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*
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it
CALIFORNIA FISH- GAME
'CONSERVATION OF WILD LIFE THROUGH EDUCATION*
Fish & Game Col
- i b r a r y (j SAN m I
14337
STATE OF CALIFORNIA
DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES
DIVISION OF FISH AND GAME
San Francisco, California
CULBERT L. OLSON GOVERNOR
KENNETH I. FULTON DIRECTOR OF NATURAL RESOURCES
FISH AND GAME COMMISSION
NATE MILNOR, President Los Angeles
GERMAIN UULCKE, Commissioner San Francisco
EDWIN L. CARTY, Commissioner Oxnard
LEE F. PAYNE, Commissioner Los Angeles
W. B. WILLIAMS, Commissioner Alturas
GEORGE P. MILLER, Executive Secretary San Francisco
BUREAU OF FISH CONSERVATION
A. C. TAFT, Chief San Francisco
A. E. Burghduff, Supervisor of Fish Hatcheries San Francisco
Brian Curtis, Supervising Fisheries Biologist San Francisco
L. Phillips, Assistant Supervisor of Fish Hatcheries San Francisco
George McCloud, Assistant Supervisor of Fish Hatcheries Mt. Shasta
Allan Pollitt, Assistant Supervisor of Fish Hatcheries Independence
D. A. Clanton, Assistant Supervisor of Fish Hatcheries San Bernardino
Earl Leitritz, Assistant Supervisor of Fish Hatcheries San Francisco
J. C. Lewis, Assistant Supervisor of Fish Hatcheries Tahoe
Ed Clessen, Foreman, Fort Seward Hatchery Alderpoint
William Berrian, Foreman, Fall Creek Hatchery Copco
Archie Thompson, Foreman, Yosemite Hatchery Yosemite
John Marshall, Foreman, Feather River Hatchery Clio
A. N. Culver, In Charge, Kaweah Hatchery Three Rivers
Donald Evins, Foreman, Lake Almanor Hatchery Westwood
Ross McCloud, Foreman, Basin Creek Hatchery Tuolumne
Peter Topp, Foreman, Burney Creek Hatchery Burney
C. L. Frame, Foreman, Kings River Hatchery Fresno
Harold Hewitt, Foreman, Prairie Creek Hatchery Orick
J. L. Stinnett, Foreman, Brookdale Hatchery Brookdale
Harry Cole, Foreman, Yuba River Hatchery Camptonville
Clarence Chansler, Fish Hatchery Man, Madera Hatchery Bass Lake
R. C. Lewis, Foreman, Hot Creek Hatchery Bishop
Cecil Ray, In Charge, Kern Hatchery Kernville
Joseph Wales, Biological Surveyor Mt. Shasta
Leo Shapovalov, Senior Fisheries Biologist Stanford University
William Dill, Senior Fisheries Biologist Fresno
Elden H. Vestal, Junior Aquatic Biologist June Lake
Chester Woodhull, Junior Aquatic Biologist Fresno
BUREAU OF GAME CONSERVATION
J. S. HUNTER, Chief San Francisco
Gordon H. True, Jr., In Charge, Pittman-Robertson Project San Francisco
Donald D. McLean, Economic Biologist San Francisco
Roy M. Wattenbarger, Supervisor Los Banos Refuge Los Banos
L. H. Cloyd, Supervisor Gray Lodge Refuge Gridley
Russell M. Reedy, Supervisor Imperial Refuge Calipatria
Ralph R. Noble, Supervisor Suisun Refuge Joice Island
Joe Vlasnik, Jr., Supervisor Elk Refuge Tupman
John R. Wallace, In Charge, Predatory Animal Control San Francisco
Asa L. Brown, Supervising Trapper Beaumont
John L. McDonald, Supervising Trapper Anderson
O. R. Shaw, Supervising Trapper Salinas
BUREAU OF GAME FARMS
AUGUST BADE, Chief Yountville
E. D. Piatt, Superintendent, Los Serranos Game Farm Chino
C. Van Ornum, Superintendent, Yountville Game Farm Yountville
BUREAU OF MARINE FISHERIES
RICHARD VAN CLEVE, Chief San Francisco
S. H. Dado, Assisuint Chief San Francisco
W. L. Scofield, Supervising Fisheries Researcher Terminal Island
G. H. Clark, Supervising Fisheries Researcher Stanford University
Frances N. Clark, Supervising Fisheries Researcher Terminal Island
Harry C. Godsil, Senior Fisheries Researcher San Diego
Donald H. Fry, Jr., Senior Fisheries Researcher Terminal Island
J. B. Phillips, Senior Fisheries Researcher Pacific Grove
Paul Bonnot, Senior Fisheries Researcher Stanford University
S. Ross Hatton, Senior Fisheries Researcher Stanford University
Geraldine Conner, Fisheries Statistician Terminal Island
California Fish and Game
"CONSERVATION OF WILDLIFE THROUGH EDUCATION"
Volume 2S SAX FRANCISCO, JULY, 1942 No. 3
TABLE OF CONTENTS
i 'age Reclamation with Rotenone of Crystal Lake, Los Angeles County,
California Elden H. Vestal 136
Gestation Period in the Fisher With Recommendations For the
Animal's Protection in California E. Raymond Hall 143
Reducing Coccidiosis in California Valley Quail During Captivity
Carlton M '. Herman and Harry Jankiewicz 148
The Protozoan Blood Parasite Haemoproteus Lophortyx O'Roke in
Quail at the San Joaquin Experimental Range, California
Carlton 31. Herman and Ben Glading 150
Editorials and Notes
Fish and Game and the War George P. Miller 154
Twenty-five Years Ago in "California Fish and Game"
Richard S. Croker 154
Wall-eyed Pollack Caught in Monterey Bay J. B. Phillips 155
Tongue Sole in Monterey Bay J. B. Phillips 156
Reviews
Sea of Cortez Richard S. Croker 157
Under the Sea-wind Richard 8. Croker 157
Musings of an Angler Richard S. Crohn- 158
Representative North American Fresh-water Fishes
Eichard 8. Croker 159
Reports 160
California Fish and Game is a publication devoted to the conservation of wild- It is published quarterly by the i da Division of Pish and Game. Ml
rial for publication should be sent to Richard S. Croker, editor, California Division of Fish and Game, Terminal Island. California.
The articles published herein are not copyrighted and may be reproduced in other periodicals, provided due credit is {riven the author and California Divisi Fish and Game. Editors of newspapers and periodicals are invited to make use of pertinent material.
14337 I 135 )
RECLAMATION WITH ROTENONE OF CRYSTAL LAKE, LOS ANGELES COUNTY, CALIFORNIA x
By Eldex H. Vestal
Bureau of Fish Conservation
California Division of Fish and Game
About eleven years ago goldfish and chubs were introduced into Crystal Lake, Los Angeles County, California. Reportedly, the gold- fish were introduced "for esthetic reasons," but the chubs were brought in as live bait for the large loch leven trout found in the lake. As a result, the fecund rough fish within six years had overpopulated the lake, causing a practical end of the trout fishery.
The successful reclamation with rotenone of chub-infested Gull Lake in Mono County, in the fall of 1940, by the California Division of Fish and Game, prompted the Los Angeles County Department of Forester and Fire Warden to consider a similar treatment for Crystal Lake. The economy and effectiveness of this modern procedure for the improvement of fresh-water fisheries, where pest fish are a major cause of the decline in productivity and where damage to plant life and many food organisms is to be avoided, are advantages that in recent years have been appreciated elsewhere in the United States and Canada.2
Steps were taken, therefore, by the state and county agencies for a cooperative program of rough fish control in Crystal Lake in the fall of 1941. According to plan, the Division of Fish and Game assisted in organization, supervised the project and supplied the necessary chemicals and some of the equipment used. Assistance in organization and supply of much of the personnel and equipment was shared by the county department.
It was the duty of the writer to survey the lake, organize and pre- pare a detailed plan of procedure, and supervise and coordinate the cooperative efforts in the project. For much help in this work I am indebted especially to Mr. D. A. Clanton, of the Bureau of Fish Con- servation, Division of Fish and Game, and Messrs. George R. Taylor and Kenneth Carter of the Los Angeles County Department of Forester and Fire "Warden. Hearty support for the project was given in equip- ment and person by the Western Sportsmen's Club of Los Angeles, and sincere thanks for this is due especially to Messrs. L. Jean Gauthier and Edward Thayer, President and Chairman of the Fresh Water sec- tion, respectively, of the Club. I am grateful also for the invaluable assistance and interest given by Mr. and Mrs. William E. Conner, of Crystal Lake Store. All told, 41 persons participated in the project; and for the interest and help of all, the writer expresses his sincere thanks.
1 Submitted for publication March, 1942.
2 Pioneer work in the use of rotenone as a method for controlling rough fish was done at the Institute for Fisheries Research, Michigan Department of Conservation. See Leonard, Justin W., Notes on the use of derris as a fish poison. Transactions, American Fisheries Society, Vol. 68, pp. 269-280, 1939.
(136)
KK< I.AMATI0N OF CRYSTAL LAKK
137
Hydrographic and Biological Features of Crystal Lake
Crystal Lake is situated at an elevation of 5,534 feet near the head of the North Fork of the San Gabriel River in the Angeles National Forest. The lake is a point of chief recreational interest in Crystal Lake Park, maintained by Los Angeles County, and is located about 22 miles north of Azusa, California. The surrounding terrain is rugged and mountainous. The predominant plant cover of the basin is chaparral, although the vicinity of Crystal Lake is characterized by moderate forest cover of Transition type.
Fig. 39. Mixing of cube powder at an onshore supply station. Cube is mixed with water to resemble thick waffle batter. Photograph courtesy of Automobile Club of Southern California, November 5, 1941.
Crystal Lake is almost oval in shape. Over half of the shoreline is steep and of slide or talus character; but small sections of beach occur on the west and north sides. The lake has no outlet. A small inlet, which is intermittently diverted during season for use in the park, was flowing 104.1 gallons per minute when seen by the writer on October 7, 1941. On this date the surface area of the lake was cal- culated at 9.8 acres; 32 soundings indicated a maximum depth of 48 feet and an average depth of 34.1 feet; and the volume was computed at 334.2 acre-feet.
For its size, Crystal Lake supports an abundance of aquatic plant lift", mostly submarginal immersed forms. Characteristic is a dense growth around the lake of eoontail (Ceratophyllum demersum) and
2—14337
138
CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME
ponchveed (Potamogeton gramineus, J', graminifolkis, and P. longi- pediculatus) , averaging about 25 feet from shore.3 At times, the dense plant life lia.s hindered swimming, boating and fishing in the lake.
A plankton Bample indicated an abundance of this basic food for the lake, particularly in water fleas (Daphnia) and copepods (Cyclops and Diaptomus). Various bottom and marginal foods were also abundant to common. It is little wonder then, with abundant food and shelter, that the rough fish grew fat and numerous, safe from both i rout and anglers.
Until 1933, loch leven (Salmo trutta) were the only trout planted in the hike. Later, rainbow (Salmo gairdnerii) superseded the lochs and became the main basis of the sport fishery.
Pig. 40. Cube mud is trolled over side of power boat travelling at moderate speed. Note "fan" of poison cloud behind boat. Photograph by author, November 5, 1941.
Chemical Treatment
Following detailed preparations and instruction of personnel, Crystal Lake was formally treated with cube (Lonchocarpus utilis) powder, containing 5 per cent rotenone, on November 5, 1941. The method used in treatment was essentially the same as for control of rough fish in Gull Lake,4 in which the lake was divided to facilitate uniform distribution of the chemical; the powder was mixed with water at supply stations on shore to resemble thick waffle batter and then trolled through the lake in wet burlap sacks behind two-man power
3 For species identifications of aquatic plants collected I am indebted to Mr. Charles Miller of the Bureau of Fish Conservation, California Division of Fish and Game.
* Vestal, Elden H., Rough fish control in Gull Lake, Mono County, California California Fish and Game, Vol. 28, pp. 34-61, 1942.
RECLAMATION OF CRYSTAL LAKE
139
boats; and main distribution in open water was supplemented by pump- ing of heavily treated water from power boats and local spreading of poison into plant beds and along sbore (see Pi^s. :>!)-41). Including 20 pounds of poison for local treatment the following day in plant beds and marginal areas, a total of 470 pounds of cube powder was used. Spreading of chemical required about three hours.
Fish in distress appeared at the surface of the lake about 20 minutes after spreading of poison in the lake was begun. The fish were small chubs (up to two inches long) and some very small goldfish located in dense plant beds near the stations for mixing chemical. Prom that time on more of the small fish, then larger ones and trout (ranging from 12 to 29 inches) appeared at the surface and in the
Fio. 41. Marginal treatment of Crystal Lake was accomplished partly by hand trolling of poison, as here shown. Note clouds of poison spreading in water. Note dense beds of pondweed in background. Photograph by author, November 5, 1941.
marginal areas. After three hours, thousands of small chubs and gold- fish were dead, dying, and in distress along the shore (see F\<j: 42). An hour and a half later, most of the fish life in the lake was dead.
Many large goldfish seemed to resist the action of the rotenoim to a high degree. Whereas the trout and chubs reacted to the poison in characteristic fashion, the large goldfish seemed to be cast in a stupor. They would swim lazily toward the margin and into sunlight, occasion- ally moving the operculae. Instinctively, they appeared to be imped- ing oxidation within their bodies by inaction. When approached, such fish would move only at the last minute to escape, ;md then swim just far enough or deep enough to remain beyond reach. Many of the goldfish appeared to have been blinded by the action of the rotenone,
140
CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME
but did not lose sense of direction, equilibrium, and space sense or kinaesthesis. When they died, some of the large goldfish merely turned over on one side. Flaring of the gill lamellae and operculae, commonly seen in trout and chubs as an end movement in suffocation, did not occur. Some of the goldfish did not exhibit any overt sign of death at all.
Next day, when the lake was examined, all along the shore and in the shallows thousands of tiny chubs and goldfish were dead; indeed, there appeared to be no small fish (under three inches) of any kind alive, and all trout were dead. But information supplied by Mr. W. E. Conner, indicated that some of the large goldfish resisted the poison for as much as seven days after treatment of the lake. From and including the eighth day, apparently there was no sign of fish life.
Fig. 42. Three hours after start of treatment, thousands of small chubs and goldfish were dead and dying from the poison in marginal areas of the lake, as here shown. Photograph by author, November 5, 1941.
Shore and open water counts of dead fish made by the writer in sample areas on November 6, plus some goldfish later removed from the lake by Mr. Conner, indicated the following estimated and actual numbers of fish killed by the poisoning :
Rough Fish
Chubs i to 3 inches (est.) 150,000
Goldfish i to 3 inches (est.) 100,000
Goldfish 4 to 13 inches (est. and count) 560
Total 250,560
RECLAMATION OF CRYSTAL LAKE 141
Trout
Loch leven 15 to 29 inches (count) 46
Rainbow 12 to 15 inches (count) 2
Total 48
Although some food organisms in the lake were killed on November 5, many organisms, including damselfly nymphs, water boatmen, and backswimmers, were alive and apparently healthy on the following day. Plant life in the lake remained unaffected by the chemical.
When Crystal Lake was treated the lake level had declined two feet, with little loss in surface area due to the steep character of the shore line. "With the surface area at nine acres and the average depth at 32 feet, the volume of the lake on November 5 was approximately 288 acre-feet, Thus, when 470 pounds, as the weight of the chemical used, was divided by 782,614,711 pounds, as the weight of the water in the lake on the day of treatment, the quotient indicated a concentration of poison effective versus the fish life in the lake of 0.6 parts per million. This is especially noteworthy when it is recalled that some goldfish were still alive after seven days of exposure to the poison.
Fish Kescue
Rescue of trout and goldfish affected by the poison commenced as soon as the fish began to appear at the surface in distress. Distress from rotenone is usually characterized by crazed swimming, frequent gaping, and loss of special senses, such as sight and balance. The method used in fish rescue was similar also to that used at Gull Lake. There, trout were rescued with dip nets from two-man power boats and as rapidly as possible brought to holding apparatus at fish rescue stations on shore supplied with cold aerated water, in order to induce recovery. For the latter purpose at Crystal Lake, two 2,000-gallon stock tanks, one each for trout and goldfish, were used. Fish rescue reached a peak in operations about two hours after spreading of poison was begun ; and by the end of the day only an occasional fish appeared at the surface. By that time efforts at rescue availed only the goldfish.
Forty-eight trout rescued from the lake did not survive. Delay in actual rescue and transfer to fresh water and possibty insufficient circulation in the holding tank for so many trout at one time, are probable causes for their death.
This was not the case with the goldfish. Of 286 rescued to the holding tank, only seven died. Later, all goldfish were killed when, contrary to plan, they remained unclaimed by a local firm dealing in exotic fish.
Lake Recovery and Restocking
Since the writer could not be present to make observations first hand on recovery and restocking of Crystal Lake, it was necessary to rely on brief notes obtained from Messrs. W. E. Conner, of Crystal Lake Store, and M. R. Brickey, of Claremont State Fish Hatchery.
1 12
CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME
The following is a brief chronology of events, as reported by these men, during lake recovery:
December 5, 1941
(Brickey)
January 6, 1942
(Brickey)
January 12-14, 1942: (Conner)
January 14, 1942 (Conner)
4 rainbow trout, averaging 1 per ounce and placed in live car near the north end of the lake, died in 31 minutes. The water in the lake had a brownish color.
4 rainbow trout, averaging 1 per ounce, placed in a live car in the lake showed no sign of dis- tress. There was from 3 to 5 inches of ice on the lake and the water had a brownish color.
75 rainbow trout (presumably of the same size as in the other tests) placed in a live car in the lake, appeared all to be in good condition after two days. Many small gnats on surface of lake. Ilandfuls of moss yielded 4 or 5 kinds of aquatic organisms. Leeches are plentiful and damselfly and dragonfly nymphs are abundant. There is a brown substance, very much like rust, present around the shore of the lake. (From the descrip- tion, this substance is made up of decomposing cube powder. — Author). The pondweed is quite brown and dormant on top but shows signs of much life below; and the moss and other plants growing on the bottom near the edges of the lake are quite green.
4,500 rainbow trout were planted in the lake and they immediately started breaking the surface, as though feeding on the small gnats.
From the above information it is evident that Crystal Lake was freshened sufficiently on January 6, 62 days after chemical treat- ment, to support fish life; and the information suggested that an abun- dance of aquatic food organisms was available for fish. Eight days later the lake was restocked with 4,500 rainbow trout averaging about six inches long ; and by March 24 an additional 9,500 were planted.
At this writing, catch records available for the first two weeks of the 1942 trout season, from May 1 to May 15, showed that 1,848 anglers caught 6,936 trout at an average rate of 0.95 fish per hour. Although the figures provide no indication as to what the yield for the whole season may be, they nevertheless justify the statement that already Crystal Lake is paying dividends on the investment in its reclamation.'
GESTATION PERIOD IN THE FISHER WITH
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE ANIMAL'S
PROTECTION IN CALIFORNIA *
By E. Raymond Hall, Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of
Calif or ilia. Ji< rkclry
The fisher is a marten-like mamma] of the weasel family (Mus- telidae) highly valued by fur-trappers. The male is almost twice as large as the female (average weight: 10 pounds in male and 5$ pounds
in female2) ; even the female is larger than t be largest marten. Except- ing the sea otter, a fully protected species, the fisher (Maries pennanti) is the most valuable, per individual pelt, of native Californian mammals. Despite its lesser size, the pelt of the female commands a price about double that paid for the pelt of the male, as the finer, softer fur of the female more than compensates for its lesser size. At the present writ- ing, skins of females bring a price of about $50 each and males $25. In < 'a I i forma the effect of this high price is to place an attractive bounty on the fisher. Naturally the animal has become rare and in each of the past seven years no more than a half dozen individuals were obtained.
This is deplorable for several reasons. In the first place, the value of the fisher as a fur-bearer makes it desirable that only enough of the annual increase be taken to insure a continuing yield of fur and pre- serve for use this natural resource. With this aim in view, Joseph S. Dixon, in 1925, in this magazine (vol. 11, p. 25) recommended "to the Legislative Committee of the California Pish and Game Commission * fisher * * * be given a three-year closed season in * as soon * * * as legislation can be secured." made this recommendation because he had detected an alarming decrease in the number of fishers caught each year. The catch in California declined from 102 in 1920, to 34 in 1924. Mr. Dixon's recommendation, unfortunatelVj was not carried out and the number caught in subsequent years is still smaller. Mr. Howard Twining3 lias furnished me with the following records from the reports made to the State Division of Fish and Game by licensed trappers:
that
( 'alit'ornia Mr. Dixon
|
Year |
Number of fishers |
Year |
Vumber of fishers |
|
|
1925 _ __ |
20 |
1933 |
11 |
|
|
1926 __ _ |
22 |
1934 |
5 |
|
|
1927 _ |
19 |
1935 |
2 |
|
|
1928 |
_ 4 |
1936 |
1 |
|
|
1929 |
9 |
1937 |
•; |
|
|
1930__ |
16 _ 2 4 |
1938 _ |
2 |
|
|
193] |
1939 |
2 |
||
|
1932 __ |
1940 |
e |
.-) |
|
i Submitted for publication, March, L942.
2Grinnell, J.; Dixon, J. S. ; and Linsdale, .T. M. fornia, p. 211, 1937.
Fur-bearing mammals of Call-
3 Project Leader, Federal Aid to Wildlife Project, California 5R, A Survey of California's Fur-resources.
(143)
144 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME
The figures speak for themselves. The fisher in California is near extinction. A closed season longer than three years now will be required to replenish the stock. The fisher, as shown later in this account, has only one litter per year and the number of young in a litter is smaller than in several other kinds of fur-bearing mammals. Therefore, even with full protection, it will require a longer time to "come back" in numbers than would some other species. I would repeat Mr. Dixon's earlier recommendation that a closed season be provided for the fisher. This action should be taken before the trapping season of 1942-43.
I am not sure why a closed season was not provided when Mr. Dixon recommended it, but have heard that one argument advanced against it by some persons was their belief that the fishers caught were taken accidentally in traps set for other kinds of animals. Therefore, it was argued that a law providing a closed season for the fisher would not have any effect in reducing the number caught. Probably some are accidentally taken in traps set for other animals, but conversations that 1 have had with some trappers make it clear that some, and I suspect the majority, of fishers obtained, were caught in traps set for fishers themselves after their tracks, or other signs of their occupancy of an area, had been noted by a trapper. It would appear therefore that a law providing a closed season would be effective in lessening the catch of fishers.
A second reason for conserving the fisher is that it is thought to hold in check the number of porcupines. When this natural check is removed, porcupines may increase to much beyond the number that live in a given area when a moderate population of fishers is present. Unnat- urally large numbers of porcupines in an area may cause damage to sylvicultural interests and make a nuisance of themselves in other ways. In several parts of California where porcupines are unusually abundant, considerable sums have been expended in efforts to kill them. Trappers who have had experience with fishers credit them with preying on porcupines. The quills of the porcupine which protect it so effectively from most of the large carnivores seem to be ineffective against the fisher. The two fishers that I have handled in the flesh each had quills of porcupines embedded in the chest and one had a quill lying on the base of the skull against the front margin of the bony capsule enclosing the middle ear. No evidence of festering or even of inflammation of the tissues around the embedded quills was noted. In areas where porcu- pines have increased so much in numbers since the reduction of fishers as to do appreciable damage to yellow pines that are used for lumber, there would seem to be special reason for protecting the fisher until the latter had regained something like its former abundance. The fishers might be expected to reduce the number of porcupines and reduce to a negligible amount the damage to yellow pines. The diagram, figure 43, illustrates some of the relationships of the fisher.
The gestation period of the fisher has been known to breeders of fur animals for a long time as being nearly a year, but published
GESTATION PERIOD IN THE FISHER
14.-)
information thereon is meager.4 It was, therefore, a matter of more than ordinary interest to me when Dr. Victor B. Scheffer showed me notes that he had made on this question. Knowing of my interest in mustelid mammals and himself being equally interested in putting the fisher back on the list of productive fur-bearers, he generously insisted on my making whatever use I chose of his data. These consist of pen records kept by Alfred Muskett and Harold J. James, two professional fur farmers, living in the humid Transition Life-zone near the delta of the Fraser River, British Columbia, a few miles north of the Inter- national Boundary.
preys on
PORCUPINE
cuts for lumber
YELLOW PINE
Fig. 43.
Chart showing indirect ecological relationship between the fisher and the
yellow pine.
On March 7, 1939, when Scheffer made his notes and visited the fur-farms mentioned, Muskett had four fishers in captivity, all obtained near Clearwater, British Columbia, between 80 and 100 miles north of K.imloops. Two were obtained from trappers who had caught the ani- mals in the Wild and two were purchased from Stanley Silke, of Clear- water, who had been raising fishers in captivity for a short time. A letter from Mr. Silke to Mr. Muskett stated that two pen-bred females carried young 350 and 354 days.
A wild-taken female, in captivity gave birth to a litter on March 23, 1934. She did not mate in this year but did so in the following year, on April 13, 1935. The second litter, of two kits, arrived on April 2, 1936, after a gestation period of 355 days.
A female mated on April 27, 1935, and produced a litter of two on March 30, 1936, after a gestation period of 338 days. She mated 10 da}rs later, on April 9.
Mr. James started with a stock of all wild fishers, four females and two males, purchased from trappers in 1932. He subsequently sold a few and purchased additional animals, so that on March 7, 1939, his
* The following published material, not all examined by me, seems to have refer- ence to reproduction in the fisher.
Aumock, Lou. Raising fisher and marten. Hunter-Trader-Trapper, June and July, 1925.
Lowe, Lester D. The first authentic report of Bsher bred in captivity. American Fur Breeder, June, 1930, p. 34.
Prell, H. fJrber die fortplanzunesbiologie des fischermarders (Martes pennant! Erxl.). Die Pelztierzucht, no. 9, pp. 178-182. September 1, 1930. [Essen- tially a review of Lowe's article.]
Kellogg, R. A review of the Archaeoceti (p. 328). Carnegie Institution of Wash- ington, publication no. 482, December 14, 1936.
3—14337
146
CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME
stock numbered 28. lie was also raising mink and marten and fed each of the three species on the Bame ration of lean meat and mash.
TABLE 1
Some Breeding Records of the Fisher in Captivity in British Columbia
Compiled from pen records of Harold J. James
Year
lim:;1'
[934
1935
1936
1937J
1938
Female No.
1 3 5
7
1 3 5 7 9Fld 13
1
3
5
7
F9
13
G20r
G26«
1
3
F9
15h
17
G25
G26
1
F9
15 G25 G26
7 F9 G25 G26 H29 J31
Age in Years
|
Date of |
|
|
Parturition |
|
|
April |
G |
|
April |
1 |
|
April |
6 |
|
March 21 |
|
|
April |
3 |
|
March |
29 |
|
April |
7 |
|
March 2i |
|
|
April |
3 |
|
None |
|
|
None |
|
|
None |
|
|
April |
1 |
|
March |
30 |
|
March 27 |
|
|
None |
|
|
April |
2 |
|
March |
29 |
|
March 31 |
|
|
March 29 |
|
|
April |
2 |
|
March 28 |
|
|
March 31 |
Number of Young
it ion Period in Days
|
1M |
IF |
356 |
|
Lost' |
358 |
|
|
1M |
2F |
346 |
|
IM |
21' |
342 |
|
1M |
2F |
353 |
|
3F |
358 |
|
|
3F |
352 |
|
|
2M |
IF |
356 |
4 4
IF 3 2M IF
2M
Lostc
IM 2K
Lostc
2M
2F
351 351
357
Date of
Next Mating*
April 10 April 13 April 16 April 20
April 10 April 14 April 5 April 12 (April 13)« (April 1G)
None April 16 None April 11 April 14 April 6 (April 14) April 11
April 22 None April 7 April 15 None1 April 15 April 10
None
April 7
April 5
April 8
April 5
April 6
a In about half the instances mating took place on the first day that the animals were placed together; in the remaining half, mating occurred on the second day; in a few instances the animals refused to mate.
b In the early part of 1933 the animals were allowed to run freely together. They were placed in separate pens sometime in March.
c Young heard squeaking in nest box, but not found upon investigation several days later; apparently eaten by mother.
d Daughter of No. 1, born April 6, 1933. The letters of the alphabet indicate the years of birth as fol- lows: F=1933, G=1934, H=1935, J=1936.
e When the owner recorded the female as having mated hut it was subsequently found that no litter was produced and it is here assumed that fertilization did not actually take place.
1 Daughter of No. 5.
s Daughter of No. 7.
h Trapped in the wild this year.
1 A three-legged pregnant female purchased this year. Has not mated since.
) Book containing most of the pen records for this year was lost. Only the record of the number of young was saved.
The mean date in 26 matings was April 12, the earliest date April 5, and the latest April 27. According to James, the female comes into heat six to eight days after the young are born, as evidenced by her action in leaving the nest box, running nervously in the pen and scratching on the partition separating her pen from that of the male. She remains in heat two or three days.
<;kstation PERIOD IN the fisher 147
From the records above it may be seen that a female which had bred in the wild gave birth to a litter in captivity on March 23. It' her gestation period was 352 days, she mated in the wild about April 5. It is also interesting to note that wild-trapped female No. 15 adapted herself to captivity in less than five months' time and mated successfully at the end of this period.
At mating time it is customary to turn the female in with the male, as otherwise the male might destroy the newly-born young. There is hut little string! hi'-:' in mating:. The female is said to be master of the situat ion, although she is only half the size of the male. 1 lei- aggressive- ness is perhaps an instind to keep the male away from the vicinity of the young. Copulation takes place with the male astride the back of the female, Eorepaws encircling her body behind her shoulders, and lasts about one hour. (In the mink the act is said to be completed in about 20 minutes'). While the fishers are mating;, Mr. James examines the nest box of the female and counts the number of young-.
Both Mr. Muskett and Mr. James stated that the male and the Pemale fisher avi'11 live peaceably in the same enclosure. Nevertheless, the animals usually are kept iii separate pens to insure that each obtains its proper share of food.
In 22 cases the mean date of parturition was March 31, the earliest date March 23, and the latest April 7. A wild-bred female placed in captivity produced a litter on March 23, as did another that had bred in captivity.
In 1.1 cases the mean gestation period was 352 days, or about 50 weeks ; the minimum 338 days, and the maximum 358 days.
Since the mean gestation period was 352 days, it might be expected that the mean interval between pregnancies would be 365 minus 352, or 13 days. However, it was the practice of Mr. James to pair off the animals about eight days after the birth of the young:, and the actual recorded mean interval between pregnancies in 15 females was 7.7 days.
On March 7, 1939, a pregnant female clinging- belly foremost on the wire netting of her pen was seen to have four conspicuous mammae. Mr. James stated that the females were not conspicuously enlarged until about three weeks before parturition.
In 26 litters the number of young ranged from 1 to 4, and the average number was 2.7. In 13 of these litters for which the sex was recorded there were 13 males and 20 females.
Mr. James stated that the young- at birth are blind and helpless, and are not seen out of the nest box before they are three months old (about July 1). Their eyes open at aboul seven weeks of age.
Evidence on the age of sexual maturity is meager. Pen-born female No. 9F1 was thought by Mr. James to have mated successfully at the age of one year. However, ao litter was produced in the follow- ing spring. A.1 the age of two years this female mated successfully. The history of pen born Pemale No. G25 is a repetition of the fore- going. Pemale No. G26 (daughter of No. 7) was born in captivity on April-". 1934. A year later, on April 11. 1935, she mated successfully, and on April 2, 1936, she gave birth to young. These three records are the only ones available of the behavior of the yearling animals; the last one indicates that the fisher may breed successfully at the age of 53 weeks.
REDUCING COCCIDIOSIS IN CALIFORNIA VALLEY QUAIL DURING CAPTIVITY 1
By Carlton M. Herman and Harry Jankiewicz
Los Angeles Wildlife Disease Research Station
U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service
The presence of protozoan parasites, coccidia, the causative agents of coccidiosis in quail and other game birds, has been known for several years. At least three species of Eimeria have been observed in our laboratory from the California valley quail (Lophortyx calif ornica) . The infections were diagnosed in wild quail both shot and trapped, and in captive birds raised at Los Serranos State Game Farm in Chino.
Coccidia generally infect the intestinal tracts of the birds, attacking the epithelial cells of the intestinal wall. The method of infection is distinctly characteristic of the parasite. Immature oocysts (highly resistant stages in the parasite's development) pass from the birds in their fecal droppings and after a short period— about two days for the quail coccidia — these oocysts develop from a single mass of protoplasm within a resistant cell wall (fig. 44a), into four separate masses (fig. 44b), each of which develops two sporozoites (fig. 44c). These mature
b
Fig. 44. Oocysts of coccidia from California valley quail.
forms of the oocysts are the agents of infection when ingested by the birds. Under the favorable conditions supplied by the intestinal tract, the life cycle of the coccidia continues for a time, with immature oocysts eventually being passed in the fecal droppings. The mature, infective forms of the oocysts remain viable over an extended period, and in pens upon the ground a serious source of infection is built up. When sus- ceptible birds are exposed to large numbers of mature oocysts they may become very ill and mortalities will probably occur. Birds raised on the ground, having ready access to their droppings, are reinfected easily.
1 Assistance in the preparation of this paper was given by the Work Projects Administration Official Project No. 65-2-07-344. Submitted for publication, March, 1942.
(148)
COCCIDIOSIS IN CALIFORNIA VALLEY QUAIL 149
One or two infected quail in the ordinary enclosure can spread the infection to the entire flock.
Fifteen valley quail were kept in the laboratory in elevated wire- bottomed capes. All fifteen birds were infected heavily with coccidia at the beginning of the experiment, as evidenced by the great number of oocysts which were observed by microscopic examination of droppings. Daily examinations showed a gradual reduction and by the end of one week very few oocysts could be found in the material from any of these birds. This serins to indicate that the larger number of parasites more likely to injure the health of the birds is maintained only with con- tinual reinfection.
From these observations in our laboratory it seems evident that a spontaneous elimination of most of the parasites is effected in qnail within a week, provided there is no agency for reinfection. This process can be facilitated best by housing suspected cases for about a week in wire-bottomed pens elevated from the ground, and preferably with food and water containers attached in such manner that the birds can reach them only with their beaks. Contamination of food is thus reduced to a minimum and contact with contaminated soil is prevented. This reduction of the infection is made possible by the self-limited nature of the life cycle. In the absence of reinfection larger numbers of oocysts are eliminated for about one week only, and the infection then subsides to a very low level.
THE PROTOZOAN BLOOD PARASITE IFAEMO-
PROTEUS LOPHORTTX O'ROKE IN QUAIL
AT THE SAN JOAQUIN EXPERIMENTAL
RANGE, CALIFORNIA »
I '.'i ( ' iblton .M. Hkk.max- and Bex Glading3
The presence in California of a protozoan blood parasite causing malaria in valley quail was firsl reported by O'Roke (1928). Further reports by O'Roke I 1930, 1932) identified the parasite as a new species, // leus lophortyx O'Roke. Transmission of the parasite from
quail to qnail was ascribed to an ectoparasitic blood-sucking fly, Lynchia
Fig. 4fj. California valley quail are parasitized bj at leas! two kinds of blood-sucking louse flli The smaller is so far the only one known to carry quail malaria. For comparison, the same (lies are shown natural size in inset.
'■ A contribution from the Cooperative Quail Study Committee, San Joaquin llfomla, and the Los Ajigeles Wildlife Disease Research Sta- tion. Fish arid Wildlife Service Work Projects Administration Official Project No. 65-2-07-.J44 assisted In this study. Photographs by Elmer C. Aldrich, Junior Economic Biologist, California Division of Pish and Game. Submitted for publication, March.
» Technical Advisor Wildlife Disease Research Station.
8 Junior lie Biologist, California Division of Fish and Game; formerly
Bloloffl i, i Cooperative Quail Studj .
i L60 i
1'KOTOZOAN I'.l. ool) I'AIJASITK IN QUAIL
15]
hirsuta Ferris, of the family Hippoboscidae. The surveys from which these deductions were made gave evidence that the infection caused by the parasite was prevalent in numerous localities in the State and was affecting the California valley quail, Gambel quail, and Catalina Island quail.
This report presents data upon the prevalence of Haemoproteus in the valley quail of a designated area, giving intensity of infection in different age groups. No differential ion has been made between male and female birds, as the factor of sex was not considered significant when the data were tabulated.
From September, 1937, to September, 1940, blood smears were obtained from wing veins of 503 live birds trapped in the San Joaquin Experimental Range, located in the foothills at the eastern edge of the s.ni Joaquin Valley, near O'Neals, Madera County, California. The collection of blood smears, with field notes of season, age and sex of the
Fig. 46. The routine work on each captured bird includes the taking of a blood sample by piercing a vein on the under side of the wing. Here a drop of blood can be seen at the point of the dissecting needle. The wound thus caused heals within three days.
birds, was part of a quail management study. Other phases concerning the life history and management of the quail on this area have been reported by Glading et al. (1938. 1940, 1941). The slides were stained with Giemsa's stain and examined with the oil immersion lens of a com- pound microscope. Findings were tabulated by intensity of infection. (See Table 1).
Of the 503 quail examined, 84.3 per cent were infected. O'Roke (1932) found 45 per cent parasitized among 312 birds examined in 1927-1929 from several areas in California. The highesl percentage he found in any one lot in a state of nature was 65 per cent.
352
CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME
The fact that the highest percentage of infection noted in this survey, 93.5 per cent, was present in immature birds, with the occur- rence of the most severe infection also in this group, suggests that a greater mortality may occur in young birds so infected than in non- i 11 footed birds.
TABLE 1 Intensity of Infection by Age Groups
|
Ace of quail |
Under 4 weeks |
4-S weeks |
8-12 wteek? |
12-15 weeks |
Immature 4 mos.- 1 >r. |
Adult 1 yr. or over |
Total |
|
|
N'umber examined . . |
4 |
33 |
58 |
52 |
153 |
203 |
503 |
|
|
Number infected |
1 |
24 |
47 |
41 |
14.''. |
168 |
424 |
|
|
'None |
3 |
9 |
11 |
11 |
10 |
35 |
79 |
|
|
1-10 |
0 |
16 |
27 |
23 |
78 |
115 |
259 |
|
|
Parasites per 10,000 |
10-50 |
0 |
3 |
12 |
12 |
47 |
38 |
112 |
|
RBC 1 |
50-100.... |
1 |
4 |
6 |
5 |
•12 |
13 |
41 |
|
100-500 |
0 |
1 |
2 |
1 |
3 |
2 |
9 |
|
|
,500-1000... |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
3 |
0 |
§ |
|
|
Percentage infected |
25.0 |
72.7 |
81.0 |
7s v |
03 5 |
82.7 |
84.3 |
|
Monthly Incidence
Material for this survey was secured mainly from August to March. Few birds were trapped in spring and summer, to avoid dis- turbing them during breeding season, or scattering broods of chicks. The number of blood samples taken by months, with percentages of infection, is shown in Table 2.
TABLE 2
Month Number of birds Number Percentage
1987-1940 examined infected of infection
August 174 153 87.9
September 85 73 85.9
October 14 14 100.0
November 33 33 300.0
December 40 30 75.0
January 59 34 57.6
February 15 1 6.7
An analysis of data for August and September during the three- year period shows that of 84 adult birds examined during these months, 97 per cent were positive, while of 175 immature birds, 82.8 per cent were positive.
O'Roke (1930) stated that quail examined from the San Joaquin and Sacramento Valleys were not infected with Haemoproteus lophortyx, and suggested that a more extensive study of the great inland valleys might disclose the presence of the parasite in those local- ities. The present paper is the first report of its occurrence in the valley quail of the San Joaquin district.
O'Roke (1928) reported two valley quail from Napa County infected with microfilaria. In our slides three birds were found to be carrying these larval nematodes in their blood.
This report is the first of a series of collaborative studies of blood parasites in California game birds, and will be followed by reports upon other areas. The assistance of cooperators in different sections of
PROTOZOAN BLOOD PARASITE IN QUAIL 153
the State will be greatly appreciated, and slides, together with direc- tions for the simple technique of securing blood smears, will be for- warded upon application.4
Fig. 47. Through the microscope infected red blood cells can be distinguished easily from healthy ones. The parasite transmitted by the louse fly may appear sausage-shaped surrounding the dark center or nucleus, or may fill the entire cell, thus killing it. Arrows point to infected blood cells.
Summary
Data have been presented upon a survey of blood smears from valley quail in the San Joaquin Experimental Range, from September 1937 to September 1940. Haemoproteus infection was found in 84.3 per cent of the 503 quail examined. Intensity of infection has been tabulated by the number of parasites present per 10,000 red blood cells. A greater percentage of infection was noted in birds under one year of age than in adults during all months of examination except in August and September, when the reverse was true.
References
(Hading, Ben
1938. Studies on the nesting cycle of the California valley quail in ir>.°,7. Cali fornia fish and game, vol. 24, pp. 318-340.
1941. Valley quail census methods and populations at the San Joaquin Experi- mental Range. Ibid., vol. 27, pp. 33-38.
Glading, Ben; Biswell, H. H. ; and Smith, C. F.
1040. Studies on the food of the California quail in 1937. Journal of wildlife management, vol. 4, pp. 128-144.
O'Roke, Earl C.
1928. Parasites and parasitic diseases in the California valley quail. California
fish and game, vol. 14, pp. 194-19S. 1930. The morphology, transmission and liff history of Haemoproteus lophoriyx
O'Roke, a blood parasite of the California valley quail. California. I'ni
versify. Publications in zoology, vol. 36, "'1 pp. L932. Parasitism of the California valley quail by Haemoproteus lophoriyx, a
protozoan blood parasite. California fish and game, vol. 18, pp. 223-2 38
1 Los Angeles Wildlife Disease Research Station, 203 Administration Bldg., T'nion Stock Yards, Los Angeles, California.
EDITORIALS AND NOTES
FISH AND GAME AND THE WAR!
With t he outbreak of* tlie war December 7, 1941, the California State I >i vision of Fish and Game immediately took an active part in the protec- i ion of public property from destruction by enemy agents. The facilities of the Division were put at the disposal of Governor Olson. Fish and game wardens contacted local authorities and were available for any emergency, and through cooperation with the sheriff's office of Contra Costa County, the cruisers Perch and Rainbow maintained a 24-hour patrol guarding the Antioch and Carquinez bridges over the San Joaquin River and Carquinez Straits. This patrol was continued until March, 1942, when the work was taken over by the U. S. Coast Guard.
As executive secretary, I issued orders that the entire personnel of the division cooperate with the Army, Navy and other governmental officials to the fullest extent, and on December 18, H. C. Jackson, fish and game patrol captain, was assigned to my office as defense coordinator within the Division, and between the Division and defense authorities.
In meeting January 22, 1942, Nate F. Milnor, President of the Fish and Game Commission, appointed Commissioner Edwin L. Carty to serve as chairman of an Advisory Defense Committee composed of representa- tives of sportsmen's groups and organizations of the commercial fishing industry. At the present time this committee is endeavoring to maintain the commercial fishing fleet in operation, in spite of the large number of boats taken over by the Navy, and other handicaps such as closed areas.
The Fish and Game Commission, while doing everything to aid in National defense, has gone on record as being against any relaxation in the enforcement of fish and game laws. The natural resources of this State are one of the people's most cherished possessions and they shall not be needlessly sacrificed. Likewise, hunting and fishing will not be prohibited in any areas, using "National defense1' as a guise. Areas will be dosed by this Division only as a means of conservation, and if such action must be taken for fire protection and other purposes, it must be done by the military and civil authorities concerned.
The work of the Division has already been curtailed by a reduction in personnel through enlistments in the armed forces, and the inability to secure tires and other materials which are available only for defense use. However, production at the fish hatcheries and game farms is being maintained at the usual high level and will be kept up to standard as long as facilities will permit. — George P. Miller, Executive Secretary.
TWENTY-FIVE YEARS AGO IN CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME
In the July, 1917, issue of California Fish and Game there is a discussion of the new laws enacted by the Legislature, many of which were of great importance. The opening of the trout season was
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EDITORIALS AND NOTES
i :>r,
advanced from May 1 to April 1. However, this change proved unsatisfactory and the May opening was restored a few years later. After a bitter fight, commercial tronl fishing in Lake Tahoe was finally brought to an end in 1917. The fisheries tax bill was passed at this time and is still in effect. The tax money, amounting to fifty cents a ton on cannery fish, is used for patrol and investigational work. A bill regulating the harvesting of kelp was also passed. Sixteen game refuges, totaling 811,000 acres, were set aside as wildlife sanctuaries. Fur trapping was regulated, a license fee was set, and a summer closed season for fur-bearers was established. Sage hens were given complete protection. Many other bills, most of them favorable to wildlife con- servation, were also passed at this session.
Dr. Harold Heath contributed an interesting article on devilfish and squid. The life-history, habits and commercial uses of these mol- lusks were described.
Especially noteworthy is John N. Cobb's article entitled "Xeulerted Pacific Fishery Resources." This paper was presented at the meeting of the Pacific Fisheries Society in 1914, before World War I started. It was reprinted in 1917 as war conditions broughl about a need for greater fish production, and is worth reading again as we wage our second worldwide war. It is noteworthy that most of the neglected resources mentioned by Cobb have been exploited since If 17 and are now the bases of important fisheries. Others are still neglected but will have to be developed if our production of protein foods and animals fats is to be increased. — Richard 8. Crokcr, Editor, California Fish and Game.
Fig. 48. Wall-eyed pollack, also known as Paget Sound pollack (Theragra chalco- gramma fucensis), 20 inches totnl length. Caupht in Monterey Bay with 9almon trolling gear, May 7, 1942. Photo by J. B. Phillips.
WALL-EYED POLLACK CAUGHT IN MONTEREY BAY
A wall-eyed pollack, Thcragra chalcogramma fua nsis was taken in Monterey Bay, California, on -May 7, 1942. There are very few records of the occurrence of this fish in California waters. Virgil
Meloy, a commercial market fisherman, caugh.1 the S] imen, which was
20 inches in total Length, while trolling for salmon about one mile off Marina. Meloy reported eatehin<_r a similar fish during the previous year, but he did not save it for identification.
156 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME
The pollack is a member of the family Gadidae (the true cods). Two sub-species of pollacks have been described as occurring on the Pacific Coast. One, the Alaska pollack, Theragra c. chalcogramma, ranges the North Pacific, south to about Sitka, Alaska, while the other, the wall-eyed pollack or Puget Sound pollack, T. c. fucensis has been reported from Vancouver Island southward to Monterey, California.
The only other member of the true cod family in California waters is the tomcod, Microgadits proximus. The latter fish and the pollar-k are the only fishes in California waters that have three separate dorsal fins, as well as two separate anal fins. However, the tomcod may be distinguished from the pollack by the following characters : The lower jaw is included in the tomcod, whereas it is slightly projecting in the pollack; the barbel on the underside of the jaw in the tomcod is promi- nent, while in the pollack it is very small.
The only other fish in California waters with which the pollack might be confused is the hake, Merluccius productus. The hake has the lower jaw projecting, but it has no barbel, and there are only two separate dorsal fins and one anal fin. However, there is a deep notch in the second dorsal and in the anal, which may give the impression of there being three dorsal and two anal fins, at first glance. — J. B. Phil- lips, Bureau of Marine Fisheries, California Division of Fish and Game, June, 1942.
TONGUE SOLE IN MONTEREY BAY
Tongue sole, Symphurus atricaudus (Jordan and Gilbert), are uncommon in Monterey Bay but are quite common to the southward, particularly in San Diego Bay. According to "Monk" Loero, manager of the General Fisheries Corporation of Santa Cruz and Monterey, tongue sole are occasionally taken by drag boats working in Monterey Bay. However, this bay appears to be the northern limit of this species, while the range extends to the south into Mexican waters.
Two specimens of the tongue sole, caught in a drag net, were brought to the Monterey fish markets for identification during April, 1942. This sole is the only member of the family of true soles, Soleidae, in California waters, and can be readily separated from our other flatfishes by the following characters: (1) Body blunt anteriorly, taper- ing to a point, posteriorly. The dorsal fin begins on the head and is continuous with the anal around the tail. The posterior part of the dorsal and anal fins are broadly edged with black. (2) The mouth is small and twisted. (3) The eyes are small and set close together. (4) No lateral line is present. The tongue sole rarely attains a length of six inches. — J". B. Phillips, Bureau of Marine Fisheries, California Division of Fish and Game, June, 1942.
REVIEWS
Sea of Cortez
By John Steinbeck and Edward F. Ricketts. New York, Viking Press, 1941. 598 pp., 40 pis., 2 figs. $5.00.
A novelist and a biologist chartered a Monterey purse seine boat and spent several weeks in the Gulf of California collecting specimens and experiences. The results are recounted in this "leisurely journal of travel and research."
The book is divided into two parts; the narrative and the section on the scientific results of the trip. The illustrations which appear between these two sections consist of photographs and drawings, both in color and in black and white. They are excellent.
The narrative unfolds the day-to-day happenings of the happy-go- lucky expedition, and the reader can share more real fun than is to be found in most travel journals. The object of the trip was a collect ion of Gulf littoral invertebrate animals. The result was better than any- one anticipated. As the little vessel proceeds from one collecting sta- tion to the next, the reader can feel that he is aboard, such is the beauty of the writing. "We who have known the Gulf in all its moods can visit it again in memory, and those not lucky enough to have explored its waters can journey there in the pages of this book.
Most enjoyable are the passages describing the balky outboard motor — a masterly description — and those recounting with real sym- pathy and affection the authors' meetings with the Gulf Indians. The text seldom confines itself to straight narrative — the many discussions in the galley lead up some remarkable alleys.
The scientific appendix includes a noteworthy bibliography of the Panamic faunal province; this alone would make the book worthwhile. The animals collected, a remarkable number, are listed in a splendidly annotated phyletic catalogue. The expedition was primarily interested in the invertebrate fauna and fishes were taken but incidentally. There is a glossary and an index.
For a combination of enjoyable reading and factual information, Sea of Cortez is hard to beat, A copy should be aboard every research vessel, whether it be bound for the Gulf or not. The philosophy of the authors, as well as the results of their collecting, should be an example to all who seek for knowledge in the sea. — Richard S. Croker, Editor, California Fish and Game.
Under the Sea-Wind
By Rachel L. Carson. New York, Simon and Schuster, 1941. 314 pp., illus. $3.00.
Miss Carson writes as one who has an intimate knowledge and love of the sea. Her book is not only informative but good reading. She tells of the animals which live above ilie sea and along its edges and of those which inhabit its surface waters and depths. The year-around
(157)
158 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME
life of the seashore is made real through telling the story of a pair of sanderl ings. Life in the open sea is described with a mackerel as the central figure. The third section of the book follows the life story of an eel, from a highland stream to the deepest part of the ocean. The scene of all three stories is laid along the eastern coast of North America and the offshore waters of the Atlantic.
Those of us who study the life of the sea know well that it is one continual struggle for existence, but never has the "survival of the fittest" been described in such gruesome detail. The author goes to considerable lengths to drag in every possible predator, until in this reviewer's opinion the book is marred by a repetition of pursuit and swallowing. Virtually the only animal not eaten is the killer whale which ate the 500-pound tuna, which ate the mackerel, which ate the herring, which ate the shrimp, etc.
There is a glossary, describing many animals and scientific terms in simple language.
Many fine drawings by Howard Freeh illustrate the text.
This is an excellent book for the nature lover and amateur natural- ist, containing a wealth of information presented in an inspiring style. — Richard 8. Crokcr, Editor, California Fish and Game.
Musing's of an Angler
By 0. Warren Smith. New York, A. S. Barnes and Company, 1942. 187 pp., illus. $2.00.
Musings of an Angler is a collection of essays as originally pub- lished in Outdoors Magazine, written by the late angling editor of that publication. Mr. Smith was a clergyman and a sportsman, one who wrote of the lure of angling as few writers have been able. Judging from his essays, the author was one of that rare breed — the true sports- man in all respects.
The musings recount the author's experiences along his favorite Wisconsin trout stream, not the stories of hooking and landing big fish, not what flies and techniques he used, but all the little things that go into making angling the best of all sports and recreations. The chance conversations with strangers, glimpses into the lives of birds, deer and other wild creatures, the flowers and trees, all are described in prose more beautiful than poetry.
The author was well read, in fact reading and angling were his two hobbies, and his references to books on fishing constitute an informal but excellent bibliography. Similarly, his occasional half- hidden hints on fishing methods contain more of value than can be found in many a "how to do it" book.
Mr. Smith's philosophy can be recommended to all fishermen. For example he writes, "The man who fishes for fish, catches nothing but fish ; but the man who fishes for joy, baiting his hook with understand- ing, is certain to have a full creel e'en though it appears to others to be empty.
"There is no emptiness comparable to emptiness of heart and mind. Do not mistake me, I appreciate as fully as any angler the importance and beauty of perfect tackle; but, when rightly understood, it is neither the tackle nor the tangible catch that counts.
REVIEWS 159
"* * * some of'my best days have been when T have failed as an angler, and some of my worst when I have succeeded as a fisherman."
Tliis book can not lie recommended too heartily. — Richard S. Croli r. Editor, California Fish and Game.
Representative North American Fresh-water Fishes
Bv John T. Nichols, illustrated by Andrew K. Janson. New Fork, Macmillan Company, 1942. 128 pp., 60 pis. $1.25.
This little booklet consists of sixty drawings of fresh -water fishes accompanied hy explanatory text. For the most part the illustrations are excellent, especially those reproduced in color. The trout draw ings are the poorest; those of the bluegill, large-mouthed bass, golden shiner and shad, for example, are splendid. For some reason the drawing of the goldfish is one of the worst whereas the similar carp is portrayed beautifully. Judging from the drawings, the artist apparently had never seen some of the western and northern fishes in the flesh.
<»ne page of text accompanies each full-page illustration. Much interesting material of miscellaneous nature is presented. Although the facts seem accurate enough they were apparently assembled in haste. The book is no great contribution to the literature. Richard 8. Croker, Editor, California Fish and Game.
REPORTS
STATEMENT OF REVENUE
For the Period July 1, 1941, to March 31, 1942, of the Ninety-third Fiscal Year
Revenue for Fish and Game Preservation Fund : License revenue : 1942 series — -
Angling $31,934 50
Fish tags 624 58
Game tags 57 42
Market fishermen 2,720 00
Fish importers 75 00
Fishing party boat permits 89 00
Fish breeder 250 00
Game breeder 905 00
Game management 180 00
Game management tags 5 58
Kelp licenses 20 00
Total 1942 series $36,861 08
1941 series —
Angling $594,210 00
Hunting 606,543 00
Commercial hunting club 1,025 00
Commercial hunting club operator 385 00
Trapping 2,167 00
Fish packers and wholesale shellfish dealers 940 00
Deer tags 173,558 00
Fish tags 2,170 47
Game tags 278 28
Market fishermen : 52,130 00
Fishing party boat permits 146 00
Fish breeder 15 00
Game breeder 140 00
Game management 220 00
Game management tags 130 02
Kelp licenses 30 00
Total 1941 series $1,434,087 77
1940 series —
Angling $868 00
Hunting 8,557 00
Fish packers and wholesale shellfish dealers 5 00
Deer tags 399 00
Market fishermen 100 00
Total 1940 series 9,929 00
Total licenses, 93d Fiscal Year $1,480,877 85
(160)
REPORTS 161
STATEMENT OF REVENUE— Continued
Other revenue:
Court fines $40,883 43
Deer meat permits 6,418 00
Lease of kelp beds 336 40
Publication sales 159 04
Fish packers tax 333,882 L9
Kelp tax 1,276 06
Salmon packers tax 17,219 74
Miscellaneous t. 5,652 14
Total other revenue .$405,827 00
Total revenue, 93d Fiscal Year $1,886,704 85
Grand total revenue all years, Fish and Game Preserva- tion Fund $1,886,704 85
Ki-J
< AUFORNIA FISH AND GAME
STATEMENT OF EXPENDITURES For the Period July 1, 1941, to March 31, 1942, of the Ninety-third Fiscal Year
Function
Administration: Demolition of exposition exhibits. . Education and public information.
Executive
Exhibits.
Fish and game magazine
Library
Office
Total Administration.
Patrol and Law Enforcement:
Cannery inspection
Executive
Junior patrol
Land patrol.
Marine patrol
M. V. Bluefin galley
M. V. N. B. Scofield galley.
Office
Pollution patrol
Total Patrol and Law Enforcement.
Murine Fisheries: Central Valley investigation.
Executive
Field supervision
Fish cannery auditing
Office
Research and statistics
Total Marine Fisheries .
Fish Conservation:
Biological survey. .
Executive
Field supervision _.
Fish food unallocated
Fish plant ing
Fish rescue _
Office.... _
Pollution inspection ._
Statistical
Structural maintenance
Alpine Hatchery
Arrowhead Lake Egg Collecting Station
Basin Creek Hatchery
Bear Lake Egg Collecting Station
Benbow Dam Experimental Station
Black Rock Springs Ponds
Blue Lakes Egg Collecting Station
Bogus Creek Egg Collecting Station
Brookdale Hatchery
Burney Creek Hatchery
Central Valley Hatchery..
Copco Egg Collecting Station
Cottonwood Lake Egg Collecting Station
Experimental Hatchery
Fall Creek Hatchery
Feather River Hatchery..
Fern Creek Hatchery
Fillmore Hatchery
Forest Home Hatchery .
Fort Seward Hatchery...
Hot Creek Hatchery
Huntington Lake Hatchery
Kaweah Hatchery
Kern Hatchery _ _
King Salmon Experimental Station
Kings River Hatchery
Kirman Lake Egg Collecting Station
Klnmathon Egg Collecting Station
Lake Almanor Hatchery.
Little Walker Lake Egg Collecting Station... Mad River Egg Collecting Station
Salaries
and
wagee
$686 00 5,359 94
Mi 0(1
1,791 43 8,661 84
$16,565 81
$19,170 63
11,109 67
2,380 00
213,036 84 74,197 52
5,379 76 12,769 03
$338,043 45
85,335 17
5,780 00
640 00
9,402 57 47,097 07
$68,254 81
$9,770 00 8,370 00 4,788 39
994 35
7,796 20
5,475 00
4,247 15
1,740 00
630 00
1,004 80
6,539 84
4,037 42
530 00
1,404 84
182 40
166 67
280 00
5,415 99
3,976 13
1,877 58
690 00
153 22
470 00
5,451 94
3,600 00
704 85
3,927 91
Materials
and supplies
$57 54
20 67
276 23
169 77
1,754 64
31 5S
3,990 22
$6,300 65
$461 88
362 60
145 67
31,215 36
14,541 88
—983 15
—749 25
106 10
2,108 03
$47,209 12
$919 76
172 56
96 65
860 43 3,690 77
$5,740 17
$1,170 35
85 71
424 78
27,402 21
885 79
609 06
976 99
286 47
106 01
67 48
212 76
570 99
1,621 54
Service
and expense
$29 65
4,209 75 450 51
84 61 54,305 19
$59,079 71
$2,685 05
1,810 08
773 82
53,099 6S
42,463 88
967 52 3,933 21
$105,733 24
$2,295 63 614 41 129 12
2,974 51 373 78
7,345 46
58 51
46 41
12 IS
4 58
M)S 72
121 89
505 88
4 08
2,382 26 5,950 53 1,285 15 2,421 22 2,188 27
4,392 27 243 02 475 38
5,034 66 477 10 550 00
30 59 508 20 307 74 127 22 237 70 16 53 289 99 4,688 69 407 04 418 53 450 07
2,554 87
131 57 575 67
50 70
$13,732 91
$1,364 79
623 67
869 82
6,234 42
1,885 09
2,346 19
36 50
534 41
1,017 00
270 04
201 48
943 87
759 92
10 99 27 95
85 00
501 45
278 11
1,034 86
97 95
112 25
Property
and equipment
s.-, (Ill
ISO 33
2M) 1(5
$466 28
$2,998 11
3 66
9,315 17
5,363 53
165 84 1,538 26
$19,384 57
$125 35
58 58
19 43 982 21
$1,185 57
$240 39 ""2T23
1,584 51
1,048 87
127 22
42 88
Total
$87 19
706 67
9,850 92
686 88
1,754 64
2,087 95
67,238 20
$S2,412 45
$22,317 56
16,280 46
3,303 15
306,667 05
136,566 81
—983 15
—749 25
6,619 22
20,348 53
2 32 69 06
7 55 73 59
191 53
137 27 406 04 346 92
7MI 2s
301 13
1,394 35
456 50
882 15
418 02
5 76
1,562 23
20 90
75 85
451 30
7 60
26 44 IS 57
16 66
3 66
272 62
209 08
12 11
85 10
37 74
67 84
$510,370 38
$8,675 91
6,625 55
865 77
2,974 51
10,656 21
59,115 51
$88,913 46
$12,545 53
9,079 38
6,104 22
33,636 63
5,349 74
11,800 32
6,615 71
5,110 91
2,863 01
967 52
1,416 72
8,123 76
6,4 IS SS
530 00
1,487 89
330 35
17s S5
369 58
6,726 16
4,376 13
3,609 85
792 03
265 47
500 59
6,123 85
4,332 35
1,178 99
4,962 55
16 53
2,977 04
12,306 19
2,357 77
3,734 01
3,141 46
5 76
8,547 11
263 92
l)S2 Ml
6,129 47 484 70 600 70
REPORTS
163
STATEMENT OF EXPENDITURES— Continued For the Period July 1, 1941, to March 31, 1942, of the Ninety-third Fiscal Year
Function
Salaries
and
wages
Materials
and supplies
Service
and expense
Property
and equipment
Total
Fish Conservation— Continued:
Madera Hatchery
Mt. Shasta Hatchery
Mt. Tallac Hatchery
Mt. Whitney Hatchery
Mud Creek Egg Collecting Station
Prairie Creek Hatchery
Rearing Reservoir..
Rush Creek Egg Collecting Station
San Lorenzo Egg Collecting Station
Sequoia Experimental Station
Shackleford Creek Egg Collecting Station .
Shasta River Egg Collecting Station
Snow Mountain Egg Collecting Station...
Tahoe Hatchery
Waddell Creek Station.
Yosemite Hatchery
Yuba River Hatchery
Total Fish Conservation.
Engineering:
Engineering
Executive
Inspection of fish screens . Office _
Total Engineering
Game Conservation:
Duck rescue..
Elk refuge '.
Executive
Game management-
Grey Lodge Refuge
I mperial Refuge
Los Banos Refuge
Office
Predatory animal — lion hunting
Predatory animal — trapping
Research __
Statistics
Suisun Refuge
Winter feeding and salting of game.
Total Game Conservation.
Game Farms:
Executive
Game bird distribution — Los Serranos
Yountville
Game management
Los Serranos Game Farm
Office
Yountville Boarding House . Yountville Game Farm
Total Game Farms .
Licenses:
Executive
License distribution Office
Total Licenses.
Construction of fish screens and stream improve- ments
$1,346 62
36,330 69
3,124 30
11,731 62
99 67
3,688 61
3,847 18
529 03
$198 15 4,486 94 1,721 69
3,.s4i; 1!
$716 39
2,691 58
408 29
3,276 85
$2,181 34
Ifl ,:,
628 36
1,562 25
679 70
770 59
30 12
79 05
202 67
700 00 1,050 00 6,249 67 1,410 00
3.S07 95 3,30s in
30 90 22s 5ll 404 55
95 74 550 56 106 67
371 48 ,039 US
45 30
00 94 700 57
50 00 111) 70
65 72 833 16 105 17 403 88 189 17
59 15 Hi S3
|
113 76 |
|
17 47 |
|
44 25 |
14 13 124 63
$2,261 16
15,690 :,:,
5,300 03
19,483 27
99 67
4,798 94
5,674 28
OOt 15
139 99
2,579 25
50 00
S59 07
1,344 22
7,531 63
1,010 91
4,776 52
3,728 87
$188,416 53
$10,202 04
3,540 00
960 00
1,180 00
$60,209 77
$791 16
168 70
986 64
9 09
$37,556 94
$2,993 77
644 66
100 11
17 52
$7,400 60
$66 75 699 36
4 45
$15,882 04
$1,697 21 1,530 00 7,500 00
10,729 17 3,977 75 2,300 00 3,122 76 2,830 00 4,977 86
28,113 39 5,943 97 1,778 43 2,201 72
Total.
$76,702 26
$2,880 00
2,080 30
9,210 95
1,127 00
8,228 14
870 00
385 44
9,393 67
$34,1S1 50
$2,880 00
12,006 34
1,123 89
$16,010 23
$1,955 59
$356 46 184 15 575 25
2,233 03
620 11
91 47
798 92
91 82
561 68
3,979 17
1,239 81 212 19 356 63 532 63
$11,833 32
$85 14
983 70 3,257 95
Ml lis
2,039 26
1,237 03
2.S3S 40
$10,521 56
$118 46
8,074 41
131 05
$8,323 92
$3,756 06
$452 73
199 79
1,026 26
2,092 57
411 76
100 38
394 75
906 29
4,769 57
5,274 87
1,352 04
990 22
313 42
$770 56
$7 16
$18,284 65
$575 93
806 20
1,592 09
177 94
846 03
14 11
1 11
1,064 00
$5,077 41
$174 61
68,176 02
93 94
$68,441 57
1,629 07
1,851 29
68 24
1 92
1,562 39
120 32
3 96
1,867 71
1,015 43
154 34
$8,281 83
$722 41
169 06
17 15
148 06
550 20
$1,606 91
$73 56
$73 5-;
22,306 64
$293,583 84
$14,053 72 5,052 72 2,046 75 1,211 06
$22,364 25
$2,513 56
1,913 94
10,730 58
16,906 06
5,077 86
2,493 77
5,878 82
3,948 43
10,313 07
39,235 14
9,551 25
2.9S0 st
3,020 11
532 03
$115,102 06
$3,541 07
I. .Vis i,I
14,230 05
1,402 17
11,261 49
884 U
1,623 5 s 13.S46 27
$51,387 38
$3,173 07
ss. 330 33 1,348 88
$92,852 2S
22,306 64
292 ;t
]64
CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME
FISH CASES
January, February, March, 1942
Number Offense arrests
Abalones : Undersized, over limit, no license,
closed season 11
Angling : No license, closed season, failure to
show license on demand, transferring license 24
Bass : Taking bass two lines, no license, under- sized 28
Clams : Undersized, over limit Pismo and
cockle clams 30
Commercial fishing, no license 6
Crabs : Possession undersized 2
Crab traps illegally used 1
Failure to apply for identification card 2
Fishing 150 feet of dam 2
Gaff : Possession of gaff within 300 feet of
stream 3
Lobster : Possession of undersized and over- sized lobsters 7
License : Alien purchase of citizen license, pre- dated license, false statement in procuring
license 6 135 00
Net : Possession throw net in closed area,
round haul net in District 20 18 1,600 00
Pollution 15 2,500 00
Salmon : Possession salmon closed season 1 25 00
Seine : Possession seine closed area 4 200 00
Spear : Possession of spear within 200 feet of
stream 1 25 00
Sunfish : Possession bluegill sunfish during
closed season 11 520 00
Trammel net in closed area 2 300 00
Trout : No license, over limit, closed season,
two poles and set line 28 620 00
Lobster traps illegally used 2 335 00
Wasting fish 2 50 00
Totals 206 $8,262 00
|
Fines imposed |
Jail sentences (days) |
|
$285 00 |
5 |
|
300 00 |
5 |
|
382 00 |
35 |
|
520 00 95 00 50 00 100 00 10 00 50 00 |
50 20 m |
|
85 00 |
— |
|
75 00 |
50
1774
KKl'OKTS
165
GAME CASES
January, February, March, 1942
Number Offense arrests
Coots : Shooting from auto 3
Curlew 3
Deer : Closed season, female deer, allowing
dogs to run deer, spotlight hunting 30
Deer meat : Closed season, doe meat, untagged. 38
Doves : Closed season, no license 3
Ducks : Closed season, shooting from power boat, shooting before sunrise, no license,
shooting after sunset, over limit CO
Firearms : Discharging firearms in refuge,
using road sign as target 8
Geese : Closed season, before sunrise 8
Jacksnipe 3
Hunting : No license, before sunrise, hunting on posted land, transferring license, hunting at night, making false statement when procur- ing license 30
Meadowlark : Non-game bird 2
Mudhens : Closed season 8
Nongame birds 6
Pigeons 6
Pheasants: Closed season 16
Plover 2
Quail: Closed season 4
Rabbits : Closed season, no license 27
Robins: No license 11
Shooting : Before sunrise, after sunset 2
Totals 268
|
Jail |
|
|
Fines |
sentences |
|
imposed |
(days) |
|
$55 00 |
|
|
25 00 |
— |
|
2,931 00 |
356 |
|
820 00 |
206 |
|
120 00 |
1,735 00
237 50
310 00
10 00
|
512 |
50 |
|
35 |
00 |
|
150 |
00 |
|
65 |
00 |
|
110 00 |
|
|
700 |
00 |
|
50 00 |
|
|
110 |
00 |
|
460 |
(((1 |
|
170 00 |
|
|
35 00 |
|
|
ssr.li |
00 |
60
17*
20 20
19
733 i
166 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME
SEIZURES OF FISH AND GAME January, February, March, 1942
Fish:
Abalones, red 10
Abalones, green 27
Bass, black 23
Bass, traps 2
Clams, cockle 291
Crappie 20
Lobsters, spiny 40
Lobsters, pounds L50
Lobster traps . 10
Mullet, pounds :',70
Sardines 10
Sunfish, bluegill 55
Set lines 4
Throw nets 2
Trout 71
Trout, steelhead 14
Game:
Coots 16
Curlew r 4
Deer 19
Deer meat, pounds 532
Doves 2
Ducks 545
Geese 44
Goldfinch 1
Jacksnipe 1
Meadowlark 4
Pheasant 21
Pigeons ;;::
Plover 7
Quail 35
Rabbits, cottontail 33
Rabbits, jack 2
Robins 14
Sparrows 9
Thrush 1
In the ^ertrice of %k\x dountrg
Now serving with the armed forces ol the United States are the following 62 employees ol the California Division ol Fish and ( iame. Byron Sylvester was killed while on active duty.
Austin Alford James F. Ashley Arthur Barsuglia Henry Bartol Ralph Beck James H. Berrian Arthur Boeke John Canning J. Wm. Cook A. F. Crocker Richard S. Croker Charles Cuddigan I larolcl Dave Donald DeSpain Edward Dolder Elmer Doty Eugene Durney William Dye Belton Evans Willis Evans John Finigan John E. Fitch Henry Frahm Paul Gillogley Donald Glass Lester Golden John A. Gray, Jr. Richard Hardin James L. Hiller Llovd I lume E. R. Hyde
John F. Janssen, Jr. E. A. Johnson Wm. Jolley Chas. W. Kanig Albert King Robert Kino Richard Kramer Chris Wm. Loris E. L. Macaulay John Maga Howard McCullv Charles McFall Jack McKerHe George Metcall Jacob Myers William Plett James Reynolds William Richardson Merton N. Rosen Howard Shebley W7illiam Sholes, Jr. Edson J. Smith Virgil Swenson Rudolph Switzer Donald Tappe Robt. R. Terwilliger C. L. Towers Ross Waggoner George Werden, Jr. John Woodard Trevenen A. Wright
July, 1942
( KIT .
BUREAU OF ENGINEERING
J( IHN SPENCER, Chief San Francisco
Clarence Elliger, Assistant Hydraulic Engineer San Francisco
Samuel Kabakov, Jr., Civil Engineer San Francisco
BUREAU OF LICENSES
H. R. DUNBAR, Chief Sacramento
L. O'Leary, Supervising License Agent Sacramento
R. Nickerson, Supervising License Agent Los Angeles
Emil Dorig, License Agent San Francisco
ACCOUNTS AND DISBURSEMENTS D. H. BLOOD, Departmental Accounting Officer Sacramento
BUREAU OF PATROL
E. L. MACAULAY, Chief of Patrol (absent on military leave) San Francisco
L. F. CHAPPELL. Chief of Patrol San Francisco
CENTRAL DISTRICT (Headquarters, Sacramento) C. S. Bauder, Inspector in Charge Sacramento
Northern Division
A. A. Jordan, Captain '. Redding
Jos. H. Sanders, Captain Sacramento
A. H. Willard, Captain Rocklin
E. O. Wraith, Captain Chico
L. E. Mercer, Warden, Butte County Chico
Chester Ramsey, Warden, Butte County Oroville
Taylor London, Warden, Colusa County Colusa
Albert Sears, Warden, El Dorado County Placerville
E. C. Vail, Warden, Glenn County Willows
Jack Sawyer, Warden, Lassen County Westwood
Don Davison, Warden, Modoc County Alturas
Earl Hiscox, Warden, Navada County Nevada City
Wm. La Marr, Warden, Placer County Tahoe City
Nelson Poole, Warden, Placer County Auburn
E. J. Johnson, Warden, Plumas County Quincy
George Shockley, Warden, Plumas County Portola
H. S. Vary, Warden, Sacramento County Sacramento
Charles Sibeck, Warden, Sacramento County Sacramento
Earl Caldwell, Warden, Shasta County Burney
Chas. Love, Warden, Shasta County Redding
Don Chipman, Warden, Siskiyou County Dunsmuir
Brice Hammack, "Warden, Siskiyou County Yreka
Louis Olive, Warden, Lassen County Susanville
Fred R. Starr, Warden, Siskiyou County „ Dorris
R. E. Tutt, Warden, Sierra County Downieville
A. Granstrom, Warden, Sutter County Tuba City
R. W. Anderson, Warden, Tehama County Red Bluff
Harold Erwick, Warden, Tehama County Corning
C. L. Gourley, Warden, Trinity County Weaverville
C. O. Fisher, Warden, Yolo County Woodland
R. A. Tinnin, Warden, Tuba County Marysville
G. Seymour, Warden, Lassen County Susanville
Southern Division
S. R. Cilloon, Captain Fresno
John O'Connell, Captain Stockton
R. J. Little, Warden, Amador County Pine Grove
L. R. Garrett, Warden, Calaveras County Murphys
F. A. Bullard, Warden, Fresno County Reedley
Paul Kehrer, Warden, Fresno County Fresno
Lester Arnold, Warden, Kern County Bakersfield
C. L. Brown, "Warden, Kern County Kernville
C. S. Donham, Warden, Kern County Taft
Ray Ellis, Warden, Kings County Hanford
H. E. Black, Warden, Madera County Madera
Gilbert T. Davis, Warden, Mariposa County Mariposa
Hilton Bergstrom, Warden, Merced County Los Banos
H. Groves, Warden, Merced County Merced
H. J. P.ullard, Warden, San Joaquin County Tracy
Wm. Hoppe, Warden, San Joaquin County Lodi
Geo. Magladrv, Warden, Stanislaus County Modesto
W. I. Long, Warden, Tulare County Visaha
Roswell Welch, Warden, Tulare County Porterville
F. F. Johnston, Warden, Tuolumne County Sonora
COAST DISTRICT (Headquarters, San Francisco) Wm. J. Harp, Inspector in Charge San Francisco
Northern Division
Scott Feland, Captain Eureka
J. D. Dondero, Captain Lakeport
Henry Lenclonl, Captain Santa li'
K;iy Diamond, Warden, Del Norte County Crescent City
Walter Gray, Warden, Humboldt County Garberville
John Hurley, Warden, Humboldt County Eureka
W. F. Kaliher, Warden, Humboldt County Fortuna
Laurence Werder, Warden, Humboldt County Eureka
Kenneth Langford, Warden, Lake County Lakeport
M. F. Joy, Warden, Marin County Tiburon
R. J. Yates, Warden, Marin County San Rafael
Ovid Holmes, Warden, Mendocino County Fort Bragg
Floyd Loots, Warden, Mendocino County Willits
Leo Mitchell, Warden, Mendocino County Point Arena
R. Remley, Warden, Mendocino County Willits
J. W. Harbuck, Warden, Napa County Napa
Bert Laws, Warden, Sonoma County Petaluma
Victor Von Arx, Warden, Sonoma County Santa Rosa
George Johnson, Warden, Sonoma County Cloverdale
Southern Division
O. P. Brownlow, Captain Alameda
C. L. Bundock, Warden, Alameda County Oakland
Ed Clements, Warden, Contra Costa County Martinez
Owen Mello, Warden, Monterey County Pacific Grove
Henry Ocker, Warden, Monterey County King City
F. H. Post, Warden, Monterey County Salinas
J. P. Vissiere, Warden, San Benito County Hollister
Lee C. Shea, Warden, San Francisco County San Francisco
F. W. Hecker, Warden, San Luis Obispo County San Luis Obispo
Orben Philbrick, Warden, San Luis Obispo County Paso Robles
C. R. Peek, Warden, San Mateo County San Mateo
M. S. Clark, Warden, Santa Clara County Palo Alto
C. E. Holladay, Warden, Santa Clara County San .1
F. J. McDermott, Warden, Santa Cruz County Santa Cruz
J. E. Hughes, Warden, Solano County Dixon
SOUTHERN DISTRICT (Headquarters, Los Angeles)
Earl Macklin, Captain in Charge Los Angeles
E. H. Ober, Captain, Special Duty Los Angeles
Western Division
L. T. Ward, Captain Escondido
Fred Albrecht, Warden, Los Angeles County Los Angeles
Walter Shannon, Warden, Los Angeles County Los Angelas
Walter Emerick, Warden, Los Angeles County Palmdale
Theodore Jolley, Warden, Orange County Orange
E. H. Glidden, Warden, San Diego County San Dp
Chester Parker, Warden, San Diego County Julian
A. R. Ainsworth, Warden, Santa Barbara County Santa Maria
R. E. Bedwell, Warden, Santa Barbara County Santa Barbara
W. Greenwald, Warden, Ventura County Fillmore
John Spicer, Warden, Ventura County Ojai
Eastern Division
H. C. Jackson, Captain San Bernardino
Leo Rossier, Warden, Imperial County El Centro
W. S. Talbott, Warden, Inyo County Bishop
C. J. Walters, Warden, Inyo County Independence
James Loundagin, Warden, Mono County Leevining
W. C. Blewett, Warden, Riverside County Indio
W. L. Hare, Warden, Riverside County Elstni
R. C. O'Conner, Warden, Riverside County Banning
A. L. Stager, Warden, San Bernardino County Upland
W. C. Malone, Warden, San Bernardino County San Bernardino
Erol Greenleaf, Warden, San Bernardino County Big Bear Lake
Otto Rowland, Warden, San Bernardino County Victorville
MARINE PATROL
Ralph Classic, Captain Monterey
Lars Weseth, Master, M.V. N. B. Scofield Terminal Island
Howard V. Shebley, Warden, Cruiser Bonito Newport Harbor
A. Wallen, Assistant Warden, Cruiser Bonito Newport Harbor
Kenneth Webb, Warden, Cruiser Broadbill San Diego
Phillip Westcott, Assistant Warden, Cruiser Broadbill San Diego
Ralph Dale, Cruiser Perch Antioch
Kenneth Hooker, Warden, Cruiser Quinnat III San Rafael
G. Whitesell, Assistant Warden, Cruiser Quinnat III San Rafael
K. Lund, Warden, Cruiser Rainbow III Martinez
Otis Wright, Assistant Warden, Launch Sturgeon Monterey
Walter Engelke, Captain and Warden, Cruiser Tuna Santa Monica
Robert Mills, Cruiser Yellowtail Santa Barbara
Allen C. Swenson, Assistant Warden, Cruiser Yellowtail Santa Barbara
John Barry, Warden Ventura
Ellis Berry, Warden San Luis Obispo
W. J. Black, Warden Monterey
J. R. Cox, Warden Watsonville
N. C. Kunkel, Warden Terminal Island
Leslie E. Lahr, Warden Terminal Island
Niles Millen, Warden Terminal Island
Ralph Miller, Warden San Francisco
Tate F. Miller, Warden Terminal Island
C. L. Savage, Warden Terminal Island
T. W. Schilling, Warden Terminal Island
G. R. Smalley, Warden Richmond
T. J. Smith, Warden San Diego
L. G. Van Vorhis, Warden Terminal Island
E L. Walker, Warden Terminal Island
Frank Felton, Assistant Warden San Diego
POLLUTION DETAIL
Paul A. Shaw, Chemical Engineer San Francisco
Don Hall, Warden Oakland
H. L. Lantis, Warden Long Beach
R. L. Schoen, Warden Wilmington
Walter R. Krukow, Assistant Warden Santa Barbara
J. A Reutgen, Assistant Warden Martinez
R. G. Kaneen, Assistant Warden Terminal Island
MARINE PATROL AND RESEARCH BOATS
Motor Vessel N. B. Scofield, Terminal Island
Motor Vessel Bluefin, Monterey
Cruiser Bonito, Newport Harbor
Cruiser Broadbill, San Diego
Cruiser Perch, Antioch
Cruiser Quinnat III, San Francisco
Cruiser Rainbow III, Martinez
Cruiser Tuna, Santa Monica
Cruiser Yellowtail, Santa Barbara
Launch Sturgeon, Monterey
printed in California state printing office
SACRAMENTO, 1942 CEORCE H. MOORE, STATE PRINTER
14337 8-42 4200
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