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| [7 Sepleiuber 19/14 Ew * | ‘THE FAUNA OF BRITISH INDIA,
CEYLON AND BURMA.
PuBLisHED UNDER THE AUTHORITY OF THE SECRETARY OF
State ror Inpra rn Covwncit.
EDITED BY W. T. BLANFORD.
BUTTERFLIES —Vol. 1
TBE
Lrevt.-CoLone ct BINGHAM.
LONDON: TAYLOR AND FRANCIS
, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET CALCUTTA anp SIMLA:
7 ~ - . BOMBAY: THACKER, SPINK, & CO.
_ THACKER & ©O., LIMITED. BURMA:
BERLIN : MYLES STANDISH & CO, R. FRIEDLANDER & SOHN RANGOON. 11 CARLSTRASSE. 1905.
PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS,
RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.
PREFACE.
In the present volume Col. Bingham has commenced the descriptions of the Indian Butterflies. It was at first hoped that two volumes would complete the series, but three will certainly be necessary if all the forms are dealt with. The
next volume will, it 1s expected, contain, amongst others, the Papilionide and the Pieride.
For many years, in consequence of the iate Mr. de Nicéville having undertaken to describe the Indian Butterflies, it was not thought desirable that the subject should be included in the present series. Unfortunately Mr. de Nicéville died in 1901, without having completed his work, and as he had urged, in a letter to the present editor, that Col. Bingham should, in case of his failure, supply his place, it has now devolved on the latter to complete the series. Since the first appearance of Marshall and de Nicéville’s work on Indian Butterflies in 1882, so many additions have been made, and so many new forms have been described, that the species inhabiting the Indian Empire are far more generally known. To these Moore’s great work, the ‘ Lepidoptera Indica,’ has added several novelties.
The question of illustrating the present work has presented some difficulty. To figure animals so brilliantly variegated as Butterflies by black and white alone would have given a
a2
lv PREFACE.
very poor idea of their colour, whilst at the same time the expense of procuring coloured representations of their forms would have greatly exceeded the price of the volume. It has consequently been arranged to represent some of the more important kinds by the three-coloured process, and it is hoped that entomologists in India will be satisfied with the work done by Mr. Knight, who has drawn the coloured figures, and Messrs. Hentschel Ltd., who have photographed them.
W. T. BLANFORD.
January 1905.
INTRODUCTION,
LEPIDOPTERA PAPILIONINA.
THE Lepidoptera or scaled-wing insects comprise the Butterflies and Moths of popular Entomology. These, under the respective names of Rhopalocera and Heterocera, in allusion to the difference in the form of the antennz, were regarded as suborders. Of late years, however, it has been recognized that not only are the distinctions between the divisions, as above indicated, not sharply defined, but that differences exist among the groups of the Heterocera quite as, if not more, important than between the two Suborders. In consequence, various revisions of the Order have been proposed.
Comstock (‘Manual for the Study of Insects’) divides the Lepidoptera into two Suborders :-—
A. The Jugate Lepidoptera.— Moths in which the two wings of each side are united by a jugum” *.
B. The Frenate Lepidoptera.—‘ Moths, Skippers, Butterflies, in which the two wings on each side are united by a frenulum 7, or by its substitute a large humeral angle to the hind wing.”
In the lesser divisions of the Frenates, the Skippers and the Butterflies form two groups, Hesperwina aud Papilionina.
Much can be said for the separation of the Skippers from the rest of the Butterflies, and there is no doubt that in the existing fauna the former stand as an isolated group, in some respects very different from the true Butterflies.
Meyrick (‘Handbook of British Lepidoptera’) divides the Order into nine main groups, of which the Paprmmionina (= Papilionimna + Hespervina of Comstock) forms one. Accepting this arrangement, the forms in the group of the PAPILIONINA can be distinguished from the rest of the Lepidoptera, (1) by the
* Jugum—a yoke—a projection or lobe at the base of the dorsal margin of the fore wing.
+ Frenulum—a little bridle—a spine or a bunch of bristles at the humeral angle of the hind wing.
Both the above serve to link fore and hind wings together during flight.
ial INTRODUCTION.
entire absence of ajugum or frenulum *, though their substitute, the enlarged humeral angle to the hind wing, is always present ; (2) by the knobbed, or dilated, or hooked antenne. In certain families of the other main groups of the Lepidoptera, the jugum and frenulum are also absent; but then the antenne are not knobbed, while in the families in which the antenne are gradually thickened into a club, or are hooked like the antennz of the Skippers, a frenulum is always present.
This work is primarily intended for collectors, and as an aid to the identification of Indian butterflies ; no account, therefore, of the internal anatomy of the insects, in any stage, seems necessary, for little or no use has been made of internal differences for purposes of classification.
All Lepidopterous insects undergo a great and, to all appearance, an abrupt metamorphosis. In their life-cycle there are four stages :—
(i) The egg, which is round or oval, sometimes elongate, often flattened, and very frequently beautifully sculptured on the outside.
(2) The larva or caterpillar (fig. 1, I.), generally cylindrical, with or without a clothing of hair, often provided with protective tubercles, spines, or special fleshy filamentous processes. It is composed of a head and thirteen segments. Of the latter the first three are thoracic and bear pairs of jointed legs, the suc- ceeding one or two simple without appendages, and one or more of the rest have fleshy feet or “ prolegs” in pairs; the posterior pair, slightly different from the rest, are called claspers.
Fig. 1.—Larva (Vanessa). 1, head ; 2-4, thoracic segments ; 5-14, abdominal segments ; a, true leg; 0, proleg.
(3) The pupa or chrysalis (fig. 1, II.), more or less fusiform in shape, appendages cemented to the body by a corneous outer covering, often studded with tubercles or spines, or with strangely- formed, sometimes wing-like projections.
(4) The imago or perfect insect. Among the Papilionina, four
* Present, so far as known, in a single aberrant form, Huschemon rafitesie from Australia, belonging to the Hesperiide.
INTRODUCTION. Vil
wings and six legs attached to the thorax are always present. Figs. 2-11 represent the chief external parts of the imago. These are shown more or less in outline, and full details with explanation are given under the figures.
Fig. 2.
Fig. 2.—I. Head (Argynnis). a, proboscis; 0, 6, labial palpi; c, clypeus; d,d, compound eyes; é, é,antennz.—II. Single antenna. a, shaft; 6, club. —III. Side view of head, thorax, and abdomen, without the wings (Charaxes). a, proboscis; 6, labial palpi (the maxillary palpi, much aborted and rudimentary, are not shown); c, compound eye ; d, antenna; é, pronotum ; f, patella; g, mesonotum; #, episternum; 2, 7, i, coxe ; k,k, k, femora; J, 0, /, tibiee; m, m, m, tarsi; ”, scutellum of mesothorax ; 0, post-scutellum ; p, metathorax ; 1-9, segments of the abdomen.
Fig. 3.—Labial palpi (much enlarged). a. Hestia; 6. Orsotriena; c. Hypo- limnas; d. Pareba; e. Libythea; f. Abisara; g. Papilio; h. Lampides; j. Colias; k. Tagiades.
Vill INTRODUCTION.
=
\ \ CD ee Cee. ae g A
Fig. 4.—Antennez (apical portionssmuch enlarged), a. Danais; 6. Orso- triena; c. Hypolimnas; d. Pareba; e.° Libythea; f. Abisara ; g. Papilio ; h. Pieris; 7. Lampides; k. Tagiades.
For classificatory purposes the most important parts are :—°
Head (Fig. 2, I. & I1.).—The labial palpi, 6, 6. These, in all butterflies, are three-jointed and variable in shape and in the clothing of scales or hair, but constant in each genus. They are independently moveable, but their function, if they have any, is unknown. The antenna (¢, ¢ & II., also fig. 4) are evidently organs of perception. ‘They are composed of an indefinite number of joints, and vary greatiy in length and thickness, in the shape of the club, in the amount of scaling, and in the arrangement of the sensory hairs and pits. In very many forms they are grooved on the underside *.
Thorax.—The appendages, the wings (figs. 5-10) and the legs (fig. 11), are of the utmost importance in classification.
Wings. These are membranous, traversed from the base out- wards by nervures (“tubular structures which serve at once as extensions of the tracheal system and to form a stiff framework for the support of the wing”). In the vast majority of the butterflies they are covered on both upper and under sides with flat scales arranged in rows, and often brightly coloured. The usual number of nervures in the wings of butterflies are: fore wing 12; bind wing 9, beside the subcostal, median, and disco- cellular veins ; but one or more of these may be absent, or there may be one or two extra veins or portions of veins developed.
Special note should be taken of fig. 5, as the details given explain the terminology used in the descriptions of the forms throughout this work. This terminology is different from that used in Moore’s and de Nicéville’s works. The following few additional terms will also be met with:—Anterior or upper and
».
* A most important paper on the antennz of butterflies has been published by Dr. Karl Jordan in ‘ Novitates Zoologice,’ v, 1898, p. 374.
INTRODUCTION. 1x
Fig. 5.—Wing of Danais (Nymphalide). 1. Fore wing: d, discoidal cell ; C, costa or costal margin; ap., apex; T, termen or terminal margin ; Tor., tornus; D, dorsum or dorsal margin ; s.¢.v., subcostal vein, extending from base of wing to upper apex of cell; m.v., median vein, extending from base of wing to lower apex of cell; u.d., m.d., /.d., wpper, middle, and lower discocellular nervules or discocellulars; v'—v'?, veins; 2'4-2!*, interspaces. II. Hind wing: d, discoidal cell; C, costa or costal margin ; ap., apex; T', termen or terminal margin; Zor., tornus; D, dorsum or dorsal margin ; s¢.v., subcostal vein, extending from base of wing to upper apex of cell; m.v., median vein, extending from base of wing to lower apex of cell; u.d., m.d., l.d., upper, middle, and lower discocellular nervules or discocellulars ; 71¢-v°, veins; pe.c., precostal vein; 24, 214-23, interspaces.
Fig. 6.—Wings of Abisara (Nemeobide). Veins numbered similarly.
Fig. 7.—Wings of Papilio (Papilionide), Veins numbered similarly. I. Fore wing: Extra veins present: 1 @ and a cross vein between median vein and vein 1. II. Hind wing: vein la absent; a cross vein present between vein 8 and precostal vein,
x INTRODUCTION.
IT.
Fig. 8.—Wings of Jxias (Pieride). Veins numbered similarly. I. Fore wing: vein 9 absent. II. Hind wing: veins 1 a-8 present.
Fig. 9, A & B.—Wings (Lycenide). AI. Fore wing: veins 7 and 10 absent. BI. Vein 7 absent. A & B II. Hind wings: precostal veins absent. Fig. 10.—Wings of Zagiades (Hesperiide). 1. Fore wing: all veins present and, except 1 and 12, originating from cell. II. Hind wing: vein 5
absent.
posterior or lower, refer to the costal and dorsal portions of the wings respectively. Markings are said to be basal when occurring between base of wing and up to an imaginary line crossing middle of cell ; subbasal from that to a similar line crossing just within the apex of cell; discal or medial when they occupy the medial third of the wing; and postdiscal, subterminal, and terminal in succession after that.
Legs. These organs, though variable on the whole, are, so far as the perfection or imperfection of the front pair of legs is con- cerned, constant in the larger divisions of the Papzlionina—the families and subfamilies. In the more specialized forms, the fore legs are more or less, sometimes very considerably, reduced in size. In many genera of the Nymphalide the fore legs are kept close-pressed to the body, and often appear like mere brushes or tufts of hair; while in nearly all the genera of that family they are useless for walking in both sexes.
INTRODUCTION. x1
Fig. 11. ny OL
ae e ak g
as
ht EN re i Wy i . { we
TOES
Fig. 11.—Fore legs, a ¢, 6 Q, of I, Hestia (Danaine) ; II, Mycalesis (Saty- rine); I11, Cynthia (Nymphaline) ; IV, Pareba (Acreine); V, Libythea ; VI, Abisara (Nemeobide); VII, Papilio (Papilionide), claws simple (3 tibie with pad on inner side); VIII, Pieris (Pieride), claws bifid ; IX. Lampides (Lycenide), S tarsus imperfect with only one claw; X, Tagiades (Hesperiide), tibiz with a medial as well as an apical pair of spurs.
The six families under which the Indian butterflies can be arranged may be briefly tabulated as follows :—
Key to the Families of Butterfires.
A. Antenne approximate at base; hind tibize with only a terminal pair of spurs; one or more of the veins in the fore wing forked or coincident beyond the cell.
a. Precostal nervure in hind wing present. w. Front pair of legs imperfect in one or both sexes. w’. Front pair of legs imperfect in both
SOMES Peewee aera eres tackle Led. s Nymphalide. 6°. Front pair of legs imperfect in J, PerlectrinyS wuapeee ei Abe sercas y biod Nemeobidz.
* Except in the genera Psewdergolis, Libythea and Calinaga. In these imperfect only in the ¢. Other characters, however, strongly Nymphaline.
Xil INTRODUCTION.
6’. Front pair of legs perfect in both sexes. a’. Vein lain hind wing wanting; claws
SUMINTO LO i wetee she. te ual ye eet Oe oat NST AN le Papilionide. 6°. Vein la in hind wing present; claws JOE Re eee crs RU OS 8 GONE .O Pieridz.
6. Precostal nervure in hind wing absent .... Lycenide. B. Antenne wide apart at base; hind tibiz generally with a medial as well as a terminal pair of spurs; all the veins in the fore wing from base or from cell, none
forked or coincident beyond .............. Hesperiide.
Opinions vary as to the probable line of descent of the butter- flies. Packard considers that the moths of the family Castniide are their predecessors; Meyrick traces their descent from the Thyridide group Pyralidina of the Frenate, Hampson from the Zygende.
However this may be, a provisional genetic tree for the butterflies can be constructed as below.
Nymphalhde. Nemeobide.
Papilionde.,| Pieride.
| | Lycende.
ee
\ a
Hesperuide. 4
oe
ae
Hypothetical Moth Ancestor.
The evidence of one family group of the butterflies being derived from another is entirely inconclusive. Specialization of forms has followed often parallel lines in all the families, but similar specialization, when it occurs in different groups, is no proof of genetic descent, but of independent development along similar lines.
The tendency in modern Systematic Natural History is to
INTRODUCTION. xi
greater subdivision and the multiplication of genera. No cri- ferion exists as to what are generic characters, and as there does not seem to me that any greater convenience is gained by this minute subdivision, I have preferred to arrange the forms under large and comprehensive genera.
With regard to species, it may perhaps be noticed that through- out this work I have avoided using that term. My reason for this is that, although the word “ species,” as now generally under- stood, is not likely to be entirely misinterpreted, the evil connotations of pre-Darwinian times still cling to it, and to many, perhaps unconsciously, convey the idea of fixity. The term “form,” on the other hand, though not entirely satisfactory, at any rate implies the possibility of change. That forms are constantly but slowly changing is a fact that is emphasized by every increase to our knowledge of living things. It is strikingly apparent in the Lepidoptera, of which Dr. D. Sharp says: “‘ A great deal of evidence, both direct and indirect, has accumulated showing that the organization of many Lepidoptera is excessively sensitive, so that slight changes of condition produce remarkable results.” The system of regarding local representatives of typical forms as of equal rank to them seems to me unsatisfactory, as all connection between the two forms is ignored. It is true that in the present state of our knowledge it is often a matter of conjecture as to which is the typical form and which the race, but in my opinion it is of great importance to draw attention to the extremely close relationship existing between many forms, so as to facilitate the tracing-out of the connection between them. In this work, purely as a matter of convenience, the form first described is made the type, its geographically limited repre- sentative—differing perhaps very slightly, but constantly—the race; but it must be clearly understood that in many cases the reverse 1s quite as likely to be the truth.
In conclusion, my best thanks are due to the many who have aided me by the gift or loan of specimens. From Sikhim my friend Mr. Fritz Moller has sent me large collections in the most perfect condition. Many of the forms in these were procured at high altitudes, and are most interesting and rare. To Col. E. R. Johnson, late of the Indian Medical Service, I owe the gift of a small but very valuable collection from Simla and from Shillong in Assam. To Col. Swinhoe I am indebted, not only for the gift of many specimens, but for the privilege of examining at leisure the fine series of Indo-Malayan forms contained in his collection. Mr. Gilbert Rogers, of the Imperial Forest Service of India, in the most lavish way, employed native collectors in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, and has generously placed the material
XIV INTRODUCTION, -
collected_at my disposal. Messrs. Allan and Craddock, of the Burma Forest Department, have sent me small but very useful collections from Pegu and the Southern Shan States; and to Mr. E. E. Green and to the Hon. F. Mackwood I owe many specimens from Ceylon. Major E. Stokes-Roberts, R.E., sent me several collections made in the Anaimalai and Nilgiri Hills in Southern India. These were particularly valuable to me for comparison with the northern Indian forms.
I have to thank the Authorities of the British Museum for the privilege of access to the magnificent series of Indian butterflies contained in the National Collection, and I am specially grateful to Sir G. Hampson and Mr. F. Heron for the facilities afforded me for their examination. Mr. Heron has aided me in every possible way, and his intimate knowledge of many groups of butterflies has been most kindly and unreservedly placed at my service.
The National Collection has of late years been greatly increased and enriched by the donations of the Godman, Leech, Crowley, and Elwes collections; and it is fortunate that so well-known an authority on Lepidoptera as Mr. Elwes should have undertaken the re-arrangement of the vast material thus brought together. For me it was specially fortunate that previous to commencing the writing of this volume the arrangement of several of the sroups of the Nymphalide should have been completed. I had thus the advantage of Mr. Elwes’ large experience to guide me.
Turning to books, my obligations to the two previous works on Indian Butterflies have to be acknowledged. Iam greatly indebted to the information contained in Mr. Moore’s great work, the ‘Lepidoptera Indica,’ as will be seen from the frequent quota- tions from and references to the volumes so far completed. Of the three volumes issued of the ‘ Butterflies of India,’* the first two are completely out of date and, I believe, out of print. Col. Marshall and Mr. de Nicéville were pioneers in the systematic investigation of the Indian Lepidopterous Fauna; and the impulse given to the study of Indian butterflies by the publication, by the two authors conjointly, of the first volume of the ‘ Butterflies of India, Burma and Ceylon, and, by the late Mr. de Nicéville alone, of volumes IJ. and III. cannot be rated too highly. De Nicéville’s enthusiasm communicated itself to others, and his ever ready and generous help encouraged many who, like myself, feel that his early death has been almost an irreparable loss to Indian Entomology. Had my late friend lived, the com- pilation of the present work would never have been attempted by me; it would have been in his far abler hands. As it is, it will be good news to many that the Trustees of the Indian Museum
* Vol. I. by Col. G. F. L. Marshail and L. de Nicéville; vols. If and III. by | L. de Nicéville.
INTRODUCTION. XV
acquired the MSS. of the volumes on the Papilionide, Pieride and Hesperiide left partially incompleted at Mr. de Nicéville’s death. These MSS. have been generously placed at my disposal for use in the compilation of the future volumes of this work.
In connection with this, I ought to add that the unique collection of Indo-Malayan Lepidoptera brought together by the late Mr. de Nicéville was acquired some little time before his death by the Indian Museum, and that through the kindness of Major Alcock, I.M.S., C.LE., F.R.S., Superintendent Indian Museum, I have had the privilege of examining many of the types. fed few words with regard to the illustrations. This is the first volume of the Fauna series which has had any large number of coloured plates. The ten in this volume have been well executed by Mr. Horace Knight, and reproduced by the modern process of colour-printing which is getting rapidly perfected.
: ly Order FE PIDOPTERA ....;
SYSTEMATIC INDEX,
Suborder Papilionina......
Fam. 1. NyMPHALIDA......
Subfam. 1. Danaine de
Hestia, Hubner 1. malabarica, Moore 2. linteata, Butler 3. Jasonia, Westw. ....»..
4. agamarschana, Felder . 5. hadeni, W. LO de za . Danais, iii ee.
1. plexippus, Lenn. : 2. hegesippus, Cramer .. 3. chrysippus, Linn. .... ALAS IEE C 2277) (a Re 5. melanea, Cramer 6. vulgaris, Butler...... 7. limniace, Cramer .... 8. septentrionis, Butler. . 9. gautama, Moore .aglea, Cramer 11. melanoleuca, Moore .. 12. aspasia, Fadr. 15. agleoides, Felder . nilgiriensis, Moore.... 15. furnata, Butler {uploea, Fabs. 1. modesta, Butler......
eo ee eo oe
eeoeve
. camaralzaman, Butler.
. simulatrix, W.-M. § CINE misc's povcgeee ee
. corus, Fabr. . pheebus, Butler . ledereri, Felder . coreta, Godart
2 3 4 5. bremeri, Felder 6 if 8 9
%) Bie} i)
a
OE BR to bo
. harrisi, Felder 11. core, Cramer . esperi, Felder 13. godarti, Lucas . layardi, Druce
. alcathoe, Godart . diocletiana, Fabr.
21. kollari, Felder 22. crassa, Butler
23. splendens, Butler .... . margarita, Butler ..
1. Mycalesis, Hiibner
. charaka, Moore
. perseus, abr. . mineus, Zann.
. subdita, Moore
mH OOCON SG Ore 09 bo eH
4 iw)
.rama, Moore
13. adolphei, Guérin .... 14. oculus, Marshall .... 15. mnasicles, Hewztson .. 16. mestra, Hewitson .... 17. malsarida, Butler ..... 18. malsara, Moore ...... 19. nicotia, Hewittson .... 20, misenus, de Nicéville . .
b
. camorta, Moore...... 16, andamanensis, A thinson 17. dione, Westwood ....
plete, Moone ta «oxo ote
roepstorfi, Moore ... 3. mulciber, Cramer....
Subfam. 2. Satyrine........
. anaxias, Hewitson .... .adamsoni, Watson .... . anaxioides Marshall. . . sanatana, Moore...... . orseis, Hewirtson...... . perseoides, Moore....
i Wisalais Moore yang of
XVill
21. heri, Moore 22. patnia, Moore 23. Junonia, Butler ...... 24. mystes, de Nicéville .. 25. surkha, Marshall .... . Orsotricena, Wallengren... median labs. ee cun abe. . Ceelites, Bovsduval ... LMObMIS ears iN carrer. 2.adamsoni, Moore .... 5. binghami, Moore .... . Lethe, Hiihner CULO Pa, aU eioe 2 . tamuna, de Nicéville .. drypetis, Hewitson .. TOMA MAO ay eaves daretis, Hewitson .... sinsanea. MOUan oe . confusa, Awrivillius .. .margarite, Hlwes .... . naga, Doherty . verma, Kollar MASON, Za Wes te he . sidonis, Hewitson .... . vaivarta, Doherty .... . nicetella, de Nicéville. . . siderea, Marshall .... . nicetas, Hewitson .... . maitrya, de Nicéville.. . visrava, Moore . scanda, Moore . bhairava, Moore...... . gulnihal, de Nicéville . 22. latiaris, Hewitson .... 23. minerva, Fabr. ...... . dynsate, Hewrtson .... J kansa, uWicore. 3.2.2. < /vindhya, Melder...... . satyavati, de Nicéville . 28. serbonis, Hewztson.... 29. sinorix, Hewitson .... 30. chandica, Moore mdiistans, sense fon sacle oo. mekara, JMGOTe. 0. . tristigmata, Llwes.... 34. lyncus, de Nicéville
5. atkinsonia, Hewitson. . . jalaurida, de Nicéville . . meelleri, Elwes 38. baladeva, Moore . ramadeva, de Nicémille . . andersoni, Atkinson .. . goalpara, Moore . sura, Doubleday . dura, Marshall . bhadra, Moore
S10
—) SODNIAMR WH
(4 4
DDO HHH HH HOOo OND OP Wb
SD bo bt) b to CO NI O> Ou
(Ju) ise) (oo) © ise) —
eo G9 “NI Od
eeeee o
me H CO r= & cO
eee eee
aS is)
doa b. me OO
eee eee
10. is
18
14.
16.
. LZipetis, Hewitson
. Orinoma, Gray
. Rhaphicera, Butler
. Agapetes, Billberg
. Satyrus, Latr
. Maniola, Schrank
. CEneis, Hribner
re et
SYSTEMATIC INDEX,
45. pulaha, Moore ...... 46. muirheadi, Felder .... A7. yama, Moore *.....¥.
1. saitis, Hewitson...... 2. scylax, Hewitson .... J. damaris, Gray. Jaye.
eee © @ ®
1. satricus, Doubleday .. 2. moorei, Butler
1. halimede, Ménétries .. 1. schakra, Kollar 2. meerula, Felder 3. menava, Moore Pararge, Hiibner........ 1. cashmirensis, Moore .. Nytha, Billberg: ya eee 1. thelephassa, Hiibner . . 2. baldiva, Moore 3. Gittusa, Buticn, oe ae 4. persephone, FHiibner .. 5. Shandura, Marshall .. 6. parisatis, Kollar
CHC Pi OO
zee ee &
1. davendra, Moore .... 2-narica, Hubner «22. on 3. Cheena, Moore 2. ..5% 4. interposita, Evschoff .. 5. pulchella, Felder
6. cenonympha, Felder.
Karanasa, Moore........ 1. huebneri, Felder 2. pimMipla, elder ware
3. digna, Marshall...... Aulocera, Butler. sean 1. brahniinus. Blanchard. 2 swale Kollar... sae Sh ORICA TGA Mk 4. saraswati, Kollar ....
"© © © 6 ©
1. pumilus, Felder Ypthima, “Hiibner =e . philomela, Johannsen . _ baldus, 2G0)) ee . sobrina, Liwes & Edw.. . similis, Liwes & Edw. . . affectata, Elwes § Edw. . methora, Hewitson . doherty, “Woores sae . savara, Grose-Smith .. : salcraeipane ani . iarba, de Nicéville .... .nareda, Kollar
Fe NEE ie es pee
eee eee
126
Re
18
19.
DOP Melanitis; Pabr. oo... 2. 157 1. ismene, Cramer ...... 158 | ZapelanMoore Vines . 3 159 SPALLEMUUS.ELeTOStisn 4... VIL 4, bethami, de Nicéville.. 162
21. Cyllogenes, Butler ...... 162 lo suradeya, Moore .... 163 2. janetze, de Nicéville .. 163
22. Parantirrheea, Wood-
SU SO 1 BAe ene ae 164 | 1. marshalli, Wood-Mason 165
Woe Amadebis-wbutler. 2.4 5 165 1. himachala, Moore .... 166 2. diademoides, Moore .. 166
24, Neorina, Westw. .i....< 167 1. westwoodi, Moore.... 168 DE anlda, Westy aaa ae 168
25, Elymnias, Hiibner ...... 169 1, undularis, Drurvyos.cs 11 2. cottonis, Hewitson.... 178 3. caudata, Butler ...... 178 4, singhala, Moore...... L74 | 5. peali, Wood-Mason .. 175 | 6, malelas, Hewitson.... 175 |
SYSTEMATIC INDEX,
; Page 12. newara, Moore :...... 139 13. watsoni, Moore ...... 139 14. lycus, de Nicéille.... 140 os aivanta, Alooren 2.2... 140 16. chenui, Guérin - Méne-
DU LLC nie eK CSE 6 14]
17. ypthimoides, Moore .. 142 18. huebneri, Karby ...... 142 19. bolanica, Marshali.... 144 PUMA ICIULSOM s ..8 5. 145 MIP asher omen uge ites ck 145 22. megalia, de Ne-éville.. 146 Ere hia eG s,s ical ls 0: 146 1. narasingha, Moore.... 148 2. mani, de Nicéville .... 148 3. kalinda, Moore ...... 149 4.shallada, Lang ...... 149 5. hyagriva, Moore .... 150 Gx ninmalawloore. i... 150 7. annaaa, Moore ...... 150 Sy scamde,, Molar, 224) .°, DEAL 9. daksha, Moore 2.3... 152 mRinites. 6 Westie. osieict kk 152 iarcentina, Butler» ...0< 153 2. angularis, Moore .... 154
3. rotundata. de Nicéville 154 4, falcipennis, W-M. &
CCN RA, te ORC, 2 155 Ragadia, Westw......... 155 1. crisilda, Hewitson.... 16
2. crito, de Nicéville .... 156
3. critolaus, de Nicéville . 157 |
7. timandra, Wallace....
8. patna, Westwood .... 177
9. daray Distant> 3% 82. 178 10. mimus, Wood-Mason . 178 11. vasudeva, Moore 178 12. esaca, Westwood 179 13. penanga, Westwood .. 180 Subfam. 3. Morphine ...... 181 1. Clerome, Westwood 182 1. arcesilaus, Fabr. 183
2. eumeus, Drury ...... 183
3. assama, Westwood.... 184
2. Melanocyma, Westwood.. 184
1. faunuloides, de Nicé-
CLO 5 eRe NE 184
3. Xanthotenia, Westwood . 185 I busiris.Westines a... 185
A. Zeuxidia, Hiibner ...... 186 Ve mason, (Moore. .5 4.26 185
5, Amathiisias Fabri eos. . 187 1. phidippus, Johanssen.. 187
2. amythaon, Doubleday . 183
6. Thaumantis, Miibner .... 189 Is dtoressnWrestis) 108e ss. 190
2. lucipor, Westwood.... 190
7. Stichophthalma, Felder... 191 1. camadeva, Westwood.. 192
2. nourmahal, Westwood. 192
3. howqua. Westwood.... 198
4, louisa, Wood-Mason .. 194
Sh Dhauria, Woo) seer 195 1. pseudaliris, Butler.... 195
9. AAmona, Hewzitson ...... 196 1. amathusia, Hewitson.. 196
2. lena, Atkinson ...... 197
| 10. Enispe, Doubleday ...... 197 1. euthymius, Doubleday . 198
2. cyenus, Westwood .... 199 11. Discophora, Borsduval .. 199 Ie cellimele UStoie. wu, 200
2 lepida, Moore”. san. 201
on tullina.' Cramer irate 202 Subfam. 4. Nymphaline .... 20: 1. Charaxes, Ochsenheimer .. 208 1. durnfordi, Distant.... 210
2. distanti, Honrath .... 210
8. marmax, Westwood .. 211
4, kahruba, Moore...... 212
5. aristogiton, Felder.... 213
6. psaphon, Westwood .. 214
7. polyxena, Cramer .... 215
8: falomisse abr ele sy soe 217
2: Hulepis; Moore, iene. . 219 Lf athamiaswOriup cca a2 220
xX
SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
Page
2, aria Older. ben a. 222
3. schreiberi, Godart.... 222
4, jalysus, Felder ...... 223
©. moori, Distant ...... 224
6. delphis, Doubleday .. 224
7. dolon, Westwood .... 226
8. nepenthes, Grose-Smith 226
9. eudamippus, Doubleday 227
a. Weleyia, Helder 22... 228 1, hemina, Hewitson .... 228
A. Apatira, eh abr, ieee. 229 li ambica, Wollan. 2.0... 230
2 heresHelden.” canes oss 231
3. sordida, Moore ...... 282
4. chevana, Moore...... 232
5. parisatis, Westwood .. 233
6: ulupi, Doherty. 2.032. 234
7. parvata, Moore “...... 234
8. osteria, Westwood .... 235
6; Dilipa, Moonee ee 235 1. morgiana, Westwood... 236 Herona, Doubleday...... 237
1. marathus, Doubleday... 237
7. Hestina, Westwood...... 239 1. naina, Doubleday .... 239
8. Parhestina, Moore ...... 240 1. persimilis, Westwood. . 240
2. nicevillei, Moore . 241
9. Euripus, Westwood...... 242 1. halitherses, Doubleday . 242
2. consimilis, Westwood. . 244
OP Seéphisa, Mocre \.a.0.42. 244 1. dichroa, Kollar ...... 245
2. chandra, Moore...... 246
11. Neurosigma, Butler . 247 1. doubledayi, Westwood . 247
2. tratemea, Moore . 2... 248
12. Dichorragia, Butler . 248 1. nesimachus, Boisduval. 248
13 Stibochiana, Butler...... 249 lhe micea, (Gaara sss 250
145 Nbrota; Moores. eA. 250 I. ganpa, Moore . 2.8 251
2. jumna, Moores. ...,... 252
15. Sympheedra, Hiibner .... 252 Le disteaee Hore ee 255
He. Dophla; Moore ee aeee 255 1. teuta, Doubleday .... 257
2. goodrichi, Distant .... 258
3. durea, Moonemeeees - 260
4, duda, Staudinger .... 260
5, mara, Moore ace... 261
6. sahadeva, Moore 262
Pe Aes SVLOOTE) ee ee 268
8. patala, Kollar ...... 264
2, evelitia, Stoll 7 .iSe 265
18.
19. 20.
10, derma; Kollar e227 11. dunya, Doubleday ....
. Kuthalia, Hithners. omen
cocytus; abr. ao! an . lepidea, Butler ...... . cibaritis, Hewitson.... . appiades, Ménétriés .. jahnuyloone See . kesava, Moore ...... . lubentina, Cramer.... wfranéize, Grayen eee . phemius, Doubleday .. . telchinia, Ménétriés .. I. zichri, (butlersee-peee 12. binghami, de Nicéville . 13. garuda, Moore ...... 14. jama, Felder ........ 15. apicalis, Vollenhoven. . 16. kanda, Moore........ 17. anosia, Moore........ 18. nais, orster, Wane Parthenos, Hiibner......
1. gambrisins, Fabr. ....
2..virens, Moore Aspen Moduza, Moore - eeu i. procris, ‘Cramer sae Laminitis, abr. eee
1. zayla, Doubleday ....
pi DOMID OUP WH
2. daraxa, Doubleday.... 295
3. dudu, Westwood...... 296
4. zulema, Doubleday.... 297
5, trivena, Moore ...... 297
6. ligyes, Hewitson...... 298
Qi.’ Lebadea,, Felder see 298 lL. martha, Fabra eee 299
22. Auzakia, Moores meaner 300 l1. danara, Moore ...... 300
2. austenia, Moore...... 301
23. Pantoporia, Hrbner 302 1. sulpitia, Cramer 303
2. nefte, Cramer........ 304
3. rufula, de Nicéville 307
4, kanwa, Moore........ 307
5. kresna, Moore J...2 ee 308
6. cama, Moore. eee 309
7. selenophora, Kollar .. 310
8. zeroca, Moore. eee 311
9. opalina, Kollar ...... 312
10, ranwa, Moore: cr ranere 312 ll. abiasa, Moorer sae 314 24, Athyma, Westwood 314 L. perius; lite are nines ate 315
2. larymna, Doubleday .. 316
5. asurd, MOOre teat ak 317
4. pravara, Moore ...... 318
5, june, (Moores 3)... ee oe 319
SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
Page ZO INEPUIS EOL Sis balk a 319 l. eurynome, Westwood . 323 2. columella, Cramer.... 326 3. jumbah, Moore ...... 327 4, magadha, Felder BBS) 5. nata, Moore eaters ve 329 6. mahendra, Moore .... 329 (Ver OW, DULlen «2... 330 S.somlay Moore 550.3... 330 9. sankara, Kollar ...... 332 NONeartiea, Moore 5. .: 1. 333 11. narayana, Moore 334 12. manasa, Moore ...... 306 13, zaida, Doubleday 336 14, harita, Moore ...... 307 15. vikasi, Horsfield 338 16. fuliginosa, Moore .... 838 17. anjana, Moore... ..... B30 iStiadha, Moore ........ 309 19. ananta, Moore ...... 340 Ziman Moore... ..... 541 Ziewiraja, Moore. ....... 342 22. heliodore, Fabr....... 342 26. Rahinda, Mowe 08. 343 He hordonia, ISYAOUL (pecs ken 344 2. cnacalis, 7Tewitson.... 846 a. paraka; Butler ...'. .. 346 4, aurelia, Staudinger 347 5. assamica, Moore...... 347 27. Oyrestis, Boisduval ...... 348 1. tabula, de Nicéville 349 2. thyodamas, Boisduval . 349 3. nivea, Zinken-Sommer. 351 Areocles Fh abK be sis. 352 Oe pemander, Maur... 2... 353 28. Chersonesia, Distant .... 353 l. risa, Doubleday ...... 3o4 Zaperalca, Westant oa... 305 29, Junonia, Miibner ...... 300 Liphita, Cramer .....:. 306 2. lemonias, Linn. ...... 857 OMOUUBINVA, L074) 1 na ao: 358 4. atlites, Juhanssen .... 359 5. hierta, Fabricius 360 6G. almana, Zann. ...... 361 oO. Vanessa, Mabie 9... .0 363 DRecanchunn ale: oie aco 365 2 SIMdCa, CRUSE ue a 366 3. cashmirensis, Kollar .. 367 Ab arizana,, Voce n eae - 368 5. ladakensis, Moore .... 368
6. vau-album, Denis & Schieffermiiller . 363
7. Xanthomeleena, Denis & Schieffermuiiller 369 SuamMnio pd, Laie sve 370
XXi
Page 9. canace, Johanssen .... 37 l 10. c-album, Zinn. ...... 372 esewea Cramer. ici 374 3l. Araschnia, Miibner...... 374 1. prorsoides, Blanchard . 375 32. Symbrenthia, Hiibner .. 376 iiuemay Cramerenns. >: 376 Qe My pSelisnGoaayt wan. 378 3. brabira, Moore ...... 378 4, niphanda, Moore . 319 ao. Prothoeé, Hubner ...... 380 eimanclaeGod art nies. 381 Je resalis, Butler “ost... 382 3. calydonia, Hewirtson .. 382 04, Rhinopalpa, Felder...... 383 ]. polynice, Cramer .... 384 35. Yoma, Doherty ......0% 385 De vasukay Doherty... 385 36. Hypolimnas, Hubner .... 386 dei OLE Een es aisle ere 386 2. misippus, Lenz....... 388 37. Penthema, Doubleday.... 390 1. lisarda, Doubleday .... 390 2Mdar lisa /Mooremanen yt 391 3. binghami, Wood-Mason 392 38. Doleschallia, Felder . 392 1. bisaltide, Cramer .... 398 59. Kallima, Doubleday . O94 1. inachus, Boisduval.... 395 2, horsfieldi, Kollar .... 397 3. knyvetti, de Nicéville.. 398 A. albofasciata, Moore .. 399 40 Cethosia, Habr. 2. Snce. 399 lcyane, Oren ie cele ae 400 2. nicobarica, Felder .... 401 3. hypsina, Felder ...... 402 APA OG, JOT) we ong leo 402 5. mahratta, Moore 403 6. nietneri, Felder ...... A404 Aly Cynthia Habre). yoke. 405 [eerotas, 2 obiary ccaene 2 406 Deaselas MOore ae sae ke 409 43. Terinos, Boisduval...... 411 1. clarissa, Boisduval.... 411 43. Atella, Doubleday ...... 412 1. phalantha, Drury .... 412 2. aleippe, CUamen Was 413 AA score: Sabie wae so A415 Iesamiian ACOuG nie cen ca. 415 45. Cupha, Billberg ........ 416 1. erymanthis, Drury 417 22 PlacidayWoone 2.2... 418 46. Cirrochroa, Doubleday .. 419 ]. fasciata, Felder ...... 420
2. flavo-brunnea, Grose- SHUG Mant ee doie cess 421
XX11
3 + Dd
SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
» BHAISHRE abs ee - mithila,wWoore 22.6 . surya, Moore
eo ec es eo oo
6. bajadeta, Moore......
7. nicobarica, W.-M.&deN.
Page 42] 423 424 424 425
8. aoris, Doubleday . 427
47. Argynnis, Fabr. 0... .. 429 IG Redan JC Om ons nee 431
2. jainadeva, Moore .... 433
3. kamala, Moore ...... 433
4 mala, Cramer... .24.. 434
o. children, Gray ..:... 435 Gunudia, Moone sane... 437
7. hyperbius, Johanssen.. 438
8. lathonia, Zann. ...... 441
9. gemmata, Butler .... 442
10, clara, Blanchard .... 443
11. altissima, Hiwes...... 445
2 jendont,elangeeniees a 446
13. pales, Denis & Schieff. . 447 14. hegemone, Staudinger . 449 48, Meliteoa, abr. acs aiese 450 1. sindura, Moore ...... 451
EOL Waaitey, JOVI Sls Aho 453
49) Byblia, Alubner 3... | 455 i valliit layer e107 heta-cet 455
D0; yWarmnoa Mager etme. 457 1. castelnaui, Felder .... 458 2. horsfieldi, Borsduval .. 458
dl. Ergolis, Bowsduval ...... 460 1. ariadne, Johanssen .... 461
2. merione, Cramer 462
52. Pseudergolis, Felder ..., 463 I. wedahi, iollar a... 5. 464
53. Calinaga, Moore........ A4G5 ie buddhiaMoone ech 466
2. sudassana, Melvill .... 467 Sublam:D. Alevwne ws...) +. 468 1. Pareba, Doubleday ...... 468 TP VESER ECO na calcrataen as 469
| i
Page 2. Telchinia, Hiibner ...... 470 L. svaolee, abr: ee A471 | Subfam. 6. Libythene...... A72 Leni y thea, aor aan eee 472 1. celtis, Puessly........ 473 2. myrrha, Godart ...... A75 3. rohini, Marshall ee A, geoffroyi, Godart ea 5. hauxwelli, Moore .... 478 Fam. 2. NEMEOBIDZ ...... 478 1. Dodona, Hewitson ...... A479 Ldunga, Kollan reese 481 2. dipea, Hewitson .. 482 3. dracon, de Nicéville .. 483 4. eugenes, Bates ...... 484.
5. egeon, Doubleday .... 484 — 6. ouida, Moores. ae 485 7. adonira, Hewitson .... 486 8. deodata, Hewitson.... 487
9. longicaudata, de Ni:é-
DULG soicues cial see 488 10. binghami, Moore .. 488 11. angela, Grose-Smith .. 489 Do NoiSamay, elder) enema 489 1. fylla, Doubleday ..... 490 2. neophron, Hewitson .. 491 3. chela, de Nicéville .... 492 4. echerius, Sioll ..... 492 3. Taxila, Doubleday ..... 495 1. burnii, de Nicéville .. 495 2. thuisto, Hewitson .... 497 Bis MRKORONUTTI) JAKMAR, oo 3 « 497 4. Zemeros, Boisduval..... 498 1. flegyas, Cramer..... 499 D. otiboges, Butler... ia. 500 1. nymphidia, Butler .. 501
DISCOPHORA. 201
3. Upperside purplish brown, the basal four-fifths of both fore and hind wing suffused with dark indigo-blue. Fore wing with two obliquely-placed preapical pale ochraceous-white spots, and a series of four or five subterminal similar spots. Hind wing uniform except for the dark secondary sex-mark on the disc. Underside ochraceous shaded with brown, darkest on the outer half of the hind wing; a broad dark brown discal band across both wings from costa of fore to tornus of hind wing; beyond this a lighter ochraceous band, followed on the hind wing by obscure ocelli in interspaces 2 and 6, and a purplish-white diffuse mark at the tornus.— 2. Upperside paler purplish brown, the terminal margins of the wings narrowly and evenly yellow; a broad yellow oblique preapical bar on the fore wing, curving down- wards and ending in two or three triangular detached spots, two ‘discal spots below middle of bar and an outer series of three sub- terminal large lunular spots. Hind wing on its anterior half outwardly with some diffuse yellow obscure spots. Underside similar to that of the ¢, but much lighter and brighter ochra- ceous, the brown shading forms obscure transverse bands, of which the discal, broad postdiscal and subterminal crossing both fore and hind wing are the most prominent ; an additional ocellus in interspace 3. Antenne ochraceous; head, thorax and abdo- men above brown, beneath more or less ochraceous.
Exp. $ 2 95-99 mm. (3°75-3°9"),
Hab. Sikhun, the lower and Hastern provinces of Bengal; Assam; Burma; Tenasserim, extending to the Malay Peninsula.
Larva (adult). Anal segment with two slender processes; each segment with dorsal and lateral tubercies studded with tufts of hair; head black ; body brown with paler longitudinal dorsal and lateral bands, a short black line on each side of the dorsal line anteriorly on each segment; legs with a spot of dark red on each.
Pupa. “ Boat-shaped, broad across the middle; head-piece prolonged and acuminated into a bifid point; colour pale purpu- rescent-brown.” (Moore.)
235. Discophora lepida, Moore (Enispe), Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i, 1857, p. 213 9 ; id. Lep. Ceyl. i, 1880, p. 36, pl. 18, tigs. 1, 1a, 16,82; M.§ de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 297; Moore, Lep. Ind, i, \893-96, p, 190) pl. 151, figs, 1, la 16, le 62; Davidson, Bell § Aitken, Jou. Bomb. N. H. Soc. x, 1896, p. 245.
5 Q. Resembles D. celinde, but in the ¢ the ground-colour on the upperside is dark velvety brown without any blue reflections ; the fore wing is crossed preapically by three obliquely-placed, comparatively large, pale-blue spots with an ill-defined series of three or four much smaller subterminal spots; in the 9 the markings, though similar to those in the 2 of célinde, are on the upperside of the fore wing all pale blue, not yellow, and more numerous, larger, and better defined on the upperside of the hind wing. Underside. S: similar to that in ¢ of D. celinde, but a
202 NYMPHALIDA.
more or less prominent diffuse subterminal band irrorated with lilae scales crosses both fore and hind wing.— ? similar to the 9? of D. celinde, but much paler.
Exp. 3 2 80-104 mm. (3°15-4:09").
Hab. 8. India, Ceylon.
Larva. “ Cylindrical or slightly fusiform; head large; anal segment furnished with two stout conical processes widely sepa- rated, but scarcely divergent ; colour of head greenish yellow; eyes black; body brown, with a broad pure white dorsal band flanked with conspicuous black marks, and a yellow lateral mark on segments 6 to 11; head and body clothed with long reddish or brown hair.” (Davidson, Bell § Attken.)
Pupa...** head-case produced into two long conical adjoined processes, the thorax slightly convex and carinated dorsally, the wing-cases evenly expanded, abdomen strongly curved dorsally ; surface finely rugose; colour semi-transparent yellowish, like a clean white bone, with the dorsal line and the veins of the wings” marked in faint flesh-colour, loosely attached by the tail.” (JZ6id.)
236. Discophora tullia (Pl. IV, fig. 30), Cramer (Papilio), Pap. Frot. i, 1775, pl. 81, figs. A, B; M. & de N. Butt. Ind. 1, 1888,
p. 298, fig. dQ. Discophora zal, Westwood, in Dblday., Westw. §& Hew. Gen. Di. Lep. ii, 1851, p. 3381, footnote ; M. § de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1888, p. 299 ; Moore, Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 191, pl. 152, figs. 1,la—-le, § Q. Discophora tullia, var. indica, Staudinger, Exot. Schmett. i, 1887,
sO ORIOe Derophons spiloptera, de N. § Moller, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1888, 3
p. 331. i Discophora indica et spiloptera, Moore, Lep. Ind. i1, 1893-96,
pp. 192 & 195, pl. 158, figs. 1, la-ld, 3 2, larva & pupa, and pl. 154, figs. 1, la, go Q.
g. Upperside dark brown. Fore wing with transverse discal, postdiseal and subterminal series of bluish spots, the latter two series closely approximate. Hind wing uniform except for the prominence of the discal secondary sex-mark, and faint indications of a subterminal series of pale spots. Underside dull ochraceous brown, the basal half of the wing darker, defined outwardly by a still darker but obscure transverse band ending ina lilacine diffuse small patch at the tornus of the hind wing; both fore and hind wing irrorated somewhat sparsely with short transverse brown strie and obscurely tinted with lilac; two ill-defined ocelli on the hind wing as in D. célinde. Antenne ochraceous ; head, thorax and abdomen brown, paler beneath.— 9. Upperside purplish brown. Fore wing with three transverse series of white spots, the inner or discal series continued to the costa by two large elongate obliquely-placed white spots. Hind wing also with three transverse rows of somewhat obscure spots, but ochraceous in colour. Underside similar to that in the ¢, but paler.
Exp. & Q 90-102 mm. (3:55-4:05").
Hab. Bengal; Sikhim; Bhutan; through Assam, Burma and
Order LEPIDOPTERA. Suborder PAPILIONINA.
Family NYMPHALIDZ.
Imago. Fore wing: submedian, or vein 1, simple, in one sub- family forked near base ; median vein with three branches, veins 2,3 and 4; veins 5 and 6 arising from the points of junction of the discocellulars ; subcostal vein and its continuation beyond apex of cell, vein 7, with never more than four branches, veins 8-11; 8 and 9 always arising from vein 7, 10 and also 11 some- times from vein 7 but more often free, 2. ¢. given off by the sub- costal vein before apex of cell. Hind wing: internal (1a) and precostal veins present. Cell in both wings closed or open, often closed in the fore, open in the hind wing. Dorsal margin of hind wing channelled to receive the abdomen in many of the forms. Antenne always with two grooves on the underside ; club variable in shape. Throughout the family the front pair of legs in the 6, and with three exceptions * in the @ also, is reduced in size and functionally impotent; in some the atrophy of the fore legs is considerable, e.g. Danaine and Satyrine. In many of the forms of these subfamilies the fore legs are kept pressed against the underside of the thorax, and are in the male often very incon- spicuous.
The Indian forms belonging to the Nymphalide can conveniently be arranged under six subfamilies, a key to which is given below.
Key to the Indian Subfamiles of the Nymphalide.
A. Discoidal cell in both fore and hind wing closed. a. Vein 1 in fore wing forked at base ...... Danaine.
* Libythea, Pseudergolis, and Calinaga, VOL. I. 5
2, NYMPHALIDA.
b. Vein 1 in fore wing not forked at base. a’, Palpi more or less erect, or only obliquely subporrect, not remarkably long, not forming a beak. a”. Palpi strongly compressed ; eyes often hairy, one or more veins in fore wing generally swollen at base; wings as a rule short and broad, hind wing often dentate or caudate .........: Satyrine. 6°. Palpi net compressed, short, cylindrical, slightly clavate; eyes never hairy ; veins never swollen at base; wings always long; hind wing never dentate OY calidate .545 4 Aaa: eee Acreeine. b'. Palpi porrect, projecting, remarkably long, nearly as long as the thorax, pressed close together forming a beak ........ Libytheine. B. Discoidal cell open, or if closed, lower disco- cellular very slender, inconspicuous *. a. Palpi small, narrow, sharp in front ...... Morphine. 6. Palpi large, broad, rounded in front ...... Nymphatine.
Subfamily DANAIN®.
Egg. “ Much higher than wide, leathery, radiate, with numerous broad flattened ribs and distinct cross-lines reticulate over a small area at the apex ” (Doherty).
Larva. Smooth, cylindrical or subcylindrical, with from two to four pairs of fleshy tentacula. Colours conspicuous, generally black, yellow and red.
Imago. Wings ample, terminal margins never dentate or caudate; cell of both fore and hind wings closed; vein 1 in fore wing forked close to base, none of the veins basally swollen; no prediscoidal cell in hind wing; antenne slender, filiform or oradually clavate, bare, without scales ; eyes naked, never hairy ; palpi slightly compressed, somewhat short and erect; body slender.
The forms in this subfamily are highly specialized, for in addition to the reduction in the number of legs used in walking common to all the members of the family Nymphalide, the Danaine have without exception developed what to our senses, at any rate, is an acrid disagreeable odour and taste accompanied with a tough leathery consistency of body that to a certain extent evidently protects them from insectivorous enemies. In the ereat majority of the forms also, secondary sexual characters in the shape of specialized scales, tufts of hair, brushes, or fans having peculiar odours are prominent.
* Except the forms belonging to the genera Pseudergolis and Calinaga, which have the cell of the hind wing tubularly closed.
HESTIA. 3
Key to the Genera of the Danaine.
a. Claws furnished with paronychia and pulvilli. a’. Antenne filiform. Colour in both sexes con- Spicuously black andiwhite sec oh 2 oe HESTIA, p. 3. 6’. Antenne distinctly clavate. Colour in both sexes dark, some shade of brown often glossed with iidescent lie sijej catia). ahora bi alleta KuPLaea, p. 22. 6. Claws without paronychia or pulvilli .......... DANAIS, p. 7.
Genus HESTIA.
Hestia, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. 1816, p. 15. Nectaria, pt., Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i, 1880, p. 2.
Type, H. lyncea, Drury, from the Malay Peninsula.
Range. The Indo-Malayan Region.
- Wings comparatively of large expanse, body long and slender. Fore wing elongate and narrow or comparatively short and broad ; dorsum slightly sinuous ; termen oblique, slightly concave below the rounded apex; costa widely arched; cell more than half length of wing; upper discocellular short, middle inwardly oblique, deeply concave, lower outwardly convex; vein 11 anas- tomosed with vein 12. Hind wing elongate, obovate, or ovate ; termen more or less strongly arched ; cell more than half length of wing; discocellulars obtusely angulate one with the other. Antenne long, filiform, scarcely clavate towards apex ; palpi erect, flattened outwardly, clothed with appressed scales, third joint short, pointed, slightly porrect; claws of intermediate and pos- terior legs curved, furnished with paronychia and pulvilli.
Larva. “ Cylindrical, naked, banded with several transversely alternating conspicuous colours ; furnished with four pairs of long -filamentous processes or tentacula ” (Moore).
The forms of Hestia are very closely allied, but are divisible into two groups :—
The lyncea group, to which all but one of the Indian races belong, characterized by an elongate narrow wing and large black markings on the white ground-colour ; and the Javan belia group, with wings broader in comparison with their length and small black markings. The sole Indian representative of the latter group is H. linteata, Butler, extending from the Malay Peninsula into the extreme south of Tenasserim.
Key to the forms of Hestia.
A. Transverse black mark in cell of fore wing not extending beyond subcostal vein. aunts mark Oval (AA sem esau yc scr HH, malabarvea, p. 4. b. This mark zigzag, formed of two spots. H. linteata, p. 4. B. Transverse black mark in cell of fore wing extending beyond subcostal vein. a. Hind wing long and narrow; termen compressed anteriorly, straight between VELMSNOL AACE. 7) Gan aero POU dR ies 5c 5 Hi, jasonia, p. 5. 1s
4 NYMPHALIDA,
b. Hind wing comparatively short and broad; termen not compressed ante- viorly, arched between veins 6 and 7.
a. Terminal third of fore wing with more or less of white in interspaces 5, 6
and 8. a'. Terminal margin of hind wing white, with elongate black spots
in the interspaces.............. HT, agamarschana, p. 5. b'. Terminal margin of hind wing all black. ccacks nip cdlveceeiene easeee Race cadelli, p. 6.
6. Terminal third of fore wing all black, no white in interspaces 5,6 and 8.. H. hadeni, p. 6.
1. Hestia malabarica, Moore, A.M. N. H. (4) xx, 1877, p. 46; M.& de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1882, p. 26, pt.; Moore, Lep. Ind. i, 1890- 92, p- 18, pl. 1, figs. 1, la, larva & pupa, 16, Wer Gage Hestia lynceus, pt., M. § de N. (nec Drury) Butt. Ind. i, 1882, p. 2 Hestia kanarensis, "Moore, Lep. Ind. 1, 1890-92, p. 21, pl. 2, figs. 9, ie
de.
3 2. Upperside semitransparent white, sometimes slightly infuscate with a powdering of black scales. Fore wing with the following black marks :—narrow margins on both sides of the veins, a dusky streak along dorsum, large subbasal spots in interspaces 1 and 2 (produced inwardly in former), a large oval spot crossing three streaks in discoidal cell, a spot above it in interspace 11, a broad margin to the discocellulars and three rows of spots on outer half of wing, the discal series outwardly conical and curved sharply inwards opposite apex, the subterminal series in pairs coalescent on the veins, the terminal series elongate on veins and in interspaces ; costa with a black streak at base, beyond black and white alternately. Hind wing with similar markings; cell with two streaks, the upper forked towards apex; costa white, two spots not touching the vein below in interspace 8 ; paired spots on veins 5,6 and 7 not coalescent but one behind the other, black. Underside similar. Antenne black; head and thorax streaked and spotted with black; abdomen white, with broad dusky black streak above.
Exp. 3 9 120-154 mm. (4°7-6°1”).
Hab. Western Ghats, Travancore.
Var. H. kanarensis, Moore, i is identical in markings but alwine smaller. It is recorded from the Konkan and North Kanara.
2. Hestia linteata, Butler, Trans. Linn, Soc. ser. 2, Zool. i, 1879, p. 536, pl. 69, fig. 6
3 9. Resembles H. malabarica, Moore. Differs as follows :— Wings comparatively broader, apex more rounded, termen of hind wing from apex to vein 5 arched, not straight. Ground- colour a purer white, black markings very much smaller. ore wing with an additional spot in interspace 1 a and on veins 2, 3 and 4,
HESTIA. 5
coalescing with spots of discal series in interspaces 2 and 3; two coalescent spots in discoidal cell forming an irregular zigzag mark ; costal margin white, with no black streak at base and the black markings much narrower. Hind wing with markings similar to but much smaller than in hind wing of H. malabarica.
Exp. 170-176 mm. (6°6-6°9").
Hab. Extreme south of Tenasserim, extending into the Malayan Subregion. Procured at Malewoon by the late Mr. W. Davison.
3. Hestia jasonia, Westw. Cab. Or. Ent. 1848, p. 87, pl. 42, fig. 1 3; M. § de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1882, p. 27, pl. 3, fig. 1 ¢ ; Moore, Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 22, pl. 3, figs. 1, lag, 169. Nectaria jasonia, Moore, Lep. ‘Ceyl. 1, 1880, p: o, pl. Lote, I.
_ 6 Q. Wings proportionately longer and narrower than in H. malabarica, margin of hind wing from apex to just above vein 5 almost straight ; ground-colour greyish white, varying to fuliginous brown, semitransparent in the lighter varieties. Form and character of the markings as in H. malabarica. Differs as follows :—Fore wing: the subbasal black spot in interspace 1 elongate, outwardly emarginate; subbasal spot in interspace 2 large, touching above and below the median and vein 2; an oblique broad bar in discoidal cell extending to the costa and uniting with the broad black streak along basal portion of same; discocellulars broadly margined with black, emitting a short streak outwards in interspace 4; discal, subterminal, and terminal series of spots as in H. malabarica, but the discal spots quadrate, not outwardly conical; the black markings along the costa of greater extent than the white. Hind wing with markings similar to those in H. malabarica. Antenne black; head and thorax black, spotted with white; abdomen dusky black above, white beneath. Exp. 3 2 150 mm. (5:9"). Hab. Ceylon.
4, Hestia agamarschana, Felder, Novara Reise, Lep. i, 1867, p. 351, pl. 43, fig. 7 6 ; M. § de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1882, p. 27; Moore, Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p- 23, pl. 4, fig. 1 ¢. Hestia jasonia, Westw. var. a; Kirby y, Syn. Cat. D. Lep. 1871, p. 2.
Race cadelli.
ee cadelli, W.-M. § de N., J. A. S. B. 1880, p. 225, pl. 13, fig. 1 3; M. & de N. Butt. Ind. 1, 1882 pps cy pl: 4, fig. 2 33 Moore, Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 24, pl. 4, fic. Ds Ehe
3 @. Like H. jasonia, Westw., but smaller. Fore wing broader proportionately, apex and tornus more rounded ; basal black streak in interspace 1, lengthened and attenuate inwardly, not emarginate outwardly; transverse black spot in cell very broad, coalescing with basal streak above on costa ; discal spots in
6 NYMPHALIDA,
interspaces 4, 5, 6, 8 and 9 much longer and coalescent. Hind- wing costa arched ; termen anteriorly not straight as in H. jasonia, but arched, wing altogether proportionately broader and shorter, with the black markings also broader. In most specimens the basal double spot on the black streak in interspace 1 absent.
Exp. 3 2 124-130 mm. (4:9-5:3").
Hab. The Andamans; Arrakan; Tenasserim.
Race cadelli, W.-M. & de N.—Typically differs from H. aga- marschana in the greater extent of the black markings. Fore wing: basal mark in interspace 1 and the whole basal portion of cell black coalescent, separated merely by a narrow dusky-white streak on each side of the median vein ; discal spots in interspaces 3 and 4 and subterminal and terminal series of spots coalescent, the latter two uniting to form a more or less continuous black terminal border to the wing, but not nearly so broad or so com- plete as in H. hadent. Hind wing as in H. agamarschana, but the subterminal and terminal markings more or less coalescent.
Eup. $ 2 126-132 mm. (5-5:2").
Hab. Typical forms from the Andamans. Intermediate forms recorded from Arrakan.
Oo. Hestia hadeni, W.-M. §de N., J. A. S. B. 1880, pt. ii, p. 242, pl. 13, fic. 29; M. & de N. Butt. Ind.i, 1882, p. 29, pl. 4, fig. 3 9; Moore, Lep. Ind. i. 1890-92, p. 25, pl. 4, fig. 3 9.
3 2. Resembles H. agamarschana, Felder, but the terminal markings on both fore and hind wing have entirely coalesced and form a broad black border covering towards the apex in the fore wing more than one-third of the length of the wing and narrowing towards the tornus; the basal and discal spots in interspaces 1 and 2 are free, and the black in the discoidal cell is more restricted than in H. cadelli. In the hind wing the broad black border is of a tolerably even width throughout, with its interior margin irregu- larly indented or crenulate ; the discal spots, the basal spot in interspace 2 and the spot near apex of the discoidal cell are com- paratively small. Upper and under sides similar. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen black; the head and thorax spotted with white ; beneath, the body is white spotted with black.
Hep. & 2 180-136 mm. (5:1-5°35").
Hab. Recorded within our limits only from the district of Bassein in the south-west corner of Lower Burma. A specimen labelled Siam is in the collection of the British Museum.
I am not quite certain whether this form should not also be ranked as a race or subspecies of H. agamarschana, but in all the specimens I have seen the conspicuous broad black border to the wings, entirely unspotted and never varying in width, 1s a constant feature.
DANAIS. 7
Genus DANAIS.
Danais, Latr. Ilig. Mag. vi (1807), p. 291.
Danaus, Latr. Gen. Crust. & Ins. iv, 1809, p. 201.
Limnas, Hiibner, Tentamen, i, 1806 (no desc.).
Radena, Tirumala, Salatura, Parantica, & Chittira, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i, 1880, pp. 3, 4, 5, 7, & 8.,
Caduga & Bahora, Moore, P. Z. S. 1883, pp. 235 & 245,
Badacara, Moore, Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 63.
Type, D. plexippus, Linn., from India.
Range. Both hemispheres.
3 2. Fore wing triangular, costa widely arched, apex broadly rounded ; termen below apex straight or slightly concave; dorsum straight; discoidal cell long, well over half length of wing; upper discocellular short, inclined obliquely inwards, middle curved inwards, lower curved outwards: rest of venation variable, veins 10 and 11 free, or 11 anastomosed with 12, or 10 out of 9 (as in type of genus). Hind wing generally pear-shaped ; discoidal cell more than half length of wing; venation variable ; discocellulars more or less in a line inclined obliquely outwards, or middle bent in two at a right angle, or upper and middle in a line, lower bent
SSS,
Fig. 1.—Sex-mark form 1 on hind Fig. 2.—Sex-mark form 2 on hind wing, and neuration: Danais wing, and neuration : Danais chrysippus. melanea.
at an angle downwards; vein 3 always from before apex of cell. Antenne less than half length of fore wing; club very gradual ; palpi erect, short, barely reaching top of head, third joint short ; eyes naked ; legs moderately long, scaled ; claws of intermediate and posterior tarsi long, without paronychia or pulvilli. ¢: secondary sex-marks present or absent; when present taking two forms, consisting of (1) a small fold near base of vein 2 on hind wing ; or (2) patches of peculiar scent-producing scales near apices of veins 1 a, 1, and 2 on kind wing, with a thickening of veins 1a and 1 where they pass through the patch.
8 NYMPHALIDA,
Larva. So far as known subcylindrical, with two or three pairs
of non-retractile tentacula.
Pupa. Comparatively broad, ovate, contracted medially, green, waxy white, or yellow, spotted and banded with black, golden yellow and silver ; sometimes entirely of a shining golden yellow.
Key to the forms of Danais.
A. Fore wing tawny, with black margins and white spots; larva with three pairs of fleshy tentacula.
a. Middle discocellular in hind wing slightly curved inwards; veins in both wings conspicuously bordered with black.
a’, Discoidal cell and disc of hind wing entirely tawny.
a’. Hind wing with a row of white spots on black terminal margin........ 6°. Hind wing without any white spots on black terminal margin........
b'. Discoidal cell and disc of hind wing more or less streaked with white
b. Middle discocellular in hind wing bent inwards at almost a right angle in the middle; veins in wings not con- spicuously bordered with black.
a’. Apical third of fore wing black above, with a preapical obliquely-placed row of elongate white spots.
a’, Discoidal cell and dise of hind wing entirely LAW DY: asia: ela llenic ate eo 6?, Discoidal cell and dise of hind wing more or less marked with white . .
b’. Apex of fore wing with narrow even margin only, of black spotted with white ; preapical row of white spots Guiterobsolete. Ue wee er eerie ces
B. Fore wing fuliginous black, with subhyaline streaks and spots of bluish white ; larva, so far as known, with two pairs of fleshy
tentacula. a. Ground-colour of hind wing bright chestnut-red above and below........
b. Ground-colour of hind wing purplish black above, beneath more or less chestnut... acca nek ohn oe eee
c. Ground-colour of hind wing fuliginous black above and below.
a’. Lower discocellular of hind wing not bent inwards at an angle with middle discocellular.
a, Vein 11 in fore wine anastomosed with vein12. ¢ without sex-marks on wings.
D. plexippus, p. 10. Var. nipalensis, p. 11.
D.hegestppus, p. 11, with var. nesippus, p. 11.
D. chrysippus, p. 11. Var. alcippus, p. 12, and var. alcippordes, p. 12.
Dimorphie form dorippus, p. 12.
D. tytia, p. 13.
D. melanea, p. 14.
DANAIS,. 9
a’, Subhyaline streaks on both wings comparatively narrow ; two streaks in discoidal cell of hind wing with an obliquely placed short slender streak between HEMT A PLCS). 5 kui: bait sre! cent oars D, vulgaris, p. 14. 6°. Subhyaline streaks on both wings broader ; two streaks in discoidal cell of hind wing, the lower streak with a hook or spur at ONG nts aah s savers, Susts eueeene tor Race exprompta, p. 16. c*, Subhyaline streaks on both wings very broad, discoidal cell of hind wing entirely bluish white .... Race nzcobarica, p. 15. 6°, Vein 11 in fore wing uot anas- tomosed with vein 12. ¢ with sex- marks on hind wings. a®. Streak in discoidal cell of fore wing short, single, somewhat clavate. a‘. Subhyaline streaks on wings very broad, only faintly bluish ; basal streaks in interspace 1 in fore wing, one above the other, often coalescing ...... D. limniace, p. 16. b*. Subhyaline streaks on wings narrow, conspicuously tinted blue; basal streaks in inter- space 1 in fore wing never coalescing, upper streak placed beyond lower streak ........ D. septentrionis, p. 17. 6°. Streak in discoidal cell of fore wing double, lower branch clavate. a‘, Upper branch of streak in discoidal cell of fore wing long, generally produced to spot im apex of cell .:...... D. gautama, p. 17. 64. Upper branch of streak in discoidal cel! of fore wing short, barely indicated, not produced to spot in apex of Gallas eh tote, Pein. At caatiel aot egcte Race gautamordes, p. 18. b'. Lower discocellular of hind wing bent inwards at an angle with middle dis- cocellular. a’. Vein 11 in fore wing anastomosed with vein 12. do with sex-marks on hind wing. a*, Basal spot in interspace 3 of fore wing more or less quadrate, about half the size of basal spot in interspace 2. a‘. Discoidal cell of hind wing generally with 2 streaks, some- times all but coalescent .... D. aglea, p. 18.
10 NYMPHALIDA.,
6*. Discoidal cell of hind wing entirely bluish white, enclos- ing a longitudinal bifid black line. 4a eee crn ea Race melanoides, p. 19. 6°, Basal spot in interspace 3 of fore wing small, triangular, not one- quarter the size of basal spot in INGEN PACE eee a ear D. melanoleuca, p. 19. 6°. Vein 11 in fore wing not anas- tomosed with vein 12. ¢ with sex-marks on hind wing. a, Subhyaline streaks in discoidal cell and in interspaces la, 1 6 und 1 of hind wing suffused with bright canary-yellow.......... D. aspasia, p. 20 b°, Subhyaline streaks in discoidal cell and in interspaces la, 16 and 1 of hind wing absent, or when present white or bluish white. a‘, Two streaks from base in dis- coidal cell of hind wing ...... D. agleoides, p. 20. b'. A single streak from base in | _igonidal cell of hind wing. *, Subhyaline streaks in inter- spaces 1, 1a and 1 of hind wing present Sah eee eae D. nilgiriensis, p. 21. 6°. Subhyaline streaks in inter- spaces 1, 1a and 1 of hind WIM OSeMb san. see eke D, fumata, p. 21.
6. Danais plexippus, Zinn. (Papilio) Syst. Nat. x, 1758, p. 471; Kirby, Syn. Cat. D, Lep. 1871, p. 5.
Papilio genutia, Cramer, Pap. Evot. 11, 1779, p. 23, pl. a8 , figs. C,D; Moore (Salatura), Lep. Ceyl. i, 1880, p. 6, pl. 4, tigs. 2 Qa; M. § de N.(Danais) Butt. Ind. i, 1882 2, p- 52; Moore (Salatura), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 45, pl. 10, figs. 1, La larva, 1 8, Ie, oy Qs
Danais nipalensis, Moore, A. MN. H. (4) xx, ie 7, p. 43; zd. (Sala- tura) Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 48, pl. 10, figs. 2 ie: 3.
3 2. Upperside: fore wing—costal and dorsal margins and apieal half of wing black, the greater porticn of interspaces 1 and 2, a spot at base ot interspace 3 and cell tawny; veins with broad black margins; three white postdiscal spots followed by an oblique preapical white bar crossed by the veins; an irregular subterminal and terminal series ot white spots. Hind wing tawny, the veins broadly bordered with black; terminal margin black, bearing two more or less complete rows of white spots. Underside similar ; apex of fore wing dusky brown; ground-colour of hind wing paler than on the upperside, the white spots on both fore and hind wing distinct. Antenne black; head and thorax black spotted with white; abdomen dusky tawny, with white markings beneath. Male sex-mark in form 1.
Kup. & 2 72-100 mm. (2°82-2:92"),
Hab. Spread generally throughout our limits, extending to Siam, China, and the Malay Peninsula.
DANAIS. 11
Larva. Described by Moore as black with a lateral yellow stripe, two yellow dorsal patches, with three white spots in front, and two maculated white lines behind them on each segment, also a pair of dusky black fleshy tentacula on the 2nd, 10th and 12th segments.
Raphis pulchellum, Raphis lemma, Passularca, and Ceropegra intermedia are mentioned as food-plants.
Pupa: green variegated with spots and lines of black, silvery white and golden yellow.
Var. nipalensis, Moore, described from a single specimen from Nepal, is probably oniy an aberration. From the typical form it differs in being slightly larger, the preapical bar on the fore wing is macular, and the subterminal and terminal series of spots are nearly obsolete on the fore and completely obsolete on the hind wing.
7. Danais hegesippus (PI. I, fig. 1), Cramer (Papilio), Pap. Exot. ii, 1779, pl. 180, fig, A; M. & de N. Butt. Ind. 1. 1882, p. 55; Moore (Salatura), Zep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 49, pl. 11, figs. 1, la,1b, dQ.
Danais nesippus, Felder, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wren, xii, 1862, p. 486; M. § de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1882, p. 55; Moore (Salatura), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 50, pl. 11, figs. 2, 24,26, SQ.
3 Q. This form closely resembles D. pleaippus, from which it differs in colour as follows :—Upperside of fore wing: the black on the margins and on the apical haif of the wing of greater extent, the preapical white bar divided into well-separated elongate spots. Hind wing black, the cell and the interspaces beyond it from la to 5 with narrow white streaks. Underside similar to the upperside, apex of fore wing dusky black; white - streaks in the interspaces on the hind wing broader and washed with ochraceous at their apices; also additional white streaks in interspaces 6 and 7.
Exp. 3 2 70-78 mm. (2°75-3°05").
Hab. Recorded from Bengal, Burma, Tenasserim, and the Nicobars. Extends to Malacca and Sumatra.
Within our limits D. plexippus and D. hegesippus seem to be distinct and constant; but from the Malayan Subregion inter- mediate forms, such as D. suwmatrana, Moore, and D. intermedia, Moore, have been recorded.
Var. nesippus, Felder, is found in the Nicobars. From typical hegesippus it differs in being smaller and darker, the tawny red on the fore and the white on the hind wing being more restricted.
8. Danais chrysippus (PI. I, fig. 2), Zinn. (Papilio) Syst. Nat. x,
1758, p.471; Moore (Salatura), Lep. Ceyl. i, 1880, p. 7, pl. 3, fig. 1; M. §& de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1882, p. 50, pl. 6, fig. 10, § 2 ; Moore (Limnas apud Miibner), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 386, pl. 8, figs. 1, larva, la-le, 3 @.
Papilio alcippus, Cramer, Pap. Exot. ii, 1777, pl. 127, figs. E, F; M.& de N. (Danais) Butt. Ind. i, 1882, p. 51.
Limnas alcippoides, Moore, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 238, pl. 31, fig. 1 3 ed. Lep. Ind, 1, 1890-92, p. 41, pl. 9, figs. 2, 2a-2¢, § .
2 NYMPHALID A.
Dimorph dorippus. Kuplea dorippus, Klug, Symb. Phys., Ins. v, 1845, pl. 48, figs. 1-5; M. & de N. (Danais) Butt. Ind. i, 1882, p. 52. Limnas klugii, Butler, P. Z. 8. 1885, p. 758; Moore, Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 42, pl. 9, figs. 1, 1a, 5 9.
3 Q. Termen of fore wing more concave near the middle than in D. pleaippus. Upperside: fore wing tawny darkening towards the costal margin; costa narrowly and the apical third of the wing black ; one or two white spots beyond and above apex of cell followed by a preapical, white, oblique bar, with one inner and two subterminal white spots below its lower end; lastly, a more or less complete series of terminal white spots and dots of varying size. Hind wing: ground-colour paler ; termen somewhat narrowly black, with an incomplete series of white spots ; three black marks on the discocellulars. Underside similar, paler ; ground-colour of the hind wing and a triangular area at apex of fore wing ochra- ceous ; white markings and spots more distinct. Antenne black ; head and thorax black spotted with white; abdomen ochraceous above, whitish below. Male secondary sex-mark in form 1.
Kap. 3 2 70-84 mm. (2°75-3'3").
Hab. A widespread species throughout our limits, and found in Southern Europe, Syria, over a great part of the Ethiopian Region, through Arabia, Persia, and Afghanistan. Eastwards it extends to China and through the Malayan Subregion to Sulu and the Celebes. .
Larva. Bluish grey, the sides yellow, each segment with five transverse black lines and two yellow patches, the head with a yellow patch anteriorly and three black lines, the 3rd, 6th and 12th segments each with a pair of fleshy black filaments, crimson at the base. Feeds on Calotropis gigantea (Madar, Hind.) and various Asclepiads.
Pupa: dichroic, some green, others pale pink or wax-white, beautifully marked with golden spots and a black gold-bordered line near the tail.
Var. alcippus, Cramer, and var. alcippoides, Moore, only differ from the typical form in having the hind wing suffused more or less with white. In the long series of these two forms in the British Museum collection a regular gradation can be traced from specimens having just a touch of white on the disc of the hind wing to specimens which have part of the cell and seven-eighths of the disc beyond white.
Dimorph dorippus | D. dorippus, Klug (D. klugu, Butler)]| has been found, by Col. Yerbury and other observers, im cop. with typical chrysippus. The points of difference between it and chrysippus are as follow:—No black apex nor oblique white bar on fore wing; the latter, however, sometimes indicated ; sub- terminal and terminal series of white spots on both fore and hind wing fewer in number, occasionally absent altogether. As in the typical form, a variety of D. dorippus is found with the hind wing
DANAIS. 13
more or less suffused with white*. D. dorippus occurs only sporadically within our limits. It has been taken at Campbellpur in the Punjab (Yerbury), at Karachi (Swinhoe), near Poona (Aitken), in the neighbourhood of Trincomalee, Ceylon (Yerbury), and recorded from the southern and eastern coasts of the same island (Manders).
9. Danais tytia, Gray (Euploa), Lep. Ins. Nepal, 1833-46, p. 2, pl. 9, fie.2 6; M.& de N. Butt. Ind, 1, 1882, p. 42; Moore (Caduga), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 61, pl. 15, figs. 1, 1 a-le, 3 Q. Danais sita, Kollar, in Hiigel’s Kaschmir, iv, 1844, p. 424, pl. 6 ¢; Mackinn. & de N., Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. xi, 1897, p. 213, pl. U, figs. la & 1d, larva & pupa.
3 2. Wings elongate, almost as in Hestra. Upperside of fore wing black or fuliginous black, with the following bluish-white -subhyaline markings. A streak from base in interspace 1 6, very broad streaks filling the basal three-fourths of interspace 1, and the whole of the cell, five very large quadrate discal spots, two long preapical streaks, three shorter streaks above them, a sub- terminal series of more or less rounded spots decreasing in size anteriorly and curved inwards opposite apex, aud an incomplete subterminal series of smaller spots. Hind wing chestnut-red, with subhyaline streaks and spots as follows: streaks from base, not reaching the termen in interspaces la and 16, two broad streaks united to near their apex in interspace 1, a streak filling the cell, and beyond it a discal series of large inwardly pointed elongate spots and incomplete ill-defined subterminal and terminal series of spots. Underside similar, the markings clearer and more complete. Antenne black; head and thorax black, spotted with white ; abdomen from brown to bright ochraceous, beneath whitish. Male secondary sex-mark in form 2.
Exp. 3 Q 96-114 mm. (3°8-5°5").
Hab. The Himalayas, Kashmir to Sikhim; Assam; Burma and Tenasserim, extending to the Malay Peninsula.
Larva. “On emergence a dirty white colour with transverse lines on each segment .. . . two somewhat long and thin tentacles or processes on the third, and two shorter ones on the twelfth segment..... When full-fed the larva is about an inch and a half long, the ground-colour is of a pale yellowish green, with two rows of dorsal and a row on each side of lateral yellow spots, the head is black with grey spots on the face, the legs black.
‘“‘ Pupa pale emerald-green with golden-yellow spots. From eggs laid in September the imago issued in the following April. ee Food-plant, Marsdenia royle, Wright. Natural order Asclepiadex.” (Mackinnon.)
* In the text of the ‘Symbolzx Physice,’ Klug described the tawny form of this insect under the name “ Dorippus,” adding “‘variat uterque sexus alis
posticis medio albis.” On the plate, probably by an error, the dark-winged form is labelled ‘“‘ Euplea dorippus, mas. var.”
14 NYMPHALID&.
10. Danais melanea, Cramer (Papilio), Pap. Exot. i, 1775, pl. 30, fie. D; M.§ de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1882, p. 43, pl. 5, fig. 5 go Q; Moore (Caduga), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 60, pl. 14, figs. 2, 2a, 28, 39.
69. Upperside: fore wing black, hind wing very dark purplish brown, with faintly bluish-white subhyaline markings. Underside: fore wing black, the apex broadly suffused with bright chestnut-brown; hind wing bright chestnut-brown, with a patch on the costa and a portion of the disc and termen very much darker in most specimens. For the rest exactly resembles D. tytia in form and disposition of the subhyaline markings, but these are more clearly defined and proportionately smaller, the subterminal and _ terminal spots on the hind wing : generally very distinct. An- Te a Dee erie ee tenn black; head and thorax oe an is 7 1 plack, spotted with white; abdomen bright ochraceous.
Exp. & Q 94-100 mm. (3°7-3:95").
Hab. The Eastern Himalayas; Assam; Burma; Tenasserim, extending to the Malayan subregion.
ad
11. Danais vulgaris, Butler, Ent. Month. Mag. 1874, p. 164; M. § de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1882, p. 32, fig. ¢; Moore (Radena), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 27, pl. 5, figs. 1, la, dQ.
Race exprompta.
Danais exprompta, Butler, Ent. Month. Mag. 1874, p. 164; Moore (Radena), Lep. Ceyl. i, 1880, p. 4, pl. 2, fig. 1; M.§ de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1882, p. 33 ; Moore (Radena), Lep. Ind. 1, 1890-92, p. 28, pl. 5, figs. 8, 3a, dP
Race nicobarica.
Danais similis, Linn., var. nicobarica, W.-M. § de N., J. A.S. DB. 1881, pt. ii, p. 225, fig.
Danais nicobarica, M. § de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1882, p. 34, fig. 9 ; Moore (Radena), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 28, pl. 5, figs. 2, 7s Oh (ho SE &
Upperside black, the dorsal margin of hind wing broadly cinereous ; both wings with the following subhyaline bluish-white streaks and spots :—fore wing : ashort streak along dorsal margin, two broad streaks united at base in interspace 1, the upper one curved, a broad streak in cell with an outwardly indented detached
DANAIS. 15
spot beyond it in apex, a slender costal streak, two large discal spots inwardly pointed, outwardly truncate, three elongate spots beyond apex of cell and four or five elongate preapical spots beyond them, finally a subterminal and a terminal series of spots decreasing in size towards apex of wing. Hind wing: elongate streaks in interspaces 1 a and 1 6, two in interspace 1, two in cell with a short slender streak obliquely between their apices, shorter streaks radiating out- wards in interspaces 2-6, a sub- terminal series of small spots and a terminal row of dots beyond. Underside similar, the markings better defined. Antenne black, palpi black above, bluish white Fig, 4.—Venation of wings. below; head and thorax black, Danais vulgaris. spotted with bluish white; ab- domen brown above, sullied white below. Male without any special sex-marks on the wings.
Exp. & Q 84-87 mm. (3:3-3°45"),
Hab. Burma, Tenasserim, extending to Malacca, Borneo, Sumatra, and Java. The type in the collection of the British Museum is labelled Nepal, but the locality is almost certainly wrong.
Race exprompta, Butler— g 2. Closely resembles D. vulgaris, Butler, but has all the markings much broader, the apical spot in cell of fore wing outwardly less emarginate; on the hind wing interspaces 1 a and 10 are entirely filled with the white streak, while the short slender streak lying between the apices of the streaks in the cell coalesces with the lower one.
Exp. 3 2 76-84 mm. (3-3'8”"),
Hab. Ceylon. One specimen in the collection of the British Museum is labelled Padang, Sumatra.
Race nicobarica, W.-M. & de N.—<¢ @. Like the preceding race, but the subhyaline markings still broader and somewhat blurred. Upperside :—fore wing: the whole basal two-thirds of interspace 1 bluish white, enclosing a fine longitudinal black line ; streak in discoidal cell very broad, occasionally produced to the apical spot in the cell. Hind wing: the black in interspace 1 reduced to a mere streak; cell entirely bluish white, traversed longitudinally by a faint black forked line. In the solitary specimen of the ¢ in the collection of the British Museum this line is entirely absent.
Exp. 6 2 80-84 mm. (3:12-3°3").
Hab. Apparently confined to the Nicobars.
16 NYMPHALID &.
Wood-Mason in his original description of the form speaks of a “little specialized sexual mark or gland” on the hind wing. There is no trace of this in the ¢ specimen I have examined.
12, Danais limniace, Cramer (Papilio), Pap. Exot. i, 1775, figs. D, E, 9; Moore (Tirumala), Zep. Ceyl. i, 1880. p. 4, pl. 1, fig. 3; M. & de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1882, p. 47; Moore (Tirumala), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 30, pl. 6, figs. 1, larva & pupa, la, 16, dQ.
3 2. Upperside black, with bluish-white semihyaline spots and streaks. Fore wing: interspace 1 two streaks, sometimes coales- cent, with a spot beyond; cell: a streak from base and an outwardly indented spot at its apex; a large oval spot at base of interspace 2, another at base of interspace 3, with a smaller spot beyond it towards termen ; five obliquely placed preapical
subterminal and terminal series of spots, the latter the smaller. Hind wing: interspaces 10, 1a, and 1 with streaks from base, double in the latter two, cell with a forked broad streak, the lower branch with a hook, or spur-like short projection ; beyond the cell at base of interspaces 2 and 3a slender loop, at base of 4 and 5 a broad elongate streak, and at base of 6 a quadrate spot ; beyond these again a number of scat- tered unequal subterminal and terminal spots. Underside: basal two-thirds of fore wing dusky black, the apex and hind wing olive-brown, the spots and streaks much as on the upperside. Antenne, head and thorax black, the latter two spotted and streaked with white; abdomen dusky above, ochraceous spotted with white beneath. Male secondary sex-mark in form 1.
Exp. 3 Q 98-106 mm. (3:8-4:2”).
Hab. Throughout our limits and extending into Siam and China.
Larva. Yellowish white; 3rd and 12th segments, each with a pair of fleshy filaments, black and greenish white; each of the segments with four transverse black bars, the second bar on all broader than the others, bifurcated laterally, a yellow longitudinal line on each side; head, feet and claspers spotted with black.
Pupa. “ Green with golden scattered spots and beaded dorsal crescent” (Moore).
Food-plants : Asclepiads and Calotropis. Ifound the caterpillars feeding on the thick fleshy leaves of a Hoya at Bassein in Burma.
Fig. 5.—Danais limniace, 9.
fat °
streaks, and somewhat irregular
DANAIS. 7
13. Danais septentrionis, Butler, Ent. Month. Mag. 1874, p. 163 ; M. §& de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1882, p. 48, pl. 6, fig. 8 ¢ 2; Moore (Tirumala), Zep. Ceyl. i, 1880, p. 5, pl. 1, fig. 2; zd. (Tirumala), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 34, pl. 7, figs. 2, 2a, 6 Q; Davidson, Bell, § Aitken, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. x, 1896, p. 240.
3 2. Closely resembles D. limniace, Cramer, but is always sufii- ciently distinct to be easily recognized, even on the wing. From D. limniace it differs on the upperside in the ground-colour being darker and the semihyaline markings narrower, more distinct, and of a bluer tint. In the fore wing, in interspace 1 the two streaks are narrower, never coalescent, the upper one forming an oval detached spot; the short streaks above vein 5 are out- wardly never truncate, always acute. In the hind wing the two streaks in the discoidal cell united at base are wide apart at their apices, the lower one never formed into a hook. On the underside D. septentrionis is generally darker, the apex of the fore wing and the whole of the eround-colour of the hind wine not being of the conspicuous golden brown that they are in D. limniace.
Exp. & 2 80-115 mm. (3°15-
Fig. 6. 4:55"), Danais septentrionis, 3. jt. Hab. The Himalayas from Simla to Sikhim; Orissa; Southern India, Canara, Malabar, and the Nilgiris; Ceylon; Assam; throughout Burma and Tenasserim, extending to the Malayan Subregion.
I have been unable to find any description of the larva, but presume it is similar to that of D. limniace (see Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. x, 1896, p. 240). It is said by Mackinnon and de Nicéville to feed on Vallaris dichotoma (Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. xi, 1897, p. 212).
14. Danais gautama, Moore, A. M. N. H. (4) xx, 1877, p. 48; M. § de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1882, p. 45; Moore (Tirumala), Lep. Ind. 1890- 92, p. 33, pl. 7, figs. 1, la, d & Race gautamoides.
Danais gautamoides, Doherty, J. A. S. B. 1886, pt. 2, p. 257; Moore (Tirumala), Zep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 33, pl. 6, figs. 2, 2a, $2.
3 2. Upperside fuliginous black with semi-hyaline bluish- white streaks and spots. Fore wing: a long narrow streak generally extended to spot beyond and a short curved broader upper streak in interspace 1; cell with two narrow streaks joined
VOL. I. C
18 NYMPHALIDA.
at base, and an irregular spot sometimes divided into three at apex, the upper of the two basal streaks generally extended to the apical spot ; a curved discal series of streaks, broad and elongate in interspace 2, short, almost rectangular, in interspace 3, narrow and elongate in the interspaces to the costa; finally, an irregular, somewhat crooked subterminal row of spots and a terminal more regular series of dots. Hind wing: two streaks, joined at base in cell, with short, slender, detached streak between their apices ; interspace 16 white; la, 1, 2 and 3 with two streaks, joined at base in each; 4 to 8 with single broad short streaks; beyond these, subterminal and terminal rows of spots. Underside similar, hyaline markings clearer. Antenne black ; head and thorax black, spotted and streaked with bluish white ; abdomen fuscous, ochraceous beneath. Male secondary sex-mark in form 1.
Exp. & 2 98-100 mm. (3°88-3:95").
Hab. Chittagong ; Arrakan ; Burma, and Tenasserim.
Not nearly so common as D. lamnaace.
Race gautamoides.— ¢ 9. Smaller than D. gautama, Moore, with comparatively narrower wings. Fore wing: upper streak in cell very short and ill-defined. Hind wing: streaks in cell much broader, the lower one with a projection in form of a hook or spur.
Exp. & 2 76-80 mm. (38-3°5").
Hab. Recorded from the Nicobars.
15. Danais aglea, Cramer (Papilio), Pap. Evot. iv, 1781, p. 377 fig. E, d; M. & de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1882, p. 38, pl. 6, fig. 7 * Moore (Parantica), Lep. Ind. i. 1890-92, p. 55, pl. 18, figs. 1 la, larva & pupa, 1 6-1d, 3 Q.
Danais grammica, Borsduval, Spéc. Gén. Lép.i, 1836, pl. 11, fig. 10g; M. § de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1882, p. 40.
Danais ceylanica, Felder, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xii, 1862, p- 479; Moore (Parantica), Lep. Ceyl. i, 1880, p. 8, pl. 2, figs. 2, 2a, Q & larva; M. & de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1882, p. 40.
Race melanoides.
Parantica melanoides, Moore, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 247; td. Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 54, pl. 12, figs. 3,3.a, 5 Q.
y)
“
7
3 2. Southern race (typical aglea).—Ground-colour fuliginous black with subhyaline bluish-white streaks and spots. - Fore wing: vein 11 anastomosed with vein 12. Upperside: fore wing—interspace 1 with two comparatively long, broad streaks united at base, truncate exteriorly ; cell with a very broad, some- what clavate streak traversed by two fine black lines ; basal spots in interspaces 2 and 3; an irregular discal series of three spots and two elongate streaks and a subterminal series of spots, the two series curved inwards opposite apex of wing, the latter
* Both the description and the plate are of the northern race D. melanoides, Moore,
DANAIS. 19
continued along the apical half of the costa; finally a terminal row in pairs in the interspaces, of much smaller spots. Hind wing: interspaces la, 16 with broad long streaks from base ; interspace 1 and cell with two streaks united at base in each, the pair in the cell with a short streak obliquely between their apices, an outwardly radiating series of broad, elongate, inwardly pointed spots in interspaces 2-8, followed by somewhat irregular rows of subterminal and terminal spots. Underside similar, the markings and spots sometimes a little ill-defined and blurred. Antenne black ; head and thorax black spotted with white ; abdomen blackish brown, ochraceous beneath. Male secondary sex-mark in form 2.
Exp. & 2 70-100 mm. (2°75-3'95").
Hab. Ceylon, the Anaimalai hills, Mysore and the Deccan up to Poona.
Race melanoides.—Northern and Eastern form. Differs as follows :—Wings on the whole longer and narrower; hyaline markings, especially in interspace 1 of fore wing and in cells of both fore and hind wing, very much broader. In many specimens the black ground-colour in these spaces is reduced to a mere slender black line enclosed in the subhyaline marking. On the underside the streaks are often much blurred and diffuse.
Hab. The Himalayas from Kashmir to Nepal; Sylhet; Assam ; Cachar; Chittagong; Arrakan; Burma and Tenasserim.
Neither form is constant either in markings or in habitat. In the British Museum collection there are specimens of true aglea from Burma, and others, inseparable from typical melanoides, from Mysore.
Larva. Dark claret-brown, two round chrome-yellow spots on each segment, with scattered smaller bluish-white spots between, clustering into and forming a conspicuous line along the sides ; legs and ventral surface purplish black, the tentacula, placed as usual on the 3rd and 12th segments, claret-brown. Food-plant, Tylophora carnosa.
Pupa. Green, spotted with blue and gold; much constricted behind the thorax.
16. Danais melanoleuca, Moore, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 581, pl. 58, fig. 3 3; M. & de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1882, p. 38; Moore (Parantica), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 58, pl. 12, figs. 2, 2a, dQ.
3 2. Very closely resembles D. aglea, Cramer; but the ground- colour of both fore and hind wings on the upperside is much darker, almost black, not fuliginous; the subhyaline streaks and spots, especially on the hind wing, are of greater extent and appear more transparent and white. A constant point of difference is the contrast in size of the basal and discal spots in interspaces 2 and 3 of the fore wing in D. melanoleuca, as compared with the pro- portion those spots bear in either the northern or southern race of D. aglea. Male sex-mark as in D. aglea.
Exp. 3 2 68-82 mm. (2°7-3'5").
C2
20 NYMPHALIDA.
Hab. Confined apparently to the Andamans and Nicobars. A very distinctly marked insular form allied to aglea. I have seen no varieties intermediate between the two.
17. Danais aspasia (Pl. I, fig. 3), Fubr. (Papilio) Mant. Ins. ii, 1787, p. 15. Danais crocea, Butler, P. Z. S. 1866, p. 57, pl. 4, fig. 5; M. & de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1882, p. 37, pl. 5, fig. 6; Moore (Bahora), Lep. Ind. i, 1690=92, p02, pe il2 mes iia. 2.
3 Q. Closely resembles both D. melanolewca, Moore, and D. melanoides, Moore. In size and in shape of wings it is like the former, but vein 11 in fore wing is never anastomosed with vein 12 ; in the shape and position of the hyaline bluish-white markings it is ike the latter. It differs from both as follows :—fore wing : hyaline marks in interspace 1; hind wing: interspaces 1 a, 1 6, 1, the discoidal cell, and the markings at the bases of interspaces 2-7 suffused more or less deeply with bright chrome-yellow. The outer border beyond the basal markings in the interspaces of the hind wing broader than in either D. melanoleuca or D. melanoides, showing more of the black ground-colour.
Eup. & 2 62-84 mm. (2°44-3°3").
Hab. Nepal? Assam? (Brit. Mus. Coll.) ; Arrakan, South Tenas- serim, extending to Malacca, Nias Island, and Sumatra.
I have compared the type of D. crocea, Butler, with the types of Papilio aspasia, Fabr., in the Banksian collection in the British Museum. They do not seem to me separable even as varieties.
D. philomela, Zinken-Sommer, from Java, differs in the greater extent of the yellow in the fore wing.
18. Danais agleoides, Felder, Wien. ent. Monatsch. iv, 1860, p. 398 ; M. & de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1882, p. 41; Moore (Parantica), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 58, pl. 14, figs. 1,1 a, 18,3 9.
3 @. Like D. aglea, but differs structurally in vein 11 of fore wing not being anastomosed with 12; the semihyaline streaks and spots on both fore and hind wing are shorter and narrower, especially on the latter, where a larger area of black margin beyond the streaks is shown than in D. aglea; the short slender streak between the apices of the two cellular streaks on the hind wing is longer and always free, never joined on either to the upper or to the lower streak. On the underside the ground-colour is of a browner tint than in D.aglea. Male sex-mark in form 2.
Exp. 3 2 76-80 mm. (2°95-3'1").
Hab. Burma, Tenasserim, extending through the Malayan Sub- region to Java.
19. Danais nilgiriensis, Moore, A. M. N. H. (4) xx, 1877, p. 44; MW. § de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1882, p. 48, pl. 6, fig. 9 g ; Moore (Badacara), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 65, pl. 16, figs. 1, 1a, 16,5 Q.
3 2. Upperside fuliginous black with bluish-white markings
DANAIS. 21
and spots. Fore wing: two streaks in interspace 1, coalescent at base and generally at their apices, a narrow streak, with two faintly indicated streaks above it, in cell; five discal spots and above them a long streak in interspace 5 ; a shorter one in 6; some costal spots and subterminal and terminal series of spots, the former series curved inwards opposite apex of wing, the four lower spots con- spicuously larger than the others ; the latter series incomplete, the spots small. Hind wing: inter- spaces 1a, 16, and 1 with narrow streaks, double in the last ; the cell Fig. 7.—Danais nilgiviensis, $. +. with a much broader, outwardly bluntly pointed streak, and beyond this in the interspaces a radiating series of elongate spots with a subterminal series of smaller spots and a terminal very incomplete series of dots. Underside similar, ground-colour browner, the spots more clearly defined. Antenne black; head and thorax black spotted with white; abdomen brownish above, dusky white below. Exp. 3 Q 82-84 mm. (3°:2-3'33"). Hab. Southern India; the Nilgiris ; Malabar, and Travancore hills.
20. Danais fumata, Butler, P. ZS. 1866, p. 53; Moore (Chittira), Lep. Ceyl.i, 1880, p. 9, pl. 4, figs. 1, la, 3 9; zd. (Chittira), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 67, pl. 16, figs. 2,24,26,5 9.
Danais taprobana, Felder, Novara Reise, Lep. Rhop. 1867, p. 349, pl. 42, fio. 4; WZ. § de N. Butt. Ind. 1, 1882, p. 44.
3 2. Upperside fuliginous black with sullied white mark- ings and spots as follows—fore wing: an elongate, broad, in- wardly attenuate, outwardly truncate stripe in interspace 1 ; a narrow stripe with indica- tions of two other stripes above it in discoidal cell; an oblique
Fig. 8.—Danais fumata, S. }. preapical series of three large
rectangular spots and two short streaks and a subterminal series of seven or eight small spots. Hind wing: a streak from base almost filling the discoidal
OE ae NYMPHALIDA,
cell, a much shorter, narrower streak at base of interspace 59, three or four subterminal spots and a series of minute obscure terminal dots. Underside browner, the white markings and spots more distinct, but shaded more or less with fuliginous brown, the dise beyond cell very dark brown ; termen subapically with a powdering of white scales. Antenne, head and thorax black, the latter two spotted with white beneath ; abdomen dark brown above, whitish below.
Exp. & 2 90-100 mm. (3°54-3°94").
Hab. Ceylon.
Genus EUPLG@A.
Eupleea, Fabr. Illig. Mag. vi, 1807, p. 280.
Crastia, Trepsichrois & Salpinx, Hubner, Verz. bek. Schmett. 1816, pp. 16 & 17. 7
Callipleea, Butler, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1875, p. 1.
Stictoploea, Butler, Journ. Linn. Soc. xiv, 1878, p. 301.
Isamia, Narmada, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i, 1880, pp. 10 & 13.
Menama, Tronga, Penoa, Mahintha, Karadira, Danisepa & Pademma, Moore, P. Z. S. 1883, pp. 264, 266, 274, 280, 281, 296 & 305.
Type, #. corus, from Ceylon. :
Range. Indo- and Austro-Malayan Regions. Found also in Mauritius and the Seychelles.
3 @. Fore wing variable in shape, more or less triangular, comparatively broad and short, or elongate and narrow, or, in the 3 of typical Huplea, and in some others, owing to the great convexity of the dorsum, almost subquadrate. Costa widely arched ; termen oblique, sometimes slightly convex or concave ; dorsum in ¢ always convex, in 2 straight or sinuous. Hind wing ovate, broad, sometimes subtriangular. Discoidal cell of both - fore and hind wing broad and long, over half length of wing ; in the hind wing sometimes over two-thirds the length of wing; discocellulars of fore wing sharply angulated and with a spur inwards, or slightly concave; rest of the neuration not variable ; veins 11 and 12 of fore wing never anastomosed; dorsum of fore wing on the underside, and costa of hind wing on the upperside, nacreous. Antenne over half length of fore wing; club very eradual; palpi short, somewhat thick, third joint conical; fore legs : tibie and femora subequal ; tarsi much shorter in dg, cylin- drical, biarticulate and tapering; in 2 clavate, quadriarticulate ; intermediate and posterior legs normal, their claws with paro- nychia and pulvilli. Secondary sex-marks in the d present or absent; when present consisting of peculiarly modified scales which take the appearance of a brand when on the fore wing, and of a patch different in colour from the surrounding scales on the hind wing.
Taking the secondary sex-marks in the males as a guide, Fabricius’s original genus Huploea has been split up into a very
EUPL@A.
large number of genera. It seems to me, however, more con- venient and more in accord with the very close relationship existing among the forms, to regard these secondary sexual characters in the males as of subgeneric value only, as was done
Ce ae,
Fig. 9.—Shape of wings in Huplea.
A. Subquadrate, 3.
B. Subtriangular, ¢. fon wing.
C. Triangular, 9 D. Hind wing.
by Marshall and de Nicéville in vol. i. of the ‘ Butterflies of India, Burma, and Ceylon.’ The arrangement given below, however,
differs slightly from that adopted in the work just quoted.
Key to the Subgenera.
3G.
A. Without secondary sex-marks (Menama amdalorg a. NOOLE)) 25. os = or kane) «
B. With secondary sex-marks.
a. On fore wing only *.
a’, One brand on fore wing (Crastia, Hiibner, Mahintha, Karadira, Penoa, MOOR ties as surges Sarthe Sh x b’. Two brands on fore wing (Stzctoplea, Butler, and Narmada, Moore) .... 6. On both fore and hind wing. A brand on fore wing, a patch on hind wing on or above subcostal vein (Salpinx, Hiibner, and Pademma, Isamia, Tiruna, Moore)
eo ee ees se we zee eo FF eee ee ee © wo ow
MENAMA, p, 24.
CRASTIA, p. dl.
STICTOPLEA, p. 28,
SALPINX, p. 37.
* With the exception of EH. alcathoe, the § of which has on the upperside’ of the hind wing, anteriorly, from base to near termen, a large area covered with
specialized scales unlike anything in any other form.
24 NYMPHALIDA,
e. On hind wing only. a'. A patch on hind wing on or above subcostal vein (Huplea, Fabr., and Calliplea, Butler) ........ aaa ate Evpraa (typical), p. 27. 6’. A patch on hind wing within cell below subcostal vein (Trepsichrois, IEEUDIVEN) Ge esc fe a ay ne ea aes TREPSICHROIS, p. 45.
Key to the forms of Menama.
A. Fore wing more or less glossed with blue. a. Hind wing not or only very slightly glossed with blue. Expanse 88-94mm. £. modesta, p. 24. 6. Hind wing: basal two-thirds glossed with blue. Expanse 118-120 mm... £. camaralzaman, p. 25. B. Fore wing not glossed with blue. a. Upperside dark purplish brown, terminal margins broadly paler, unspotted, or with only two or three white spots.. £. semulatrix, p. 25. b. Upperside dark brownish black with numerous white spots. a’. Spots in subterminal series on hind wing much larger than spots in ter- MmuInaliseries ite athe ee ed E. nicevilli, p. 26. 6'. Spots in subterminal and terminal series on hind wing subequal in size. a. Fore wing: apical spots of sub- terminal series large, elongate, divided only by the veins ...... E,, bremert, p. 26. b°. Fore wing: apical spots of sub- terminal series small, oval, some- what widely separate .......... Race biservata, p. 26.
21. Euplea modesta, Butler, P. Z.S. 1866, p. 273 6; M. §& de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1882, p. 77 ; Moore (Menama), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 73, pl. 17, figs. 2,2 a, 26,5 @. Crastia cupreipennis, Moore, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 823 5; M. & de N. (Euplea) Butt. Ind. i, 1882, p. 77. Menama tavoyana, Moore, P. Z. S. 1888, p. 265, pl. 30, fig. 6 g.
$. Fore wing much as in fig. 9 B (p. 23), but apex more pro- duced, termen more oblique. 9. Fore wing as in fig. 9 C. Hind wing in both sexes as in fig. 9 D, but termen straighter and more widely arched. ¢ 2. Upperside dark velvety brown; fore wing: basal two-thirds glossed with blue, disc with a few white spots and occasionally a subterminal row of white specks. Hind wing uniform, rarely with a suffusion of blue at base; subterminal and terminal series of white spots generally not extending beyond interspace 5, subterminal spots oval, larger than the terminal, the latter sometimes absent. Underside silky brown; fore wing: a spot in apex of cell, a more or less complete series of discal spots and spots in interspaces 8 and 9 white. Hind wing: a spot in apex of cell, a series of five or six small spots beyond, subter- minal and terminal series of spots more complete than on the
EUPL@A. 95
upperside, white, the subterminal spots elongate. Antenne, head, ° thorax and abdomen dark brown; beneath, except the antenne, speckled with white.
Exp. 3 Q 88-94 mm. (3°48-3°7").
Hab. Upper Burma, Pyinmana; Lower Burma; Tenasserim, extending to Siam.
22. Euplea camaralzaman, Butler, P. Z. S. 1866, p. 271, pl. 29, fic. 1 $; M. § de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1882, p. 77 ; Moore (Menama), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 72, pl. 17, figs. 1, la, d. Isamia carpenteri, Moore, Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 181, pl. 50, figs. 1, a2.
3. Fore wing as in fig. 9 B (p. 23), but dorsum much more convex. 9. Fore wingasin L. modesta. Hind wing in both sexes ovate. ¢ 2. Upperside dark velvety brown; basal two-thirds of both fore and hind wing glossed with blue, more restricted in the 9 than in the ¢. Fore wing in ¢ witha few terminal white dots near tornus; in 9, with a spot in apex of cell, two or three discal, a costal spot and an incomplete subterminal and terminal series of spots, white. Hind wing: ¢,an incomplete sub- terminal and terminal series of white subquadrate spots; 9 similar, with in addition a white spot in apex of cell and six or seven white discal spots; the spots in the subterminal and terminal series larger. Underside similar, but the spots and markings more distinct, with one or two additional spots. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen dark brown; beneath, antenne excepted, spotted and marked with white.
Exp. & 2 118-120 mm. (4°55-4°75"),
Hab. South Tenasserim. Male originally described from Siam.
I think there is little doubt that, as suggested by Herr Friih- stoffer, LE. camaralzaman and Isamia carpentert are the g and 2 of the same insect.
23. Euplea simulatrix, W.-M. & de N., J. A. S. B. 1881, pt.2, p. 229, 3; M.& de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1882, p. 76; Moore (Menama), Lep. Ind. 1, 1890-92, p. 74, pl. 18, figs. 1, la-le,g Q.
6 2. Shape of wings more or less as in #. modesta, dorsum straighter near tornus in ¢. Upperside dark brown, the margins broadly paler; 9 altogether paler than the ¢; fore and hind wing in ¢ uniform unspotted, in Q with a small pinkish-white costal spot. Underside: ground-colour similar ; fore wing: a spot at apex of discoidal cell, a small costal spot, and three discal spots bluish white. Hind wing: a bluish-white spot at apex of discoidal cell with five or six discal spots beyond. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen very dark brown, almost black; head, thorax and abdomen spotted with white.
Exp. 3 2 96-100 mm. (3°8-4”).
Hab. The Nicobars.
26 , NYMPHALIDA.
24, Euplea nicevilli, Moore (Tronga), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 77, pl. 20, figs. 1, la-le,d Q.
S 2. This form very closely resembles H. core, Cramer, var. vermiculata, Butler (p. 32), but the ¢ lacks the secondary sex-mark on the fore wing; the white spots on the wings in both sexes, especially the subterminal series, are extraordinarily large; the spots opposite the apex on the fore wing are elongated inwardly. Ground-colour of both wings darker than in &. core.
Exp. & 2 80 mm. (3°15").
Hab. Recorded so far only from the Sundarbans below Cal- cutta.
The types ¢ and 9°, the only specimens I know of, are in the British Museum. They were presented by Col. Swinhoe.
25. EKuplea bremeri, Felder, Wien. ent. Monatsch. iv, 1860, p. 398, 35. M. & de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1882, p. 78; Moore (Tronga), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 76, pl. 19, figs. 1, la-ld,g @. Tronga olivacea, Moore, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 267, 9.
Race biseriata.
Tronga biseriata, Moore, P. Z. 8. 1888, p. 266, 3; zd. Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 78, pl. 21, figs. 1, l a-ld, 5 @.
3. Fore wing somewhat as in fig. 9 A (p. 23), but less decidedly subquadrate. 2. Fore wing as in fig. 9 C, but apex more rounded, less produced. Hind wing in both sexes broadly ovate. Upper- side: from light somewhat yellowish brown to dark brownish black, costa of hind wing broadly paler. Fore wing: a spot in apex of cell, sometimes absent in the 3, a curved discal series of seven spots present only in the 9, in the ¢ reduced to a spot in inter- space 3 and a minute costal dot, a subterminal series of large oval spots, curving inwards opposite apex of wing—the spot in interspace 6 the largest—and a terminal series of much smaller spots, white. Hind wing with more or less incomplete subterminal and terminal rows of white spots. Underside similar, paler, with in the fore wing of ¢ an additional white spot at the apex of the cell and at bases of interspaces 3 and 4; in the hind wing of both sexes a spot at apex of cell and a discal series of five or six spots beyond. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen dark brown; the head and thorax beneath, and the abdomen at the sides, marked and spotted with white.
Exp. 3 2 84-100 mm. (3°3-3'95").
Hab. Recorded so far only from Tenasserim, extending to the Malay Peninsula.
Race biseriata, Moore, seems confined to the Nicobars, and — differs from . bremeri in the white spots on the wings being much smaller and more restricted.
EUPLO@A. 27
Key to the forms of Euplea (typical).
a. Of large size. Expanse 114-124 mm. Wings not glossed with blue. a’, Subterminal and terminal series of white spots on fore wing very incomplete, more or less OWSGlESCeMin Mey Merlin, Gaus Ds ee ALAA E. corus, p. 27. 6’. Subterminal and terminal series of white spots on fore wing complete, blurred, not well-
defined, but never obsolescent ............ E. pivcebus, p. 27. 6. Smaller. Expanse under 84 mm. Fore wings partially glossed with blue ...............- E. ledereri, p. 28.
26. Euplea corus, Fabr. (Papilio) Ent. Syst. iii, 1793, p. 41, 2; Moore, Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 107, pl. 37, figs. 1, larva & pupa, Na, 655 2). EKupleea elisa, Butler, P. Z. S. 1866, p.270; Moore, (Macroplea) Lep. Ceyl. i, 1880, p. 9, pl. 5, figs. 2,2a,¢ 2; M.§ de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1882, p. 72, pl. 8, fig. 14.
$. Fore wing as in fig. 9 A(p. 23). 2. Fore wing as in fig. 9 C. Hind wing in both sexes ovate. ¢ 2. Upperside golden olive- brown, lower portion of both wings shaded with fuscescent purple. Fore wing: a spot at apex of cell, two discal and a more or less incomplete subterminal and terminal series of white spots. Hind wing: a faintly marked spot in apex of cell and avery incomplete subterminal and terminal series of white spots, varying from two or three in the subterminal and none in the terminal to six or seven in each series. 92 with some faintly defined discal spots also. Underside similar, the spots better defined. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen dark brown, the abdomen glossed with blue above ; the palpi, thorax beneath and legs spotted with white.
Exp. & 2 114-120 mm. (4:1-4°75").
Hab. Ceylon. Confined apparently to the littoral tracts.
Larva. ‘ Cylindrical, purple-brown, with a pair of black-tipt fleshy filaments on the 3rd, 4th, and 12th segments, each of the segments with transverse dark brown streaks ; lateral line paler ; head and legs dark purple-brown.” (Moore.)
Pupa. “ Broad, thorax above oblique, uneven; abdominal seg- ment dorsally convex, purplish silvery grey, fasciated with goiden brown ; abdominal segments brown-spotted.” (MJoore.)
Food-plant unknown.
27. Euplea phebus, Butler, P. Z. 8. 1866, p. 270; Moore, Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 109, pl. 88, fies. 1,1a,g 9. Euploea castelnaui, Felder, Novara Reise, Lep. Rhop. 1867, p. 315; M.& de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1882, p. 72.
&6 @. 1 am in doubt whether this is not merely a race of EL. corus, Fabr., and not a distinct form. It certainly is very closely allied to the Ceylon form, from which it differs chiefly in the spots on both wings being larger, more blurred and dusky white, the centres of these often purer white; the discal and terminal series of spots on the fore wing are more complete,
28 NYMPHALIDA,
the former bent sharply inwards opposite the apex. Hind wing: lower portion below cell dark, unspotted. Underside: the white spots larger, better defined, the discal and terminal series on the hind wing complete.
Exp. 3 9 120-124 mm. (4°75-4:9").
Hab, Tenasserim, extending into the Malayan Subregion.
28. Euplea ledereri, Felder, Wien. ent. Monatsch. iv, 1860, p. 397 ; M.& de N. Butt. Ind. 1, 1882, p. 73; Moore (Calliploea), Lep. Ind. 1, 1890-92, p. 105, pl. 36, figs. 1, la-le,d @.
$. Fore wing as in fig.9 A (p. 23). 92. Fore wing as in fig. 9C. Hind wing in both sexes: costa strongly, termen and dorsum widely arched. Upperside: fore wing silky brown, in ¢ glossed with blue, in 9 with purplish on the anterior half; in both sexes it bears the following bluish-white spots—one in lower apex of cell, one in each of the interspaces 4, 6 and 10, and a subterminal series of six or seven, the upper two generally large, coalescent and blurred. Hind wing olivascent brown, darker in the middle in the ¢. Underside silky brown, the spots as on the upperside but white, and in the ¢ the subterminal series on fore wing in- complete, with two or three terminal dots beyond. In the 2 both series complete. Hind wing: the subterminal and terminal series of spots generally nearly complete. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen dark brown; head and thorax beneath and abdomen on underside barred with white.
Exp. & 2 70-84 mm. (2°7-3°2"),
Hab. Tenasserim, Mergui and southwards, extending to the Malay Peninsula.
Key to the forms of Stictopleea.
A. Fore wing not glossed with blue on upper- side. a. Subterminal and terminal series of white spots om fore wing distinct =...........- E. coreta, p. 29. 6. Subterminal and terminal series of white spots on fore wing more or less obsolescent. Race montana, p. 29. B. Fore wing glossed with blue on upperside. a. No discal spots on fore wing. a’. A complete series of subterminal white
Spots Oushimd witty Pee oe ocr een ae E. harvist, p. 30. b'. Subterminal series of white spots on hind wing broken, very incomplete ........ Var. crowleyt, p. 30.
b. Diseal spots on fore wing present. a’. A complete series of subterminal white Spots<on hind! wing: Hee ante. oo sl, Race hope, p. 30. ', Subterminal series of white spots on hind wing broken, incomplete, reduced to two or three spots below apex or entirely absent.
2 ° | Var. benotata, p. 30. a’. Mxpanse 100-105 mune... a. Oe. ) Var. regina, p. 30.
Os -emepanse SO, aim, . "eye tleve s oyect lanes ens Var. pygmea, p. 31.
EUPLO@A. 29
29. Euplea coreta, Godart (Danais), Encycl. Méth. ix, 1819,
Polisi 6 B. ee
Euploea coreoides, Moore, A. M. N. H. (4) xx, 1877, p. 44; ad. (Narmada) Zep. Ceyl. i, 1880, p. 13; M. § de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1882, p. 90; Moore (Narmada), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 134, pl ol, ties. 1, ha, ‘dS:
Race montana.
Euploea montana, Felder, Novara Reise, Lep. Rhop. 1867, p. 330: Moore (Narmada), Lep. Ceyl. i, 1880, p. 13, pl. 6, fig. 1 go; M. § de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1882, p. 91; Moore (Narmada), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 135, pl. 51, figs. 2, 2a, d Q.
¢ 2. In shape, colour, and markings, very closely resembles E. core (p. 32). Males, however, can be distinguished at once by the presence of two brands in- stead of a single one on the fore wing. Of the females de Nicé- ville says, females of ZH. coreta can be separated from the females of E. core by the following points: “ First by the outline of the fore wing being more entire ; in core it is slightly but perceptibly scalloped. Second, by the under- side of the fore wing having a complete series of six spots, one between each pair of nervules outside the cell; in core two of E these spots, those above the = discoidal nervules (veins 5 and 6), Fig. 10.—Huplea coreta, S. 1. are always wanting. Third, the two brands on the interno-median area (interspace 1) of the fore wing in the male are faintly but quite perceptibly to be traced in the female in the same position.” Hep. & 2 92-96 mm. (3°65-3°8"). , Hab. Southern India, Canara, Mysore, Wynaad, the Nilgiris, Travancore.
Race montana, Felder.—As typical EL. coretu closely resembles typical H. core, so montana, the Ceylon race of coreta, resembles asela, the Ceylon race of #. core. Recognizable points of difference between asela and montana are in both sexes the same as between core and coreta. |
Exp. & 2 90-94 mm. (3°55-3°7").
Hab. Confined to Ceylon.
An occasional specimen of LH. coreta approximates towards montana by the partial obsolescence of the terminal series of spots.
30 NYMPHALIDA.
30. Euplea harrisi (Pl. I, fig. 4), Felder, Novara Reise, Lep. Rhop. 1867, p. 328; Moore (Stictoploea), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 136, pl. 52, figs. 1, la, g 2
Euploea grotei, Felder, Novara Reise, Lep. Rhop. 1867, p. 339, pl. 41, fig.7 9; M. & de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1882, p. 91. Stictoploea crowleyi, Moore, Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 188, pl. 52, fig. 2, 3d. i Race hopei. Euploea hopei, Felder, Novara Reise, Lep. Rhop. p. 328, 6; M..§ Moore Pp
1
de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1882, p. 92, pl. 9, fig. 18, 6 2; Cra Cee . 302,03;
(Stictoploea), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 138, pl. 53, figs. 1,
Stictoploea microsticta, Butler, Journ. Linn. Soc. xiv, 1878, M. & de N. (Eupleea) Butt. Ind. i, 1882, p. 94.
Stictopleea binotata, Butler, Jour. Linn. Soc. xiv, 1878, p.302 ; M. § de N. (Euploa) Butt. Ind. i, 1882, p. 93; Moore, Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 138, pl. 53, fig. 2 ¢.
Stictoploea regina et pygmea, Moore, P. Z. S. 1883, pp. 319, 320; id. Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, pp. 139, 140, pl. 53, fig. 3 g, & pl. 52, figs. 3,3a, dQ.
g. Fore wing as in fig. 9 B (p. 23), but dorsum more convex, apex more rounded. @. Fore wing as in fig. 9 C, but apex slightly more rounded. ¢ Q. Hind wing ovate. Upperside dark velvety brown, fore wing glossed with blue from base to termen, a subterminal series of bright blue spots and an incomplete terminal series, commencing at the tornus, of small dots. Hind wing blue- glossed only in the middle; subterminal and terminal series of very white spots, the spots in the latter smaller and the series generally incomplete. Underside dark umber-brown, fore wing slightly blue- glossed in middle; markings as on the upperside, but with the following additional spots on both fore and hind wing :—a spot at apex of cells, and five to seven discal spots beyond bluish white ; one or more of these spots minute, often absent. Antenne black ; head, thorax and abdomen dark brown, the head and thorax slightly and minutely spotted with white.
Exp. 3 2 90-112 mm. (3°55-4").
Hab. Tenasserim, extending to the Malay Peninsula; Khasi Hills, Assam (de Nicéville).
Euplea grote’, Felder, seems to be a variety of Z. harrisi.
Euplea (Stictopleea) crowley’, Moore, of which the type is now in the Collection of the British Museum, is an undoubted variety of E. harrisi. It has the hind wing more or less immaculate on the upperside, the subterminal series of spots reduced to three just below the apex in the type, and the terminal series of spots wanting.
Race hopei, Felder, differs from typical harrist in having on the fore wing, in addition to the subterminal and incomplete terminal series of spots, a spot in apex of cell and a row of discal spots varying from two in var. regina, Moore, to six or seven in micro- sticta and binotata, Butler. On the hind wing the subterminal and terminal series of spots are very incomplete, reduced to two or three below the apex. Underside similar to the underside in £. harrisi,
EUPLE@A. 31
but the subterminal and terminal series reduced to mere dots, the former commencing below the apex and not reaching the tornus, the latter commencing at the tornus and not reaching the apex.
Exp. 5 Q 100-105 mm. (3'95—-4:15").
Hab. This, the northern form of £. harrisi, is found in Sikhim, Bhutan, Assam, Cachar, Arrakan and in many parts of Upper and Lower Burma to Northern Tenasserim. The farthest point to the south from which I have seen a specimen is Beeling.
Euplea (Stictoplea) pygmea, Moore, is clearly only a stunted variety of L. hopei.
Key to the forms of Crastia.
A. Fore wing not glossed with blue. a. Upperside: fore and hind wings dark brown, with numerous white spots.
a. Hind wing: subterminal series of spots prolonged into white streaks; ¢ with a large area anteriorly covered with spe- Cialized: scales 6.4. tal. Mes ge Pao he E. aleathoe, p. 36.
6’. Hind wing: subterminal series not pro- longed into streaks; G without any specialized scales on hind wing.
a’, Hind wing: spots in subterminal series considerably larger than spots in ter- minal series.
a’, Fore wing without a violaceous-white apical patch. a*, Fore wing with subterminal series of spots complete. a’. Fore wing: upper or preapical spots of subterminal series
rounded, not elongate ........ LE. core, p. 32.
6°. Fore wing: upper or preapical spots of subterminal series _ [p. 32. CHONG ALO, Ahn Ct diy o.0 oreo" Tuatha Var. vermiculata,
6*. Fore wing with subterminal series
of spots incomplete, obsolescent .. Race asela, p. 32. 6%. Fore wing with a violaceous-white
CHONG SOBRE NM Siesaceaa ee Oe iee EE, godarti, p. 33. 6°. Hind wing: spots in subterminal series
not larger than spots in terminal series. L. esper?, p. 30.
b. Upperside: fore and hind wings purplish brown, terminal margins broadly paler, unspotted or with only one or two white
STOOLS), SUEANE ad ee acre cs Cot CUererrn MBean LE. camorta, p. 34. c. Upperside: fore and hind wing pale vandyke- [p. 35. brown, with numerous white spots ...... Ei. andamanensis, B. Fore wing: basal half very obscurely glossed - with blue, seen only in certain lights........ E. layardi, p. 34. C. Fore wing glossed with blue from base to termen. a. Gloss on fore wing glistening cobalt-blue,
conspicuous. a’ Hind wing with subterminal and terminal spots more or less faint on upperside.... £. dione, p. 35.
OZ NYMPHALID&.
b'. Hind wing with subterminal and terminal spots always present, though series often
HN COMMPLELE Ae tens en eh cis vale elo sure te Race Limborgt, p. 36. b. Gloss on fore wing deep Prussian-blue, difficult . [p. 36. to see except in certain lights ............ Race menetries?,
31. Euplea core, Cramer (Papilio), Pap. Exot. iti, 1780, pl. 266, figs. E, F, ¢; M. § de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1882, p. 80, pl. 9, fig. 16; 3 2; Moore (Crastia), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 81, pl. 28, figs. 1, 1a, larva & pupa, 16-1d, $ 2; Dav. § <Airtk. Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. v, 1890, p. 266.
Euploea vermiculata, Butler, P. Z. 8. 1866, p.276; M. & de N. Butt. - Ind. i, 1882, p. 81; Moore (Crastia), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 80, pl. 22, figs. 1, La-le ¢ o-
Race asela.
Eupleea asela, Moore, A.M. N. H. (4) xx, 1877, p. 45 ; td. Lep. Ceyl. 1, 1880, p. 11, pl. 6, figs. 2 2, 2a, larva & pupa; M. § de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1882, p. 81; Moore (Crastia), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 84, pl. 24, figs. 1, 1a, larva & pupa, 1 b-ld, 5 Q.
3 2. Fore wing as in fig. 9 B and C respectively (p. 23); hind wing as in fig. 9 D, but termen more evenly arched. Upper- side dark brown, broadly paler along terminal margins ; fore and hind wing with subterminal and terminal series of white spots; on fore wing the former more or less oval, curved inwards opposite apex, the latter series often incomplete, not reaching apex, the spots smaller; often there is a small costal spot, and very rarely a spot in apex of cell and one or more discal spots ; on the hind wing the inner series of spots are elongate, the outer conical. Underside similar, but ground-colour more uniform; cell, costal and discal spots on both
Fig. 11.—-Euploa core, 3. fore and hind wing nearly always
present.
Exp. 3 Q 78-98 mm. (3-3°9"),
Hab. Throughout Continental India, and recorded from the Andamans.
Var. vermiculata, Butler, the common form in the foot-hilis and lower ranges of the Himalayas, differs in the spots of the sub- terminal series on the fore wing being conspicuously larger and either quadrate or cordate. Numerous intermediate forms between it and typical Z. core are recorded.
Race asela, Moore, seems more or less confined to Ceylon, though incidentally recorded from Western India. It differs
EUPL@A. 30
from typical Z. core in having the white spots in the subterminal and terminal series on the fore wing smaller and more or less -obsolescent.
Exp. 3 2 78-100 mm. (3-4).
Larva of typical EL. core.—Above bluish lilac, with a brownish- yellow lateral stripe, and each segment with three brownish trans- verse lines, four pairs of purplish tentacula, and the spiracles margined with brownish; beneath dark brown. Recorded food- plants : the common oleander, Cryptolepis pauciflora, Ficus indica, and Ficus glomerata.
Pupa. ‘Smooth, rounded, and fulvous, beautifully marked with silvery or golden spots and streaks ” (de Nicéville).
Larva of the race asela, as figured and described by Moore, differs in being of a pale colour and in wanting the brownish-yellow lateral ‘stripes. Food-plant, the oleander.
32. Euploea esperi, Felder, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xii, 1862, p. 482, ©; M.§ de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1882, p. 83 ; Moore (Crastia), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 88, pl. 27, figs. 2, 2a, 2b, dQ.
3 2. Shape of the wings as in #. godarti, Lucas. Upperside very dark brown, almost black, scarcely at all paler towards the terminal margins; fore and hind wings with subterminal and terminal series of white spots; on the fore wing the spots in the subterminal series much larger than the spots in the terminal series and bent inwards opposite apex, a spot in the apex of the cell often obsolescent and a discal series of four or five spots, of which one or two may be very small or obsolescent; on the hind wing the spots in the subterminal and terminal series subequal. Underside chocolate-brown, the white spots as on the upperside but more distinct, and in the hind wing with the addition of a spot in the apex of the cell and five or six discal small spots beyond. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen very dark brown, and, the antenne excepted, spotted with white beneath.
Exp. 3 Q 88-94 mm. (3°45-3°7").
Hab. The Nicobars.
33. Euplea godarti, Lucas, Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1853, p. 319, 9; M. & de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1882, p. 84; Moore (Crastia), Lep. Ind. 1, 1890-92, p. 85, pl. 26, figs. lad, 3 9.
Kuploea siamensis, Felder, Novara Reise, Lep. ii, 1867, p. 341, pl. 41, fig ONG) -
3. Fore wing subtriangular, tornus more rounded than in EK. core. @. Fore wing as in fig.9 C (p. 23).— ¢ 9. Hind wing broadly ovate. Upperside dark brown, broadly paler along the terminal margins, especially on the fore wing. Fore wing with more or less incomplete and obsolescent series of subterminal and terminal small white spots, and a powdering of violaceous-white scales at apex, varying very considerably in extent from a mere trace of violaceous between the veins to a large and very con-
VOL. I. D
34 NYMPHALID &.
with a subterminal series of oval or inwardly conical and terminal series of more rounded white spots. Underside paler brown, the white spots larger, more clearly defined. Fore wing not violaceous at apex, a spot (sometimes absent) in apex of cell, and two or three discal spots. Hind wing: a spot in apex of cell, also sometimes absent, and a discal series of five small spots beyond. Antenne, head, thorax and abdo- men very dark brown, and, the an- tenne excepted, sparsely spotted with white.
Fig. 12.—Euplea godarti, g. 1. Exp. & 2 82-108 mm. (3°25- 4:25"),
Hab. Throughout Burma and atoms extending to Siam.
spicuous patch occupying the whole of the apex. Hind wing
34, Euplea layardi, Druce, P. ZS. 1874, p. 103, pl. 16, fig. 1 ¢ ; Moore (Crastia), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 87, pl. 26, figs. 1, 1 a-1 ec,
dQ.
Kupleea subdita, Moore, P. Z. 8. 1878, p. 823; M.§ de N. Butt. Ind. 1, 1882, p. 82 ; Moore (Mahintha), Zep. Ind. i. 1890-92, p. 91, pl. 29, fis. 1, La-le, 6 QO.
Crastia binghami, Moore, P. Z.S, 1883, p. 278, ¢ Q.
3 9. This form was originally described from Siam. It closely resembles L. godarti, Lucas, but the base of the fore wing is faintly suffused with blue, there is no violaceous-white patch at apex, and the spots are more obsolescent than in typical £. godart:. Super- ficially it also resembles H. core race asela, Moore, from Ceyion, but in the $ the brand on the fore wing is broader and the dorsal margin of that wing distinctly more convex.
Exp. 3 2 88-100 mm. (3°5-3°95").
Hab. Burma; Tenasserim ; Siam.
The types of Moore’s Mahintha subdita are in the British Museum, and after careful comparison I am unable to find any valid distinction between them and the types (also in the British Museum) of £. layardi. Dr. Friihstoffer has, I believe, suggested that Mahintha subdita, Moore, is a dimorph of £. godarti. Cer- tainty on this point can only be obtained by experiments in breeding the insects.
30. Euplea camorta, Moore, P. Z, 8. 1877, p. 582, ¢ ; M.§ de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1882, p. 86; Moore (Crastia), Lep. Ind. 1, 1890-92, p. 90, pl. 28, figs. 2, 2a—2e, dO. 3 2. Shape of wings much as in &. godarti, Lucas, but tornus of fore wing still more rounded. Upperside: wings at base warm
EUPL@A. Bm)
dark sepia-brown, fading to bright burnt-umber-brown on the terminal third; uniform, entirely without spots or rarely with one or two small discal and a costal spot on the fore wing. Underside similar, somewhat paler. Fore wing: a spot in apex of cell, a large and a small discal and an outwardly conical costal spot white. Hind wing: a white spot in apex of cell and a discal series of five or six small spots beyond. These spots often tinged with blue. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen dark brown, and, the antenne excepted, sparsely spotted with minute violaceous- white dots.
Exp. 3 2 90-100 mm. (3:55-3:95"),
Hab. The Nicobars.
36. Euplea andamanensis, Atkinson, P. Z. S. 1873, p. 736, pl. 63; fie. 2 3; UM. & de N. Butt. Ind. i, "1882, ?. seat Moore (Karadira), Ton Ind. 1, 1890-92, p. 93, pl. 30, figs. 1) lia- le, 6
$. Fore wing as in fig. 9 B (p. 23), but the termen slightly concave in the middle. @. Fore wing as in fig. 9 C._— ¢ 9. Hind wing broadly ovate. Upperside very pale vandyke-brown, dark- ening outwardly. Fore and hind wings with subterminal and terminal series of white spots. In the fore wing, in addition, a spot in apex of cell and two discal spots; in the subterminal series the lower three spots diamond-shaped, very much larger than the upper spots, which latter are curved inwards opposite apex of wing. On the hind wing the spots in both series are elongate, the spots in the subterminal longer than the spots in the terminal series. Underside very similar, the white spots larger, the discal series on the fore wing often complete. On the hind wing some additional spots near base, a spot at apex of cell and a discal series of five or six small spots. Antenne dark brown; head, thorax and abdomen pale silky brown, spotted, chiefly beneath, with white.
Exp. 3 2 90-100 mm. (3°5-3°95"),.
Hab. The Andamans.
A variety, larger, darker, and with proportionately narrower wings, but with the character of the markings identical, was sent to me by Mr. G. Rogers, Deputy Conservator of Forests, from the Little Andamans.
37. Euplea dione, Westwood, Cab. Or. Ent. 1848, p. 76, pl. 37, fig. 3 3; M.§ de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1882, p. 88; Moore (Penoa), Lep. Ind. i, 1882, p. 98, pl. 34, figs. iL la- -Te, or Euploa poeyi, Felder, Novara Reise, Lep. ii, 1867, p. 340, 2. EKuploea magnifica, Butler, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1874, p. 428, @.
Race limborgi.
Kupleea limborgi, Moore, P. Z. 8.1878, p. 823, pl. 51, fig 2 6; M.S de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1882, p. 89; Moore (Penoa), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 97, pl. 33, figs. 1, la-le, dQ.
D2
36 NYMPHALID&.
Race menetriesi. Kuploea menetriesi, Lelder, Wren. ent. Monatsch. iv, 1860, p. 398 ; M. & de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1882, p. 87 ; Moore (Penoa), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 95, pl. 32, figs. 1, la-le, 3 Q.
3 Q. Wings as in #. godarti but more elongate, and the tornus of ore wing in the ¢ more rounded; hind wing somewhat pear- shaped in both sexes. Upperside very dark brown. Fore wing, except a narrow apical margin, entirely suffused with a brilliant iridescent blue ; a spot at apex of cell, a discal and a costal spot white. These spots rarely absent. Hind wing uniform brown, without or with only a faint blue iridescence in the middle, and subobsolete, somewhat incomplete subterminal and terminal series of dusky white spots. Underside chocolate-brown, the spots as on the upperside, but more distinct ; in the fore wing an additional comparatively large spot in interspace 2; in the hind wing a small white spot in apex of cell and five or six discal spots beyond ; the subterminal series of spots sometimes wanting.
Exp. 3 2 94-110 mm. (3°7-4'35").
Hab. Northern India ; Sikhim ; Sylhet ; Assam ; Upper Bima: on Western frontier.
Race limborgi, Moore, differs from typical dione as follows :— Hind wing somewhat paler, subterminal and terminal series of spots more complete, pure white not dusky, the former elongate, the latter more or less truncate exteriorly and rounded interiorly. Fore wing on the upperside generally but not in- variably unspotted, on the underside in addition to the cellular, discal and costal spots there are often a few terminal white dots at apex and tornus.
Exp. & 2 92-106 mm. (3°6-4:2").
Hab. Burma; Tenasserim; Siam. In Upper Burma the range of this race overlaps that of the typical form and in Southern Tenasserim that of the race menetriest.
Race menetriesi, Felder.—Differs from dione in the ground- colour of the wings, which are of a dark Prussian-blue only iridescent in certain lights. As in dione, the subterminal and terminal series of spots on the upperside ‘of the hind wing are dusky white and incomplete.
Exp. 3 2 85-90 mm. (3:4-3°6"). .
Hab. The extreme south of Tenasserim, extending far into the Malayan Subregion.
38. Euplea alcathoe, Godart (Danais), Encycl. Méth. ix, 1819, p.178; M. & de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1882, p. 86, pl. 9, fig. 17, 5 2; Moore (Penoa), Lep. Ind. i, 1890- -92, p. 94, pl. 3l, ‘figs. i la- -le, d@.
3 9. Shape of wings asin #. dione. . Upperside very dark velvety brown without any blue gloss. Fore wing unspotted or with only two or three white dots near the tornus. Hind wing: a dull opaque fuscous patch from base nearly to termen through
EUPL@A. 37
the cell; a subterminal series of very elongate white spots or streaks in the interspaces, decreasing in length towards apex, often in the posterior interspaces produced on to the conspicuous terminal row of elongate spots. Underside similar, but in both fore and hind wing an additional white spot in apex of cell and a few discal spots beyond.—@. Upperside similar to the g, but of a lighter brown. Fore wing with a cellular, two or three discal, a costal and subterminal and terminal series of white spots, the former series often, the latter always incomplete. Hind wing as in the ¢, but no dark fuscous patch and the subterminal streaks and terminal spots fuller and broader. Underside similar, the white spots very large. Antenne black; head, thorax and abdomen dark velvety brown, thickly spotted with white beneath.
Exp. 3 & 94-100 mm. (3°5-4").
Hab. Manipur; Assam; Cachar; Arrakan; Burma and Tenas- serim.
Key to the forms of Salpinx.
A. Brand on fore wing in ¢ short, not longer than 6 mm. a. Fore wing entirely suffused with brilliant iridescent blue. a’. Three white elongate costal spots above apex of cell on fore wing. a’, Hind wing without or with only a very small spot in interspace 4.... £. dvocletiana, p. 88. 6°, Hind wing with a comparatively large triangular spot always present in MIT teNS ACE Ae srl ee rece chs «4 ats, 3) + Race ramsay?, p. 39. b'. One white costal spot, occasionally ab- sent, in fore wing. a*, Wings comparatively elongate. Fore Wing with one or more discal spots alyvaVSPNESEMbie.c5 ici. Pe Le cuocld ewe = Ki. klugu, typical, p. 39. 62, Wings generally broader in _pro- portion to length; discal spots sometimes present, often absent .. L. klugii, varieties, b. Fore wing: base only suffused with blue, p. 41. soinetimes very faint or wanting. a’, Fore wing: spots in subterminal series decreasing in size towards apex. a’, These spots distinct .............. E.. kollarz, p. 41. 6°. These spots more or less obsolescent. Race senhala, p. 42. b’. Fore wing: spots in subterminal series increasing in size towards apex. a’, Fore wing: subterminal series of white spots complete, distinct, well-
defined. a®, Subterminal series of white spots on hind wing complete ........ Ei. crassa, p. 42. 6°. Subterminal series of white spots on hind wing very incomplete ... Var. macelellandi, p. 43.
6?. Fore wing: subterminal series of white spots very incomplete, often blurred, very large near apex .... Other varieties, p. 43
33- NYMPHALID#.
B. Brand on fore wing in 3 long and narrow, over 9 mm. in length. a, Fore wing suffused with brilliant iridescent
blue from base to termen ............ EE. splendens, p. 45. 6. Fore wing suffused with blue only on
[Nelsell MON, poe op odaasacsuongen ods EE. margarita, p. 44. c. Fore wing bronze-brown without any blue
£50 CO)SIST a) RI eA a A OU E. roepstorfi, p. 44.
39. Eupleea diocletiana (PI. I, fig. 5), Fabr. (Papilio) Ent. Syst. iii, 1793, p. 40; M. § de N. Bult. Tad. i, 1882, p. 71. Papilio rhadamanthus, Fabr. Ent. Syst. 111, 1793, p. 42; WM. § de N. pt. (Huploea), Butt. Ind. 1, 1882, p. 69; Moore (Danisepa), Lep. Ind. i 1eSIOSS IL, jo, IEA coll, 39, figs. 2,2 2a, 2 "2b, OQ
face ramsayl. EKuploea rhadamanthus, pt., M. § de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1882, p. 69, ply, ne ls 2. Danisepa t ramsayi, Moore, Lep. Ind. i, 1890-91, p. 111, pl. 39, figs. 1 hay & 2c
3. Fore wing: dorsum and termen very convex; costa arched. @. Fore wing: differs only in being narrower and the dorsum sinuous. Hind wing in both sexes: costa and termen strongly curved, forming together half of an ellipse of which the straight dorsal margin is the chord.—g. Upperside black, the fore wing with a brilliant blue gloss throughout, the base brown; hind wing : the upper portion silky hair-brown, the disc and terminal margin shot with blue. Fore wing: a very large, irregular, white spot filling the apex of the discoidal cell, three elongate spots divided by the nervures above and one or two small white spots below, the whole forming an irregular oblique bar; a large sub- terminal blue spot in interspace 2 and smaller similar spots in interspaces 4—7; finally a line of 3 or 4 small terminal blue spots near the tornus: all these blue spots occasionally white-centred. Hind wing: broad white streaks in interspaces la, 16, 1 and 2, a spot (sometimes absent) at base of interspace 3, another (but rarely) at base of interspace 4, one or two discal blue spots and very incomplete subterminal and terminal series of similar spots. Underside hair-brown, the markings as above but more complete and larger; on the hind wing there are in addition one or two spots or streaks in the cell and on the disc beyond it.— 2 . Upper- side pale umber-brown, the apical half of the fore wing with or without blue gloss; markings similar to those of the ¢, but all of them white and somewhat larger, especially the two spots at the lower end of the oblique bar on fore wing ; on the hind wing there are in addition three white streaks in the cell with two or three spots beyond, the subterminal and terminal series of spots white and generally complete. Underside similar, the markings broader. Antenne black; head, thorax and abdomen in ¢ bluish black, in 2 cinereous ; in both sexes the palpi and thorax beneath spotted
EUPLG@A, 39
with white, the abdomen transversely barred with the same colour. 3
Exp. 3 2 73-86 mm. (2°9-3:4").
Hab. N. India? (Lt. James), Sylhet; Khasi Hills ; Assam ; Cachar ; throughout Burma; Tenasserim and the Malay Penin- ‘sula; Sumatra.
Race ramsayi, Moore.—Differs in being on the whole larger, with the white markings of great width, in the 2 almost entirely filling the cell in the hind wing. In both sexes streaks are always present in interspaces 3 and 4 of the hind wing, while the sub- terminal and terminal series of spots on that wing are generally complete. The Q in all the specimens I have examined has a decided blue gloss on the apical half of the fore wing.
Kup. 3 2 96-102 mm. (3°8-4").
Hab, Eastern Himalayas, Nepal, Sikhim.
Other allied races are £. lowit from Borneo, and E. alcidice, Godt., from Java.
40. Euplea klugii, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i, 1857, p. 180; M.§& de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1882, p. 64; Moore (Pademma), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 117, pl. 42, figs. 1, la, 16, $2.
Kuploeea novaree, Felder, Verh. zool-bot. Ges. Wren, xii, 1862, p. 482 ; 7d. Novara Reise, Lep. Rhop. 1867, p. 317, pl. 39, fig. 7 3; M. § de N, Butt. Ind. i, 1882, p. 68; Moore (Salpinx), Lep. Ind. 1, 1890-92, p. 114, pl. 40, figs. 1, 1 a, 18, Ss.
Kupleea vestigiata, Butler, P. Z. S. 1866, p. 288, fig. 1 9; M.§ de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1882, p. 67.
Salpinx leucogonis, Butler, Trans. Linn. Soc. (2) i, 1878, p. 536, pl. 68, fie. 5 9: M. §& de N. (Euplea), Butt. Ind. i, 1882, p. 69; Moore, Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 115, pl. 41, figs. 1, la-le, 5 @.
Salpinx illustris, Butler, Jour. Linn. Soc. xiv, 1879, p. 294; M. & de N. (Euplea), Butt. Ind. i, 1882, p.66; Moore (Pademma), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 119, pl. 45, figs. 1, la, dg 2.
Salpinx grantiu, Butler, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1879, p.2; M. & de N. (Euploea) Butt. Ind. 1, 1882, p. 65.
Pademma dharma, augusta, indigofera, imperialis, & regalis, Moore, P. Z. 8. 1883, pp. 306, 307, pl. 32, fig. 2 (dharma Q), fie. 3 (indigo- fera 3); 2d. Lep. Ind. 1, 1890-92, pp. 118-120, pl. 42, figs. 2,2 a (augusta 5 9), pl. 43, fies. 2, 2a (imperialis 5 @), pl. 48, figs. 1, lua, & 5 (regalis ¢ 2 KX indigotera 3).
Pademma hamiltoni, var. nov., Swink. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 269.
6. Fore wing very variable in shape, especially in the outline of the termen and dorsum. In the type it is comparatively long in proportion to width owing to the less convexity of the dorsal margin, and has the termen oblique, slightly convex ; in var. novare it is remarkably broad, the great convexity of the dorsal margin making it almost subquadrate, while the termen is more convex than in the typical form. In the Q the difference is less marked.
3 2. Typical form. Upperside: fore wing dark brown suffused
40 NYMPHALIDZ,
up to the termen with a brilliant blue gloss; a spot in apex of cell, a small costal spot, two short streaks beyond apex of
Fig. 13.—EHuplea klugii. Variations in shape and markings of fore wing.
cell, and in the ? two discal spots: in the g subterminal and terminal series of spots; in the 92 the latter series wanting: in both sexes the subterminal spots produced inwards. All the spots bluish white in colour. Hind wing umber-brown, the centre glossed with blue ; subterminal rows of spots incomplete or obsolescent, the former reduced to two or three spots below the apex, the latter in the ¢ mere dots; in the 9 absent, only seen by trans- parency from the underside. Underside similar, paler brown, not glossed with blue; centre of fore wing dark, spots more clearly defined, subterminal and terminal Fig. 14.—Euplea hklugii, SeTies more or less complete. Antenne Variation in shape and biack; head, thorax and abdomen velvety marking of fore wing. brown, head and thorax speckled with bluish white.
Exp. 3 2 78-110 mm. (3°1-4°35").
Hab. Bengal, Maldah ; Sikhim ; Bhutan; Assam; Cachar; Arra- kan; Burma; Tenasserim ; the Nicobars, to the Malay Peninsula.
There can be no doubt as to the extreme variability of this form,
EUPL@A. - 4]
and I would draw attention to a paper on the subject by the late Mr. de Nicéville in the ‘ Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal,’ 1892, pt. 11, p. 243. He shows at great length that many forms have been named and received specific rank which are not even geographical races or subspecies.
The following, however, are short summaries of the points of difference in the most striking varieties, which have all, at one time or another, been considered distinct forms :—
Var. novare, Felder.—Besides the difference in the shape of the fore wing in the <, typically this form is much darker, the gloss on the fore wing is of a deeper blue, and the spots are reduced to a small costal and a subterminal series of spots on the fore wing, and to two or three small spots below the apex on the hind wing.
Vars. leucogonys and vestigiata, Butler, resemble xovare, but have on the fore wing two or three discal spots and sometimes an incomplete terminal series of dots.
Var. augusta 3 , dharma 9 , Moore.—“ Upperside darker blackish brown than in typical P. klugw and of a more brilliant glossy blue, with a bluish-white spot above end of the cell, a similar mark at lower end of the cell, two very slender streaks beyond, a spot between the middle and lower median veinlet (veins 2 and 3).”
Var. illustris, Butler, is less glossed with blue on the terminal margin of the fore wing and has no discal or subterminal spots on that wing below vein 4.
Var. imperialis, Moore.—Subterminal and terminal spots on fore wing larger than in typical L. klugwi, with a tendency in the ¢ for the spots to become confluent.
Var. regalis, Moore.—Both series of terminal spots complete on fore wing to tornus.
Var. mdigofera, Moore.—A costal spot, two slender discal streaks and complete subterminal and terminal series of spots on fore wing. On hind wing subterminal series incomplete, terminal complete.
Var. hamiltoni, Swinhoe.—Fore wing: subterminal series of spots incomplete, terminal complete. On hind wing both series complete.
The two forms next described were considered by Mr. de Nicé- ville mere geographical races of £. klugiw. I have kept them separate purely as a matter of convenience.
41. Euplea kollari, Felder, Novara Reise, Lep. ii, 1867, p. 325, 3; Moore (Pademma), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 124, pl. 47, figs. 2, 200 De
Isamia, site Moore, Ent. Month. Mag. 1882, xix, p. 34.
Euplea sinhala, pt.. WM. & de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1882, p. 66, pl. 7, fig. 12, ¢ 9.
fiace sinhala.
Euploea sinhala, Moore, A.M. N. H. (4) xx, 1877, p. 45 ; ed. (Isamia), Lep. Ceyl. i, 1880, p. 10, pl. 5, fig. 1 ¢ ; pt. I. § de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1882, p. 66, pl. 7, fig. 12, ¢ 9; Moore (Pademma), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 126, pl. 47, figs. 3, 8a, dQ.
6 @. Shape of wings as in &. klugit, but not so variable.
42 NYMPHALIDA.
Upperside, § 2, very dark olive-brown, paling to lighter brown towards the termen ; both wings with complete or nearly complete series of subterminal and terminal white spots, the former larger than the latter, in the fore wing decreasing in size towards, and curving inwards opposite, the apex ; in the hind wing elongate- oval, much larger than the terminal spots, these latter very regular, two in each interspace in the fore wing, obsolete towards the apex. Underside of a paler olive-brown, the spots as on upperside, with the addition mm the fore wing of two to four discal spots, that in interspace 2 the largest, and a small costal spot; in the hind wing of one or two discal specks. Antenne very dark brown ; head, thorax and abdomen dark brown, the former two speckled sparsely with white.
Lap. & 2 100-104 mm. (3°9-41").
Hab. Peninsular India in a line south of Bombay, but confined to the littoral. Further east it is recorded from Orissa and Bengal.
face sinhala, Moore.—¢ ¢. Differs from the form kollari solely in the subterminal and terminal spots on the wings being very much smaller ; on the fore wing often obsolescent towards the apex.
Exp. 3 2 90-100 mm. (3°53-3°95").
Hlab. Confined to Ceylon.
The race seems constant.
42. Kuplea crassa, Butler, P. Z.S. 1866, p.278: M. & de N. Butt. ind. i, 1882, p. 63; Moore (Pademma), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 121, pl. 45, figs. 2,24, dQ.
EKuplcea erichsoni, Felder, Novara Reise, Lep. 11, 1867, p. 324; M. & de N. Butt. Ind.i, 1882, p. 63.
Salpinx masoni, Moore, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 823, ¢; M. § de N. (Eupleea), Butt. Ind. 1, 1882, p. 64; Moore (Pademma), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 123, pl. 46, fig. 1 o.
Pademma macclellandi, pembertoni, uniformis, burmeisteri, & apicalis, Moore, P. Z.S. 1883, pp. 808, 309; id. Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 120, pl. 44, figs. 2, 2a, ¢ 2 (macclellandi), p. 124, pl. 46, figs. 3, 83a, ¢ Q (pembertoni), p. 124, pl. 47, fig. 1 o (uniformis), p. 123, pl. 45, figs. 3,3.a, 5 @ (burmeisteri), & p. 123, pl. 46, figs. 2, 2a, d Q (apicalis).
3 Q. Typically resembles ZH. kollarz, Felder, in shape of wings and in having on the upperside only a subterminal and terminal series of white spots on both wings, but the basal portion of the fore wing only, in it and in all its varieties, is glossed with blue, which colour never extends to the termen. The centre of the hind wing also in some specimens bears a faint violescent or blue gloss, while the subterminal spots on the fore wing increase, not decrease, in size towards the apex, the spot in interspace 6 being the largest; the spots above it again decrease in size to the costa. The terminal spots on the hind wing are always smaller than in £. kollari, and in the type (@ ) there are two or three obsolescent elongate discal
EUPL@A. 43
spots on the fore wing. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen very dark brown, the head and thorax above and below very sparsely speckled with white.
Exp. & 2 81-110 mm. (8°2-4°35").
Hab. Maldah (de Nicéville) ; Cachar ; Arrakan; Lower Burma; Tenasserim, extending into Siam, the Malay Peninsula, and Cochin China.
E. crassa is almost as variable as FE. klugw.
Var. masoni, Moore, is slightly darker in colour than typical crassa ; subterminal series of spots in fore wing very incomplete, commencing in interspace 4.
Exp. & 2 92-102 mm. (3°6-4").
Hab. Recorded from Tenasserim.
Var. macclellandi, Moore.—If, as Mr. de Nicéville stated (t. c.), E. crassa is a mere race of &. klugii, then var. macclellandi forms the link between the two. I have, however, only seen one specimen, the type, which is now in the collection of the British Museum; the markings on this specimen resemble those on E. klugti, but as the blue gloss is confined to the basal portions of the fore wing, I prefer to place E. macclellandi as a variety of Ei. crassa.
EHxp. 2 100 mm. (3°95"),
flab. Recorded from Nowgong, Assam. |
Var. pembertoni, Moore.—The subterminal spots near apex of fore wing very large, tinged with purple. Often some discal streaks and spots. Recorded from Lower Burma.
Var. uniforms, Moore.—Darker and of a more uniform brown than the typical form, the subterminal and terminal spots very small, often mere dots. Recorded from E. Bengal, Shillong (Moore).
Var. burmeistert, Moore.—The subterminal row of spots in the fore wing large, often coalescing with the terminal spots. Re- corded from Tenasserim and Cochin China.
Var. apicalis, Moore.—“ Near to typical P. crassa, but of a more greenish-olivaceous colour, contrasting distinctly thereby with the brownish olivaceous of the typical form. Fore wing with a complete row of marginal spots, the submarginal row composed of five apical spots only.” (Moore.) Recorded from Burma.
43. Euplea splendens, Butler, P. Z. S. 1866, p. 272, 3; Moore (1samia), Lep. Ind. 1, 1890-92, p. 128, pl. 48, figs. 1, la, g,16 9, le Var. Gis Euploea rogenhoferi, Felder, Novara Reise, Lep. ii, 1867, p. 325; M. & de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1882, p. 60. Euploea irawada, Moore, A. M. N. H. (4) xx, 1877, p. 45, 3.
3. Fore wing as in £. klugii, but more elongate, apex more produced, termen distinctly more oblique, almost straight. 9. Fore wing differs only in the dorsum being straight. g 9. Hind wing:
44 NYMPHALID &.
dorsal margin straight, terminal and costal margins together very strongly arched. Upperside, ¢ 9, dark velvety brown, the hind wing somewhat paler than the fore wing, the latter entirely, the former in the middle only, glossed with brilliant blue. Fore wing: a spot in cell, a discal series of violaceous spots im inter- spaces 2-6, 9 and 10, the latter sometimes centred with white, a curved subterminal row of six white spots and a terminal series, sometimes obsolescent, of six or seven white dots. Hind wing with a subterminal and terminal series of white spots, nearly complete but often faint and obsolescent, not reaching the tornus. Underside rich umber-brown, darker on the disc in the fore and on the basal portions of the hind wing; the spots as on upperside, but the discal series in fore wing reduced to a violaceous spot in interspace 2 and a small costal spot, the terminal dots more numerous ; in the hind wing there are in addition five discal spots beyond the cell. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen dark velvety brown, a few white spots on the head and thorax.
Exp. 3 2 96-112 mm. (3°e-4:4"),
Hab. Hastern borders of Kumaun; Nepal; Sikhim; through Assam, Cachar, and Burma to North Tenasserim.
44. Kuplea margarita, Butler, P. Z. S. 1866, p. 279; M. & de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1882, p. 62; Moore (Isamia), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p- 129, pl. 45, figs. 1, la-ld, 3 Q.
3 @. Closely resembles L. splendens, Butler, but on the upper- side the brilliant blue gloss never occupies more than the basal two-thirds of the fore wing. On the hind wing it is as in E. splendens ; the spots are much reduced in number on the fore wing, sometimes entirely absent or obsolescent, when present there is generally a spot at apex of cell and one in interspaces 2, 3 and 10 respectively, with a white dot or so about the tornus. On the hind wing there is a complete subterminal and terminal series of white spots. Underside similar to the upperside, but the spots more numerous. Male sex-marks as in 4. splendens.
Exp. 3 2 86-104 mm. (3°38-4:1").
Hab. North Tenasserim southwards to the Malay Peninsula.
45. Euplea roepstorfi, Moore (Tiruna), P. Z. S. 1883, p. 316, pl. 32, fig. 8 g; id. (Tiruna) Lep. Ind. 1, 1890-92, p. 133, pl. 50, fig. 33.
d. Fore wing as in fig. 9 A (p. 23), but the apex somewhat more produced. Hind wing broadly ovate. Closely resembles HE. andamanensis in ground-colour and pattern of markings on the wings, but the former is of a more bronze-brown and slightly darker. Upperside: fore wing with the followig white spots—a minute costal spot, a subterminal sinuous row of 6 large and a terminal row of 8 much smaller spots. Hind wing: a subterminal and a terminal row of spots, the former elongate, the latter smaller and somewhat quadrate. Underside: ground-colour and
load
EUPLE@A. 45
spots as on the upperside, with the addition in the fore wing of a lunate spot in the apex of the cell and 5 discai spots beyond, the lowest elongate rectangular, the next quadrate, the others minute, the terminal row complete up to the apex of wing. The hind wing has, in addition, a spot in apex of cell and 6 discal minute spots. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen darker brown, the head, thorax and abdomen spotted and marked with white.
Exp. 3 98 mm. (3°9").
Hab. Andamans.
The @ is unknown. The above description is taken from a solitary specimen of a ¢ in the collection of Mr. H. Druce. I am indebted to Mr. Hamilton Druce for kindly lending me the specimen. ‘The insect seems to be very rare.
Key to the forms of Trepsichrois.
a. Hind wing immaculate. a’. Fore wing shot with brilliant blue, discal, subterminal and terminal spots bluish “PLAT: a ee ae RS ee Gai Re ee REG, E. mulaber 3, p. 45. b'. Fore wing with less brilliant blue, discal, subterminal and terminal spots pure
We epee ey cacy aicintn din aac an ates sireraMieeeretay Var. kalinga 3, p. 46.
6. Hind wing streaked with white............ E. muleiber 2, p. 45. ce. Hind wing not streaked with white, a line of
G@nseure subsermanal dots)... oc. %-c 20.00 > 2 Var. kalinga 2, p. 46.
46. Euplea mulciber (PI. I, fig. 6). Papilio midamus, pt., Linn. Mus. Ulr. 1764, p. 251. Kuplcea et Trepsichrois midamus, Linn. apud auct. Papilio mulciber, Cramer, Pap. Exot. ii, 1799, pl. 127, figs. C, D. Trepsichrois linneei, Moore, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 286, pl. 29, fig. 4; ¢d. Te i i, 1890-92, p. 100, pl. 35, figs. 1, larva & pupa, 1a, ih ; Euploa (Trepsichrois) kalinga, Doherty, J. A. S. B. 1886, pt. 2, p- 256; Moore (Trepsichrois), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 104. ¢. Fore wing as in fig. 9 B (p. 23), but apex and tornus more broadly rounded, the termen straighter. @. Fore wing as in fig. 9 C.—¢S Q. Hind wing ovate. Upperside: in the $ dark brown entirely glossed with brilliant blue ; the following violescent white spots—a spot in apex of cell, a much curved series of five or six discal spots, a subterminal sinuous row of larger spots and an incomplete terminal series of dots. Hind wing uniform, unmarked except for a large patch of light-brown, densely-set hair-like scales on the outer upper third of the wing. The 9? is a lighter brown, the fore wing only glossed with blue on the disc ; spots white, and more or less similar to those on the fore wing of the 3, but larger and pure white; in addition a streak in cell and another curved streak in interspace 1 showing through faintly from the underside. Hind wing: narrow white streaks in cell and in the interspaces beyond and a terminal row of
46 NYMPHALIDA.
slightly elongate white spots. Underside, $ 9, similar to the upperside in each, but the markings broader, larger and more distinct; in the ¢ there are besides a small white spot in apex of cell, two or three discal and incomplete sub- terminal and terminal series of white dots. Antenne, head, thorax, and abdomen dark velvety brown, the ab- domen glossed with greenish blue above ; beneath, the head and thorax spotted, the abdomen transversely banded with white.
Exp. 3 2 88-104 mm. (3°45-4°1").
2 Hab. The Himalayas from
Fig. 15.—Euplea mulciber, Q. 1. Simla to Sikhim; Nepal ;
Assam; Cachar; Upper and Lower Burma; Tenasserim ; the Nicobars; extending to Siam, the Malay Peninsula and Borneo.
Larva. ‘ Cylindrical, with four pairs of long fleshy subdorsal filaments which have pink bases and black tips, three pairs being on the anterior segments and the fourth pair on the 12th segment. Body pinkish white with lateral yellowish blotches, the segments each divided by a black line and anteriorly bordered by a narrow transverse pink band and purple-brown stripes ; spiracles black ; head with a dark red stripe in front and one on each side; fore legs black, middle and hind legs black ringed with pink.” (Moore, Larva of the Javan form, £. claudia.)
Pupa. ‘‘ Short, thick across the middle; thorax concave behind ; abdominal segments dorsally convex, metallic golden-brown with darker brown anterior stripe.” (Moore.)
Var. kalinga, Doherty, found in the hills of Ganjam, Vizaga- patam and Jaipur, may be a local race of EH. mulciber, Cramer, but I have only been able to examine a single 2 in Mr. Elwes’s col- lection, now in the British Museum. The points of difference are more evident in the 9, which on the hind wing has only “a line of obscure whitish submarginal dots.” The cellular and discal white streaks so prominent in the 2 of EF. mulciber are almost entirely lacking, though faint traces of these are visible on the disc but not in the cell of the hind wing, the latter being immaculate.
SATYRIN ®. 47
Subfamily SATYRIN A.
Egg. “* About as high as wide, a little more or a little less, rather small, hard, typically translucent and smooth or with obscure polygonal facets, sometimes subradiate, or even (Aulocera) with distinct broadly scalloped anastomosing ribs somewhat as in Hesperia. In some species it is covered with calcareous (?) accretions, which do not appear till after some days’ exposure to the atmosphere.” (Doherty.)
Larva. Fusiform or subfusiform, head bifid, often with a pair of long straight processes or horns, anal segment also with a pair of long posteriorly-directed processes; colour generally green, pink, or yellow; body pubescent, the hairs springing from numerous small papille.
Pupa. Elongate and somewhat fusiform or short and thick, with the abdomen broadly rounded; very few or generally no tubercles or angles ; attached by the tail.
Imago. Wings short and broad, rarely elongate, never narrow, often with the terminal margins scalloped, sinuous, dentate or, in the hind wing, caudate; cells of both wings closed; one or more of the veins of the fore wing, in the majority of the forms, swollen or inflated at base; eyes very often hairy; palpi as a rule com- pressed, in some strongly compressed, generally with a fringe of stiff porrect or subporrect hairs ; body slender.
The Satyrine are shade-loving insects; most of the forms have comparatively a weak flight, and frequent the undergrowth, long grass, or dense evergreen forests. Many are cryptically coloured on the underside, and their method of suddenly dropping after a short flight, and resting all askew, heightens their likeness to dead or decaying leaves casually blown down. Secondary sex characters and marks are very general throughout the subfamily. ,
Key to the Genera of the Satyrine. A. Eyes hairy. a. Veins 10 and 11 of fore wing free. a’. Vein 12 and median vein swollen at base. a*, Club of antenne gradual. a®, Lower discocellular of fore wing Strongly CONCAVE M yeas. 0 selh. MYCALESIs, p. 49. b®. Lower discocellular of fore wing Obliquetce sate ers saree. PARARGE, p. 112. b*. Club of antenne spatulate........ SATYRUS, p. 109. 6’. Vein 12 only of fore wing swollen at base. a° ind wing generally angulate, very often caudate ; upper- and under- sides nob Sumilareeys aati cn. c's: LETHE, p. 72.
48 NYMPHALID.
. 6, Hind wing rounded, never angulate or caudate; upper- and under- sides practically similar. a°. Upper apex of cell of fore wing angulate; discocellulars concave. ORINOMA, p. 106. b°. Upper apex of cell of fore wing rounded ; discocellulars oblique. RuaAPHICERA, p. 107. b. Veins 10 and 11 of fore wing not free ; veins 8 to 11 branching from 7 .... Ragapta, p. 155. B. Eyes not hairy. a. Vein 12 of fore wing swollen at base. a’, Hind wing without a prediscoidal cell. a’. Veins 10 and 11 of fore wing free. a°®, Median vein of fore wing not per- ceptibly swollen at base. a+, Vein 3 of hind wing emitted before apex of cell, 4 at apex. a’. Cell of fore wing long, nearly two-thirds length of WUT: Hers LH AE erat ee ERITEs, p. 152. 6°. Cell of fore wing about half or not half length of wing. a’, Veins 3 and 4 of hind wing closely approximate CeIDASCs aa anee crema: ORSOTRIENA, p. 69. 6°. Veins 3 and 4 of hind wing well separated at base. a’. Vein 6 of hind wing much closer to vein 7 WIEVT UO D oo aecaccaees AGAPETES, p. 108. 6". Vein 6 of hind wing equi- distant from veins 5 and 7. a*. Vein 10 of fore wing from apex of cell.... Erersta, p. 146. b8. Vein 10 of fore wing from well before apex ORCelewti. aan eee Ziparis, p. 104. b?, Veins 3 and 4 of hind wing StalkeGe Aiea sets phot tee as Ca irEs, p. 70. 6°. Median vein of fore wing per- ceptibly swollen at base. a’. Club of antenne broad spatu- AGO scree Gis at eno. Tee eee ane Nyrua, p. 113. 6*. Clab of antenne gradual. a. Veins 6 and 7 of hind wing separate. a’, Dorsal margin of hind wing emarginate just above HOVE ALIS) 07 cervond Cate el Ree Manztoza, p. 118. 6§. Dorsal margin of hind wing rounded. a’. Posterior femora without a fringe of long hair POStELION Wiese eee ele IKARANASA, p. 128,
* Except in a single aberrant form, NV. parisatis, Kollar, which has the club of the antenne elongate, crescentic, concave beneath.
MYCALESIS. 4g
67. Posterior femora with a fringe of long hair:
postertOrly | cee. asses CENEIS, p. 128. 6°. Veins 6 and 7 of hind wing TOMA A WOME vy ches. a aces AULOCERA, p. 125.
6°. Veins 10 and 11 of fore wing not free; veins 8 to 11 branching TEOMA GS above eee ores +... YPTHIMA, p. 130. b'. Hind wing with a prediscoidal cell .. Exymnras, p. 169. 6. Vein 12 of fore wing not swollen at base. a’. No anastomosis of veins along the costal margin of fore wing. Ge MAM wilde, TOUNGEC: 5 a cise ANADEBIS, p. 165. 6°. Hind wing not rounded ; dentate or caudate at apex of vein 4. a, Veins 3 and 4 of hind wing from apex Of colle see ae os NEoRINA, p. 167. 63, Vein 3 emitted well before, 4 from apex of cell of hind wing. a‘, Vein | on fore wing ending on
GELMUNAl MAO wey. ee oe = MELANITIS, p. 157. b*. Vein 1 on fore wing ending on dorsal mareim. os... « CYLLOGENES, p. 162. 6’. Vein 11 of fore wing anastomosing with 12, 10 with 11,9 with 10 .... ParantrrryHaa, p. 164.
Genus MYCALESIS*.
Mycalesis, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. 1816, p.55; WM. § de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 102.
Culapa, Moore, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 825.
Calysisme & Nisanga, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i, 1880, pp. 20 & 23.
Virapa, Gareris, Sadarga, Suralaya, Pachama, Samanta, Telinga, Kabauda, & Loesa, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1880, pp. 155, 156, 157, 159, 165, 166, 167, 168, 177.
Samundra, Moore, Lep. Ind. 1, 1892, p. 162.
Myrtilus, de N. Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. vi, 1891, p. 341.
Type, WM. evadne, Cramer, from Africa.
Range. Africa; the whole of the Indo-Malayan Region to Aus- tralia, Found also in China and Japan.
3 2. Fore wing: costa more or less arched, apex generally rounded, somewhat acute or subacute, rarely slightly produced ; termen convex, straight or even slightly concave ; tornus generally well marked; dorsum straight in males, sometimes slightly convex towards base ;. cell short, about half length of wing; discocellulars somewhat variable, upper short, lower in all the Indian forms strongly concave; veins 10 and 11 from before apex of cell, vein 1, median vein, and vein 12 greatly dilated at base. Hind
* T have retained the generic name Mycalesis for the Indian forms partly because it is well known and its use for these forms has the sanction of long- established custom, but chiefly because the differences between the typical African and the Indian forms have after all only subgeneric value. In fact, for the purely Indian forms, M. mineus, Linn., might very well be regarded as the type. .
VOLE. I. E
50- « NYMPHALIDA.
wing ovate, varying in the length of the dorsum and the less or greater prominence of the tornus; costa and termen more or less arched, the latter generally slightly scalloped ; cell short, under half length of wing; vein 3 variable, sometimes emitted from a little before or from apex of cell, sometimes 3 and 4 stalked ; origin of vein 7, and consequently length of upper discocellular, variable. Antenne short, slender, not half length of fore wing ; elub slight, gradual; eyes in all the Indian forms hairy; palpi moderately long, slender, obliquely porrect, fringed anteriorly, tufted in the middle posteriorly ; intermediate and posterior femora scaled, not hairy. Males of all the Indian forms furnished with secondary sexual characters, which can be briefly classified and described as follows :—
Form 1. Upperside: a glandular fold near dorsum on fore wing, and a patch of specialized scales near costa on hind wing, both covered by pencils of long hairs. Underside: a patch of specialized scales set in a nacreous area near dorsum on fore wing.
Form 2. Upperside: no sex-mark on fore wing; sex-mark on hind wing asin Form 1. Underside: sex-mark as in Form 1.
Form 3. Upperside: no sex-mark on fore wing ; one sex-mark on hind wing as in Form 1, with a second similar sex-mark on posterior area of wing. Underside: sex-mark as in Form 1.
Key to the forms of Mycalesis.
A. Males with sex-marks in Form 1. a. Vein 7 of hind wing closer to 8 than to 6. a’. Preapical white band on fore wing oblique. a”. No ocellus on upperside of forewing. MM. anaxias, p. 52. 6°. Two ocelli on upperside of fore wing. a°, Preapical white band on fore wing narrow, not extended to costa or COLIN PLP hac aicty. Mh Tse eee Race radza, p. 53. 6°. Preapical white band on fore wing broader, extended to costa and MORIN a5) o> 55.0 s Goma ereac soe Var. manu, p. 53. b'. Preapical white band on fore wing absent, or if present nearly vertical, MOLODWEUE A vage cask octet Sem me M. adamsoni, p. 54. b. Vein 7 of hind wing closer to 6 than to 8. a'. A broad oblique preapical white band ON{EOLE WANES eee oe pe eco cc eee M. anaxioides, p. 54. b'. No preapical white band on fore wing. a>. Upper discocellular in hind wing not
Swollen idea Derek ci. ci..ces cee. os cies M. sanatana, p. 55. b*. Upper discocellular in hind wing SWOlle nce mre gt teaels deem ris M. charaka, p. 55.
B. Males with sex-marks in Form 2. a. Upperside of wings more or less suffused Wilh PUT ple. van te neMys Halt. -isha tip 6 = ie M. orseis, p. 56. b. Upperside of wings with no trace of purple. a’, Veins 3 and 4 in hind wing from a point or shortly stalked.
MYCALESIS. 51
a’. Fore wing, tuft of hairs at base over-. lapping swollen base of vein 12. a®. Posterior three ocelli on underside of hind wing in a straight line... MM. perseus, p. 57. 6°. Posterior four ocelli on underside of hind wing in a straight line. a‘. Sex-mark on underside of fore wing small. under 2 mm., black | M. muneus, p. 58. or very dark brow: 72. ...-: Race polydecta, p. 59. b*. Sex-mark on underside of fore wing longer, over 4 mm., brown, never dark or black. a>. Sex-mark not extending up to transverse white discal band. MM. perseordes, p. 59. 6°. Sex-mark extending up to and touching inner margin of transverse white discal band. MW. subdita, p. 60. . Sex-mark extending beyond inner margin of transverse white discal band. a®, Apex of fore wing slightly produced, more or less sub-
ACUUC Nees eset om tes tieks M. visala, p. 60. b°. Apex of fore wing not pro- duced, rounded)". 22. 3. Race andamana, p. 60.
c. Sex-mark on underside of fore wing over 4 mm., but grey, not brown, difficult to see against nacreous background ........ M. rama, p. 61. 6°, Fore wing, tuft of hairs at base short, not overlying swollen base of vein 12. a’. Median ocellus on upperside of fore, wing placed on alarge orange- yellowspatch es... 2 ne ee. M, oculus, p. 62. b®. Median ocellus on upperside of fore wing encircled only by a narrow fulyvous TING... 2.34. ..+ = M. adolphet, p. 61. 6’. Veins 3 and 4 in hind wing separate, 3 from before apex, 4 from apex of cell. . a>. Fore wing elongate, apex somewhat produced, termen concave ........ M. mnasicles, p. 62. 6°. Fore wing subtriangular, apex not produced, rounded, termen convex. a, One or more ocelli on the upper- side of wings. a‘. Lower discocellular of fore wing concave or nearly straight. a’. Secondary sex-mark of special- ized scales always present on underside of fore wing. a°®. Transverse discal band on underside of fore wing showing through on upper- side; cilia white. a’. Basal area on underside of fore and hind wings irrovated with transverse PAICISERIee ye yeies ose «sc. M. mestra, p. 63. E2
52 NYMPHALID A.
6", Basal area on underside of fore and hind wings uniform, not irrorated WAIL MUSURICC tere ithe cael Race suaveolens, p. 68. 6°. Transverse discal band on underside of fore wing not showing through on upper- side; cilia brownish. a’. Tuft of long hairs over- lapping sex-mark of specialized scales on upperside of hind wing etablackai se pucks eae eae M. nicotia, p. 65. 6°. Tuft of long hairs over- lapping sex - mark of specialized scales on upperside of hind wing palevbrowm. (eRe yaa. or: M. misenus, p. 66. 6°. Secondary sex-mark of spe- cialized scales absent on underside of fore wing .... M. hera, p. 66. b*. Lower discocellular of fore wing not concave, bent abruptly in- wards in an acute angle in the middle. a’, Transverse discal white band on underside of fore wing showing through very con- spicuously on upperside.... M. malsara, p. 64. b’. Transverse discal band on underside of fore wing not, or only very faintly showing through on upperside...... Race lepeha, p. 65. 6°. No ocelli on upperside of wings.. MM. malsarida, p. 63. ce’. Veins 3 and 4 in hind wing stalked, well ee apex of cell. . Median ocellus on upperside of fore wing broadly bordered with orange- yellow above and on each side .... MM. patnia, p. 66. 6°. Median ocellus on upperside of fore wing broadly bordered with pure white above and on each side .... M. junonza, p. 67. C. Males with sex-marks in Form 3. a. Sex-marks of specialized scales on upper- side of hind wing placed at bases of vein 1 and subcostal vein ............ M. mystes, p. 67. 6. Sex-marks of specialized scales on upper- side of hind wing placed one midway on vein 1, the other at base of subcostal VOR ie Cee aR undety ante an ah mnt M. surkha, p. 68.
47. Mycalesis anaxias, Hewitson, Evot. Butt. iii, 1862, p. 86, Myca- lesis, pl. 4, figs. 25, 26; M. & de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 106, pl. 16, fig. 52 ce Moore (Virapa), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, Dp: 159, pl. 55, figs. 1, ligt 38.
MYCALESIS. 53
Race radza.
Mycalesis radza, Moore, P. 7. 8S. 1877, p. 583, pl. 58, fig. 2g ; M. § de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1888, p. 105; Moore (Virapa), Lep. Ind. 1, 1890-92, p. 160, pl. 55, figs. 2, 2a, 6 Q.
Mycalesis manii, Doherty, J. A. S. B. 1886, p. 257, 2 ; Moore (Virapa), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 161.
Wet-season form.— 3 9. Upperside dull vandyke-brown, paler in the 2 ; subterminal and terminal fine lines on both foreand hind wings fulvescent ; cilia brown. Fore wing with an oblique white preapical short band not quite reaching either the costa or the termen. Underside: fore wing: basal area up to the white band, and in a transverse line from lower end of band to dorsum, blackish brown ; terminal margin beyond broadly paler brown; a white-centred fulvous-ringed black ocellus in interspace 2, and two preapical, smaller similar ocelli, followed by a very sinuous subterminal and a straighter terminal dark brown line. Hind wing: basal two-thirds blackish brown, terminal border broadly paler, bearing normally seven ocelli similar to those on the fore wing, and subterminal and terminal dark brown lines.
Dry-season form.— $ 2. Upperside as in the wet-season form. Underside differs in the ocelli being more or less obsolescent, and the subterminal and terminal dark lines on both fore and hind wing absent or very faintly indicated ; the terminal margins are broadly rufescent brown, fading inwardly into lilacine, the oblique white bar on the fore wing outwardly diffuse. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen dark brown; the antenne ochraceous towards apex. Male sex-mark in form 1.
Exp. & 2 51-60 mm. (2-2°35"),
Hab. Sikhim, eastwards through the hill-ranges to Assam, Cachar, Burma and Tenasserim. Also in Southern India, the Nilgiris ; Travancore.
Race radza, Moore.— Only the ocellated form is known. This resembles the wet-season form of typical anawias, but on the upperside of the fore wing there is a large white-pupilled fulvous- ringed black ocellus in interspace 2, and a smaller similar ocellus just beyond the white preapical bar. On the upperside of the hind wing there is a large similar ocellus in interspace 2. Underside uniform brown, the broad pale terminal area on the fore wing barely indicated, the upper of the two preapical ocelli much the larger.
Kap. 3 2 50-54 mm. (1°95-2°12").
Hab. The Andamans.
Var, mani, Doherty.—Like the race radza, but the preapical, oblique, white band on the fore wing is much broader and longer, nearly touching the costa and termen at each end. Underside: fore and hind wings paler brown, the preapical ocelli on fore wing enclosed in the same fulvescent ring. Hind wing “has a broad dull violet band across the dise unmarked with white, its inner border nearly straight.”
Exp. g 57 mm. (2°28").
Hab. The Nicobars.
54 NYMPHALIDA.
48. Mycalesis adamsoni, Watson, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. x, 1896, p. 640, pl. A, fig. 1 2.
3. Upperside very dark brown; fore and hind wings with subterminal and terminal pale lines. Fore wing with the termen anteriorly broadly but very obscurely paler, the colour extended obliquely to the costa above the apex, the ocelli of the underside showing very faintly through. Hind wing uniform. Underside: basal two-thirds of both fore and hind wings very dark brown, the outer margin of this colour sharply defined, on tore wing slightly oblique from costa to vein 4, thence vertical and sinuous to dorsum; beyond this an obscure broad lilac transverse band, carrying on the fore wing a white-centred, fulvous-ringed, small, black median ocellus and four smaller anterior ocelli, the apical and lower of these mere minute dots; on the hind wing a curved series of seven similar ocelli, the third from the tornus the largest, the rest subequal. Termen of wings beyond the line of ocelli slightly ochraceous, with subterminal and terminal dark lines. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen dark brown. Male sex-mark in form 1.— 2. Very similar; apical and terminal area of fore wing on the upperside distinctly paler, a preapical short white band, not so oblique as in M. anaazas, but curving downwards vertically. Another 2 resembles the ¢ precisely, having no white preapical band.
Hap. 3 2 54-58 mm. (2°13-2°3").
Hab. Upper Burma.
49. Mycalesis anaxioides, Marshall, in M. § de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 107 ; Moore (Samundra), Lep. Ind. 1, 1890-92, p. 162, pl.255, figs. 3,38 a, 5 Q
3 Q. Upperside vandyke-brown, darkest on the disc of [the fore wing; a broad preapical, oblique, slightly arched white band as in W/. anavias, and a terminal dark line on both fore and hind wing. Inthe @ there is also a large black white-pupilled fulvescent-ringed ocellus below the terminal or lower end of the white band, and on the hind wing traces of another ocellus near the tornus. Underside: ground-colour similar to that in MW. anawias, with a dark basal and terminal paler area, the latter bearing in the wet-season form a series of ocelli on both fore and hind wing, four on the fore, seven on the hind wing. In the dry-season form the ocelli are nearly obsolete, represented by mere black dots, and the outer paler border more clearly demarcated, of a lilacine white suffused with brown; outer margin of the preapical white band on the fore wing diffuse. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen dull brown, paler beneath; the antennz somewhat ochraceous. Male sex-mark in form 1.
Exp. 3 2 58-70 mm. (2°3-2°78").
Hab. Lower Burma; Tenasserim.
MYCALESIS. 55
50. Mycalesis charaka, Moore, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 566; M. § de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 109; Moore (Sadarga), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 166, pl. 57, fies. 1, la-le,2 ,2a, dQ. Sadarga oculata, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soe. 1880, p. 158; M.S de N. (Mycalesis) Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 109.
Wet-season form.— $ 9. Upperside dull vandyke-brown ; the terminal margins narrowly paler; fore and hind wings with a slender terminal dark brown line ; fore wing with a large white- centred fulvous-ringed median and a very much smaller similar preapical ocellus. Hind wing uniform. Underside paler; terminal half ochraceous brown, paler than basal half, the latter bordered by a straight dark line followed by an ochraceous-white trans- verse band diffuse on the outer side ; fore wing with the two ocelli as on the upperside and a third ocellus in interspace 6. Hind wing normally with seven similar ocelli; third from tornus the largest, fourth very small, sometimes absent ; fore and hind wings with sinuous dark brown subterminal and terminal lines. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen brown; antenne annulated with white, club dark brown, ochraceous at apex.
Dry-season form.— g 2. Differs from the wet-season form only in the ocelli being reduced to mere white-centred black specks, and the subterminal and terminal lines being more evenly curved and form- ing slender lunules between the veins. Male sex-mark in form 1.
Hap. 3 2 55-62 mm. (2°15-2°45"),
Hab. N.Ki. Himalayas, through Assam, Cachar to Burma.
51. Mycalesis sanatana (Pl. II, fig. 7), Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. &. I. C. i, 1857, p. 281; M. §& de N. Buti. Ind. i, 1883, p. 108 ;
Moore (Gareris), Fite Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 164, pl. 56, figs. 1-1 b, 2-25, 5 2.
Mycalesis gopa, Felder, Novara Reise, Lep. Rhop. 1867, p.501; M.& de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 107.
Wet-season form.— § 2. Upperside vandyke-brown, terminal margins of both fore and hind wing narrowly paler, marked with a subterminal dark slender line. Fore wing normally with a large white-centred fulvous-ringed black ocellus in interspace 2, and a smaller similar ocellus in interspace 5, but sometimes the anterior ocellus is absent, or there are one or two additional similar ocelli above and below it. Hind wing uniform. Underside: basal two-thirds of both fore and hind wing dark brown, sharply de- fined and bordered by an outwardly diffuse pinkish transverse band followed by a series of five ocelli on the fore, seven on the hind wing, similar to the ocelli on the upperside, but placed on a light brown background. Succeeding these there are a sinuous trans- verse and outer subterminal and terminal slender dark brown lines.
Dry-season form.— 3 9. Upperside similar to that in the wet- season form, but the pale terminal margins of the wings broader. Underside: basal two-thirds of the wings dark, terminal third light umber-brown. Basal portion crossed by two darker brown lines and bounded by a slightly arched line of the same colour, followed by an outwardly diffuse pinkish band, and a series of
56 ; NYMPHALID#.
ocelli as in the wet-season form, only the ocelli are nearly obsolete or minute. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen brown; the antennee ochraceous at apex. Male sex-mark in form 1.
Exp. 3 2 48-64 mm. (1:9-2°5").
Hab. The Himalayas from Kulu to Sikhim; Khdsi Hills in Assam ; the hills in Burma and Tenasserim.
52. Mycalesis orseis, Hewitson, Ex. Butt. iii, 1864, p. 89, Mycalesis, pl. 6, figs. 36, 37, d ; M. & de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 110 footnote; Moore (Suralaya), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 217, pl. 73, TOS) 2.2 Gd, 2/0, 2
3. Upperside brownish purple ; fore and hind wings with pale slender subterminal and terminal lines. Fore wing with the ocelli of the underside showing through. Hind wing uniform brown, medially glossed with dull purple. Underside: basal two- thirds of fore and hind wings vandyke-brown crossed by a transverse sinuous darker line; outer third of wings much paler, a post-
median purplish transverse band diffuse outwardly, bearing a
series of white-centred fulvous-ringed black ocelli, five on the fore,
seven on the hind wing, the latter placed in a slight curve; on fore wing the posterior ocellus and on hind wing the third from the tornus the largest; beyond the ocelli subterminal zigzag and
terminal slightly sinuous slender dark lines. Sex-marks in form 2.
Female similar to the ¢, but upperside somewhat dull vandyke-
brown ; underside paler than in the 3, with a broader transverse
purplish band; fore wing with six ocelli. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen brown; club of antenns ochraceous at apex, dark brown below.
Exp. & 2 55-58 mm. (2°19-2°3").
Hab. Recorded only from the Naga Hills and from Tenasserim within our limits ; spread through the Malay Peninsula.
The succeeding five or six forms belonging to Moore’s genus
Fig. 16.—Underside fore wings of Mycalesis, showing secondary sex-mark of specialized scales. A. M. perseus, Fabr. B. M. mineus, Linn. C. M. subdita, Moore. D. M. visala, Moore.
Calysisme are very closely allied. M. perseus, I think, can always be recognized in both sexes by the disposition of the ocelli on the
MYCALESIS. 57
underside of the hind wing, which is constant; but of the others only the males can be separated with any certainty by the shape, size, and colour of the secondary sex-marks on the underside of the fore wing. In the long series of females that I have examined, _ [have been unable to find a single constant character by which to distinguish one form from the other. Mr. de Nicéville considered it probable that they interbred ; in which case it is quite possible that there is only one form, of which the males possess varying secondary sexual characters, that are, however, constant in certain series.
53. Mycalesis perseus, Fubr. (Papilio) Syst. Ent. 1775, p. 488; ML. & de N. Butt. Ind. i. 1883, p. 120, pt.; Moore (Calysisme), Lep. Ind.
i, 1890-92, p. 174, pl. 59, figs. 1, 1 a-1d, & 2, 2a-2e, SQ. _ Mycalesis blasius, Fubr. Ent. Syst. Suppl. 1798, p. 426; Butler, P. Z. 8. 1867, p. 720, tig. 4 5 ; Moore (Calysisme), Lep. Ceyl. i, 1880, p. 21, pl. 11, figs. 2, 2a, 6; M. & de N. Butt. Ind. 1,
1883, p. 115, pl. 16, fig. 55 ¢.
Myealesis samba, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. 1, 1857, p. 288, 3.
Wet-season form.— do 2. Upperside dark to somewhat pale vandyke-brown. Fore wing with a white-centred, fulvous-ringed, black ocellus in interspace 2, and rarely a very small but similar ocellus in interspace 5. Hind wing uniform, occasionally two or three postmedian obscure ocelli present. Fore and hind wings with subterminal and _ terminal palelines. Underside: the ground- colour, subterminal and terminal lines on the wings as on upper- side, but crossed by a common purplish- white narrow discal fascia. Fore wing with from two to four, hind wing normally with
: ‘ seven ocelli, similar to, but more 1S 7 ae iiaras eae ee °*" clearly defined than, the ocelli
A. Mycalesis mineus, Linn. on the upperside ; on both wings
» _perseus, Fabr. the line of ocelli bordered in-
wardly and outwardly by sinuous
purplish-white lines. On the hind wing only the three posterior
ocelli in a straight line (fig. 17, B), the rest strongly curved out-
wards. In the 9 the median or posterior ocellus on tbe upperside of the fore wing is always larger than in the ¢.
Dry-season form.— $ 2. Upperside similar to that in the wet- season form, the median ocellus generally smaller. Underside brown, more or less suffused with purple and irrorated with darker brown minute transverse strige; the transverse discal band:obscure, often merely indicated by black dots at the veins, occasionally bordered outwardly by an ochraceous diffuse band. Ocelli obso- lescent, but when present as mere minute dots their arrangement on the hind wing is as in the wet-season form. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen brown; antennze sometimes cinereous white on the sides with the apex black. Male sex-marks in form 2, but
58 NYMPHALIDA.
ae on the underside of the fore wing small (about 2 mm. long) and ack.
Exp. 3 9 42-54 mm. (1°68-2°1").
Hab. I have examined specimens from the Himalayas, Kangra to Sikhim aud Bhutan; from Bengal, Southern India and Ceylon. This form is fairly common throughout Burma and Tenasserim ; it extends to China and far into the Malayan Subregion.
o4. Mycalesis mineus (PI. II, fiv. 8, wet-season form—underside), Innn. (Papilio) Syst. Nat. 1, 1767, p. 768; M. § de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 117, pt.; Moore (Calysisme), Zep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 183, pl. 60, figs. 1, Lla-lf, ¢ Q. : Papilio drusia, otrea, et mamerta, Cramer, Pap. Exot. i, 1775, pl. 84, figs. C, D, 2 ; iv, 1780, pl. 314, figs. A, B, & pl. 326, fig. D, 9. Calysisme subfasciata, Moore, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 237, pl. 12, fig. 8; M. & de N. (Mycalesis, var. of mineus) Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 122. Calysisme nicobarica, Moore, Lep. Ind. i, 1891, p. 187.
Race polydecta. (Pl. LI, fig. 9, dry-season form—underside.)
Papilio polydecta, Cramer, Pap. Exot. ii, 1777, pl. 144, figs. E, F, 9; Moore (Calysisme), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, pp. 180, 181, pl. 61, fies. 1, la-Lh, & pl. 62, figs.1, la-lz, ¢ Q.
Papilio justina, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv, 1780, pl. 326, fig. C, 2.
Calvsisme drusia, perseus, et mineus, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. 1, 1880, p. 20, pl..11, figs. 3, 3a, o.; p. 21, pl. 12, figs: 1, 1a, 6 situps 224 pee fies. 4,4a,46, dQ.
Wet-season form.— $ 2. Upperside dark vandyke-brown; fore and hind wings with slender subterminal and terminal pale lines. Fore wing with a single white-centred, fulvous-ringed, black ocellus, generally set in a square pale area, in interspace 2, oecasionally a similar smaller ocellus without any pale surrounding area in interspace 5. Hind wing uniform, sometimes with one or two obscure postmedian ocelli. Underside: ground-colour similar ; fore and hind wings crossed by a transverse dusky-wnite discal band, well-defined inwardly, diffuse outwardly, followed by a post- discal series of ocelli surrounded by a dusky-yellowish, sometimes purplish-white, line; the ocelli are similar to the ocelli on the upperside, and vary from two to four on the fore and from five to seven (the preapical two being sometimes obsolescent) on the hind wing; of these latter the posterior four, not three as in M. perseus, are in a straight line; finally, beyond the rows of ocelli on both wings there are pale or purplish-white subterminal and terminal sinuous lines.
Dry-season form.— $ 2. Upperside similar to that in the wet- season form, but paler. Underside from ochraceous brown to dusky brown of a darker shade; basal half of the wings conspi- cuously darker than the outer portions ; the whole surface irro- rated with fine brown striz ; sometimes a distinct dark discal band crosses both wings; ocelli nearly obsolete, indicated by minute white specks, the posterior four on the hind wing in a straight line as in the wet-season form. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen brown; the club of the antennze with black and ochraceous marks.
MYCALESIS, 59
Male sex-mark in form 1 as in M. perseus, but the patch of specia- lized scales on the underside of the fore wing half as large again.
Exp. 3 2? 48-46 mm. (1-9-2°2"). |
Hab. The Himalayas at low elevations from Kulu to Sikhim ; and eastwards through Assam and Cachar to Burma and Tenas- serim ; recorded from Bengal.
Var. subfasciata, Moore, a common form, has the terminal margins of both fore and hind wing broadly pale.
Var. nicobarica, Moore, very closely resembles typical mieus, but on the whole is darker, with the transverse discal band on the underside of the wings more brownish white.
Race polydecta, Cramer.— ¢ @. The southern representative of VM. mineus, which it closely resembles in both seasonal forms. Occasional specimens have the yellow ring encircling the large median ocellus on the upperside of the fore wing very much broader than in any specimen of IM. mineus that I have seen; others, the females especially, have the transverse discal band on the underside much broader and pure white, not brownish or dusky ; others, again, of the dry-season form have the ground- colour on the underside more strongly suffused with purple; but there are no constant characters by which this race may be distinguished from M. mineus. The male sex-marks are precisely similar to those of MW. mineus.
Exp. 3 2 48-56 mm. (1°9-2°2").
Hab. Central Provinces southwards to Travancore and in Ceylon. Recorded on the west coast of India up to the latitude of Bombay, and on the east to Calcutta (? true mineus).
59. Mycalesis perseoides, Moore (Calysisme), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p- 179, pl. 60, figs. 2-26, 5 ©. Calysisme intermedia, Moore, Lep. Ind. 1, 1890-92, p. 187.
3 2. This form closely resembles J/. mineus, in both wet- and dry-season specimens. As in that form, the disposition of the ocelli on the underside of the hind wing separates it from MM. perseus. From M. mineus it differs in the male sex-mark on the underside of the fore wing, which is longer, broader and ochraceous brown, not black in colour.
Exp. & 2 44-56 mm. (1°75-2°2”).
Hab. Typically from Burma and Tenasserim, but the variety noted below from 8. India, Mysore.
From Kathlekan, in Mysore, there is in the British Museum Collection a series of what I take to be a variety of this form. The specimens (all males) belong to the dry-season form. They are uniformly smaller than typical perseordes, and differ on the upperside of the fore wing in the very broad pale iris surrounding the median ocellus, and on the underside of the same wing in the margin of the darker basal portion of the wing being prominently concave just above the dorsal margin. The male sex-mark on the underside of the fore wing is larger than that of M. mineus but resembles it in colour. I have been unable to separate even as a variety WM. intermedia, Moore, from M. perseoides, Moore.
60 NYMPHALID®.
06. Mycalesis subdita, Moore (Calysisme), Zep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 194, pl. 65, figs. 1, la-1h, o 9.
3 §. Closely resembles in both seasonal forms MW. mineus. The 3 can be discriminated by the sex-mark on the underside of the fore wing: this is brown or ochraceous brown as in MM. perseoides, but very much longer and broader, extending to but not going beyond the transverse band crossing the wings (fig. 16, C.)
Exp. & 2 48-60 mm. (1:9-2°35”").
Hab. Ceylon; 8. India, Travancore.
57. Mycalesis visala, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i, 1857, p. 230; ad. (Calysisme) Zep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 189, pl. 63, figs. 1, la-lh, 3 2,& pl. 64, figs. 1, la-12z, 5 Q, larva & pupa.
Mycalesis mineus, pt., M. & de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 117. Mycalesis perseus, var. visala et var. indistans, M. § de N. Butt. Ind. 1, 1883, p. 121, pl. 16, fig. 52, & p. 122.
Race andamana.
Mycalesis drusia, Moore, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 583, pt. Calysisme andamana, Moore, Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 196, pl. 56, figs. 1, La-ld, ¢ Q.
3 2. In colour and the markings on the wings both seasonal forms of JV. visala closely resemble those of MW. mineus. On the whole, however, VM. visala runs larger, and as a rule both sexes (in the continental form, not in the insular race) can be discriminated from the males and females of allied forms by the shape of the fore wing. This is, as a rule, produced and acute at apex, with the termen below sharply transverse. The males, moreover, have the sex-mark on the underside of the fore wing rather bright ochraceous and very long, extending beyond the transverse bands crossing the wings (fig. 16, D, p. 56).
Eep. S$ Q 52-61 mm. (2:05-2°4").
Hab. Recorded from Kumaun, Sikhim, Bhutan, Bengal, the Central Provinces, and South India. Hastwards, MW. visala has been sent from the Néga Hilis, and is spread generally through Burma and Tenasserim.
Race andamana, Moore. ¢ 2. Male sex-mark on the under- side of the fore wing as in M. visala. Shape of wings much more rounded in both seasonal forms of both sexes; in this closely resembling MZ. mineus, but the ground-colour of the wings is darker and the ocelli proportionately larger. Disposition of the ocelli apparently quite constant. Upperside: fore wing—two ocelli, the posterior the larger; hind wing—-none in the d, an obscure one in the 2. Underside: both sexes, fore wing with two, hind wing with seven ocelli; the posterior four of the latter disposed as in M. mineus.
Exp. $ 52-58 mm, (2°05-2°27").
Hab. The Andamans.
MYCALESIS. ; 61
58. Mycalesis rama, Moore (Calysisme), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 196, pl. 57, figs. 3, 3a, 3. ;
Wet-season form.—d. Upperside deep umber-brown, quite different from the dull vandyke-brown of M. mineus and allies ; subterminal and terminal lines on the wings very indistinct. Fore wing with two white-centred fulvous-ringed ocelli; the posterior much the larger. Hind wing with a small similar ocellus in interspace 2. Underside paler and brighter, the basal two-thirds darker than the terminal third, its outer margin sharply defined by a dark brown fine line ; apical third somewhat ochraceous, with subterminal and terminal slender brown lines. Fore wing with two, hind wing with seven ocelli, similar to the three on the upperside ; on the hind wing the ocelli are placed in a curve, the subtornal two and apical ocelli the largest, the tornal and preapical two very small, somewhat indistinct. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen umber-brown; the antenne bright ochraceous at apex. Sex-mark in form 2, on the underside of the fore wing composed of greyish specialized scales difficult to see against the nacreous background.
Exp. 3 56 mm. (2:22").
Hab. Ceylon.
59. Mycalesis adolphei, Gwérin (Satyrus), Delessert, Voy. dans I’ Inde, vt, ii, 1843, p. 76; M. & de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 123; Moore (Telinga), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 210, pl. 71, figs. 1, la-le 3 Q.
3 Q. Upperside dark umber-brown. Fore wing with a large, white-centred, fulvous-ringed black median ocellus and a white-centred preapical much smaller black spot. Hind wing uniform, a post- median series of from two to four white- centred fulvous-ringed black ocelli, sub- equal and smaller than the posterior ocellus on the fore wing. Underside: ground-colour similar, but irrorated with
obscure transverse striz of a deeper
Fig. 18.—-Mycalesis brown ; the terminal margins of both fore
SOMONE and hind wings very broadly paler; the dark basal portion of the wings sharply defined by a very dark brown line; a postmedian series on both wings of rather small white-centred fulvous-ringed black ocelli—two on the fore wing, a median and a preapical; seven, placed in a slight curve, on the hind wing. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen dark umber- brown, paler beneath. Male sex-mark of form 2, the patch of specialized scales on both foreand hind wing very small; the nacreous area surrounding the specialized scales on the underside of the fore wing very pale brown.
Exp. & @ 53-58 mm. (2°1-2°3").
Hab. S. India; the Nilgiri and Anaimalai Hills.
62 2 NYMPHALID A.
60. Mycalesis oculus (Pl). II, fig. 10), Marshall, J. A. S. B. 1880, p. 247; M.& de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 124, pl. 16, fig. 53 9; Moore (Telinga), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 211, pl. 71, figs. 2, 2a-2¢, 5 9.
3 2. Resembles M. adolphei, Guér. Upperside: fore wing— median ocellus very much larger, encircled with a much broader ring of rich orange-red, which is conspicuously broad anteriorly and preduced upwards towards the costa; ground-colour beyond apex of cell, and of the whole apex and termen broadly, not uniform with that at the base of the wing, but much darker; the preapical ocellus inconspicuous. Underside dark ochraceous red or brown, the dark basal portion of both fore and hind wing bordered outwardly by a yellowish band sharply defined on the inner side, diffuse outwardly ; median ocellus on fore and sub- tornal ocellus on hind wing proportionately larger than in M. adolpher. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen as in M. adolphei. Male sex-mark in form 2, but the patch of specialized scales on the underside of the fore wing very small and incon- spicuous against the nacreous background, which is very dark ; the pencil of hair over the specialized scales on the hind wing very small.
Hep. 3 2 54-60 mm. (2:13-2°38").
Hab. 8. India; Cochin ; Travancore.
61. Mycalesis mnasicles, Hewitson, Ev. Butt. iii, 1864, Mycalesis, pl. 5, figs. 32,33, 6; M. & de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 126, pl. 16, fig. 51; Moore (Culapa), Lep. Ind. 1, 1890-92, p. 199, plGiG tigssh aoe.
3 2. Upperside pale vandyke-brown; base and disc in fore wing and the whole of the hind wing, costal and terminal margins excepted, suffused with bright ochraceous. Fore wing with a remarkably large, white-centred, brightly ochraceous-ringed median, and a very much smaller white-centred subapical ocellar spot, the latter wanting the ochraceous iris. Hind wing with a postmedian fulvous-ringed non-pupilled black spot. Underside pale pinkish brown; fore and hind wings crossed by a broad darker band, defined on both sides by a darker brown line, followed on the fore wing by two or three subapical, on the hind wing by a curved series of seven minute white-centred black ocelli; terminal margin slightly darker, bordered inwardly by a zigzag brown line. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen dull ochraceous brown ; club of the antenne dark brown, ochraceous at apex. Male sex-mark in form 2.
Exp. & 2 70-76 mm. (2°75-2:93").
Hab. Lower Burma; Tenasserim, extending to the Malayan Subregion.
The largest of the Indian forms, unmistakable on account of its size, and its broad triangular fore wing with a straight termen and enormously large median ocellus.
MYCALESIS. 63
62. Mycalesis mestra, Hewitson Ev. Butt. iii, 1862, p. 79, Myca- lesis, pl. 1, fig. 2; M. §& de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 124; Moore (Pachama), ’ Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 200, pl. 67, figs. 2, 2 aiS
Race suaveolens. Mycalesis suaveolens, W.-M. & de N.in M. & de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 125; Moore (Pachama), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 201, Supls 67, fies. 5, 3a, 5.
3 2. Upperside very dark vandyke-brown, the cilia conspicu- ously white, the transverse white discal band of the underside showing through on both fore and hind wing, but very plainly on the latter. Fore wing with a white-centred, fulvous-ringed, median, and a similar but much smaller subapical ocellus, the latter very often absent; broad but faint and ill-defined sub- terminal and terminal white lines. Hind wing: a subtornal ocellus similar to those on the fore wing and much more conspicuous; subterminal and terminal whitish lines. Underside: eround-colour similar ; basal half of wings closely irrorated with pale transverse striz; a conspicuous white discal band, inwardly sharply defined, outwardly diffused, followed by series of ocelli similar to the ocelli on the upperside, a median and two subapical on the fore wing, three subapical and three tornal on the hind wing : the number of these ocelli is variable, sometimes one or more additional ocelli are present, often one or more are lacking on the hind wing; finally, the subterminal and terminal white bands as on the upperside but better defined. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen brown; antenne annulated with white, ochraceous at apex. Male sex-mark in form 2.
Exp. 3 Q 66-78 mm. (2°6-3").
Hab. Bhutan, Assam, the Khasi Hills.
Race suaveolens, W.-M. & de N.—Closely resembles MW. mestra, but differs constantly as follows:— dg Q. Upperside: ground- colour a brighter, more ruddy brown; cilia white tinged with ochraceous; the discal, subterminal and terminal bands on the underside showing through much more faintly than in MW. mestra ; the number of ocelli very variable. Underside: basal area uniform, with no trace of the pale transverse strie; white discal band narrower, subterminal and terminal bands brownish white.
Exp. 3 2 74-78 mm. (2°85-3").
Hab. Described originally from Cachar; extends eastwards to
the Chin Hills in Burma and westwards to Sikhim and Bhutan.
63. Mycalesis malsarida, Butler, Cat. Satyr. Brit. Mus. 1868, p. 184, pl. 3, fig. 14; MW. §& de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 127 ; Moore (Kabanda), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 212, pl. 72, figs. 1, la, lope
Wet-season form.— $ 9. Upperside uniform dark vandyke- brown, slightly paler towards apex of fore wing and with somewhat
64. NYMPHALIDA.
obscure subterminal pale lines. Underside similar, but shading into purplish towards the apex of the fore and terminal margins of both fore and hind wings; the wings crossed by a common pale purplish transverse band followed by a series of white-centred, tulvous-ringed black ocelli, five on the fore and seven on the hind wing, the series bordered on both sides by slender irregular sinuous purple lines, beyond which are subterminal and terminal paler purple lines. Sometimes one or two of the ocelli are absent. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen brown. Male sex-mark in form 2.
Dry-season form.— 3 2. Upperside similar to that in the wet- season form but paler. Underside more purplish towards terminal margins of the wings ; the transverse band narrower, not so well- defined ; the ocelli more or less obsolete, reduced to mere specks ; subterminal and terminal lines ochraceous. The rest as in the wet-season form.
Exp. & Q 50-54 mm. (2-2°12"),.
Hab. Assam, Khasi and Naga Hills; Cachar.
64. Mycalesis malsara, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i, 1857, 931; MM. & de .N. Butt. Ind. 1, 1883.) p.7 123) onre (Samanta), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 202, pl. 68, figs. 1, la—Le,
can rudis, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1880, p. 166; M. & de N. (Mycalesis) Butt. Ind. 1, 1883, p. 180. Race \epcha. Samanta lepcha, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1880, p. 167, 6; M. & de N. (Mycalesis) Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 180; Moore, Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 204, pl. 68, figs. 2, 2a, d. Samanta bethami, Moore, Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 205, pl. 68, fir. 4g. See aay Moore, Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 206, pl. 68, fio. 3 dg. H Wet-season form.— ¢ 9. Upperside very dark vandyke-brown ; cilia whitish brown; the discal transverse white bar on the under- side of the wings showing through very clearly, more distinctly on the fore than on the hind wing ; followed on both wings by two or three dark pale-ringed, generally non-pupilled ocelli, and sub- terminal and terminal pale slender lines. Underside: ground- colour darker, the discal white bar and terminal slender line as on the upperside, but the former clear and well-defined inwardly, diffuse outwardly ; fore wing with four, hind wing with seven white-centred, fulvous-ringed, black ocelli; the rows of ocelli bordered on both sides by narrow crescentic pale purpurescent marks forming somewhat irregular lines; subterminal line similar, lunular. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen brown ; club of the antenne ochraceous, marked with black on the inner side. Male sex-mark in form 2. Dry-season form.— 3 Q. Upperside similar but paler; the ocelli, especially on the hind wing, obscure or absent; the transverse
MYCALESIS. 65
white discal band on the wings seen by transmission from the underside narrow and very obscure. Underside: basal areas of wings up to the discal white band dark brown in the ¢,, ochraceous brown in the 9 ; the discal white band very narrow and ochraceous white; the terminal margins beyond purpurescent ; ocelli minute; both fore and hind wings irrorated with short, transverse, brown striz.
Exp. 3 2 50-56 mm. (1°95-2°2”),
Hab. Sikhim ; Assam, the Naga and Khasi Hills; hills of Burma and Tenasserim.
Race lepcha, Moore.— ¢ 9. The North-West Himalayan and Southern Indian race of .. malsara, closely resembling it in both the wet- and dry-season forms. It differs in having the transverse discal band crossing both wings very much narrower and not showing through at all on the upperside ; the ocelli are very much smaller and more obsolescent. Underside in the dry-season form irrorated as in M. malsara with short, transverse, dark brown striez.
Exp. 3 2 56-58 mm.