specimens were sent me by Mr. Remond.

My Cabinet. Cabinet of George W. Tryon, Jr.

OF CONCHOLOGY. 209

The principal points of difference between this shell and H.
acutedentata are in the mouth. The teeth are but three in
number; one on the inner lip, similar to that of acutedentata,
but more twisted, narrower and truncated more obliquely be-
low ; the second tooth is a mere tubercle on the inner margin
of the outer lip; it is sometimes slightly prolonged, and
with the apex pointing outwards; the last is a large and very
oblique fold on the basal part of the mouth; this latter cha-
racter is the most obvious one. There are no traces of the
internal oblique ribs in the upper part of the mouth, so cha-
racteristic of both H. lotsa and H. acutedentata. The umbilicus
and lower aspect of the shell are very nearly identical with
the above quoted species.

H. (Polygyra) ANILIS, Gabb.—t. 19, f. 1—4.

Description.—H. testa orbiculata; superne spira depressa;
infra minute umbilicata; anfractibus 4—42; anfr. ult. ad aper-
turam descendens, vix constricto; umbilico angusto, profundo;
apertura obliqua; labio unidentato; labro marginato, edentato,
reflexo.

Locality With the preceding.
My Cabinet.

Shell a little more convex than the preceding, spire nearly
flat; whorls rounded, most prominent a little above the middle;
under surface showing about 14 volutions; umbilicus minute,
but distinctly perforate; suture impressed; surface polished
and microscopically striate; last whorl slightly descending
near the aperture, and a little constricted behind the lip;
aperture oblique, outer lip a little thickened and reflected,
ends connected on the inner side by a slight callus, which
bears a triangular pyramidal tooth, V shaped on its anterior
face. Greatest diameter ‘55 inch; height 23 inch.

210 AMERICAN JOURNAL

DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW EOCENE SHELLS, AND
REFERENCES WITH, FIGURES TO
PUBLISHED SPECIES.

BY T. A. CONRAD.

MUREX, Lin.

M. ENGONATUS.—PI. 20, fig. 10. Foss. Shells of Tert. Form.,
p. 30.

M. MANTELLI, Conr.— PI. 20, fig. 11. Journ. Acad. Nat.
Sciences, vol. vii, p. 154.
M. VANUXEMI,* Conr.—PI. 20, fig. 4.

Description—F usiform; volutions 5; those of the spire an-
cular in the middle, where there is a subspinose line, another
line of equal size revolves below with a fine intermediate line ;
longitudinal ribs on the body whorl 7; whorls of the spire
with close rugose revolving lines above the angle; body

whorl with revolving squamose ribs and an intermediate squa-
mose line; labrum thick, dentate within.

Locality.—Claiborne.
STREPSIDURA, Swainson.

S. LinTEA, Conr.—Pl. 20, fig. 1. Amer. Journ. of Conch.,
vol.'3., p. 142.

S. LAQUEATA, Conr.—PI. 21, fig. 1.
Locality.—Claiborne.
COCHLESPIRA, Conrad.

C. ENGONATA, Conr.—PI. 21, fig.12. Amer. Journ. of Conch.,
vol. 1., p. 142.

©. BELLA, Conr.—PI. 21, fig. 6.
Description—Fusiform, turrited, whorls 10, with an acute
reflexed subspinose carina, and crenulated revolving lines.

Differs from C. cristata, Conr., in having fewer and coarser
lines, and a more prominent carina.

Locality. Texas.

* This shell is erroneously referred to Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sciences,
1864, in the Eocene Catalogue.

OF CONCHOLOGY. 211

TORTOLIVA, Conrad.

T. TexANA, Conr.—P]. 21, fig. 4. Amer. Journ. of Conch.,
vol.1., p. 1438.

LZ VIBUCCINUM, Conrad.

L. pRoRSUM, Conr.—PI. 20, fig. 17. Fossil Shells of Tert., p.
45.
BUCCITRITON, Conrad.

B. ALTUM, Conr.—Pl. 21, fig. 9.

Description.—Ovato-conic; volutions 6 or 7; spiral whorls
indented above, convex beneath, with 2 or 3 distant varices;
a crenulated revolving ridge below the suture; back of body
whorl cancellated; basal margin projecting beyond the colum-
ellar base; labium strongly striated; labrum reflexed with 6
transverse plaits; nuclear whorls entire.

Locality —Texas. Dr. Francis Moore.
VOLUTILITHES, Swains.

V. INDENTA, Conr.—PI. 21, fig.10. Amer. Journ. of Conch.,
vol. i. p. 144.
V. IMPRESSA, Conr.—PI. 20, fig. 3. Jb., p. 144.
LUNATIA, Gray.

L. MARYLANDICA, Conr.—PI. 21, fig. 11.

Description—Suborbicular or subovate, volutions 5; spire
short, whorls convex, subcontracted below the suture; labium
with a callus on the upper part, reflexed over the umbilical
margin; umbilicus moderate in outline, profound, showing most

of the volutions.
CIRSOSTREMA, Morch.

C. CLAIBORNENSIS, Conr.—PI. 20, fig. 12.

Description.—W horl with profoundly elevated acute reflexed
ribs; interstices with revolving, large, intermediate, fine striz
extending to the base.

Locahty.—Claiborne, Alabama.
OBELISCUS, Humphrey.

O. PEREXILIS, Conr.—PIl. 20, fig. 2. Amer. Journ. of Conch.,
vol. i., p. 144.
CANCELLARIA, Lam.
C. TORTIPLICA, Conr.—PI. 21, fig. 8. Amer Journ. of Conch.,
vol. i, p. 146.

212 AMERICAN JOURNAL

C. ELLAPSA, Conr.—PI. 20, fig. 8.

Description —Short-fusiform, whorls 5, rapidly increasing
in size; 8 prominent revolving lines on the penultimate volu-
tion; 2 or 8 distant varices on the penultimate and body vo-
lutions, the latter with longitudinal unequal ribs; nuclear
whorls entire; aperture half the shell’s length; labrum entire
within.

Locality—Texas. Dr. Francis Moore.

TORNATELL/A, Conrad.
T. bata, Conr.—PI. 20, fig. 13.
Description —Suboval, spire acute; whorls 5, convex; body

whorl ventricose; ribs close and numerous; columella with 2
distant plaits.

Locality — Alabama?
DENTALIUM, Lin.

D. DENSATUM, Conr.—PI. 20, fig. 15.

Description—Thick in substance, with numerous unequal,
slightly raised lines, disappearing towards the base.

CHITON, Lin.
C. ANTIQUUS, Conr.—Pl. 20, fig. 7. Proceed. Acad. Nat.
Sciences, vol. vil, p. 268.

C. HocENENSIS, Conr.—PI. 20, fig. 6. Jb.

CORBULA, Lam.

C. FILOSA, Conr.—PIl. 20, fig.5. Amer. Jour. of Conch., vol.

i, p. 145.
GOULDIA, Adams.

G. pyem#aA, Conr.—Pl. 21, fig. 5. Amer. Jour. of Conch.,

vol. i. p. 139.
CYCLAS, Klein.

C. curta, Conr.—Pl. 20, fig. 14. Amer. Journ. of Conch.,

vol. 1, pated:

a

OF CONCHOLOGY. 213

DECRIPTIONS OF FIVE NEW SPECIES OF OLDER
EOCENE SHELLS FROM SHARK RIVER,
MONMOUTH CO. N. J.

BY T. A. CONRAD.

PLEUROTOMARIA, Defrance.
P. PERLATA, Conr.—PI. 21, fig. 7.
Description.—Conical-depressed, rapidly widening to the
base; periphery slightly earinated; body whorl very wide,

flattened above; base convex-depressed, slightly indented on
the submargin; umbilicus profound.

Locality.—Shark River, N. J.

This is the only Tertiary species known to occur in the
eastern beds of this country. It is one of the largest of the
genus, and approximates P. supracretacea, pl. 205, 1, 2 of
D’Orbigny’s Pal. France.

SURCULA, Adams.

Suscenus SURCULITES, Conrad.

'§. ANNOSA, Conr.—PI. 20, fig. 9.

Description—Turrited; spire elongated; whorls angulated
above the middle, with an impressed revolving line above the
suture; whole surface marked with fine, revolving, wrinkled
lines, becoming large and distinct towards the base.

Locality.—Shark River, N. J.
ACTEONEMA, Conrad.
A. priscA, Conr.—PI. 21, fig. 3.

An imperfect cast, distinguished from A. striata by having
much finer and more numerous revolving lines.

Locality—Shark River, N. J.
YOLDIA, Morch.
Y. PROTEXTA, Conr.—PI. 21, fig. 2.

Description.—Subequilateral, anterior side longest, posterior
end truncated obliquely inwards.

Locahityn—Shark River, N. J.

214 AMERICAN JOURNAL

AVICULA, Klein.
A. ANNoSsA, Conr.—PI. 20, fig. 16.

An imperfect cast; very different, however, in shape from
other Eocene species.

Locality—Shark River, N. J.

The Shark River species are all casts in a coarse-grained,
hard, green sand, and I have selected a few only of many spe-
cies, as sufficiently striking in form or character to distinguish
them from other shells.

OF CONCHOLOGY. 215

REFERENCE TO THE PLATES ILLUSTRATING Mr. CONRAD'S
PAPERS.

Pilahe 20.

. STREPSIDURA LINTEA, C.—P. 210.

. OBELISCUS PEREXILIS, C.—P. 211.

. VOLUTILITHES IMPRESSA, C.—P. 211.
. MuUREX VANUXEMI, C.—P. 210.

. CORBULA ¥IEDSA C= Prog:

. Corton EocEnEnsIs, C.—P. 212.

“ ANTIQUUS; C.—P. 212.

. FORTIPLICA ELLAPSA, C.—P, 212.

. SURCULA ANNOSA, C.—P. 2138.

. Murex ENGONATUS, C.—P. 210.
Patt es MANTELLI, C.—P. 210.

“12. CIRSOSTREMA CLAIBORNENSIS, C.—P. 211.
“13. TORNATELLZA LATA, C.—P. 212.
“14, CycLas curta, C.—P. 212.

“15. DENTALIUM DENSATUM, C.—P. 212.
So. eeVICULA ANNOSA UP. oie,

“17, L&vIBUCCINUM PRORSUM, C.—P. 211.

~0Q

—
SWOMDMDADAP WHE

Pilate 2 :

. STREPSIDURA LAQUEATA, C.—P. 210.
. YOLDIA PROTEXTA, C.—P. 213.

. ACTEONEMA PRISCA, C.—P. 213.

. TorRToLIvA TEXANA, C.—P. 211,

. GOULDIA PYGM#A, C.—P. 212.

. COCHLESPIRA BELLA, C.—P. 210.

. PLEUROTOMARIA PERLATA, C.—P. 2138.
. CANCELLARIA TORTIPLICA, C.—P. 211.
. BUCCITRITON ALTUM, C.—P. 211.

. VOLUTILITHES INDENTA, C.—P. 211.

“ 11. Lunatia MAaryLanpica, C.—P. 211.
‘“‘ 12. COCHLESPIRA ENGONATA, O.—P. 210.

js
DODNMApwonwe

216 AMERICAN JOURNAL

DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES OF MELANIA.

BY GEORGE W. TRYON, JR.

1. M. RETIFERA, Tryon.—t. 22, f. 4.

Description—Shell rather thin, shining, turrited, narrow;
with four somewhat convex yolutions (remaining) gradually
increasing in diameter towards the body whorl, closely encir-
cled by narrow engraved spiral striz; sutures distinct; aper-
ture small, oval, somewhat produced below; labrum regularly
curved, inner lip very much curved below; columella without
deposit of callus. Shell chesnut-colored, with three narrow
red bands, which are exhibited upon the interior of the aper-
ture.

Dimensions.—Length (of largest specimen) 23 millimetres,
breadth 9 mill.; length of aperture 10 mill. breadth 6 mill.

Habitat—Hakodadi, Japan.

My Cabinet. Cabinet of Academy of Nat. Sciences. Cabi-
nets of John G. Anthony and Chas. M. Wheatley.

Observations.—Rather a showy species for the genus, resem-
bling the California type of Goniobases in general appearance.
It does not very closely resemble any Oriental Melanians;
perhaps its nearest analogue is Boninensis, Lea, which is simi-
larly sculptured, but is a narrower species, duller in color and
without bands. But very few Japanese Melanians have been
described, and none of them are allied to this species.

2. M. BRUNNESCENS, Tryon.—t. 22, f.1.

Description—Shell shining chocolate-color or chesnut, with
two darker revolving bands, rather narrow, turrited; whorls
(four remaining) slopingly convex, with prominent growth
lines, and close, slightly impressed revolving striz, which be-
come more distinct at the base of the shell; sutures well im-
pressed; aperture obliquely oval, produced below; outer lip
flexuous, inner lip receding below, and white.

Dimensions —Length 28 millimetres, breadth 12 mill.; length
of aperture 11 mill., breadth 7 mill.

Habitat—Philippines. W. M. Gabb.
My Cabinet. Cabinet of Academy of Nat. Sciences.

OF CONCHOLOGY 217

Observations.—But two specimens of this shell are known to
me. It belongs to a small group of species represented by the
well-known decollata, Lam., ferrea, Reeve, corporosa, Gld., St-
nensis, Reeve, etc. It may be readily distinguished from all
of these by its much more brilliant coloring.

3. M. unIcOLOR, Tryon.—t. 22, f. 2.

Description—Shell thin, narrow, subcylindrical, or pupe-
form, truncate; volutions (three remaining) very slightly con-
vex, and increasing but little in diameter; sutures well im-
pressed; surface thickly covered with narrow, deeply engraved
spiral striae, visible on the interior of the aperture; second
and third whorls closely longitudinally ribbed; aperture nar-
row, ovate, slightly oblique, rounded below; outer lip flattened
in the middle, perpendicular; color very hght brown, or tea-
color, not shining.

Dimensions—Length 17 millimetres, width 6 mill.; length
of aperture 6 mill., breadth 4 mill.

. Habitat—Tahiti. W.H. Pease, Honolulu, S. I.

My Cabinet. Cabinet of Academy of Nat. Sciences. Cabi-
nets of Wm. Harper Pease, Chas. M. Wheatley, Isaac Lea,
and John G. Anthony.

Observations—Some time since, Mr. Lea handed to me a
number of species of Tahitian Me/anix, which he had received
from Mr. Pease, requesting me to describe any that proved to
be new. Among them I found several small specimens of this
species, and fearing that they might not be full grown speci-
mens, I wrote to Mr. Pease for further information. He
promptly sent to me a number of well-grown shells, and wrote
that he had several thousand specimens, all presenting great
uniformity of size, color and sculpture. I, therefore, no longer
hesitate in describing it as a new species.

It does not resemble any other Tahitian Melanix. The fol-
lowing additional species were sent to me, from the same lo-
cality, by Mr. Pease:—

M. gracillima, Gld., incisa, Rve., corporosa, Gld., Plutonis,
Hinds, lancea, Laa, scopulus, Reeve.

4, M. MILLEPUNCTATA, Tryon.—t. 22, f. 3.

Description._Shell rather thin, short, ovate-conical, apex
obtuse, eroded; whorls four, rapidly increasing in diameter,
the last globosely inflated. Surface covered with raised,
rounded, spiral strize, intersected on all but the last whorl by
longitudinal ribs. Suture well impressed. Aperture rather
small, oval, outer lip somewhat curved forwards, turning

218 AMERICAN JOURNAL

obliquely to the left at the base, columellar lip but slightly
curved, perpendicular. Color light brown, with a few black,
irregular, longitudinal streaks, and covered by innumerable
light chesnut-brown punctations or dashes, very distinct within
the aperture.

Dimensions.—Length 16 millimetres, width 10 mill.; length
of aperture 7 mill., width 4 mill.

Habitat—Amazon River.
My Cabinet.

Observations—This shell is allied to Melania Macappa,
Moric., M. atra, Rich., and more especially to M. brevior, Trosch.
It is shorter and wider than the two former, and is of much
lighter texture, and differs in color and markings from the
latter. It is a very beautiful species.

Melania loricata, Reeve, (Monograph, f. 198,) = Hemisinus
olivaceus, Behn, (Reeve Monog. Hemisinus, f. 12.)

OF CONCHOLOGY. 219

DECRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES OF AMNICOLA
POMATIOPSIS, SOMATOGYRUS GABBIA,
HYDROBIA AND RISSOA.

BY GEORGE W. TRYON, JR.

1. AMNICOLA TURBINIFORMIS, Tryon.t. 22, f. 5.

Description.—Shell ovate, turbinated, whorls very convex;
sutures impressed, spire obtuse at apex; nearly four whorls;
body large, well rounded, a little angulated on the periphery ;
aperture wide ovate; umbilical opening narrow. Color dark
green, light blue within the aperture.

Dimensions.—Length °133 inch, diameter ‘125 inch; length
of aperture ‘066 inch, diameter °055 inch.

Habitat.—Crane Lake Valley, and Surprise Valley, N. E.
California; and W. side of Stein’s Mountains, S. Oregon. Wm.
M. Gabb.

My Cabinet. Cabinet of Mr. Gabb.

Observations.—This small species resembles A. Cincinnatien-
sis, Anth., very much in general appearance. The principal
points of difference are, that this is a smaller, more solid spe-
cies, with rather shorter spire, smaller umbilicus, and darker
color; it differs also in the slightly angled periphery.

Mr. Gabb sent me a large number of specimens from the
above localities.

2. AMNICOLA SIMILIS, Tryon.—t. 22, f. 6.

Description.—Shell ovately turbinated, whorls four, convex,
spire moderate, apex obtuse, sutures well marked; body whorl
well rounded, aperture ovate or pear-shaped, umbilicus mode-
rately wide. Light horn color.

Dimensions.—Length ‘135 inch, diameter ‘120 inch; length
of aperture ‘6 inch, breadth -42 inch.

Habitat.—Manilla. Wesley Newcomb, M. D.
My Cabinet. Cabinet of Dr. Newcomb.

Observations.—This shell resembles A. turbiniformis, herein
described, but has a rather shorter, more obtuse spire, narrower
aperture, and wider umbilicus.

220 AMERICAN JOURNAL

GABBIA, nev. gen.

Description —Shell like Amnicola, Gould and Hald. Oper-
culum paucispiral, calcareous.

Station.—F resh water.
8. GABBIA AUSTRALIS, Tryon.—t. 22, f. 7.

Description—Shell small, globosely turbinated, consisting
of four well rounded whorls, with distinct suture; spire
elevated, convex, apex obtuse; lines of growth minute,
crowded ; aperture moderate, somewhat oblique, oval, a little
accuminate above and below; umbilicus scarcely covered.

Dimensions.—Leneth *25 inch, diameter °185 inch; length
of aperture °125 inch, breadth °1 inch.

Habitat—New South Wales. Wesley Newcomb, M. D.
My Cabinet. Cabinet of Dr. Newcomb.

Observations.—A pretty shell, which does not resemble very
closely any of the American species. ‘T'he operculum is some-
what calcareous like Bith. tentaculata.

4. POMATIOPSIS INTERMEDIA, Tryon.—t. 22, f. 8.

Description.—Shell elongately turbinated, consisting of over
four very convex whorls; spire elevated, suture profound,
apex obtuse; body whorl well rounded; aperture small, nearly
round; umbilicus narrow. Color dark green.

Dimensions.—Length ‘18 inch, diameter 12 inch; length of
aperture ‘06 inch, breadth -058 inch,
Habitat—Owyhee R., 8. E. Oregon. Wm. M. Gabb.
My Cabinet. Cabinet of Mr. Gabb.
Observations—The above description and measurement is
from one of two or three adult individuals among the nume-
rous specimens sent by Mr. Gabb. The species differs con-

siderably when young.
Its form places it intermediate between P. Nickliniana, Lea,

and P. lapidaria, Say.
5. SOMATOGYRUS AUREUS, Tryon.—t. 22, f. 9.

Description Shell subglobose, spire short, suture well im-
pressed, apex obtuse; aperture pyriform, broadly rounded be-
low; columellar lip slightly reflected and appressed, scarcely
covering the umbilicus. Color golden yellow.

Dimensions.—Length ‘18 inch, diameter ‘16 inch; length of
aperture ‘13 inch, diameter ‘11.

Lo
—

OF cONCHOLOGY. 2

Habitat—Tennessee River. Isaac Lea, LL.D.
My Cabinet. Cabinet of Mr. Lea.

Observations —This species much resembles S. integra, Say,
with which at first I had confounded it. My closer attention
was directed to it on account of the difference of color. Jn-
tegra has proportionally a smaller spire, and the whorls are
not so well rounded, and, consequently, suture not so well
impressed.

I received a number of specimens from Mr. Lea several
years ago.

6. SOMATOGYRUS PARVULUS, Tryon.—t. 22, f. 10.

Description—Shell very small, globose, rather solid, con-
sisting of nearly four convex whorls; spire small, apex acute;
body whorl well rounded, with aperture ovate, broadly rounded
below; pillar lip slightly reflected, but not quite covering the
umbilicus.

Dimensions.—Length ‘12 inch, diameter 10 inch; length of
aperture 085 inch, breadth -075 inch.

Habitat—Powell’s River, E. Tennessee. §. 8S. Haldeman.
My Cabinet.

Observations.—This shell does not differ materially in aspect
from S. integra, Say; with the same number of whorls, it is,
however, much smaller, as well as proportionately more solid.

7. Hypropia Cauirornica, Tryon.—t. 22, f. 11.

Description—Shell turbinated, consisting of six rather con-
vex whorls; spire elevated, apex acute, suture well impressed ;
aperture moderate,-ovate ; umbilical region not perforate; epi-
dermis minutely striated, polished, dark horn color; opercu-
lum thin, shining, dark brown.

_ Dimensions—Length °13 inch, diameter ‘09 inch; length of
aperture ‘06 inch, breadth -04 inch.

Habitat—Oakland, and Martinez, California, in brackish
water. Wm. M. Gabb.

My Cabinet. Cabinet of Mr. Gabb.

Observations—Resembles somewhat Pissoa minuta, Totten.
It is distinguished from all the other West Coast Rissoide by
the absence of ribs.

222 AMERICAN JOURNAL

8. HyDROBIA GLABRA, Tryon.—t. 22, f. 12.

Description —Shell smooth, turrited, consisting of nearly
seven convex whorls, with deeply impressed suture; spire
long, acuminated, apex acute; aperture ovate, slightly oblique.
Color light horn, or nearly white.

Dimensions.—Length ‘18 inch, diameter, ‘095 inch; length
of aperture ‘07 inch, breadth -05 inch.

Habitat—Bolivia. Wesley Newcomb, M.D.
My Cabinet. Cabinet of Dr. Newcomb.

Observations.—This species does not resemble very closely
any of the South American Paludestrine described by D’Or-
bigny. It is a longer, narrower, lighter colored and more
fragile species than H. Californica, nob.

9. RissoA CoopERI, Tryon.—t. 22, f. 18.

Description —Shell elongated, consisting of five rather flat-
tened whorls, regularly diminishing to an acute apex, suture
well marked; body whorl a little inflated, obtusely angled on
the periphery; aperture small, oval. Color dark brown; sur-
face smooth, not polished.

Dimensions.—Length ‘125 inch, diameter ‘07 inch; length
of aperture ‘055 inch, breadth 04 inch.

Habitat—San Diego, Cal., Salt Water Grass. Dr. J. G.
Cooper.
My Cabinet.
Observations.—Differs from Hydrobia Californica, nob., in
being narrower, more solid in its flattened whorls, and dull
aspect. Some specimens are rimate.

bo
bo
[o)

OF CONCHOLOGY.

DECRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES OF NORTH
AMERICAN LIMNAIDA.

BY GEORGE W. TRYON, JR.

PHYSA.,

Until last year, very few American species of this genus
were known, or rather none of our conchologists had investi-
gated witb sufficient care their specific characters; consequent-
ly, anumber of distinct forms have long existed in our cabi-
nets, under the name of Physa heterostropha. The specific.
characters in the Physx, though not very marked, are really
very constant, and, therefore, probably not only most of those
species recently described by Mr. Lea,* and those herein de-
scribed, will stand, but we may reasonably conclude that many
yet uncharacterized species inhabit our waters.

1. PHYSA PROPINQUA, Tryon.—t. 23, f. 5.

Description.—Shell large, fragile, inflated; spire short, apex
acute; body whorl almost shouldered, very large, covered
with distinctly elevated lines of growth on the adult speci-
mens; the surface frequently exhibits several planes, instead -
of being uniformly rounded; aperture large, oval, outer lip
regularly rounded; columella a little twisted.

Dimensions.—Length 19 millimetres, diameter 18 mill.
Habitat—Jordan Creek, 8. W. Idaho. W.M Gabb.
My Cabinet. Cabinet of Mr. Gabb.

Observations—This species has a shorter spire, its sutures
are not well impressed, it has fewer whorls, is more ventricose,
more solid, and is a smaller shell than Ph. ampullacea (bul-
lata,) Gould. Ph. Lordi, Baird, is still more ventricosely in-
flated, and the columella is not twisted. Ph. Traskii, Lea, is
a longer, more cylindrical species.

Mr. Gabb sent me nine specimens, of which several are
adult.

* Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1864.

924 AMERICAN JOURNAL

2. PuysA Cooper, Tryon.t. 28, f 9.

Description —Shell small ovate, rather solid, not inflated;
body whorl somewhat flattened above the middle, and nearly
the entire length of the shell; spire very short, eroded, suture
not well impressed; surface roughly striate; columella nearly
straight, without fold; lip bordered internally with red.

Dimensions.—Length 8 millimetres, diameter 44 mill.

Habitat—Spring in “Crane Lake” Valley, extreme N. E.
corner of California. W.M. Gabb.

My Cabinet. Cabinet of Mr. Gabb.

Observations.—I received a considerable number of this in-
teresting little species; it can scarcely be compared with any
other. It is peculiar for its small size, solid appearance and
heavy deposit within the labrum. I dedicate it to the distin-
cuished zoologist attached to the California State Geological
Survey.

5. PHYSA SPARSESTRIATA, Tryon.—t. 23, f. 10.

Description—Shell ovately cylindrical, spire rather pro-
duced, apex acute, suture well impressed; surface malleated,
and covered with distant, sharp, raised growth-lines; texture
quite fragile; outer lip not thickened; columella narrow, and
turning somewhat to the right towards the base, very slightly,
or not at all folded.

Dimensions —Length 12 millimetres, diameter 7 mill.
Habitat.—San Joaquin Valley, California. W. M. Gabb.
My Cabinet. Cabinet of Mr. Gabb.

Observations.—This species somewhat resembles in its striz
Ph. striata, Lea, but does not otherwise accord with that shell.
It is much more slender, more fragile, and has a longer spire
than Ph. heterostropha, Say. In form it is somewhat like Ph.
virginea, Gld.; but that is a smooth, polished species, of a
richer color, frequently almost golden in hue. It is a very
distinct shell of very constant character.

4, PHYSA DIAPHANA, Tryon.—t. 28, f. 11.

Description.—Shell smooth, oval, lengthened; spire of mode-
rate length, suture impressed; body whorl four-fifths of the
entire length, somewhat cylindrical, very fragile; growth-lines
crowded, but minute; columellar lip very short, commencing
low down, very much appressed, and much twisted to the right
towards the base, polished, and very pearly.

OF CONCHOLOGY. 925

Dimensions —Length 13 millimetres, diameter 7 mill.
Habitat Oakland, California. Rev. J. Rowell.
My Cabinet. Cabinet of Mr. Rowell.

Observations— Resembles Ph. sparsestriata, nob., in form,
but is at once distinguished from that species by being smoother,
with the growth-lines more crowded, and from that and all other
Physe by the very peculiar columella, which curves diago-
nally to the right at such an angle as to make it appear al-
most truncate. It is a pretty species, of medium size, which
I received from Mr. Rowell two years ago. A number of
specimens are before me.

5. PHYSA MALLEATA, Tryon.—t. 23, f 14.

Description—Shell cylindrical or lengthened oval, malle-
ated, smooth, much polished, amber-colored; spire moderate,
suture not well impressed; aperture somewhat ear-shaped,
narrow above, wide and broadly rounded below; columella
narrow, turned to the right, tinged with pink, as well as the
outer lip.

Dimensions —Lenegth 12 millimetres, diameter 63 mill.

Habitat—Hell Gate River, Oregon. “Fandango Valley,” a
part of “Goose Lake Valley.” W. M. Gabb.

My Cabinet. Cabinet of Mr. Gabb.

Observations—This species does not very closely approach
any of the preceding. Ph. propingua is malleated, but with
this, the resemblance ceases entirely. Itis more closely related
to the following, but differs in having the columella tinged with
pink, in having a wider aperture, and a shorter spire. The
two species come from far distant localities.

6. PHYSA DISTINGUENDA, Tryon.—t. 23, fi 6.

Description.—Shell variable in outline, sometimes cylindrical,
sometimes more inflated, lengthened; spire somewhat longer
than in the last species; whorls convex, suture well impressed;
surface malleated, crowded with growth lines; aperture long
and narrow, rather wider below; columella long and narrow,
white, almost without fold, turned a little to the right below.

Dimensions —Length 13 millimetres, diameter 7 mill.

Habitat—Marysville and Stockton, California. Rev. J.
Rowell.
My Cabinet. Cabinet of Mr. Rowell.

Observations —The differences between this and the prece-
ding species have already been pointed out. It is apparently

226 AMERICAN JOURNAL

very abundant, judging from the number of specimens commu-
nicated to me by Mr. Rowell. These differ somewhat in form,
but the range of variation does not appear to be so great as
that of Ph. heterostropha of the waters of the Atlantic and
Middle States.

7. PHYSA POLITISSIMA, Tryon.—t. 28, f. 18.

Description —Shell oval, spire very short, with the suture
scarcely impressed; surface very smooth, highly polished; aper-
ture moderate, ear-shaped; labrum regularly curved, not
thickened internally; columella much indented at the insertion,
scarcely folded, narrow, white, first vertical, then truncately
turning to the right towards the base.

Dimensions.—Length 11 millimetres, diameter 6 mill.
Habitat—Sacramento, California. Rev. J. Rowell.
My Cabinet. Cabinet of Mr. Rowell.

Observations.—This shell resembles more closely the British
form which Dr. Turton called PA. alba, than any other with
which I am acquainted. In appearance it is singularly grace-
ful and pleasing. Its very smooth, shining surface, unmarked
by growth lines, and its indented columella, are the most prom-
inent points of distinction from all our other species. Only a
few specimens were received from Mr. Rowell; they were all
of the size of the one herein described and figured.

8. PHYSA OCCIDENTALIS, Tryon.—t. 23, f. 8.

Description.—Shell very like Ph. heterostropha; whorls well
rounded; suture impressed; spire moderate, sometimes short;
apex acute; texture rather thin, surface crowded with growth
lines, polished, amber colored; aperture moderately large,
outer lip well rounded, thickened within and tinged with red;
columella white, indented, somewhat folded, sharp edged,
curved to the right and forwards into a sort of beak at the
base.

‘Animal mouse color, foot very slender, with the margins
parallel, then regularly converging. When the animal is in
motion, the foot reaches to the apex of the shell.”—W. M.
Gabb.

Dimensions —Lenegth 18 millimetres, diameter 11 mill.

Habitat—San Francisco, Centerville, California. Rev. J.
Rowell.

Fort Colville. Geo. H. Horn, M. D., U.S. A.

Fort Tejon, Clear Lake, San Geronimo Creek, Sta Clara
Co., and Dry Creek, Butte Co., California; Umpqua
River, and Warner’s Valley, 50 miles east of Goose
Lake Valley, 8. Oregon. W.M. Gabb. |

OF CONCHOLOGY. 227

Observations —This species, widely diffused throughout the
Pacific States, appears to take the place of our Ph. heterostro-
pha, with which it has been generally confounded. It may be
readily distinguished from that shell, however, by the very
different form of the columella, so profoundly indented above,
and so sharp, twisted, and curving forwards towards the base.
Viewed from the right side, the form of shell and columella
forcibly remind us of Limneza emarginata, Say.

9. PHysA PRIMEANA, Tryon.—t. 23, f. 12.

Description—Shell oval; spire but little elevated above the
curve of the outline of the body whorl; apex rather acute;
suture moderate; a little attenuated towards the base; aperture
narrow, ear-shaped, broader and well rounded below; colu-
mellar lip turned a little to the right, but well rounded. A
broad, but thin deposit of callus on the body whorl, connects
the ends of the lip margin. Surface smooth, polished, amber-
colored; lip margined, and together with the columella tinged
with red.

Dimensions.—Length 9 millimetres, diameter 6 mill.
Hatbitat—Long Island. Temple Prime.
My Cabinet. Cabinet of Mr. Prime.

Observations.—A beautiful little species, of which I received
a number of specimens from various contiguous localities in
Long Island. It is a more inflated species than heterostropha,
and not shouldered like ancillaria, and is smaller than either
of them. In size and outline it is very near to Miagarensis,
but differs in color, texture, and in the direction of the colu-
mella.

10. PHysA LATA, Tryon.—t. 23, f. 7.

Description —Shell very fragile, light horn-color, waxy,
irregularly striate; spire moderately elevated; whorls convex;
apex acute; suture well impressed; body inflated; aperture
rather large, columellar lip turned to the right, very narrow,
distinctly folded.

Dimensions—Length 104 millimetres, diameter 7 mill.

Habitat Juniata River, at Hollidaysburg, Penna. Wm.
M. Gabb.

My Cabinet.

Observations.—This species has very much the form of Ph.
heterostropha, but is rather more ventricose, much thinner, and
the surface exhibits a peculiar glimmering lustre. It is more
like Ph. osculans, Hald., in its texture, color and lustre, but
t he latter is a much larger species.

| 228 AMERICAN JOURNAL

LIMN A.
1. Limn#A RowE Lui, Tryon.t. 23, f. 1.

Description.—Shell elongate, narrow, consisting of six rather
obliquely revolving whorls; spire somewhat attenuately length-
ened; apex acute; suture not much impressed; aperture not
half the length of the shell, oblique; columella with a distinct
fold, turned to the left below, and appressed to the body the
whole distance; surface rather smooth and polished; texture
fragile.

Dimensions—Length 25 millimetres,diameter 10 mill.; length
of aperture 11 mill, width 5 mill.

Habitat—San Francisco, California. Rey. J. Rowell.
My Cabinet. Cabinet of Mr. Rowell.

Observations.—This species resembles L. attenuata, Say, and
L. refleca, Say, more than any others. The first is much
narrower, and the whorls are not so convex, while the latter is
more elongate, more convex, and the aperture is narrower and
turned back.

It isa very pleasing species, very graceful and modest in
appearance.

2. LIMN#HA ZEBRA, Tryon.—t. 23, fi 4.

Description.—Shell long, narrow, composed of 53 slightly
convex, very oblique volutions; suture well marked; aperture
small, narrow, ovate, oblique; columella slightly folded, curving
to the left; labium appressed to the body whorl for its entire
length; umbilicus covered; labrum margined within; color
light brown, variegated by double longitudinal, somewhat
oblique white lines.

Dimensions —Length 27 millimetres, diameter 8 mill; length
of aperture 11 mill., width, 4% mill.

Habitat—Minnesota. J. H. Slack, M. D.
Michigan. Prof. Manly Miles.
Milwaukee, Wis. Hon. I. A. Lapham.

My Cabinet. Cabinet of Mr. Lapham. Michigan State
Collection.

Observations—A very beautiful species. Prof. Haldeman
has figured it* first, (Pl. 7, f. 2, 6,) as D. umbrosa, and after-
wards, (Pl. 8, f. 1, 2,) as ZL. refleca. It is a longer, narrower
species than the first, and is very near to the last, but differs
in the appressed columellar lip, covered umbilicus, and in its
singular ornamentation. The specific characters appear to be

* “Monog. of the Limniades.”’

OF CONCHOLOGY. 299

very constant, as the differences between this and reflexa are
the same, in specimens of each, from either of the above
localities.

3. LimnazA GABBI, Tryon.—t. 28, f. 2.

Description—Shell somewhat oval, with rather short, atten-
uated spire, acute at apex; whorls not much rounded; suture
well impressed; body whorl proportionally large, but not in-
flated; aperture moderate, semi-oval, a little oblique; colu-
mella oblique, narrow, scarcely folded, appressed, covering the

umbilicus; surface covered with very close, fine striae.

Dimensions.—Length 18 millimetres, diameter 7 mill.; lencth
of aperture 8 mill., width 8 mill.

Habitat—Clear Lake, California. W.M. Gabb.
My Cabinet. Cabinet of Mr. Gabb.

Observations—This shell very closely resembles Z. catasco-
ptum, Say, but differs in several particulars: the spire is nar-
rower and more attenuate, the body whorl is not so much in-
flated, the lines of growth are much closer and finer, the colu-
mella is different, and the aperture is narrow below, instead of
being somewhat broadly rounded, as in L. catascopium. All
the specimens received were the same size as the one figured.

4, Limn#A BINNEYI, Tryon.—t. 238, f.3.

Description.—Shell giobosely inflated, spire moderate, con
vex; apex acute; suture impressed; aperture suboval, outer
lip very convex, inner lip broad, folded, sharp-edged, not ap-
pressed to the body, and exposing a moderate umbilicus; sur-
face shining, densely crowded with very fine striz of growth.

Dimensions. — Length 19 millimetres, diameter 13 mill;
length of aperture 18 mill., width 6 mill.

Habitat.—Hell Gate River, Oregon. W. G. Binney.

My Cabinet. Cabinet of Mr. Binney. Cabinet of Smith-
sonian Institution.

Observations —This shell is nearly related to L. catascopium,
Say, but may be distinguished from that species at once by be-
ing more globosely inflated, more solid, larger, and by its
columella.

L. emarginata is a larger, longer species, and differs by its
truncate columella, exhibited when viewed from the left side.

5. Limnza Brownu, Tryon.t. 28, f. 15.

Description—Shell very like a miniature L. catascopium,
Say, being about half the size of that species; whorls 43, ra-

230 AMERICAN JOURNAL

pidly increasing, well rounded; suture well impressed; spire
moderate, apex acute; aperture widely ear-shaped, columella
thickened, flattened, appressed to the body whorl, and covering
entirely the umbilicus, strongly folded, and indented above;
texture of shell quite solid; ight horn color.

Dimensions.—Length 9 millimeires, diameter 6 mill; length
of aperture 6 mill., width 8 mill.

Habitat—KHlysia, Ohio. A. D. Brown.
My Cabinet.

Observations —There isno American species with which this -
is likely to be confounded, being unusually solid for the genus
and for its size. It was sent to me as L. caperata, Say, which
it certainly is not. The columellar fold is much more strongly
developed in this species than any others of the catascopium
group.

ANCYLUS,
1. ANcYLUS ALTUS, Tryon.—t. 22, f. 15.

Description Shell somewhat oblong, broadly rounded at
one end, more narrowly so at the other; convexly much ele-
vated, apex obtuse, subcentral; texture delicate, surface rather
smooth.

Dimensions.—Length 8 millimetres, breadth 6 mill., height
4 mill.
Habitat—Klamath River. W. M. Gabb.
My Cabinet. Cabinet of Mr. Gabb.

Observations—This shell is larger, narrower, more elevated,
and not so solid as Prof. Haldeman’s A. crassus, and it does
not approach in outline to either of Mr. Lea’s new West Coast
species, both of them being more narrowly elongate. Itis one
of our largest species.

2. ANCYLUS SUBROTUNDATUS, Tryon.—t. 22, f. 14.

Description.Shell large, very fragile, oval, nearly round;
convex, but little elevated; apex obtuse, nearly central.
Dimensions.-—Length 8 millimetres, breadth 6% mill., height
3 mill.
Habitat——-Umpqua River, Oregon. W. M. Gabb.
My Cabinet. Cabinet of Mr. Gabb.

Observations.—This species, in being large and flat, resembles
A. patelloides, Lea, but that shell is much longer, with sides
more flattened. I received several specimens, of which the
largest is figured.

OF cONCHOLOGY. 231

PLANOBBIS.

1. PLANORBIS Horn, Tryon.—t. 22, £16.

Description.—Shell large, consisting of three convex volu-
tions; aperture almost orbicular, not oblique, nor extending
above or below the plane of the whorls; labrum slightly re-
flected, thickened within, and approaching so as nearly to
connect on the body whorl; lines of growth fine and close.
Color light horn.

Dimensions.—Height 7 millimetres, diameter 21 mill.

Habitat.—-Fort Simpson, British America. Dr. George H.
Horn.

My Cabinet.

Remarks.—A. very beautiful species, distinguished from all
other American forms by its very regular volutions, equally
convex above and below, and the rotundity of the aperture.
The initial volutions are larger in proportion to the ultimate
whorl than in Pl. trivolvis, so that they are not much de-
pressed below the plane of the surface when viewed either
from above or below. There are three volutions.

2. PLANORBIS OREGONENSIS, Tryon.—t. 22, f. 17.

Description—-Shell very like to Pl. trivolvis, but whorls
more rapidly increasing in volume; aperture oblique, ear-
shaped, very much expanded, extending above and below the
plane of the volutions; texture thin; striz not very close,
coarse, and irregular. Color dark horn.

}

Dimensions.— Height 4 millimetres, diameter 9 mill.

Habitat——Pueblo Valley,* 15 miles south of Camp Alvord,
on the boundary between Oregon and Nevada, and 60 miles
west of the east boundary of Oregon. W. M. Gabb.

My Cabinet. Cabinet of Mr. Gabb.

Observations.—Resembles much a miniature trivolvis, but
may be distinguished by its much more rapidly increasing
volutions, and disproportionally large aperture, conjoined with
its rugose striz. A large number of specimens are before me,
nearly all of the same size as the type figured.

* “From a thermal spring, water above blood-heat. In the same
spring were some aquatic beetles, (Dytiscus,) and extensive growth of

Conferva, and s\vimming on the surface were two species of water birds.”’
—Mr. Gabb’s Letter.

232 AMERICAN JOURNAL

REMARKS ON THE GENERA MONOCONDYLGA,
D’ORB., AND PSEUDODON, GOULD, WITH
A SYNOPSIS OF THE LATTER.

BY T. A. CONRAD.

The genus Monocondylea, D’Orbigny, is composed of a
small group of Unionidee which exclusively inhabits the waters
of South America. Several Asiatic forms have lately been
associated with them, which have a different external form
and character and a dissimilar hinge, excepting that they pos-
sess only one cardinal, and no lateral teeth, and might as well
be referred to Margaritana, Schumacher, as to Monocondylea.
D’Orbigny remarks of the latter genus, that “it has an aspect
quite peculiar, by which it is immediately known.” This, I
suppose, refers to its external aspect, which is sufficient to dis-
tinguish the genus from the other forms of Unionide. It is one
of those peculiar South American groups, which form so
marked a feature of the Unionidee of that continent, as strictly
limited to it as Triquetra, Castalia, or Lridea, or as Pleiodon to
Africa. D’Orbigny’s description of the hinge is as follows:——
“Dents cardinales non rentrante, formée d’un seul tubercle a
chaque valve, s’applicant l’un au-dessus de l’autre, celui de la
valve gauche étant au-dessus, celui de la valve droite au-des-
sous des crochets; le contraire existe quelquefois.”* Dr.
Gould describes the Asiatic group under the nameof Pseudodon,
with the following diagnosis :—‘“ Hinge margin with a tooth-
like apophysis on each valve, the surface of which is not frac-
tured, but smoothly covered with enamel fitting into corre-
sponding undulations in the opposite valve, that of the right
valve closing in front of the left;” this last character is re-
versed in Monocondylea, the tooth of the left valve being
under the beak, and that of the right valve anterior to it.
This group is of an elliptical, trapezoidal or rhomboidal out-
line, wholly unlike the obtusely-ovate, ventricose shape of
Monocondylea, with its prominent beaks and excavated ante-
rior dorsal margin.

Another distinct form is Monocondylea Mardinensis, Lea,
from the River Tigris. This has an outline approaching Mar-

* This must be rare and exceptional, as in all D’Orbigny’s figures of six
species the normal character is represented of the cardinal tooth being
situated under, or posterior to the apex.

OF CONCHOLOGY. 233

garitana margaritifera, being medially contracted, and of an
oblong or leguminous shape. The cardinal tooth in the right
valve is pyramidal and recurved, wholly unlike the transverse,
compressed tooth of Psewdodon. For this shell I propose the

name of
LEGUMINATIA, Conrad.

L. MARDINENSIS.
Monocondylea Mardinensis, Lea.

TRIGONODON, Conrad.

Oval, somewhat compressed, with a prominent triangular
cardinal tooth in each valve, with a deep pit behind it for the
reception of the tooth of the opposite valve.

T. CREBRISTRIATA.

Monocondylea crebristriata, Anthony.

CATALOGUE OF THE GENUS PsEUDODON, GOULD, 1844.

(MonoponTINA, ConraD, 1852.)

P. compressa, (Jf) Lea. Siam.

P. Cuminen, (Jf,) Lea. Cambodia.

P. HupurRatica, (U.,) Bourg. Syria.

P. INOSCULARIS, Gould. Burmah.

P. Manuortt, (1,) Lea. Cambodia.

. PLANULATA, (JZ) Lea. Java.

P. Mircuonu, (M,) Bourg. Syria.
P. SALWENIANA, Gould. Burmah.

P. CAMBOJENSIS, (Monocondylea,) Petit. Cambodia.
P

P. Saucy, (U.,) Bourg. Syria.

P. TrRIPoLITANA, (U.,) Bourg. Syria.

P. WHEATLEY], (J/,,) Lea. Syria.

P. VONDEMBUSCHIANA, (Jf,,) Lea. Java.

234 AMERICAN JOURNAL

DESCRIPTION OF A NEW GENUS OF UNIONIDZE.
BY T. A. CONRAD.

ARCONAITA, Conrad.

Elongated, bent or bow-shaped; hinge with two distant,
oblique, robust, short cardinal teeth, finely rugoso-striate; late-
ral teeth elongated, minutely rugoso-striate.

ARCONAIA LANCEOLATA.

This shell has been well figured and described by Lea,
under the names of Zriquetra contorta and lanceolata, the latter
name having priority. The genus TJ7riquetra, Klein, (Hyria,
Lam.,) is a very dissimilar shell exteriorly from the former,
and is peculiar to South America, whilst the other is limited
to China. But, however dissimilar the exterior of the two
shells, the hinge is more so. Instead of the long, compressed
cardinal teeth of Triquetra, single in one valve, double in the
other, we find in Arconaia two comparatively short, robust
teeth, the posterior tooth of the left valve broad and promi-
nent, where in Zriquetra there are numerous small, close-set,
radiating, compressed teeth, giving a widely different aspect
to the hinge when compared with Arconaia. Another differ-
ence may be remarked in the posterior muscular impression,
which is remote from the posterior margin, and of an oblong-
oval shape, the long diameter nearly parallel with the shell’s
length. In Triquetra it is submarginal, large, and long in the
direction of the shell’s height.

OF CONCHOLOGY. 235

DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF HELIX.
BY WESLEY NEWCOMB, M.D.

HELIx (Macrocyclis,) VoyANA, Newcomb.—t. 25, f. 4.

Description.—H. testa late umbilicata, depressa, pallida cor-
nea, minute oblique striata, parum nitida, sub-diaphana; spira
obtusa, sub-planulata; anfr. quinque, convexis, ultimus latus,
declivatus, antice sub-descendens; apertura sinuato-truncato-
ovalis; peristomate reflexiusculo, juncturam superiorem angu-
lato, antice valide sinuoso decumbente, cum lamina prominente
connectante.

Dimensions.—Diam. maj. ‘50, min. °40, alt. -20 pol.
Habitat Canyon Creek, Trinity Co., California (Voy.)

Shell broadly umbilicate, depressed, pale horn-color, mi-
nutely obliquely striate, slightly shining, translucent; spire
obtuse, nearly on a plane; whorls 5, convex, the last large,
and shelving down, in front slightly descending; aperture
sinuate, truncately ovate; lip a little reflexed, angulated at its
juncture with the body whorl above, farther forward strongly
bent down, a strong plait or elevated ridge on the body whorl
connecting the outer and inner lips.

femarks.—This little shell bears the nearest relationship to
H. Vancouverensis, Lea, (vellicata, Forbes,) of any other. spe-
cies inhabiting the Pacific coast. It is found in the same
neighborhood with that species, which there attains its normal
Oregon size, differing in this respect from its diminutive de-
velopement in the neighborhood of San Francisco, specimens
of which have been distributed under the erroneous name of
HH. sportella, Gould.

It differs from that species in the curious development of
the aperture, which is a constant character in adult speci-
mens, and in its comparatively small size.

236 AMERICAN JOURNAL

REVIEW OF THE GONIOBASES OF OREGON AND
CALIFORNIA.

BY GEORGE W. TRYON, JR.

The most striking facts connected with the geographical
distribution of the Melanians of the United States, I have
enumerated in a paper published in the Second No. of this
Journal. It will be remembered that mention is there made of
the very small number of species inhabiting the States west of
the Rocky Mountains; there appears to be about eleven species
—less than three per cent. of the total number of American
Strepomatide. When the territory of our Pacific States shall
have been more fully explored, doubtless other forms will be
added to their Melanian fauna, but still enough is known to
sssure us of their comparative paucity in this region.

The species enumerated in this paper, were all collected
either in the Columbia River, of Oregon, or the Sacramento
and Klamath Rivers, of California, and their tributaries; there-
fore, Southern California has, as yet, yielded no species.
Should any be discovered there, they will, in all probability,
prove to be undescribed.

It is a curious fact that most of these shells bear a close
analogy with some of the Pacific Island and Indian forms, in
their shape and sculpture.

Thus, our G. rudens, Rve., is very like Mel. Boninensis, Lea,
or Mel. unicolor, nob. There is, moreover, a certain similarity
of form, ornamentation, and texture, pervading the whole
group, which widely separates them from the Hastern Amer-
ican species.

The tendency to plication of the upper whorls, appears to
pervade all of these. In nearly every species, even those
described as smooth, individuals occur, in which the ribs are
developed on the upper whorls. None of the species are en-
tirely without revolving strize; they are sometimes obsolete,
but never entirely lost.

OF CONCHOLOGY 237

I am indebted to the liberality of Prof. Jos. Henry, Secre-
tary of the Smithsonian Institution, for the use of the figures
illustrating the following descriptions:

1. GONIOBASIS OccaTA, Hinds.—t. 24, f. 1, 2.

Description.—*Shell ovate, elongate, lutescent; whorls few,
rounded, grooved, intermediate ridges narrow, acute; spire
eroded above the fourth whorl; aperture caerulescent.

Habitat—River Sacramento, California.

The rounded whorls are ploughed into numerous furrows,
and the intervening ridges are comparatively narrow and keel-
shaped; the lower part of the aperture is somewhat dilated,
and slightly disposed to elongate in the manner of Jo.”

Mr. Reeve, and Dr. Brot following him, have fallen into the
error of quoting Shastaensis as a synonym, through that proli-
fic source of error, “an authentic specimen.” The two species
are really widely separated in form and ornamentation. The
figure of ‘“Shastaensis” given by Reeve, from a specimen in
the collection of Mr. Cuming, is finer than any specimen of
occata that I have seen.

Fig. 1 represents the usual form of this species; fig. 2 is a
copy of the original figure of Hinds’ description.

It will be noticed that in the above description no mention
is made of the elevation of the revolving ridges into irregular,
sharp tuberculations. A large series of specimens before me,
shows that this tendency to crowded tuberculation gradually
disappears as the specimens are selected that are longer and
narrower, and in shells of the dimensions of Mr. Hinds’ they
are entirely wanting. Another curious variation is in the su-
ture, the whorls of the short, obese specimens being bulged
out, as though the shell was forcibly compressed in its length,
and the suture is deep and well marked; in the longer shells,
the whorls are flatter, and the suture indistinct. The lines of
growth are very regular, and generally distinct, interrupted
by the revolving ridges. As the substance of the shell is
thin, the ridges cause corresponding sulcations on the inner
surface of the whorls.

No variation of color is exhibited in any of my specimens,
and none of them are banded.

The form of this species varies from length 1, diameter 4
inches, to length 1, diameter $ inch; but the apicial whorls
being generally eroded, the shell appears proportionally
stouter.

Has been obtained only in the Sacramento River,

238 AMERICAN JOURNAL

2. GONIOBASIS PLICIFERA, Lea.—t. 24, f. 3, 4, 5, 6.

Description—“Shell acutely turrited, rather thick, nearly
black; spire full of folds; apex truncate; whorls somewhat
convex, the last being smooth above and striate below; aper-
ture white.

Habitat W ahlamat, near its junction with the Columbia
River. Prof. Nuttall.

Dimensions.—Diameter *4 inch, length 1-1 inches.

Remarks.—Among the fine shells brought by Prof. Nuttall
from beyond the Rocky Mountains, was this single species of
Melania. It is remarkable for its numerous folds, or ribs,
which fill the superior whorls. The inferior whorl is entirely
without these ribs, but the inferior portion is furnished with
transverse striz. JI am indebted to Prof. Nuttall for many
specimens of this shell, all of which are more or less truncate
at the apex. The most perfect one, which is small, has nine
whorls.”

The shell described by Mr. Lea is only one of several varie-
ties (?) of form assumed by this species. It is characterized
by flat whorls, slight suture, and particularly by the body
whorl being free from ribs, and slightly angulated at the
periphery. (Fig. 3.) Fig. 384 of Reeve’s Monograph of Mela-
nia represents this variety.

Dr. Gould (Expl. Exped. Shells, p. 148,) remarks that
“This shell seems to be subject to great variety, or else there
are several allied species.”

After an examination of a large number of specimens, we
have selected two other forms, which we propose to designate
as varieties, with names, for the present. All the specimens
examined appear to be included in these three forms.

Var. OREGONENSIS.—Shell very long, sub-cylindrical, whorls
very convex, plications slight on the body whorl, which is not
angulate at the periphery. The whole surface is thickly cov-
ered with revolving striz. (Fig. 4.)

Var. BULIMOIDES.—Shell short, inflated; whorls very con-
vex, with plications on all of them; either covered with close re-
volving striz, (Fig. 5,) or the striz obsolete, (Hig. 6.) Fig. 164,
Gould’s Expl. Exped. Shells, represents this variety.

Of these forms, Oregonenis appears to be by far the most
common, embracing near nine-tenths of the specimens before
me, the balance being about equally divided between the
other two.

OF CONCHOLOGY. 239

Measurements of good specimens of each, are as follows:—
G. plicifera.—Length 14 inches, diameter 2 inch,
> Oregonensis. “ » 1%, “ . cs
‘ Guivmoioes. ‘

2

The color varies from light burnt brown, through various
shades of yellow to light green, (the latter very rare,) and in-
ternally is blue, white, or very rarely purple. A single speci-
men is internally marked with purple lines, corresponding with
the external revolving strize. The substance of the shell being
thin, the plications cause internal grooves; and in those speci-
mens which are blue within, these grooves are pure white,
curiously variegating them. ‘The species is never banded.

Localities —Hell Gate River, Washington Terr., a branch
of Clark’s Fork of the Columbia River, near the eastern bound-
ary of the Territory. (Dr. J. G. Cooper.) Columbia River
near its mouth. Willamette River, at Oregon City, and Hu-
gene City, and near its junction with the Columbia. Lake
George, Oregon. Nisqually River, Washington Territory.

It will be noticed, that the extent of distribution indicated
above, is 900 or 1000 miles, which is far greater than usual
with the species of Goniobasis.

| bole

66

3. GONIOBASIS RUDENS, Reeve.—t. 24, f. 7.

Description.— Shell narrowly turriculated, dull olive; whorls
rounded, constricted at the suture, spirally ridge-striated, the
first strongly concentrically plicated; aperture small, rounded.

Habitat.—?

Strongly characterized by the constricted suture, and by the
rib-like plications of the earlier whorls.”

In my “Synonymy of Strepomatide,” I considered this species
asynonym of silicula, Gould, (Shastaensis, Lea,) but a more criti-
cal examination convinces me that it is distinct. The whorls
are not so wide, are more convex, and are constantly covered
with prominent revolving strize, and without the broad colored
band so characteristic of silicula. Some of the specimens
from Columbia River are tinged with pink in the aperture,
and faintly two to three banded. But the bands are not visible
on the outside. The color of this species is always a light
burnt-brown. None of the specimens are ribbed on the body,
or the next whorl above it. The mouth is of curious form,
rather rounded-triangular, generally nearly, if not quite as
wide as its length, and very small in proportion to the size of
the shell.

Dimensions —Leneth (eroded) 4-5 inch, breadth 1-3 inch.

Localities. — Columbia River, Oregon; and Sacramento
River, Cal.

240 AMERICAN JOURNAL

4, GONIOBASIS SILICULA, Gould.—t. 24, f. 8, 9.
G. Shastaensis, Lea.

Description —“A small, slender, nearly cylindrical species,
covered with a somewhat clouded dark chesnut epidermis.
There are about four entire whorls, several others being lost
from the tips; they are well rounded, and marked with nume-
rous fine, revolving threads, and all but the two largest ones
are longitudinally plaited. The aperture is small, rounded-
ovate, scarcely produced in front, and about one-fourth the
length of the shell. The throat has a pale violet tint. The
last whorl has a dark and narrow band around it, just at the
junction of the lip to it.

Dimensions —Length } inch, breadth 1-5 inch.
Habitat.—Found at Nisqually, Oregon.

It resembles JZ. prowima, Say, which is less cylindrical, and
without folds.”

Melania silicula, Gould.—Fig. 8.
The following is Mr. Lea’s description:

“Melania Shastaensis, Lea—Fig. 9.

Description Shell striate, subcylindrical, rather thin, dark
horn-color, banded; spire elevated, folded at the apex; suture
very much impressed; whorls convex; aperture small, ovate,
white within; columella smooth, incurved and recurved.

Operculum ovate, the polar point being near the left side
and below the middle.

Habitat.—Shasta and Scott Rivers, California, Dr. Trask;
and Hort Umpqua, O. T., Smithsonian Institution.

Dimensions.—Diam. °84 inch, length 1:05 inch.

Remarks.—Nearly thirty specimens of this species were
kindly sent to me by Dr. Trask. The form and size of this
species is very much the same as MMelania (Goniobasis) Virgin-
ica, Say. It differs in the form of the aperture, in having but
a single revolving wide band, and in being more cylindrical.
The Shastaensis varies like the Virginica, in being very uncer-
tain as to striation. Some of the specimens are covered with
minute revolving striz, while others are almost entirely desti-
tute of them. In every specimen before me, there is a broad
revolving brown band on the middle of the whorls, more or
less distinct, and always with more intense color on the supe-
rior whorls. This band often becomes obsolete on the inferior
whorls, but when that is not the case, it may be seen within
the aperture also. A few of the specimens have the columella

OF CONCHOLOGY. 241

slightly purple. Every specimen in my possession has the
apex eroded, so that the number of whorls cannot be with cer-
tainty stated. I should suppose the number to be nine or ten.
Some of them are sufficiently perfect to show several upper
whorls with reeular folds. The aperture is probably rather
more than one-fourth the length of the shell.”

It will noticed at once, that the shell described by Dr. Gould
is not adult. The striz are not distinctly marked in this, as
in the last species; for, although visible, still the surface is
rather smooth and polished. The ribs are not developed on
the last three or four whorls, but are found on several of the
upper ones. The color is very constant, reddish-brown, and
the broad black band almost always present, revolving on the
periphery of the last whorl, and just above the suture on the
spire. Within, the color is light to dark purple, exhibiting
the band through the whorl.

A number of minute specimens are before me, showing the
initial whorls, which are very convex, and strongly plicate;
these whorls are always subsequently lost by erosion.

Mr. Reeve’s figure and description of G. Shastaensis repre-
sent G. occata, Hinds.

0. GONIOBASIS BAIRDIANA, Lea.—t. 24, f. 10.

Description.—Shell folded, somewhat drawn out, dark brown,
rather thick, single banded; whorls subattenuate, sharp-
pointed; suture impressed; whorls eight, slightly convex; ap-
erture rather small, ovately rhomboidal, whitish within, and
single-banded; outer lip sharp, scarcely sinuous; columella
bent in, somewhat thickened and very much twisted.

Habitat—Columbia River at Fort George, Oregon. J.
Drayton.

Dimensions.—Diam. *26 inch, length -66 inch.

Remarks.—In size, color and outline this is nearly allied to
Draytonii, herein described, but may at once be distinguished
by that species having no folds, and in being more convex in
the whorls. It cannot be confounded with Melania ( Gonioba-
sis) Newberryi (nobis,) which is shorter, more inflated, and has
two bands. The Bairdiana has five or six apicial whorls, fur-
nished with close, regular, well formed perpendicular folds.
The lower whorls have two or three very minute revolving
striz immediately below the suture, where the color is lighter.
There is a disposition to thickening on the inner margin of
the outer lip, and along this edge a little coloring of brown is
observable. The aperture is nearly the third of the length of
the shell. I have great pleasure in dedicating this interesting

942 AMERICAN JOURNAL,

little species to my friend Spencer F. Baird, of the Smithsonian
Tnstitution, to whom I am greatly indebted for many kind
services, and who has done so much for the advancement of
the Natural Sciences of our country.”

This little species is not so cylindrical in form as the pre-
ceding ones. I have seen no specimens save those collected
at the original locality; all of these are remarkably uniform
in size, form and coloring. Gon. Draytonii, Lea, inhabits the
same region, but is very constantly distinguished by its whorls,
peculiarly resembling a coiled rope, by its heavy texture, and
dark interior. Draytonii also appears to be never plicate, and
its spire, though equally attenuate below, is more obtuse at
the apex.

6. GONIOBASIS' DRAYTONI, Lea.—t. 24, f. 11.

Description — Shell smooth, conoidal, somewhat thick, dark
chesnut-brown, without bands, or obscurely banded; spire
somewhat raised; suture very much impressed; whorls about
six, convex; aperture small, ovate, dark brown within; outer
lip acute, slightly sinuous; columella very much bent in and
twisted.

Operculum subrotund, thin, ight brown, with the polar
point well towards the middle on the left.

Habitats—Fort George, Oregon. J. Drayton. Also at
Walla.

Dimensions.—Diam. *27 inch, length *68 inch.

Remarks.—A number of these specimens were sent to me
by Prof. J. Henry, Secretary of the Smithsonian. Institution,
, having been collected by the late Mr. Drayton, and to his
memory I dedicate it. It is allied to Melania (Goniobasis) ni-
grina (nobis), but is not so polished, and is a much thicker
shell. Some of the specimens before me have a thickened
outer lip, with a lighter margin. The deep color within is
made by broad obscure bands. Some of the specimens have a
white thickening in the interior at the base, and some have a
lighter brown mark on the exterior at the base of the axis.”

The suture is bordered below by a raised line, which causes
it to appear almost canaliculate.

Besides the above localities in Oregon, I have specimens
from Napa Co., Table Mt. Butte Co., and Clear Creek, Shasta
Co., Cal. These specimens are all uniform in size and form;
they are always very dark reddish-brown, the surface nearly
devoid of polish, and intensely red-brown within.

I formerly considered Gon. nigrina, Lea, a synonym of this

OF CONCHOLOGY. 243

species,* but now believe them to be well distinguished by a
difference of color and texture, and by other peculiarities.

7. GONIOBASIS NIGRINA, Lea.—t. 24, f. 12.

Description.—*Shell smooth, small, conical, rather thin, nearly
black, polished; spire somewhat elevated; suture impressed;
whorls regularly convex; aperture small, ovate, angular above,
dark purple within; columella incurved, purple.

Operculum dark brown, the polar point being low down and
near to the left margin.

Habitat— Clear Creek, Shasta County, California. Dr.
Trask;

Dimensions.—Diam. ‘23 inch, length °67 inch.

Remarks.—A number of good specimens, with their oper-
cula, were sent to me by Dr. Trask. In form, size and color,
this species is very like to Melania semicarinata, Say, from
Georgia and South Carolina. It may be distinguished at once
by not having the carination of that species, which is usually
strongly marked. It is not quite so high in the spire, and the
aperture is more rounded at the base. In all the specimens
of nigrina which I received, the apex is worn off. In the half.
crown ones I can see no disposition to carination or plication
in the upper whorls. I should suppose that in perfect speci-
mens, the number of whorls woyld be found to be about seven,
and that the aperture would be about the third of the length
of the shell. In some of the specimens there is a disposition to
put on a few fine striz, and in most of them there is a very
small angular line running below the suture. I am not ac-
quainted with Dr. Gould’s Melania silicula and bulbosa from
Oregon, described in Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., July, 1847;
but from the descriptions, I have no doubt that they are differ-
ent from both species herein described.”

This species is not always so cylindrical in form, as described
by Mr. Lea; in specimens from other localities, I find a number
with perfect, acuminate spires. In these, the number of whorls
iseight. None of these can be properly said to be plicate,
one or two imperfect ribs being only occasionally developed
in an individual, upon the apicial whorls. The color varies
from very dark chesnut to dull greenish, and the interior color
varies correspondingly. None are banded.

The species differs from Draytoni7, in its thinner substance
and greater polish, and may be distinguished at once from Con.
Bairdiana, by the absence of plicze and of a band.

I have specimens also from Butte Co., and Napa Co., Cal.

* “Synonomy of Strepomatide,’’ species 207.

944 AMERICAN JOURNAL

8. GONIOBASIS RUBIGINOSA, Lea.—t. 24, fi 13.

Description —‘Shell carinate, somewhat awl-shaped, rather
thin, shining, reddish, obscurely banded; spire subattenuate ; su-
ture very much impressed; whorls about six, convex; aperture
very small, subrhomboidal, pale reddish and obscurely double-
banded within; outer lip acute, sinuous: columella slightly
bent in and twisted.

Operculum broadly ovate, dark brown, with the polar point
near the left margin above the base.

Habitat—Oregon. W. Newcomb, M. D.
Dimensions.—Diam. ‘27 inch, Length -74 inch.

Remarks.—Two specimens only were sent to me by Dr. New-
comb. The four upper whorls are carinate, and a small thread-
like line below runs parallel with the more raised one. The
two obscure bands are near to each other and are in the mid
dle of the whorl. In outline it is near to Velania ( Goniobasis)
nigrina, (nobis,) but it is a larger species, with a less polished
surface and of a very much lighter color. It differs entirely
in being carinate. In both these specimens the whorls are
slightly depressed below the suture, which modifies the outer
lip. One of the specimens has an obscure brownish spot inside
at the base of the columella. The aperture is about two-sev-
enths the length of the shell.”

*

Mr. Lea has neglected to mention, that the carinz are repre-
sented on the body whorl by obscure lines above and below
the periphery, with the surface somewhat flattened between
them.

I have seen no specimens, except those in Mr. Lea’s collec-
tion, which are eroded, but have very little doubt that the ini-
tial whorls of perfect specimens would be plicate, as they
are in the other lengthened cylindrical species of Oregon.

9. GONIOBASIS CIRCUMLINEATA, Tryon.—t. 24, f? 14, 15.

Description.—Shell inflated, fusiform, thick, very dark green-
ish black, or dark horn color, without bands; spire elevated,
apex acute; whorls 6 to 7, convex, the initial ones sometimes
slightly folded, suture much impressed; body whorl well-
rounded, obscurely many angled, the planes produced by ir-
regular revolving raised lines; aperture small, oblique, ovate,
or nearly rhomboidal, columella smooth, callously thickened,
incurved and recurved; color within generally deep reddish-
brown, sometimes white.

Dimensions —Length 7-8 inch, diam. 8-8 inch; length of aper-
ture nearly 5-16 inch. (Fig. 14.)

OF OCONCHOLOGY. 245

Habitats—Mission San Antonio, Cal.; Shasta Co., Cal. W.
Newcomb. Pit River, Cal. Dr. J. 8S. Newberry. Feather
River, Cal. J. H. Thomson.

My Cabinet. Cabinet of Smithsonian Institution, Wesley
Newcomb, M. D., and J. H. Thomson.

An immature specimen (Fig. 15) measures, length § inch,
diam. } inch.

Remarks.—This species is more ventricose than any of the
preceding, and differs also in the angled surface of the body
whorl. The number of raised lines varies from eight to twelve
in the half-grown specimens; in the adults, all but the most
prominent become obsolete.

The full-grown shells are a little constricted on each whorl,
and a little hghter colored below the suture, on almost all of my
specimens. The apices are slightly eroded, but sufficiently so
to destroy entirely the plication frequently exhibited by
younger shells.

10. GONIOBASIS NEWBERRYI, Lea.—t. 24, f. 16.

Description—‘“Shell smooth, ovately conical, rather thin,
dark brown, triple-banded, yellow below the suture; spire
somewhat raised; suture much impressed; whorls six, inflated;
aperture rather small, ovately rounded, whitish and banded
within; outer lip inflated; columella whitish, incurved.

Operculum ovate, rather thin, dark brown, with the polar
point near the inner inferior edge.

Habitat Upper des Chutes River, Oregon Territory. J.
S. Newberry, M.D.

Dimensions.—Diam. 30 inch, length °64 inch.

Remarks.—This is a rather small species, very nearly allied
to Melania (Goniobasis) Tatiana (nobis), from Claiborne, Ala-
bama, but differs in being rather more inflated, of a darker
color, and having three dark bands instead of four. The
bands in Newberryi are broad and dark, sometimes running
into each other, while the Tazt/ana has thinner ones of a lighter
color. In some specimens of the latter, the bands are absent,
but I have seen no specimen of the former without bands,
These give a dark appearance to the shell, which is well re-
lieved by the yellow margin under the suture. I have great
pleasure in naming it after Dr. Newberry, the discoverer of
it.” |

I have not seen any of this species except Mr. Lea’s speci-
mens. These are very uniformly banded; except in this re-
spect, they are certainly extremely closely allied to bulbosa,
Gould

946 AMERICAN JOURNAL

11. GONIOBASIS BULBOSA, Gould.t. 24, f. 17.

Description —“ Shell small, conically oblong, shining, eroded,
greenish-brown; spire of 2-3 rounded whorls (remaining); su-
ture profound; aperture ovately rounded, scarcely effused.

Dimensions.—Long 1-2, lat. 9-20 poll.
Habitat—Columbia River.

The whorls are very cylindrical, so as to appear lke a
succession of bulbs. It is much like IZ perfusca, Anthony,
but in that the whorls slope gently to the suture. A broken
specimen shows that it often attains a considerable size.”

This species is exactly similar in outline to Mr. Lea’s New.
berryi, but none of the specimens before me (including Dr.
Gould’s types) exhibit the slightest indication of bands, while
Mr. Lea declares his species to be always banded.

The shell figured is the largest I have seen, and considera-
bly exceeds the dimensions of Dr. Gould’s type specimen.

OF CONCHOLOGY. 247

CATALOGUE OF THE SPECIES OF LIMNZEA
INHABITING THE UNITED STATES.

BY GEORGE W. TRYON, JR.

%*
1. LIMN#ZA STAGNALIS, Linn.
Helix stagnalis, Linneus.—F aun. Suecica, 2188. 1761.

L. jugularis, Say.—Nicholson’s Encye., 1st edit. 1816.
Binney’s Edition, p.42. 1858.
Haldeman, Monog. of Limniades, Part 3, p.16, t.4. 1841.
DeKay, Moll. N. Y., p. 74, t, 5, f. 81. 1848.

DL. appressa, Say.*—Jour. Acad. Nat. Sciences, ii. p. 168.
1821.

Binney’s Edition, p. 66. 1858.
Adams, Moll. of Middlebury, Vt. 1841.
Am. Jour. Science, xl, p. 267. 1841.
Shells of Vermont, p. 3. 1842.
Haldeman, Monog. of Limniades, Part 4, p. 18, t.5. 1842.
DeKay, Moll. N. Y., p. 74. 1848.

L. speciosa, Ziegler—Rossmiissler, Iconog. Land & Siissw.
Moll. i., p. 96, t. 2, £50. 1835.

Habitat.—Maine, Great Lakes, Canada, Minnesota, Wiscon-
sin, Oregon. Fort Simpson, British America, (Coll. Tryon.)
2. L. LEPIDA, Gould.

L. lepida, Gld.—Proe. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. ii, p. 211.

1847.
Mollusca of Wilkes’ Expl. Exped, p. 121, f. 141. 1852.

Habitat—Lake Vancouver, Oregon, (Gould.)

KE
3. NERISTOMA AMPLA, Mighels.
L. ampla, Mighels.—Shells of Maine, Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist.,
vol. iv. p. 887. 1842.

Ditto, vol. iv., p. 347. 1842.
Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. i, p. 129. 1843.

* Half-grown shell. JL. speciosa, Zglr., is the same.

248 AMERICAN JOURNAL

Habitat—Maine, (Mighels.) English River, Canada. (Coll.
Tryon.)
4, N. pECOLLATA, Mighels & Adams.

L. decollata, Mighels & Adams. Bost. Soc. Proceed., vol. 1.,
p- 49. 1841.
Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist., vol. iv., p. 45, t.4, f. 13. 1842.
Mighels, Catalogue Shells of Maine, Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist.,
vol. iv., p. 3386. 1842.

L. catascopium, Say, (Part.) Haldeman.—Monog. Limniades,
Part v., p. 52, t. 14. 1842.

LL. speciosa, DeKay.—Moll. N. Y., p. 67. 1848.
. Habitat—Maine, (Mighels.)

5. N. COLUMELLA, Say.

L. columella, Say.—Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. voli. p.14. 1817.
Ditto, vol. u., p. 167. 1821.
Nicholson’s Encye., 3d edit., vol. iv. 1819.
Binney’s Hdition, p. 56, 65. 1858.
Potiez & Michaud, Galerie des Mollusques, p. 216, t. 22,
£ 0, ‘6. 1839.
Gould, Invert. Mass., p. 215, f. 144. 1841.
Haldeman, Monog. Limniades, Part v., p. 38, t. 12. 1842.
DeKay, Moll. N. Y., p. 72, +.4, f 75. 1848.
L. chalybea, Gould.*—Am. Jour. Sci., vol. xxxviii., p. 196.
1840.
L. navicula, Valenciennes.— Recueil d’Observ. Zool., &c.,
ii, p. 251. 1833.
L. strigosa, Lea.—Philos. Proe., ii., p. 38. 1841.
Am. Philos. Trans. vol. ix., p. 12. Observ., vol. iv., p.
12. 1844.
L. acuminata, Adams.—Am. Jour. Sci., vol. xxxix., p. 374.
1840.
Habitat—Maine to South Carolina, and westward to Iowa.
Lake Winnipeg.
6. N. MACROSTOMA, Say.
L. macrostoma, Say.—Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. ii, p. 170.
1821.
Binney’s Hdit., p. 67. 1858.
Gould, Invert. Mass., p. 217, 148. 1841.
L. columella, Say, (Part.) Haldeman.—Monog. Limniades,
Part v., p. 88, t. 12, f.1—5. 1842.
Habitat—Massachusetts to Pennsylvania.

* A variety in ‘‘ Invert. Mass.,’’ p. 216, f. 145. 1841.

OF CONCHOLOGY. 249

7. N. casta,* Lea.

LL. casta, Lea.—Philos. Proe., vol. ii, p. 33. 1841.
Am. Philos. Trans., vol. ix.,p.11. Observ., vol. iv., p. 11.
1844.
Habitat—Poland, Ohio, (Lea.) Georgia, (Coll. Tryon.)
8. N. coARCTATA,* Lea.

L. coarctata, Lea—Philos. Proe., vol. ii., p. 33. 1841.

Am. Philos. Trans., vol.ix., p. 11. Observ,, vol. iv., p. Es
1844.

L. columella, Say, (Part.) Haldeman.—Monog. of Limniades,
Part v., p. 388. 1842.

Habitat.—Newport, R. I., (Lea.)
KKK
9. BULIMNZA MEGASOMA, Say.

Limnea megasoma, Say—Narrative of Long’s Expedition,
p. 263, t. 15, £10. 1824.
Binney’s Hdit., p. 129, t. 74, f. 10. 1858.
Haldeman, Monog. of Limniades, Part 3, p. 13, t. 3, f. 1,
So, Loa.
C. B. Adams, Moll. of Middlebury, Vt. 1841.
Am. Jour. Sci. vol. xl., p. 266. 1841.
Shells of Vermont, p- 3. 1842.
DeKay, Moll. N. Y., p. 69, t. 4, f. 67. 1848.

Habitat—North- West Territory, (Say.) Vermont, (Adams.)
Michigan, (Coll. Tryon.) Canada, (Bell.)

KKKE
10. LIMNOPHYSA REFLEXA, Say.

L. refleca, Say.—Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci, vol. ii, p. 167. 1821.
Am. Conch., t: 31, f. 2. 1832.
Binney’s Hdit., p. 65 and 188, t. 31, f. 2. 1858.
Chenu. Bibliotheque Conchyliologique, vol. me p. 44, t.
(Mate §
Haldeman, Monog. Limniades, No. 4, p. 26, t. 8. 1842.
DeKay, Moll. N: Yea D. dius 2, Looe tee

L. elongata, Say—Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci, vol. ii, p. 167.
1821.
Narrative of Long’s Exped., p. 263. 1824.
Binney’s EHdit., p. 65 and 180. 1858.
L. exilis, Lea.-Am. Philos. Trans., vol. v., p. 114, t. 19, fi
82. Observ., vol. 1. p.226.. 1837.

Habitat—-W. New York to Wisconsin.

* Doubtfully distinct from columella.

250 AMERICAN JOURNAL

11. L. zeBRA, Tryon.

L. zebra, Tryon—Am. Jour. Conch., vol. i, No. 8, p. 228, t.
23, f.4. 1865.

L. umbrosa, Say, (Part.) Haldeman.—Monog. Limniades, No.
4, p. 24,4. 7, £6. 1842.

L. reflexa, Say, (Part.) Ditto, No. 4, p. 26, t. 8 £ 1, 2.
1842.

Habitat—Michigan, Wisconsin, Jowa.

12. L. Rowe, Tryon.

L. Rowelhii, Tryon—Am. Jour. Conch. vol. i, No. 8, p.

228; 4:20; 4. Ae ASCO;
Haditat—California.

13. L. NuTTALLIANA, Lea.

LL. Nuttalliana, Lea.—Philos. Proc., vol. 11., p. 88. 1841.
Am. Philos. Trans., vol. ix., p. 9. Observ., vol. iv., p. 9.
1844.
L. fragilis, Linn., (Part.) Haldeman.—Monog. of Limniades,
Part v., p. 58, t. 15, f. 1. 1842.
Habitat.—Oregon, (Lea.) San Francisco and Marysville,
Cal., (Coll. Tryon.)

14. L. uMBROSA, Say.

LI. umbrosa, Say._-American Conchology, t. 31, f. 1. 1882.
Binney’s Edit., p. 188, t. 31, f. 1. 1858.

Chenu, Bibliothéque Conchyhologique, vol. ii, p. 48, t.

(ees
Adams, Moll. Middlebury, Vt. 1841.
Am. Jour. Sci, vol. xl, p. 268. 1841.

Haldeman, Monog. of Limniades, Part 4, p.24, t. 7. 1842.

DeKay, Moll. N. Y., p. 68, t.4, f. 76. 1848.
Gould, Mollusca, Wilkes’ Expl. Exped, p.122. 1852.

L. elodes, Say.—Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. i., p. 169. 1821.

Am, Conch., t. 31,4 3. - 18382.
Binney’s Hdit., p. 66 and 188, t. 31, f. 38. 1858.

Chenu, Bibliothéque Conchylologique, vol. ii... p. 44, t.

8, f. 3.
Gould, Invert. Mass., p. 221, f. 146—7. 1841.
C. B. Adams, Moll. Middlebury, Vt. 1841.
Am. Jour. Sci, vol. xl, p. 268. 1841.
Shells of Vermont, p. 3. 1842.

Habitat.—Canada, New York, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Mis-
souri, lowa, Wisconsin; Mountain Lake and Oakland, Cal.,

(Coll. Tryon.)

OF CONCHOLOGY 251

15. L. PALUSTRIS, Miller.

LL. palustris, Miiller.—Zool. Dan. Prodr. 2984. 1776.
Rossmiissler, [conog. Land und Siissw. Moll., vol. i. p. 96,
fe tol, O21) BiB sis

L. fragilis, Linnzeus. (sp.)—Faun. Suecica, 2187. 1761.
(Part.) Haldeman, Monog. of Limniades, Part 4, p. 20, t.
Gi. 1%, 9. fea2:
DeKay, Moll. N. Y., p. 68, t. 4, f. 68. 1848.

Habitat—W. New York; Michigan; Nebraska; Mountain
Lake, Cal.; Laguna de los Cavallos, New Mexico, (Coll. Tryon.)

16. I. EXPANSA, Haldeman.

Limnea expansa, Haldeman.—Suppl. to Part 1, Monog. of
Limniades, p. 2. 1840.
Monog. of Limniades, Part 4, p. 29, t. 9, f 6—8. 1842.
DeKay, Moll. N. Y., p. 75, t. 36, f 348. 1848.
Habitat.—V ermont.
17. L. Sumasst1, Baird.*
L. Sumassi, Baird.—Proce. Zool. Soe. London. 1863.

Habitat—British Columbia, (Baird.) Washington Terri-
tory. Oregon, (Coll. Tryon.)

18. L. HayprEnu, Lea.t
L. Haydenii, Lea——Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. p. 166. 1858.
Habitat.—N ebraska.
19. L. PROXIMA, Lea.
L. proxima, Lea—Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. viii, p. 80.
1856.
Habitat—Arroya San Antonio, Cal., (Lea.) Stein’s Valley,
S. E. Oregon, (Coll. Tryon.)
20. L. Tryon, Lea.
L. Traskii, Lea.t—Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 118. 1864.
L. Tryonit, Lea.—MSS.
Habitat——Arroya San Antonio, Cal., (Lea.)

* Probably only a variety of Nuttalliana, Lea.
+ Doubtfully distinct from Nuittalliana and Sumassi.
t Name preoccupied by G. W. Tryon, Jr., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1863.

952 AMERICAN JOURNAL

21. L. DESIDIOSA, Say.

L. desidiosa, Say.—Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. 11., p. 169.
1821.
Narrative of Long’s Expedition, p. 263. 1824.
American Conchology, t. 55, f.8, 1884.
Binney’s Edit., p. 66, 180 and 211, t. 55, £3. 1858.
Gould, Invert. Mass., p. 219, f. 150. 1841.
Adams, Moll. Middlebury, Vt. 1841.
Am. Jour. S¢ei., vol. xl, p. 268. 1641.
Shells of Vermont, p.4. 1842.
Haldeman, Monog. of Limniades, Part 4, p. 51, t. 10.
1842.
DeKay, Moll. N. Y., p. 78, t. 5, £ 78. 1848.

L. Philadelphica, Lea—Philos. Proce., vol. i, p.32. 1841.
Am. Philos. Trans., vol. ix., p. 8. Observ., vol. iv., p. 8.
1844.
L. fusiformis, Lea—Philos. Proc., vol. i.., p. 88. 1841.
Am. Philos. Trans., vol.ix., p. 10. Observ., vol. iv., p. 10.
1844.

Habitat—New England to Virginia, and westward to Iowa.

22. L. OBRUSSA, Say.

L. obrussa, Say._Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. v., p. 128. 1826.
Binney’s Hdit., p.113. 1858.
DeKay, Moll. N. Y., p. 75. 1848.
L. acuta, Lea——Am. Philos. Trans., vol. v., p. 114, t. 19, f.
81. Observ., vol.i, p. 226. 1887.
L. desidiosa, Say——Haldeman, Monog. of Limniades, Part
v., p. 48, t. 13, f 16—18. 1842.

Habitat—-New England to Maryland. Oakland, Cal., (Coll.
Tryon.)

23. L. BInNEYI, Tryon.

L. Binney, Tryon.—Am. Jour. Conch., vol. i, part 8, p.
929, t, 23, £3. 1865.

Habitat—Hell Gate River, Oregon, (Tryon.)
24. L. EMARGINATA, Say.

L. emarginata, Say.——Jour. Acad. ‘Nat. Sci, vol. i., p. 170.
1821.
Narrative of Long’s Exped., p. 263. 1824.
Am. Conch., t. 55, f. 1. 1884.
Binney’s Hdit., p. 67, 180 and 211, t.55,f1. 1858.
Haldeman, Monog. of Limniades, Part 8, p. 10, t, 2. 1841.
DeKay, Moll. N. Y., p. 78, t.4, £77. 1843.

OF CONCHOLOGY. 253

L. serrata, Haldeman.—Monog. of Limniades, Part 3, p. 10°
1841.

Habitat——Michigan, Wisconsin, &c., (Coll. Tryon.)
25. L. CATASCOPIUM, Say.

L. catascopium, Say.—-Nicholson’s Encyel., 1st edit., t. 2, f.
&. \ 1616)
Am, Conch., t. 55, £2. 1884.
Binney’s Hdit., p. 45 and 211, t. 70, f. 3, and t. 55, fi 2.

1858.
Potiez et Michaud, Galerie des Mollusques, p. 216, t. 22,
f. 3,4. 1838.

Haldeman, Monog. of Limniades, No. 3, p. 6, t. 1. 1841.
Gould, Invert. Mass. , p. 228. 1841.

Lake Superior, p. 244. 1850.
De Kay, Moll. N. Y., p. 67, t. 5, #80. 1843.

I. cornea, Valenciennes——Recueil d’Observ. Zool., &c., vol.
i, Pp: 2ole4 PLOao:

L. Virginiana, Lamarck.—Anim. sans Vert., Edit. 1, vol.
vi., Pp. 160. Apr, 1822.
Deshayes, /bid., Edit. 2, vol. viii, p.411. 1835.
Tbid., Edit. 8, vol. i, p. 416. 1839.
Deshayes, Encyclopédie Méthodique, Vers. 11. p. 3862. 1830.
Delessert, Recueil de Coquilles décrites par Lamarck, t.
30, f.4. 1841.

LL. sericata, Ziegler— Rossmissler Iconog., vol. 1, p. 98.
1837

Habitat.—Massachusetts to Ohio, and southwards to Vir-
ginia.
26. LL. PINGUIS, Say.
L. pinguis, Say.—Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci, vol. v., p. 128.
1825.

Binney’s Kdit. p.114. 1858.

L. catascopium, Say, (Part.) Haldeman.—Monog. of Limni-
ades, Part 3, p. 6, t. 1. 1841.
DeKay,) MollyNa Y., peti 1843,

Habitat.—Delaware River, (Say.)
27. L. Brownu, Tryon.

L. Brownii, Tryon—Am. Jour. Conch., vol.i, part 3, p.
299) ¢, 23, 1. Lo. teao:

Habitat—Elyria, Ohio, (Tryon.)

954 AMERICAN JOURNAL

28. L. GaBBu, Tryon.
L. Gabbii, Tryon.—Am. Jour. Conch., vol. i, part 8, p.229,
t. 23, £2. [80o-
Habitat. California.

29. L. TRASKU, T'ryon.
L. Traskit, Tryon.—Proe. Acad. Nat. Sci, p. 149, t. 1, f. 18.
1863.
Contrib. to Conch., vol. iii, t. 1, f.18. 1865.
Habitat—Mountain Lake, Cal., (Tryon.)

30. L. ADELINZ, Tryon.

L. Adeline, Tryon.—Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci, p. 148, t. 1, f
127" MSGS:
Contrib. to‘Conch.,"volk. i tl, f.°12. AB Go.

Habitat—San Francisco, Cal., (Tryon.)
81. L. PincEewtt, Beck.
L. Pingelii, Beck—Moller, Index, Moll. Groenlandie, p. 5.
1842.
Habitat—Greenland.
82. L. VAHLII, Beck.
L. Vahlii, Beck.—Moller, Index Moll. Greenlandiz, p. 4.
1842.
Habitat— Greenland.

| 33. L. WORMSKIOLDI, Beck.

L. Wormskioldi, Beck— Morch, Moll. Groen. in Rink’s
Greenland, p. 76. 1857.

Habitat—Greenland.

34. L. HoLBoLuLu, Beck.

L. Holbollii, Beck.—Moller, Index, Moll. Greenlandiz, p. 5.
1842.

35. L. GR@NLANDICA, Beck.
Habitat—Greenland.

36. L. CAPERATA, Say.
L. caperata, Say—New Harmony Disseminator, vol. ii. p.
230. 1829.
Binney’s Edit. p. 148. 1858.
Adams, Moll. Middlebury, Vt. 1841.
Am, Jour. Sci., vol. xl.,.p. 268. 1841.
Shells of Vermont, p.4. 1842.
Haldeman, Monog. of Limniades, Part 5, p. 34, t. 11, f.
1—9. 1842.
DeKay, Moll. N. Y., p. 69, t. 4, f 66, 69. 1843.

OF CONCHOLOGY. 255

L. umbilicata, Adams, Am. Jour. Sci., vol. xxxix., p. 374.
1840.
Boston Jour. Nat. Hist., vol. iii, p. 325, t. 3, f.14. 1840.
Gould, Invert. Mass., p. 218, f.149. 1841.

Habitat.— Vermont to Pennsylvania, and westwards to
Illinois. San Francisco, Cal. 8. E. Oregon, (Coll. Tryon.)

37. L. vITREA, Haldeman.

Limnea vitrea, Haldeman.—Monog. of Limniades, Part 4,
p- 8 of cover. 1842.
Ditto, Part 5, p. 47, t. 18, f 14—15. 1842.
DeKay, Moll. N. Y., p. 75. 1843.

Habitat—Ohio? Missouri? (Haldeman.)

38. L. PALLIDA, Adams.

L. pallida, Adams.—Am. Jour. Sci., vol. xxxix., p. 374.

1840.

Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist., vol. ii, p. 324, t. 3, £18. 1840.

Am. Jour. Sci, vol. xl, p.268. 1841.

Moll. Middlebury, Vt. 1841.

Shells of Vermont, p. 3. 1842.

Haldeman, Monog. of Limniades, Part 5, p. 45, t. 18, £
f1—13,

DeKay, Moll. N. Y., p. 69, t. 4, £ 67. 1848.

Habitat—V ermont, (Adams.)

39. L. Arctica, Lea.
L. Arctica, Lea.—Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 113. 1864.
Habitat—Moose River, British America, (Lea.)

40. L. SMITHSONIANA, Lea.
L. Smithsoniana, Lea.—Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 118. 1864.
Habitat—Loup Fork of Platte River, (Lea.)

41. L. Lecontt, Lea.
L. Lecontii, Lea.—Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 113. 1864.
Habitat— Georgia, (Lea.)

42. L. JAMESII, Lea.
L. Jamesii, Lea—Proe. Acad. Nat. Sci, p. 118. 1864.
Habitat—Ohio. Georgia, (Lea.)

256 AMERICAN JOURNAL

43, LL. BULIMOIDES, Lea.

L. bulimoides, Lea.—Philos. Proc., vol. 11, p. 33. 1841.
Am. Philos. Trans., vol. ix., p. 9. Observ., vol. iv., p. 9.
1844.
Haldeman, Monog. of Limniades, Part 5, p. 44, t. 18, f. 9,
10. 1842.
DeKay, Moll. N. Y., p. 75. 1848.

Habitat— Oregon, (Lea.)
44, L. souipa, Lea.

L. solida, ea.— Philos. Trans., vol. vi. p. 94, t. 23, f. 91.
Observ., vol. ii, p. 94. 1839.
Haldeman, Monog. of Limniades, Part 5, p. 36, t. 11, f.
10—13. 1842.
DeKay, Moll, NOY. p..70., 1843.

L. apicina, Lea—Am. Philos. Trans., vol. vi., p. 102, t. 28,
f. 109. Observ., vol. ii, p. 94, t. 25, £102. 18389.
Gould, Moll. Wilkes’ Expl. Exped., p. 122. 1852.

Habitat—Oregon, (Lea.)

45. L, HUMILIS, Say.

L. humilis, Say.—Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci, vol. it, p.378. 1822.
Binney’s Hdit., p. 110. 1858.
Haldeman, Monog. of Limniades, Part 5, p. 41, t. 18, f.
1—8. 1842.
DeKay, Moll. N. Y., p. 71, t. 4, f 71, a.b. 1848.
L. modicella, Say.—Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. vol. v., p. 122.
1825.
Binney’s Edit., p. 113. 1858.
Gould, Invert. Mass., p. 218, f. 151. 1841.

L. Linsleyi, DeKay.—P. 72, t. 4, f. 74, a. b. 1848.

L. Griffithiana, Lea.—Philos. Proce., vol. i, p. 38. 1841.
Philos. Trans., vol. ix., p. 8. Observ.;vol..iy. aja:
1844.
L. exigua, Lea.—Philos. Proc., vol. i, p. 88. 1841.
Am. Philos. Trans., vol. ix. p. 9. Observ., vol. iv., p. 9.
1844.

L. planulata, Lea.—Philos. Proc., vol. 11, p. 33. 1841.
Am. Philos. Trans., vol. ix, p.9. ‘Observ., vol. iv., p. 9.
1844,

L. rustica, Lea.—Philos. Proe., vol. 11, p. 38. 1841.
Am. Philos. Trans. vol. ix., p. 10. Observ., vol. iv., p.
10. 1844.

OF CONCHOLOGY. Q57

L. plica, Lea.—Philos. Proe., vol. i, p. 88. 1841.

Am. Philos. Trans., vol. ix. p. 10. Observ., vol. iv., p.
10. 1844.

L. parva, Lea.—Philos. Proce., vol. i1., p. 38. 1841.

Am. Philos. Trans., vol.ix., p.11. Observ., vol. iv., p. 11.
1844.

L. curta, Lea.—Philos. Proc., vol. i, p. 88. 1841.
Am. Philos. Trans., vol.ix., p.11. Observ., vol. iv., p. 11.
1844.
Habitat.—Maine to South Carolina, and westward to Wis-
consin. Oakland, Cal., (Coll. Tryon.)

46. L. FERRUGINEA, Haldeman.
L. ferruginea, Haldeman, Monog. of Limniades, Part 3, p.
3 of cover. 1841.
Haldeman, Monog. of Limniades, Part 5, p. 49, t. 13, f.
19—20. 1842.
DeKay, Moll. N. Y., p. 75. 1843.
Habitat——Oregon, (Hald.)
CK
47, LEPTOLIMNHZA ATTENUATA, Say.
L. attenuata, Say —New Harmony Disseminator, vol. ii., p.
244. 1829.
Binney’s Hdit., p. 148. 1858.
Haldeman, Monog. of Limniades, p. 28, t.9, 1,5. 1842.
DeKay, Moll. N. Y., p. 75. 1848.

Habitat—Mexico, (Say.)
48. L. KiRTLANDIANA, Lea.

L. Kirtlandiana, Lea.—Philos. Proe., vol. ii, p. 88. 1841.
‘Aco Phitoss Trans vols, p. [20> Obsery:, ty... p> 2:
1844.

Habitat.—Ohio, (Lea.)

FICK IK
49. ACELLA GRACILIS, Jay.

Limnea gracilis, Jay — Catalogue of Shells, 3d Edit., p.
tia t. fet Lown Pee.
Adams, Moll. Middlebury, Vt. 1841.
Am. Jour. Sci., vol. xl., p. 267. 1841.
Fresh Water and Land Shells of Vermont, p. 3.

1842.
Haldeman, Monog. of Limniades, Part 5, p. 50, t. 13, f.
21. 1842.

DeKay, Moll. N. Y., p. 70, t. 4, f. 738. 1843.
Habitat.— Vermont to Michigan.

258 AMERICAN JOURNAL

50. A. LANCEATA, Gould.

Limneza lanceata, Gould.—Proce. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol.
iii, p. 64. 1848.
Lake Superior, .p. 244, t. 7, £. 8,9. 1850.

Habitat—Lake Superior, (Gld.)

OF CONCHOLOGY. 259

DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES OF EOCENE
FOSSILS.*

BY R. P. WHITFIELD.

The following species of fossils (except Columbella turricula
from Prof. J. Hall) were received, among others, from Mr. T.
J. Hale, formerly of Madison, Wis., who collected them, seve-
ral years since, at the localities mentioned under the descrip-
tions. Finding them to be undescribed, and of interesting
forms, I have thought them worthy of notice.

Genus PISANIA, Bivon.
PISANIA CLAIBORNENSIS, nob.—t. 27, f. 2.

Description—Spire short, broadly conical, consisting of
about five very ventricose volutions; body whorl produced
below, forming a short, somewhat twisted anterior canal; aper-
ture large, obliquely oval, and forming, with the canal, rather
more than one-half the length of the shell; posterior canal
very small; outer lip thickened, and crenulate; entire surface
marked by distinct revolving lines; faint longitudinal folds
are visible on the three apical whorls, but are obsolete on the
larger ones.

Dimensions.—Length ‘75 inch, greatest transverse diameter
‘52 inch.

Locality.—Claiborne, Alabama.

PYRULA, Lam,
PYRULA JUVENIS, nob.

Description—Shell small and fragile; spire elevated; col-
umella slender, slightly bent; aperture large, elongate, ovate
or sub-elliptical; volutions three, marked on the periphery by
three distinct carinz or sub-angular revolving ridges, the upper
one marked with closely-arranged, longitudinally elongate
nodes, the others simple; entire surface marked by very fine
revolving lines, which are somewhat fasciculate below the
lower carina, there being three finer ones between each large
one.

* I believe Mr. Conrad regards the Vicksburg beds as not belonging to
the Eocene proper, but cells them Oligocene.

260 AMERICAN JOURNAL

Dimensions.—Length ‘6 inch, transverse diameter a little
less than ‘3 inch.

Locality—Six miles above Claiborne, Alabama, west side
of river.
FULGUR, Montf.
FULGUR TRISERIALIS.

Description—Shell thin, clavate or pyriform; spire short,
consisting of four (or more) volutions, flattened above, and
produced below into a long, slender canal; marked on the
periphery or largest part of the volution by three rows of lan-
ceolate nodes or subspines, the upper one being the most promi-
nent; aperture large, elongate elliptical; canal straight; col-
umella slender and smooth; entire surface marked by sharp
revolving lines.

Locality——Nine miles below Prairie Bluff, Alabama.
FUSUS, Lam.
Fusus TORTILIS.—t. 27, f. 5.

Description—Shell elongate-fusiform; spire slender, espe-
cially in the upper part, consisting of seven or eight sub-angu-
lar volutions, each marked by six strong longitudinal folds or
varices, which are spirally arranged, those of one volution
being a little behind the corresponding one of the preceding
volution, the whole making about one-fourth of a turn in the
length of the spire; canal long and straight, making, with the
narrow ovate aperture, rather more than one-half of the entire
length; surface marked by somewhat alternating revolvin
lines, strongest on the largest part of each volution.

Dimensions—Length 1°75 inches, transverse diameter*7 inch.
Locahty.—Nine miles below Prairie Bluff, Alabama.
PSEUDOLIVA, Swainson.
PSEUDOLIVA ELLIPTICA.

Description.—Shell small, broadly elliptical; spire produced
above, pointed; volutions four or five, rounded on the sides,
the largest slightly inflated; suture close, bounded by a nar-
row band below; columella a little twisted, and flattened in
the lower part; aperture wide, a little more than half the
length of the shell, pointed above and deeply notched at the
base; a very faint revolving groove at the top of the anterior
third of the body volution, marking the place of the very
small tooth-like projection on the outer lip; surface smooth,
except a rather broad band near the base of the last volution
formed by the siphonal notch.

Dimensions.—Length ? inch, transverse diameter 3 inch.
Locality.— Vicksburg, Miss. Upper Hocene.

OF CONCHOLOGY. 261

MONOPTIGMA, Lea.
MonopTiegMA LEAI.—+t. 27, f. 7.

Description —Shell of medium size, with an elevated pointed
spire; volutions about five, ventricose above, and attenuate
below; suture distinct or slightly channelled; columella a little
twisted in the lower part, with a strong, slightly oblique fold
above the middle; aperture nearly three-fifths of the entire
length of the shell, deeply notched at the anterior end; sur-
face marked by a line of small nodes just below the suture,
most distinct on the upper parts of the shell.

Dimensions.—Length of medium-sized specimen ‘8 inch,
transverse diameter of body volution °35 inch.

This species differs from any species of the genus hereto-
fore described, in the possession of the revolving line of nodes
on the upper margins of the volutions.

Locality.— Vicksburg, Miss. Upper Eocene.
COLUMBELLA, Lam.
CoLUMBELLA TURRICULA.—t. 27, f. 1.

Description—Shell small, polished, sub-fusiform; spire much
elevated; volutions six (seven?) slightly convex or flattened
on the surface; suture grooved; aperture elongate-elliptical
forming nearly one-third of the entire length of the shell;
upper angle acute, strongly truncate at the base; outer lip
thickened, with about seven proportionally strong dental pro-
jections; inner lip with about six smaller crenulations, corre-
sponding to a similar number of oblique revolving ridges on
the somewhat contracted columella; canal short and wide.

Dimensions.—Length °20 inch, greatest transverse diameter

‘07 inch.
Locality Claiborne, Alabama.
PLEUROTOMA, Lam.
PLEUROTOMA CAPAX.—t. 27, f. 3.

Description—Shell small, broadly-fusiform; volutions five,
strongly concave on the upper side, and ventricose below;
ornamented on the periphery of the upper volutions with a
line of nodes, which gradually decrease in size, and finall
become obsolete on the body whor!; columella strong, slightly
twisted in the lower part; aperture wide, and, with the canal,
forming more than one-half the entire length of the shell;
surface marked by very fine, tortuous, revolving lines, very
faint on the concave part of the volutions; crossed by fine
lines of growth, having a slight curve in the upper part.

262 AMERICAN JOURNAL

Dimensions.—Length a little less than 1 inch, tranverse
diameter °45 inch.

Locality—Six miles above Claiborne, Alabama.
PLEUROTOMA NASUTA.

Description—Shell fusiform, much elongate and slender;
spire consisting of five or six whorls; volutions concave above,
subangular in the middle, and rounded below, marked on the
middle by a row of longitudinally-elongate nodes; entire sur-
face marked by fine, somewhat alternating, revolving lines,
less distinct on the channel formed by the notch of the aper-
ture; suture distinct, bounded below by an elevated band;
aperture narrow, elongate, and, together with the long, straight
canal, forming more than one-half the length of the shell.

Locality—Six miles above Claiborne, Alabama, west side
of the river.

PLEUROTOMA PERSA.—+t. 27, f. 4.

Description—Shell broadly-fusiform; volutions seven or
eight, concave on the upper side, and rounded below, leaving
a rounded ridge just above the suture line; columella elon-
gate, very slender, and bent a little backwards near the lower
extremity; aperture elliptical, not quite as long as the canal
below, the two together forming about one-half the length of
the shell; deeply notched in the upper part; surface marked
with very fine, closely-arranged revolving lines, which are
erossed by fine lines of growth, having a strong retral curva-
ture on the upper part of the volution.

Dimensions.—Length of shell 1-12 inches, transverse diameter
85 inch.
Locality—Nine miles below Prairie Bluff, Alabama.

PLEUROTOMA ADEONA.

Description.—Shell fusiform; spire moderately high; volu-
tions five, deeply concave on the upper side, carinate in the
middle, and rounded below; ornamented on the carina by
strong, oblique nodes, about fifteen on the body whorl; col-
umella long, straight, and, with the aperture, forming mere
than half the length of the shell; entire surface marked by
fine revolving striz, and crossed by lines of growth having a
deep retral curvature on the concave portion of the volution.

Locality—Nine miles below Prairie Bluff, Alabama.

OF CONCHOLOGY. 263

VOLUTA, Linnzus.
VoLuta NEwWcoMBIANA.—t. 27, f. 12.

Description—Shell strong and robust; volutions six or
more, moderately convex in the younger stages of growth,
becoming more ventricose, and finally angular in the upper
part of the body whorl; suture distinct; aperture about four
times as long as wide, angular above, and deeply notched at
the base, forming more than one-half the length of the shell;
columellar folds four, very strong, the upper one transverse,
the lower ones more oblique; outer lip thick and smooth;
surface marked only by distinct lines of growth.

Dimensions.—Length 3} inches, diameter 18 inches.
Locality Six miles above Claiborne, Alabama.
MITRA, Lam.
Mitra HALEANUS.—t. 27, f. 6.

Description—Shell broadly-fusiform; spire moderately high,
broadly conical, pointed; body whorl ventricose, somewhat
angular, and with a strongly concave space in the upper part;
suture bordered below by an elevated nodose ridge; columella
produced below, marked near its middle by three somewhat
oblique equidistant folds; surface marked by numerous small,
longitudinal folds, which form nodes on the angular part of
the volutions, and become obsolete just below their middle;
the entire surface is marked by slightly alternating revolving
grooves, which cut the folds, and give to the upper part of
the volution a strongly cancellated or rasp-like appearance;
most specimens have an intermediate revolving line in the
concave part of the volution.

Locality —Vicksburg, Miss.

MITRA BICONICA.

Description—Shell slender, fusiform; spire elevated; volu-
tions six or seven, slightly convex, with a narrow depression
just below the upper margin; suture well marked; body
whorl somewhat gradually tapering below its most convex
portion; aperture long and narrow; columella strong, with
two distinct, very oblique folds a little above the middle of its
length; surface of the volutions marked by strong longitudi-
nal folds, about nine on the body whorl; entire surface cov-
ered with very fine revolving striz.

Dimensions.—Length of specimen ? inch.
Locality. Six miles below Prairie Bluff, Alabama.

264 AMERICAN JOURNAL

NATICA, Lamarck,
NATICA ERECTA.—t. 27, f. 11.

Description.—Shell subglobose; spire elevated; volutions
five, ventricose; suture well marked; substance of the shell
thin; aperture large, obliquely ovate; outer lip thin and
sharp; columellar lip slightly thickened and grooved, without
callus; umbilicus small, partly concealed by an extension of
the columellar lip; surface of the shell polished.

Localities —Six miles above Claiborne, on the west side of
the river; and ten miles below Prairie Bluff, Alabama.

NATICA PERSPECTA.

Description—Shell oblique, of medium size; substance
thick; volutions four in the largest individuals, very ventri-
cose; spire low; suture very distinctly channelled; umbilicus
proportionally large, entirely destitute of a callus, the volu-
tions being distinctly visible to the apical one; aperture semi-
lunate, the mner lip spreading somewhat on the preceding
volution, opposite the umbilicus it is thin and emarginate;
outer lip sharp; surface polished.

This beautiful little shell differs from any described species,
_ in the deep channelling of the suture and the characters of
the umbilicus.

Locality —Nine miles below Prairie Bluff, Alabama.
NATICA REVERSA.

Description—Shell small, globose; spire moderately ele-
vated; volutions ventricose; suture deep; aperture semicircu-
lar, and moderately large, equaling two-thirds the length of
the shell; outer lip sharp; inner lip slightly thickened, spread-
ing over the preceding volution; callus represented by a
thickened spiral ridge, deposited on the left side of the um-
bilicus, and uniting with the peristome at the inner basal
angle; substance of the shell thick; surface polished.

Dimensions.—Height *3 inch.
Locality Nine miles below Prairie Bluff, Alabama.
Natica (Polinices) ONUSTA.

Deseription—Shell obliquely elliptical; spire low, a very
small portion only of the inner volutions showing; volutions
flattened in the upper part, and abruptly rounded below; su-
ture slightly channelled; aperture very large, obliquely semi-
lunate; callus very large, entirely filling the umbilical portion
of the shell; surface smooth, or marked only by fine lines of
growth.

OF CONCHOLOGY. 265

Locality.—Six miles below Prairie Bluff, Alabama. _ F

Natica (Girodes)’ ALABAMIENSIS.—t. 27, £.9,10. ey jee

Description.—Shell oblique subspatulose; spire elevated; ~
volutions four, flattened on top; aperture large, broadly sub- J ,,,

ovate; columella flattened, and slightly grooved; umbilicus
minute, or none; surface marked by fine, wavy revolving
lines, strongest near the upper part of the volution, crossed
by distinct lines of growth.

Dimensions —Length *80 inch, width °62 inch.

Locality—Six miles above Claiborne, Alabama, west side
of the river.

NaAtica (Girodes) APERTA.

Description.—Shell very oblique, patulose; spire low; volu-
tions three, slightly flattened on the top, with a depression
just below, and sharply rounded on the lower part; umbilicus
very large; upper part of the columellar lip reflected over
the umbilicus; callus none; aperture large, semi-lunate; sur-
face marked by lines of growth.

Locality —Six miles above Claiborne, Alabama.

VELUTINA, Fleming. Whe’ WA celle ate

}> |

VELUTINA (Otina) EXPANSA.—t. 27, f. 14, 15. cites Ween 2 )

Description.—Shell minute, broadly expanded; spire very
low; volutions from two to three, the outer one forming the
greater part of the shell; peristome continuing around the
body of the volution to near the base of the columella; mar-
gin of the aperture flattened or slightly reflected: inner sur-
face of shell highly polished; exterior marked by irregular
lines of growth.

The different individuals differ somewhat in the degree of
expansion of the outer volution.

Dimensions.—The largest individual seen, measures ‘05 inch
across the aperture.

Locality—Six miles below Prairie Bluff, Alabama, in sand,
filling the cavities of other shells.

CERITHIUM, Adanson.
CERITHIUM VINCTUM.—t. 27, f. 8.

Description.—Shell regularly elongate, conical; volutions
ten or more; flattened above, ventricose below, and becoming
gibbous or irregularly contracted in the last volution of adult
specimens, and ornamented by a revolving band, which occu-
pies the lower half of the exposed part; upper part of the

1 MAA
ly ff

266 AMERICAN JOURNAL

shell marked by small, closely-arranged longitudinal folds,
which, in the larger volutions do not extend to the band,
leaving it smooth, with the upper margin elevated; aperture
oblique; columella sub-spiral; anterior canal slightly reflected.

Dimensions—Length 1:45 inches, diameter of body whorl ‘5
inch.
Locality —Vicksburg, Miss. Upper Kocene.

POTAMIDES, Brongniart.
PoTAMIDES ALABAMIENSIS.—t. 27, f. 13.

Description—Shell turrited, consisting of about eight short,
strong, rounded volutions; columella short; aperture oblique-
ly ovate, lower basal portion auger-shaped; entire surface
marked by strong, sharply elevated revolving lines, strongest
on the middle of the volution; eleven can be counted on the
body whorl; the revolving lines are crossed by faint lines of
growth, which have a slight sigmoidal curve.

Dimensions.—Length of shell 1°12 inches, transverse diam-
eter of body whorl -45 inch.
Locality —Six miles below Prairie Bluff, Alabama.

TURRITELLA EURYNOME.

Description—Shell elongate, very gradually tapering; volu-
tions flattened; surface marked by four strong, well-defined
revolving ridges, with sometimes an intermediate finer one
on the middle of the volution; the four ridges are arranged
in pairs, with flattened spaces between, the central space
wider than the others; the upper carina marks the upper ~
margin of the volution, while the lower one-is as far from the
lower margin as the breadth of the space between the upper
pair; under side of volution marked by four or more less dis-
tinct ridges; volutions crossed by distinct lines of growth,
having a strong retral curvature, embracing the entire surface;
aperture elongate-ovate.

Locality—Six miles above Claiborne, Alabama, on the
west side of the river. / js oc

TURRITELLA MULTILIRA.

Description—Shell of moderate size, extremely elongate,
slender; volutions numerous (number unknown), quadrangu-
lar, flattened on the surface; upper margin elevated above
the preceding volution; aperture rounded; surface marked
by numerous very fine but distinct revolving striz, crossed
by finer lines of growth, having a deep retral curve. ;

This species bears some resemblance to 7. guadristriata,
Rodgers, except in the surface markings.

Locality.—Six miles below Prairie Bluff, Alabama.

OF CONCHOLOGY. 26T

TURRITELLA ALABAMIENSIS.

Description.—Shell slender; volutions twelve or more; sub-
quadrangular, lower margin sometimes projecting; suture
distinctly marked; aperture sub-elliptical, slightly oblique;
surface marked by numerous fine revolving lines, which are
scarcely alternate, and crossed by distinct lines of growth,
which make a deep sinus on the body of the volution, and
are again bent backwards on the lower angle.

This species scarcely differs from 7’ cxlata, Conrad, from
the Vicksburg (Miss.) beds, except that it is destitute of the
lines of granulas which give so decided a character to that
apecies.

Locality—Nine miles below Prairie Bluff, Alabama.

CUCULLAA, Lamarck.
CUCULLEZA MACRODONTA.—t. 27, f. 17.

Description — Shell of medium size, sub-rhomboidal in
outline, broad heart-shaped in profile; hinge line nearly as
long as the greatest length of the shell; hinge area broad,
corrugated; valves deep; beaks distant, slightly incurved;
surface marked by from forty-five to fifty low, radiating ribs,
which are finely corrugated by concentric lines; ribs indis-
tinct on the posterior part; a rather deep, narrow sulcus ex-
tends from the beak to the posterior basal angle, leaving a
prominent umbonal ridge; hinge line with sixteen teeth, the
right valve having four at each extremity, parallel to it; mus-
cular scars sub-quadrangular, the posterior much the largest;
muscular ridges faint or obsolete; pallial line crenulate; inner
margin of shell smooth.

This species is remarkable for the very transverse lateral
teeth, a feature not often noticed in fossil species of the genus.

Locality—Nine miles below Prairie Bluff, Alabama.
CRASSATELLA, Lamarck.
CRASSATELLA TUMIDULA.—t. 27, f. 16.

Description.—Shell sub-triangular or sub-clavate in outline;
anterior end broadly rounded; posterior end narrow, acute;
valves ventricose in front, attenuate behind, with a shallow
sulcus in front of the umbonal slope; surface smooth, except
rugose markings on the umbones; hinge teeth moderately
large; lateral tooth elongate, linear; ligamental area shallow,
broad-triangular; muscular scars large; anterior subreniform;
posterior circular; margin of shell finely crenulate on the
anterior and antero-basal portions. .

Closely resembles (. pteropsis, Gabb, a Cretaceous species.

Locality—sSix miles above Claiborne, Alabama, west side
of the river.

268 AMERICAN JOURNAL

EXPLANATION OF PLATE 27.

Fig. 1. ConuMBELLA TURRICULA, Whitfield. (Enlarged.)—
Pol

. PISANIA CLAIBORNENSIS, Whitfield—P. 259.

. PLEUROTOMA CAPAX, Whitfield —P. 261.

fi PERSA, Whitfield.—P. 262.

_ Fusus Tortiuis, Whitfield—P. 260.

Mirra HALEANus, Whitfield—P. 263.

. MonoptiamMA LeEat, Whitfield.—P. 261.

. CERITHIUM VINCTUM, Whitfield. The specimen fig-
ured is not an adult shell, and does not show the
contraction of the last volution.—P. 265.

“9%10. NATICA (Girodes) ALABAMIENSIS, Whitfield —P. 265.

jt ted Baad hae ERECTA, Whitfield.—P. 264.

“ 19. Votuta NEwcomBIANA, Whitfield.—P. 263.

«“ 13. PoramMIpDES ALABAMIENSIS, Whitfield.—P. 266.

“14a15. VELUTINA (Otina) EXPANSA, Whitfield. (Greatly

enlarged.)—P. 2665.
“« 16, CRASSATELLA TUMIDULA, Whitfield.—-P. 267.
“ 47, CucuLLHA MAcROoDONTA, Whitfield ——P. 267.

ox HY oo bo

CO ID

OF CONCHOLOGY. 269

Glitors Gable.

REVIEWS.

I.— AMERICAN.

Bibliography of North American Conchology, previous to the
year 1860. Prepared for the Smithsonian Institution: By w. 4.
BINNEY.

Part 1. American Authors. 650 pp., 8vo. 1868.
Part 2. Foreign Authors. 3800 pp., 8vo. 1864.

We should have noticed this important work at an earlier
‘date. Mr. Binney has devoted a number of years to the ac-

complishment of his task, and it has resulted in a Bibliogra-
phy of our Conchology, so complete as regards American
authors, that probably not a single publication, however ob-
scure or insignificant, has been omitted. The 2d Part, em-
bracing Foreign Authors on American Conchology, is not so
complete, many minor papers being unnoticed. Mr. Binney,
however, probably has not intended this Part to be so ex-
haustive as the former one.

The plan of the work has been, to quote Author’s name in
heavy-faced type, followed by the full title of the work or
paper quoted from, together with the printed date of publica-
tion. Then follows a complete list of genera and species, their
synonymy as given by the author cited, localities, and refer-
ences to page, plate and figure. At the end of each Part is
an Index of Authors and Titles of Works. Part 8d (in
preparation) will consist of a General Index of Species, and
will complete the entire work.

The amount of labor entailed by the preparation of a work
of this nature is immense, and can only be properly appre-
ciated by those who have engaged in similar undertakings. It

270 AMERIOAN JOURNAL

is all the more creditable to the author, because the same
amount of work in another direction would have produced
more showy results in the description of new species.

While bestowing this deserved praise upon Mr. Binney’s
undertaking,—a work that will be consulted by conchologists
more than any other ever published in America,—we feel that
we would be doing an injustice to him and to the liberal In-
stitution, at whose expense it is published, if we omitted to
point out what appears to us to be a few errors in the plan of
the work.

The Date of Reading of the various papers has been omit-
ted. This is a small matter; but its insertion could do no
harm, as naturalists are not al/ agreed in regard to what con-
stitutes publication. A book of this nature should afford
every possible information to those who have occasion to
consult it, whether they adhere to the Rules of the British
Association or to those of the French Academy.

We think, that, in many cases, a more accurate date of pub-
lication should be given, than that affixed on the title-page of
the entire volume in which the paper is contained.

We refer more particularly to the American Journal of
Science, and to the Transactions of the American Philosophical
Society. The volumes of both these publications are issued
in Parts, and the date of the general title-page is, therefore,
inaccurate as regards the publication of a portion of the pages
following.

We are not aware that this omission, in the case of Silli-.
man’s Journal, will affect the synonymy of any of our species, but
it is attended with rather grave consequences in that of the
American Philosophical Transactions. The Parts comprised
in the earlier volumes of this publication were issued sepa-
rately at long intervals, without date. It curiously happened
that two American authors, working at the same time in the
same particular direction, in a number of cases described the
same species, each being ignorant of the labors of the other
till after their respective publication. Subsequently, Mr.
Conrad, in his admirable “Synopsis of Naiades,” claimed pre-
cedence for his own specific names, naturally taking the date
of title-page of the volume of the American Philosophical
Transactions as the date of publication of Mr. Lea’s descrip-
tions. Mr. Lea,* however, immediately proved the time of
publication of some of these Parts of the volumes of Transac-
tions, and, consequently, the prior date of certain of his spe-
cies by evidence which has never been questioned. Yet Mr.
Binney has not deemed it advisable even to mention the dates

* Proc. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Philada., vol. vii., p. 286. 1854.

OF CONCHOLOGY. QT1

stated by Mr. Lea, except in regard to four species only, and
thus those who in future times depend, as they certainly will
on the Bibliography, for the synonymy of these species, will
be misled into the perpetuation of a wrong.

We do not agree with Mr. Binney, that typographical errors in
the originals should not be corrected, because, in some cases, their
correction is difficult or impossible, any more than we would
agree that things should al/ go wrong unless we could make
them all go right. We think he ought to have corrected as
many of these errors as possible.

Considering the immense material of these two volumes, we
are surprised at the great accuracy of the print. Save in the
case above pointed out, the typographical errors are singu-
larly few, showing the most careful, painstaking proof-reading:
as Mr. Binney states in his preface: “The proof has generally
been corrected from the original work, thus avoiding many
errors committed in transcribing.” Naturalists may obtain
this book, free of cost, upon application to the Smithsonian
Institution, which has so generously undertaken its publica-
tion, as one of its series of works on the Natural History of
our country.

Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadel-
phia. No.1.—January, February and March, 1865. (Published in
April.)

Synonymy of the Species of Strepomatidex, a family of Flu-
viatile Mollusca inhabiting North America. Part 4: BY
GEORGE W. TRYON, JR.

The former papers on this subject were published in the
Proceedings of the Academy for 1863—64. The present
paper completes the series, and contains a revision and correc-
tion of the former three, together with an entire group of 57
species .previously omitted. A synopsis of the new genus
Hurycxlon, proposed by Mr. Lea in 1864, is included; it com-
prises eight species, formerly considered Goniobases and An-
culose.

Among the corrections of synonymy are the following,
worthy of particular attention :—

No. 28. P. unciale, Hald.; P. bicostatum, and rigidum, Anth.,
P. sugillatum, Reeve, and P. oblita, Lea, are all synonyms.

No. 88. P. opaca, Anth; P. tostoma and nigrostoma, Anth.,
and P. Tennesséense, Lea, are synonyms. Mr. Anthony’s spe-
cies were formerly considered Goniobases.

No. 22 a. G. abbreviata, Anthony. In the synonymy of this

species must be included Mr. Anthony’s @. elegantula, coro-
nilla and chalybea.

272 AMERICAN JOURNAL

No. 28 a. G. strenua, Lea; G. Leidyana, and carinocostata
are the same.

No. 81. G. obtusa, Lea; G. substricta, Hald., and cadus,
Lea, are synonyms.

No. 37. G. interrupta, Hald., G. Christyi, Lea, G. instabilis,
Lea, and G. ornatella, Lea, form but one species.

No. 127. G. acutocarinata, Lea, pagodiformis and torulosa,
Anth., are the same.

No. 157. G. simplex, Say; G. subsohda, Vanuxemii and
Warderiana of Lea are synonyms.

No. 186 a. G. sordida, Lea; G. plebeca and brunnea, Anth.,
are Synonyms.

No. 191. G. adusta, Anth.; G. Cumberlandiensis, Lea, and
G. funebralis, Anth., are synonyms.

Instead of the name of Anculosa dissimilis, Say, that of
carinata, Brug., is adopted. The latter was proposed in the
“Hneyclop. Methodique, Vers.” 1, p. 801, 1792, twenty-seven
years prior to Say’s description. This shell was first figured
by Lister.

American Journal of Science and Arts. No. 117. May, 1865.

Remarks on the Beatricex, a new Division of Mollusca: BY
ALPHEUS HYATT, JR.

We condense the material portions of this paper, and re-
gret that our space will not allow its re-publication entire:—

“The Beatrice are long, cone-like bodies, composed of three
distinct parts, or layers, in the following order: (1) A central
chain of small hollow chambers; (2) a succession of concen-
tric coniform layers; (8) an external or sub-epidermal layer.”

[These Silurian fossil shells were at first supposed to be
plants, and the first species was so described by Mr. Bil-
lings. ]

“The Beatrice are very like the Hippuritide, both in gene-
ral form and the arrangement of the component parts of the
shell; but here again it may be demonstrated that the resem-
blance is not so close as it at first appears to be.

“The geological horizon in which they occur, without other
evidence, would alone be sufficient to render their affinity with
the Mippuritide exceedingly doubtful; but, besides this, the
structure, evidently, is not so closely allied to that of the Hip-
purite as to the Cephalopod. The shell of the Hippurite is
composed of three parts: first, the inner septa, second, the
outer layers, which frequently form a porous mass, and third,
an external sub-epidermal layer.

OF CONCHOLOGY. 273

“The inner septa, which supported the principal part of the
body of the Mollusk, form large cavities, while the second
part is made up of laminz laid on by the mantle margin, or
at least that part corresponding to the mantle margin of the
Lamellibranchiates.

“In Beatricex, on the contrary, the inner septa did not con-
tain the body of the animal, and there are no marks whatever
of a mantle margin. This objection could not be urged
against their affinity with Caprinella and the like, in which
the central cavities are small; but from these they may be
separated by the absence of all ligamental or muscular im-
pressions and the mode of forming annular, cellular partitions,
composed of numerous lamine, instead of a continuous series
of porous or tubular lamine.

“The Hippurites, Caprina, and the like, were, with few ex-
ceptions, attached to the surfaces upon which they lived or to
each other, and had short, thick, cone-like forms, affording
broad bases of attachment, whereas the Beatricee were long,
thin, almost tubular bodies, resembling the Orthoceratites, and.
entirely unfitted to support themselves in fixed positions.

“We saw hundreds of B. nodulosa and B. undulata ‘in situ,’
but nowhere any indications of attachment, either to the rocks
or to each other.

“ After close comparison with all the types to which these
singular fossils appeared to have any resemblance, I have at
length considered myself warranted in considering them as
Cephalopods more closely allied to the genus Hndoceras, than
to any other group of that class.

“They differ greatly from all the Tetrabranchiates, in the
open structure of the partitions or septa between the chambers,
and this character, together with the absence of a siphon, and
the cone-like form of the septa, demands that they should be
separated as a distinct order, for which I propose the name of
Ceriolites. Although distinct as an order because of the dif-
ferences in the form and structure of the septa, arising from
their great length, and the loose way in which the lamine are
arranged, the parts may be compared point for point with
similar parts of Mndoceras.

‘We may imagine the cone-like septa of a Beatricean to be
spread apart, until their surfaces should be parallel through-
out the shell; they would then be entirely separated by hollow
chambers, as the septa are in Hndoceras, and if, at the same
time, the central cup-like cavities were supposed to be pro-
longed into cones, we should, without violence to the typical
idea of the organization, have transformed the Beatricea into
a shell separable from the Hndoceras by only one character,
the vesicularity of the septa.

274 AMERICAN JOURNAL

“The analogies which the Beatricee have with plants in
their general aspect, with Radiates in their internal vesicular
structure, and with Hippurites in the aftrangement of the
parts, are so close as to entirely bury, as it were, their true
affinity with Cephalopoda, which only becomes obvious after
diligent comparisons.”

“There still remains a question which I have not been able
to solve in a satisfactory manner with the specimens at my
command. Are the Beatricew internal or external shells?
This problem, so difficult to settle conclusively with regard to
the Orthoceratites, is equally puzzling in the structure of Beatri-
cee. Their extreme length, cellular structure, and the irregu-
larity of the ornamentation, would be almost determinative in
favor of their being internal shells, were it not for the aspect
of the cast of the animal in the terminal chamber of the speci-
men from English Head, which proves that a large portion, if
not the whole of the body, was contained within the shell.”

“There are but two known species of the order Ceriolites,
both occurring in the Silurian strata of Anticosti.”

“ORDER CERIOLITES, Hyatt.
Famity CERIOLID &, Hyatt.
Genus BEATRICEA, Billings.

“Beatricea nodulosa, Billings, is a long cone, tapering very
gradually, the central chambers occupying from a fourth to a
third of the transverse diameter in adults; in the young they
are larger proportionally, varying from one-half to two-thirds
of the breadth of the whole shell, The coniform layers are
nearly parallel; the inclination at the lower part, as they
trend outward to the circumference, being decreased very
slowly. The external shell is closely set with tubercles, and
covered with granular points. The size, as nearly as could
be inferred from fragments, is not over four feet long, by from
three to five inches in diameter at the larger end.

“B. undulata is a much larger species, one fragment found
by the expedition being thirteen and a half feet long, by
elght and a half inches in diameter at the larger end, and
judging by the inclination of the sides, the length of the en-
tire shell, when living, was certainly not less than twenty
feet. The chambers are very small, frequently in adults not
occupying more than one-tenth of the transverse diameter.
The coniform layers are more widely separated in the adults
than in the young; their inclination as they trend outward to
the periphery is more decided, and they nowhere assume the
parallel appearance of the same parts in Beatricea nodulosa.

“The exterior is granulated and ornamented by ten or more
prominent longitudinal ridges and intervening broad, shallow
channels.” ;

OF CONCHOLOGY. 275

Synonymy of the Species of Strepomatidee (Melanians) of the
United States; with Critical Observations on their Affinities, and
Descriptions of Land, Fresh Water and Marine Mollusca: BY GEORGE
W. TRYON, JR. 8vo., cloth, 100 pp., and 2 lithographic plates. New
York: Bailliere Brothers, 520 Broadway. 1865. Price $2.00.

This little volume contains:—
Contributions towards a Monography of the Order Phola-
dacea, with Descriptions of new Species.

Descriptions of two new Species of Fresh Water Mollusca
from Panama.

Description of a new Exotic Melania.

Descriptions of new Species of Fresh Water Mollusca, be-
longing to the families Amnicolide, Valvatidee and Lim-
neide; inhabiting California.

Description of a new Species of Pleurocera.

Description of a new Species of Teredo, from New Bedford,
Mass.

Descriptions of two new Species of Mexican Land Shells.
Synonymy of the Species of Strepomatide, Parts 1, 2, 8, 4,
and Supplement.

These papers were all first published in the Proceedings of
the Academy of Natural Sciences for 1863—5, and two or
three of the latter ones have been already noticed by us. The
Supplement to the papers on Strepomatide contains a syno-
nymic list of the species published by Mr. Lea in 1864, so
that al/ the species inhabiting the United States are now in-
cluded. The interest of this part of the work is much en-
hanced by a very full index of the species and synonyms, con-
taining nearly 900 names.

The earlier papers of this volume contain the following de-
scriptions of new species:—

Lirphea Gabbii, Coast of Japan.
AXylotrya setacea, Bay of San Francisco.
Planorbis Fieldii, Panama.

Amnicola Panamensis, %

Melania Helene, Philippine Islands.
Amnicola Rowellii, California.

Pomatiopsis Binneyt, ag

Valvata virens,
Limnexa Adeline,

ce

“ Traskii, «
Physa Gabbii, As
Ancylus fragilis, ff
Pleurocera plicatum, Nashville, Tenn.
Teredo Thomsonii, New Bedford, Mass.
Helix Rémondi, Mazatlan, Mexico.
(v9 ‘“

Cyclotus Cooperi,

276 AMERICAN JOURNAL

In the portion of the work relating to Strepomatide, over
3500 references to publications are made, which will indicate
the amount of labor required in this, the easiest branch of the
subject; for the principal labor consisted in the critical ex-
amination and comparison of specimens, very few decisions
being based on the published descriptions. The following is
a portion of the Preface to the Ist Part of the Synonymy
(published in 1863):—

“The following synonymy of the very numerous species of
North American shells, heretofore considered Melanians, is
offered as the result of a year’s study of the extensive collec-
tions of the Smithsonian Institution and of the Academy of
Natural Sciences, as well as those of Messrs. Lea, Haldeman,
Anthony and Gould, together with my own and several smaller
collections.”

It is not necessary to advert here to our views of the syno-
nymy of the family or of its genera, as we have already fully
treated of this subject, in the 2d No. of the Journal of Con-
chology.

I].— FOREIGN.

BRITISH.

Conchologica Iconica: BY LOVELL REEVE.
Parts 244, 245, (1865,) contain:—

Marginella, Plates 14—27, and species 58—159, completing
the genus.

The new species herein described are:—
M. DeBurghie, Adams, MS., Swan River.
(?)

““ ovum, Reeve,

“ Hondurasensis, Reeve, Honduras.

“ vexillum, Redfield, Cape Palmas.
“ bibalieata, Reeve, ‘West Indies.
“ livida, ¢ (2)

* guttula, “ (?)

“ tribalteata, “ (?)

“ navicella, (?)

“ efelgens,.. Island of St. Thomas.
+ valabasten,) «4 (?)

“ ¢mmersa, * (?)

“ cantharus, “ (?)

* pan ReSCeRa. 5s

(?)
“ Capensis, Dunker, MS., Cape of Good Hope.

OF CONCHOLOGY. QTT

M. Traillii, Reeve, Malacca.
SP sompliex, |" Australia.
“ attenuata, “ New South Wales.
“ pyrulum, “ Island of St. Thomas.
“clectrum “ (?)
““annulata, “ (?)
“ dens, o Borneo.
“ serrata, Gaskoin, MS., West Indies.
“ triplicata, “ Philippines.
“ compressa, Reeve,
“ Volutiformis, “ (?)
“ obscura, ¢ (?)
“ paxillus, - (?)
“ affinis, i Island of St. Thomas.
“ bullula, if Borneo.
“ olivella, v1 Australia.
“ corused, Singapore.
“ bulbosa, a Borneo.
“semen, 4 ie

(?)
“ Jewettii, Carpenter, MS., St. Barbara, Cal.
“ ros, Reeve, ?

“ encaustica, Reeve, Ceylon.

“ rufula, Gaskoin, MS., Cape of Good Hope.
“ infans, Reeve, Singapore.

af epignes;, + Mogadore, Morocco.
Spasms riz’ Australia.

“ Bensoni, “ Cape of Good Hope.
“ lachryma, “ Borneo.

The observations on the geographical distribution of the
genus are very interesting.
Unio. Plates 19—20.

FRENCH.

Melacologie de l’Algerie: By J. R. BOURGUIGNAT.
5th Part, April, 1864. Pp. 145—282, and plates 6—26,
contains :——
PLANORBIS, 17 species, of which the following are new:—
Pl. éuchelius, Pl. agraulus, Pl. Numidicus,
Pl. eupheus, Pl. diaphanellus, Pl. Raymondi.
Puysa, 7 species. Limnma, 5 species. ANcyLus, 11 spe-
cies. BRONDELIA, 2 species. CYCLOSTOMA, 3 species. ACME,
(with a synonymy of the European species,) 2, which are
new :—
A. Lallemanti, A. Letourneuxi.

BITHINIA, 2 species. Hyprosi, 5 species.

278 AMERICAN JOURNAL

Journal de Conchyliologie, Vol. XIII., No.1. January, 1865. 96
pp., 4 plates.

Note sur les meurs du Murex erinaceus: BY P. FISCHER.
Note sur le genre Entoconcha, de Muller: BY P, FISCHER.

Note sur le genre Cryptobia de Deshayes: BY O. A. L.
MORCH.

Observation relative au byssus du Dreissena polymorpha: BY
O. A. L. MORCH.

Note sur le genre Monocondyleea de d’Orbigny, et description
d’une espece nouvelle: RY S. PETIT DE LA SAUSSAYE.

Monocondylea Cambodjensis. Cambodia.

This species appears to resemble very closely M. crebristr¢-
ata, Anth., herein described, but M. Petit does not mention the
numerous small plicze which are so very characteristic of Mr.
Anthony’s species.

Rectifications et additions a le faune Malacologique de l Indo-
Chine: BY A. MORELET.

The author, premising that he agrees entirely with Ross-
missler, that the rectification of a bad description is more
useful to science than the description of a new species, pro-
ceeds to state that Unio abnormis, Morlt., Rev. Zool., 1862, is
the same as U. gravidus, Lea, 1856; U. imperialis, Morlt., 1.
¢c., is asynonym of U. Hainesianus, Lea; and that U. manda-
rinus, Morlt., Jour. Conch. 1864, is a synonym of U. scobinatus,
Lea.

M. Moreiet, with the greatest candor, acknowledges that the
publication of Mr. Lea’s papers in the ‘Proceedings of the
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia,” also after-
wards in the “Journal” of that Society, and in his “ Observa-
tions on the Genus Unio,” besides the numerous extracts and
notices of the paper in the various periodicals, leaves him no
excuse for his ignorance of these species.

The following new species are described :—

U. misellus, Siam. U. pellis-lacerti, Siam.

The author mentions that the same locality has afforded to
him a number of other species, apparently new; but he hesitates
to describe them for the present. The two above described
are believed to be very distinct from any others.

Note additionelle sur le Tenagodus Bernardii, Morch: BY
H. CROSSE.

Description d’une nouvelle espece de Volute de I Australie:
BY G. B. SOWERBY,

Voluta Hllioti.

OF CONCHOLOGY. 279

Description d’especes nouvelles de la Guadeloupe: BY H-

CROSSE.
Terebratulina Cailleti. Pleurotoma Jelskit.
Murex abyssicola. ji Antillarum.
Fusus Schrammi. Astralium Guadeloupense.

Description d’especes nouvelles d Australie méridionale: BY
H. CROSSE and P. FISCHER.

Bullxa Angasi. Cerithium monachus.
Bulla eumicra. Triphorus Angasi.
Fissurella concatenata. st Pfeiffert.

“ omicron. Buceinum filicewm.
Patella calamus. Ricinula Adelaidensis.
Scalaria delicatula. Purpura humilis.

+ consors. Fusus Liincolnensis.
Ringicula Australis. Typhis Yatesii.
Turritella spina. Columbella Yorkensis,

Diagnoses Molluscorum novorum: BY H. CROSSE.

Collonia Frickii, . California.

# Hucharis, (?)
Murex Frickii, California.

Cyprxa Thomasi, (?)
Description @un Pedicularia fossile: BY M. J. SEQUENZA.
Pedicularia Deshayesiana.

Note sur wne espece nouvelle du genre Pernostrea: BY P.-
FISCHER.
Pernostrea Hudesi, Fischer.

Production artificielle des Perles: BY P. FISCHER.

Acclimatation, en France, de Mollusques exotics: BY P.
FISCHER,

The shells alluded to are Mercenaria violacea and Ostrea Vir-
ginica, colonies of which, sent a few years ago, are quite flour-
ishing and increasing in size, but none of the young have
been observed, and it is doubtful whether any reproduction
has taken place.

Un préservatif contre les ravages des Tarets: BY H. CROSSE.

Intervention des Mollusques et des Cirrhipédes dans le conflit
Américain: BY H. CROSSE.

“Les derniers journaux américains nous ont révélé un fait
scientifique assez curieux et qui touche suffisamment 4 lhis-
toire naturelle pour que nous croyions devour le relever ici.
On sait que les principales passes de la baie de Mobile avaient

280 AMERICAN JOURNAL

été garnies, par les confédérés, de nombreux engins destructifs,
connus sous le nom de torpilles (torpedo), et disposés de maniére
4 éclater sous les navires qui viendraient a les heurter en pas-
sant. Au bout de quelque temps, l’enveloppe métallique de
ces redoubtables machines a été tellement recouverte et en-
crotitée par divers Mollusques adhérents et par des Balanes,
que le jeu du marteau extérieur, dont le choc déterminait l’ex-
plosion, est devenu impossible, dans la plupart des cas. Cette
intervention imprévue a grandement facilité les opérations de
Vamiral qui commandait les forces du Nord dans ces parages,
et lui a peut-étre épargné un désastre. Les Mollusques, eux
aussi, viennent donc de donner leur avis dans le conflit améri-
cain: ils sont opposés a la guerre. Si les membres du con-
grés de la paix n’étaient pas si occupés a se quereller entre
eux, ils auraient la une bien belle occasion de décerner des
diplémes d’honneur.”

Essai @acclamatation, en France de! Helix Yucatanea, Mo-
relet: BY H. CROSSE.

Bibliographie.
No.2. April, 1865.
This number contains 144 pages, and 2 colored plates.

Recherches sur la fawne Malacologique de la baie de Suez:
BY DR. LEON VAILLANT.

The author spent several months at Suez, and dredged many
of the species enumerated by him. He prefaces his List by a
description of the physical features of the neighboring coasts
and sea-bottoms.

Thirty-one univalye and forty-nine bivalve Mollusks are
enumerated. Of course, many of these are common to the
Indian Ocean.

Strombus tricornis and Murex anguliferus, says M. Vaillant,
are eaten by the Greeks and Arabs, working in the construc-
tion of the canal.

The following new species are described :—

Mytilus (Modiolarca) cenobita. Syndosmya strigitloides.

Lithodomus Lessepsianus. Cumingia Deshayesiana.

Diplodonta Savignyt.

Note sur la présence, en Algérie, du Ropan d Adanson: BY
Pp. FISCHER.

This shell, the Modiola caudigera of Lamarck, was first dis-
covered at the Island of Gorée and Cape Verd by Adanson;
it has not been noticed at Madeira, the Canaries, or Azores,
but is found on the Atlantic coast of Spain, Portugal, and at
Guétary, France. It has not been discovered in any other
part of the Mediterranean except the coast of Algiers.

OF CONCHOLOGY. 281

Diagnoses de Mollusques nowveaux provenant de Californie
et faisant partie du Musée de 1 Institution Smithsonienne:
BY PHILIP P. CARPENTER.

Angulus Gouldit. Barleeia subtenuis.
Oedalia subdiaphana. me (2? subtenuis, var.) ri-
Psephis tellymyalis. mata.
Tapes laciniata. oh haliophila.
Kellia ( Laperousii, var.) Chi- Drillia torosa.
ronit. “ (2 torosa, var.) aurantia.
“ rotundata. sy penicillata.
Ostrea lurida. 2? Daphnella aspera.
Tornatella punctocelata. Chemnitzia tridentata.
Cylichna planata. ba (2 var.) aurantia.
Lottia gigantia, Gray. Volutella pyriformis.
Bittiwm (var. ?) escuriens. Ocinebra Poulsoni, (Nutt., MS.)
“ attenuatum.

2? “ quadrifilatum.

Mr. Carpenter remarks that Capsa, H. and A. Adams, pro-
posed for a section of Scrobicularia, is an objectionable name,
inasmuch as Capsa, Lam., although a synonym of [phigenia,
Schum., is still much in use. He, therefore, re-constitutes, in
a restricted sense, the ancient genus Lutricola, Blainv., for this
group intermediate between Scrobiculariaand Mucoma, and gives
the following description:—

“Lutricola—Testa tumida, seepe inzquivalvis, irregularis,
subquadrata seu antice producta;, pars postica undata seu
truncata; cartilago fossa subinterna sita, ligamento curtiore
contigua; dentes cardinales utraque valva duo, laterales nulli.”

Ex. Lutricola ephippium, Solander, L. alta, Conrad, L. Dom-
beyz, Lam., &c.

Oedalia, n. g. (Tellinidx.)—“ Testa inflata, tenuis, equival-
vis, equilateralis cycladiformis; margo haud hians, haud sinu-
atus; ligamentum et cartilago externa; dentes cardinales 3-2,
bifidi, laterales nulli; sinus pallii magnus.”

Mr. Carpenter also describes the genus Lottia, Gray, as re-
stricted by him, as follows :—

“Lottia.—Testa Patellis quibusdam seu Helcioni similis;
plerumque planata, solida, apice anteriori.

Animal margine pallii intus papillis lamellosis circa dorsum
lateraque instructo, regione capitis interruptis; pede elongato,
ovali, planato; branchia minima.”

“This genus is intermediate between Acmea and Scurria.
In Acmexa the mantle is simple, while in Scurria the entire
circumference is covered with protuberances; in Lotta the
protuberances are on the body, but absent from the head.

282 AMERICAN JOURNAL

The branchia is ordinarily elongated and feather-shaped in
Acmea, triangular in Scurria, and very small in Lottia. It
is too early to fix definitely the conchological characters of
Lottia. The type is different enougb from the shells of the
ordinary Patelle, yet it is possible that some of the species
believed to belong to the latter genus, will prove to be Lottiz
when the animals are observed.”

Descriptions despéces nouvelles de Ul’ Arechipel Calédonien:
BY M. SOUVERBIE and R. P. MONTROUZIER.

Odostomia aciculina, Souv. Mitra infrafasciata, Souv.
- bulimoides, ‘ Cyprexa rhinoceros, “
Pyramidella pupxformis, Souv. Columbella funiculata, ‘

Cerithium ( Triphoris) connatwm, Mont.

Additions and corrections to preceding papers: BY SOUVER-
BIE and MONTROUZIER.

Description d’une Colombelle de la Nouvelle Calédonie: BY
H. CROSSE.
Columbella Souverbier.

Coquilles terrestres et fluviatiles de quelques tles de l’océan
Pacifique, recueillies par M. le Dr. H. Grejffe: BY ALB.

MOUSSON.
From the Samoan Group.
Nanina Samoensis. Cyclophorus Upolensis.
“ Upolensis. Omphalotropis zebriolata.
“ firmostyla. * perforata.
7m Schmeltziana. ‘i bifilaris.
Patula complementaria. “ bilirata.
re hystricelloides. Hydrocena parvula.
Partula ‘canalis. Truncatella rustica.
Stenogyra Upolensis. Neritina humerosa.
Pupa problematica. Navicella pala.
Helicina plicatilis.

There are also remarks on the following species:—

Patula gradata, Gould. Cyclophorus tiara, Gould.
Helix troilus, ee MY strigatus, “

~) Baryaice, 5" Omphalotropis Navigatorum, Pfr.
“ — eressida, ae Truncatella vitiacea, Gould.
Partula conica, « Melania Samoensis, Reeve.
‘“ zebrina, ‘§ lutosa, Gould.
Succinea putamen, “ . Scipio, “
sf crocata, “ ff seitula, “s
% modesta, “ - Vainafa, “

Pupa pediculus, Shuttl. Neritina Roissyi, Recluz.
Pythiu pantherina, A. Ad. Navicella affinis, Reeve.
Melampus Philippii, Kuster.
Helicina fulgora, Gould.

“ musiva, ee

OF CONCHOLOGY 283

From the Vitian Group.

Nanina NouletiGuil.,var.polita. Melania tuberculata, Miull., var.

Nanina unisulcata, Assavaensis.

y microconus. Ampullacera maculata.
Lonites Vitiensis. Neritina Vitiensis.
Helix transarata. te pulligera, L. var. subca-
Partula lirata. nalis.
Helicina Vitiensis. Navicella undulata.
Omphalvtropis ovata. Batissa tenebrosa, Hinds, var.

e parva. parallela,

Melania clavulus.

Mention, generally with remarks, is also made of the fol-
lowing species :—

Nanina Nouleti, Le Guillou. Melania tetrica, Gould.

a lurida, Gould. ‘ Terpsichore, “

si casca, fe Plutonis, Hinds.

> scorpio, “ ¢ pieta, SE oruagnl

a ruida, s ‘s aspirans, “
Helix Liidersi, Pfr. \ luctuosa, “

“ tumulus, Gould. : Feejensis, Reeve.
Bulimus fulguratus, Jay. = moesta, Hinds.

Hf malleatus, “ : perpinguis, Hinds.

ft morosus, Gould. ie Vainafa, Gould.

ef elobatus, i - Myersiana, Lea.
Physa sinuata, gf - bellicosa, Hinds.
Pythia pollex, Hinds. Neritina sandalina, Recluz.
Helicina beryllina, Gould. if Zelandica, A

«pallida, sf HW parvula, Le Guillou.

Omphalotropis rosea, “ if ovalaniensis, Lessou.

Melania Cybele, cf Navicella pala, Mousson.

Diagnoses d'especes provenant de la Nowvelle-Calédonie:
BY B. GASSIES.

Helix Villandret. Melampus albus.
** oeclusa. Ancylus reticulatus.
“< Rhizophorarum. Melania circumsuleata.

The name of the Melania is pre-occupied; we cannot pay
pay the usual compliment of calling it JZ. Gassiesi, as that
name has also been previously used.

Description d’epéeces nouvelles: BY H. CROSSE.
Murex inglorius, Hab. ? Cyprea Thomast, Hab. ?

Description dune nouvelle Odostomie des :6‘es de France:
BY P. FISCHER.

Odostomia Moulinsiana.

284 AMERICAN JOURNAL

Description d’espéces nouvelles provenant des tiles Gambier :
BY H. CROSSE.
Pupa Pawe. Tornatellina Hidalgot.
Helicina Pazt. Hydrocena insularis.

Addition &@ la faune Malacologique de VIndo-Chine: BY
ARTHUR MORELET.

Vitrina russeola. Ampullaria pagoda.
fe unguiculus, Paludina Eyriesi.
Succinea tenuis. Unio Paivanus.
Helix dicaela. Cyrena (Corbicula) Bocourtt.
Hydrocena marginata. e < castanea.
“4 turbinata.

Diagnoses Molluscorum novorum: BY H. CROSSE.
Streptaxis decipiens, Chili? Leptopoma achatinum, Philippines?
Columbella Isabellina. Hab. ?

Note sur le genre Trochotoma et description d’une espece nou-
velle des sables de Bordeaux: BY G. P. DESHAYES.

Trochotoma Terquenrt, Deshayes.
Observations sur la Note précédente: BY H. CROSSE.
Bibliographie.

In a notice of Morch’s “Catalogus Conchyliorum que
reliquit cl. N. Ch. N. Lassen,” &c., M. Crosse makes the fol-
lowing remarks, to which we heartily agree :—

“The author adopts, in great part, Dr. Troschel’s classification,
exclusively based upon the lingual dentition of the Mollusks.
This system has the inconvenience of sometimes separating
animals, closely allied by all their characters, by their general

aspect and their manner of life, and differing only in this one
particular.”

GERMAN.

Abhandlungen der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft zu Gorlitz.
Vol. XII. 1865.
Nachtrag zu dem Verzeichnitz der in der Preussischen Ober-

lausitz vorkommenden Land und Wassermollusken: BY
R. PECK.

90 species are enumerated, with occasional remarks on pe-
culiarities and particular localities.

a

OF CONCHOLOGY. 285

DANISH.

Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra den Nat. Hist. Forening i
Kjobenhavn, for Aaret 1863. Copenhagen, 1864.
Fortegnelse over det Danmark forekommende Land-og
Ferskvandsbliddyr: A¥ 0. A. L. MORCH.

A very full list of the land and fresh water shells of Den-
mark, with synonymy and specific descriptions. The species
are arranged in accordance with the most recent classification,
and number 129.

A review of Danish malacological bibliography and a full
index are added, making a most valuable work of reference.
The work occupies over 100 pages.

SCIENTIFIC INTELLIGENCE.

Locatity oF NaveA Newcomsi.—Dr. Newcomb informs
us that the locality of Navea Newcombit, stated in our descrip-
tion of that species, (p.39,)1is erroneous. ‘The specimens were
extracted from a Haliotts from Lower California.

ON THE DISTINCTIVE CHARACTERS OF BULIMUS MARGI-
NATUS, AND B. FALLAX.—Mr. Say described (Proceedings
Acad. Nat. Sciences, vol. ii., 1821,) a minute pupzform shell,
with widely reflected lip, under the name of Cyclostoma mar-
ginata; and in 1826 (l.¢. v.) he characterized Pupa fallaz,
and remarks, that ‘“‘it closely resembles P. marginata, nob.,
but is much larger, and the labrum is not widely reflected.
When viewed in front, it has a reflected appearance, but the
opposite view presents only a very limited excurvature.
Length more than three-tenths of an inch.”

In Binney’s “ Terrestrial Mollusks,” the two species are as-
serted to be identical, and, inasmuch as Pupa marginata had
been previously used by Draparnaud, the species was described
and figured as P. fallax, Say.

Pfeiffer, in the last edition of his “ Monograph of the Helices,”
considers the species identical, and refers them under the first
name (marginatus) to the genus Bulimus. W. G. Binney
(“Supplement to Terr. Mollusks,”) coincides in this reference.

286 AMERICAN JOURNAL

Among a few Pupe which I recently collected in the vicin-
ity of Philadelphia, I found some young shells of so-called
marginatus, which attracted my attention on account of the
much more rapid increase of size in their volutions, and
less pupeform appearance, showing that when adult they
would be a wider species, and more turrited. Upon comparing
with specimens in my cabinet, from other localities, the differ-
ence was at once apparent.

There are, then, two species :—

Bul. (Napeus) marginatus, Say.—Lip widely reflected; form
very like Pomatiopsis lapidaria, Say.
Synonym, B. fallax, Binney, Terrestrial Mollusks.
Bul. (Napeus) fallax, Say —Lip but slightly expanded; form
resembling, but a little more elevated than

Amnicola Sayana, Anth. GW Deel

NEw WokrkKS IN PREPARATION.—Mr.E.S. Morse is preparing
for publication a Monograph of the Pupade of the United
States. He proposes to investigate the subject thoroughly,
studying both the shells and soft parts. Those of our readers
who have collected these shells, will greatly aid in the matter,
by sending specimens by mail, for examination, to Mr. M., at

Gorham, Me.

Dr. A. A. Gould is at work on a new edition of his “ Inver-
tebrata of Massachusetts,” the Legislature of that State having
generously testified their appreciation of the educational
value of such works by granting an appropriation for its
publication. The “Invertebrata,” though published but twenty
years ago, has long been out of print, and copies have become
very hard to procure; the new edition will, therefore, be in
considerable demand.

New Loca.iry of LIMN#A AMPLA, MIGHELS.—“ Last year I
found live specimens of this hitherto very local species, in
Seabass Lake, only 15 miles from Portland, Me., and nearly
200 miles from its original place of discovery.”—L. S. Morse,
in letter to the Kditor.

_ Plates 25 and 26 are unavoidably delayed till our October
issue.

Aa M ER. AN,

JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.

Vou. I. OCTOBER 1, 1865, No, 4.

DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES OF PHANERO-
PNEUMONA, INHABITING POLYNESIA.

BY WILLIAM HARPER PEASE,

1. REALIA OCHROSTOMA, Pease.

Description.—T. ovata, solida, glabra, flavida vel pallidé rosea,
vix perforata; anfr. 5, convexo-rotundatis, ultimo spira paulo
breviore, sutura bene impressa; apertura obliqué ovata, intus
lutea; perist. continuo, anfr. penultimo adnato; sutura um-
bilicaris, parva, angusta.

Dimensions.—Long. 5, diam, 2% mill.

Shell ovate, solid, smooth, pale yellow or flesh-color;
whorls five, convexly rounded, the last rather less than one-
half the length of the shell; suture well impressed; aperture
obliquely-ovate, bright orange within; lip continuous, attached
to the penultimate whorl a short distance; compressly um-

bilicate; umbilical channel small, narrow,
287

288 AMERICAN JOURNAL

2. REALIA VARIABILIS, Pease.

Description.—T. ovato-conica, glabra, solidiuscula, vix per-
forata, albida vel pallidé lutea aut rosea; anfr. 5, convexis,
ultimo ad peripheriam subcarinato, carina albida; sutura
valdé impressa, interdum angulata; apertura parum obliqua,
ovata, intus pallida; perist. continuo, anfr. penultimo adnato;
sutura umbilicaris filo-carinata.

Dimensions.—Long. 5, diam. 2 mill.

Shell ovately conic, rather solid, smooth, whitish or pale
yellow or rose-color; whorls five, convex, the last obtusely
carinate at the periphery; carina of a pale color, whitish; su-
ture well impressed, usually slightly angulated; aperture
somewhat obliquely ovate, pale within; lip continuous, at-
tached for a short distance to the penultimate whorl; com-
pressly umbilicate, umbilical channel ribbed on its outer
edge.

3. REALIA SCALARIFORMIS, Pease.

Description —T. turrito-oblonga, fulvo-cornea, longitudinali-
ter costata, costis numerosis, Interstitlis concavis, sub lente
longitudinaliter tenuissime striatis, spira acuta; anfr. 6, con-
vexo-rotundatis ultimo 2-7 longitudinis subsequante, basi ro-
tundato; sutura valdé impressa; apertura rotundato-ovata;
perist. continuo, anfr. penultimo adnato.

Dimensions —Long. 84, diam. 14 mill.
fo) 2) 2

Shell turrited, oblong, yellowish, plicately ribbed longitu-
dinally; ribs numerous; interstices concave, and very finely
striated longitudinally; apex acute; whorls six, convexly
rounded, the last about 2-7 the length of the shell, rounded
at base; suture deeply impressed; aperture roundly ovate;
lip continuous, attached for a short distance to the penulti-
mate whorl.

4, REALIA AFFINIS, Pease.

Description—T. oblongo-ovata, solida, pallidé straminea,
compressé umbilicata; longitudinaliter indistincté plicato-
costata, costis confertis subobliquis; anfr. 5, convexo-rotunda-
tis, ultimo 1-8 longitudinis subzequante, basi rotundato, sutura
bené impressa; apertura ovata, vix obliqua; perist. continuo,
anfr. penultimo adnato, collumellari sub-reflexo.

Dimensions—Long. 8, diam. 14 mill.

Shell oblong-ovate, solid, light straw-color, compressly um-
bilicate, longitudinally indistinctly plicately ribbed; ribs
rather close, and somewhat oblique; whorls 5, convexly

OF CONCHOLOGY. 289

rounded, the last about one-third the length of the shell,
rounded at base; suture well impressed ; aperture ovate, some-
what oblique; lip continuous, attached to the penultimate
whorl a short distance, slightly reflexed over the umbilicus;
no distinct umbilical channel.

The above two species, together with R. costata (Pease) and
R. Tahitensis (Pease), form a group, distinct in being ribbed
longitudinally. Their operculum is, however, of the usual
generic form.

5. REALIA LAVIS, Pease.

Description.—T. conico-ovata, solidiuscula, levis, fusco-
cornea, angusté umbilicata; anfr. 5, convexis, transversim
sub lente minutissimé striatis, ultimo 1-2 longitudinis test
subzequans, sub-ventricoso, ad peripheriam obsoleté angulato,
fascia pallide straminea cingulo; apertura elongato-ovata,
posteriore acute angulata; perist. continuo, simplici; sutura
umbilicali angusta, costa circumambiente finita.

Dimensions.—Long. 5, diam. 8 mill.

Shell conically ovate, rather solid, smooth, brownish horn-
color, narrowly umbilicate; whorls 5, convex, transversely
very finely striated, last whorl about one-half the length ot
the shell, somewhat ventricose, and sometimes roundly angu-
late at its periphery, enriched by a narrow yellowish band,
which occasionally shows itself at the sutures of the spire;
aperture elongate-ovate, sharply angulate posteriorly; lp
simple, continued over the columella by a callosity; umbili-
cal channel rather narrow, carinate on its edge.

6. CYCLOPHORUS ? SCALARIFORMIS, Pease.

Description —T. oblongo-ovata, sub-cylindracea, sinistrorsa,
fulva, versus apicem rubella, levis, compressé umbilicata,
longitudinaliter costata, costis 20, vix obliquis; anfr. 6, ro-
tundatis, sub ventricosis, sutura bené impressa; apertura cir-
cularis; perist. continuo, expanso, duplici, posteriore ad anfr.
penultimo adnato; sutura umbilicali rimosa, costa cireumam-
biente finita.

Dimensions.—Long. 34, diam. 1% mill.

Shell sub-cylindrical, oblong-ovate, sinistral, compressly
umbilicate, light amber-color; longitudinally ribbed; ribs
about 20 in number, slightly oblique; whorls 6, rounded,
somewhat swollen, the spire much lessened at the apex, and
the whorls smooth and of a pink color; suture distinct, and
well impressed; aperture circular, the outer edge in a line
with the spire; lip double, continuous, expanded, posteriorly

290 AMERICAN JOURNAL

slightly attached to the penultimate whorl; umbilical channel
rather wide, rimate, and bordered by a carina, to which the
longitudinal ribs extend and join.

The above interesting species we consider the type of a
new genus. It may be called an operculoid Vertzgo, as it re-
sembles that genus very closely. The spire of two specimens
we received is obtuse, but the large majority are acute at the
apex, which has the appearance of shells that become decol-
lated, two or three whorls being much smaller than the rest.
The operculum is membranaceous, circular, consisting of
about 5 yolutions, nucleus central. We defer giving generic
characters, until more species are obtained, but would propose
the generic name “Pupoidea.”

7. PTEROcYCLOS? PARVA, Pease.

Description —T. turbinata, solida, fusco-rufescens, longitu-
dinaliter tenuissime striata, apice acuto, late umbilicata; anfr.
4, ultimo ad peripheriam angulato et costato, basi bicostato,
spira unicostata, costis rugosis; perist. continuo, anfr. penul-
timo vix adnato; apertura rotundato ovata.

Dimensions.—Alt. 24, diam. 34 mill.

Shell turbinate, depressly conical, solid; spire acute, amber-
color or brownish-red, longitudinally finely striated; whorls
4, angulate and ribbed at the periphery, a single rib encircling
the spire and two on the base of the shell; ribs wrinkled or
granulose; whorls of the spire angulate; lip simple, continu-
ous, attached slightly to the penultimate whorl; aperture
nearly circular, angulate posteriorly; umbilicus open, com-
prising about one-fourth of the diameter of the shell.

We have placed this species provisionally under genus
Pterocyclos, for reason of the peculiar shape of its operculum.
It may, however, form the type of a new sub-genus. The
operculum is horny, and may be described as a hollow screw.
The outer end is blunt and slighly indented, the thread on
the outside makes three revolutions; at the lower or open
end the edge is expanded, forming a thin disc. The interior
is smooth, the course of the outer threads being defined by
fine striz. The operculum is embedded and held by the disc
at the lower end, also by the threads and a muscle which fills
the interior cavity, so that it is very difficult to detach safely.
If macerated, the operculum is likely to fall to pieces. It is
possible that Cyel. api (Recl.) and strigatus (Gld.) collected
by the American Exploring Expedition at the Samoas, may
prove to belong to the same genus as the above, although
M. Recluz’s description of the operculum does not agree with
ours.

OF CONCHOLOGY. 291

8. HELICINA PACIFICA, Pease.

Description.—T. conoidalis, lutea, solida, crassa, spiraliter-
striata, apice obtusa; anfr. 4, plano-convexis, ultimo ad peri-
pheriam angulato; apertura subtriangularis; labro crasso, vix
everso.

Dimensions.—Diam. 6, alt. 4 mill.

Shell conoidal, solid, thick, yellow, rarely reddish, spirally
finely striated; apex obtuse; whorls 4, flatly convex, angu-
lated at the periphery; aperture sub-triangular; lip thickened,
slightly everted; columellar callosity moderate,

ho
Je)
bo

AMERICAN JOURNAL

CATALOGUE OF THE MOLLUSCA OF GRAND
RAPIDS, MICHIGAN.

BY A. O. CURRIER.

The following list of Mollusca, inhabiting the vicinity of
Grand Rapids, Michigan, is offered preparatory to a more ex-
tended paper on their local characteristics, etc., and is intended
to invite criticism, in view of making it more complete.

It will be observed that the number of species’ of Ano-
donta is somewhat large for a territory embracing less than a
single county. Michigan abounds in small lakes, but few of
which have been explored for Mollusca. An effort is being
made the present season, by my friends, J. A. McNiel, Ksq.,
Dr. William H. DeCamp, and myself, to more fully explore
these localities within convenient distance—which will probably
add—when referred to competent authority, other species to
the list. Several new species have been described (this Jour.,
part 2, 1865,) as the result of somewhat hasty collections at a
few localities, and rich results may be anticipated when the
thousands of our small lakes have been fully explored.

HELICIDA.
HELICELLIN&.
1. OMPHALINA FULIGINOSA, Griff.
2. HYALINA ARBOREA, Say.
3. fs NITIDA, Miiller.
4, ie LIMATULA, Ward.
5. a VIRIDULA, Menke.
6. i; INDENTATA, Say.
7. MESOMPHIX LIGERA, Say.
8. ? FULVA, Draparnaud.
9. HELICODISCUS LINEATA, Say.
10. GASTRODONTA MULTIDENTATA, Binney.
11. STROBILA LABYRINTHICA, Say.

oo.

OF CONCHOLOGY.

. MACROCYCLIS CONCAVA,

. PSEUDOHYALINA MINUSCULA,
. ANGUISPIRA ALTERNATA,

. PATULA SOLITARIA,

PERSPECTIVA,
i STRIATELLA,

HELICIN A.

. STENOTREMA HIRSUTA,

= MONODON,
LEAI, ?

. TRIODOPSIS TRIDENTATA,

3 FALLAX,
INFLECTA,

. XOLOTREMA PALLIATA,
. MESODON THYROIDES,

ALBOLABRIS,
“i PROFUNDA,
ff MULTILINEATA,

SUCCININ &,

. SUCCINEA AVARA,

OBLIQUA,
“ OVALIS,
5 VERMETA,
PUPADA.
PUPIN &.

. ZUA SUBCYLINDRACEA,
. PUPILLA PENTODON,
. LEUCOCHEILA ARMIFERA,

‘a CONTRACTA,

VERTIGININZ.

. IstaM1IA GOULDI,

3 SIMPLEX,

AURICULID.

AURICULIN &.
CARYCHIUM EXIGUUM,

Say.
Binney.
Say.
Say.
Say.

Anthony.

Say.
Rackett.
Ward.
Say.
Say.
Say.
Say.
Say.
Say.
Say.
Say.

Nay.
Say.
Gould.
Say.

Chemnitz.

Say.
Say.
Say.

Binney.
Gould.

Say.

93

AMERICAN JOURNAL

LIMN AID.
LIMNZINA,

. LIMNZA STAGNALIS,
. NERISTOMA COLUMELLA,
. LIMNOPHYSA REFLEXA,

* ZEBRA,

a UMBROSA,
4 DESIDIOSA,
a CAPERATA,
f HUMILIS,

. ACELLA GRACILIS,
. PHYySA WARRENIANA,

“ ___VINOSA,

‘¢ HETEROSTROPHA,
“ _ GYRINA,

« HILDRETHIANA,

. BULINUS HYPNORUM,

PLANORBINA,

. PLANORBELLA CAMPANULATUS,

HELISOMA TRIVOLVIS,
a BICARINATUS,

. MENETUS EXACUTUS,
. GYRAULUS DEFLECTUS,

a PARVUS,

. PLANORBULA ARMIGERA,

ANCYLINA,

. ANCYLUS FUSCUS,

ss PARALLELUS,

STREPOMATID A.

. PLEUROCERA SUBULARE,
. GONIOBASIS LIVESCENS,

VIVIPARIDA.

. MELANTHO INTEGRA,

Linnezus.
Say.

Say.
Tryon.
Say.

Say.
Say.

Say.

Jay.

Lea.
Gould.
Say.

Say.

Lea.
Linneeus.

Say.
Say.
Say.
Say.
Say.
Say.
Say.

Adams.

Haldeman.

Lea.
Menke.

Say.

OF CONCHOLOGY.

AMNICOLIDA.

67. AMNICOLA GRANA,
68.
69. SOMATOGYRA ISOGONA,

70.

(al

72.

cc“

c

PALLIDA,

POMATIOPSIS LAPIDARIA,

VALVATID A.

VALVATA TRICARINATA,
ef var. SIMPLEX,

UNIONID.

73. ANODONTA GRANDIS,
74.
75.
76.
ge
78.
dice
80.
81.
82.
83.
84.
85.
86.
87.
88.
. MARGARITANA EDENTULA,
90.
91.
92.
93.
94.
. UNIO ALATUS,

89

95

96.
97.
98.
99.
100.

“

“

“ee

bc

bc

6c

IMBECILIS,
BENEDICTII,
CATARACTA,
FERUSSACIANA,
GLANDULOSA,
OVATA,

IRISANS,
FoortiaNna,
PALLIDA,
SUBANGULATA,
IMBRICATA,
OPALINA,

FLAVA,
SUBINFLATA,
SUBCYLINDRACEA,

SHAFFERIANA,
RHOMBICA,
DELTOIDEA,
RUGOSA,
MARGINATA,

CORNUTUS,
COCCINEUS,
ELEGANS,
ELLIPSIS,
GIBBOSUS,

Say.
Haldeman,
Say.
Say.

Say.
Adams.

Say.

Say.

Lea.

Say.

Lea.
Anthony.
Lea.
Anthony.
Lea.
Anthony.
Anthony.
Anthony.
Anthony.
Anthony.
Anthony.
Lea.

Say.

Lea.
Anthony.
Lea.

Say.

Say.

Say.
Barnes.
Hildreth.
Lea.

Lea.
Barnes.

296

101.
102.
108.
104.
105.
106.
107.
108.
109.
EO.
ith.
ED.
115.
114.
115.

116

117.
ible
ible
120.

121

122.
1238.
124.
125.

AMERICAN JOURNAL

GRACILIS,

IRIS,
LACRYMOSUS,
LIGAMENTINUS,
LUTEOLUS,
OCCIDENS,
PLICATUS,
PRESSUS,
RECTUS.
RUBIGINOSUS,

“ — SCHOOLCRAFTENSIS,
“ SUBOVATUS,

“ TENUISSIMUS,

“ TRIANGULARIS,

“ VERRUCOSUS,

CORBICULIDA.

. PISIDIUM ABDITUM,

COMPRESSUM,
VARIABLE,
VENTRICOSUM,
VIRGINICUM,

. SPHARIUM SULCATUM,

SOLIDULUM,
STRIATINUM,
OCCIDENTALE,
PARTUMEIUM,

Barnes.
Lea.

Lea.
Lamarck.
Lamarck.
Lea.
Lesueur.
Lea.
Lamarck.
Lea.

Lea.

Lea.

Lea.
Barnes.
Barnes.

Haldeman.
Prime.
Prime.
Prime.
Bet.
Lamarck.
Prime.
Lamarck.
Prime.

Say.

OF CONCHOLOGY. 297

DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF
MERCENARIA.

BY GEORGE W. TRYON, JR.

MERCENARIA FULGURANS, Tryon.—t. 26, f. 1, 2, 3.

Description Shell short-ovate, somewhat heart-shaped; cov-
ered with concentric, raised, sharp ribs, equidistant, extending
over the whole surface except the ligamental area and lunule;
interstices concentrically striate; ligamental area long and
narrow, and, with the lunule, closely striate. Valves convex,
with the umbones elevated, and beaks recurved, sharp, and
approaching closely together. Color light cream, with very
narrow, light chocolate-colored, zig-zag markings; lunule and
area chocolate. The same color tinges the crenulated margin,
while the shell is otherwise white within.

Dimensions—Length 40 millimetres, width 45 mill., diame-
ter 15 mill.
Habitat—Tampa Bay, Florida. T. A. Conrad.
My Cabinet.

Observations—This species resembles V. cingulata, Lam.,
more than any other, in its markings, but is very distinct in
form, and in the narrow, raised ridges. In V. c/ngulata the
ridges are at first sharp and crenulated, but they subsequently
become thicker and more obtuse.

298 AMERICAN JOURNAL

ON THE PROPRIETY OF LEPTOXIS AS A
GENERIC NAME.

BY 8S. S. HALDEMAN.

Speaking of Rafinesque’s descriptions, Professor Agassiz
says (Am. J. Sci, March, 1854, p. 299):—“Should naturalists
be more generally inclined to correct simply what they con-
sider as errors in their predecessors, instead of discarding al-
together what they cannot at once determine, we should have
much fewer of those nominal species in our descriptive works,
which are the curse of our scientific nomenclature.” And in
a later number (May, 1854, p. 354) :—“I do not hesitate, there-
fore to adopt Rafinesque’s name as the older; the more so,
since this writer has at the same time wisely separated from
the common Catostomi, at that early day, two other types of
the same group, which are even now left among Catostomi by
all ichthyologists.”

The American Journal of Conchology (vol. i., p. 80,) pays
a high compliment to Rafinesque’s genius, and states, that
“each fresh mind brought to the investigation of difficult
questions, will evoke some new truth, which his predecessors
have failed to perceive.” Among these we may cite the resto-
ration of species to Linnzeus and other old authors as late as
the present century, and the recognition of the fact that “Lep-
toxis” indicates a definite genus. But, according to the same
Journal, (last line of page 82,) “there is positively no excuse”
for superseding Anculosa (Anculotus?) with Leptoxis.

Whether I determined Leptoxis from a manuscript figure or
otherwise, I do not remember, nor is it to the purpose, the
validity of the determination being admitted. The oldest ob-
jection to “Leptoxis” is, that it may indicate a short Limneza,
and the American Journal of Conchology, p. 111, says, that
“the published description refers equally well to Physa, or
some species of Lymnexa.” Two words of Rafinesque’s descrip-
tion settle this objection, namely, “Eyes exterior.” This makes
it a Strepomatid, and the character of the aperture—“ almost
as large as the whole shell”—demonstrates that it is a Leptoais,
and that the adoption of this name in my monograph is as
just and as valid a restoration as can be found in the entire
range of conchology.

OF CONCHOLOGY. 299

MONOGRAPH OF THE FAMILY STREPOMATIDZ.
BY GEORGE W. TRYON, JR.

The following pages of condensed descriptions are extracted
from a much more extended paper, prepared for, and to be
published by the Smithsonian Institution as one of its series
of conchological works, forming a part of the “Smithsonian
Miscellaneous Collections.” T'o Prof. Joseph Henry, its able
Secretary, we are much indebted for the privilege of using the
numerous wood cuts intended for the illustration of the forth-
coming work. It has not been deemed necessary to make any
bibliographical references in this paper, as these, together with
our views respecting synonymy, are very fully entered into
in our “Synonymy of Strepomatide,” first published in the
“Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadel-
phia,” 1863, ’64, ’65, and afterwards separately in an octavo vol-
ume.* We have, therefore, confined ourselves to the citation
of the specific name adopted by us in the above-mentioned
work, and the current number of the species as contained
therein, the latter for facility of reference.

The intention of the present paper being principally to
facilitate the determination of specimens, the species have
been grouped in such manner, as to render this attainable with
the least possible trouble, and the descriptions are made as
brief as possible, consistent with the delineation of the promi-
nent distinctive features of the species.

Our paper, entitled “Observations on the Family Strepoma-
tide,” published in the 2nd No. of this Journal, may be con-
sidered as an introduction to the present one, and, as the ana-
lytical table of genera contained in the former will serve to
discriminate those higher groups, we will at once commence
with the enumeration of the species.

* By Bailliere Bros., 520 Broadway, New York. Price, $2.00 cloth, or
$1.75 paper.

300 AMERICAN JOURNAL

IO, Lea.
a. Shell smooth or only slightly tuberculate.

1. I. fluvialis, Say. Figs.1—6. Fusiform, spire conical,
body whorl gibbous; lengthened into a canal at base; smooth,
or slightly nodulous upon the periphery of each whorl, those
of the spire nearly concealed. Light yellow, brown, olive, or
nearly black, in the latter case dull red within the aperture;
sometimes banded. Holston River, W. Va., and E. Tenn.

i Figs. 1, 2,3 are typical, 4 is verrucosa, Reeve, 5 and 6 are tenebrosa,
ea.

2. I. inermis, Anth. Figs. 7, 8. Conical, smooth, thick,

spire elevated, flattened; body whorl concave above the
periphery, which is rounded, scarcely angulate, without tuber-
cles. Light brown to dark olive, bluish or reddish within,
sometimes banded. Same locality as No. 1.

Larger than No. 1, with heavier texture, more regularly fusiform. Fig.
7 is typical, 8 is dwrida, Auth.

b. Shell spinous, or much tuberculated.

3. I spinosa, Zea. Figs. 9—14. Turrited, spire conical,
periphery with large spines or elongated tubercles, covered, or
visible on the spire; whorls seven. Light brown to dark
olive, sometimes banded within. Same locality.

Figs. 9, 18, 14 are typical, 11 is recta, Anth., 12 is gibbosa, Anth., and
10 is rhombica, Anth.

4. I, brevis, Anth. Figs. 15,16. Ovate, conic, short and
heavy ; canal short and wide; tubercles compressed, large, not
much elevated transversely. Light brown, frequently banded
within. Same locality.

I. spirostoma, Anth., (Fig. 16) is merely a distorted growth of this
species.

5. I. turrita, Anth. Fig. 17. Conic, narrow, elevated,
spinous; spines rather short and heavy, about 7 on a whorl;
whorls 9; aperture pyriform, small, one-third the total length,
canal short and wide; spire much lengthened; apex acute.
Horn-colored or greenish, handsomely banded within. Same
locality.

This beautiful and rare species is readily distinguished from the others
by its very narrow, elongated form.

10.

OF CONCHOLOGY. 303

PLEUROCERA, Rafinesque.
a. Tuberculate.

1. P. alveare, Conr. Figs. 1—7. Short, conical, ventri-
cose, whorls flattened, tuberculate on the periphery, base
scarcely convex, concentrically striate; aperture sub-rhom-
boidal. Horn-color. Zenn., North Ala.

Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4 are typical, 4 is also pernodosa, Lea. Figs. 5, 6 are tor-
quata, Lea, a larger variety, and Fig. 7 is grossa, Anth., the quite young
shell of the large variety.

2. P, Foremanii, Lea. Fig. 8. Pyramidal, thick, ele-
vated; whorls 9, flattened, the last convex; periphery tuber-
culate, in one or more rows, not angulate; aperture long, an-
gular. Yellowish-brown, white within. N. Ala.

2a. P. Lesleyi, Lea. Fig.9. Obtusely conical, pyramidal,
tuberculate; spire elevated, with irregularly impressed suture;
whorls 8, the initial ones plicate when perfect, the others sul-
eate and carinate, the carina tuberculate; aperture small,
rhomboidal. Dark corneous, sometimes banded. Pulaski
Co., Ky.; H. Tenn.

Differs from the following in the broad conical form and plicate spire.

3. P. undulatum, Say. Figs. 10, 11. Pyramidal, ele-
vated; spire acute; whorls 8—9, flattened, with a broad cen-
tral sulcation, below which is a carina, elevated at times into
transverse raised tubercles; aperture oblique, rhomboidal.
Brown to green, sometimes banded with brownish-red. Ohio
River and all tts tributaries.

4. P, excuratum, Conr. Figs. 12—15. Pyramidal, sub-
ulate; whorls 10—12, flattened, the periphery ornamented with
close, small, oblique tubercles upon the angle; above, the body
whorl is slightly excavated above the periphery, below it is
striate; first few whorls closely striate when not eroded. Brown.
Tennessee River, Florence, Ala.

Differs from undulatum in its narrower, more elongated form, and in
the striate initial whorls. The next to last figure is P. Spilimanii, Lea.

5. P. moniliferum, Zea. Figs.16—18. Pyramidal; spire
elongated; suture irregularly impressed; whorls 10, flattened,
sometimes obscurely sulcate, angulate and tuberculate on the
periphery, striate below; aperture rather large, rhomboidal,
outer lip acute, very sinuous, at base very much twisted. Yel-
lowish or greenish, generally two-banded, white or salmon-
color within. Lower Ohio River, Ky., throughout Tenn., North

Ala.

Narrower and more elongated than undulatum, upper whorls not striate
like excuratum, also distinguished from the latter by being two-banded.
The 2d figure is nodzsa, Lea, the 3d variabilis, Lea.

304 AMERICAN JOURNAL

6. P, nobile, Zea. Fig. 19. Pyramidal, thick; spire ele-
vated; whorls 9—10, flattened, the last angulate and tuber<¢u-
late on the periphery, striate below; aperture rather large,
rhomboidal, terminating in a narrow, rather long, twisted
canal. Yellowish horn-color. Alabama.

Distinguished chiefly by the canal.

7. P, robustum, Zea. Fig. 20. Conical; spire elevated;
whorls 10, flattened above, the last stout, convex and chan-
nelled, below the channel angled and tuberculate; aperture
rather small, rhomboidal; lip sigmoid, channel rather short.
Pale horn-color, obscurely banded. Tennessee River, Ala.

b. Sulcate species.

8. P. eanaliculatum, Say. Figs. 21—25. Elevated,
conical; whorls 7—9, flattened, the last with a broad, shallow
groove just above the carinate angular periphery; aperture
rhomboidal; canal short. Horn-color, yellowish, brownish or
green, with or without bands; aperture white, or tinged with
purple. Ohio River and tributaries, northern and southern.

9. P. filum, Zea. Figs. 26—31. Conical; whorls 8—10,
flattened, the last deeply grooved, and much carinated on the
periphery ; base very short, nearly horizontal; aperture short,
rhomboidal. Horn-color, yellowish, brownish or green, some-

times banded, white or purple within. TZenn., Ala.
Shorter, more conical, and more carinate and deeper grooved than ca-
naliculatum.

10. P. ponderosum, Anth. Figs. 82, 83. Pyramidal,
thick; spire much elevated; whorls 9, concavely flattened, the
last one with a raised carina on the periphery. Reddish-
brown; pale salmon-color or whitish within, sometimes nar-
rowly banded near the base. Tenn. River, Fox River, IIls.,
North Ala., Oostenaula River, Ceo.

The largest species of the genus. Differs from the above in size and the
absence of the groove on the body whorl. Fig. 33 is P. dua, Vea.

12. P. Troostii, Lea. Vigs.84—88. Conical or pupzeform,
very much inflated; suture irregularly much impressed; whorls
9, convex, all of them channelled and carinate, the last in-
flated, with a double carina, and excavated between. Yellow-
ish horn-color or greenish, with or without bands. Southern
Ind., Tenn., N. Geo. N. Ala..

Figs. 37 and 38 are P. viride and P. ligatum, Lea.

12a. P. affine, Zea. Fig.39. Pyramidal, canaliculate; spire —
elevated; whorls 9, flattened, the last convex, deeply canalicu-
late in the middle; base long; aperture rhomboidal, with a
wide, well marked channel. Corneous, with or without bands.
Cumberland River, EB. Tenn. ;

OF CONCHOLOGY. 305

18. P, moriforme, Lea. Fig. 40. Subcylindrical, solid;
Spire obtusely conical; suture impressed; whorls 9, canalicu-
late; aperture small, rhombic; outer lip acute, very sinuous;
columella thickened below, and very much twisted. Horn-
color, with a single narrow band near the base. WN. Geo.;
Tuscumbia, Ala.

14. P. Pybasii, Zea. Fig. 41. Somewhat cylindrical,
pyramidal, obtuse at apex; whorls 8, flattened, with a deep,
wide sulcus and raised carinate periphery. Greenish-brown,
doubly banded, the upper band filling the suleus. Tuscumbia,
Ala.

15. P, Showalterii, Zea. Fig.42.. Subcylindrical, much
lengthened, thick; spire greatly elevated; suture much im-
pressed ; whorls 9, somewhat flattened, the last convex below,
striate or smooth. Horn-color or brown, with sometimes a

single band at base. N. Geo. N. Ala.

c. Angulate species, striate below the periphery.

16. P. Thortonii, Lea. Fig.43. Pyramidal, thick; spire
regularly elevated; whorls 10, flat, the last angled but not
carinate on the periphery; aperture small, rhombic; lip very
sinuous; columella much twisted. Horn-color, with or with-
out deep, wide bands. NV. Ala., Tenn.

16a. P. trivittatum, Zea. Fig.44. Smooth, sub-fusiform,
rather thin; spire conical, pointed, carinate at apex; whorls
8, flattened, the last large, ventricose. Olivaceous, three-
banded. TYombigbee River, Miss.

17. P. infrafasciatum, Anth. Fig. 45. Conical, smooth,
solid; spire cylindrically elevated; apex decollate; whorls
8—9, slightly concave in the middle; body whorl carinate on
the periphery, with below it two or three prominent striz.
Pale brown, with a single narrow band near the base. Tenn.

17a. P, fastigiatum, Anth. Fig. 46. Conical, smooth,
moderately thick; spire elevated; apex carinate, acute; whorls
10, flattened; suture furrowed; growth-lines very strong; body
carinate at the middle, and again below it; canal produced.
Pale yellowish-green, with 2 reddish-brown bands. Tenn.

18. P, Postellii, Zea. Fig.47. Pyramidal, obtuse; apex
carinate, rather thick; whorls 8, flattened, the last rather
small; periphery angulate; aperture very small.. Horn-color,
without bands. Tennessee River, N. Ala.

19. P. incurvum, Zea. Fig. 48. Pyramidal, carinate,
rather thin; spire elevated; suture regularly impressed; whorls
8, flattened, the last angulate at the periphery and obscurely
striate below; aperture small; outer lip extremely sinuous.

Horn-color, without bands. Florence, Ala.
Differs from No. 18 in the great curve of the outer lip.

306 AMERICAN JOURNAL

20. P, Alabamense, Lea. Fig. 49. Subfusiform, rather
thick, carinate; spire somewhat attenuate; whorls 8, flattened,
the last subangulate on the periphery, and striate below;
aperture rather small. Dark horn-color. Florence, Ala.;
Powell's River, Tenn.

Very distinct from Nos. 18 and 19 in the longer spire and canal.

21. P. Florencense, Zea. Fig.50. Turrited, sub-carinate,
rather thick; spire much elevated; suture shghtly impressed;
whorls 11, slightly convex, a little angulated on the periphery,
Dark brown or yellowish horn-color, white or salmon-color
within. New Harmony, Ind.; N. Ala.

No. 20 may prove to be the young of this species. ;
21a. P. olivaceum, Zea. Fig. 51. Conical, sub-carinate
above, rather thick; spire rather obtuse; suture impressed ;
whorls 8, flattened, the last large, with a raised line on the
periphery, the base convex; aperture large, outer lip sinuous.

Olive-green. Zombigbee River, Miss.

22. P. canalitium, Zea. Fig. 52. Conical, canaliculate,
rather thick; spire regularly conical, somewhat raised; suture
impressed; whorls 7, flattened, the last canaliculate in the
middle; aperture small, outer lip sigmoid. Horn-color, three-
banded, white or salmon within. Yellow Leaf Creek, Ala.;
Columbus, Miss.

23. P. Clarkii, Zea. Figs. 58,54. Conical, obtuse, sub-
carinate, rather thick; spire raised; suture impressed; whorls
8, flattened, the last rounded, with a raised line on the pe-
riphery; aperture small, outer lip sinuous. Dark olive,
horn-color or deep purple. Zenn., North and Middle Ala. and
Miss.

A common species, doubtfully distinct from canalitium ; it appears to
be rather broader, with a better developed carina and recurved canal.

24. P, Anthonyi, Zea. Fig.55. Pyramidal, thick, ru-
gosely striate ; spire raised; suture rugosely impressed; whorls
Y, flattened, the last large, rounded, with three or four raised
lines on and above the periphery. Yellowish-olive. Tenn,
Ala.

Differs from canaliculatum in the absence of a distinct carina and sulca-
tion, the raised lines taking their place; the base also is longer and the
fuse more obtuse and wider.

25. P, prasinatum, Conr. Figs. 56—58. Conical, sub-
ulate, smooth, solid; spire pyramidal, suture regularly im-
pressed ; whorls 9, slightly convex, the last sometimes a little
channelled in the middle; aperture small, rhombic, narrowly
channelled below. Greenish or reddish-brown, with or with-
out 2 bands, white or salmon-color within. Knoxville, Tenn.;
N. Ala. :

Fig. 56 is from the type, not fully grown, Fig. 57 is Hartmanit, Lea, and
Fig. 58 Jay, Lea.

OF CONCHOLOGY. 307

26. P. tortum, Zea. Fig. 59. Conical, smooth, rather
thick; spire obtusely conical; suture much impressed ; whorls
7, flattened, the last large and rounded below; aperture large,
sub-rhomboidal, obtuse, broadly rounded below; lip scarcely
sinuous; periphery sometimes with three or four obscure
striz. Horn-color, white or brownish within. Little Uchee
River, Geo.

27. P.dignum, Zea. Fig.60. Sub-fusiform, thick, slight-
ly noduled; spire raised, conical; suture well impressed;
whorls 8, flattened, the last large and convex, with several
raised lines; sometimes the periphery is obscurely tubercu-
late; aperture ovately rhombic, produced obtusely at base.
- Honey yellow, with a single narrow band below the periphery,
salmon or white within. Yellow Leaf Creek. Ala.

d. Carinate, striate Pleurocere.

28. P. unciale, Haid. Figs. 61—66. Acuminately tur-
rited; spire subulate, strongly carinate; suture linear; whorls
12, the last convex, with two or three obscure angles; aper-
ture oval, channel short and broad. Horn-color. Hast and
Middle Tenn., North Ala.

Fig. 61 is typical, Fig. 62 is sugillatum, Reeve, Fig. 63 bicostatum, Anth.,
Fig. 64 oblitum, Lea, and Figs. 65 and 66 rigidum, Anth.

29. P. subulare, Lea. Fig. 67. Acutely turrited, rather
thin; spire much elevated; apex acute; whorls 12, flat, cari-
nate at apex; body whorl angulate on the periphery. Horn-
color, generally light yellow and bluish ash below tbe suture.
Great Lakes, Niagara and St. Lawrence Rivers, Hrie Canal.

30. P. subuleeforme, Zea. Fig. 68. Acutely turrited, rather
thin; spire attenuate; suture much impressed; whorls 10, all
slightly carinate, body with two or three raised lines; aperture
small, channel very wide, obtuse. Horn-color. Knoxville,
Tenn.

A stouter shell than No. 29, with the carinze less marked, and revolving
on the middle of the whorls of the spire, instead of their base. It is dif-
ferent in color, being light horn, without variation.

31. P, Henryanum, Zea. Fig. 69. Attenuate, subulate,
carinate, thin, semi-transparent; spire elevated; suture im.
pressed; whorls 10, flattened, the last angulate on the periph-
ery, and 6-striate below; aperture small, sub-rhomboidal, lip
very sharp and sinuous. Pale horn-color, not banded. Tenn.

32. P. Lewisii, Zea. Fig. 70. Sulcate, somewhat thin,
conical, elevated; spire much elevated, with indistinct suture ;
whorls 11, flattened, covered with sulcations, of which there
are 4 to 5 on the body, which is angulate on the periphery.
Horn-color or dark brown, banded or without bands, white

or purple within. JL/linois.
Narrower and thinner than the next species ; it if also from a far re-
moved locality.

308 AMERICAN JOURNAL

33. P, annuliferum, Conr. Figs. 71—74. Elevated, sub-
conical; whorls 10—11, flattened, with elevated revolving
strie; suture obsolete; aperture sub-rhomboidal, very dis-
tinctly channelled at the base. Dark brown, within white or
purplish. Ala.

Fig. 73 is from the type of M. Ordiana, Lea.

34. P, Brumbyi, Lea. Fig.75. Pyramidal, rather thick;
spire very much elevated, carinate at apex ; suture obsolete;
whorls 10—12, but slightly convex, thickly covered with ele-
vated revolving striz; aperture rather large, sub-rhomboidal,
with a much twisted channel at base. Deep reddish-brown,
reddish within. Coosa River, Ala.

35. P. Currierianum, Zea. Fig.76. Very narrow, much
elevated, sub-cylindrical; spire attenuate, with linear suture;
whorls 10—12, planulate, the body whorl angulate in the
middle, with one or two striz below; aperture small, sub-
rhomboidal, but little twisted below. Horn-color, banded
with dark brown. Florence, Ala.

e. Plicate species.

36. P. Sycamorense, Lea. Fig.77. Conical, rather thick;
spire attenuate, pointed; suture impressed; whorls 11, some-
what convex, carinate above, plicate in the middle. Yellow-
ish horn-color, whitish within. Sycamore, Claiborne Co., EL.
Tenn.

37. P, plicatum, Zryon. Fig. 78. Ovate conical, attenu-
ate; upper whorls closely plicate, lower ones smooth; whorls
8, flattened, the last angulate on the periphery, and convex
below; aperture produced below. Light green, with a lighter
band below the suture, and two or three brown bands. Nash-
ville, Tenn.

fF. Smooth, angulate species.

38. P. elevatum, Say. Figs. 79—81. Acutely turrited;
spire much elevated, sharp near the apex, carinated; suture
linear; whorls 10, flat, angulate on the periphery, smooth or
obsoletely striate; aperture rhomboidal, with a well developed
channel. Olivaceous or dark horn-color, with or without
bands, whitish or reddish within. W. Tenn. (?), Ohio River,

and the rivers of the North- Western States.
The first figure is a smooth adult shell, and represents P. elongatum, Lea.

OF CONCHOLOGY. 309

39. P.gradatum, Anthony. Figs,82—84. Smooth, coni-
eal, solid; whorls 7—8, slightly concave, with a distant ele-
vated ridge closely overlying the suture and the projecting
shoulder of the succeeding whorl, so as to form a series of
steps to the sub-acute apex; body whorl large, sub-cylindrical,
angulate on the periphery, and striate below; aperture sub-
rhomboidal; columella straight, channel deep, narrow, slightly
recurved. Greenish horn-color, sometimes banded. S. W. Va.,
H. Tenn.

Fig. 82 is typical, Fig. 83 curtatum, Lea, and Fig. 84 eximia, Anth.

39a. P, cinectum, Zea. Fig. 85. Heavy, carinate; spire
sub-elevated; suture impressed; whorls 7, planulate, carinate
in the middle; aperture small, rhomboidal, broadly produeed
below. Dark corneous, whitish within. WN. Ala.

Perhaps the same as No. 40.

39b. P. carinatum, Lev. Fig.86. Acutely conical, cari-
nate, thin, diaphanous; spire acute; whorls 9, carinate, above
striate; aperture small, rhombeidal; lip acute, sinuous. Red-
dish horn-color. Bull Run, tributary to Clinch River, E.
Tenn.
en very young skell, undoubtedly; it is not unlikely the young of No.

40. P, aratum, Zea. Figs. 87, 88. Conical, rather thick;
suture deeply grooved; whorls 6, flattened, carinate just above
the suture; aperture small, sub-rhomboidal. Dark horn-color.
Hy. Tenn.

41. P. lativittatum, Zea. Fig. 89. Sub-attenuate, cari-
nate, rather thin, shining; spire conical; suture linear; whorls
7, flattened, angulate in the middle, with a hair-like line below
it. Dark horn-color, with a broad central band of intense
brown, below which the shell is yellowish. Chikasaha River,

Ala.

41a. P. strictum, Zea. Fig. 90. Sub-attenuate, carinate,
thin, semi-transparent; spire regularly conical; suture linear;
whorls 6, flattened, body whorl angulate. Pale horn-color,
with a single hair-like, pale brown band. SS. Carolina.

42. P, modestum, Zea. Fig.91. Smooth, conical; suture
impressed; whorls 9, flattened, angular in the middle; aper-
ture rhombaidal, with a rather long, straight canal. Horn-
color, white within. Zennessee River, Ala.

Evidently the young of a large species.

43. P. Leaii, Zryon. Fig.92. Smooth, conical; spire ele-
vated, striate towards the apex, with a slight suture; whorls
9, flattened, obtusely angular in the middle; aperture small,
sub-rhomboidal, with a short, twisted canal. Dark olive-green,
lighter below the suture, white within, purple on the base of
the columella. Coosa River, Ala.

310 AMERICAN JOURNAL

45. P, Tuomeyi, Lea. Fig. 93. High, conical, carinate,
somewhat thick; spire conical, elevated, attenuate; suture
scarcely impressed; whorls 10, flattened, with a raised line in
the middle, and sometimes a ‘second obsolete one above it;
aperture small, very much twisted below. Dark brown, very
dark within. WN. Ala.

Differs from No. 43 in the form of the aperture, in color, and the smooth
apicial whorls.

46. P, gracile, Lea. Fig. 94. Conical, smooth, shining;
spire elevated; suture regularly impressed; whorls 9, flat-
tened, angular i in the middle; aperture sub-rhomboidal, with
a much twisted wide fuse below. Pale purple outside and
inside. Coosa River, Ala.

47. P. Spilmanii, Lea. Fig. 95, Regularly conical, smooth ;
much raised; suture regularly impressed ; whorls 9, flattened,
angulate just above the suture, the body whorl with an ob-
scure line on the angle; aperture rather small, rhomboidal;
lp sinuous, with a short, wide, very much twisted canal.
Dark olive, white within, sometimes banded. Noxubee River,
Miss.; Tenn.

48. P. planogyrum, Anth. Fig. 96. Elevated, conical,
smooth, thick; spire much elevated, nearly rectilinear; suture
channelled; whorls 10—11, flat or concave, the periphery with
a raised, rounded, sub-crenulated ridge, generally visible on
the whorls of the spire. Dark horn-color, with a narrow brown
band on the lower half of the whorl. Ala.

49. P, pyrenellum, Conr. Fig. 97. Elevated, conical,
smooth; whorls 7—-8, flat, the body whorl angulated in the
centre; "aperture large, short rhomboidal. Light greenish or
brownish. N. Ala.

Wider, and without the raised revolving ridge of No. 48.

50. P, Conradi, Zryon. Figs.98, 99. Narrowly elevated,
acute; upper whorls carinate; whorls 8—10, flat, angulate on
the periphery; aperture small, rhomboidal. Reddish-brown,
inclined to yellowish under the suture, brownish within. Ala.

Much more narrowly lengthened than pyrenelium, with which it has
been confounded.

51. P, regulare, Lea. Smooth, conical, rather thick;
spire elevated; suture somewhat impressed; whorls 10, flat-
tened, a little angulated on the periphery; aperture small,
rhomboidal. Dark horn-color, white within. Oconee District,
Tenn. ;

52. P, validum, Anth. Fig. 100. Ovate-conic, smooth,
thick; spire obtusely elevated; whorls slightly rounded, 6 re-
maining, with strong growth-lines amounting to varices on the
body; body whorl slightly convex, not distinctly angulate;
aperture small, ovate, with a well-marked, short channel below.
Olivaceous, bluish-white within, without bands. Tenn.

OF CONCHOLOGY Sn

52a. P. cylindraceum, Zea. Fig. 101. Smooth, sub-
cylindrical, thick; spire elevated; suture irregularly im-
pressed; whorls 7—8, planulate, slightly impressed, the
last narrow, obtusely angulate; aperture small, rhomboidal,
with a broad fuse below. Horn-color, with or without bands.
Roane Co., EL. Tenn.

g. Smooth species, not angulated.

538. P. glandulum, Anth. Figs. 102, 103. Ventricose-
conic, smooth, thick; spire short, acuminate; suture well
marked; whorls 8, convex, rapidly increasing; body whorl
bulbous; aperture moderate, elliptical, with a well-defined
channel. Dark olive, with narrow white suture; aperture
reddish within. Tenn.

53a. P, subrobustum, Lea. Fig. 104. Smooth, pyrami-
dal, thick; spire elevated; suture impressed; whorls 9, flat-
tened, the last whorl large, wide, flatly convex, not angled at
the periphery; aperture small, obliquely oval, with a well-
marked, broad, recurved fuse. Dark horn-color. Holston
River, EH. Tenn.

54. P, Christyi, Lea. Fig.105. Elongately conical, some-
what thick; spire much elevated; suture regularly impressed ;
whorls 10, slightly convex; aperture small, rhomboidal, with
a short, broad, recurved fuse. Horn-color, rarely banded,
whitish within. Cane Creek, ‘Tenn.

105a. P. Roanense, Zea. Fig. 106. Pyramidal, smooth,
thick; spire pyramidal, elevated; suture impressed; whorls 9,
flattened; aperture small, rhomboidal. Dark horn-color.
Holston River, EB. Tenn.

105b. P, univittata, Lea. Fig.107. Obtusely conical, thick;
spire elevated; suture impressed; whorls 7, flattened, the last
sloping, convex, large; aperture moderate, a little produced
below. Light olivaceous, with a single band on the periphery.
Cahawba River, Ala.

55. P. labiatum, Zea. Figs. 108, 109. Acutely conical,
smooth, rather thick, shining; spire attenuate, sharp-pointed ;
suture regularly impressed; whorls 10, somewhat convex,
carinate towards the apex, the last whorl rather large; aper-
ture somewhat small, rhomboidal; outer lip much dilated and
very sinuous. Greenish horn-color, whitish within. Big
Miami River, Ohio.

55a. P, pallidum, Zea. Figs.110,111. Attenuately coni-
cal, smooth, rather thick; spire much elevated; suture much
impressed; whorls 11, slightly convex, somewhat geniculate
above; aperture rather small, sub-rhomboidal; outer lip sharp,
sinuous; fuse very wide and truncate. Pale horn-color.
Niagara Falls.

312 AMERICAN JOURNAL

56. P. neglectum, Anth. Fig. 112. Elevated, conical,
rather thin; whorls 10, the upper ones nearly flat, with a slight
ridge just above the suture; the ridge disappears towards the
penultimate whorl, but two of them become visible on the
last whorl, which is sub-angulate. Light yellow or greenish,
with two dark brown bands. Great Miami River, Ohio.

57. P. vestitum, Conr. Figs. 118, 114. Awl-shaped,
smooth, thin, diaphanous; spire long, pointed; suture slightly
impressed; whorls 9, flattened above, and somewhat carinate;
aperture rather small, ovately rhombic, produced below.
Straw-yellow, with sometimes a brown band inferiorly. NV.

Ala.

Fig. 113 is typical, Fig. 114 is mucronata, Lea.

57a. P. lugubre, Zea. Figs. 115,116. Pyramidal, smooth,
somewhat thick; spire somewhat elevated; suture slightly im-
pressd; whorls 8, flattened; aperture small, broad at the base.
Dark brown, white within. Ala.

58. P. strigosum, Zea. Fig. 117. <Acutely turrited,
smooth, thin, striate above; spire drawn out; suture im-
pressed; whorls 9, flattened; aperture small, elliptical, angu-
lar at the base. Pale yellow, bluish within. Holston River,
Tenn.

58a. P, pictum, Lec. Fig. 118. Obtusely conical, sub-
fusiform, thick; spire elevated, conical, carinate above; suture
impressed, furrowed above; whorls 8, flattened; aperture
elongated, trapezoidal; columella incurved; base of aperture
angular, with rather a large sinus. Greenish-yellow, lighter
below the suture, three-banded. Holston River, Tenn.

58b. P. spinalis, Zea. Fig. 119. Acutely conical, cari-
nate, rather thin; spire elevated; suture excavated; whorls
10, flattened, angulate just above the suture; aperture small,
ovate, angular at base. Bright yellow, double-banded. Ala.

59. P, tenebrocinctum, Anth. Figs. 120, 121. Ovate-
conic, smooth, rather thick; spire obtusely elevated; whorls
6—8, nearly flat, obtusely carinate above the suture; aperture
small, rhomboidal. Yellowish horn-color, with two bands or
without bands, whitish within. #. Tenn.

Fig. 129 is typical; Fig. 121 is P. parvwm, Lea, an older individual.

60. P. Vanuxemii, Zea. Fig. 122. Conical, smooth;
spire elevated; suture impressed ; whorls 6, somewhat convex;
aperture rather small, with a short, wide fuse. Yellowish,
with or without two bands, white within. SS. Carolina.

61. P, Chakasahaense, Zea. Fig. 123. Conical, smooth,
rather thin; spire attenuate; suture much impressed; whorls
8,4 convex, carinate above; aperture small, rhomboidal.
Brownish-green, double-banded. Chakasaha River, Ala.

OF CONCHOLOGY. 313

62. P. Knoxense, Zea. Fig. 124. Conical, smooth, rather
thick; spire somewhat attenuate, pointed; suture impressed ;
whorls 8, slightly convex, carinate above; aperture small.
Ferruginous, sometimes with a light line below the suture, or
two well-defined, broad, brown bands. Flat Creek, Knox Co.,
Tenn.

63. P, altipetum, Anth. Fig. 125. Elevated, conical,
smooth, thick ; spire elevated, carinate above; whorls L0, con-
vex, narrow, small, crowded, striate above; body whorl
smooth; aperture small, elliptical, with a narrow produced
fuse. Horn-color, banded at base, sometimes above the pe-
riphery also. Raccoon Creek, Vinton Co., Ohio.

63a. P, Ocoéense, Lea. Fig. 126. Conical, smooth, some-
what thick; spire obtuse, towards the apex lined; suture im-
pressed; whorls 7, slightly convex; aperture small, ovate.
Dark horn-color, bluish within. Ocsee District, Tenn.

63b. P. corneum, Zea. Fig.127. Exserted, striate, thin,
diaphanous; spire elevated; suture regularly impressed;
whorls 8; sub-convex; aperture elongate, constricted, elliptic.
Light horn-color. TZenn.

63c. P, venustum, Zea. Fig.128. Acuminate, narrow,
smooth, thin, mucronate; spire elevated; suture impressed ;
whorls 9, planuate; aperture oval, a little attenuate at base.
Yellowish horn-color. Big Prairie Creek, Ala.

64. P, hastatum, Anth. Fig. 129. Elevated, conical,
smooth, rather solid; spire obtusely elevated; whorls 8—9,
slightly convex, occasionally spirally striate, the upper ones
sub-carinate; body whorl sub-angulate; aperture small, pyri-
form. Dark chestnut, with a narrow yellowish band just
under the angle; aperture purple within. Ala.

65. P. Lyonii, Zea. Elevated, conical, smooth, mode-
rately thick; spire sub-elevated; suture impressed ; whorls
6, convex, the last large; aperture small, ovate. Greenish-
brown. #. Tenn.

66. P. viridulum, Anth. Fig. 130. Conical, smooth,
rather thick; spire moderately elevated; suture impressed ;
whorls 8—9, slightly convex; aperture small, elliptical; lip
augur-shaped, extending forward at base, and forming a broad
sinus. Olive green, whitish within, never banded. Tenn.

Exceedingly uniform in its characters, and peculiar in its shade of color.

69. P. striatum, Zea. Figs. 131, 132. Attenuate, rather
thin; spire raised; suture much impressed; whorls 8, some-
what convex, with two or three striz, the middle one rising
almost to a carina; on the body whorl there is one stria only,
just below the suture; aperture oval, broadly truncately fused

below. Horn-color, without bands. Florence, Ala.
Fig. 131 is typical; Fig. 182 is rostellatum, Lea.

314 AMERICAN JOURNAL

70. P, Knoxvillense, Zea. Figs.133. Subulate, smooth,
rather thin ; spire attenuately conical, sharp; suture impressed;
whorls 10, slightly convex, carinate towards the apex, the last
somewhat constricted. Pale horn-color. Knowville, Tenn.

71. P. Whitei, Zea. Fig.134. Attenuately conical, smooth,
somewhat thick; spire much elevated; suture impressed ;
whorls 9, slightly convex; aperture very small, broadly trun-
cately effused below. Dark horn-color, whitish within. Za-
Sayette Co., and Marietta, Geo.; Farland’s Creek, Miss.; Tenn.

72. P. attenuatum, Zea. Fig. 185. Subulate, smooth,
rather thin; spire attenuate; suture impressed; whorls 9,
scarcely convex, the last small; aperture small, rhomboidal,
broadly effused below. Horn-color, without bands. Lafay-
ette, Geo.; Tenn. .

73. P, Estabrookii, Zea. Fig.136. Attenuately conical,
smooth, rather thin; spire much raised; apex acute, carinate
or angulate just above the suture; last whorl slightly convex.
Horn-color, whitish within, without bands. 2. Tenn.

74. P, modestum, Zea. Fig.137. Conical, smooth, rather
thin; spire somewhat raised; suture linear; whorls 7, some-
what convex, the last somewhat compressed ; aperture small,
rhomboidal. Greenish horn-color, without bands, bluish-white
within. Blount 0o., Tenn.

75. P, luteum, Zea. Figs. 188, 189. Obtusely conical,
smooth, rather thick, sharp-pointed ; spire obtusely conical ;
suture impressed; whorls 8, somewhat convex; aperture
rather small, rhombic. Straw-color, without bands, within
whitish or brownish. S. Carolina.

Fig. 138 is typical; Fig. 189 represents P. Oarolinense, Lea.

76. P. curvatum, Zea. Fig. 140. Obtusely conical ;
spire elevated; apex acute; suture impressed; whorls 8, con
vex, the last slightly canaliculate in the middle, aperture
small, curved. Dark horn-color, sometimes with a band near
the base. Tenn.

77. P, simplex, Zea. Fig. 141. Conical, smooth, rather
thick; spire rather elevated; suture somewhat impressed;
whorls 8, somewhat convex, the last a little constricted; aper
ture small, constricted, rhomboidal, with a short, narrow, re
curved sinus. Cincinnati, Ohio.

78. P, bivittatum, Zea. Fig. 142. Conical, thick, smooth;
spire obtuse ; suture much impressed; whorls 7, rather con
vex, the last large somewhat rhomboidal; aperture rather
large, somewhat attenuate below. Yellowish-green, with twa
distant dark brown bands, whitish within. Tenn.

OF OONCHOLOGY. 815

80. P. turgidum, Zea. Obtusely conical, inflated,
smooth, thick; spire short, pointed at apex, with slight su-
ture; whorls 7, flattened, obtusely angulate in the middle;
aperture small, trapezoidal. Greenish-yellow, with two to five
bands. Holston River, H. Tenn.

81. P. minor, Zea. Fig.143. Obtusely conoidal, smooth,
rather thick ; spire obtusely conical; suture impressed ; whorls
7, somewhat convex, the last large; aperture large, sub-rhom-
boidal, produced below. Yellowish, with one or two bands,
or not banded. Tenn.

82. P. pumilum, Zea. Fig. 144. Conoidal, rather solid,
smooth, shining; spire obtusely conical; suture much im-
pressed; whorls 7, somewhat convex, the last large, inflated ;
aperture large, rhomboidal, broadly effused below. Yellowish-
green, doubly banded. Tenn.

Larger, more pyramidal, with a darker epidermis, and more rhombic
aperture than Pl. bivittatwm, Lea.

83. P. opaca, Anth. Figs. 145—8. Ovate-conic, smooth,
rugose; spire obtusely elevated; whorls 6, sub-convex, with
very strong curved growth-lines; body whorl obtusely angu-
lute in the middle; aperture broad ovate. Greenish-olive or
very dark brown, purple within. Tenn.

Fig. 145 is nigrostoma, Anth.; Fig. 146 is opaca, Anth.; Fig. 147 is
tostoma, Anth.; and Fig. 148 is Tennesseense, Lea.

83a. P. napoideum, Lea. Fig. 149. Obtusely conoidal,
rather thick; spire short, mucronate, suture impressed ;
whorls 7, above slightly convex, the last inflated; aperture
large, sub-rhomboidal. Horn-color, without bands, within
white. Zenn.

84. P. trochulus, Zeca. Fig. 150. Top-shaped, smooth,
very much swollen; spire very obtuse; suture impressed ;
whorls 6, flattened above, inflated below ; aperture large, rhom-
boidal. Yellow, with a narrow band below. Holston River,
Tenn.

316 PLEUROCERA.

Fig. 14.

PLEUROCERA. 317

Fig. 32. Fig. 42. Fig. 25

Fig. 39. Fig. 21. Fig. 46.

Fig. 28. Fig. 80.

318 PLEUROCERA.

LN)

ay fi
HT nar
(1 N\

i nt)
PY ayn
aM
mitt My
i Hy WY

VA

t

Fig.68. Fig. Fig. 63.

Fig. 64. Fig. 67.

ie i
Lee (ZN

Fig.69. Fig. 66. Fig. 65.

PLEUROCERA. 319

Fig. 99. Fig. 80.

Fig.87. Fig. 101. Fig.94. Fig. 77. Fig. 91. Fig. 98.

Fig. 107. Fig. 102. Fig. 84. Fig. 92. Fig. 108. Fig. 78.

Fig. 89. Fig. 106. Fig. 88. Fig. 85.

320 PLEUROCERA.

ay
lull ;

Fig. 119. Fig. 113.

5. Fig. 114, Fig.118. Fig.108. Fig. 129.

Hig, 127. Fig.120. Fig.124. Fig. 130.

321

PLEUROCERA.

Slee

é

Ey

itz
3

Fig. 132, Fig. 134.

Alsi

Fig. 138. Fig. 143.

Fig. 147. Fig. 146.

322° : AMERICAN JOURNAL

ANGITREMA, Haldeman.
a. Body whorl with a coronal of tubercles.

1. A. geniculata, Hald. Figs. 1—8. Short, ponderous;
spire short, conic; body whorl inflated, geniculate; the angle
with large conical tubercles. Yellowish-brown, frequently
green banded; columella with a heavy white deposit, some-
times tinged with purple above and below. &. Tenn.

2. A. salebrosa, Conr. Figs. 4,5. Short, sub-oval, pon-
derous; spire short; body whorl with a shoulder formed by
numerous obtuse tubercles, with generally one or two inferior
rows of tubercles, not so distinct. Yellowish-brown. Zennes-

see River, Florence, Ala.
Smaller, narrower and not so much shouldered as No. 1; the tubercles
more numerous, and having a second, and sometimes third row of them.

3. A. subglobosa, Lea. Figs. 6, 7. Sub-globose, thick;
spire scarcely exserted; whorls 5, the last very large, with
a tuberculate shoulder. Yellowish-brown, with two, some-

times three broad green bands. TZenn.; Coosa River, Ala.
Wider and smaller than No. 2, with shorter spire. The broad green
bands are an excellent distinguishing character,

4. A. Tuomeyi, Lea. Fig. 8. Inflated, rather thick;
spire obtusely conoidal, suture impressed; whorls 5, the last
slightly obliquely tuberculate below the suture, forming a
slight shoulder; columella very much incurved. Dark horn-
color, with narrow red bands visible within the aperture.
N. Ala.

Spire more elevated, and tubercles proportionally smaller than in the
preceding species.

b. Body whorl encircled above the aperture by two rows of

tubercles, of which the inferior one is most prominent.

5. A.Jayana, Zea. Figs.9, 10. Thick, sub-fusiform;
spire exserted, conical; suture linear; body whorl with a
shoulder of distant prominent, rather elevated tubercles, with
another row upon the periphery; aperture sub-rhomboidal.
Greenish horn-color, with generally several light green bands;
aperture white or blotched with purple. Tenn.

c. Body whorl with a central row of tubercles.

6. A. rota, Reeve. Fig. 11. Globosely turrited, thick,
ponderous; whorls few, concavely sloping, encircled around
the periphery with large, obliquely compressed tubercles ;
aperture small, sub-rhomboidal; columella short. Yellowish

olive, with a brown band at base. “ United States.”
I have not seen this species, The tubercles are described as compressed
obliquely, resembling the fans of a water-wheel.

OF CONCHOLOGY. 323

7. A. armigera, Say. Figs. 12—14. Elevated, conical;
spire flatly concave; periphery angulate and tuberculate;
aperture small sub-rhomboidal, acuminate below; the tuber-
cles on the spire are partly concealed by the revolution of the
succeeding whorls. Various shades of brown, with frequent-
ly, narrow bands, which are greenish without and reddish
within the aperture. Wabash River, Ind.; Ohio River, Ky. ;
Tenn.

8. A. Duttoniana, Lea. Figs. 15, 16. Fusiform, some-
what conical above ; whorls 5—6, flattened; suture linear, peri-
phery tuberculate; aperture angular, elongated, acuminate at
base. Yellowish, with numerous green bands, which are red-

dish when viewed within the aperture. Tenn.

Smaller and more fragile than No. 7, the tubercles only visible on the
periphery, concealed entirely on the spire; aperture not so much channelled.
The 2d figure is fasciolata, Reeve.

9. A. stygia, Say. Figs.17,18. Obtusely turrited; whorls
slightly convex ; suture distinct; body whorl ventricose; peri-
phery a little angulated, with a few slight tubercles, some-
times obsolete; aperture wide, obtuse below. Very dark
brown or black, without bands; aperture sometimes purple.
Cumberland and Tennessee Rivers.

10. A. funiculata, Reeve. Fig.19. Shortly fusiform ;
whorls few, flat, sharply sloping, regularly corded through-
out with narrow, deeply excavated ridges; prominently keel-
ed at the periphery; columella short; aperture scarcely chan-
nelled. Brownish olive, with four brown bands within. Alda,

Iam unacquainted with this species.

d. Body whorl with numerous tubercles in parallel rows.

11. A. lima, Conr. Figs. 20,21. Conic, sub-fusiform, with
revolving lines of tubercles of unequal size, which become
more prominent upon the angular periphery; spire conical;
whotls flat; suture not well marked; aperture narrow, acu-
minated below. Olive or light green, sometimes with darker
bands, which are purple within the aperture. A/a.

12. A, verrucosa, Raf. Figs. 22—26. LEllipsoidal;
whorls 5; spire convex; apex obtuse; body whorl oval, with
four or five equidistant revolving rows of small transverse
tubercles; aperture narrow; base a littleacuminate. Yellow-
ish, with sometimes broad green bands; aperture white or
purple. Wabash River, Ind.; Ky. Tenn. N. Ala.

324 ANGITREMA.

ANGITREMA. 32

o

same
ea

326 AMERICAN JOURNAL

LITHASIA, Haldeman.
a. Shell large, oval, inflated.

1. L. fuliginosa, Zea. Fig. 1. Smooth, ovate, fusiform,
somewhat inflated, rather thick; spire obtusely elevated;
whorls 6, slightly convex; suture well impressed; body whorl
oval, large; aperture large, a little angular at the base. Dark
brown or green, with red bands. Big Bigby Creek, Maury
Co., Tenn.

2. L, Florentiana, Lea. Fig.2. Elliptical, rather thick;
spire obtuse; whorls 6, convex, with well impressed suture;
body whorl somewhat inflated, a little flattened above the pe-
riphery, well rounded below it, with sometimes obsolete tu-
bercles below the suture. Light brown, with several green
or red bands. Tennessee River, Florence, Ala.

3. L, venusta, Lea. Fios.3,4. Narrowly fusiform, some-
what thin; spire obtusely elevated; whorls 6, convex; body
whorl elongated, convex; aperture narrow, long, acuminate
below. light yellowish, sometimes banded, white within.
Tenn. Ala.

Narrower than No. 2, lighter in color and texture, with more prominent
canal, and heavier deposit of callus.

4. L, dilatata, Zea. Fig.5. Smooth, sub-globose, rather
thick; spire obtusely conical; whorls 5, the last large and
ventricose; aperture large, sub-rhomboidal, angular below;
columella inéurved; lip sharp and dilated. Grayish-green,
yellowish below the suture, obscurely banded; aperture brown
within, margined with white. Tenn.

5. L, imperialis, Zea. Fig. 6. Somewhat tuberculate,
thick; spire raised, conoidal; suture irregularly and much
impressed; whorls 6, the last large, wrinkled above, inflated;
aperture small, elongately rhomboidal, channelled and _ re-
curved at base. Dark horn-color, within white, with brown
hair-like lines. N. Ala.

b. Shell small, compact, oval, elliptical.

6. L, vittata, Zea. Fig. 7. Smooth, cylindrical, thin;
spire short; last whorl very large, flattened. Dark horn-color,
banded. Coosa and Cahawha Rivers, Ala.

7. L. Showalterii, Zea. Fig. 8. Smooth, elliptical, ra-
ther thick; spire obtusely conical; suture much impressed;
whorls 6, the last large and somewhat flattened. Yellowish
horn-color, generally 8-banded. Cahawba River, Ala.

8. L, nuclea, Lea. Fig. 9. Smooth, ovate, elliptical,
thick; whorls 5, the last large, slopingly inflated. Yellowish-
olive, 8-banded with green. Coosa River, Ala.

OF CONCHOLOGY. 327

9. L. nucleola, Anth. Figs.10, 11. Smooth, very thick,
eroded, ovate, cylindrical; last whorl very much flattened
around the upper half; aperture small, oval. Light brown,
sometimes with 2 chestnut-colored bands. TZenn., Ala.

10. L, undosa, Anth. Figs. 12, 138. Wrinkled, thick;
whorls 6—7, convex, rapidly converging to the apex; body
whorl cylindrical, with a distinct, but rounded shoulder; aper-
ture small, rhomboidal. Brown or olive, sometimes brown-
banded. Ky.

aa 12 is typical (and young); Fig. 13 is the adult shell—rarinodosa.
nth.

11. L, obovata, Say. Figs. 14—16. Sub-obovate, thick;
spire almost flat; whorls 5, the body whorl large, inflated
above, acuminate towards the base. Dark brown. Kentucky
and Ohio Rivers.

Fig. 14 represents a mature shell, Fig. 15 is nearly so, and Fig. 16 de-
scribed by Mr. Lea as Hildrethiana, the young.

12. L, consanguinea, Anth. Fig.17. Ovate, smooth,
thick; spire short, acuminate; whorls 8, last two or three
much shouldered; body whorl large, slightly constricted
above. Brownish-olive, light purple within, faintly banded.
Ind.

Whorls more convex, more numerous, and without the prominent an-
gular shoulder of LZ. uwndosa, Anth.

13. L. compacta, Anth. Fig.18. Ovate-conic, smooth,
thick; spire obtusely elevated; whorls 5, body whorl large,
sloping, sub-angulated near the base; aperture ovate, rounded
at base. Yellowish-green, with 38 very dark brown bands,
white and banded within. Ala.

15. L, brevis, Zea. Smooth or striate, sub-cylindrical,
thick; spire rather short; suture impressed; whorls flattened;
aperture ovate. Yellowish-brown, white within. Ala.

16. L, fusiformis, Zea. Fig.19. Sulcate obsoletely, dis-
tantly folded, fusiform, rather thin; spire conical; whorls 6,
the last inflated; aperture elongate-rhomboidal, narrow, chan-
nelled at base. Reddish-brown, 4-banded, white and banded
within. Coosa River, Ala.

17. L, Downiei, Zea. Fig. 20. Sparsely nodulous, sub-
cylindrical; spire raised, obtusely conoidal; suture irregularly
impressed; whorls 7, flattened, last rather large; aperture
large, rhomboidal. Chestnut-color, with several indistinct
bands, white and banded within. Cumberland River, Tenn.

328 LITHASIA.

Fig. 10. Fig. 17.

Fig. 19.

OF CONCHOLOGY. 329

STREPHOBASIS, Lea.
a. Shell ovate-conical.

1. St. curta, Hald. Figs.1, 2. Smooth, ovate-conical,
thick: spire plane, obtusely conical; suture impressed; aper-
ture small, sub-quadrate. Greenish or chestnut, with a broad
band or without band. TZenn., Ky.

i Fig. 1 is typical ; Fig. 2 represents a well-grown specimen, and is solida,
ea.

2. St. pumila, Zea. Fig.3. Smooth, obtusely conical,
moderately thick; spire plane; suture much impressed; body
whorl sloping, cylindrical, closely striate below the periphery ;
aperture small, narrow, oblique. Dark horn-color, whitish
within. Tuscaloosa, Ala.

3. St. carinata, Lea. Fig. 4. Carinate, sub-fusiform, in-
flated, rather thin; spire conical, acute, carinate; whorls 6,
flattened, body whorl inflated; aperture large, rhomboidal,

produced below. Greenish, 4-banded. Tennessee River, Tenn.
Quite young, but doubtless different from the other species.

b. Shell cylindrical.

4, St. olivaria, Zea. Fig. 5. Smooth, elliptical or cylin-
drical; spire elevated, obtuse; suture much impressed ; whorls
7, convex, the last large; aperture 2-5ths the total length,
rhomboidal, broadly effused below. Dark olive, generally
banded; white or purple, and sometimes banded within.

4a. St. Lyonii, Zea. Fig. 6. Sub-cylindrical, smooth,
thick; spire obtusely conical; suture impressed; whorls 8,
slightly convex, the last inflated, cylindrically flattened ; aper-
ture sub-constricted, rhomboidal, canaliculately retrorse at
base. Dark horn-color, rarely banded, white within. Holston
River, Knoxville, Tenn.

5. St. plena, Anth. Figs. 7,8. Smooth, thick, shining;
spire obtuse, short, carinate at apex; upper whorls a little
convex, the last one constricted; aperture long, narrow above,
square below. Dark brown or greenish, much banded, bluish
and banded within. Chattanooga, Tenn.; Ala.

Fig. 8 is St. Spilimanii, Lea.

6. St. cornea, Lea. Fig.9. Smooth, thick; spire obtuse;
suture irregularly impressed; whorls a little convex above,
the last one constricted; aperture elongate-rhomboidal, narrow
above, wider below, base narrowly channelled. Horn-colored,

yellowish-white within. Chattanooga, Tenn.
Lighter colored than No. 5, and without bands; it is also a heavier
shell.

330 AMERICAN JOURNAL

7. St. corpulenta, Anth. Fig. 10. Smooth; spire coni-
cal; apex rather acute; whorls 6—7, convex, closely revolving
and rapidly increasing in diameter; body whorl much inflated,

cylindrical; aperture narrow-ovate, broader at base. Yellow-
ish, with 2 dark broad bands. Ala.

Body whorl more swelled out in its superior portion than either of the
preceding.

8. St. biteeniata, Conr. Fig. 11. Smooth; spire short,
conic, eroded; whorls 5; body very convex, cylindrical;
aperture sub-rhomboidal, half the total length, much recurved
at base. Olive, with two distant broad brown bands. Black
Warrior River, Ala.; Chattanooga, Tenn.

Smaller than the preceding species of the group.

STREPHBASIS. 331

332 AMERICAN JOURNAL

MESESCHIZA, Lea.

1. M. Grosvenorii, Zea. Fig.1. Smooth, fusiform, thin,
obtusely conical; suture slightly impressed; whorls 7, slightly
‘convex, the last large; aperture large, rhomboidal; lip acute,
in the middle slightly cut. Greenish-purplish within and
without, sometimes banded. Wabash River, Ind.

Fig. 1 is from the type.

SCHIZOSTOMA, Iea.
SYNOPTICAL TABLE OF SPECIES.*
Fissure direct,narrow, and deep. Fissure oblique, short, and wide.
1. Shell striate or ridged.

a. Shell conical; spire lengthened, sharply carinate.

1. S. CARINIFERUM, Anth. 15. S. pAGopuM, Lea.
S. Showalterii, Lea. 16. S. PYRAMIDATUM, Shutt.
2. S. CASTANEUM, Lea. 17. S. WETUMPKAENSE, Lea.

S. ornata, Anth.
S. pagoda, Lea, of Reeve.

b. Shell conic-eylindrical; spire obtuse, not carinate.

3. 9. OVOIDEUM, Shutt. 18. S. ALABAMENSE, Lea.
19. S. AnTHony1I, Lea.
4. §. Excisum, Lea. 20. S. BABYLONICUM, lea.

S. Spilmanii, Lea.

@
c. Shell globosely-ovate; spire moderate.

5. S. PUMILUM, Lea. 21. S. Buppu, Lea.
S. globosum, Lea. S. funiculatum, Lea.
S. Alabamense, Lea. S. pagodum, Lea, of Reeve.

S. Showalterii, Lea, of Reeve.
2. Shell smooth.
d. Shell elliptic.
6. S. ELLIeTICUM, Anth.
. ©. LACINIATUM, Lea.
e. Shell quadrately cylindrical.
. 8. AMPLUM, Anth. 22. S. DEMIssuM, Anth.
. 8. NUcULUM, Anth, S. Hartmanii, Lea.
23. S. CONSTRICTUM, Lea.
S. rectum, Anth.

* The Schimostome contain two nearly equal groups, characterized re-
spectively by a narrow, direct, and an oblique, short, wide slit.

In the above table the opposite species in the two groups are generally
exactly similar, except in the character of the slit !

J

co CO

OF CONCHOLOGY. ooo

10. S. cYLINDRACEUM, Mighels. 24. S. SALEBRosUM, Anth.
S. robustum, Anth.
S. rectum, Anth., of Reeve.
f. Shell ovate, whorls obliquely flattened, spire obtuse.

11. S. BULBosuM, Anth. 25. S. GLANDULUM, Lea.
S. ovalis, Anth. 26. S. incisum, Lea.
12. 5S. curtuM, Mighels.* S. virens, Lea.

S. quadratum, Anth.
S. obliquum, Auth.
18. S. GLANS, Lea.
g. Shell globose.
14. S. SPH&RICUM, Anth.

1. S. cariniferum, Anth. Figs.1,2. Cylindrically-conic,
transversely distantly ribbed, thick; suture impressed ; whorls
7, flattened; fissure large and deep; aperture small, elliptical.
Chestnut, banded within.

Fig. 1 is from the type; Fig. 2 represents Showalterit, Lea.

2. §. castaneum, Zea. Fig. 3. Conical, carinate, rather
thick; spire exserted, strongly carinate just above the suture;
suture much impressed; whorls 6, flattened, the last slightly
convex, obsoletely angular and 2-ribbed at the periphery;
fissure straight, narrow and deep; aperture small and ellipti-
cal. Dark brown, 4-banded.

3. §. ovoideum, Shutil. Fig.4. Conoidal, thick, concen-
trically striate-costate; whorls 5, thickened at suture; fissure
very long and narrow. Olivaceous, brown-banded.

4. §. excisum, Zea. Fig.5. Sub-fusiform, rather thick,
striate; spire ovately conical; suture impressed; whorls flat-
tened; fissure long and narrow. Yellowish, banded.

5. §. pumilum, Zea. Figs. 6—8. Top-shaped, striate,
rather thin; spire obtusely conical; suture impressed; whorls
6, ventricose, the last very large; fissure straight and rather
short ; aperture rather small, angular and somewhat channelled
at the base. Pale horn-color, sometimes 3-banded.

Fig. 6 is typical; Fig. 8 is Sch. globosa, Lea.

6. §. ellipticum, Anth. Oblong-ovate; spire rather pro-
duced, obtuse; whorls flatly convex, smooth, faintly rudely
plicated towards the apex; fissure deep; aperture narrow-
ovate. Yellowish-olive, with 8 broad dark bands.

7. 8. laciniatum, Lea. Obtusely conical, smooth, rather
thick; spire obtuse; suture excavated; whorls convex; fissure
deep; aperture elliptical. Yellowish horn-color, banded.

* Synonym of bulboswm?

334 AMERICAN JOURNAL

8. §. amplum, Anth. Figs.9, 10. Ovate, smooth, rather
thick; spire conical; apex acute; suture impressed, with a
cord-like stria; whorls 6—7, sub-convex, the last large, striate,
sub-cylindrical; fissure rather large, deep and waved; aper-
ture elliptical. Olivaceous, banded.

Distinguished by its quadrate form.

9. §. nuculum, Anth. Fig.11. Obtusely conical; whorls
convex, smooth, the last large, sub-cylindrival; fissure deep;
aperture narrowly ovate, a little effused at the base. Fulvous,
without bands.

10. 8. eylindraceum, Jfighels. Cylindrical, thick, with
obsolete revolving undulations; spire ovate-conic; whorls
3—4, flattened, shouldered; suture distinct; aperture oval;
fissure deep and wide. Olivaceous.

This species is known to me only through the description.

11. §. bulbosum, Anth. Figs.12,13. Ovate, striate, rather
thick; spire obtusely elevated, sub-convex; suture very dis-
tinct, shouldered; whorls 4, the last inflated, convex, sub-
angulated a little below the suture; fissure straight, very
narrow, not deep. Dark olive, with 3 broad bands, dusky
within.

Fig. 13 is Sch. ovalis, Anth.

12. §. curtum, Mighels. Sub-globose, short, smooth,
thick; spire short, obtuse, eroded; suture slightly impressed;
whorls, 5—4 remaining, flattened in the middle; aperture ©
pear-shaped. Hpidermis dark green, with 2 or 3 darker
bands.

Known to me only through the description.

13. 8S. glans, Lea. Fig. 14. Ovately conical, smooth, or
obsoletely striate, thick, inflated; spire obtusely elevated; su-
ture corded, regularly impressed; whorls 6, the last rather
large, elliptical; fissure straight, narrow, deep; aperture ra-
ther small, elliptical. Yellowish horn-color, or chestnut-
brown, obsoletely banded.

Resembles dulbosum, Auth., but is more inflated and heavier, the color
is lighter, the bands narrower, and striation obsolete.

14. $8. sphericum, Anth. Fig. 15. Sub-globose; spire
small, somewhat immersed; whorls smooth, very convex, in-
flated. Yellowish-olive, encircled with interrupted greenish-
black fillets.

15. S. pagoda, Zea. Fig. 16. Conical, strongly carinate,
rather thick; spire elevated, conical; suture much impressed ;
whorls 6; fissure small; aperture elliptical. Dark horn-color.

16.8, pyramidatum, Shut]. Pyramidal, thickened, con-
centrically sulcately costate, frequently nodosely geniculate ;
whorls 5—6; fissure wide, short. Olivaceous or blackish,
banded with brown.

This species is unknown to me.

OF CONCHOLOGY. 335

17. §. Wetumpkaense, eo. Figs. 17, 18. Ovately
conical, striate, thick; spire obtuse, conoidal; suture much
impressed ; whorls 6, flattened, carinate and ridged, the last
large, angular at periphery; fissure short, oblique. Light
brown, banded.

Fig. 17 is typical; Fig. 18 is ornata, Anth.

18. §. Alabamense, Zea. Fig. 19. Elliptical, thick,
closely and regularly striate; spire obtusely conical; suture
much impressed ; whorls 6, the last large, inflated, cylindrical,
fissure short. oblique; aperture ovate. Yellowish-olive, with
broad brown bands.

19. §. Anthonyi, Reeve. Figs. 20,21. Conical, ovate, ra-
ther thick; spire produced; whorls sloping round the upper
part, concavely impressed round the middle, the last with a
single dark ridge; fissure short. Fulvous brown, narrowly
banded.

20. §. babylonicum, Zea. Figs. 22—24. Sub-cylindrical,
striate, rather thick ; spire obtuse, conoidal; suture impressed ;
whorls 6, flattened, the last large; fissure oblique, short ; aper-
ture large, ovate, obtusely angular at base. Yellowish-brown,
with 3—4 heavy bands.

Fig. 22 is typical; Figs. 23 and 24 are Spilimanii, Lea.

21. §. Buddii, Zea. Figs. 25, 26. Sub-fusiform, striate,
thick; spire obtusely conical; suture irregularly impressed ;
whorls 6, rather inflated; fissure small, oblique; aperture
large, rhomboidal. Dark horn or chestnut, sometimes banded.

Fig. 26 is Sch. funiculatum, Lea.

22. S. demissum, Anth. Figs.27,28. Cylindrical, short,
thick, wide; spire conoidal, eroded; suture very much im-
pressed; whorls flattened, rugose; fissure straight, broad and
rather deep. Dark horn-color,

Fig. 27 is typical; Fig. 28 is Hartmanit, Lea.

23. §. constrictum, Zea. Figs. 29, 30. Fusiform-cylin-
drical, smooth, somewhat thin; spire obtuse; suture beaded,
and much impressed; whorls 5, constricted in the middle;
fissure rather large, somewhat oblique; aperture large, narrow-
ovate. », Yellowish:horn-color.

Fig. 30 is Sch. rectum, Anth.

23a. §. Showalteriana, Zea. Fig. 31. Cylindrical, nar-
row, stnooth, thick; spire exserted; suture well impressed,
beaded; whorls 5, slightly convex; body whorl very small;
fissure small; aperture small, elliptical. Yellowish-brown,
without bands.

336 AMERICAN JOURNAL

24. §. salebrosum, Anth. Figs. 32—34. Fusiform, ro-
bust, thick; growth-lines nodulously raised around the upper
part of the body whorl; whorls 5, sub-cylindrical; fissure
open, wave l, not deep; aperture large, ovate. Brownish-olive,
with 8 dark bands. .

Fig. 32 is typical; Fig. 83 is Sch. robustum, Anth.

25. §. glandula, Zea. Fig. 35. Oval, short, smooth,
much inflated, rather thick, minutely striate; spire short,
conic; suture much impressd; whorls 6, the last large and
swollen ; fissure short, oblique; aperture rather large, ellipti-
cal, white within. Yellowish horn-color, banded.

26. S.incisum, Zea. Figs.86—38. Ovate, smooth, thick,
inflated; spire short; whorls 4—6, flattened; body whorl
large; fissure wide, oblique, short; aperture long and narrow.

Yellowish-brown, sometimes banded.
Fig. 36 is typical; Fig. 87 is S. quadratum, Anth.; Fig. 38 is S. virens,
ea.

SCHIZOSTOMA.
337

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338

SCHIZOSTOMA

si

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Fig. 31
: Fig, 32.

OF CONCHOLOGY. 339

EURYC.ZLON, Lea.

1. E.umbonata, Zea. Fig.1. Sub-fusiform, rather thick,
nodulous; spire obtuse; suture well impressed; whorls 5—6,
the last very large, elliptical, inflated, obtusely noduled around
the upper part; aperture rather large, sub-elliptical, attenuate
at base. Dark green, obscurely banded. Cumberland River,
E. Tenn.

2. E. midas, Lea. Fig. 2. Elliptic-cylindrical, smooth,
somewhat thick; spire very obtuse; suture irregularly im-
pressed; whorls somewhat compressed, the last very large,
sometimes tuberculately shouldered below, obscurely striate ;
aperture large, ear-shaped, obtusely angular at base. Green-
ish, obscurely banded. Coosa and Alabama Rivers, near We-
tumpka, Ala.

3. E. gratiosa, Zea, or E, lachryma, Anth. Figs. 3—5.
Obtusely fusiform, somewhat thick, smooth or striate; spire
obtusely conical; suture impressed; whorls 6, flattened, the last
angulate at the periphery, with 4 large nodules upon the angle;
aperture large, sub-rhomboidal, angulate below. Yellowish-
green, with or without bands. Coosa River, Ala.

Fig. 3 represents gratiosa, Lea; and Figs. 4, 5, lachryma, Auth. I can-
not ascertain which name has priority.

4. KE. gibberosa, Lea. Fig. 6. Sub-fusiform, thick, smooth;
spire obtusely elevated; suture well impressed; whorls slightly
convex, hump-backed, the last very large; aperture very large,
sub-rhomboidal, broadly angular below. Brownish, with or
without bands, white within. Alabama River.

5. E. nubila, Zea. Fig.7. Elliptical, sub-fusiform, rather
thick, irregularly striate; spire obtusely elevated; suture much
impressed; whorls 6, convex, inflated, the last large, obscurely
nodulously folded; aperture large, ear-shaped, broadly angu-
lar at base. Dark green, obscurely spotted and frequently
4-banded, bands broad and purple. Coosa River, Wetumpka,
Ala.

6. E, Anthonyi, Budd. Fig.8. Ovate-rhomboidal; spire
short; whorls 4, the upper ones much eroded, the last very
large, inflated, embracing nearly the entire length of the shell,
shouldered above by 4 or 5 large obtuse tubercles; aperture
ovate, effused above and below; columella dilated over the
umbilical region. Yellowish-olivaceous, with 2 brown bands,
Holston River, Tenn.

340 AMERICAN JOURNAL

7. E. crassa, Hald. Figs. 9—11. Globose, conical, pon-
derous; spire exserted; whorls 5, flat or slightly convex, the
last much inflated, convex, with broad, heavy growth-lines;
aperture large, ovate, acuminate-angular below; the columel-
lar lip much dilated over the umbilical region. Olivaceous or
brownish, frequently banded. Clinch River, Tenn.

Fig. 11 represents Leptoais pisum, Hald.

8. E.turbinata, Lea. Fig.12. Sub-rotund or top-shaped,
thick, smooth; spire small, obtuse, scarcely elevated; suture
much impressed ; whorls 4, the last very large, obovate ; aper-
ture large, ovate, recurved at base; columella truncate. Dark
hern-color, 3-banded, white within, WN. Ala.

[ Ta be Continued. }

EURYCALON. 341

MESESCHIZA.

342 AMERICAN JOURNAL

CATALOGUE OF HELICES INHABITING THE WEST
COAST OF AMERICA, NORTH OF CAPE ST. LUCAS,
AND WEST OF THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS;

TOGETHER WITH REMARKS UPON SOME OF THE ANIMALS,
AND THEIR SPECIAL DISTRIBUTION.

BY W. NEWCOMB, M. D.

1. HELIX FIDELIS, Gray.

H. Nuttalliana, Lea.

This species ranges from the banks of the Columbia River,
south to Humboldt Bay, in California. It presents variations
in the coloring of the shell, sufficiently striking to make seve-
ral distinctly marked varieties. We have it passing from a
bright buff, with or without chestnut-coloured bands and
blotches, into a more or less intense black, with the last va-
riety often beautified by a metalic varnish covering the lower
half of the last whorl.

The animal, with one exception, is the most beautiful in
coloring, of any of our Helices. When not much extended,
the large, flat granulations of a bright, burnt sienna color,
studding the superior and anterior surface, sometimes clouded
with a patch of burnt amber, with its dark-colored mantle
profusely flecked with white, give this animal a pleasing va-
riety of warm colors, not often met with in this group of
Mollusks.

2. HELIX INFUMATA, Gould.
South from Humboldt Bay to San Pablo Bay.

This rare species might, but for the rugose and pileous
epidermis and more depressed form, readily, be confounded
with the preceding. The animal, however, is even more ornate.
This species gives place on the south side of the Bay of San
Francisco to the following :—

OF CONCHOLOGY $1438

3. HELIX ARROSA, Gould.

This species has been traced south as far as Santa Cruz, on the
Bay of Monterey. In size it is nearly or quite equal to either of
those previously named, and is found varying in color, from a
uniform pale lemon, without a band, to a sepia, mixed with fine
veins of yellow, with a dark amber band cutting the body
whorl. The succession of these species from North to South,
in the order which they are given here, will be noted, and we
have yet to learn the slightest interference with each other’s
territorial rights.

4, HeLIx TOWNSENDIANA, Lea.
Oregon. Locality, so far as known, quite limited.

5. HELIX NICKLINIANA, Lea.

Coast Range from Klamath Co. to Santa Cruz.

This species offers several varieties to the collector, the
principal of which are included in the following :—

a. Of double normal size, with open umbilicus.

b. Of normal size, umbilicus open.

c. Without band, umbilicus closed, not malleated; lip
broadly expanded.

d. Surface finely granulate, granules arranged in zig-zag
patterns; umbilicus nearly closed; lip white and heavy.

The two first named varieties are found in Santa Cruz Co.;
var. c. in Klamath Co.; var. d. in Alvarado, Alamedo Co.
This last, under less favorable circumstances than in marshy
places, is less solid in development, and equals H. redemita,
W. G. Binney.

6. H. CALIFORNIENSIS, Lea.

This species is of rare occurrence, a few specimens only
having been obtained near San Francisco, and by Mr. Voy, in
Klamath Co. No opportunity for an examination of the ani-
mal has yet occurred. It is quite distinct in form from H.
Nickliniana. Reeve gives this shell in Con. Icon., No. 660,
under the name of H. wincta, Valen, and in the following figure
gives H, Nickliniana, Lea, under the name of H. Californiensis

7. H. DUPETITHOUARSI, Desh.

This species has not been met with along the coast north of
Monterey, and, excepting a few doubtful, dead specimens from
Calavaras Co., seems to be confined to Cypress Point, situated
on the Bay of Monterey. Notwithstanding statements that it
has been found in Oregon, and that it has received the name
of Oregonensis, given by Mr. Lea, we are compelled to limit
the species to the localities named above.

344 AMERICAN JOURNAL

8. H. Trasxu, Newe.

This shell, nearly allied to the preceding, extends from Los
Angelos, north, to Fort Tejon, a distance of about 140 miles.

The distinctive characters are, the finely impressed and
crowded transverse striz, its lighter coloration, more channelled
suture, and differences in the animal.

9. H. HinteBranni, Newe.

This interesting shell has been found in Tuolumne Co. by
Mr. Voy, and in Mariposa Co. by Mr. Gabb. In recent speci-
mens, in fine condition, the epidermis covers the shell so as to
prevent the bands from being seen. The short, rigid hairs on
the surface extend through this epidermis, so as to leave cica-
trices on the shell, when stripped of this covering.

10. Hi ExXARATA, Pfr:

Upon travelling north from the locality of H. Dupetithouarsii,
we pass into Santa Cruz Co., where this species first appears
and is found in considerable abundance. We occasionally
meet with a variety of a creamy-white color, without bands.

11. H. RAMENTOsA, Gould.

This species is met with on the Coast Range of Mountains
from the Mission of San José to Oakland, and is found at Mare
Island, and at the Geyser’s or Boiling Springs, in Napa Co. It
includes the variety described by Dr. Pfeiffer as H. reticulata.
Dr. Gould’s description dates Oct., 1856, Dr. Pfeiffer’s in 1857.
There are several varieties of this species, the typical specimens
having more solidity than those from the Geyser’s and Mare
Island; the latter having the columella of a flesh color, and the
whole shell of a light corneous texture. An extreme variety
in size, of which but a single specimen has been found,
measures in greatest diameter 1:30 inch, while the smallest
adult in my collection measures but*70. The table of measure-
ments attached to this communication, giving the extremes of
different species, will be of service in indicating the range of
variation in size.

12. H. Bripeesi, Newe.

This species has been found only in the neighborhood of
San Pablo, in Contra Costa Co. It has the seulptwre of ramen-
tosa, but finer, and the form of Nickliniana, but with a more
oblique aperture and more pointed and elevated spire. It is
not so widely separated from either of the two as to claim first
rank as a distinct species, but will, under the rules of Prof. C.
B. Adams, claim a second place in his proposed system of
classification.

OF CONCHOLOGY. 315

13. H. AYRESIANA, Newe.

This well characterized species has been found only at
Nootka Sound, and forms, with the two following species, a
well marked section of the genus.

14. H. CREBRISTRIATA, Newe.
San Clementine Island, off Santa Barbara.

10. H. inTERcISA, W. G. Binney.
Oregon. W.G. Binney.

Iam aware that Mr. Binney claims that these two species
are identical. If this be correct there certainly 1s an error in
locality to be corrected. No land shell inhabiting Oregon has
been found so‘far south as Santa Barbara, and, in : this respect,
their zoological provinces are as distinct and well-marked as
are those of the two temperate zones.

16. H. ruDIcULATA, Binney.

The only authentic localities for this species are the neigh-
borhood of San Diego, Calevaras Co., (Voy,) and Copperopolis.
This last is a small variety, with the peritreme tinged with
pink, and much more faintly malleated than the typical speci-
mens. It is reported from Oregon, by Dr. Cooper; also from
Benecia. In the latter case the H. ramentosa is probably
referred to, in the former we are in possession of no data by
which we can explain the mistake.

17. A. KeLuerti, Forbes.

This species, found abundantly by Dr. Cooper on Santa Bar-
bara Island, has, probably, a more southern habitat as well.
Specimens, kindly forwarded to me by Mr. Cuming, differ from
any of the varieties from Santa Barbara by their small size,
less polished surface and stronger strie.

Dr. Cooper, of the Cal. Geological Survey, collected at San
Diego another variety (?) much more rounded in the whorls,
with the aperture not oblique, but roundly lunar.

A variety of this last in my Cabinet has, on a white ground,
two broad and nine narrow reddish-brown bands on the body
whorl. It may claim a position as a distinct species from its
different aperture and outline.

18. H. Tryont, Newe.
Santa Barbara Island, (Cooper.)

346 AMERICAN JOURNAL

19. H. AREOLATA, Sowb.

Margarita Bay and Cerros Island, (Veatch.)

This is from Lower California, the small variety from Mar-
garita.
20. H. PANDORA, Forbes.

Margarita Bay, Lower California.

The locality of Mr. Reeve for this species is not quite so
definite as was intended. ‘Central America, near the Straits
of Juan del Fuaco;” the nearest approach of the latter (Straits
of Fuca) to the former being over two thousand miles.

2a: H, uBvis, Pir:
“Banks of the Columbia River, California,” (Reeve.)

This locality is almost as obscure as the former, as the Colum-
bia River does not reach within some hundreds of miles, the
boundary of California. From its aspect, this species belongs
to the tropics. It certainly is not a California or Oregon
species.

21. H. ruFocincTA, Newe.

Santa Catalina Island, (Baily.)
This, with the two following species, have more of the
Southern than Northern type of Helices.

22. H. Gassu, Newe.

San Clementine Island, (Cooper.)
93. H. racta, Newe.

Santa Barbara Island, (Cooper.)
24, H. CARPENTERI, Newc.

Valley of the San Joaquin.

This species, distinguished, like the two following, by a circu-
lar aperture and large umbilicus, forms, with them, a Cyclosto-
moid group, of much interest to the American Naturalist.

25. H. RowE.ul, Newe.
Arizona, (Frick.)
26. H. CoopErt, W. G. Binney.

Washington Co., Utah, (Bland.)
“Kast side of Rocky Mountains, lat. 47° 80’’, (Cooper.)

OF CONCHOLOGY. 347

27. H. DEVIA, Gould.
H. Baskervillii, Pfr.

Banks of the Columbia, Western Oregon, (Abernethy.)
Vancouver’s Island, (Pfeiffer.)

This, with the following three species, are often dentated,
the last two always. I have a specimen of the devia, which
deviates from the rule, as it is a full-grown adult shell without
a tooth. The animal is a light amber-color with fine granu-
lations, base of foot dirty white, mantle light ash-color, pulsa-
tions of the heart, as seen through the shell, 37 in a minute.

28. H. CoLUMBIANA, Lea.

Jn this species it is customary to include H. labiata, Gould.
Its range, as far as traced, is from Fort Simpson, north, lat. 54°
40’, through British Columbia, Washington Territory, Oregon,
and south to Santa Cruz, in California, in 87° 20’. With one
exception, this has the widest range of any of our Helices of
the West Coast, ranging through over 17° of latitude.

The varieties are numerous, and. may be classified to suit
the views of naturalists. The following I have found conve-
nient :—

1st. Smooth, polished.

a. umbilicate major. minor.
b. umbilicus closed “ ‘e
c. dentate “ z

2d. hirsute.

a. umbilicate “ rT
6. umbilicus closed “ “
c. dentate ‘“ ‘“

This will give us at a glance 12 varieties, varying in some
detail of character; and if we wish to refine upon the matter,
we may add another section of Labiata, which will add six
more to our list.

I have not been able to detect the eyes “at the base of the
tentacles,” but have always found them as in others of the
genus.

29. H. LoricaTa, Gould.

Sacramento River, (Gould.) Oakland, (Newcomb.) Kla-
math Co., (Voy.)

The characters in the different localities hold good, although
the difference in size is well-marked, those from the last named
locality more than doubling the size of those found in the
vicinity of San Francisco.

’

348 AMERICAN JOURNAL

30. H. GERMANA, Gould.

Oregon, (Expl. Exped.)

My collectors in Oregon have failed in finding this species,
and I can add nothing to our previous knowledge concern-
ing it.

31. H. MonmMonouM, Pfr.

Mormon Island, California, (Neweomb,) type. Sonora,
(Frick.) Klamath Co., (Voy). Mount Shasta, (Brewer.)

This species is generally much more depresed than the
type, is less solid, and of a lighter shade of corneous. In
specimens from the northern part of the State the color below
is light horn, and above, the broad brown band is more or less
interrupted by transverse white streaks.

32. H. NEWBERYANA, W. G. ae

Southern California.

This species, referred to Macrocychs by Mr. Binney, is one
of our most rare and choice species.

338. H. MULLANI, Bland.

St. Joseph’s River, Washington Territory, (not Oregon.)

Dr. Cooper, who collected this species, makes the correction
above.

04, H. VANCOUVERENSIS, Lea.

Sitka, (Newcomb.) Metlakahtlah, lat. 54° 10’, (Hepburn.)
Oregon, (Authors.) California, south to Vera Cruz, (Newcomb.)

This species has the widest range in latitude of any of our
Western Helices. I have received a specimen from Sitka, in
lat. 56°, and collected the small variety which has been dis-
tributed erroneously as H. sportella, Gould, as far South as 37°,
thus giving a range of 19°. How much farther to the North
it may be found will possibly be determined by the Russo-A meri-
can Telegraphic Survey, now in the field. The animal is of a
uniform pearly white, with the upper tentacles slightly shaded,
as long as the greater diameter of the shell, with two im-
pressed lines upon each side of the centre, extending from
between the tentacles backward; eranulations rather large
and flattened, terminating in a rounded or but slightly pointed
extremity. This description i is from the large typical variety
from Oregon.

35. H. SPORTELLA, Gould.

Oregon, (Gould.) Shasta Co., California, (Voy.)

Quite a distinct species Pee the preceding in any of its
varieties.

OF CONCHOLOGY. 39

36. H. Voyana, Newe.
Cafion Creek, Trinity Co., California, (Voy.)
87. TH. strigosa, (Gould.)
“Tnterior of Oregon,” Gould.
38. H. CRONKHEITII, Newe.
Southern Oregon, (Gabb.) Northern California, (Voy.)
39. H. DuRANTI, Newe.
Santa Barbara Island, (Dr. Cooper.)

40. H. WHITNEYI, Newe.
Lake Tahoe, (Dr. Cooper.)

41. H. Brewert, Newe.

Lake Tahoe, (Dr. Cooper.) Mammoth Grove, Calavaros
Co., (Master Willie Hillebrand.)

42. H. ruuva, Drap.
Lake Tahoe, (Dr. Cooper.)

43. H. cONSPECTA, Bld.

San Francisco, (Rowell.)

The six last named are minute species, one of which, H.
fulva, Drap., (chersina, Say,) inhabits Europe and the Atlantic
States, and was found by Dr. Cooper somewhat largely devel-
oped, on the boundary between California and Nevada. No
tangible difference can be detected between the European,
Eastern and Western American shells, except in size, which
is a character of but secondary importance.

The following is an attempt at grouping the species, with
reference to their affinities, rejecting those that I have not had
an opportunity of examining :—

a. H. FIDELIS, INFUMATA, ARROSA.

b. “ NICKLINIANA, CALIFORNIENSIS, TOWNSENDIANA.

c. ‘ RAMENTOSA, BRIDGESII, EXARATA.

d. “ AYRESIANA, INTERCISA, CREBRISTRIATA,

e. “ DUPETITHOUARSI, TRASKI, HILLEBRANDI.

f. “ DEVIA, COLUMBIANA, LORICATA.

g KELLETTH, TUDICULATA, and var. (?) of KELLETTII.
h. “ FACTA, GABBII, RUFO-CINCTA.

i. “ TRYONII, AREOLATA, PANDORA.

k, “ CARPENTERII, ROWELLI, CooPERI.

350 AMERICAN JOURNAL

1. H. VANCOUVERENSIS, SPORTELLA, VOYANA.

m. “’ CRONKHEITII, DURANTII, CONSPECTA.

nm. “ WHITNEYI, BREWERI, FULVA.

o. “ Without affinities. NEWBERYANA and MORMONUM.
It is interesting to note the difference in measurement of the

extremes in size of the larger species. The following table
illustrates the variation in some few of them, in inches :—

Large Diam. Small Diam. Elevation.

fai, fe,
H. arrosa, | ee pee ve
H. ramentosa, es ae =
H. tudiculata, ah ee os
H. Nickliniana, a re =
H. mormonum, eh see hy
H. Townsendiana, ei Meee oe

It will be understood that these are not such measurements
as should be given ina description, but an average-sized speci-
men should be selected for that purpose. By obtaining the
mean of the two, we shall arrive at about the ordinary size;
t.e.: in H. fidelis, take the sum of the largest and smallest,
selected from some hundreds of specimens,

1:50 | ed .
136 = 9-70 = 2=1'34,
the fair average greater diameter.

It will be noticed that a number of species, usually credited
to California, are omitted in this list. It has been my design
to include all worthy of a place in an accurate catalogue, and
to pass by those that are extra limital to the boundaries at
the head of this article, or are synonyms of those mentioned.

Tn a future number, a catalogue, with their entire synonymy,
may be given. To attempt it now would, perhaps, be prema-
ture, and would occupy too much space in your valuable
Journal. W.N.

OF CONCHOLOGY. 351

DESCRIPTION OF NEW SPECIES OF SHELLS. |

BY JOHN G. ANTHONY.

1. Unio PEeguEnsis, Anthony.—t. 25, f. 2.

Description.—Shell ovate-elliptical, smooth, inequilateral,
moderately thick; epidermis olivaceous, with delicate capillary
lines on the posterior slope, thickly crowded, which gives that
portion of the shell a greenish tinge; lines of growth fine,
crowded, elevated; beaks not elevated, very much eroded in
all the specimens I have seen, but there is no appearance of
any undulations at the tip; ligament long, straight, thin and
yellow; cardinal teeth lamellar, thin, erect, and widely sepa-
rate and divergent from the lateral teeth, which are long and
somewhat curved; anterior cicatrix deep and distinct, poste-
rior ones faint and confluent; nacre yellowish and silvery,

Habitat—Pegu, British Burmah.

Cabinet of George W. Tryon, Jr. Mus. Comp. Zoology,
Cambridge, Mass.

2. HELIX CERINOIDEA, Anthony.—t. 28, f. 3.

Description.—Shell narrowly umbilicated, orbicularly con-
vex, thin, of a waxy horn-color, closely and finely ribbed;
whorls 7, convex, the last one inflated; umbilicus narrow,
nearly covered by the columellar lip; aperture semi-circular ;
lip. not reflected, margins connected by a thin white callus.

Habitat.—N orth Carolina.

Cabinet of George W. Tryon, Jr. Mus. Comp. Zool., Cam-
bridge, Mass. Cabinet of Hugh Cuming, London.

Observations.—It may be compared with H. Hiliotti, Red-
field, which it resembles somewhat in color, but is less flat-
tened, smaller, and has the umbilicus less open; its surface has
a peculiarly shining, waxy appearance.

352 AMERICAN JOURNAL

DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF PSEUDODON.
BY T. A. CONRAD.

P. ELLIPTICUM, Conrad.—t. 25, f. 1.

Description—Hlliptical, slightly ventricose, thin; cardinal
tooth distinct in each valve; ventral margin regularly rounded;
epidermis pale yellowish-olive, with a broad pale green ray
with dark margins; umbonal slope hardly defined or ob-
scurely angulated; beaks eroded.

Locality.—Cambodia.
Cabinets of Chas. M. Wheatley and of Geo. W. Tryon, Jr.

Observations.—This shell, received by Mr. Tryon from Mr.
Wheatley under the name of P. (Monocondylea) Cumingii,
Lea, var., is very different from that species: it is more ellip-
tical, smoother, with a regularly convex basal margin, less in-
flated, and lighter in color. It also differs in the absence of
the slight plications posteriorly, which are found on Pseudo-
don Cumingti.

OF CONCHOLOGY. 353

Gditor's Gable,

REVIEWS.

I—AMERICAN.

Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadel-
phia. No.2. April, May and June, 1865.
Diagnoses Specierum et Varietatum novarum Molluscorum,
prope Sinum Pugetianum a Kennerlio Doctore, nwper
decesso, collectorum; BY PHILIP P. CARPENTER.

Sphenia ovoidea. Mopalia Kennerlyi.
Nera pectinata. eh stnuata.
. Kennerlia, (S. G. of Pandora.) 2? “ imporcata.
“«__ filosa. Ischnochiton (Trachydermon) reti-
Psammobia rubroradiata, (N utt, porosus.
MSS.) ef “ trifidus.
Macoma Yoldiformis. . “ nseudodentiens.
i expansa. “ flectens.
Tellina (Angulus) modestus. Lepeta cexcordes,
“ var. obtusus. Calliostoma var eqatum.
? Cmentia subdiaphana. Margarita tenuisculpta.
Psephis, N. G.* f lirulata,
Venus Kennerly:. ‘i inflata.
Astarte (? compressa var.)com- Mesalia lacteola.
pacta. ‘ (? lacteola var.) sub-
Lucina tenuisculpta. planata.
Cryptodyn sericatus. Rissoa compacta.
Pythina rugifera. Drillia ineisa.
Tellimya tumidr. “ cancellata.
Leda fossa, Baird. Mangelia levidens.
Pecten Hindsit. Bela excurvata.
Tornatina eximia, Baird. Kulima micans,
Cylichna (2? cylindracea var.) — Ocinebra interfossa.
attonsa. ? Chrysodomus rectirostris.

Dentalium rectius.
* Type Chione Lordi, Baird. Zool. Proc., 1863, p. 69.

304 AMERICAN JOURNAL

Observations on the Eocene Lignite Formation of the United
States: BY T. A. CONRAD.

In this paper, our valued contributor discusses the extent
of a formation which has been discovered to occur extensively
in the United States, while possessing throughout its entire
extent fossils, which, taken in connection with the position of
the beds, and their appearance, prove them to belong to the
Lignite Epoch of the Older Eocene.

Several species of Mollusca, received by Mr. Conrad from the
Lignite of Shark River, Monmouth Co., New Jersey, prove to
be identical with species of the London Clay and Plastic Clay
otf Europe, while one species, Aturia ziczac, Sowb., he has re-
cognized not only in one of the Shark River forms, but also
in a species from Astoria, in Oregon, formerly described by
him in “Dana’s Report on the Geology of the U. S. Expl.
Exped.,”as Nautilus angustatus. This, and other forms therein
described, were at that time supposed to be Miocene, but Mr.
Conrad was led to believe in their Eocene origin first through
the discovery of the identity of this species in its far extended
American and European localities. It will be seen by a paper
herein published, on Mr. Gabb’s “‘ Report on the Cretaceous
Mollusca of California,” that Mr. Conrad has again recognized
this species in Aturza Mathewsonii, Gabb, and that he refers a
considerable portion of the species described by Mr. Gabb to
the Older Kocene.

Some of the species from Shark River proved to be new,
and were described and figured in the 3d No. of this Journal’

Descriptions of three new Species of Exotic Uniones: BY
ISAAC LEA.

Unio Wrightit, China. U. rufofuscus, i

Unio tortuosus, China.

Of the last, Mr. Lea remarks, that ‘“‘This remarkable Unio
is the first which has been found possessing an irregular plane
of the margin and being inequivalve. When looking on the
anterior end with the ligament above, the line of the.opening
of the valves curves to the right. The beak of the left valve
is higher than that of the right, and projects anteriorly. The
left valve is, therefore, larger than that of the right, and the
weight differs—the left being 257 grains, and the right 242
grains. Thevery remarkable perpendicular strize on the late-

ral teeth of this specimen, if always present in other individ-
uals, will demand its being placed in the genus Prisodon, Schu-
macker= Castalia, Lam. “These strize are probably normal to
the species. Before Zriquetra contorta, from China, was de-
scribed by me, none of us could have expected to see a mem-

OF CONCIIOLOGY.

355

ber of the Unionide to be curved like Arca tortuosa, Lin. ;
but now we have a second member of the family totally unlike
the other, except having a curved plane of the shell.”

Descriptions of eight new Species of Unio of the United

States :

BY ISAAC LEA.

U. doliaris, Ktowah River, Geo.

“ protensus, N. Carolina.

se

‘

~

-~

‘
be
“

sé

punctatus, Cany Fork, Tenn.
Tuscumbia, Ala.
amabilis, Butler, Taylor Co., Geo.

Lyon, Kh. Tenn.

proprius, Lafayette, Geo.

Cromwellii, Albany, ee Co., Geo.

marginis, Blue Spgs

Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York. Vol.

Vill

Nos. 2 and 3. June—December, 1864.

Notes on Species of the Family Corbiculade, with Figures:
BY TEMPLE PRIME.

Corbicula pexata,

“cc

Primeana, Morelet,

Miilleriana,
Chemnitziana,
lutea, Morelet,
difficils,
leviuscula,
Malaccana, Desh.,
rhomboidea,
Kirkii,
brunnea,
Deana,
Japonica,
Lamarckiana,
Linneana.
Blandiana,
Sayana,
Crosseana,
venustula,
striatella, Desh..,
subradiata,
Agrensis,
parvula,
purpurea,
Largillierti, Desh.,
sulcatina,

China.

oe

Africa.
Cochin China.
Malacca.

““

Mozambique.
Tasmania.

Japan.
Cambodia.
Philippines.

Manilla.
Pondicherry.

Agra.
4 “

India.
River Tigris.
China.

“i

356 AMERICAN JOURNAL

Corbicula minor, New Holland.
x ineequilateralis, Africa.
“ solidula, (2)
Batissa solidula, (?
Cyrena Bernardiiana, New Caledonia.
“ — proxima, Siam.
Ke Siamica, F
“ponderosa, Philippines.
sf Cyprinsformis, Australia.
bh regularis, (?
Pisidium Nov-Zelandicum, New Zealand.

This extended and excellent paper is illustrated by 39 beau-
tifully executed wood-cuts, which, with the detailed descrip-
tive and distinctive characters given, characterize amply, the
new species of this very difficult family of Mollusca.

Nos. 4 and 5. May, 1865.
Description of a new Species of Mollusca, of the Genus
Glauconome: BY TEMPLE PRIME.
G. oblonga, Singapore.
Notice of a Post-Pleiocene Deposit on Gardiner’s Island,
Suffolk Co., N. Y.: BY SANDERSON SMITH.
Catalogue of the Mollusca of Staten Island, N. Y.: BY J.
W. HUBBARD, M.D., and SANDERSON SMITH.
One hundred and fifteen species are enumerated.

Proceedings of the California Academy of Natural Sciences.
III. 1864—5.

Descriptions of new Marine Shells from the Coast of Cali-
fornia: BY P. P. CARPENTER.

Part 1.
Calliostoma formosum. Margarita salmonea.

‘ splendens. Liotia fenestrata.
Solariella peramabilis. ‘“ acuticosta.
Margarita acuticosta. Amycla undata.

Part 2.
Leptonyx, sub. gen. (of Col- Leptonyx, (sanguineus, var.,)
lonia, Gray). purpureus.

af sanguineus, Linn. bacula.

Proceedings of the Essex Institute, Salem, Mass. IV. No. 6.
July, 1865.

A Classification of Mollusca, based on the Principle of
Cephalization: BY EDWARD S. MORSE.

An exceedingly interesting paper, from which we much re-

OF CONCHOLOGY. 357

gret that want of space prevents us from making more than a _
very few extracts.

Mr. Morse, as a preliminary, defines an animal as a sac, the
contained mass of structure varied according to the class to
which it belongs; thus we have a vertebrate sac, an articulate
sac, etc. But, while the terms Vertebrata, Articulata, or
Radiata properly express the plan of structure, the term
Mollusca, he objects, does not possess so definative a meaning.
He proposes instead, the name Saccata, suggested by Mr. Al-
pheus Hyatt, as expressing the plan of structure. ‘We may
remark that the Mollusks as a type, present the sac features ~
most completely, for nowhere do we find the various organs
so essentially concealed, or possessing the power of retraction
Within a sac, as in the Mollusca.”

“Tn the following considerations, all preconceived ideas re-
garding the relative positions of the dorso-ventral, aud antero-
posterior diameters of the animal must be laid aside, and the
essential structure of the animal, if rightly understood, must
be our guide. The gradual morphological changes of the
contents of the sac, and all other relations, are based on the
principle of Cephalization.

. “Commencing with the Polyzoa, we have the sac
closed, while the mouth and anus terminate close together at
the posterior pole of the sac; the mouth occupying the ex-
treme posterior position, and by a dorsal bend of the intestine
upon itself, terminating dorsally. The nerve mass is found
between the oral and anal openings. In this class the mouth
and anus have the power of protrusion from the sac. In the
three lower orders, Cyclostomata, Ctnostomata, and Cheilos-
tomata, the polyzoon, when completely evaginated, presents
no fold or inversion of the sac, while in the higher group
Phylactolzmata, there is a partial and permanent inversion of
the sac under like conditions.

“This latter group, combining the permanent inversion of
the sac-walls with the lophophoric arms, is the first approach
to the Brachiopoda. No organ corresponding to a heart has
yet been discovered. In the Brachiopoda we have a perma-
nent invagination of the sac, and the mouth, as in Terebratula,
already occupies a position some distance from the posterior
edges of the overlapping shells, and the brachial coils perma-
nently occupy the space thus made.

“We have in this group a dorsal flexure of the intestine,
and a tendency to terminate as in the Polyzoa. In Lingula it
terminates posteriorly and at one side. By the permanent in-
version of the sac, the mouth makes a great advance toward
the anterior pole. In Terebratula, Waldheimia, and allied
genera, where the sac is very short and swollen, and the bra-

oa f
358 AMERICAN JOURNAL

chial coils very large, the viscera are crushed to the front, and
the intestine, which is short and simple, is nearly bent upon
itself, though still occupying a median line. In Lingula,
where we have a very long and flat sac, the intestine is long,
and has ample room for conyolutions, but the anus, instead of
terminating in a line with the mouth, is thrown to one side, in
consequence of this excessive flatness of the sac. The heart
will be found on the outer bend of the intestine and actually
on the ventral side; the nerve occupying its homological
position.

“(The manner in which I view the Brachiopoda, if true,
will entirely reverse the accepted poles of their structure.
What has been considered as dorsal, is here regarded as ven-
tral, and what has been considered as anterior, is here re-
garded as posterior. Further remarks on this will be made
hereafter.)

“Thus far the balance of structure has been thrown to the
posterior pole of the sac, and though we see a cephalization,
or concentration of the muscular system and viscera, toward
the anterior pole in Brachiopoda, yet that pole being essen-
tially closed, we have no function manifested at that end, ex-
cept the degradational one of adhesion. In the Tunicata we
have, through continued cephalization, the mouth thrown to
the bottom of the sac, or nearer the anterior end, and now the
anus terminates behind the mouth, and posteriorly.

“The heart has also followed the intestine in its rotation,
and becomes anterior, and partially dorsal. The nerve mass
is still posterior, and occupies a position between the two
openings, as in Polyzoa.

“We have commencing in this group, the Tunicata, that
erratic bending of intestine, and varied position in its anal
termination, that is witnessed higher up in the scale, and
though apparently governed by no y law, we can yet trace the
progressive movements toward a normal condition, by com-
paring Appendicularia, one of the lowest forms of the Tuni-
cates, and representing the larval condition of their class. In
this form the intestine has a ventral flexure, and terminates
on the ventral side. In Pyrosoma it makes an abrupt bend
toward the anterior dorsal region, and terminates anteriorly.
In Salpa it terminates dorsally, on a line with the mouth,
though still anteriorly. In Botryllus it creeps up, and termi-
nates nearer the posterior pole of sac, though still dorsally.
We have in this genus, and other compound Ascidians, the
excurrent orifices of several individuals coalescing, forming a
common cloaca for a community. ‘The dorsal flexture is dis-
tinctly seen in Clavellina borealis. In these three classes,
namely, Polyzoa, Brachiopoda, and Tunicata, the sac is essen-

OF CONCHOLOGY. 359

tially closed at the anterior end, and consequently the mouth
opens toward the posterior end, and, with few exceptions, all
are attached by the anterior end.

«This makes a natural division, corresponding to the Mol-
lusecoidea of Milne-Edwards, the Anthoid Mollusks of Dana,
and a portion of the neural division of Huxley. In the Lam-
ellibranchiata we have the sac opening anteriorly, and the
mouth permanently occupying the anterior region, though in
the lower forms pointing posteriorly, and in all cases the ten-
tacular lobes pointing in that direction, and the mouth bent
downward (ventrally), and partially obstructed by the anterior
adductor, or by the undivided mantle. The gradual enlarge-
ment of the anterior opening is clearly seen, where in the
Gastrochzenide, we have first a minute orifice, for the passage
of an immature foot, or metapodium; this opening gradually
enlarging in different genera, until in the Unionidae we have
the sac almost completely separated, except dorsally. It will
be noticed that the anterior opening is also ventral, or nearly
so in the lower forms. In Gasteropoda the posterior end of
the sac becomes essentially closed, and the ambient fluid now
finds access to the gills through the anterior (though partially
ventral) portion of sac, while with Cephalopoda the opening
is all anterior. Thus far we have traced the gradual cephali-
zation of the contents of the sac, and of the sac itself. . ..
In the lowest class all the display of structure, with the oral
and anal openings, lies at the posterior pole of sac. In this
highest class, all this display of structure les at the anterior
pole. Advancing from the Polyzoa, by the gradual advance
ef the mouth, the posterior pole becomes less prominent.
Even when the sac opens anteriorly, as in the Lamellibranchi-
ata, the posterior end of sac remains open, and the mouth,
partially inclined that way, receives its food from that end;
the food being conducted to the mouth by ciliary motion as in
the three lower classes. The nature of their food is also iden-
tical, being of an infusorial character, and as such it is ob-
vious that masticating organs, or biting plates, such as we find
in the two higher classes, are not needed.

“So long, also, as the posterior end of the sac remains open,
the anus terminates at that end; when this opening becomes
closed, as in the higher classes, the anus seeks an outlet through
the anterior opening, and the mouth, that before received its
food from the posterior end of the sac, and by ciliary motion,
now distinctly points the opposite way, and is furnished with
the proper organs to procure food, the nature of which re-
quires separation and trituration.”

Mr. Morse remarks, also, on the various regions of attach-
ment in the Classes :—

360 AMERICAN JOURNAL

“1st. Polyzoa: dorsal attachment.
2d. Brachiopoda: dorsal and anterior attachment.
3d. Tunicata: anterior.
4th. Lamellibranchiata: anterior and ventral attachment.
5th. Gasteropods: ventral and posterior attachment.”
6th. Cephalopods: free.

The following remarks are made on the mouth and foot :—

“Tn the Lamellibranchs the foot is a simple muscular organ,
developed from the ventral surface and protruding anteriorly.
It is simply an organ of locomotion, in the lower forms not.
even performing this function. The oral opening is a simple
slit, without the power of seizing or triturating its food.

“Tn the Gasteropods the foot is more specialized, and as an
organ of locomotion far superior to that of the Lamellibranchi-
ates, having oftentimes three well characterized regions, called
by Huxley, the pro- meso- and metapodium, these regions
oftentimes supporting certain processes, e.g., cirri, opercula.
The foot not only performs locomotion, but in many cases has
the power of seizing ‘and retaining its prey (e.g., Natica). The
mouth has an apparatus for biting and triturating its food,
being furnished with an upper jaw, or buccal plate, and a
tongue, armed with silicious particles. In the Cephalopoda
the foot is so far differentiated as to be separated into prehen-
sile arms furnished with rows of suckers, or hooks. These
arms surround the head, and are thrown directly forward.
They are capable not only of locomotion, but of seizing their
prey, and performing also movements of aggressive action.
In the higher forms of Cephalopods, the function of locomo-
tion is delegated tv other organs, while the arms subserve the
uses of the head alone, and the mouth, furnished with two
powerful mandibles opposed vertically, forcibly reminds us of
a parrot’s beak, or that of certain other vertebrates. Thus
we have cephalic power manifested in the mechanical action
of the foot.

“1st. Lamellibranchs—Locomotion.

“9d, Gasteropods—Locomotion, Prebension.

“3d. Cephalopods—Locomotion, Prehension, and Aggress-
ion.

“According to the principle of Cephalization, cephalic
power is manifested either as a mechanical, sensorial, or pyschi-
cal force. Thus the Cephalopods possess, in the greatest mea-
sure, all three; while Gasteropods, not indicating, to any great
extent, aggressive action, may be said to manifest but little
psychical power; and the Lamellibranchiates manifest e3ssen-
tially only mechanical action.”

OF CONCHOLOGY. 361

We cannot pause to do justice to all parts of this paper,
and reluctantly omit the author’s remarks on the polarity of
the Mollusca, and comparison in this respect, and the relations
of its classes, with those of the other sub-kingdoms of animal
life.
The following definition is given of the Saccata, with a sy-
nopsis of the classes :—

“SACCATA.

(1) Animals of a varied form, without a radiate structure and
without articulations.

(2) Stomach and viscera enclosed by a fleshy sac, which may
be closed or open, at either one or both ends.

(8) Principal nerve masses, consisting of ganglia, which are
adjacent to, or surround the xsophagus.

(4) Intestine bending inward, or having an outward flexure.

(5) Heart on the outer bend of intestine.

Sac open at { CEPHALOPODA.

( Hoxozorc,or } anterior end. ( GASTEROPODA.
TYPIC.
Mouth opens Sac opens at ©
; AMELLIBRANCHIATA.
anteriorly. both ends. ' ao
SaccaTa. {
PHYTOZOIC, Sac open at
¢ ATA,
OR HEMITYPIC. }) posterior end. qe ate
Mouth opens
posteriorly. BRACHIOPODA.
Sac closed. Potrseu.”

Geological Survey of California. Paleontology. Vol. I.
Carboniferous and Jurassic Fossils: BY F. B. MEEK.
Triassic and Cretaceous Fossils: BY W. M. GABB.

(Published by authority of the Legislature of California.
4to, pp. xx., and 248, with 82 plates. 1864.)

This volume is alike creditable to the State which has au-
thorized its publication, and to the authors, artists and print-
ers engaged in its production. It is the most beautiful speci-
men of typography and engraving that we have ever seen in
an American scientific work. The plates, executed from
drawings by the respective authors, are truly magnificent.

The following are the contents (conchological) of the vol-
ume :—

Preface: BY J. D. WHITNEY, State Geologist.
Description of the Carboniferous Fossils: BY. F. B. MEEK.
Seven species are described, three of them new.

362 AMERICAN JOURNAL

Description of the Triassic Fossils of California and the
adjacent Territories: BY W. M. GABB.

Of twenty-eight species described, twenty-four are new.
We have also a new genus, Rynchopterus, nearly allied to
Avicula.

Description of the Jurassic Fossils: BY F. B. MEEK.
Fifteen species, all of them new.
Description of the Cretaceous Fossils: BY W. M. GABB.

This paper includes the greater part of the volume. The
Cretaceous was found by Mr. Gabb to be very largely devel-
oped in California, and this gentleman (who, by a long special
study of this Formation and its fossils, has become the very
highest American authority on the subject,) has worked up
with much care the immense material placed at his disposal.
Nearly two hundred and seventy-five species are described, of
which all but about twenty-five are new. There are also sev-
eral new genera:—

Haydenia, a form between Buccinum and Volutharpa.
Whitneya, somewhat resembling Fasciolaria.
Tessarolax, very closely allied to Aporrhais.

~ Lysis, general form like Stomatia.

~ Megistostoma, close to Philine.

- Turnus, belonging to the Teredide.

. Cyprinella, allied to Cyprina.

- Eriphyla, allied to Astarte and Gouldia.
Anthonya, belonging to the family Crassatellidz.
Meekia, apparently allied to Tancredia, Lycett.

Following the descriptions in Mr. Gabb’s Report, is a valu-
able “Tabular Statement of the principal Localities of Creta-
ceous Fossils,” twenty-seven in number.

Mr. Conrad has favored us with the following remarks on
some of the species described by Mr. Gabb.

Observations on certain Hocene Fossils described as Creta-
ceous, hy Mr. W. M. Gabb, in his Report, published in the
“Paleontology of California: BY T. A. CONRAD.

“Mr. Gabb has included the rock of Cafiada de las Uvas,
which contains Venericardia planicosta and Aturia zic-zac, in
the Cretaceous series, but he has failed to show one Cretaceous
fossil from that rock. I think the Hocene also occurs at San
Diego, and all the Eocene forms of California that I have
seen figured, are such as characterize the oldest members of
the period, corresponding to the deposits of Shark River, N.
J.; Piscataway and Fort Washington, Maryland; Pamunky

OF CONCHOLOGY. 363

River, Virginia; the Santee beds of South Carolina, &c. I
do not perceive from Mr. Gabb’s Report, that there is any
mixture of Cretaceous and HKocene species in California, such
as we find at Wilmington, N.C., and in South Carolina. The
remarkable and very characteristic fossil, Radiolites gregaria,
abundant in California, has been omitted by Mr. Gabb in his
Report. The Older Eocene, which occurs in both Upper and
Lower California, is also found at Astoria, Oregon.

Mr. Gabb makes two divisions of his Cretaceous strata,
A and B. The former is, doubtless, Cretaceous, and the latter,
I am sure, will prove to be Older Eocene.

Fusus Californicus, Gabb, pl. 28, fig. 205. I do not re-
cognize as my ? Clavatula Srifedeen (Leihori inus Californicus,
Con.) It does not come from the same locality as the latter,
and is striated and ribbed on the spire, in which characters
my species is wanting.

Volutilithes Navarroensis, pl. 19, fig. 56, belongs to my ge-
nus Rostellites, which is allied to Fasciolaria, the colum-
ellar plaits being very oblique. It is probably identical with
KR. Texana. The apparent dilatation of the labrum in the
specimen figured in the Mexican Boundary Survey, is owing
to its having been distorted by pressure. (Cretaceous.)

Fusus Rémondii, pl. 18, fig. 36, is a species of Perissolaz,
allied to P. penta, (Pyrula,) Conrad. (Hocene.)

Perissolax brevirostris 1s not a member of the genus, to
which it is somewhat doubtfully referred by Mr. Gabb.

Natieina obliqua, pl. 21, fig. 112, is an Kocene fossil.

Amauropsis alveata is a species of Globularia, Swainson, and
occurs, I think, in the Older Eocene limestone of South Caro-
lina, or a species very near to it. The genus is well repre-
sented in the Paris Kocene. Mr. Gabb evidently confounds
two species, as he remarks that the specimens in division B
(Eocene) are smooth, and those in division A (Cretaceous) are
striated. A comparison of his figures, pl. 19, fig. 9 (Hocene),
and pl. 21, fig. 111, (Cretaceous), is sufficient to show a wide
specific difference.

Turritella uvasan1, Con., pl.21, fig. 92, is an Hocene species.

Ficus mamillatus, pl. 32, fig. 276, is probably Sycotypus
modestus, Conrad, an Kocene fossil from Oregon.

Perissolax is a genus nearly related to Sycotypus, Browne,
and two other species should be referred to it, Fusus Hornii,
and Fusus Cooperii, Gabb, pl. 28, figs. 206,207. The London
Clay of Bognor contains one species, Pyrula Smithii, Sow-
erby; the Paris Basin three species, Pyrula neailis, elegans
and tricarinata; Claiborne, Ala., one species, Pyrula penita,

364 AMERICAN JOURNAL

Conrad. This genus is peculiar to the Eocene formation, and
may be distinguished from Pyrula by its elongate form, the
canal being longer and narrower than in the allied genus, and
by its nodes and ribs.

Chemnitzia Spillmani, pl. 10. fig. 70, is very distinct from
the species I described under that name. The outline of the
two species is very different, the Spil/mani rapidly decreasing
in size from the aperture, and Mr. Gabb’s shell very gradually.
His shell is smooth on the under surface; the Spillmani is
slightly convex on the base, with 5 or 6 impressed revolving
lines and the ribs crenulated or subnodose.

Aturia Mathewsonii is Aturia zic-zac, or, if it should be dis-
tinct, it would be the same as A. angustata, Conrad. The ge-
nus is peculiar to the Tertiary, and the zc-zac never found
above the London Clay or Older Eocene in England and the
Paris Basin. It is found in Older Kocene rock at Cafiada de
las Uvas, in company with a Venertcardia, very similar to V.
planicosta (Cardita Hornii, Gabb.) It is probably identical
with the planicosta, and seems to belong to the var. regia, of
the Older Kocene of Maryland, which varies from planicosta
only in the ribs being distinctly separated at base.

Dosinia elevata, Gabb, pl. 20, fig. 252, is Dosiniopsis alta,
Conrad. which is very near to, if not identical with Dosiniopsis
Meekii, Conrad. The specimen I described as D. alta, was so
very imperfect, that I should not have suspected its identity
with D. Meekii, had it not been better represented in Mr.
Gabb’s figure. This shell is peculiar to the Older Eocene.

Dosinia Uvasana, p!. 30, fig. 248, is Dione ovata, ( Cytherea,)
Rogers, found in the Older Kocene of Virginia. © Cytherea
pyga, Conrad, is probably a variety of this species.

Meekia sella, pl. 25, fig. 179, is probably Cyprina bisecta,
Conrad. (Kocene.)

M. navis, fig. 180, is a species of Yoldia.

Mactra Ashburnerii, fig.127, is probably IM. albaria, Conrad,
(Kocene.) Two species have been confounded, one Cretaceous,
and the other Eocene. One he describes as having “regular,
nearly uniform, rounded concentric ribs,” and another as hav-
ing only fine lines of growth. ‘The former is probably a Cre-
taceous species, whilst the latter corresponds with the Kocene
albaria.

Nucula truncata, pl.26, fig. 184. Two species are evidently
confounded under this name. Mr. Gabb should have figured
a specimen from each division, as he has done in Amauropsis
alveata.

OF CONCHOLOGY. 365

Leda protexia(?), Gabb, pl. 26, fig. 185. There are two
species here united, neither of which is the protexta—one
Kocene, the other Cretaceous. A figure from a specimen of
each division is very desirable.”

II.—FOREIGN.
BRITISH.

Annals and Magazine of Natural History. No. 89. May, 1865.

Diagnoses of new Forms of Mollusca from the West Coast
of North America, first collected by Col. BE. Jewett, (con-
cluded): BY PHILIP P. CARPENTER, B.A., PH.D.

The following minute species are described, all of them
from Sta Barbara Island and vicinity, California.

Mangelia variegata. Eulima T hersites.

a angulata. Opaha bullata.
Myurella simplex. Cerithiopsis purpurea.
Odostomia inflata. fortior.
Chemnitzia crebrifilata. Marginella subtrigona.

“ (torquata, var.?) stylina. ‘ reqularis.
“ Virgo. Amycla tuberosa.
Dunkeria laminata. ? Anachis penicillata.

Siphonalia fuscotincta.

Diagnoses of new Forms of Mollusca collected by Col. E.
Jewett on the West Tropical Shores of North America:
BY PHILIP P. CARPENTER, B.A., PH.D.

Rossoina expansa, Mazatlan. Mangelia cerea, Panama.
Mangelia hamata, Panama. Chemnitzia celita.
Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 1864. Part 1.
January— March.
Descriptions of new Species of Shells, chiefly from Australia,
in the Collection of Mr. Angas: BY ARTHUR ADAMS and
GEORGE FRENCH ANGAS.

Triton Waterhouset, Canthiridus decoratus.

“« Stranget. Cylindrobulla Fischeri.
Neritula ( Callomphala) lucida. Helix ( Corasia) Anadyomene.
Catillus ornatus. Buliminus (Chondrula) lepi-
Neritella (Dostia) Lifuensis. dula.

Gibbula nitida. Succinea strigillata.
“ picturata. Leptopoma Dohrni.

Thalotia mundula. Physa inflata.

Trochocochlea excavata. Thecalia macrotheca.

Unio (Alasmodon) Evanst.

366 AMERICAN JOURNAL

On a supposed new Species of the Genus Helix, from North-
Eastern Australia: BY JAMES ©. COX, M. D.

Helix Forbesit.

Observations on the Geographical Distribution of the Species
of Voluta and Cymbium in the Australian Seas: BY
GEORGE FRENCH ANGAS.

Mr. Angas writes, that no less than twenty-eight or twenty-
nine of the seventy species of the genus Voluta, already known
to us, and some half-dozen of the allied genus Cymbiwm have
their habitat in the Australian waters.” He includes, as be-
longing to the same geographical province, New Caledonia,
New Zealand, and the adjacent islands. The following are
the species enumerated, with notes on localities, &¢.:—

Voluta (Scapha) fusiformis, Sw. V. (S.) rutila, Brod. Vz.
(S.) piperita, Sowb. V. GS.) Deshayesit, Reeve. V.(S.) Norrisit,
Sowb. V.(S.) nevosa, Lam. V.(S.) Maria-Hmma, Gray. V.
(S.) mamilla, Gray. V.(S.) Pacifica, Solander. V. (S.) gra-
cilis, Swn. V. GS.) Sophia, Gray. V. (Volutella) flavicans,
Gmel. V.(V.) papillosa, Swains. V.(V.) fulgetrum, Brod.
V. (V.) Rossiniana, Bernardi. V.(Amoria) undulata, Lam.
V. (A.) exoptanda, Sowb. V.(A.) volva, Chemn. JV. (A.)
reticulata, Reeve. V.(A.) Turnert, Gray. V.(A.) pretexta,
Reeve. V.(A.) maculata, Swn. V. (A.) marmorata, Swn.
(A.) zebra, Leach. V. (Lyria) mitreformis, Lam. V. (L.) nu-
cleus, Lam. V. (L.) deliciosa, Montr. Melo Georgine, Gray.
M. umbilicatus, Brod. M. diadema, Lam. M. mucronatus,
Sowb. MM. Broderipii, Gray. M. Miltonis, Gray.

List of the Shells collected by Captain Speke during
his Second Journey through Central Africa: BY
DR. H. DOHRN.

The only new species among twenty-seven species enume-
rated, is
Achatina Speket.

Remarks on a Species of Shell belonging to the Kam-
ily Dentalud@ ; BY Ww. BAIRD; with Notes on
their Use by the Nutives of Vancouver's Island and
British Columbia: BY J. K. LORD.

OF CONCHOLOGY. 367

Part 2. April—June.
Descriptions of new Genera and Species of Chiton-
ide from the Australian Seas, in the collection of
George French Angas: BY HENRY ADAMS and G.

F. ANGAS.
Lepidopleurus variegatus. Microplax, N. G. dl
a speciosus. Gray?,
ue _ liratus. Hanleya variabilis.
Stenochiton, N. G. Acanthochites carinatus.
Juloides. " costatus.

Chetopleura conspersa.
Lorica Angast.

On Urocyclus, a new Genus of Terrestrial Gastero-
podous Mollusca from. Africa: BY DR. J. E. GRAY.
U. Kirkii,
Descriptions of new Species of Mollusks of the Gen-
era Registoma and Pupina: BY OTTO SEMPER.
R. ambiguum, Luzon. Pupina difficilis, Palaos I.

Part 3. June—December.
Descriptions of two new Species of Australian Land .
Shells :. BY JAMES C. COX, M. D.
Succinea Hucalyptt. Helix Macleayt.
Descriptions of four new Species of Australian Land
Shells : BY JAMES C. COX, M. D.
Helix Marie. Helix Wileoxi.

‘“ assimilans. “ Olarencensis.

Contributions towards a Monograph of the Pandori-
d@: BY PHILIP P. CARPENTER.

Clidiophora, N. G. Kennerlia) N. Gi loa
a cristata, Carp. “ | filosa,, Carp:
Celodon, N. G. a bicarinata, Carp.

is elongatus, Carp.

Descriptions and remarks on previously described species
are also given. The two last species were also published in
the Proc. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Philadelphia, and the Proc.
California Acad. Nat. Sciences, San Francisco, respectively.

368 AMERICAN JOURNAL

Descriptions of seven new Species of Land Shells,
from the collection of H. Cuming, Esq.: BY DR.
L. PFEIFFER.

Helix Peasiana, Timor. Clausilia tenuicostata, I. Crete.
“ — gonella, I. Crete. af rudis, as
Clausilia glabella, I. Crete. f distans, .
‘ esiiensa,

Descriptions of new Species of Land Shelis from the
Islands of the Central Facific: BY WM. HARPER

PEASE.
Helix obconica. Partula attenuata.
“ normalis. « planilabrum.
“ simillima. % lugubris.
“ fabrefacia. i Garrettit.
Sard, Lamellina levis.
“ sculptils. Tornatellina aperta.
“ retunsa. < oblonga.
“ depressiformis. ¥ simplex.
“ prostrata. Helicina solida.
Bulimus turgidus. si corrugata.
ef argutus. Realia producta.
a annectens. « abbreviata.
Partula producta. Hydrocena nitida.
4 lignaria. . ovata.
c clara. Cyclostoma biangulatum.

i parvum.

The paper is followed by a list of species, distributed by
Mr. Pease, under his MSS. names, which, on the authority of
Mr. Cuming, are regarded as synonymous with previously de-
scribed species. As several American conchologists have re-
ceived these species, we reprint the list. (As Mr. P. P. Car-
penter states, in a note to the paper: “It must be remembered
that Mr. Pease may have reasons for regarding them as dis-
tinct, which do not appear on the face of the specimens.”)

HELIX FUSCATA, Pse.=NIGRITELLA, var.

«( _NIGRITELLA, Pse.—=TROCHIFORMIS.

“ —LENTA and scuTA, Pse.==SwAINSONI, var.

“ _ CONSIMILIS, Pse.=RADIELLA, Pfr.

“( _ VERTICILLATA, Pse.==BRUNEA, Ant.
VITRINA DEPRESSIFORMIS, Pse==HELIX ALATA, Pfr.
SUCCINEA RUTELLA, Pse.==SEMISERICA, Gld.

OVATA and LABIATA, Pse==PAPILLATA, Pfr.

OF CONCHOLOGY. 369

PARTULA GRACILIS, Pse.==AMABILIS, Pfr.
fe FASCIATA, Pse.—GANYMEDIS, Pfr.
MEGASTOMA, Pse==cCALLIFERA, Pfr.
as STOLIDA, Pse=V ANIKORENSIS, Quoy.
a LINEOLATA, Pse==FILOSA, Pfr.
e STRIOLATA, Pse==DECUSSATULA, Pfr.
a VEXILLUM, Pse.=LINEATA, Less.
U AFFINIS, Pse.—=RuFA, Less.
c « ‘¢ var. DUBIA==VARIA, var.
CRASSA, Pse.(—=PERVERSA, Pse., nom.preoc.)}=OTA-
HEITANA, Brug.
SINISTRORSA and TURRICULA, Pse==RUBESCENS,
Rve.
« RADIATA, Pse==COMPRESSA, Pfr.
€ CRASSILABRIS and GLOBOSA, Pse.=HEBE, Pfr.
SUTURALIS, Pse. (nom. preoc.}—=PLANILABRUM,
Pse.
s VIRGINEA, Pse.==SOLIDULA, Pse. var.
« VARIABILIS, FUSCA, Pse==NAVIGATORIA, Pfr.
COGNATA, Pse.—=ROSEA, var.
i‘ LABIATA, IMPERFORATA, and OVALIS, Pse.—=DEN-
TIFERA, Pfr.
PROTEA, CITRINA and VITTATA, Pse.—=FABA, var.
ROBUSTA, ABBREVIATA, UMBILICATA, COMPACTA,
BILINEATA, RECTA and RUSTICA, Pse.—=AURI-
CULATA, vars.
& TRILINEATA and ALTERNATA, Pse—=Noposa, Pfr.
« SIMULANS, Pse.=TA#NIATA, MOrch, var.
a ELONGATA, Pse.=LINEATA, var.
MELAMPUS CINCTUS, Pse=—=zonatTus, Miihl.
a “¥uscus, Phil.,” Pse—=PHILIPPi, Kirst.
CYCLOSTOMA VIRIDANS, Pse==BLANFORDIA.
HYDROCANA ROBUSTA, Pse==REALIA HUAHEINENSIS, Pfr.
af ELONGATA, Pse.=REALIA SCITULA, Gld.
“ COSTATA, Pse==REALIA TAHEITENSIS.
TRUNCATELLA CYLINDRICA, Pse.= TAHEITIA SCALARIS,
Mich.
HELICINA CINCTA, RUBICUNDA and BELLA, Pse=—=MAUGERA,
Gray.
os RUFESCENS, Pse.—=Ro vi, Pfr.
= LENTICULINA, Pse==SOLIDULA.
s STRAMINEA, Pse.==pisuM, Phil.
" PIcTA, Pse.==ARTICULATA, Pfr.
FABA, DISCOIDEA and TENUIUSCULA, Pse.—=ALBO-
LABRIS, Jacq.
= TURBINELLA, SUBRUFA, “? MULTICOLOR” and
“2 INCONSPICUA,” Pse.==MINUTA, Sby.
“? vEscol, Dohrn,” Pse==HANLIEINENSIS.

370 AMERICAN JOURNAL

Remarks on the Species of Succinea inhabiting the Tahitian
Archipelago, with Description of a new Species: BY WM.
HARPER PEASE.

S. costulata, Pease.

FRENCH.

Journal de Conchyliologie. Vol. V. No.3. July 1, 1865.

Note sur les faunes conchyliologiques des deux rivages de
l'Isthme de Suez: BY P. FISCHER.

M. Fischer, referring to the fact that the rich molluscous
faunas separated by the Isthmus of Panama, contain but four
or five species in common, proceeds to examine the identity of
the species of the Mediterranean and of the Red Sea, sepa-
rated by the Isthmus of Suez. The result is the conviction
that not a single species is held in common by the two seas.
Lists of shells from the waters of both sides of the narrowest
part of the Isthmus, collected with the special purpose of
affording data for determining this important question, are
given; and no less than twenty of the genera represented in
the conchological fauna of the Red Sea, are wanting to that
of the Mediterranean. As M. Fischer remarks, the comple-
tion of the Suez Canal will cause a commingling of the spe-
cies of the two seas.

The errors of habitat, committed by former writers, are
commented on.

Etudes sur la faune malacologique de Saint-Jean-de-Luz, de
Dinan et quelques autres points du littoral océanien de la
France: BY I. MABILE,

T'wo new species are described in this paper, the first, Helix
rgnota, being the Helix intersecta of Michaud, but not of Poiret.
lt has been confounded with ¢ntersecta, both by Dupuy and
Moquin-Tandon. The second new species is Clausilia Pauli.

Quelques mots sur un arrangement des Mollusques pulmonés
terrestres (Géophiles, Fer.) basé sur le systéme naturel: BY
oO. A. L. MORCH.

This is the first of what promises to be a very interesting
series of papers. Various characters of the soft parts and
shell are examined with reference to their relative importance
in the separation of the species into genera and higher groups.

Wecan scarcely agree with Mr. Morch, that the genus Zriodop-
sis, Raf., is a good example of his rule, that “The number of teeth

OF CONCHOLOGY. 371

(of the aperture) is always in inverse ratio to the size of the
shell, and increase in size as the shell diminishes.” Confound-
ing, evidently, Mesodon, Xolotrema, Triodopsis and Deedalo-
chila, under the name of Triodopsis, he quotes H. major and
albolabris, not toothed; H. thyroides, with a single tooth; H.
tridentata, with three teeth, &&. The smaller shells (Jedalo-
chila) with large teeth. Correcting his errors, we do not find
that his position is good, regarding the shells cited and their
allies; for in Mesodon, we find albolabris (sometimes), pro-
funda, Sayi, thyroides, all large species, toothed; while the
smaller ones are nearly all edentate, as H. clausa, Mitchelliana,
Pennsylvanica, &e. Again, Triodopsis is characterized through
all its species by the tridentate aperture, and some of them
are-as large or larger than the last cited species of Mesodon.
As for his citation of the species of Dedalochila in this com-
parison, we think Mr. Mérch might as rationally compare Arv-
anta arbustorum with Isognomostoma (Triodopsis) personata.

Additions au genre Scissurella: BY 0. SEMPER.
S. Beyrichi. S. Koenent.
S. Philippiana. S. Hoernesi.
Notice préliminaire sur la famille des Diplommatinacées :
BY O. SEMPER.

This includes a catalogue of the species, with their locali-
ties.

Addition au Catalogue des Diplommatinacées: BY 0.
SEMPER.

Note sur les genres Julia et Prasina: BY 0. SEMPER.

Description de Cénes nouveaux provenant de la collection
Cuming: BY H. CROSSE.

C. Moussoni, Seychelles. C. signifer, ?

“ mirmillo, ? “ Mace?, India.

“ Carpenteri, N. Guinea. “ circumsignatus, ?

“ secutor, ? “ tribunus, California.
“ anabathrum, ? “ archetypus, ?

n~

“ Tizardensis, Lizard I. :

anaglypticus, Antilles.
“ Frauenfeldi, Madagasear.
Diagnosis Castalize nove: BY J. G. HIDALGO.
Castalia Crosseana, Equador.
Diagnosis Turbinelle nove: BY H. CROSSE.

Turbinella Hidalgoi, ?

372 AMERICAN JOURNAL

Description de Coquilles fossiles des terrains Jurassiques
(continued): BY M. C. MAYER.

Cardinia perovalis. Ammonites conjungens.
Candium Argovianum. a Toricellii, Oppel.
Ammonites militaris. . hereticus.

. spinaries, Quenst. . spinescens,

sa Nodotianus, D’Orb., var. “ Greenackeri, Moesch.

De genre Mathilda: BY 0. SEMPER.

This new genus embraces a few European species, princi-
pally fossil, previously referred to T'wrritella, Hglisia and Sca-
laria. Nine species are enumerated, of which the following
are new :—

MM. scabrella, Oligocene, Latdorf.

“* serrata, “

Fd annulata, as

“ Brocchii, ‘Subapennin, Bologne.
« gemmulata, ss Asti.

Addition & la monographie du genre Mathilda: BY oO.
SEMPER.

M. margaritula, Miocene, Lapugy, 1 in Transylvania.
“ monilis,

GERMAN.

Monatsberichte der Koniglichen Preuss. Akademie der Wis-
senschaften zu Berlin. For 1864. Berlin, 1865.

Uber neue Cyclostomaceen und Helicinen aus dem Indischen
Archipel: BY DR. VON MARTENS.

Opisthoporus Sumatranus, Su- Rhaphaulus ceramicus, Mo

matra. luccas.
Prerocyclos Ff “ Omphalotropis bicarinata, “
Cyclotus latestrigus, W. Borneo. Truncatella scalaroides. “
fasciatus, Celebes. Diplommatina constricta, “
“ reticulatus, Timor, &c. Paxillus rubicundus, W. Bor-
“ — ptychoraphe, W. Borneo. neo.
a liratulus, Moluccas. Alyceeus longituba, Sumatra.
v bicarinatus, rs Helicina sculpta, Timor.
«“ carinulatus, “ « suturahs, Amboina.

Gaymansi, Sumatra. “ Borneensis, W . Borneo.

OF CONCHOLOGY. 373

Diagnosen neuer Arten von Heliceen aus dem Indischen Ar-
chipel: BY DR. E. VON MARTENS.

Nanina sulfurata, Moluccas. Trochomorpha lardea, Moluccas.

“ —__ parcipila, I. Adenare. “ bicolor, Sumatra and
. Riedelii, Celebes. Borneo.
‘ amphidroma, Sumatra. Helix guadrispira, Moluccas.
“ Albersi, Malacca. OTe, a
i (Orobia) hyalina, W. endoptycha, "
Borneo. “ anstricta. *
$ « fulvocarnea, « aurita, a
Manado. “ anozona, a
cs : aurea,Sumatra.Cochlostyla pubicepa, “
Hyalina Amboinensis, Amboina. Y . suleocincta, “
Trochomorpha appropinquata, Clausilia Sumatrana, Sumatra.
W. Borneo. “ — Molluccensis, Moluccas.

Diagnosen neuer Heliceen aus dem Ost. Asiatischen Archi-
pel: BY DR. E. VON MARTENS.

Hele Friedeliana, Nagaski. Bulimus leucoranthus.

Sumatrana, Sumatra. ‘¢ suspectus, Timor.
“ conulus, ss ‘¢ Sumatranus, Sumatra.
‘¢ milium, Amboina. Buliminus spilozonus, Celebes
‘6 mendaz, Timor. and Timor.
“©. unguiculastra, Amboina. Cionella Sumatrana, Sumatra.
“ ealear, Moluccas. Clausilia excurrens, es
<¢ flaveola, Celebes. Pupa ascendens, Amboina.
‘¢ mersispira, Moluccas. ‘Streptaxis Johswichi, Siam.
“ biconvexa, a Nanina rugata, Celebes.

Dr. von Martens has not been sufficiently careful in the se-
lection of names for the above large number of new species.
Helix conulus is preoccupied, we believe, for a Taheitian
species, and Mr. E. S. Morse has used the name miliwm for a
minute species inhabiting the State of Maine.

Die Fossilen Mollusken des Tertizr-Beckens von Wien: von pr.
MORIZ HORNES. (From K. K. geologischen Reischsanstalt, iv., 5, 6.)
11 Band. No. 5,6. Bivalves. 4to. 1865.

The lithographic plates which illustrate the species described
in this work, are some of the finest we have ever seen. ‘The
species are, many of them, noble shells, evidently in splendid
preservation. ‘Those figured in this volume are principally
of the genera Lucina, Cardita, Unio, Leda, Pectunculus, Arca.

It is curious how the American types of Unio are repre-
sented among these European fossils, along with some belong-
ing to the still- existing Huropean forms. ° PL. 37, figs. 6, 7, 8,
9, 10, exhibits shells which are eminently characteristic of ex-
isting American groups. The resemblance is wonderful.

374

Versuch einer Aufzahlung der Arten der Gattung Bithynia,

AMERICAN JOURNAL

Leach, und Nematura Bens, (mit Zusammenstellung der

Arten der Gattung Vivipara, Lmk. in der Kaiserlichen

Sammlung): BY GEORG RITTER VON FRAUENFELD.
Die Arten der Gattung Lythoglyphus Mhlf., Paludinella Pf.,

Assiminea Gray: By the same.

Vorlaufige Aufzahlung der Arten der Gattungen Hydrobia
Htm. und Amnicola Gld. Hidm.: By the same.
We have received from the author, these three interesting
papers, published in the “Proceedings of the Zool. Botan.
Soc. of Vienna,” 1862—38. The first contains the following

new species :—

BITHYNIA.
B. Letochex, Estremadura.
“ Shuttleworthi, North China.
“ tristis, Kotschy, Schiraz.
“ proxivma.

“ vertiginosa,

“ Majewsky,

“ meridionals,
“ Schradert.

“ umbratica,
perfecta,

‘“ Africana,

“ Adamsit,

“ ceranospatand,

73

New Holland.
Dalmatia, Croatia. ~
Spain, Calabria.

Estremadura.
North America.
W. Africa.
Ganges.

Bengal.

Descriptions of the following species of Vivipara are ap-

pended to the paper :—

V. Haldemaniana, Shuttlw.,
“ Hssingtonensis, Shuttlew.,
“ Warreana, Shuttlew.

“ Tineolata, Mouss.,

“ variata, Frfld.,

“ polita, Frfld.,

“ Maheyana, Grat. (?)

“ fallax, Frfid.,

“ formosula, Frfld.,

“ nolyzonata, Frfld.,

Black Creek, E. Florida.
Australia,

Palembang, Sumatra.
Pondichery.

South Africa.
Malabar.

Madras.

Java.

India.

Bithynia perfecta, from Columbia, North America, we can-
not identify from the description, but Vierpara Haldemaniana
is, doubtless, the same as our common JV. lineata, Val. V.

Warreana is a good species.

Tn the second paper quoted, the following are referred to
Lithoglyphus:—L. integer, Say; L. subglobosus, Say; L. aso-

gona, Say; also:—

OF CONCHOLOGY. 375

L. Cumingii, Nov. Sp., California==(Bith. seminalis, Hinds.?)
L. fontinalis, Phil., Ohio.—=Somat. integra, Say.)

L. affinis, Nov. Sp., Kurdistan. Z. crassiusewla, N.Sp., I-Opara.
L. pygmeus, “ Croatia. L. deflexa, sf

The following new species of Paludinella are described :—
P. separabilis, Zgl. MSS., Algiers.
P. lata, Frfid., Kaschau.
There are also diagnoses of two new Assiminexw:—
A, fragilis, Quoy, Tasmania.
A. sordida, Behn MSS., Nicobar.

The third paper quoted, contains the following new spe-
cies :— é

Hydrobia consociella, Dalmatia.
a dechinata, Croatia, Greece, &c.
‘é corrigata, Denmark.
* speleea, New Zealand.
« Monroensis, Lake Monroe, Florida.
i. Pleneri, Real Llejos.
a Reevei, New Zealand.
s Gunnit, Van Dieman’s Land.
r Seemant, Mexico.

Amnicola miliaria, Parr., Dalmatia.
te orientalis, Bougie.
% exilis, Macedonia, Greece.
‘o Floridana, Florida.
of Diemense, Van Dieman’s Land.
i confusa, France.
i Germart, Stentz, Zara.
“ Schrékingerit, Massachusetts.

We cannot positively identify A. Schrokingeri with any of
our species, (as descriptions without figures, in this genus, are
nearly worthless,) still we doubt very much its being new to
science.

Verhandlungen der Kaiserlich-Koniglichen Zoologisch-Botan-
ischen Gesellschaftin Wien. III. 1864.
Hore Dalmatine. Bericht iiber eine Reise nach der Ostkiiste
des Adriatischen Meeres: BY DR. CAM. HELLER.

This paper contains a list of 240 species of Marine Mol-
lusea, collected in the southern part of the Adriatic Sea. The
particular localities, depths, &c., are given.

376 AMERICAN JOURNAL

Zoological Miscellany: BY GEORG. RITTER VON FRAUEN-

FELD.
Vivipara eximia, China.
a bullata, (fossil,) Austria.
Hydrobia elegantissima, Siebenbiirgen.

On Paludinella brevis.

On Paludina concinna, Morr., (Swb.,) and its syno-
nyms.

Limax Schwabi.

Systematisches Verzeichniss der im Kreise Cattaro (Siid-
Dalmatien) mit Ausnahme der Biela- Gora und in einigen
angrenzenden Theilen von Montenegro und tiirkisch Alba-
nien vorkommenden Land-und Siisswasser-Mollusken: BY
RUDOLF GRAF WALDERDORFF. ~

This paper contains a list of over a hundred species, with
their localities, among which the following are new:—

Clausilia suleosa, Miihlf., var. elongata.
“ Walderdorfii, Kutsch., var. levigata.
“ — Goldi, Kutsch., var. sulcosula.

proxima.
“cl (73

ce

var. elongata.
Pomatias turritus.
Melania Hollandri, Fer., var. Montenegrina.
Neritina fiiiain ls, Linn, var. expansa,
a “ scutarensis.

6“ ce 6c “ce fusca.

Verzeichniss der Namen der fossilen und lebenden Arten der
Gattung Paludina, Lam.: BY GEORG. RITTER VON
FRAUENFELD.

This is an extensive and most valuable paper. It consists
of an alphabetical list of the species belonging to the old
Lamarckian genus Paludina, with reference to the new genera,
and observations on synonymy, distinctive characters, &c.
Nine hundred and thirty-three species are enumerated, and
the list extends over one hundred: pages.

We notice that the author refers those American species, of
which Mr. Gill formed his genus Somatogyrus, to Lithoglyphus ;
he also, following some recent European malacologists, unites
certain of their species with Amnicola. We very much doubt
the correctness of this view, and prefer to consider these shells
a separate genus.

Mr. Frauenfeld refers Amnicola ciliata and corolla, Gld., to
Hydrobia, overlooking the difference between them and that

OF CONCHOLOGY. STt

genus. Dr. Stimpson* has established for these species, the
genus Potamopyrgus.

Pomatiopsis Nickliniana, Lea, and lapidaria, Say, are re-
ferred to Hydrobia. Bythinia seminalis, Hinds, is placed as a
synonym of Fluminicola (Paludina) Nuttalliana, Lea; and
nuclea, Lea, is made a synonym of wirens, Lea.

This work is indispensable to those who study the genera
of which it treats, its completeness being such as to afford an
exhaustive catalogue of species and bibliographical refer-
ences.

Fauna der Land und Susswasser Mollusken Siebenburgens: BY
E. A. BIELZ. 8vo, pp. 206. Hermannstadt, 1863.

This work contains detailed descriptions of the species
found in the neighborhood of Hermannstadt, with very full
remarks on localities, and on the varieties of the shells and
habits of the animals. One hundred and fifty-three species
and numerous varieties are described, preceded in each genus
by a critical synopsis.

We have received from the author, along with the work
above cited, a very full suite of these shells, and can testify to
the very interesting local variation in the aspect of many of
the widely distributed Huropean species; many of the shells,
however, are of very restricted distribution, and a number of
them were first detected and described by Mr. Bielz; among
them, the following, for the first time:—

Vitrina globosa. Pisidium cuneatum.

Revision der Nacktschnecken Siebenburgens: BYE. A. BIELZ.
(Verhandlungen und Mittheilungen des Siebenburgischen Veriens fur
Naturwissenchaften, 1863.)

Die Beschadigungen an den Schalen der Susswasser Muscheln
und ihre Ursachen: By E. A. BIELZ. (From the same.)

Ueber das Vorkommen der Pupa truncatella, Pfr., und einiger
anderer seltener Mollusken im Kerzer Gebirge: By E. A.
BIELZ. (From the same.)

Verzeichniss der Mollusken und Conchylien Sammlung von
E. Albert Bielz. 3d Edit., 38 pp., 8vo. Hermanstadt, 1865.

This catalogue of about five thousand species and varieties,
is published for distribution to conchologists desiring to make
exchanges. The duplicates in the collection are indicated by
a star, and amount to about fifteen hundred species.

* This Journal, Part 1, p. 53.

378 AMERICAN JOURNAL

SCIENTIFIC INTELLIGENCE.

WE LEARN from the “Journal de Conchyliologie,” that the
magnificent Shell Cabinet of M. J. Dennison was sold at auc-
tion in April, in London, bringing £2,157.

The collection was remarkable for the extreme beauty and
rarity of many of the specimens: among others, we notice
Cyprea princeps, £40; C. guttata, £42; Conus gloria-maris,
£42.

A RECENT ENUMERATION of the shells in the Cabinet of the
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, shows that it
is the largest collection in the United States.

The following collections contain over 5,000 species each :—

Academy of Natural Sciences, - - - - - - - - 18,000
Dr. John C. Jay,- - wire cevtoderk <b? G00
Dr. Wesley Newcomb, Gallant (Gal) - - + = - 10,000
George W. Tryon, Jr, - - - - - = 8,000

Museum of Comparative ERE eoghieiee’ Mass.
Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C.

Isaac Lea, Philadelphia.

Wagner Free Institute of Science, Philadelphia.

We are not possessed of definite information regarding the
size of the four last mentioned Cabinets, but have reason to
believe that they each exceed the limit of 5,000 species.

WE REQUEST attention to the paper of Prof. Haldeman,
published in this No. We will admit that we were wrong in
stating that Leptoxis might be a Lymnezan, but we do not see
that Prof. Haldeman has proved it (from the description) to
be an Anculosa; why not as well Somatogyrus?

It is true that Rafinesque’s MS. work, “Conchologia Ohien-
sis,” confirms Prof. Haldeman’s views, but we decidedly ob-
ject to the use of any such means to identify obscure genera
or species, when intended for the assertion of their priority
over names subsequently published, and recognized by natu-
ralists.

OF CONCHOLOGY. 379

OBITUARY.

During the past few months, British naturalists have been
compelled to mourn the loss, by death, of two distinguished
men.

DR. SAMUEL P. WOODWARD, F.G.S.,, Assistant
in the Geological Department of the British Museum, died at
Herne Bay, Ah uly 11th, aged forty-three years.

Besides many smaller papers, published at different times
in the periodicals, Dr. Woodward is the author of “ A Manual
of the Mollusca; or, a Rudimentary Treatise on Recent and
Fossil Shells,” published by Weale, London, 1851—6.

We believe we do no injustice to the authors of the many
excellent general works on Conchology, in saying, that, for the
combined purpose of elementary instruction, with that of a
guide-book for the use of those who have not the leisure to
pursue the study extensively, this work is without a rival.
We scarcely can find in any publication of its size, so much
varied information on the subject as this little volume con-
tains; and we feel that in this “Manual,” Dr. Woodward has
raised a monument to his own fame, such as will not perish so
long as there is a remembrance of the benefit which it has
conferred on Conchological science, in rendering it popular.

HUGH CUMING. F.L.S., &c., died at London, August
10th, full of years as of honors. ‘To the great personal exer-
tion and liberality of this gentleman, conchologists through-
out the world are much indebted for the collection and distri-
bution of new species.

As most of our readers are aware, Mr. Cuming spent many
years in personally collecting shells throughout the world, and
with such success, that he has added over five thousand new
species to Conchology, besides accumulating and diffusing a
vast amount of accurate knowledge of their localities, distri-
bution and habits.

These shells he has, with great liberality, placed at the dis-
position of naturalists of character, who desired to study them.
They have been extensively distributed by a system of judi-
cious exchanges, which at length made the Cumingian Collec-
tion the finest inthe world. This splendid cabinet, embracing
about thirty thousand species and varieties, has been be-
queathed to the British Museum,

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INDEX

TO THE GENERA AND SPECIES DESCRIBED.

Page.

Actzonema, Conrad, 147
es prisca, Conr., 218
striata, Conr., 147
Alasmodon impressa, An., 157
“« rhombica, An., 158
Alveinus minuta, Conrad, 138
Ambloxis, Raf., Til
Amnicola similis, Tryon, 219
“ — turbiniformis,Tr., 219
Anculosa, Say, 112
Ancylus altus, Tryon, 230
“ subrotundatus, Tr., 230
Angitrema, Hald., i be
armigera, Say, 38238

« Duttoniana, Lea, 323

“ ~ fasciolata, Rve, 325

« ~ funiculata, Rve., 328

“ geniculata, Hald.,822

« Jayana, Lea, 322
«” “lima, Conrad,- 328
“rota, Reeve, 322
‘¢ salebrosa, Con. 322
“ stygia, Say, 328

“ subglobosa, Lea, 822

“— Tuomeyi, Lea, 322

“ verrucosa, Raf. 323
Anodon flava, Anth., 160
glandulosa, An, 163

se inbricata, ‘Anth., 159

- “Irisans, Anth,, "163
< smiganse Anta. 162
“ opalina, Anth, 159
«pallida, Anth., ~ 162

papyracea, Anth., 161

“ subangulata, An., 158

« subinflata, Anth., 160
Aplodon, Raf, 81
‘Architectonica celatura,C.,144
Arconaia, Conrad, 934
a lanceolata, C., 234

Page.

Arcoperna filosa, Conrad, 140
Ariolimax, Mérch, 48
Avicula annosa, Conrad, 214
Axineza duplistria, Conr., 139
‘“ inzequistria, Conr.,139

Buccitriton altum, Conr., 211
Bulimus fallax, Say, 285
“« Floridanus, Con.,144
“ marginatus, Say, 285
Bulinus Berlandierianus,
W.G. Binney, 51
Campeloma, Raf, 111
Cancellaria ellapsa, Conr., 212
“ impressa,Con., 145
“ hirata, Conrad, 145
« tortiplica,Con., 145
rag
Carinifex, W.G. Binney, 50
Ceriphasia, Swainson, 102, 103
Ceraphasine, Gill, 99
Cerithidea, Swainson, 102
Cerithium vinctum, Whit., 255

Chimotrema, Raf., 81
Cirsostrema Claibornensis,
Conrad, 211
Clionellidze, Stimpson, 62
Cochliopa, Stimpson, 52

Cochlespira bella, Conrad, 210
. engonata, Con.,142
210
Columbella turricula, Wh., 261
Conus alveatus, Conrad, 148
«“ subsauridens, Con., 148
Corbula filosa, C., 137, 145, 212
Crassatella producta, Con., 139
tumidula, Wh., 267
Cucullzea macrodonta, W., 267
Cyclas Claibornensis,Con., 146
381

382 INDEX.
Page. Page.
Cyclas curta, Conrad, 212 | Goniobasis circumlineata,
? Cyclophorus scalarifor- Tryon, 944
mis, Pease, 289 i Draytonii, Lea, 242

Cylindrella Rémondii, G., 208
“* Coahuilensis, Binney, 50
Cystiscidze, Stimpson, 5d
Cystiscus, Stimpson, 5o
. Capensis, Stimp., 55
Cytheriopsis, Conrad, 146
“ Hydana, Con., 146

Dentalium densatum, Con., 212
Dione annexa, Conrad, 187

“ “securiformis, Conr., 137
Doliopsis, quinquecosta,C., 141
Drilha Texana, Conrad, 143
Eburneopecten, Conrad, 140

[See Errata. ]

# scintillatus, C.,140

Egeria donacea, Conrad, 146

Klimia, H.& A. Adams, 104

Hllipstoma, Raf, LL.

Kuryczlon, Lea, 119
“

Anthonyi,Budd, 339

“ crassa, Hald., 3.40

‘“« ~ gibberosa, Lea, 389

“ gratiosa, Lea, 339

“ lachryma, An., 339

« _- midas, Lea, 339

“~ nubila, Lea, 309

“ pisum, Hald, 340

ef turbinata, Lea, 3840

ef umbonata, Lea, 38389
Fluminicola, Stimpson, 52
Fulgur triserialis, Whit., 260
Fusus tortilis, Whitfield, 260
Gabbia, Tryon, 220
“« Australis, Tryon, 220
Gillia, Stimpson, 53
Goniobasis, Lea, 118

a Bairdiana, Lea, 241
“ bulbosa, Gould, 246
Catabzea, Hald., 387

53 eraminea, Hald., 387
< Haldemani,Try., 38

“ interlineata,An., 36
Newberryi, Lea, 245
at nigrina, Lea, 248
fe occata, Hinds., 237
. plicifera, Lea, 238
var. bulimoides, 238
ad “ Oregonensis, 238
- rubiginosa,Lea, 244

rudens, Reeve, 239
Ki Shastaensis, L., 240
’ silicula, Gould, 240
4 translucens, A., 36
Gouldia pygmea, C., 139, 212

Gyrotoma, Shuttl, 106,118
Helicina Pacifica, Pease, 291
Helix Afric, Brown, 136
“« “anilis Gabb. 209
“ ~areolata, Sowb., 346
“ arrosa, Goulds 3438

“ Ayresiana, Newe., 345
“ Behrii, Gabb, 208
“ Bridgesii, Newe., 344
“ Californiensis, Lea, 343
“ Carpenteri, Newe., 346

“ cerinoidea, Anth., 3851
“ chersina, Say, 849
“ Columbiana, Lea, 347 >

“ — erebristriata, Newe., 845
“ ~ devia, Gould, 347
“ — Dupetithouarsu, D., 843

“ —exarata, Pfeiffer, 344
“ ~ fidelis, Gray, 342
‘“ fulva, Drap., 349
“ germana, Gould, 348

“ ~~ Hillebrandi, Newc., 344
“ —infumata, Gould, 342
“ —intercisa, W.G. B., 345

“ Kellettii, Forbes, 845
ats Neviasse lite 346
“« Liberiz, Brown, 186

INDEX. 383
Page. Page.
Helix loricata, Gould, 347 | Lithasia compacta, Anth., 327
“ mormonum, Pfr. 348 consanguinea, i 327
“ Newberryana, W. dilatata, Lea, 326
G. Binney, 348 g Downiei, Lea, O27
“ Nickliniana, Lea, 343 “ Florentiana, Lea, 326
“ Pandora, Forbes, 346 “ fuliginosa, Lea, 326
“ ramentosa, Gld., 3844 “ — fusiformis, Lea, 3827
“« sportella, Gld., 848 “ _ Hildrethiana, Lea, 327
« Trasku, Newcomb, 344 “ imperialis, Lea, 326
“ tudiculata, W. G. “ — nuclea, Lea, 326
Binney, 345 “ | nueleola, Anth, 327
“ Vancouverensis, L., 348 “ — obovata, Say, 327
“« Voyana, Newcomb, 235 “ rarmodesa, Anth 327
Helonyx, Stimpson, 63 “ — Showalterii, Lea, 326
Hemimitra, Swainson, 1 . lamdosa; Anth2” 327,
Hemisinus, Swainson, 105 “ venusta, Lea, 326
Hydrobia Californica, Tr., 221 “« vittata, Lea, 326
« glabra, Tryon, 222 | Lottia, Gray, 281
Lunatia Marylandica, C., 211
Ilyanassa, Stimpson, 61 | Lutricola, Blainv., 281
Io, Lea, 104, 118
“ brevis, Anth., 43, 800} Margaritana, [see Alas-
‘ fluvialis, Say, 42, 300 modon, }
“ oibbosa, Anth., 8300 | Megara, H. & A. Adams, 106
“ inermis, Anth., 43,300) Melania, [see Goniobasis,
“ lurida, Anth., 300° Pleurocera, Io, Schi-
“i! recta, Anth; 300 zostoma, Angitrema,
“ rhombica, Anth., 300 Lithasia, Strephoba-
“ spinosa, Lea, 43, 300 | sis, Huryczelon, Meses-
“ spirostoma, Anth., 300 chiza. ]
“ tenebrosa, Lea, 300} Melania brunnescens, T'r., 216
“ turrita, Anth., 44, 300 “« gloriosa, Anth., 207
‘““ verrucosa, Rve., 300 | “ — millepunctata,Tr., 217
| © . retifera, Tryon, 216
Juga, H. & A. Adams, 105 ‘ - sunicolon es 217
Melantho Decampii, Cur. 49
Leguminaia, Conrad, 233 | Melasma, H.& A. Adams, 105
Leptoxis, Raf, 107, 110, 298 ‘Mercenaria fulgurans, Tr., 297
Limneea Binneyi, Tryon, 229 | Mesalia arenicola, Conrad, 141
fs Brown, “ 229 | Meseschiza, Lea, 119
a Gabbu, a 299 | e Grosvenorii, L., 822
“ _ Rowellu,) -“ 228 Mesodon, Raf., 81
“ zebra, 2 228 Mesomphix, Raf, 81
Lithasia, [see Angitrema,] 108, Mitra biconica, Whitfield, 268
eh: pes Haleanus, ‘e 263
« —previs, Lea, 327, Moniliopsis, Conrad, 148

384 INDEX.
Page.
Moniliopsis elaborata, C., 148

Monocondylcea, [see Pseu-
dodon, Leguminaia. |
erebristriata,A., 205

ie Peguensis, An., 200 |

Monoptygma ¢ curta, Con, 145
a Leai, Whit., 261
Mudalia, Hald., 112
Murex Vanuxemi, Conr., 210
Mysia astartiformis, Con., 147
‘“ deltoidea, Conrad, 147
“levis, Conrad, 147

Natica Alabamiensis, Wh., 265
aperta, Whitfield, 265

“erecta oo 264
* onusta, “a 264
“-~ nerspecia, ¢* 264
“¢ .reversa, “ 264

Navea Newcombii, Tr., 89, 285

Nitocris, H.& A. Adams, 107
Nucula spheniopsis, Con., 140
Nuculana linifera, Conr., 189

ts protexta, Conr., 147

Obeliscus perexilis, C., 144,211

Odotropis, Raf., 81
Oedaha, Carpenter, 281
Omphalina, Raf., 81

Ostrea falciformis, Conrad, 140

Oxytrema, Raf., 111

Pachycheilus, Lea, 105

Paludina, [see Melantho,
Vivipara.|

Paludomus, Swainson, 112

Penitella curvata, Tryon, 40
“parva, T'ryon, 39

Pholas, [see Penitella, Na-
vea. |

Physa, [see Bulinus.]

“ Cooperi, Tryonjei 224
¢ Ciaphanag) 7 224
“ distinguenda, Tr., 225
“lata, Tryent 227
“ malleata, Tryon, 225

Page.

Physa occidentalis, Try., 226

“

“c

ce

“

politissima, Tryon, 226
Primeana, Tryon,
propinqua, Tryon, 228
sparsestriata, Try., 224
Pisania Claibornensis, W.,

227

259

Planorbis Hornii, Tryon, 231

66

Pleurocera, Raf.,

“bl

Oregonensis,T., 231
110
affine, Lea, 304
Alabamense, L.,306
altipetum, A., 313
alveare, Con., 3803
annuliferum,C.,3808
Anthonyi, Lea, 806
aratum, Lea, 309
attenuatum,L., 314
bicostatum, A., 307
bivittatum, L., 314
Brumbyi, Lea, 808
canaliculatum,
Say, 304
canalitium, Lea,306
carinatum, Lea, 809
Carolinense, L., 814

Chakasaha-

ense, Lea, 312
Christyi, Lea, 3811
cinctum, Lea, 3809
Clarku, Lea, 3806
Conradi, 'T’., 38, 310
corneum, Lea, 313
Currierianum,

Lea, 308

curtatum, Lea, 3809
curvatum, Lea, 314

cylindraceum,

Lea, oll
dignum, Lea, 3807
dux, Lea, 304

elevatum, Say, 308
elongatum, L., 308
Kstabrooki, L., 314
excuratum, C., 308
eximia, Anth., 309
fastigiatum, L., 805

Pleurocera filum, Lea,

4

INDEX. 385
Page. Page.
504 Pleurocera plicatum, Try., 308
Florencense, L.,306 ponderosum,
Foremanil, L., 308 Anth., 304
elandulum, A.,311 Vi] Postellii, Lea, 3805

gracile, Lea, 310
oradatum, An., 3809
grossa, Anth., 3808
Hartmanil, L., 306
hastatum, An., 315
Henryanum,b., 807
incurvum, hea, 505
infrafasciatum,

Lea, 805
iostoma, Anth., 815
Jayi, Lea, 306
Knoxense, Lea, 318
Knoxvillense,

Lea, 314
labiatum, Lea, 311
lativittatum,L., 309

Leai, Tryon, 309)
Lesleyi, Lea, 303
Lewisii, Lea, 3807
ligatum, Lea, 3804

lugubre, Lea, 312

luteum, Lea, 3814
Lyon, Lea, 3138
minor, Lea, 315
modestum, Lea, 309,
314

moniliferum, L.,3803
moriforme, Lea, 805
mucronatum.L.,3812
neglectum, A., 312
nigrostoma, A., 315
nobile, Lea, 304
nodosa, Lea, 303
oblitum, Lea, 3807
Ocoéense, Lea, 318
olivaceum, Lea, 806
opaca, Anth., 315
pallidum, Lea, 311
parvum, Lea, 312
pernodosa, Lea, 308
pictum, Lea, 312
planogyrum,A.,310

he

prasinatum, C., 806
pumilum, Lea, 815
Pybasii, Lea, 305
pyrenellum, C.,310
regulare, Lea, 510
rigidum, An., 307
Reanense, Lea, 311
robustum, Lea, 304
rostellatum, L., 313
Showalterii, L., 805
simplex, Lea, 314
Spillmanii, Lea, 310

spinalis, Lea, 312
striatum, Lea, 313
strietum, Lea, 309

strigosum, Lea,312

subrobustum,

Lea, 311
subulaforme,

Lea, 307

subulare, Lea, 307
sugillatum, R., 307

Sycamorense,
Lea, 308
tenebrocinctum,
Anth., 312
‘Tennesseense,
Lea, 315

Thorntonii, L., 305
tortum, Lea, 307
terquata, Lea, 303
trivittatum, L., 805
trochulus, Lea, 310
Troostu, Lea, 804
Tuomeyi, Lea, 310
turgidum, Lea, 315
unciale, Hald., 307
undulatum 8., 303
univittata Lea, 311
validum, An., 310
Vanuxemui, L., 312
variabilis, Lea, 303

386 INDEX.
Page. Page.
Pleurocera venustum, Lea, 313 | Schizostoma curtum, M., 334
“ vestitum, Con., 312 es cylindraceum,
g viride. Lea, 304 Michels, 334
ae viridulum, An., 318 demissum, A..335
is Whitei, Lea, 314 “ ellipticum, A.,333
Pleurotomaadeona, W hit., 262 gs excisum. Lea, 355
és capax, Whit., 261 a funiculatum,
Es nasuta, ‘ 262 Lea, 335
Re persay? ~ ‘ 262 be elandula, L., 336
Pleurotomaria perlata, C., 213 # glans, Lea, 334
Pomatiopsis intermedia, T..220 ee Hartmanii,L.,335
Potadoma, Swainson, 104 és incisum, Lea, 336
Potamides Alabamiensis, ‘s laciniatum, L.,333
Whitfield, 266 as nuculum, A., 334
Potamopyrgus, Stimpson, 53 Re ornata, An., 335
Protocardia lima, Conrad, 139 s ovalis, An., 834
Pseudodon elliptica. Conr.,851 “s ovoideum,S., 333

Pseudoliva ** Whit., 260
Pterocyclos parva, Pease, 290
Ptychatractide, Stimpson, 59

Ptychatr actus, oe 59
Pupa fallax, Say, 285
Pupoidea, Pease, 290

Pyrula juvenis, Whitfield, 259

Realia affinis, Pease, 288
‘“¢ — lgevis, Pease, 289
“ — ochrostoma, Pease, 287
‘¢ sealariformis, Pse., 288

“c variabilis, Pease, 288
Rissoa Cooperi, Tryon, 222
Schizostoma, Lea, 113

< Alabamense,
Lea, 330

s amplum, A., 334
ee Anthonyi.R., 835
es babylonicum,
Lea, 335
gs Buddii, Lea, 3885
gs bulbosum,A.,3834

“ cariniferum,

Anth., 338
ne castaneum, L.,383
a constrictum,

Lea, 335

i pagoda, Lea, 334
ss pumilum, L., 333

as pyramidatum,
Shutt., 334
as quadratum,
Anth., 336
“ rectum, An., 335
is robustum,A., 336
tf salebrosum,
Anth., 336
és Showalteri-
ana, Lea, 38385
es Showalterii,
Lea, 333
a spheericum,
Anth., 334
a Spillmanii,
Lea, 335
= virens, Lea, 336
Wetumpka-
ense, Lea, 335
Simnia, Risso, 94
Somatogyrus aureus, T'r., 220
s parvula, Tr., 221
'Spherella bulla, Conrad, 138
'Stenotrema, Raf., 81
Strephobasis, Lea, 118
es biteniata, C., 330
ae carinata, L., 329

INDEX. 387

Page. Page.

Strephobasis cornea, Lea, 329 | Trypanostoma, Lea, DEF
. corpulenta, [see Pleurocera. ]

Anth., 330 | Turritella Alabamiensis,

6c curta, Hald., 329 Whitfield, 267

$6 Lyonii, Lea, 329 ge eurynome, W., 266

- olivaria, Lea, 529 se multilira, Wh., 266

&s plena, Anth., 329

ee pumila, Lea, 329

aé solida, Lea, 829
Strepsidura laqueata, C., 210
es lintea, C., 142, 210

Surcula annosa,Conrad, 213
“ Gabbu, Conrad, 142
“ lintea, Conrad, 142
Tellina albaria, Conrad, 138

‘¢ —eburneopsis, Con., 158

‘¢ linifera, Conrad, 138
Tornatelleea lata, C., 145, 212
Tortoliva, Conrad, 143

es Texana,C., 143, 211

Toxotrema, Raf, 81
Trigonodon, Conrad, 253
Triodopsis, Raf., 81

Triquetra, [see Arconaia. ]
Tryonia, Stimpson, 54
«¢ clathrata, Stimp., 54

Fe perdita, Con., 141

Unio deviatus, Anthony, 156

‘¢ distans, ee 156
Si Pegnensist |, / 351
‘¢ sacculus, ge 157
‘¢ striatissimus, ‘ 155
Urosalpinx, Stimpson, 58

Velutina expansa, Whit., 265

Vibex, Oken, 105
Vivipara inornata, W. G.
Binney, 49

Voluta Newcombiana, W., 263
Volutilithes impressa, C., 144
yl

ee indenta, C., 144.211

Xolotrema, Raf., 81

Yoldia protexta, Conrad, 213

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American Journal of Lonchology 805. Plate 1.

Q)
d
a |

12 Gontobasis translucens.Anthony. 3.07.Conitobasis CatabaeaHaldeman.
J. ” uterlineata. Anthony. ‘ig » Haldemani. Tryon.

4 ” granmunea Haldeman. 9.Pleurocera Conradt.Tryon:

BOWEN & CO. LITH.& COL. PHILADA,

American Journal of Conchology, S805. Plate? .

Figs 1.23, Navea Newcombii, Trvon.
» 4S. Peritella parva, Tryon.
» 628. » curvata,aIryon.

BOWEN & CO.LITH. PHILADA

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. Plate 3.

» &
. vo.
Fig. 1. Io fluvialis, Say. Fig. 4. Io verrucosa, Reeve.
2. “* fluvialis, Say. “ dD. “ lurida, Anth.
“ 3. “inermis, Anth. ‘* 6. “ rhombica, Anth.

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. Plate 4.

Fig. 7. Io spinosa, Lea. Fig. 10. Io brevis. Anth.
© 8. ‘© gibbosa, Anth. ‘* 11. ‘ spirostoma, Anth.
oO OS recta Anth. ee 12. “‘ turrita, Anth.

“se

ct

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. Plate 5.

.1. Jaw of Cyclotus stramineus, Rv. magnified.

a. Nat. size. b. Scales on the surface, magnified.

2. Jaw of Megalomastoma eylindraceum, Chemn. magnified.
a. Nat. size. b. Scales on the surface, magnified.

3. Teeth. Megalomastoma Antillarum, Sowbd.

A, Teeth. Cyclotus stramineus, Ro.

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. Plate 6.

aii

seccenecceaeeerr ret min

Fig. 1. Helix tryont, Newcomb.
‘© 2—10. Jaws of Helix tryoni, Newcomb.
“11. Ariolimax Columbianus.
12. Jaw of A. Columbianus.
‘13. Lingual dentition of A. Columbianus.

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AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. Plate 7.

Fig. 1. Vivipara inornata, Binney.

2. Melantho decampi, Currier.

‘* 3. Ibid, Young.

4, 5. Cylindrella Coahuilensis, Binney.
6. Carinifex Newberryt, Lea.

46 ie oe ac

variety.
8. Bulinus berlandierianus, Binney.

eet ss hypnorum, Linn.

J

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. Plate 8.

Fig. 1. Tryonia clathrata, Stimpson.
‘* 2. Cystiscus capensis, =
‘3. Trophon Gunnert. Lingual Teeth.
*“ 4, Tritonidia téineta. at ee
‘* 5. Hupleura caudata. uC uC
‘* 6. Urosalpina cinereus. ‘* a
eee bs rs Ova-capsules.
“ 8. Ptychatractus ligatus. Lingual Teeth.

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. Plate 9.

Fig. 9. Peristernia, Sp. Lingual Teeth.

‘© 10. Busycon pyrum. ue oa
“11. Ilyanassa obsoleta. ‘* KG
sere: sf ue Ova-capsules.

‘© 13. Clionella buccinoides. Lingual Teeth.
““14, Helonyzx clavatus.

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7 e

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ONRAD. DEL. 7. SINCLAIRS L/TH PHILA

American Journal of Conchology. 1865 Plate I

7. A.CONRAD, DEL. 7 SINCLAIPS LITH. PHILA.

American Journal of lonchology 1865. Plate. 72

1 Unio striatassimus, Anth. 3. Unio sacculus. Arth
2, devnuatus. Anth 4 Alasneodon impressa. Anth.
5 Alasmodon rhombica. Anth

7. A. CONRAD. 242 , T. SINCLAIR S LITH, PHILA

American Journal of Conchology 1005 Plate 13.

S
=

1 Anodon subangulata. Anthe. 2. Unio distans. Anth

T A CONRAD. DEL 7 SINCLAIR'S LITH. PHIL

Amerwan Journal of loncholog iV

Stnelairs leith, Phil

kg 1 Anodon imbricata, Anth.

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Fig | Anodon suburtlata, Auth.
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May pallida, 2

I?

Plate 16

TA lonrad, de.

Amertcan Journal of Conchology 603. Plate 16.

Kig./_Anodon m tcans,. Anth. 2A. trisans,Anth. 3_A.glandulosa,Anth,

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AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. Plate 17.

aS . >
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9.

Fig. 1. Io rhombica, Anth. Fig. 7. Eurycelon lachryma, Anth.
‘¢ 2. Pleurocera moniliferum, Lea. ee iSs = crassa, Hald.
es £6 pallidum, Lea. ‘¢ 9, Goniobasis Thorntonii, Lea.
“6 4, Angitrema Jayana, Lea. 10° ss calculoides, Lea,
*¢ 5. Lithasia obovata, Say. ‘* 11, Schizostoma Anthonyi, Reeve.

“6. Slrephobasis pumila, Lea, “6 12, Anculosa teniata, Conr.

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American Journal of Conchology. ISO. Plate 18.

Figd. Monocondylaa ¢ yebristriata,Anth. 2M Pequensts,Anth.d Melania glortosa, Anh,

American Journal of lonchology. 1865. Plate 19

| & |
ee
: A\.|
13

Figs. 1-4 Helix anilis, Gabb.
pe i=! » Behrit, Cabb.
10-13 Cylindrella Rémende, Cabb.

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American Journal of Conchology, 1IS65. Plate 22.

9 lo

1 Melania brunnescens.Tryon.6.Amnicolasimilis. Tryon. 11 Hydrobia californica Tryon.

2 » unicolor. » ¢Gabbiaaustrals. ota * glabra»
2» — millepunctata,, 8.Fomatiopsis utermedia. ,, 13. issoa Cooperc. ”
Be os retitera » JSomatogyrus aureus.» HAdAncylussubrotundatusy

J5Amn twola turbinittornmas, 10. ”v par MAUS. 9» 5. ” altus. »
16. Planorbis HorniTryon. 17. Planorbis oregonensts. Tryon.

DRAWN BY A.J/BBOTSON. BOWENACO.LITH. PHILADA,

Amerwean Journal of Conchology S09. Plate Z3.

rz

1 Lumnaea Rowell. Tryon. 6. Physa distinguenda.Tryon. 11. Physa. diaphana. Tryon.

= Gabba. » 7. 4 lata ” 12 » FPrimeana. »
ie) 2? Binneyi. » 8. » occidentalis.» 723. » politisstma. »
Cr zebra. » 9 » — Coopert. ” 4. » malleata. »

5.Physa propingua. » 10 » sparsestriata, » 1. LunnaeaBrownii 5

DRAWN BY A_/.[BBOTSON. BOWEN & CO. LITH. PHILADA.

American Journal of Conchology.

NAW

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GONIOBASIS.
G. occata, Hinds. Fig. 10, G.
‘* plicifera, Lea. oo Lilie £6
Se <* war. Oregonensis. “* 12, “
rt SOR mURITTOTA eS ams “uml vomit
‘* rudens, Reeve. Seam dbuce
‘* silicula, Gould. SOG ence
‘© Shastaensis, Lea. oe idee. SE

Plate 24.

Bairdiana, Lea.
Draytonii, Lea.
nigrina, Lea.
rubiginosa, Lea.
circumlineata, Tryon.

Newberryi, Lea.
bulbosa, Gould.

Plate27

RP WHITFIELO DEL, AJSSBBOTSON LITH.

Amerwan Journal of Conchology 169. Plate 25.

Fig.). Pseudodon elliptica, Conrad. Fug. 3. Helix cerinotdea, Anthony.

» 2 Unio Fequensis, Anthony. » 4. » Vovana, Newcomb.

Bowen & Co. Lith. Philada.

Plate 2

é
Rihacs So
as Ltggaguess

Mercenaria Fi ulgu rans, Tryon

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