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COMMERCIAL PRESS

Geography of China

BY

HORATIO B. HAWKINS, i\l.A.

Teacher in Kiangsu Provincial College, Soochow

Commercial Press. Limited

SHAINOMAI

1911

CO
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COMMERCIAL PRESS

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH BOOKS

FoNG F. Sec, M.A.

General Editor

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EDITOR'S PREFACE

This liook is jircpartMl in rcsponst' to a (loinaiid on the ])ai-t of Chinese teachers and stnilents
for a geography of China which slmnhl meet tiic present needs of Chinese schools.

On the one liand, our teachers complain that the inij)orted lext-houk.s on geography devote
too much space to foreign countries and not enough to Cliina, and that tlie facts they present concern-
ing GUI' countiy are not iid'reijuenlly distorted, to say nothing of inaccuracies. Ev(.'ry student should
know the loading facts of his own country before he studies the worhl at large. As its title iniplie?,
this l)ook deals with the Geography of China, to he f(dlowed liy a larger volume, hy the same author,
on the Geography of the World. The mass of informatiim cunlained in these boolcs is at once useful
an<l ujj-ttj-ilate.

'i"he students, on the other liauel, complain that, as they have not used many Knglish hooks,
they find that texts from aV)road often present dilticulties in style. To meet this point, we are fortunate
ill securing tiie c(j-operation of the author, who writes very sim])le ,'uid yet clear i'lnglish. and who
takes a most sympathetic interest in the welfare of Cliina. Mr. Hawkins has not oidy fui-nished us
with the te.xt hut has also given us helpful suggestions regarding the make-up of the hook.

To make the geography suitaMe for our students, we have prepared a vocahulai-y, giving the
Chinese ei|uivalents for such new terms as highways of commerce, ti'ade-mart, etc. Mvery geographical
name is given in both 10ngli<h and Chinese, and a list of Anglo-Chinese names is furnished at the
back of the hixdc for read}' reference. This part of the work was <lone liy .Mi-. .M \ Su.\o LiAiNo, 1'>..\.
of Si. .hihn's I 'niversity.

The maps of the ])i-ovinces and dependencies were prepared especially foi- this book, based on
the Geography of China ( in ('hinese) l)y TuNO Sum IT.VN(i. In spelling of geographic names, the
map:- and te.xt follow the ro>tal (luitle of the (iovernment Tost Otlice and the China Iidand !\li->ion
Atlas for the most part, (^uite a lumdier of the illustrations were specially made for this work.

PREFACE

This Geography pays special attention to Cliina's resources and railways, because students,
Avho wish to be useful to their country, may well study facts so important to progress. Care has been
taken to show how the improvements in industry can be made to aid national greatness.

As this book describes China for Cldnese students, the student's point of view has been
remembered. It is hoped the book will help the student in the study of his country and her affairs.

During the three years of jn-eparation, the writer received great help from the experience and
observation of his friends in educational work. He keeps in mind the kind and unfailing assistance
of ^h: Wang Hsien-hua of the China National Institute and of Mr. Tseu Yih-zan of the Kiang.su
Provincial College. It was through the unwearied labour of Mr. Tsf.u, that full use was made of
Chinese geographical works.

HORATIO B. HAWKINS.

SOOCHOW,

Ai'iMi. 2."). 1011.

sasmi^xz

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PHYSICAL MAP OF T

1'

^^cale, 1 : 15,0<>0,000
0 250 500 1000

-I -fa

E CHIIVESE EMPIRE

Geography of China

THE CHINESE EMPIRE

Ana 4,-_'77,170 .«//'«/•( iiiili.-< Population ^fid.OOO.OnO

Capital, PEKING {:Jb 'M)

I'.IO'.l Foixiijn Trade of Cliiiui
,, E.rportcd to Foreign Countries
,, Imported from Forcicii Couiitriei-

lli<. taels 780,0;j],'.|-)',l
,, ,, 350,883,353
„ ,, 430,048,606

C^IIINA is till' <il(lc-t (if tilt' wDrM's _ij;rcat ciiipires. No ein])in' lias more pt'ople. ami oiilv two
y (the British and Kiis-iaii ) ]\:i\r imirc hiinl. '{"he ("hiiirsc i'.iii])irL' is lar>iiT than the (•(nitiiicnt t»f
KuroiH', hoth ill area and pnpuhition. The ahiindant jirodtttihiua of her fertile plains, her u;reat stores
of useful minerals, her forest and animal le-ouices. make China one of the eountries riehest in nalaral
wealth.

Natural Features. China is a conntry with varied
natural ftatuie-. lii Tibet (|f IJiJtl she lias sumo of tiie
world's liighest mountains and the sources of Asia's
longest rivers; in Mongolia (^'f^) and Sinkiani,^ (^ ^;;!.*
slic lias hroad plateaux. Manchuria (fifi jWI) i^ ilivided
into two rich /7'('t'r-ra//t'//.s- with mountain horders, while tiie
Ijghteen Proi^iiices have some aplnnd plaina in the west,
hilt loirldiid plains near the iinaitli^ nf the ureal rivers.

Mountains. 'Idie /M/o^/r/.v of Cjnua are unarded
l.y loim /w„</'-s the Altai (Hf^^lU' inid the Tien
Shan (^llj) separating Moiigulia fnini Russian Siberia
ti«l It ?'l ffil ; the Himalayas (# J!§ fi ill ) keeping apart

Tin: II1.M.M..VVA ,Moi NT.w.Ns m:i;.n kiio.m a .moi'nt.m.n i.akk in Tiiiirr

Tibet and Ihitish Jixlia (^J: j^ PIJ )%). Tn these Tihetjiu
mountains arc high peaks and large (jlacierx. From
tlie Tibetan .si/stem. branches spread over China, making
the inland provinces niduntainous.

Rivers. The chief rivers of China are the Yangtse
k'iann (jli-ffll) and the Hwang Ho (|^MnI'. The
Yangtse is a i)roducer of wealth, while the Hwang Ho
is a destroyer of prosperity. I><itii may lie made better
servants of the Empire by modern engineering, wliieh
will improve tiiem so that they may he more helpful
both to commerce and agriculture. The Si Kiang t]§ i£)
in the south, waters a rich and fertile valley. The I'ei
llo (S M), the Sungari (tij;}{£
xL), the Liao (jg MK Hi.' Han (j^
?lC), the Siang iVftiTK), the Min
(HEfl), the Kan ($ftil) are all
ust'fnl rivers.

Islands. Along the coast of
('liina are many islands, especially
in Kwangtung [JSi'^), Fukien
<i|i(iiit), <'hekiang (?•{)? tt) and
Sliantiing ( Uj 5^ ' I'rovinces. The
largest island is Hainan (jfi^ifjl,
otV the southern part of Kwang-
tung, while the most populous
is Tsnngming ( •;|;- HJ) I, at the
mouth of the ^'angtsc. Hongkong
(#?S) is a commercial island
city. Chusan (i^l-lij) in Chekiang
has great advantages as a vaval
base.

Peninsulas. China's greatest
peninsula is the mountainous

GE0GK.\P1IY OF CHINA

■TiOiMl

WKt^i

,. ■ - .'7: •;■--■ t- .... . .

... ^, JO--- '^.-^^

temperate climate, though part of the far soutli is semi-
ti-oiiic-al. Ill tlie /;(/tr(07- and ill the north the summer

Canal ciiOKKi) w irii iuiai.s

eastern part of Shantung Province. In Fengtien (^5^),

the Liaotung (j^!^) PeninsuUi, whicli lias great niilitarv is ^v

West L.\ki;. IIam.i imw

inner and the winter colder than in the eastern and
southern coast provinces. Tlie Tiljetan Plateau is
extremely cold in winter. The rainfall is heaviest in
the coast provinces south of the Yangtse and in
the upland jirovinces of the west and southwest.
North China and tiie dependencies have a diy
climate.

Harbours. China has a long curt.s/ line with
good harbours in every coast province. The best
natural liarhours are found in Kwangtung, Fukien,
Chekiang and Shantung, though in Kiangsu and
Chihli (i§l^) rivcr-iitoiitlts like tliose of tiie
Yangtse and Pel lio have harbours with great
commerce. Shanghai (Ji j§) is the aiillAi. of
(.'entrai China, and Tientsin (5c^) is tiie nutlet
of North China. In order to keeji their trade, river
harbours must have great iinprovemeiit. These

Tl NCTIXO L.\KE

importance, has i)ecn Icuxcd to the Japanese.
In the soutli is the Luichow (ilj ^'1) Peninsula in
Kwangtung.

Lakes. In tlie Eighteen Provinces, (lie
largest lakes are Tinigting Lakr (iH^lJiyj) of
Hunan (tiMlft"), Poyang Lake (SBfiitiy]) of Kiaiig-
si (tlig) and the Taihti {-i^M) between
Chekiang and Kiaiigsu. .\nioiig small lakes. Si
Hu (MtSS) in Chekiang and Erh Ilai(vJf j{tj)
in Yunnan arc famous for their beauty. In the
depemhnricK, the greatest lake is Ching Ilai ( pf
■(H) or Koko Nor. Tilx't has also many beautiful
mountain lakes.

Temperature and Rainfall. An empire

so laree as China must 1

lave

a varied climate.

0)1 the whole, the Eighteen Pi'oviuccs enjoy a

AVixTEi; seE.\E i.v the Xoitni

IXTKODUCTION

A.VKIV

CiiKruo

liarbours arc Li'iii";' nuule deeper and more siiitaMe i'm
large steamers by tlie engineers of river conservaiici/.
The inlets of the sea and vxikrii'fii/s in many jiarts
of tlie Empire can be
made safer and better
liy engineering improve-
ments.

Ancient "Works of
Engineering. JiKuilier
time;*, ("liina iiail very
skilful engineers. Great
examples of ancient en-
gineering, such as tlie

drcat ir<///(;»;MS*£),

the Grand Vnnul (JSlillii
X^) , the iron bridges of
Yunnan (|> |^), tiie

<.iATE IX Tin; (iltKAT W.MI,

stone bridges of (lie
Yangtse 1 «//(■_)/ {% ^ fll
iifdMt and the irriyalion
si/.s/, ,11 of Szechwan, re-
uiaiii to show us how
Will - understood were
some of the needs of
tlic country. The Great
Wall is about 1,250 miles
long. The Grand Canal
nuinccts Tientsin with
llaiigchow (lit'jfl), cross-
ing the Vangtsi' Kiang
:d Chinkiang (MHO-

.\ i;i!ii)(in .NE.M! Suociiow

.XujNli TIIK (illASD CaX.M.

GEOGRAPHY OF CIIIXA

KWANGTUNG iB M ^1

Area 100,000 square miles Population 32,000,000

CAPITAL, CANTON iM ')M

Kwangtuncr is the richest proviuco of South China, (viliyii). Swatow has a larov coasting trade. Its chief
Ivwangtung men, hy their energy and enterprise, have exj)ort is sugar.

gained success in many parts of the world. In the Si Kiang dil/n are a grouj) of treaty j)orts, —

The province is /or </iC vno.s/. yx/// hilly. The most Canton, Sanishni ( 7X !f4t. :"i'I Kongmoon (fll P^ I .

fertile region is the valley of the Si Kiang or West Hweichow ( ,^. 'j'H ), though named in //vr(//c.s-, is not yet

opened. These ports trade mainly with Hongkong hy
river stt'amers.

Canton or Kwangdiowfu is a great ftliijipiiu/ ccutrc,
and should ix' a gi'eat railway centre. It was the first
city to jiave dii'cct tradi/ with Ivn'opc, and is to-day the
chief commeri'ial outlet for the southern lU'oviuces.
The city is huilt in tlie fertile delta country, at a jioint
where many rivers meet. The city has iiihtnd trade
with Kwangsi (^1^), Ilunan and Kiangsi (fT. M'-

'I'VCK Al. SCIOM:, I\U UNi.nMi

River. The waterways are passable in many directions.
This makes Imnnportation very convenient and pros-
perous. The West River is the (jreal highimij for
steamerfi.

The coast line of Kwangtung is eight hundred
long, and has a number of good hai'bours. There are no
less tlian eight tnah/ ports and ntsloiiis staiions.

■"iii'i'ici; r.ciAT

miles and exports silk and tea to Hongkong and kan-op,: i jsiH;

H EL '>H t . The )■„. h-lluu Hail wo II ( % iH M S^ ) should

make Canton rjelier. and the Co iiloo-k'dU'lddo Ihn'ijh

In tlie north-east of the Province is a rich ],lain, MS^K^I will iinivase Canton's tra.le with Ih.ngkong.

whose most important political city is Ch'aochowfu {j|? Sinming tDf'inlH^) has a small railway whieli is doing

'>H M) > i^nd whose commercial port is Swatow (Shantao) well.

!S» AluH

TA. VT- yNG

PrOVISCIAI, CoLLEliK, CaNToN

J- iVL-'-n'i.v ; I » i.i:, C'.'.NI i\

Four IN Tllf; I'EARl. KlVKH. C'VVTO.V

TJIE ri;(i\IXCK OF KWANGTUXG

and Indo-Clnna (PP/gj^Sr>l. Hoiiiow Harbour is in
great need of iinprovonicnt. Tiic interior of Hainan is
wild anil liigli. There are forests on the mountain-sides.
If |ir(>ipciiv developed, Ilaiiian might he as rieh as
Ceylon ( $8 |j^j J^^, i . ]t has mineral wealth.

In l.uichow Peninsula, Kwangehow Bay (}§{ >)]] j^ )
and i~lanils were leased to the French as a naval l)ase.

A STliKKT IX CaXT(1N

Ijhikini; diihn into ]'',ii;iitki;\tii .- iukht, Caxiiin

Shiuchow ( i5J5 'J^^ I , wheiv roads from Ilunaii and

Kiang^i j'>in, .-^iiould be an iniii'irlant station on the

^'nt•h-IIall Kail way.

The southwestern part of the Province is moun- but the harbour iuis proved unsuitable for naval

tainous. Palchoi ( ^t T?*'- ''^ treaty port, has decreasing jiurposcs.

trade. Macao i i!Ji 1"] I , a Porlugnese .sfYZ/rjoc/)/ on an island

Hainan is a tropir;d island, a large part of wliiili is at the mouth of the West Iliver, has a good name for

vixlevelojxil. Its principal city is Kiungchow ( 5^ -111 i . its lieaiitiful situation. Its harbour is shallow, and the

whose port, Ilojliow ( ff;> Ml . li:is tiade with Hongkong trade is small. There is a Chiue.-;e custouis station at

Lappa or Kinigpeh ( ^l[ ^t )•

irongkong, a 15iitish island,
JK-ar the mouth of the West River,
is one of the world's greatest
coimnercial cities. In some j-ears,
more ships come to Hongkong
than to any port of Kin-ope.
1 bmgkong (lourishes partly because
"f its gootl locdlldu and line
iiarbour, but nuu-e because of the
wise pitlirii of the English govern-
iiKot. There is no ta.K on trade
ai Hongkong. On the peuinsula
"pposite the island is Kowioon (^L
,',[1. ) with many great wharvcH and
<l"i-l:.<. Hongkong has an enor-
mous trade with China, which in

( ' \\ l<tN \\ \ I i:i;l );< '\ l

GKCXiKArilV OF cniXA

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1—.

^nffHaja 1 ■, •

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Macac

some years is more
than 2o0, 000, 000 tads.
Hongkong exports to
Europe all Chinese pro-
•liu-ts, and imports from
abroad whatever C'liina
needs. Tlie chief 'in-
dustries of Hongkong-
are cotton-spin ning,
siigar-re fining, ship-
Imililing anil repairing,
cement-making and
flour -milling. Hon g-
kong is also a milHanj

FiSIIINd .ilXKS IN MaiAii II\KI!i>(K

I->ni;lish wish to make
Ih)iigknnn' a centre of
Chinese education.

Kwangtung pro-
duces rice, tobacco,
sugar, silk, tea, san-
(hihcooil , nn'ilicine, gin-
ger, and many kinds of
fruit, such as Helices,
'pineapples, and oranges.
Tliere are stores of coal
and iron, though these
ai-c ndt mueii devel-
oped.

IIoXGKONG

In a tka-iiuN(., (^\mox

station and
people live

The seafaring people of the coasts have a large

fishing industry.

There are important art industries, such as ivory-

earving, embroidery, fine tveaving, and poreelain-

Four hundred thousand Clunese decorating. Silk, straw-matting, and cotton cloth are

naval t)ase
in Hongkong and share its fortunes. The some of tiie imiH)rtant inaim/aetures.

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A (JRAVE IX SulTHIiKX ClIlXA

THE PROVINCE OF KAVANGSI

KWANGSI (f^ M 1*?)

Area 78,000 square miles Population S,000,000

CAl'lTAL, KWKILIX (tt >^ If^)

Kwangsi is the province of the upper Si Kiang and
small steamers may run from AVuelmw (toffl/^) to
Naniiin-fu CM^M)-

and where goods are changed from small ships to
large ones.

The treaty port of Nanningfu is the most
important city on the upper \\'eHt Hivcr.

Kwcilin, the capital, is in the northeastern part
of the province, on the Kwei River. It is an old
walled city. The mountain and river scenery are
very fine.

Pinglo (^^M) is a city in forest country on
the Kwei I\iver, half way hetwccn Kweilin and
Wuchdw. Liuchowfu (WjHiJ^t and Kingyiian (^
j^^Jarein the muiintaiuuns etntial districts and
have forest products.

Esi> viKvv. RRin.F OVER I'ki'a.n ICia.m.

The trade is mainly hy water, nn<l iiDOs nmstly to
Kwangtung. Kwangsi has mineral wealth, which as
yet is undcvelupcd. The pruvince has been made puoi-
by frequent political troubles.

On the southwest, Kwangsi touches j-'rcncli Indn-
China. The treaty port of Lungcliow (nEiW) is the ^^
gate by which trade passes across the border.

Wuchow, the treaty port lying where the West '^^J^
Kiver meets the Kwei River (/fJiiE), is the eastern gate
of Kwangsi. Like Ilanknw li^ P ) on the Yangtse, so
Wuclmw on the Si Kiang is a port wlicie rivers meet.

-<;5^

Uai'Iii UN nil: \\"i;st I\ivi:u

Siinchnwln (^<$'j1i jff I is at the meeting place
..t ilic Ilunuslini ( i^'v 7K) and the West IJivcr.

k'wcihsicn ( iH' Sl^. I has mineral wealth, but
poor iiuthnds prevent pi'oper ileveli>j>ment.

I'osfh CS" fii), (in the Yu Kiang (;&il), is a
small town where Kwangtung traders jiass tlie
i;aic tu Yunnan.

It is planned tu biiild railways wliicii will

i'ljn this province to iicar-hi/ lands, and help to

ipcn up the niini'ral wealth of soulhern China.

Kwangsi has mines of gold, silver, and other

metals waiting to be developed.

\v,. .,..,.

r.KOGRArilY OF CHINA

YUNNAN (S 1^^ ^1

Area I J.".J)00 square miles P'opuhitu.ii ,S,000,OUU
CAl'lTAL, YUNNANFU {M ^ M)

Yunnan, thoiiLili iinw Dili' of tlie jioore^t provinces, tlie rivers of suutlieast Asia llow tlirou<;li narrow and

niav some (lay Ijc one of tlie rieiiest. ^'nnnan is poor unliealtliy valU'Vs till they eross the Chinese I'mntier.

in agrieulture, but rieli in mineral^. Modern raihvay- The high moinitains lyini; between these valleys make
bnildinii" and mining' will make her rieb and populous

SoMK PKDi'i.i; AT T.M.I re

as she shii\ild be. But the mines and railways of
Ynnnau should be operated and owned by Chinese, and
shoulil help lo make China strong and rich. Modern
methods used l)y Chine^se engineers, mcreliants and
officials will make Yunnan like a new province.

AVaiek waKia.

it very hard to build railways across Yunnan. IJut tlie

skilful engineers believe that railways may be built

ahniist anywhere, and the minerals of Yunnan will i)ay
for her railwavs.

. f .-•■■:- :. ■

Miill-\-M-Mi:i)-\N I'.Vi.l'IlAS AT T.M.I IT

Yunnan sutfered very much from the MuhaiuDudan.
irln'llio)is in the reigns of Hicnfeng and TumirliUi , and
now has fewer people and less mining and farming and
Yunnan is a kihlcland, iiuu-h of which is a mile trading than before that time. The cities of Yunnan are
or more above the sea. In this tableland, niaiiv of small as a result of that terrible time of rebellion.

I >I;N.\.ME.\'K of MolM'AIV TiaitE.-i

K«AN Yin mi.\n, YrNN.\.>

Wl' HUA !~UAX, Yl.nna.n

HaI HsiN TlN<i, ViNNAN

THE PROVIXCK OF YINNAN

^'unll:^llt'll is in the centre of the IVuvinee on
^'unnall l.aki'. The French railway now brings it
witliin tliirty-six liours of tlic Tongking (3^ ]^)
border. Tlie most fertile part of tlie tableland is
near Yunnanfn.

Talifii (icMM^ is a l)eautifu! city on the
sliores of Kill llai, the mountain lake. Formerlj',
it was a great city, but now many towns have more
jieople. Talifu has some lra<le with Burma (^'fej ),
]>v way of Tengyueh (Bi&^\ and Hhamo ( (2, j^').

Tuii-cliwan (:^jl|;ff) and ('lia.itniii: I IR jjji
If.]-) arc on the northern road to Szechwan i H Jl| i .

Yunnan has three treaty ports, — Mengtsz (

^

■^Ai.L ui:i.i.~.

Q m I Szemao ( ffi. >f- W -'nd Tengyueh. All three
arc on the tableland, 1ml far away from each other.
.Mcngtsz is on the railway to Indo-China, Szemao

Yunnan produces everything neces.sary for
supporting a large population. Its chief agricul-'
tural product has in the past been o[)iuni, but the^
Guverniiuiil is now making tlie farmers plant other'
crops to take its place. Rice, sugar and tea are*
rai.sed. The Province produces good fruits and
medicines, and has much tinil" r.

The principal minerals are copper, lead, zinc,
tin, coal, iron, gold and salt. China has been
importing copper for cash from abroad, but by-
and-by foreign countries will buy their i-oppcr
from Yunnan.

The Province has good grass for cattle, and
ponies, mules, sheep and jjigsare raised e.vtensively.
^'unnan ham is famous all over China. When
railways are built. 'S'unnan will supply the outside
markets with nual. skins and furs. ;

KorE IIK.NI:, YlNI>I<i.NA

J.iMi Hai, iiii; i.AKi; m;ai; i'Ai.iri'

on the road to the Laos country ("^
^) north of Siam (ji^:l, and
Tengyueh on the road to Burma.
The trade is small, and largely by
caravan. The railway is making
^ Mcngtsz more important.

The roads over the mountains
'<( ^'unnan are so bad, that it takes
Icn days to go fnnii Yunnanfu to
Talifu. It may take almost three
months to cross the province from
east to west. Yunnan needs railways
that will bring her closer to China,
nut railways that will bring her close
[n foreign possessions. The im]>or-
tant railways for Yunnan will come
from Szechwan, Kwangsi and Kwci-
chow (i'liHit, and not from French
Indo-Chiua or British Burma.

10

GKOUIIAI'IIV OF CHINA

KWEICIIOW {m. 'j'li ^)

Area BT.UUU «iuare miles Population S,000,000

CAPITAL, KWEIYANG {Mi 1^ M)

Kweichow is a po..r and mountainous inland pro- Tung Ting Lake iP^fj^i. Two Kweichow rivers form
vince, with a small population. More tlian half of the the Hungshui Kiver of Kwangsi.

people are not Chinese, but are Miaot: wild tribes, The Nan Ling Mountains T^SilUM) cross Kwei-

chow from Yunnan to Hunan. This ridge is sometimes
called Miao Ling (ffi^l), as it is the home of the wild
Miao tribes. These mountainous pai'ts of the province
are hard to attack, but easy to defeml. So the savage
tribes do not disappear as they have in some other
provinces. Some of the Miaot/.e ai-e adopting the
customs of Ciiinesc civilization, but their wilder tribes
live in caves.

The Wu Ling Mountains (j^l^lUilR) are in the
east and north of Kweichow. The mountains of the
province have forest as well as mineral wealth.

Tsitsingkwan (-tl M ^) i'l <be west is a gate where
the roads from three provinces (Szechwan, Kweichow
and Yunnan) meet. It trades with Luchow ("ZS'Jtl) on
I he Yangtse.

In the eastern or lower part of the province, a
number of towns are located. Among these towns near
the places where rivers cross the Hunan border are
Szemm {}S,1^ M'' , Tungjen (§^ilM), Szechow(@.im
jf) and Liping (^ ^^ }^) .

Kweichow has not many farmers and cannot
jiroduce enough hnn] for hi'r own needs. She has a
good snjiply of horses, oxen and slicep.

.MlAUTZK

who havi^ been conquered by Chinese. They rebelled
when the Mohammedans and 7a ////////.s- made trouble,
but were suppressed.

Kweichow is poor l)ccause undeveloped. It is not a
good province for agriculture. The chief products have
been opium and timber. The roads are very bad
and the trade is small. Kweichow being an inland
province far from the sea, the pi-oducts go only to
neai'by provinces, especially Kwangsi and Hunan.

Kweichow is rich in minerals, but these
minerals are not properly mined. (jnichsihmr,
zinc, lead, nitre, sidpbur, cojiper, coal and iron
are found.

Kweiyang, in the centre of thr province, is
important as an official city, rather than as a place
of trade. It is in the centre of a rich mineral
district. The road from Hunan to Yunnan passes
through Kweiyang. The city has manufactures of
silk, iiorsehair, and leather. Kweiyang is well
guarded by nature, for there are narrow jjasses
defending the roads to the city.

The rivers of Kweichow are ra])id. The \\u
(.^tt) flows to the Yangtse ; the Yuan (^tC) to

.SCEN"!-: nx TlUC Wc KlVNIi

INi-|'ii Yvr Ti N- I.

LiM.nnsn:s, Kwiiuimw, simwiMt rm Ciiv W.u.i.

KWKICHOW SCKNKRV

-■fia^^ti"

Scene ox the Wc Kiasg

■i «r

TiiMii IT Kim. Miv m II v\. Idmimhw

\\ VN .■•IU>1 lililDIlK, FliUlMllU

llLNG ^iiAN LliaiK.i;, l''o(ain>w

TIIK I'KOVIXfK OK KIKIEX

11

FUKIEN (i^ ^ fj)

Areii 4i;,onn siniiirc luik's ruiiulaliun '2(1,(1(1(1.(1(10

CAI'lTAI,. l<i(»( lloW (jfg ^11 )l^)

Fukk'ii lias an irregular coastline, with
some gootl harbours ami uuuiy small islands.
The rivers of Fukien run rapidly from the
mountains to the sea, and, excepting a part of
thf Mill River (li^jX), arc not good for com-
merce. The people living near tiie coast are
skilful and hrave fishers and sailors. A large
part of th(! ]>rovince is so mountainous that
agriculturf is dilliruH.

Fukien is a great tea province. If the tea
trade of China were prosjx'rous, Fukien would
be rich, liut at present thi^ export of tea is
falling off, because other parts of the woild

produce tea without having to pay so mu(di for
fri i(jhi and taxes.

Many l'"ukien uien have gone to tiie countries
south of China, and some of them have become
very ri(di.

Fukien jirodiices tea, bamboo, timber, sugar,
filKtrk'sfiiis, paper, lanpier, fruit, salt, woven cloth
and ramjyhor.

Fukien and Chekiang together form the Min-che
^u'ceroi/allt/. The viceroy resides at Foochow.

Fukien has three treaty ports, — Ft)ocho\v,
Aiiioy iIS£ |"3 ) .ukI Santuao (H ffl! i%}-

Foochow, the capital, is some miles above the
mouth of tlie Min Itiver. Steamers anchor near

'I'm: r.iinii.i; "i 'I'tn Tin

v\i. \^.i -, I '

-^^^^^^^^

IhUii

>.\.STAI, KliH lliiW

the arsiiicd at Mamoi or
I'agoda \-hnu\ {}*!, jt fol,
on the river a few miles
lielow. The mouth of the
river is guarded by forts.
Foochow's commerce is not
so great as in the lime
when the tea trade was
llourishing. .\ ra i 1 way
from Hankow to Fooehow
would rnrnish a new outlet
r.ir the trade of central
China, and improve the
fortunes of Ilupeh (JAH-lt*,
Kiangsi and Fukien.

Ainoy is a tine har-
boiH', which formerly bail a
great trade in tea. It has

12

GEOGRArnV OF CHINA

:^i

T

Chin Shan Pacioda. Fixkiioxv

li^^?^

ijgA^a'gM^i&^^r' ms

SQI'AUI! PaCODA, Fl'KIEN

innch steamer trade witli Rliangliai and Hongkong, and
Jaunt-h trade witli nearln- districts. Tlie jieople of Fnkien
are building a railway to run inland from Amoy.
Santuao is more important for naval tlian for commercial
purposes. Small steamers carry tea, to Fooehow.

Jn the time of the Yuan Di/itaslij, C'lmanchow {')\] ^)
was a great port, from which sliips saileil to all coasts
of Asia.

Kienniug (^ ib) ami ^'cnpiiig (JE q^-) are inland
tea-producing districts.

Aucii co.mmi;m(ihatimi vu touy ovuit Tin-: Ditch, Fi kii«

Tsasg CniEN Shax, Fikien

THE TROVINOE OF CHEKIANG

13

CHEKIANG (rfr n\ 1*4)

Area SO, 700 square mik-s ropulation 12.000.000

CAIMT.VL, lIANtiClloW {^Ji j\'\ H^)

Cliokiaiig is a province of wuodeil liills and tVrlilc Tliou<;li a small province, Ciiekiang

valleys. Tlie west and south are mountainous and have ]irodu(ir. The best silk, tea and wine in

not so many people as the richer districts east and nurth.
The inland hills, the many rivers and the island groups
on the coast make Ciiekiang one of the most beautiful
provinces.

The (irand Canal passes through the fertile n>irtli( ru
plain to llaiigcliow. Canals and rivers afi'ord a good
u'litir-riiiih- to Shanghai. The Tsien Tang liiver
( 15 1^ ill) drains most of the inlerior.

Ciiekiang people are very enterprising and in some
ways have set an excellent exaiupli' to the people of oiher
provinces. Chekiang money and ("hekiang engineers
built a good railway northeast from irangchow. making
the province liclier.

re Chekiang products. Cotton, bamboo

IS a great

the Empire

medicine.

i^

d

ri.Ni; III CiuL Yli;ii, Wt.sr Lakk

furniture, rice, fish and varnish are other important
ai-ticles produced in Chekiang.

The northern part of the province is the more
prosperous, because the fertile lands are crossed
i>y canals and rivers, on which many steam
launches carry Chekiang products to their markets.
The railway from Hangchow to Shanghai also aids

TiiiNDiai l'i:.\K r.u.iiUA, Wi.-i I.iki;

the development of the north. Southern Chekiang
is in great need of railways to bring inlaml products
to the coast, and promote industry ami trade.

The sliort and rapid rivers could furnish ivaler-
poucr to make Chekiang a great industrial province.

14

UEOdltAl'HY OF f'HIXA

.

tS»-"^

■^;:','pv^?^^-:"cl|f -1

4)Jm

I^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^B ^^H^BJ^^^^^^^^L^--^* -lia^a^H

^w. — ■•""

ff<!

•

San Tan Yin Viicii r\\iLinN i>n .Mui-Lakh Isi.anh, Wicsi' Lake, IIanociiow

Haiigchow, capital and tivaty port, is a great city
between the beautiful West Lake C^ \^\) and the culiiarij
of the Tsien Tang. Some of the tinest scenery and most
famous temples in the Empire are near Hangchow. In
the Yuan Dynasty, a Western traveller, named Marco
Polo, dechiriMl Ihat Hangchow was the most splendi(i of
cities. Tu-day Hangchow is a political, conimei-cial and
educational centre.

W((i((j VaiKj-iiiiini (3E ^
Bjl) was born.

A\'encliow (i',\i#ljt),
tlu- third treaty pnrt df
('hekiang, has little traile.
It is only visited by one
steamer, and that one does
not come very often.

Tinghai {'^UM), "H
Chnsaii island { M \h Is),
is suitable for a naval
station.

Sanmcn T. ly ( r.P'^ii)
is also well suited for
na\-al purjioses.

'i'he beautiful ^lhrille
of Putu Shan (^ Pb lU),
in the islands northeast
of the province, is visited
b}' many pilyrims.

The or-
chards of Tai-
chow(-^^-|;t),
on the east
coast, produce
clioicc fruits.
Shaolising

( I?, m m is lui
imjiurtant com-
mercial cit}' on
the canal be-
tween Hantr-

PacODA, SlIAOIISINIi

Kki IIsla Kii, Wkxciiuw

Ningpo (|^ jj!f /ff ) is a treaty port from which
steamers run daily to Shanghai. It exports con-
siderable raw cotton, whicli is afterwanl sent to
•lapan. Some of the cotton is woven into cloth at
mills in Ningpo and in the country near by.
Many Ningpo people live in Shanghai. Furniture
manufacturing is an important industry of Ningpo.

In tlie Vuyao District (fij? UlU), ""* bn- from
Ningpo, the great statesman, general and teacher,

FEEnlNO SILK WORMS

Islands^ '

Scale 1:3^(10,000
50 25 0 50 100 150 MO

ft 1 a»

Oaa

.Miii-I.AKK Pavilion, Wkht Lakk, IlAXcriiow

.YL' I'l.i liNi;. West Laki;, I1\nghio\v

Gbnekai. Yon Fki's T mh, neau West Lake

THE riU)VlN(K OK CIIKKIANG

15

chow and Ningpo. Its men are known overywliere as
eood merchants and acconntants. It is famous for the
production of wine.

SlI.K WORMS

Kasliiiiir [M^)^) is a customs station on tiie canal
route and railway l)ctwcen Ilangciiow and Slianghai.
It is a commercial city, cx[K)rting silk, fruit, salt and
wood.

IIucliow ifAlJ'IH J^) , in the northwest of the province,
is a few miles sciuth of the Tai IIu. It is a jrreat silk

centre. Near Iluchow is the wealthy city of Nanzing

The three prefectures of Hangchow, Iluchow and
Kasliing produce choice tea, tine silk, and sen<l large
(juantities of (rilnite rice to the capital.

Kinhwa (##-iff) is an inland city, producing tea,
varnish and ham.

Travellers come to Haining ( jfej: m 'HI ) to see the
'■ J}orc " or great wave in the estuarv of the Tsien Tang.

IIainim; Ska Wall; hoaoi waitlsc; iuk nii: IIam.hiow IJokk

Mii>i>Li:-i.AKP: Island, Wicst I.akk

IG

GEOtillArnV OF CHINA

Population 24,000,000

KIANGSU m M '^

Area 38,600 t^ciuare miles

CAPITAL OF LIANG-KIANG (PJ«j tL), NANKING (if m)
CAPITAL (»F KIANGSU, SOOCHOW

Kiaiigsu is not a large pruvincc, but it is very ricli. trade-marts mentioned in treaties. Thei-e is a customs
It is a fertile plain crossed by tlie Yangtse from east to station at Woosung, and TungcJiow is a port of call for
west, and by the Grand Canal fi-om north to south. The river steamers.

land has no high

ridge, so the waters

waterways are most
useful, helping
agriculture Ijy irri-
gation, and com-
merce by furnish-
ing Avater- roads.
The })rovince has
a numl)er of lakes, tiie chief of which are the Tai IIu in
tlie south and Ilungtze IIu (i^iffiSfl) on tlie border
between Anhvvei(5

;^) and Kiang-
peh {XLAVl-

Kiangsu suf-
fered greatly in the
Taiping Ucbellion,
but (hu'ing the lifty
years that have
since gone by lias
recovered its former
weaUh and }>opula-
tion.

South of the

Yangtse, tlie garden [ilain of Kiangnan lill^)
produces great supplies of rice, silk and cotton.
The soil is very fertiU- and is well irrigated by the
branches of the Yangtse, the Grand Canal, and
the Wliangpoo (|^ M^ • The SIiaiuj]iai-jS'aitkii((j
liailvxiij ( M m Si S&) i'""s across this productive
belt to the northwest, and the Shanxjhai-Hawj-
choiv line (jl Inl Si 2{^) to the southw^est.

Nortli of the river are the plains of Kiang-
jn'ii. Kiangpeh has many waterways, but they
do not help agriculture and commerce so much
as those of Kiangnan. '1 lie farmers of Kiangpeh
raise wheat, rice and cotton.

Kiangsu has four treaty ports, — Nanking,
Chinkiang (^ 0". ifl") , Soochow and Shanghai.
Woosung (-^ U) '"1^^ Tungchow (^ji. '}\] ) are also

Nanking is a city of great area with long walls and

ligli hills. In earlier dynasties it was the capital of the

flow slowly. These ]^„,pij.p_ jt jg .^ gj-g^^ educational centre with many

special schools, founded or encouraged b\' H.E. Tiian
Fang (t^'fi}, when viceroy. In or near Nanking are
many historic ruins. The first woiifPs fair in China
was the Nainjainj Tmhtstn'al Exhibition held in Nanking
in 1910. It sliowed the resources of the different pro-
vinces and the products of Chinese industries. For
many j'ears the commei'ce of Nanking was not very
important, but now that it is to be a railway centre, its
outlook is much improved. On the river-bank, outside
the walls, is Hsiakwan (TP), where the steamer-
/((/(<?//((/.« and railway station are. .lust across the river
is Pukow (Jif P), where the railway from Tientsin
meets the river, harge f err ij-hoatii will carry trains from
the Shanghai-Nanking Railway across the Yangtse to
the station of the Tieiitsin-Pukow Um (vf: rl Si S^)-

Chinkiang is a city on the south shore of the
Yangtse, where it meets the Grand Canal. There is
beautiful island and hill scenery near Ijy. Steam
laii.nclics carrying the trade of Kiangpeh connect at
Chinkiang with Yangtse steamers. There is a Chinese
electrlr-litjlit .si/.s/c//; at Chinkiang. Yangchow (% 'M M)

Tkavi-.i.i.inii iiv \viikki,i:akko\v

.m J.I ^

l,H»»«<,;

Stoke figubes, Ming Tombs, N.\nking

'Ji:.mi-m: <>i- C inpk n s Naxkim;

The Fivk-li Uhad, which i.i-.ais i-uum Wrsiii to Wei Ciiian L'iiax

..^

^

^

i' m

KlIXS showing the entrance to the CiRKAT

AlDlKNCE Hai.i., .Mis.. I'a) v. i,, Nankin.

'IIIK rimVlNi F. Of KIANGSU

17

is a famous historic city nortli of tiie Yanglsi' opiiusiic wealth, ami provide imicli of the inoney in foreign loans.

("iiiiikiaiig. Not far below C'liiiikiaiig. well-placed forts Its trading companies send steamers to river and coast

guard the river. jiorts, import and store huge quantities of piece-goods,

Soochow is a rich city in the most fertile part of machinery, railway n:aterial, sugar and other foreign

Kiangsu. It has long Ijcen famous for the beauty of its goods, build railways, and send Chinese products to other

countries. It is a great literary city. From the
presses of Shanghai come newspapers read in all
parts of the Empire, and great numbers of books

S^CW-jji^g

4 t 7/ •

'^WA

liia.M TiiUKi:. Nankim.

ClIiN SllA.N, Cin.NKIANli

women and the learning of its scholars. It is
situated on the (irand Canal, and has launch
traile I)y waterways leading north, south, east
and iimthwest . Much silk and cutton cloth are
woven, both by old iiul linds and new. P(tgiidan,
iirclirx, and riiiiix are signs of its past glory.

Shanghai is on the Whangpoo River, at
the gate of the Vaii-l^c \alley. It is tin:
greatest commercial city of China, and one of
the great jiorts of the w^)rld. (Ireat steamers
come from ICurope and America, from .hipan
anil India to receive the products brought to
tlii< city by smaller river and coasting steam-
ship-. It is a great industrial centre, with
largo .silk Jilaliircn, colloii. inilln, jlour iii.ill.s,
Kliip-bnilding worh, sxtxd tohacco factories. Its
rich banks control a largo part of the Empire's

SlIiil'S lis NaxkINc; IJoAl), ."-HAM.HAl

lioih of old learning ami new. It is the liome of
men from many jirovinces and many countries.

rolitieally, Shanghai is divided into four

[■art the walled city, the French C'uiicessioii , the

I nil I'liiilidiiiil Sdllciiicnl and the I'aoshan District
\'{i\hM.>- '^'li^'' oldest part is the walled city.
Lately the streets have been made wider and
cleaner, ami the shops more attiacti\-e. It has l)een
proposed til tear down the wall. .\t -Xantao (1^ 'flT),

I'avii.io.n ok tin; I'ivk IIindiikii l'im.osoi"iiiat.s, Sikxiiow

18

GEOGRAPHY OF CHINA

on the river sitle uf the walled city, may be seen numbers are extended to inland j)arts of the Empire, trade and
of small jiuiL's wliieh carry products to and from the industry will both be more jirosperous.
Shanghai market. The International or Model Settle- Tungchow, on the north bank of the Yangtse, is be-

coming a modern industrial city. This is largely
due to the enterprise of H.E. Cliaiuj Chirn (^
^), a man of great literary learning who believed
he could serve his country best by giving true
service to his city. Ilis factories weave silk and
cotton cloth, his launch-trains bring products
from many parts of Kiangpeh to Tungchow, his
schools teach young men practical knowledge.

\ ii.w "1 Im i;i;\ M i"\ \L -1 iiij:mi:m

-IIAN' ill Al

ment is the business centre of Shanghai. It is
very honestly and efficiently governed by a council
elected by the foreign ta.vpnijcrs. The Council of
Shanghai has done specially good work in road-
building, bridge-building and making ixxblic
gardens. It has a very well-organized police and
iire department. There are many steamers at
wharves on both sides of the river. The French
Concession is much smaller than the International.
The French consul has much power. The Pao-
shan District northwest of the Settlement is a

nwAxi; Pi. Trx, ■Wrsnr

newly-built ipiarter, which
is meant to be a new mudel
Chinese city. It has some
broad streets and a nmn-
ber of large l)uildings.

The Kiaiignan Arsoml,
south of Shanghai, manu-
factures arms and ammu-
nition, and builds and
repairs ships.

Deep-sea steamers, in-
stead of coming to Shan<r-
hai, unload tlieir cargoes
at \\'oosung, where the
Whangpoo joins the
Yangtse.

Shanghai should grow
greater as time goes on,
for when her railways^lo
Nanking and Hangchow

Scene ox the Whaxgpoo River, Stiaxgiiai

The fertile country near the mouth of the Yangtse
is very densely populated. The island of Tsungming has
more than one million people.

Sungkiang (-feQ:it)> Wusih (M^SSI). Changcliow(S
mM\ <'Ii:tiigshu(f;SM), ^\'ukiang(jj|ti:!!ijand Kunshan
(fS. ill !l!|) are rich towns on the fertile Kiangnan Plain.

Kiangpeh needs protection against floods and famine.
The improvement of rivers and canals and the building
of railways would save Kiangpeh from want like that of
I'.tOT. In the nurthci'u j)art of Kiangpeh, the more
important cities are Tsingkiangpu (fMlCM') Hwaian
(JfC=^lff), and TIsuchowfu i^l^M] rff-).

Waterkalls, Hweishax, Wlt^Ilt

lilE " Ti;n-Tii(ii>.\.M) lU null \ ■ I'm. cm

I'lowIXl. I:ICE IIEI.D>!

U.N HIE V.\N(.T.-E KlA-NC

THE 1>K()VIX( E OK ANIIWEI

19

ANHWEI i^m"^)

Area 54,800 square miles Population 36,000,000

CAPITAL, AN KIN (J (^ J^ |f.f)

Aiihwei is a fertile rice-producing province lying
on both sides of the Yangtse Kiver. Many provinces
are fed with Aninvei rice. The wealth of Anliwei is
principally agricultural, the j)rovincc ])ruduciiig rice,
wheat, tea, hemp and
cotton.

The northern part of
the province is drained
bytheHwaiUiver(?^;iK^
whose many hrnnches
make trade easy. The
Hwai, however, is also
a source of danger, as
sometimes there are dis-
astrous floods. There are
many lakes in the north
and east of the province.

In Ihe.^outlmf .Vuliwci
are large coal ileposits.
When the Anhwei rail-
way is built from \\'uhu
iMMU) oil t'le river
to Kwaugtebcliow ij§i^.j\\^ in the mountains, Aninvei
will be richer.

The railway from Tientsin to Pukow will run for a
short way through northeastern Anhwei. It will help
to bring the products of northern Anhwei to river and
sea.

The chief railway from Central China to the coast
will certainly cross Anhwei. It is proposed to build it

■ALT X'.ijATs, CiiiCNi, Vam; Jvwan, AxiIWKl

by extending the Shanghai-Nanking Railway westward
from Pukow to Sinyangchow (ft 1^ '>H I in llonan {\iii
1^ ^'' oi" Hankow in Iluiieh.

Wuhu is llii- ^rcat rice-port. Many ocean steamers

come hero to load rice.
The commerce of Wuhu
is being made greater by
improvements. Ncw
wharves will allow
steamers to lie close by
the land. A new rail-
way will extend the com-
merce of Wuhu.

Tatung (Jz. M.) , on an
island in the Yangtse, is
a customs station where
the salt tax is collected.

Anking, the capital,
'in the Yangtse liiver, is
a port of call for river
steamers.

I- I<I1IN'. \\ I I i{ 1 nItMiii; Wl-S

I)iinki:y ami iikivkii

ilu.iihowrii ( tlS: -m ;ff ) is a rich city in the
southern part of (he province. Its district produces
much tea and bamboo.

Fengyang (©.P^J-m) was the birthplace of the
llrst Ming Ijnperor.

20

t; KOI ;i;a I'll V oi' ( iiina

KIANGSI {K M €)

Area G9,500 square miles rn])nlatioii 25,000,000

CAPITAL, NANCHANC {Wl m Ji^)

Except f(.r tlu^ Poyaiig Lake Basin (if) [45 1^] ^ ^^ ,
Kianesi is niduntainous. Tlie most famous mountain is

'• 'I'lIK LiTTI.I': ( tui'HAX ■'

llie Lu Shan (^llj), in tiie nortli, near wliii-li tlie
sage C7((( Hai lived and wrote.

Kiangsi has a uumher of rivers flowing to Poyang
Lake. The most important i if these is the Kan River,
whose branches rise in the niDnntains that border the
province.

Kiangsi jiroduces much tea, porcelain, rice, cotton,
silk, tobacco and some grain.

In the ndrthi'asi, uearKingteh-
chen {^ W,^) is found most of
the white clay which forms the
material for the porcelain in-
dustry. Formerly, the manu-
facture of jKireelain prudnced
finer articles and em])lo\'ed many
more men. Even now j)ieccs of
porcelain made in earlier cen-
turies receive very high prices.

The liills and mountains of
Kiangsi have many trees, and
timber is an important product.

In the western mountains near
the Hunan border are mines of
coal. Tlie best mines are at
ringsiang (WM), uear the
Hunan border, and their coal is
brought to market by Hunan
railways and river. They have
a Chinese owner and produce
1,500 tons of coal each day.

Kiukiang (XtLMl, tlie treaty Win-n-. Dkkr (I

piii't
Willi

I'AIIDV IIKI.DS, KlANt..>l

nf Kiangsi, formerly had a great trade in tea
luu'dpe. It still exports fairly large (juantities.
Tliere are factories to press tea
into la-ieks, suitable for the
peoples of Central Asia. In the
mountains near Kiukiang is tlie
summer resort of Kuling i^^i).

Nanchang, the capital, is on
the Kan Kiver near its outlet into
Poj-ang Lake. Small steamei'S
and launches run across the lake
from Kiukiang to Nanchang. A
company has been formed which
is building a railway to ennneet
the two cities. A better proposal
is one for a railway which shall
ci-oss the |irovince from north to
south, and jiassing tlirough the
Meiling l'iis.-< ( /fft> ^ n >, connect
the Yangtse Willr;/ ( ;^ ^'- fC gfe
jfc«!() with Canton.

In the Kan Liver valley, Kian-

In i^^jU)

an

il Kanchowfu

l.r^iiAN

'H] Iff) have begun successfully

the production of camjihor.

' «• W A N G T U N

lU

liiiimiK or Till; (hii>iii>s <if Mkihy, Lisuan

if

/• - ,.

■p^

l--^-

r.Mii '\ \. 111! . Nam iiA.Ni,

Till-: Nk"' Kan tinui^K, ai nil-: e.mhamk i<' ii

<< nil. VAMilSE (.iOUliEJ

Kai'Iiis, Yam.tsi; 1_hji;(.i>

i i; \i Ki.M., N\iNciTSE Gouges

Wa](11 TdXVKK, \VnllA.N(.

THE TKOVINCE OF Hll'KIl

•21

HUPEH m\ At i*i)

AuM 71,400 square miles Population 8-J,000,0(HI

( AI'ITAl., WL\J1AN(; (^ ^ ;f^)

nui-eh is a broad province, occupying an important the groat rivor liore. From Ilankuw, lariit- rivir-
l.art of tlio central plain. It is drained by the Han and steamers sail east to .Shanghai, while smaller'steamers
the Yangtse Rivers, and is crossed by large canals. On sail west to the ports of the middle Yanglse and Hunan.

Launches jih/ inland. The mouth of tlie Ilan Kiver is
cruwde<l witli cargo junks bearing freii/ht to and from
Hankow.

Hankow i- tljf givahsL /(/(((•/.■-/((, |,i)i( in the world,
nihl lias a population of almost a million. There are
many large industrial plants for prejiaring hcan oil, for
pressing tea-leaves into bricks for export to IJnssia, for

JllNiJ .'^IIAX, XKAU WieilASCi

I'.IM). IIaxkuw

the north and west, mountains separate this pro-
vince from Ilonan and .Szechwan.

Tlie plain of Hiipeh i)roduces much cotton.
( Ireat spinning and weaving mills at Hankow and
Wu<-hang make the raw cotton into cotton cloth.
Hu|.eh e.x-ports cotton goods to Szechwan, Kweichow
an<l Hunan.

The railway frum the north brings lb. nan
wheat to Hupih to be m.idf into Hour. In one
year ( 1(107) the I lank. .w mills manufactmed
.•!l,<M)<l,()00 7)/(H/.s()f (lour.

The three cities of Hankow, Hanyang ami
Wiirhang form a great commercial and industrial
centre where the Han Jiiver joins the Yangtse. Th.
great railways joining Peking with the south meet

Tin; IIax liivia

manufacturing tobacco into cigarettes, and for storing
()il. Though Hankow is over si.\ hundred miles from
Shangliai, and seven Innidred from the ocean, large
ocean steamers can sail to Hankow at most times of the
year. So, though an inlan.l city, Hankow has direct
trade with foreign countries. The city is progressive,

:-^trfC?:-

1 1 \v\ \\i. Ik'in \V'>ltK~

22

GEOUl'vAl'HV OF CHINA

WULUANG AUSKN.U, AND ro\Vi>Ei: FaCTOUIES

tlie wall haviii"- been turn (Inwii to make a (/r/w'?r«(/ and enterprises were the work of H.E. Chaufi Clilh-hnuj

the streets and houses having electric light. Improve-
ments are being made, and land is becoming more and
more valuable.

The English, Russians, Frencii, (iernians and
Japanese have coiicesslons lying along the Yangtse lliver.
Tiiese settlements have
wide streets, fine houses
and much business.
The great advantages of
Hankow have led a care-
ful observer to write,
"The city of Hankow
has perhaps a more
brilliant future than that
of any other city in the
world."

It "is surel}' destined
to be the industrial
capital of the Empire."*

At Hanyang, just west
of Hankow, across the
Han River, are the great (iovernment iron and steel

YANtiTSE GoiHiES NEAR HSUCIIOW

i'^i^.M), formerly Viaroij of the Liang Hu C^ fj^).

Wuchang, the capital of Hupeh, is on the south
))ank of the Yangtse, just opposite Hankow and
Hanyang. There are many yamcns, mills, schools and
forts. There are also two great museums, one of wdiich

shows goods made in

China, the other articles
from abroad.

The treaty port of
Shasi [ij/i^) has steamer
trade with Hankow, by
way of the Yangtse, and
junk trade by the canal
connecting with the Han
River.

IchangCt^/tj.atthe
gateway of the Yangtse
Gorges, is the port where
cargoes for Szechwan are
changed from steamer to
small boats.

works li

■E

^) , and the central arsenal.
At the Hanyang
works, Chinese iron
is wniiiijlil into
steel and used for
making weapons
and railway mate-
rial. Nine railways
in ('iiina have used
Hanyang rails.
Thousands of tons
of iron are exported
to foreign countries
every year. Rail-
ways and livers
connect the centre with districts from w'hich coal and
iron ore can be cheaply brought. The great Hanyang

*Kfin.<cli, WurM Politics, pages 132-133.

In Tayeh (;^ '^^), iron ore of good (juality is mined.
Largo mines are in working order. Almost all the iron
and steel manufactured at the Hanyang Iron Works
comes from these mines. Some of tlie ore is shipped to
.Japan.

MOU.VTAIN NEAR kllAXG

Rapids, Yangt.se Gorges

Si 111. l.IXSIAN<:, HlNAN

To.Mii (IV Gknekai. Ya.m; Vh Pixii, who mcFi.Mii.i' ..ii. i,......i. -i .:ii. Tau'IXg rebels, C'haxgsua

Ti;Mri.ii UN THE Tor uk ihk Sacked iloiXTAix, >i'a.nyi

THE PKOVIN'CK Ol' HUXAN

23

HUNAN m it ^)

Area 83,380 square miles IVpulation, 22,000,000

CAPITA r,. CHANGSHA {-^ ^Jf M)

Hunan is a province of liills and mountains, lying

yiansrtan (vtt(iA!PF.> i~* a commercial city on the

to the south and west uf Tung Ting Lake. The peoi^le live Siang Kivcr, suutli nf ( 'hangsha.

in the narrow valleys of the rivers that (low into the lake. Changteh C^^^M) "^'ir t''<3 mouth of the Yiian Kivcr

Tiic important rivers of Hunan are the Siang west of Tung Ting Lake, has trade with Ilupeh, Kweichow

Kiang (?te tC) and Yiian Kiang (^QI)- The Siang and Szechwan. At some times of the year, small steamers

River rises in Kwangsi and Hows north through Ilunan sail from Hankow to Changteh. Changteh is the outlet
into Tung Ting Lake.

The great road from cen-
tral to south China goes
up its valley, and the
new Yuch-Han Railway
will follow this old road.
The Yiian River rises in
Kweichow and flows
northeast through Hu-
nan into Tung Ting
Lake. The road to \n\\-
nan on the southwest lies
along this river.

Hunan is richest
in tea and in coal. The
tea is raised in the Siang
Valley. Most of the coal

Bridge ne.vk (.'hangsha

for the valley of the
Yiian River. This river
is difiicult to navigate,
which makes it harder to
liring to market the min-
erals of the mountainous
country west and south-
west of Changteh.

Yochow is a treaty
port near the outlet of
Tung Ting Lake. The
customs station is at
Chenglingchow. The
commerce is not prosper-
ous, as the steamers ship
tlieir exports and land
liieir imports principally
at Changsha and Siang-
tan .

now comes from the

mines near the Kiangsi border. Coal almunds in other At Chucliow(;t!}iiH1) "" "'^ S'sn'o ^»i\'ci", coal brought

parts of the province. AiUimunii is mined in Hunan, by tiic Pingsiang Railway is loaded on small boats,

and carried to Wuchang in Hupeh to be refined. The Tung Ting Lake is the meeting i)lace of four Hunan

mountains of Hunan are known to liave supplies of gold, rivers, — the Siang, the T/.elfjfTKl, the Yiian and the

silver, suli)hur, lead, zinc, imn, (|nicksiivcr and copper. Li (fix?^)- There is level country ni'ar the mouths of
The forest wealtli is iniporlaiil.

Changsha is a great city near tlic plai'c where tlie
Siang River meets Tung Ting Lake. It is a treaty port.

• _ ^

_ - ^

^.■- "(IUlJ. t*f '

JUv. -^M

, - v-^. ;t- '1

• i:m:, CiiANCiMi
\\'heu tlie Taiping rel)els tried to captui'e the city, tiie
great IWikj Kwo-faii itt" ^ i'iS' ^^'H' '"'^ Hunanese coun-
trymen fought them bravely for three months and drove
them away. Wiieu water in the lake and river is iiigh,
steamers run fmni Hankow to Changsha. Wiien llie
water is low, steam iaunehcs run from Changsiia l(

Yd I.c ."^iia.n, ori'ofiTK Changsha

these rivers. A canal fruni Changteh connects the
western part of the lake with the Yangtse.

Yiianciiow ( ^ 'W /ff > is on the road to Kweichow
and Ynngchow ( 7H iW Jf-f ) is i>n the road to Kwangsi.

Iluuan produces tea, rice, coal, small ships, bamboo,
varui-ii, cotton, timlier and antiuujny. Notable manu-

Ciienglingchow (ii.^^), near the treaty port of factures are paper, silk doth, medicine, /w^/cc// and
Yochow (^ JW Jff) to meet Yangtse steamers. carved articles.

24

GEOGRAl'llV OF CHINA

SZECHWAN m ill ^1

Area 218,1)00 sqnnre milos ' -^ rMpulatioii sil, 00(1, 000

CAIMTAL, CHENGTU (J/X tli }U)

Szechwan is a large, inlaiul and populou^^ prciviiu-e' Huws through the mountaiiioiis western region and be-
and a souvco o^ resevve power to the Empire. It lias conies navigable after passing Suifu (^ ;)<H /^).

Szechwan produces a great amount of silk, tea, salt

liclllp,

mines at

more Ifti+dund more-peojtle than any country of Western

Eurojie. If other parts of the EuHwre should come to and vegetable wax. Other pruiliuts arc rice,
harm, Szechwan could su])ply Hieifey- and men to lielp i)iili(jo, sugar and liiulxi-. There arc coal u

them. In the time of the Taiping rebellion, many
peoi)le lied to Szechwan to escaiie from tJ+e.rebeie^ , At
tliat-time, the 4axe&-of Szechwan produced -i»e«ey which
•h^lpedJdsaYe fciie-^-iii^Fe.

Szechwan is the largest of the eighteen provinces,
in area as well as in poptdation. A large part of the

t^mm

()l\. ^■Al!laEU^, A\'|'>T I'lllNA

Riuixa:, SzECiiw.\.\

province is mountainous. In the central part is a fertile
plateau, called the lied l!a-in or the Chengtu Plain.
Through this rich, high [ilain the JNlin Kiang flows
southward to the Yangtse. Other tributaries of the
Yangtse in S/.echwan are the Yalnng ]\iang (^ll Sl it),
the Chung Kiang (•f'iilM), and the Kialing Kiang Kiangpehting (XLAtM'^, I't'ar Chungking (S^/fi^).
(:^l^iX). The Yangtse enters Szechwan from Tibel, Deposits of iron, copper, ^Jt^/'o/co/f. and precious metals

are known to exist.

It is hard to bring tiie products of Szechwan
to other i)rovinces because of dithenliy nf lians-
portation. The passage tlirongh (Ir' YangtseCorges
is so troublesome and dangerous as to hinder
commerce. A\'hen the I'lnrdu-Ihiii Uailivni/ { )i\ jH
^ Si ) is built, Chengtu will be in close touch with
Ilaidcow, and Szechwan will ha\e much more
trade.

In western Szechwan, in the mountainous
borderland between China and Tibet, live wild
trilies who cause much trouble to the (lovern-
iiient.

Chengtu, the capital, has half a million people.
It is a historic city lying in the Red River Basin.
J The country round about is remarkably well
irrifrated.

«- -■ ■^^^^^'^~ ■■■■ ' ■

-MolMAI.V SCENE, SUOWINti I'OI

la.K. West CiU>A

I I Ml-I I

I II I i I III \ 1 r.l IM'ir \ . N I \I.IIM1 N, ^/l ( IIW AN

Tun GitEAT lli:iui_.K, .Sim am.i a usikn, S/i,<nu.\N

lltos- Susi'liN-SioN l.i;ii>..i., Va( now, S/i;iii«an

Wi: IJSI V, KWKICIIOW, SZKCIIUAN

TJIK I'HOVI.NCK Ol- SZECHWAN

25

ll'iiKuw Tii.unf, (. ni;M.Ti Plain

Chungking, the treaty port of Szechwaii, is a
great trading centre.

Suifu is the kxst point on the great river which
can be reached by boats. From Suifu to "\A'anhsien
• I'ij ^) , ships can easily sail on the river, but east
of W'anhsien are the famous gorges with rapids
wliich are very hard for boats to pass.

Szechwan was formerly a great producer of
ujiiuni, luit opium-giowing was suppressed by the
great Y'uvroy, Cliao Erh-hsHii (MMM)- As a
result, nuicii more rice is now grown in Szechwan.

]',<>w iiN I'm: .Mix KixKit, Sy.K(ii\v.\x

26

GKOUr.Al'lIV OF CHINA

CHIHLI ill *| ^)

Area 115,800 square miles Populatiun 30,000,000

CAPITAL, PAoTINdFr (f^ ^ JU), TIENTSIN {X W)

Cliilili, tlie metropolitan pro-
vince, cunsists mainly of a broad
plain. This j)lain is not well
irrigated and needs abundant
i-ainfall. In good seasons it jiro-
duces much grain, but in bad
seasons is dry and dust-eovered.

The mountains in the north-
east and southwest of the jirovince
are suitable for coal mining. The
most productive coal mines in
China are situated at Kaiping (^
q^-) and Tangshan [J^ ll| ) .

Transportation by small boats
is convenient on the Pei Ho and
Grand ("anal at most times of the
year. In winter, liowevcr, the
water is frozen. Railways in
('liilili run :

TirK Waiwi I'l . I'ekini

2. From ^el^ing to Taotingfu and on to Ilupeh
and the Yangtse;

;!. From Peking to Changchiakuw (Kalgan^^
P ), I he gate to Mongolia (^ "j&l ;

4. From Peking to near-by Tungchow;

5. From Chengtingfu ( ]£ ^ J^ ) to Slian-i ( llj ^
^') and Taiyiian (±^Sm^-

Cliilili piiiduees wheat, coal, cotton, tobai'co, woven
silk, xtrawliruid, camels, sheep and horses.

The Croat Wall starts at t^hanhaikwan and crosses
the nortliern piart of the province.

Peking, the capital vi the I'mpire, is really not one
city, bnt a grouji of cities. The Imperial Palace is the
1. From Peking to Tientsin and Sbanliaikwan ( llj heart of Peking. Guarding it I'ound about is the Taiiar
|l , and then on to Jhuichuria ( f tS ^ ) and Furoj)e; riti/ (M.^)- There is a large iiiiicr Chinese vitij ( j^i^).

-Mauiji.i; llianta:. Simmki! Palace, I'i;kin

;u.MMEK Pai,.\ce, PJiK^^■G

ImiI.UIM WlMIll I'M Ml, I'lKlM

>M "ynfll

-^

\\iiiii\ uii; l-'i.i;i;iiiiii:s (ity

Blue Djme i\ Tkmple ov IIravex, Pekini;

Gateway, i'EKixi;

I Mi: ,-,.

\ H , I .! 1 I

TUK riiOVINCK or CIIlIlM

•n

aiul also ail nnkr L'ltiiiese cihj {Sf\- j^) wliero trade
pros{)ers. The hfiatlonn, where the ministers of forei<rii
powers live, is like another walled city. iVkiiii; lias
great walls, high gate towers and wide streets. It is the
political, military, and educa-
tional centre of the Empire.
There are many great and
famous temples, such as the
Temple of Heaven (^Jv^).
the Temple of At/nenUiirt (^
Mk Jft) > tl'f' Confucian Tempi'
( ^ Kfl ) and the Temph of the
L(i m u>< ( liH !«)* sV • A t n igl 1 1 ,
electricity makes IV'king one
of the most brilliantly liglit(<l
cities in the world. Tiu re is
a large forceof military jwlice.
Peking has a splendid postal
service.

Tientsin, near the iinMilli ol'
Ihr I'li Ho, is the great treaty
port of the North. In many

ways, this city has heen the leader of thr ICnipire.
Tientsin has broail roads, electric lights, water works,
trannvnys and limited local self-government. These

City w.m.i. and Giani) Canal, Pkki.v

products of North China and .Mongolia. '1 here is a large
export trade in animal products, such as skins and
fur, /»//.s7/<.s' and wool. In winter, when the Pei Ho is
frozen, Tientsin trades by water through the ice-free

l>.>rt, C'liinwangtao (3^:|i ^).
J'(ii/iniii I'lilvrrxilii is near
Tientsin.

Paotingfu, the old pro-
vincial capital, is the re-
sidence of the provincial
treasurer.

Chinwangtao is a port for
the shipment of coal from
the Kaiping and Tangshan
mines, and an entry ])ort in
winter.

Shanlinikwan, when- the

mountains meet the sea, is

the gate between China and

the Three Eastern Provinces.

Changchiakow or Kalgan

is a trading town at the gate

to Mongolia. Its Chinese-built railway is improving

commei'cial and jiolitical relations with Mongolia.

i

\ ('

Masciukias ladiks

North of the Cireat Wall is the iMper'uil JJinilintj

^ 11 I (iw IkmI'II- I'i.kim.

improvi'inents were largely the work of the grca( viceroy,
Yuan Shili Kai. Manv roads bring to Tientsin the

t-ll AXIIAIKWAX

28

(iKOORAlMIV (IK I III N" A

SHANTUNG [iU M ^)

Area, 55,970 square miles rdinilaticm oS,0()(l,OUI)

CAPITAL. TSIXAN (j^ |^ )f )

Sliantung was tlie lionie of Confucius (5L ~f ) •'^ii'l liave eaused terrilile loss tn Xortli I'liina, and woiiM
M'encius (^ -f ) . Pilgrims may visit tlie tombs ami cause more were it iinl fdi- lln' iiKnicy ami wurk spent
temples of these great sages at Kiifow (S& ^-.) and Chow- every year to protect liie valliy. But nnMliTi; eniiineer-
h-sieii y% SV^) in the southwestern part of the province.

Most of Shantung is mountainous, but there is a
plain in the western part crossed l)y the ITwang IIo and

SJP^*'

.''*v'.Ti;iS^f

ing can make the PIwang-Ho a source of wealth instead
of a source of danger.

Shantung pi'oduces silk, wheat. v)!lht, and fruits.
The soil of Shantung is not so rich as in most parts of
China, and new methods are needed to make agriculture
more jirosperous. The forests have been destmyed, but
it is hoped that scimlific tiovernn;ent work can restore
them in part.

Shantung coal is mined near \\'eihsien (^ !^J and
at Poshan (t#llj!ft^). The Shantung railway carries
the coal to the sea, whence steamers take it to its markets.

Pixi': (iitiiN i:. I' M iM .

the Grand Canal. Shantung has a long peninsula and
some excellent harbours.

The people of Shantung, like most men of the
Xiirth, are strong and bra\'e, and are good farmers anil
good soldiers. Shantung is not a rich province, because

the fertile parts are too crowded. Many Shantung men The Tai Shan (|^ llj ) is the most famous mountain

are now going to other provinces to seek wealth, and are of Shantung.

especially successful in the Tliree Eastern Provinces Tsinan, the capital, is a great city near tlie meeting

(M^^)- '^'f ^''G <li'and Canal and the Hwang IIo. A German

Tai Sii\x

Rei'aihin'o the Bank of the Yei.i.ow Eu'er

The Hwang Ho now reaches the sea in the nortliern railway runs from Tsinan to the Yellow Sea at Kiaochow

])art of Shantung. Sixty years ago, it llowed south of ( )lg 'H-j ) . The railway from Tientsin to the Yangtse

this province and emptied into the sea in Kiangpeh, will also pass Tsinan. It has been proposerl to extend

hundreds of miles south. The Hoods of the Plwang IIo the Shantung railway west to Taokow (^ P) in Honan

Tkmim.i- iir- TiiK Nnitiii I'lii.i:, I'siwn

Tk.mii j; 111' L'd' I'lius, Kiiinv

ToMii OK Mkxciis, Tsohsien

TciMl! OF CoNKLTll'S, KuKOW

illi: I'I'.dXINCK OK SIlANTIXCi

29

to join tlie n.>naii niiiiing railways. Tsinan is a crntre T\u- Rritisii liave Icasc.l tlio naval station of W'eihai-

of coniiuerce for western Shantung. wei (^M^V-

Laiclinw [M'HiJff) i\u'] Tengehow (S'Xi jjff)
are seacoast districts, many of wliose men have gone
t 1 ^^an(■hnria.

.V.

'ftiflfe'

--**»

■^Nasg^gMj

T.U SjlAN

Chofoo, or Ycntai,
(jtafr) is a treaty
pnrt which formerly
hail nuich commerce,
liut Kiaiicliow is now
taking away its trade,
("liefoo needs a railway
to connect it with the
intei'ior. It-; principal
exports are wihl silk,
heans, and strawbraid.

Kiaochow Bai/ (^
'}{{ jij) was seized hy
(iermans in ISO?. They
have bnilt a foreign
city, Tsingtao (# ^),
with wiile streets and
line hiinscy; Kiaochow
is leased (o Germany
fur ninety-nine years,
hut it is a Chinese treaty port.

Weihsicn Cj^M:)
part of the province.

IsiNAx; Viii.i.ow KivKK IX Tin; histame

a wealthv citv in the central

..*n,.

. 1

!r^m^-

r.\(;iii)A. YiiNfiiiiH

'.^

Till li;.is rvt.c.iiv, 'r-isr,.

m

30

GEOGRAPHY OF CHINA

HONAN iM ^ ^)

Ami ()7,!t40 s(iuare miles Population 21,000,000

CAPITAL, KAIFKNG [f^ $t M)

IIt)iian is a fertile province in the plains of the Honan, like other jirovinces in tlie valley of the

Hwang flo ( ^ fnj) ami the branches of the Hwai Ho Hwang Ho, has the fertile "_(/«:'//(///• (in/// " (^±) soil,

{'M M)- The motnitains on the southern border separate called lor^x. This soil is very productive.

North China from tlie river ]irovinces. North of the Honan produces wheat, barley, wax, medicine and

mountains wiieat is raised, and riee is i-aised south of the i-otlon

niountanis. Difl'erent rivers connect Honan with surrounding

The Hwang Ho is a trouble to the province, for at • ., tj tj^ -t r qi ■ ,»+-._,

'^ _ , ' ' provnices; tlie Hwang Ho crosses it Irom bhensi (l^fg)

one time of the vear it is like a flood, and at anotin'i

I,ANi>si.Ai'i-; M i:m:, I I"N '

time is almost dry. Modern engineering could improve
the Hwang Ho so as to remove the danger of flood,
and make the river more suitable for navigation and
iri'igation.

and Shansi in the northwest to Chihli and Shantung
on the northeast; the Wei Kiver (%7K» Hows
northeast to Shantung and Chiidi ; tiie irihuturlci
of the Hwai Kiver flow to Anhwei ; and those of
the Han River to Hupeh. Parts of these rivers are
suited for commerce.

Briuje IX HOXAX

I mix Paloda

Honan has many historic cities. Kaifeng,
Kweitehfu (UW^M)^ :>"'l Loyang (^^) have
been capitals of tlie Eminre.

Kaifeng is just south of the Hwang Ho.
Though great walls have been built to protect it
from the floods, it is still in danger.

Taokow is a trading city where a mining rail-
way meets the Wei River, and is a gate on the
water route to Tientsin.

AlTAH OK K.MI'EIIOII Yi', K MIKNI

.^iy'..^^^. ■.;_:!

A ]ji:i.AKV lui; 1;l"]mj]ii>t Lin:i;A i i i;;:, Jv.Vir;;

|-j{ii TsKNii Temi'I.k. 1\aii kni;

THK l-KOVINCE OF HONAN

31

j-^/^.:

^^,.J0^!£Mv^

1,1 .N(. Tim,, K.\iii;.N(,

81ickii-lun iR^E^t "!' tlit^' Tiing River and
Xanyang CS ^ J^ ) on tliu Pai River (&iiij) are
iiiijiortaut comiui'rcial towns lra<iin<; witli llupeli.

In eastern llonan, ('lio\vl<ial<i)w ( JS] 'jj^ P ), cm
a triiuitary of the Hwai Kiver, is a centre of trade
with Anhwei and Kianupeh.

Tsingiiwa (fpjffc^l i> an important niiniiii:
centre.

Tlie J'lLiiKj-Ifaidow Ilailinn/ (p.^isS.^>
crosses Honan from nortli to south. Two otiier
railways run from east to west. Onenorliinf the

Mwanj; Ihi hrings coal fr ihe mines near

Tsinghwa to the AVei River at Taokow. It crosses
the great /;•(////.• U,u at Weill wei {^MJ^)- A

railway south of the river is to join Honanfu
and Kaifeng, by way of Chengchow (g5 '>H). More
branches for the railway would improve commerce,
and lielp part of lionau's rich mineral wealth to
find its way to market.

Honanfu, situated in the fertile valley of the
i.'i III), is llie meeting place of three great roads.
Tliese roads are important for trade. The ruad to
tiie south leads to Chowkiakow and the Han River.
The second road goes east to Kaifengfu. The tiiird
load crosses the Hwang Ho, going in a northeasterly
direction to Hwaikingfu. There is also a fourth
road, going west to Tungkwan.

1.^'>»J KAi-fONC ruul

Kmi.ua^ M'.MioN. Kaui;m

32

GKOGR.U'HY OF CHINA

SHANSI (Ul ® #)

Area 81,830 square miles Pojmlatidii 12,000.000

CAPITAL, TAIYUANFU (ic )^. M)

Shausi is one of tlie ricliest mineral regions in the
world. Shansi has coal and iron to make the Empire
rich by new industries. Scientilic men say Shansi coal
is of high quality, and that the quantity is enough for
the use of many countries.

y

pi t ^ i ^^PiW^^^^^S

i;i:t .-.

-rr-ry

' I •■-' ' -jlt:— --^

,_,- .,i^,-:5jji

Railway Statfos, Taiyuanku

Shansi is very mountainous. It is connected
with Honan liy the Hwang Ho, and by the small
railways branching out to the west from the Peking-
Hankow line. The cartroads are bad, many of them
running below the surface of the fields.

The best Shansi coal is found near Taiyiianfu,
Tzechowfu (^ jH-I M) "lid Pingtingchow (^ ^e 'Jfl).

Taiyiianfu is the largest city, SluDisi Univer-
sity is situated here. A railway runs from Taiyiian
to Chengtingfu in Chihli on the Peking-Hankow
line.

Kiangchow (|$ '>H) is important for its minerals,
its farms, and its trade.

Kweihwating (§f -ft ^ is at the gate lietween
Shansi and Mongolia. It has been proposed to
build railways connecting this city witJi the lines to
Taiyiianfu to the south, and lo Kalgan in Chihli.

Many pilgrims visit the Buddhist shrines on the
famous A\'utai Shan (5E 1p Ul) in northern Shansi.

The Shansi banks and l>ankers are known through-
out the Empire.

The Hwang Ho runs on the west and south of
Shansi. The Great ^Vall crosses the northern part
of the province.

From Taiyiianfu, an important road runs to
the southwest corner of the province. After cross-
ing the Hwang Ho, it passes through the Tung-
kwan (ti M) and leads to Sianfu (^ ^ )^) in
Shensi.

Improved transportation is a great need. Tliirty
years ago, many people died of famine because there
was no way to bring in food to save their lives.

Shansi produces coal, iron, salt, barley, tobacco
and cotton.

Some years ago tlie mineral rights of Shansi
were given to a foreign company. Controlling the
mineral resources of Shansi would give the company
too great power. The matter was reconsidered,
and tlie rights given away were bought back for
2,400,000 taels. Now the mineral wealth of Shansi
■mines is understood by her people.

'\'.\i\ Lanh:

TaiyCanku

a,. ^>uV^-— - -^7rjx'--v;;>- ^.^.-r^^;- ■^'?r'i\ ■'•'iV**^-- V ' . '■

1^^"

Liii>s I i.iris

(,'lTY GaTK, TAiyUAXFU

1 H iTp e h

'] in. will SI n;i{iiY 'H" SienyaN'G

i^lNllTfXtillSlEN

.J.-^

I 'AliODA, fr'lA.S"

ii!SliiP''|S-;^Si

i.OE.SS Foii.MATlO.N

• -ii=.>*;<v3fi*,-,*

CifANG Liang Temple

THE PROVINCE OF SHENSI

33

SHENSI iM ffi t\)

Area 75,270 square miles

Population 0,000,000

CAPITAL, SIAXFU (® ^ M)

Shensi is very strong /?-0)h a military point of view, Shensi lias many aiiiiiia's, and Slionsi hides are sold

as it is well guarded by mountains. The great gate to in all parts of the Empire. Much fur is exported,
tiie province is the famous Tungkwan, where the Hwang Tiie best part of Shensi is the vallev of the AVei

Ho turns east. Tiio military history of the Empire Kiver (JHtK), where Sianfu is situated. Sianfu is the
proves the importance of this Pass. residence of the governor, and one of the finest cities of

Xortli China. As Changan (g 5), it was the
capita] of some famous emperors.

From Sianfu four great roads branch out— one,
east to Shansi, two, west and northwest to Kansu
(# l.t ^), and one, south, Avhose branches lead to
Szechwan and Ilupch. These roads give Sianfu
great political, military and connnercial importance.
It was the residence of the court during the troubled
years li)00-l!»01.

Fengsiangfu (M, ^ ;ff ) au.l Tungchowfu (^
W /^) arc important towns in the \\\[ \'alley.

Ilanchungfu (^ rf^ j^) and Ilinganfu (fl ^
;ff) are commercial cities on the Han Kivtr in
southern Shensi. Both cities are gates, Ilanchungfu
to Szechwan and Ilinganfu to Huj eh. These cities
are in mineral districts.

Ycnan ij^ ^ ]ff), Yulin {^ \^ /ff) and Suite-
chow (^tf.'>H» arc siirall cities in tin' mountainous
northern part.

The "yellow earth" (loess) districts in the
valley of the AVei jiroducc wheat, millet and
vegetables.

TUNGKWAX

Shensi was formerly one of the richest provinces of
the Empire, \nn now it is one of the [joorest. Once it
produced great sui)i)lies of grain ; now it produces much
less. The Province became poor largely through (he
loss of its trees. Formerly, the mountains of North
China were covered with forests, and after the rain
fell, the water gradually came down to the plain,
making the land fertile and the rivers suitable for
boats. But people carelessly cut down the trees,
and the rain would wa--h soil and stones from tin
mountains; the rivers would sometimes be floodiMl
and sometimes be dry, and the farmers would lia\.
too nnich water at one time and not enough at
another. As a result, North China has sutrcn<l
terribly from Hood and famine.

The iinrth aii<l south i>f Shensi arc mountainous.
The Hwang Ho crosses the wall, flows south and
forms the eastern boundary of the Province.

Shensi has rich mineral deposits, especially of
coal and iron. Salt and nickel are also found.

Wayside Sce.ne, Shensi

34

GEOliltAl'IIV OF CillNA

KANSU {-^ m W

Area 125,400 square miles IVimlatidn 1 1 ,000,000

CAPITAL, LANCHOWFU {fM 'M JU)

Kansu, in the northwest, is a large ami induiitaiiious
province. The people are of different blood, sdiuc beiui;'
Tibetan, some Mongolian, some Turkish and some
Chinese. The Mohammedan rebellion, whirli was sup-

Hows out of the jn-ovince and is the gate between Kansu
and Mongolia. The trade is mostly in animals. Ninghia
has suffered tenibly I'roni reljols and floods.

Siningfu, a market town in llie mountains west of

pressed by 7'so Tsumj-laiiij (^ ^ '^), made the jirovince Laiielidw, is the gate loChinghai and Tibet. Tiie officer

weaker and the people fewer. administering C'hinghai lives at .Siningfu.

The upper Hwang Ho crosses Kansu, but is not Pingliang (^i tv; j^) is in a fertile district near the

good for commerce. In its valley, the land is good for Shensi border. It is near the gate on the more im-

portant road between
Kansu and Shensi.

Tsinchow (^ ')^) is
a station on the Wei
River road to Lanciiow.
This road is difficult and
the commerce is small.
The district is fertile.

Liangchow (MMM),
Kanchow(-H'#|;ff), and
Suchow (^^jH'l) are posts
on the long northwest
road to Sinkiang. Chia-
yukwan (M ^ M) is a
trading town beyond
Suchow.

Kansu is in great need
of railways to firing it closer to other provinces. Lines
are talked of which would connect Lanchow with Sianfu
and Taiyiian to the soutlieast, and with Sinkiang at the
northwest. Such railways would be hard to build, but
From Lanchow great roads go out,— one west to Siningfu would have political and military advantages as well as
(M m J^), Cliinghai (W ffst) and Tibet, and anuthcr commercial ones.
northwest to Sinkiang (^ fS ^) and Central Asia.

Ninghia {1m M.) lias more commerce than any other
city in Kansu. It is at the point where the Hwang I lo

agriculture. In the
southern part of the pro-
vince, wheat, barley and
tobacco are raised. Lan-
chow (§i ffl Ml tobacco
is smoked throughout
the Empire. In the
mountain districts, the
principal occupation is
animal - raising. Some
of the wool is exported,
and some is manufac-
tured into carpets.

The province has
precious metals, such as
gold and silver, as Avell
as industrial minerals,
such as coal and oil. But the mineral wealth is as yet
little developed.

Lanchow is the 2-esidence of the Viceroy of Kansu
and Shensi. It is a splendid city on the Hwang Ho.

City Wall, Slvlxc

82 93 »4 US as 97 88 99 100 IDl IM lOa lOt JOS IM M7 US IM

"^ ' ~ ' — " ^"^ ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' i_J ^-H

92 9^ 34. 95 98 97 9B 9 9 100 101 102 ^_101

105 156 107 ion lOgJ

'J'ran.si'outixii Corrox

The (ii;EAT AV.ai.i. ix K.\xsr

City W.u,i., Sixixt;

Tllii TIIUKIt; EASTERN rKOVIXCES

35

THE THREE EASTERN PROVINCES (^ H ^)

Till' Tliree Eastern Provinces ( MjiiRluiriu ) arc are doing best at present, arc none of these, but Chinese
iliviilcil lull) two rircr-basius — tlic T^iao I)a.'*iu (j^ p[ ^ frum tlio Laicliow ami Tcngchow districts of Shantung,
t^) in tiic south and the Sungari basin (H; :|K jJl ^ i^) Tiic strong and diHgcnt Siiantung men go to all parts of
in the north. Both basins are very fertile. Tlu' Three tlie Three Eastern Provinces and work hard and succeed
Eastern Provinces are separated from Korea C^l^ ffif) by no matter what the season is. Many of them are making

their liomcs tlicrc. It is industrious, enterprising men
like these wlio develop Manclinria for tiie Empire.

TiMIlKK R.MTS OX Till: V M.l I{lVi:i!

Xr.w Ciiixivsc Admimsti: A I !■■% I'.i iiimnc, Fkxutien'

tlic Yalii CKf^il) and Tum.n Itivcrs (I;:!! ff] il) , (n'm
Siberia by tlie Amur lI^Miil) and I'ssuri lUvers (,^ For a long time, the Tin-cc Eastern I'ruvinces were

IS M CD • ruled as a dependency. I'>nt now they are governed

In .Manciiuria are men of different races — Mongols, by a Viceroy ami (lovernors. The Viceroy resides in

Manchus, Russians and .Japanese. But the people who Fengticn.

i'liiv Liiii.Ai W'ai.i. in >ui iiii.i..\ .Mam

36

GEOGRAPHY OF CHINA

SHENGKING ^ M W

Area .jil, ()()() s(|narc miles Population 12,000,000

CAPITAL. FENGTIEN (MOUKDEN ^ ^)

Slieiigking, or Fengtioii, was the main hatllcfidd of
the war l)etvvoen Russia and Japan. Western Fengtien
is the valley of tiie Liao River; tiie eastern part is
mountainous except for tlie narrow vallcv of the Liao.

The gates of Fengtien have great military, political
an<l commercial importance. Long railways have been

i< the commercial ]>ort of Dairen and the
naval citv of Port Arthur. Loth were for

military ami
merlv leaseii

Nkwchwaxg

Wkst Ma 1''e.V(i Ciif, Fkncitien

constructed and cities built in order to command these
gates.

L (3n the southeast, the gate between Shengking to Russia, but are now held by Japan,
and Korea is near the mouth of the Yalu at Antung (g cities the .Japanese railway runs north.
%) and Tatungkow {:k~M.M) ■ It is by this gate that The third sea-gate is the Chinese tr

From these

■eaty port of
Newehwang, with its harbour, Yingkow, at the mouth of

yix Fkxo C'irii, Fen-ctikn-

Japanese armies have ontere<l Manchuria. The Japa-
nese have bridged the Yalu, and built a railway from
Antung to Fengtien City in order to make it easy to pass
from Japan, through Korea, to the heart of Manchuria.
''> The sea -gates at Dairen (Talienwan ::^ iji j^),

Port Arthur (Lushuii) and Xewchwang {^ ^) — Ying

kow (^ n). On the Liaotung Peninsula (jf^ '^ %) Chinese influence on to Fcu/tieu Citij and Newehwang

N'kW ClllNKSK t^ClIOOI. lilll.DIXCi, F]:.N(iTll:,N

the Liao. This city was formerly the outlet for Man-
churian trade, but has lost many advantages because of
the strong .Japanese position in the Liaotung I'eninsula.
The Imperial Railway of North China connects New-
ehwang with Cliihli and western Shengking.

3. The land gate between China and Shengking,
at the pass of Shanhaikwan. It was by this road that
the Manchus entered China in 1C44. Tlie northern
Chinese railway runs through Shanhaikwan and carries

[ go

INiKT Amiirn IlAitimrPt

Ji(U)41):5

! in: >iOuiHKli-\

^n^K---;^;^?*??:, - ^-^-^ A.

L_

lMri:i;LM. [-"alack, FKxrrriKX

THK PROVINCE OF SHE.N'GKIXG

37

4. The land gates from Mongolia, ei^pecially at
Fakumen (^ ^ P^ ami Chinehow {^ <>H M)- Extend-

.STKi;i;r ii:a-si;i.i.ij;. ii:x,iii:-\

ing Chinese railways throngh these gates would bring
Eastern Mongolia more wealth and security.

.-). The land gate to Kirin (^ ^)
and Northern Mancdiuria, through Tieh-
ling Pass {m ^ Ml The Japanese rail-
way goes through this gateway. At the
end of the great war, the Russian army
helil the country uortli of this pass, tli6
Japanese army the land to the south.

Roads through all these gates lead
to Fcngtien City.

FengtienCityisona ])laiu. The.Tapa-
iiese railways run southeast, north an
south; the Chinese line runs southwest.
The greatest land battle of tJie Russo-
Japanese war was fought near Fengtienfu.

Port Arthur is a great naval base at the end of the
Liaotung Peninsula. Famous battles by land and sea

were fought around Port .Vrthur during the siege when
the .Japanese captureil it from tln^ Russians.

Dairen (Dalny or Talienwan), is the best commercial
harbour in North China. The Russians spent huge
sums to build a city which the Japanese easily captured.
As the commercial port of the South Manchurian Rail-
way, it has many ships carrying trade between Fengtien
and Japan.

The lease of the Liaotung Peninsula, now held bj'
Japan, lasts only till 1923. It is very important that at
that date nothing should prevent China from regaining
her territory.

Fushun (^ 1^) is a great coal mining centre, not
far from Fengtien City. The Japanese hold the coal
mines there.

Sinminfu (7^E/j^)and Chinchow are important
stations on the railroad from Chihli to Fengtien. The
proposed Eastern Mongolian Raihvay would start froui
Chinchow.

Fengtien's greatest export trade is that in beans,
bean-cake and bean oil.

WllAlil Jiai.nv

;*»',sj^c- •

n^XsS

•^

1 ■■>

Tlt^llLlMl

CoU.vniY SC-KNE, i'KNUTIE.N

38

GEOGRAI'IIY OF CHINA

KIRIN (^ ^ ^1

Area 105,000 squtiro miles

CAPITAL, KIRIN

Population 7,000,000

^M^m)

Kiriu is a great wlieat-produeiiit;- province. It lies Kwanelicngtze (M^^-) near Changchun (^MM)

hetween the Sungari and tlie I'ssuri Rivers. The is a railwa}- centre, where the Russian and .lapanese

Siberian Railway crosses it from east to west and north systems meet. A branch line runs to Kiriu City,

to south. Kwanchengtze is a great trading town, being a gate to

Harbin (f&Mffi) i^ 'H' iiiiportanf (•(Uiimercial and AFongolia on the west and Kirin on the east and north,

industrial city with lai'ge Hour mills and many Russian It collects animals, beans and tobacco, and exports them
soldiers. It is situated where the raihvav crosses

Tapei 8han, Kikin

^•^^tffr^.

the Sungari, and where the railroad from east to
west meets the line coming from the south. It is a
Russian city, under control of the Russian railway

SAXnSlN'G

company. Harbin lias railway commerce with Siberia,
Europe and other parts of Manclmria, and steamer com-
merce with ports on the Sungari and Amur.

VlI.l.AliE ox THK SlXGARI RiVKU

by railway through the Fengtien ports of Dairen and
Newchwang.

The Changpai Shan (§: ^ jll) and the Tinmen
River separate Korea from Kirin.

Kiriti Cif!/, the provincial capital, is on the upper
Sungari River, in a district rich with timber. Furs,
tobacco and wooden ships are important products.

Petuna (fjQ ^Plft) is a trading town near the
meeting place of the Nonni (jSlfctn) and Sungari
Rivers.

Suifenho (^ ^ M) > where the railway crosses
the eastern frontier to Vladivostok (j^ # ^), is the
gate between Kiriu and the Russian Maritime Pro-
vince. Ninguta {m '^ ^) ^ where the fish-skin
Tartars live, is in this part of the province.

Hunchun (^ ^) is on the border between
Sibi^ria, Korea and Kirin.

Sanhsing (H JS), near the Sungari, is a fish-
ing and trading town.

By treaty, Harbin, Kwanchengtze, Kirin,
Ninguta, Hunchun and Sanhsing are open to
foreign trade.

Kirin has great forest and mineral wealth.

KIRIN

Scale l:e.OC».(MO
100 30 0 100 200

HEN", KlIUX

1 II i: ■ ■ 1 .i;i; \ I .\i.i: I II III i i ," KlulN

iilli DHAUOX Pool. -MOIXTAIN: KutlN

A NTATKiN IS IvvMIMtS M VNi lllltIA

^MaXCIU'RIAN SOI.DIKRS IX III ILl'XtlKIANC

TlIK Sl'XliAUl lilVEU

AliiM. THE USSIKI K.Ml.WAY

THE TKOVINCK OF IIKILUNGKIAXG

39

HEILUNGKIANG (^ M tQ

Area 203,000 square miles Population l,r)00,000

CAPITA I., TSITSIHAR (^ ^ U^ ^)

Ileilungkiaug takes its name from tlie Amur River
wliicli forms its northern and eastern boundary. Tlie
l)r()vinee lias other good rivers, such as the Sungari,
Nonni, Khailar (jfiiP^i] fi^inj) and Argun i^'.Ml^fl^M)-
These fertile river valle3's are suitable for the production
of wheat. The Sungari "N^alley is now a fruitful producer
of wheat, which is made into Hour in the mills of IIarl)in.
While this land near the Kirin border is cultivated,
most of the province lies waste.

Like Mongolia, Ileilungkiang raises many animals,
as the horse, donkey, cow, sheep and pig.

Tsitsihar, the capital, is on the Nonni River, about
twenty miles from the railway. It has a large trade
with eastern Mongolia in aiiimals and animal products.

Khailar, near the western gate of Heilungkiang, is
built where the railway meets the Khailar River. Many
Mongols come to Khailar every fifth moon for religious
ami commercial purposes.

Aigun (SS^), or Heilungkiang City, is on the
Amur River (llfiBti:).

Manchuli (fifi^ljM' is a customs station where the
railway crosses the frontier.

The proposed plan for a Chinese railway from Aigun
to Tsitsihar and from Tsitsihar across eastern Mongolia
to Chinchow (^ij\\M) in Fengtieu would do great
service to China.

The (lovernniciit lias agreed to open to foreign trade
the four cities of Tsi'sihar, Aigun, Khailar and Manchuli.

.Maix SriiiiET, III 1. ami:

40

GEOGRAPHY OF CHINA

MONGOLIA {m. ^)

Area 1,367,000 square miles Population 2,()00,000

CAPITAL, URGA {,% ^ S, W W- #)

Mongolia, for the most part, consists of a high
plain, with fertile pcfs<(fre land in some places and barren
wastes in others. This broad upland region is almost
as large as tlie Eighteen Provinces, but is lacking in
peo])le.

The people of Mongolia are mostly shepherds and
hunters. Thej' are fond of animal-raising but do not
care for farming. The
Mongols are fine riders.
They do not generally
live in cities but move
from place to jilace with
their flocks and herds.
Tlieir tribes are gov-
erned by Mongol chiefs,
wi- ■ ,<'^ advised and
controlled by Chinese military officials.

In earlier times, people from north of the Great
Wall often disturbed the peace of the world. Sometimes
they invaded the Empire as did the followers of the Kin
and Yuan Dynasties. Sometimes Mongol tribes turned
west and ravaged AVestern Asia and parts of Europe.

Though many provinces are now crowded with
people, the Empire has room for many millions more.

r<AMEL CART, MoXGOLIA

Camel carrying load.

The plains of Mongolia are wide enough to furnish
homes for great numbers of people. Large areas are
fertile and other districts that are now arid may be
made fertile by scientific methods of irrigation. Chinese
people are every year settling and making farms on the
border between Mongolia and Northern China. The

soil is good and the settlers are prosperous. It is good
for the Empire that the farms of the Chinese ate taking
the place of the pastures of the ^longols.

The (_iovernmei\t lias been aiding the progress of
Mongolia, by

1. (Jiving honours to the Mongolian princes,

2. Opening schools for Mongolian children,

o. Helping Chinese
fanners to build homes
in Mongolia,

4. Building a good
railway to the border of
the ^longolian plain.

The rivers of Mon-
golia flow in different
directions. In the
south, the ])lain is drained In- the Hwang Ho and its
tributaries; in the east the rivers join those of Fengtien
and Chihli ; the nortlieastern rivers are parts of the
Amur system ; but in the west and southwest the rivers
flow to inland basins.

Eastern Mongolia is a fertile plain, much like the
nearby country across the border of the Three Eastern
Provinces.

Not far north of the Cjreat "Wall, Inner Mongolia
has well-watered grass lands, suitable for duck-raislmj
and farming.

The great desert of Shamo or Gobi (:^ M) stretches
a long distance east and west, and separates Inner ^lon-
golia from Outer Mongolia.

The Altai ^fountains cros-? northwestern Mongolia.
Ill tlie fertile valleys of this range, many ti'ibes feed
their cattle.

1 he Great A\'all was built to protect China from the
wild tribes of Mongolia. It is one of the most famous
structures in the world. For numy thousands of miles,
it runs over mountains and across valleys, between the
northern provinces and Mongolia.

The Mongols are zealous Buddhists. There are
some very large Buddhist monasteries, the homes of
many thousands of monks.

Kulun ($ Ira) or Urga (,^ W^) is a sacred city
and the residence of a living Buddha. Many monks
and traders live here.

Kobdo m^^) and ITiassutai (.iMiJIBo) are
administrative centres in the northwest of Outer Mongolia.

-:>

.\l..s,.,,i-

UrOSSISG the Lkilll ilESKKl'

Sand sioum on (_iom Deseiet

A :MuN(_.olian Xeni

MONGOLIA

41

Maimachin (M S Jlfti ; 'i market town on the over-
land route to Europe, is on tlie Siberian frontier just

liir, l.,,,,»r W'aI.I, .NKAIl KaI.'.\n

opposite the Russian town of Kiaklita i P^ ^ JU). Tiie
trade is chiefly in brick tea and medicine.

Wool is the chief product of Mongolia. Mongolia
is better supplied with animals than any other part of
the Empire. Every year, Mongolia exjiorts millions of
sheep and tliousandsof camels, horses and cattle. Hides
and furs are other important animal products.

The great gates between the Eighteen Provinces and
Mongolia are at Changkiakow (Kalgan) in Chihli and
Kwcihwating in Shansi. These market towns by the
(treat Wall are centres for Mongolian trade. The rail-
way now runs from Peking to Changkiakow (Kalgan) ,

and it is proposed to extend it across Inner Mongolia to
Kwcihwating. Such a railway would not only help to
develop Mongolia, but would bring it closer to
the capital.

For centuries, a great ruad lias run from
Peking northwest through Mongolia, by way of
Changkiakow (Kalgan) and Urga to Mahnachin
and Kiakhta. By this caravan route, Chinese tea
was formerly sent overland to Europe. A railway
along this old road would he good for the develop-
ment of Mongolia.

Eastern Mongolia trades with ^hlnchuria
through Tsitsihar in lleilnngkiang, Kwanchengtze
in Kirin and Eakumen in Ecngtien. It has been
proposed to extend the Imperial Chinese Railways
toward these points. These lines would develop
Chinese resources for Chinese benefit. The line
from Chinciiow to Tsitsihar would cross Eastern
Mongolia, and make it a richer part of the Empire.

I'lj'c K or .siii;i;i' (.ka/.im

42

nKOflllAPHY OF CHINA

SINKIA.NG (Iff H W
Area 550,000 square miles Poimlation 1, 2(10, 000

CAPITAL, TlllllWAFl (M 'ft }f^) OR rKU.\K'llI (,^ # tK ^)

Sinkiang, or tlie "New J)oininion," foniis the
nineteenth province of the Empire. It is sonietimes
called " Chinese Turkestan."

The larger part of Sinkiang is taken vi]) by the
basin of the Tarim River (|«: M >K M ) , bctwcon the
Kuenlun (MU) :iiid
Tien Shan Kangcs.
Places near the river can
be cultivated, places not
near it are barren. The
rivers do not reach the
sea but flow into inland
salt lakes.

Centuries ago much of
the province was fertile,
but shifting sand has
covered the plains and
made them desert. Like
Mongolia, Sinkiang
could be greatly ini-
})roved by irrigation.

Sinkiang suffered much from the Mohammedan
erbelliiin, which destroyed many of the people and much

A LAKE IN Tien- Shan

J^) ill the northwest, and Kashgar iM^Jf-f) ^md
Yarkand {f^^}^) in the southwest.

Hi is a fruitful valley on the western frontier. The
Russians occupied it during the Mohannnedan rebellion,
but restored most of it a few years later. Its rivers flow

to salt lakes in Russian
Central Asia.

Ilifu, the most im-
portant town, is on the
bank of Hi lake. Its
district has forests,
[lastures and fruit
ni'cliards. Some metals
are mined and refined
near the city.

Kashgar (Sulifn jgft fd
f^) has caravan trade
with Russia. The
countiy runnd is very
rich.

Yarkand (Sachofu {^
j^J^) is a market town where merchants come from
India (F-UIt), Persia iMM), Afghanistan iH^VT)
and Russia.

Tiiiwafu or I'ruinchi is a rich city, where the
governor and t re a surer reside.

Khohiii (fil [M]), on the road to Tibet, is famous for
Us saiid-buried ruins.

llanii ( P^ ^) is a small but strong city. There is
a great ditch for irrigation.

Turfan (ii-tl^' is; a militarv centre.

View or the Ki exmn Mointaixs

of the wealth. The rebellion was suppressed liy Tsu
Tsung-tang, who fougiit bravely and governed wisely.

The people of Sinkiang are of three types — Chinese
who follow Chinese customs, Mongols who are Buddhists,
and the people in the south and west who are Moham-
medan in religion and custom.

Ill the greater part of Sinkiang, agriculture does
not flouri.'^h because of lack of rain.

Sinkiang produces cotton, wild silk, carpets, grapes,
and horses.

The western parts of Sinkiang are by far the most
fertile. The richest districts are those near Ilifu C^*^

Types of c.^kav.\n me.n

■> 00

.'

'p>

.. . - -^k^^fe^ ^''"^"^^^^

-.^■il^^Pi^

- 'fl^^^^^r^ri^B flBH^H^ •

■^

^--

-v.^^^^RK''

^^H^^H^^^Hb .

'V>^

y.'

-J3^M^

^^!WH^^^^^H|k.

^

^

I^P'^^.

■^ ^

HI

■r

\.

•^

.U'JUM.'IN rKAK<, >1NK1A.M,

Ti!Avi:i,ix<i IN Tiiio Takiamak.ax Desert

Tin-; MAHKKT-I'I.ACE, K\SIIi;AR

The vai.i.ey de the Yaukand Kiver

Strekt scene is KasI1i;AI!

THE rROVlNOE OF SINKIAXG

43

f^inkiaiig is coniiectecl with China Ijy a ^yo:\l road Ru-;siau Turkeshin, if railways, irrigation and settlers
fnun ]\ansu whieli passes Liangchowfu, Kanehow, would eonie.
Sucliow, Ansiciiiiw ^* iH^' '^ and liauii. One bran(di.

Ci;i).ssi>;u riii; fuo/.i:x Yauka.nh I;i\i;i:

Tvri..-- wi \ \i,KAMii \\'()Mi;n

Siiikiaiig was tlie only one of the twenty-two pro-
thc (ireat North Road, runs to Tiliwafu (Urumchi) and vinces not to have a provincial assenihly. The people
on to llifu. Another hranch, the (Jreat South Koad, and customs for the most part being quite ditferent from
leads to Yarkand and Kashgar. Both of
these roads are caravan routes. Another
road goes from Ansichow to Kliotan and
Yarkand. On this road were formerly
fertile districts and prosperous cities, but
the sand lias made the desert larger and the
fertile places very small. Explorers find
that the sand has buried ancient cities.
As the province is 1,100 miles broad, it
takes many months to travel from China
to its more important cities.

Sinkiang has ■>,r)Ol) miles of Iclct/rnpli
and not one mile of railway. The Russians
have developed their land in Central Asia
by building railways, digging ii'rigation
canals and sending in manv settlers.

,, , " .StKEKT SCKNK in \ AltKANMl

Chinese 1 urkestan would be as rich as

those of China, it was thought best not to try the
new system of government there.

The great needs of Sinkiang are a strong
military system to protect it from danger, water
and irrigation to trclaim iiarivii places, and
iiiiprovr<l roads and railways to make it more
truly a part of tlir Empire.

1 1\ Tin: 'I'MaM

44

GEOGRAPHY OP CHINA

TIBET (ffi M)

Area 468,000 square miles P..pulation 6,000,000

CAPITAL, LHASA [^ H)

Tibet is tiie highest plateau in the world. It is a large
country, with but few people. Travellers sometimes call it
"The Forbidden Land."

Koi'i-: niiiDGE, TuiET

The great mountain ranges of Tibet are (1) the Kuenlun
system, whose main ridge separates Tibet from Sinkiang and
whose branches spread through northern Tibet; (2j the Hima-
layas, highest of mountains, on the south between Tibet and

lll.MAI.Al A .Mdl NlAlN:^

India; (3) the Traus-Himalaya (#p^±#B|t4), a high range
parallel to and north of the Himalayas.

In these mountains of Tibet rise the great rivers of eastern
and southern Asia, the Hwang Ho, the Yangtse, the Mekong
(iitktl). the Irrawady (^ti%^M) , the Brahmaputra (B^

A I.OADEn YAK

TiiJicrAN wurriNc.

Dai.ai La.ma'.s seat.

M^Vl) and the
Indus (PU Ji? M).

Tibet has a large
number of moun-
tain lakes, with
lieautiful scenery.
Some of them aie
sacred and are
visited by pilgrims
from India.

In the Tibetan
mountains are
found the highest
a n d largest
glaciers.

Tibet is reported
to be rich in
mineral wealth,
Inif it is doubtful
whether her min-
erals can be mined
at a profit. Gold
dust from Eastern
Tibet is brought
to Szechwan, to
buy tea.

Production is
backward because
of barren land and

TlUKTAN ri:AVi:i! Mill.

iNlliil.oll OK I'lvMfl. ., l.ll»-»

L> ;^ ..,

Siiii'i'isr. H'oof, HIT iir TiiiKi'

Tibetan women wkavixg

, ,1,1 W 'Xi-UV' ULiiL' jikiXJ

^_ — _ -OjtijUi;

TiBETAX WOMEN Cr.EANING WOOL

TIHET

45

unfiivouiable climate. Tlicro arc many monks but not most important market luwu in Tibet. Tlie British
man}' farmers. Animal raising is the principal industry, liavc a tra<le ac/cnt here to take care of the interests of

Inilian traders, (iartok is a trading town where
fairs are held. Yatung is a lovely village at the
gateway between India anil Tibet.

The great roads from China to Tibet are two
in number. The better one enters from Szechwan,
passing the Ixirdti' towns of Yachowfii (ijfl ^Hl M^ <
Tatsicnlu (tT>SilS), Litang (^ It) and Hatang
I [|i ijl), and goes across Tibet to Lhasa. A more
northern road starts from Kansu, and passing
Siniiigfu crosses Ching Hai to Lhasa.

The Tibetan people are good-natured but un-
progressive. They have many unpleasant customs,
quite ditf'erent from those of China or other coun-
tries. Their life, government, family system and
liuriai have many curious features.

The Imperial Government has for the most part
allowed the Tibetan tlomestic affairii to be managed
by Tibetans, but the military and (liplomnlir matters
Wkst <;ati:, i.ih-\ must be decided by the Chinese Resident.

Of Tibetan animals, the i/al' is most important.
It is a strong beast of burden. Tiljet has also
mountain ponies and sheep. The chief product is
wool.

Liiasa, the capital, is the seat of the Chinese
Resideiif, and, at usual times, of the Dalai Lama
(}^ M\ #J "ft). There is a great building for the
priests which is called tlie Potala. Lhasa js a city of
priests, and is visited by great numbers of pilgrims.

Shigatse (B "J^'giJ'. or Tashi-Lunpo, is the
residence of the good Taxlii Lama. Like Lhasa it
is a sacred city, to which many pilgrims go.

By treaty, three Tibetan towns are open to
foreign traders. Their trade is with ln<lia. These
are Gyangtse (flljfc), (iartok (JUttyi), and Yatung '"- "<'' •■'■■< '' <■'■'< i^ 'i:\ i:..m,

, -n- r±r , 11 ■ il 'P-I i ,• I • jl KaHS n| lilUN IIHIIM. lM>i;]t Till: KAVKS HI' IIOI SKS

(5E^), all HI -outheni Filx-t. (.yangtse is the

The Tibetan slate has a jn-iestly organization,
the two heatls of which are the Tashi Lama and
the Dalai Lama. The Tashi Lama controls re-
ligions art'airs, the Dalai Lama deals wilh worldly
atfairs. The Tashi l^ama is a good man of line
character. But Ihe bad actions of the Dalai Lama
have caused much trouble. His dealings with the
Russians caused the Kngiish In invade Tibet. After-
ward he travelled in Mongolia and North China,
claiming right.s he ought not to liave. A\'hen he
returned to Tibet, he acted so improperly that the
Ciiinese Kesident had to take away his power.

In the reign of Kien-lung ft" r«t (17.%-170G)
China druve out >hingolian ami Inilian invaders,
and maile licr control stronger. In Ihe ligiiting at
tliat lime, Chinese soldiers crossed the mountains
and burned the capital of the bravest people in India.

t*^- ^-.

KoAl) HETWKEN TlUET AND INDIA

4C>

(iKOORAI'IIV OF CHINA

RESOURCES

Vegetable Resources, riiina is the largest agri-
ciiltiirul countiy. Tlie plain of Eaj^torn Cliina is the
most fertile and densely-peopled portion of the world.

The most important food prodncts are rcratls. The
l)lains of the central and soutliern pi-ovin<-es produce

people. Chinese cotton is principally proilnced in the
moist i-ivei' valleys.

China produces a great deal of tohacco, hut not
enouiili for the needs of her smokers. The best quality
comes from Kansu, tjut the largest (piantity from the
^'angtse ^'alley.

Of vegetal)I(' products, China to-day stands most in
need (if lind)cr. Some provinces like Fukien and
Sheni^kiiig still have much forest wealth. But, in
m.iny provinces, the great forests of former times have
been cut down. As a result, the flow of rivers has been

Sil.K liKEl.ING

great quantities of rice. Tliose of the northern provinces
and Ahmchuria have many wheat liclds.

The viiilhet-n/ leaf is the food of the silkworm, so
the mulberry tree is cultivated in many ])arts of the
Empire.

China is the home of the tea plant, and the IcrrKccd
hills of the central and eastern provinces grow the finest
(pudity of tea.

A great official, Sir Robert Hart, lias said that Chinese
people are fortunate because they have tlie best food in

I iKINDINd MII.I.Kl' SKKIl

irregular, and the soil from the mountains has been
washed away, leaving bare rocks. If the forests had
been ]>reserved, rivers would not cause so much damage
by Mood at one season and little water at another.
North China has suffered most from loss of trees.

Chinese people are very careful farmers. Their
iirigation systems are well-planned and their fields are
well cared for. The products of the farms are good both

Keei.ini; sn.K

the world, rice; the best drink in the woi-ld, tea; and
the best clothing in the world, silk.

Cluna is a great producer of cotton, but not a great
cotton manufacturer. Her peof)le raise cotton, and dress
in cotton cloth. With industrial improvement, China
will weave more of her own cotton into cloth for her

lRRRiATION'"wATEIt\VHEEL

:^Bi'-A

I >'

P1.ANTINH Kick

■^i.'. ■

i

, l.\

■*7^,-\#j:

f 1

^- '

P^^EjHHMB^^^^^^H

«^

11: Mil M

;i:i> i\ 111 iis^iiM, M \M III 1:1

BaMHOU (tROVE

Taveii liiox Mine

ANIMAL RESOIRCES

47

in fjuality and qnantity. But l)Otl) quality and quantity
niiglit he improved by Die use of modern sciontilie

PlI.HS OK llKANfi AWAlriXC SIIII'.MKXT AT Clt ANGCIIIN'

methods. Tlie new schools of agriculture ought lu have
good results in teaching men Imw U> cultivate with
greater advantage.

Though Chinese farms are tilled
like gardens hy many diligent Chinese
farmers, still the country cannot grow-
all the food it needs. This is because
some of the provinces have too many
farmers, while other parts of the
Empire have few. The Three Eastern
Provinces and Mongolia would have
great agricultural wealth if they had
plenty of Chinese farmers to cultivate
their oj>en lands.

The bamboo grows in all the
warmer provinces and can be used for
almost every purpose. Furniture,

The south coast provinces ])roduce delicious fruit.
Fine lichees, pineapples, oranges and other varieties of
fruit are plentiful.

Hapc-seed and scsanum seeds are used and exported.

Seaweed and sea plants useful for food are found
along the coast.

Animal Resources. Tiie most useful of China's
animals is the silkworm. It thrives in many parts of

the Empii-e.

Some parts of China are so poor in work animals
that men must do work which could more properlv be

Fii;.,i

Jl'l'lL.-. IN 1 l.wU I.,

4z^

-- H<Tf

.MAKINti ISLIIAK KKOM .'■ICiAU CA.NK

jiaper, food, tools, parts of ships, are some of tiie many
i)amboo products.

Till' beans of Fengtien and Iliipeli aiv an important
commercial j)roduct.

Formerly, China was a great pri)ducer of opium,
but the .strict measures of the CJovernment liavc forced
tbr niiiiicrs to slop cultivating it. \ sruallci- supply of
o|iiinii means a larger sujiply of lice, as tlic fariiiers ai'i'
now planting I'iee instead of ii(>]ij)i(.s.

Strawbraid from the nortiiern jirovini-c-^ !< ;iii
important product for the export trade.

Sugar cane is grown in Sunlh Ciiina. It is projwsed
to grow snyar beets iu Chihli,

(lone by beasts of burden. Other parts, such as
Mongolia, might easily supi)ly the Empire with all
ilie horses and cattle needed. Wider roads in tiie
Lountry districts and cities would allow animals to
draw loads in the central provinces as they lio in the
Xortli. In the great i)lains, food for men is so needed
I liat tiiere is little room for raising food for ani?nals.
>o in places where there ai'e many men we find few
iiinials, while in Mongolia, where men are few,
animals are many.

Dilferent beasts of burden are used in difl'erent
parts of the Empire. In Mongolia and parts of the
North, camels carry goods along caravan routes.

Mci.E*CAirr

48

GEOGRAPHY OK CHINA

Horses and donkeys are much used, especially in the
mountainous regions. The burt'alo is a great helper in
agriculture in the central and southern plains. In Tibet,
the yak is the most useful animal.

^^',^'^m

fish

-Ml l.K I.ITIKK .11- llil'. Snui II

The rivers and coasts of Cliina are filled with
good for food. Delicious .'<heU-fish abound.

Great flocks of birds furnish
work for hunters and meat for the
people. Domestic fowls are plentiful.

In the more thinly-settled pro-
vinces and dependencies are many
wild beasts, whose furs are an
important product. In the North
and on the Tibetan border are bears,
wolves and fo.xes. There are some
tigers and pmitlifrs in the southwest.

Mongolia and Eastern Tibet
produce musk taken from the musk ilci'r.

Wax insects are found in some parts of Szeehwan.

In Mongolia are great herds of sheep, whose wool
is the chief profluct of that dependency. Hides also are

Selling falcoxs

exported. Fine hams are made from the flesh of
Yunnan and Chekiang pigs. Pigs and poultry from
the middle Yangtse A'alley are being sold in Europe.
Mineral Resources. China is rich in mineral
resources. When lier mines are rightly developed,
Cliina will be one of tlie richest of countries. China
has great quantities both of lyrecious metals and
i iiiliistriiil iiiftiih. China is ospeciallv rich in coal

Co.\L .MINE, ClIIAO TSO, HON.\N

Asses and siikep ox thk rhaii, Sixkhxg

:ind iron, the twii minerals most useful for manufactures.
I'loili hard and soft coal are plentiful. The hard coal or
(tiitlirdcitc is useful for factories; the soft oi- hituuii nous
nial is good for heating and household uses. It is
strange that China should buy coal from other
countries while her own land has more than
enough for her need. Some of the richest coal-
fields in the world are in North Cliina, especially
in Shansi, Honan and Chihli. Great coal deposits
are also found in the Three Eastern Provinces, in
Shantung, in Szechwan, in Ilunan, in Kiangsi, in
Anhwei, and in the southwestern j)rovinces.

China is also very rich in iron, most of wdiich
is found in Northern China, not far from the coal
mines. In the Avestern mountains, much iron
lies waiting foi- miners. China's great iron work--:
are at Hanyang in Ilujieh, where iron ore may
be brought from the Nortli by rail, and from the
West by water. At the Hanyang works, the ore
is refined and made into wroiujht iron and steel, and
the articles which are manufactured from them.

MIXEKAL KESOt'RCES

49

llANVANii luoX W'oUKs IMl AKSESAL

Tlie mountains of Western Cliina arc known to
contain stores of gold and silver, and tiiose of Yunnan
have precious stones as well. By tlie old, crude way of
mining, only small profits might be gained, but by the
use of modern, scientitir
and commercial methods,
rich mining enterprises
couM develop China's
mineral wealth.

The mineral wealth of
the Empire is not fully
known, but almost every
useful mineral has been
fouml in some part of
Cliinese territory. Copjier,
antimony, nickel, tin, lead,
zinc and petroleum have
been found in the interior
and Dtitlyiiig provinces.
The examination and
study of the mineral
resources of China is :i
work of great present
need. A careful scientific

survey of the Empire would be of
great value in jiroving the sources
of the wealth of China, and the
piissiliility of future development.

Tlie white clay found on the

1 Milder lietween Kiangsi and

Anhwoi furnishes material for the

famous porcelain manufactures of

Kingtehchin. In many other parts

of the Empire, clay suitable for

making earthenware and pottery is

found.

The salt industries in tlie coast provinces extract

salt from sea water, but in inland regions, such as

Mongolia and Szechwan, salt is taken from wells in the

earth .

A

^%

i.

Cin.NE.1K MKCIIA.NUs Al WoHK

In many places, hills and mountains supply
(jniiiilf suitable for arches, l)ridges an<l great
buildings.

The development of the varied resources of
I lie Chinese j)rovinces will lead to very important
results. To use the words of a great thinker,
■'The coal and general mineral wealtii of China
witii the vast and highly trained, frugal, and
capable popidalion, will, diu'ing the coming
eenturv, make China the industrial een; re of
the world, and Ihe raeilic tlie iliieT theatre of
commerce." *

The minerals of (.'hina, if mined on a
.system by which the (ioverinnent could share
the profits of the companies, would bring in

* Kki.v.sc-ii. World Pulitics, jiagt' Ul

50

GEOGRAPHY OF CHINA

enougli money to pay all the
debts of China. In ovdvv to
open up this vast source of
wealth, good mining laws are
needed, which will protect the
riirhts of merchants and miners
as well as those of the Govern-
ment. To make the mines pay,
modern methods must be used,
and railways must be built to
carry the minerals from the
mines to the markets. China
needs many meu skilled in
engineering to develop her mines
and build her railways, and help
to make her stronger and richer.
A number of able men are help-
ing their country in this way
now. China must guard her
mineral rights and develoji her

great resources. China should not alhiw her resources
to make others rich and herself poor, as has been the
case in some mining districts, such as Nevada ( f^ ^ 3^),
Alaska {MtsLMM^, P-irts of South America. CM tfi M )
and South Africa (^ #|lf).

Foreign mining interests in China at jiivsrut arc:
1. The Kaipingand Tang.-^lian coal mints in northi-astern Cliilili,
operated Ijy tlie English Chinese Engineering and ^fining Cumpany;

ll:^

r \^ !• II. 1 II I'l IL

.]iera

2. The Sluinsi and Honan coal an 1 inm mini
Knghsh Peking Si/iiilicalc;

:!. The Filshun (SJlH) foal mines in Fen'/tieii, nperat
Japanese Railway Company;

4. The ciial mines near ITarliin, iipiTateil liy llnssian;

5. The Shantung eoal mines, operated by Germans;

6. The antimony mines in Hunan, operated liy (iermi

ti'd liy the
1 l.y th-

II HI II WAYS OF COMMERCE

51

HIGHWAYS OF COMMERCE

Several routes connect China witli tlie rest of the
wurlil.

1. The great sea route to Europe. — Englisli,
German, Frencli and .I:ij)am'se mail stcanwrs leave Ciiina
f<ir J-'in'ope every tVw ilav:^. TIrv sail Iv way of

F

A TRAXS-PACIFrC STEAMER

Shangiiai, HonLrkong, Singui)ore (0f^-iji), Colombo
(■BTI&riiJ), A.lcn (35T). llie Suez Canal rM^±^Pl)
and the Mediterranean Sua ( ilij 4« ffejl. It takes about
four weeks for mail, and live wri'ks for fi-eigld to come
this way from Nordicrn luiiopr.

2. The great land route to Europe.— Twice a
week mail trains bv tbu 'rrans-Siijerian llailwav start

3. The sea-route to Australia 'i^:fc?ij?5). —
English, German and .Japanese steamers take about
twenty days from TTiMi<:ki>ng lo Svdnev (^ jg).

4. The sea-routes to America- — English, Ami'ii-
ean and .Japanese steamers sail to North America across

the Pacific (±, 2p v^)
by way of .Japan. Ships
from Shanghai to San
l^rancisco (H f^ |)^ M
^5f t by Honolulu [IfcL
^ llj ) take twenty-four
days; those by the
northern route several
days less.

Tlitre are very im-
lioitant short trade
routes fmin China to
her near neighbours, —
Japan, Korea, Eastern
Siberia, Siam (MB),
Indo-China and tlic
Philippine Islands {'0

-J) -a ^ tt ' .

Within China, most

of the commerce is

carried by the great water routes. Steamers sail up the

Yangtse River to Ichang and up the Si Kiang to ^\■u-

cliow. St'jam launches loiv trains of boats along manv

.... i . I . Ami N(.

from Dairen, A'ladivostok i jfcj: :^ }^) and Ilarliin. From

Shanghai to Moscow (45i^-f4) is twelve days; fmm .h sk-* ..•, mi: I'ki ilo

Shanghai to London ( -f^ ^ ), fourteen and a half. This

is the (juickest way to send letters to Europe, but it is small, r riwrs and eanals. On I he coast, steamers carry

too expensive for freight. passengers and cargo from jmrt lo port.

62

GEOGRAPHY OF rlllNA

Manjf steamers take part in the lionic trade of C
There are British, Japanese, German and French
as well as Chinese
companies. On river
and coast under the
Chinese flag sail the
good ships of the
C h i 11 a Mcrcli a itts'
Steam Navifiatioii
Com pan,/ (fi » tS
^ J^). The Cliiiia
Merchants' steamers
help the Covernineni
in many waj^s, (1)
they carry tribute
rice to North China,

(2) in time of trouble
they bring soldiers
to points of danger,

(3) they take officials
to the posts where

they are ordered. Careful navigation and good l_iu
management make this Company very successful.

//( time to come, all trade Ix'twccn [mrts cif (
will probably be carried by Chinese ships, just
France onlj' French ships carry French goods
from one French port to another. Schools of
Navigation are l)eing established where Chinese
students may be trained to become oificers of
Chinese ships.

While steamers carry large cargoes at fast
speed, much trade continues to go by the older
sailing boats, the junks. Lcnig voyages on coast
and river are made by the expert sailors who man
these freight-carrying boats. The important
Chinese fisheries arc all carried on by men in
small boats.

hina.
lines

(,'a\ai, S( liNi;,

iuiess

'hina,
IS in

In past times, Chinese engineers dug great canals
to helj) commerce and irrigation. The chief of these is
the Grand Canal, by which ships formerly sailed from
Hangchow to Tientsin. To-day, launch-trains and junks
sail on the Canal l>etween important cities in Northern
Chekiang ami in Kiangsu, but in otlier provinces the
C.nial has become unfit for boat travel. If the engineers
of the present will imjjrove the Canal, and make it once
more a great highway of commerce, they will do good
service to the Empire.

Different parts of China have long been connected
b\' land and water routes which are not suited to China's
rapidly-increasing commerce. In the present age of
steam, railwaj's are being built to take the iilace o/the
ancient roads between the provinces.

Communications. — Ciiina has an efficient post-
office, which gives Chinese letter-writers tlie cheapest
service in the world. Her telegraph lines extend to the
most distant political cities in the Empire. Chinese
rivers and coasts have many Ilfilit-liouiics and Iieacons
to make navigation safe. For the effective j)ostal, lights
and customs services, China may thank tliat great
Englishman, Sir Robert Hart, who served the Empire
faithfuUv for more than fiftv x'ears.

J^IGIIT-HOCSE

RAILWAY MAP OF CHINA

Railways «>aif*t«a

iiriiiiiniiii RAjlunys under eonsirucuon

^^ Stretens^y

^ MAP OF

RAILWAYS IN MANCHIMA

^ AND THEIR

^1

■LSharazi
Man(*uriaD 'r „ .

I

-j^Sikolsk
[^(LADIVOSTDK

C H I \h I, I .:;^i-\ A \ F^aiuDideA,^ / 0*

^/MrNewchwauli^ 1 0 TengWMgcheng y Railways COftttructed by

^jfy J A I ^fApli*i«h5ien /^Chinese _ _=__=

^haniailwy /" ^^, KOREA /<^^ Chinese and Japanese — ^

™»K^ S^^^lkS^.^^ "-- - -

"""""Vvf , ^ y^^TDairen ?V/ l Russians.

MaNSH.VN TlNXEL, HONAN, PeKIN(1-H ANKOW RAILWAY

(at the other end of this tunnel is the long railway bridge across the Yellow River.)

KAIl.WAYS

53

RAILWAYS

A great country like China, witli broad provinces sent many soldiers to guard tliese raihva\-s. The mines
and masses of people, needs thousands of miles of rail- belonging to the railway have been developed and
way to make her richer and stronger. In the second Japanese settlements have been built up along the line
year of Hsiian Ttinfj (^ fiH), there were only 4,000 of the railwav.
miles of railway in the Empire. Railways make a country
stronger:

1. By bringing the people nearer together,

The South Manchurian Railway Company is owned
half by the .Japanese Government and half by Japanese
merchants. Though the line is for military and political
purposes, it is a commercial success. It runs from tlie
military harbdur of Port .Arthur and the commercial port
of Dairen, north to Fengtienfu (Mukden) and on to
Changchun in the south of Kirin, where Japanese and
Russian railways meet. Japan is building a branch
railway to Kirin City. The Antung-Mukden branch
runs from near the mouth of the Yalu Iviver throuirh

2. 15y cari'ying troops quickly to jioints of danger,

;>. By helping official orders to be carried out at once.

Tliey make a country richer by carrying its products
and jieople cheaply, cjuickly and safely. So at Peking
the (icivernment has established a special Board of Com-
)iiii„icatioii!i (the Yuchuanpii), which deals with railway
att'airs. Under wise ministers, this Board can do much
to iiii|irove the railways and strengthen the nation.

The Manchurian Railways.— In the Three Eastern the mountains to Mukden (Fengtienfu).
Prosiiues many mislnrtunes have come to the Empire, Imperial Railways of North China, in Man

because control
of the railways
was not kej)t in
Chinese hamis.
The Manchu-
rian railway
system was built
by the Russians
in the years
18 9 7-190;}.
Thev were

Sol Til -Mam ul ...

J....ri.i..-.~

churia. — The

Chinese rail-
ways in Feng-
tien run from
Slianhaik wan
to Newchwang
and to Mukilen.
They are exten-
sions of the Im
perial Railways
of North Ciiina

allowed to build lines across Heilungkiang and Kirin from Peking and Tientsin. China needs to build many

from west to east, across Kirin and Fengtien from north more miles of railway in the Three Eastern Provinces.

to south, and to bring in armies of soldiers to guard

the railway. After the war between Ja)i;iu and Russia

(1904-05), Japan gained control of the railway in

Fengtien and Southern Kirin; Russia kept her lines in

Heilungkiang and in nmst of Kirin.

The Russian Railways in Manchuria.— The

Russian line from west to east is an extension of tlie

Trans-Siberian Railway. It enters Heilungkiang at

Manchuli (ift {JH M), crosses the province, passing just

south of Tsitsihar, meets the Sungari River at Harbin.

runs across Kirin Province and at Suifenho (^^inj)

enters Russian territory again. From Harbin a brancli

of the railway runs south to Changchun (Kwangcheng-

tze) , where it connects with the .Japanese line to Pori

Arthur (Lu-Shun) and Dairen. Tlie Russian railways

were built for military and pdlilieai purposes, and do

not jiay commei'cially.

The Japanese Railways in Manchuria —Since

the .Japanese viriory over Kussia, .Japan lias used her

railways to make her power stronger in Fengtien. Slie kwan and go on to Mukden and Newchwang. This

has rebuilt the railways captured in the war and has railway is owned by the Chinese Government, but

Chihli.— The Imperial Railways of North China
connect Peking with Tientsin and run north up the
coast of Chihli, pass through the Great Wall at Shanhai-

GEOGRAPHY OF CHINA

because the English loanoil money to buihl it, there are some
English engineering ami linancial officers. On this railway,

W|->1;KS of TIIK l.MI'KiaM, 1:V1HVA\S IIF Nilinil 1 Ill-N \, Iani.siian

the ^ra^'c is large, the administnitiun good, the charges high
ami the expense low, so the Government in some years gains
as much as $10,000,000 profit. The money gained from this
railway has been used, (1) to build other railways, (2) to i)ay

Railway station, Tik.ntsix

for soldiers, and (3) to supjwrt (ccliiiiral xcliooJs. There are
short branch railways to the Tangshan and Kaiping coal

mines and to the coal port at Chinwaiigfao. In
winter, when the Pei Ho is closed by ice, steamers
go to (hinwangtao, and from there passengers and
goods may go to Tientsin by rail.

Peking to Mongolia ( M ^ ®ic K^).— The
laihvay from Peking to Kalgan (Changkiakow) is a
Chinese railway entirely built by Chinese engineers.

Ka[.i.a-\ Kaii.wav and iiie (iia:M' W m.i.

It runs from Peking northwest to the bonk'r.s of
Mongolia. The engineer in charge of the building
was ./o/ic Tiri\ Ywv (^^ffi)-

Peking-Hankow (M 91 SS S^.)— The railway
from Peking to Hankow runs almost nortii and south
through Chihli, Honan and Plupeh. It connects the
Yangtse Valley with the capital. From Peking to
Hankow was formerly a journey of thirty days; now
the express trains take less than thirty hours. The
railway was for many years in the hands of the
Belgians; the Chinese Government bought back the
railway witli money borrowed from England . This
line pays well, but will pay more when better
e(iuipped and operated. Tlie bridge across the
Hwang Ho is a great work of engineering.

The Peking-Hankow Railway has a number of
branches, which are not long now, but some day
will go far and do much. The most important of
these branches go to Taiyiian and Tzechow in
Shansi. By these lines to Shansi, the coal and
iron from that great mineral province may be

rEKixti-IlAXKuw Railway i!uidge achuss the Yellow Rivek

KAII.WAYS

55

brought to the railway and thence to tlie sea. Other
sliort brandies run to Honanfu and Kaifeng. At \\'ei-
haifii, the Chinglian line crosses the English coal railway

of northern Ilonan, which runs from Chinglnva to
Taokow.

Hunan — Tlic Piiif/siang Raihvny (f^- M^^'> is a
sixty-mile line mostly in Hunan I'rovince. It carries
coal from the Pingsiang mines in the mountains be-
tween Hunan and Kiangsi down to Cliuchow (|^ iltl I on
the Siang River. The coal is taken by water from
Chuchow to Siangtan (flfl^!!^) and C'hangslui
(S V'J')! 'I'l'l tl"''i goes on to Hankow.

Shantung. — The Shantung railway is a Cier-
man line running from Kiaochow west to Tsinan.
It carries coal from the Shantung mines, and pays
fairly well. It is coniucted witli the new railway
bring built fri>ni Tient-in to the Vangtse.

Shanghai-Nanking Railway ^Uti&i^) ^
The Shanghai-Xanking Kailway is the best built
and best equipped line in China. It is owned by
the Chinese Government, but is operated by a
British com[)any which furnished the foreign loan.
The builders tried to make a m idel railway. The
railway follows Soochow Creek and the ( Jrand Canal
from Shanghai toChinkiang, and the Yangtse Hiver
from Chinkiang to Nanking. It has a solid roadbeil,
strong bridges, large engines and luxurious carriages.
77(6 liailwn]/ will gain money when later e.vtensions are
made. There is a short bram-li from Slianghai td deep
water at Woosung (.^ fj;) .

Kiangsu-Chekiang Railway (QlJ^SSSH^t .— The
Shanghai-Hangchow Kailway was built with Chinese
money by Chinese engineers. People in Chokiang and

Kiangsu formed com-
panies which built a rail-
way suitable to the needs
of the country passed
through. The line was
built (piickly and cheaply,
and has paid from the
beginning. The steel rails
came from Hanyang; the
engines and carriages from
America. The railway
carries much freight and
many passengers. It is
being extended from
Hangchow to Ningpo.

Yunnan — Tlie Yun-
nan railway lias been
built by the Frendi to
make Indo-China the out-
let for Yunnan. The
railway cost millions of
taels, and thousands of workmen died. It is liojied that
China may build new railways to join Yunnan to other
provinces. The road runs up an unhealthy river valley
to the plateau, passes Mengtsz (^ g !^), and ends at
Yunnanfu. Tliere are a great many tiimich through
mountains.

SW.VTOW-L'ltMHllOW HaII.H AV

Northeastern Kwangtung -The railway fmm
Swatow to ('haneln)wfu >M'H] /ff ) is short, badly built
and at present of little use.

56

GEOGRAPHY OF CHINA

RAILWAYS BEING BUILT

Yueh-Han (#9IIIIS^). Tlie Canton -Hankow part. When tliis line is completed, people ma_y travel
Railway is to join Central Cliina with Southern China, from Peking, the political capital, to Shanghai, the
It will run from Hankow ami \\'uchang to Canton, cross- commercial capital, in two days.

ing Hupeh, Hunan and Kwangtung. The Kwangtung Kiangsi Railway. The gentry and merchants of

end of the railway was heing built with money subscribed Kiangsi are building a line from Kiukiang to Nanchang.
by merchants and gentry, but the Government has
decided to have control of the entire line.

Canton-Kowloon m %^^)- The Canton-
Kowloon Kaiiway is built by the Chinese Govern-
ment with English money. The object of this
railway is to join the Yueh-Han and make a direct
line between Hongkong and the Yangtse. This
line will increase the commerce of Hongkong and
Soutliern China.

Chwan-Han CMM^'^)- The much-needed
Szechwan-IIankow Railway will connect Hankow
and Chengtu. This road is hard to build, for
many mountains separate the best part of Szechwan
from the Hupeh plain. The Yangtse Gorges make
water-traffic so difficult and costly that the trade of
Western China is checked. The railway, when
built, will do a great deal to develop the western
part of tiie Empire. There will probably be two
branches, one to Cliungking {'MM.M) "•^^ one
Chengtu.

Tsin-Pu I jt ii ^ S?^)- The Tientsin-Pukow Rail-

Cantox- Hankow raiiavav

to

It will not be hard to extend this railway south from
Nanchang, over the Meiling Pass to Kwangtung Pro-
vince, where it might meet the Yueh-Han Railway at
way will join Northern and Central China, crossing Shiuchow (g.'J ;H"P • When this is done, there will be two
Chihli, Shantung, Northern Kiangsu and Anhwei. It rail routes fnini Canton to the Yangtse.
will do the work formerly done by the Grand Canal. Political Railways. Chinese railways joining

It reaches the Yangtse at Pukow, just opposite Nanking, interior provinces make the Empire stronger. It would
and boats Avill be built to carry trains across the river, be good policy to buy back the frontier railways even at
It is a Government railway, but is built by a loan, heavy cost. All railways in China should be Chinese
German engineers are building the line in Chihli and railways, and Chinese railways should go to all parts of
Shantung, while the English are building the southern the Empire.

4^

^

^

^l!l

NOXKR

Auinial-raising, -^ i^.

Anthracite, fi j^.

Antimonv. m) 0,; ^ (\'-i l:!' M.

Ardi.s. iH'i;!,-; Wm.

Aiva, Mfg.

ArM. *K*g.

Arsvnal, l^l H§ ^; M >t AS-

Art industries, ^ X.

B

r,aulHirl,l. ^J^Jii.
Ikacons, ii fcg : ^ ^.

Ue-Au oil, jj-; vdr

Hitnminou.s coal, ^^-.

Black-toa,.^|t;li;^V.

Board of Cnninuinicatious, %\^ Si5.

Bore, ::^i^; f;]m.

Bristles, |{;-.!i:S.

(•ani|,l,.n-, -^.?:)iiS.

('aiit.iii-Kowloon IWilwny , J^ Jl m 'i^ ('I' ilt f^ #f ) •

Capital. ]^,M; tl )ȣ.

Cement making, iiV 7^ ilt < C|I ^K I"] JJ').

Cereals, 5^^.

CliangChien, 5g^.

Chang Chiii-tung. ^g :^ ilri).

Chao Erh-hsun, jgi S} ^.

China Min-Iiant-' Steam Navigation Company, '("iiu flJV +i'i

Chiiicc. i^ X;.

<'lni lIsi,:5}c.V;S.

Cliwan-IIan iJailwav. j 1 1 ^ K!i Ifi^ 1 1 ' |ii(| \'\ ^\

Ciiniair, ^^; ^1^.

Coal-li.l.l-.iV^m.

Coast line, MJ'i^U-

I Concessions, |ii i^.
Confucian Temple, ^)(fl; ?Lji!iB-
Confucius, JL -Y'-
Consul, ^"'fi.

Cottonniilis, ji!L^t)iii'^
Cotton-spinning, ^Ij lf.i{.
Council. 0[I -Municipal Cuumil, X ^ ^.
Crude, M^i^-fi!}.
Customs stations, jfsj: [}f].

D

Dalai Lama. 3^ It "fiJ 'ft-
Delta, SI it : i'>il.
Dependencies, j'^f yi ; fijf ^.
Diplomatic, ^V'J;; '/|- ^.
District, Sy^.
Docks, ftiVi;!,.

Domestic atiairs. fy ik \ \'^ %; % W-
Domestic fowls, '^ ^.
Driveway, K^ ^.
Dynasty, ^{K-

E

Karlhenwarc, |i5iJ;JS;S^fS•
Elcctric-ligll( sy-irn,. '.[^ 1!(^ 5^ ff].

Embroidery, djl) ^.

Empire, '^i ^.

Estuary, ff. P; ii'I 11.

E.xporle.l . <i a] ; Hi 11
Exjiit'ss trains. fJi .i|i;.

Kcngticn City. f^Ji iff ilic ( ?il >^ i^ tf ^- V'\

Ferry-boats, % fi «V.

Fine weaving, ijl/i \^ m ^^.

Flour-milling, ,1ft %")).

Flour-mills, M f}> jfg.

Foreign loans, ^\- di

I^reign trade, (i^ i-f ff t,i.

NOTES

For the most part, -k ^f- ; :^ iii-
Freight, 7K P; ^1 t-
Freight, fliVK.
French Concession, fi^il^.

From a military point .if view, fr'^ ^^ — Jj M ± U ^■
Frontiers, ^M; ii:^-

Glaciers, ijcjll.

Gorges, ffl ^ ; lU if.

Government, gc M-

Grand Canal, MUM-

(iranite, :^ ^ ^".

Great highway for steamers, ^V ^fl 1 1 ^ ;i 3c M-

Great AVall, ft}^.

H

Hanyang Iron anJ Steel Works. Jf H iq tH )[!$.

Harbours, v^ P ; V^'D •

H.E. (His Excellency) , i^ A-

Heilungkiang City, M tti tt Jt *& (ii M tS fl ^' ^ M'

Hemp, ;mit.

Highways of eonnnerce, ji. '^ ^ J^-

Home trade, ^ P9 :M ^•

Hsien Feng, J$L ^•

Hsnan Tung, !a Jit-

Imperial Government, 4" 3)i iS M-

Imjwrial Hunting Park, ^ i^.

Imported, ft A; il □•

Indigo, ^.

Industrial metals, X J| ^ Ifi (in §.) m ^) '

Industries, X^l X^-

Inland trade, M^M^^-

Inlets, Mf^-

Inner Chinese City ( Peking), M^bjl-

Interior, ?9 ll!l-

International Settlement, ^i^Mi^-

In time to come, 71^2^; to ll.'f.

Iron works, m M-

Irrigation system, ?1 U fk; ¥1 Ul U;-

Island, ft.

Jeme Tien Yue, ^ ^ -f/fi.
Junks, ?^' tV-

K

Kiang, U., M-

Kiangnan Arsenal, ttft' M jh i^-

Kiangsu-Chekiang Railway, tt tUf IS S?^ (QP 'M In: f?j

Kien-lung, ^ l!i^.

Kirin City, ^ ^1; .# Jjjl (|ii -g ^ 'i' ^ M)-

Lacquer, ^.

Launch, /]>^<.*^; A-f\f^-
Leased, ^; 1h.
Legations, ^j&^.

Li,#M.

Lichees, 7^ ^.

Light-houses, ffi",^; '^4.

Location , itlJ ^.

Loess, ^ ii-

Lowland plains, <(£ |^.

M

Mail steamers, ^ fi.
Manufacture, M ie to-
Maritime, 15,| i§.
Mencius, ^ ^.
Metropolitan, :g\&ili; tlJ-i'.
Miaotze, ■© ^.
Military station, fg |^ ^ Pjf •
Millet, S ill.

Min-Che viceroyalty, r^S Wi^^^:t^n%-
Minerals, ^ ^.

Mohammedan rebellions, ^ g| :;^ ISL-
Midberry loaf, ^M-
Museums, ]$ m 1^-

Musk, m^-

Musk deer, ^.

N

Nanyang Industrial Exhibition, 'S "^ |i 3£ ff.
Natural features, iUl ^^ ; A ^ If; **■
Natural wealth. A^l^^-
Naval l)ase, ^ jS-
Near-by, ifeifi; ^1') j£.
Nickel, i|.
Nitre, fi^^; 3k. fif.
North China, 41: vf-

o

On the whole, ^. :^.

Orchards, ^ U-

Organization, ^.flj.

Outer Chinese City ( Peking ), Jt M 9\-^-

Ontlot, tU K^.

I Outlook, it'^rmi^i-

1 Overland nnile, f^ ^.

NOTES HI

Se.samun seeds. '^ M.

p

Settlement, fjl^.

l>ago.las, -fi i>f .

Shanghai-Hangchow line, M^^^^ 't' 131 fl ■?? •

Paiitlicrs, fj.

Shanghai-Nanking Railway, jE }ff ^ KV i-t I^ ^ li?V

rass, ilP.

Shansi I'niversity. ill ?5 :fc •^ 'i".

Pasture hui.l,i&J^.

Siiark's tins, ^ Jg.

Peiyang University, ^f^i^^ '?:•

Shell-fish, ^^.

Peking-Hani<ow Railway. ^ illS S^ ."t" |3] S M)-

Ship-building works, fe Lfj ; ^V liiS.

Pekiiig-Kalgan Railway, ;«• ?jM 5JS K^ (•

' [^ a ij?).

Shipping centre. )^ ^f] tl! * ± 'i' '6 *A-

Peninsula, ^^ &j.

Shrine, fi;'i^>J.

Petroleum, iK'iii-

Silk filatures, %^ Jf-j- ^iti^.

Piculs, ^, ; :^.

South China, 1^' •^.

Piece-goo<l.«. n\t;M'Jiin-

Square miles, if ]{?.

Pilgrims, ^Jg;fj^.

Steamer landings, i^ ft!V {i^ yfl.

Pineapples, E^lji^lif-

Steam-launches, /h 'K ^■

Pingsiang Railway, WMm^ t't^ Wl 8 M)-

Stock-raising, ^ 6^.

Plateaus, j^ |^.

Strawbraid, ?,v «H$.

vw,i^m

Straw-mattini:, ^,y (iff.

Policy, JESC ^.

Su.gar beets, Sf ,t; gj.

Poppies, m M ^{£.

Sugar refilling, isf; :f),'t.

Population, A iK; P H-

Syndicate', ^ t>].

Porcelain-decorating, ^ fifti i& ^.

System, ill IjM.

Port of call, {i^yjl; n ^:.

T

Pottery, ^, Zi-

Poultry, ^^.

Tableland, ^ I"?! •. -'I'- ^ ■

Precious metals. ^ 1t >^ it (in 'fe ^).

Taipings, ^ ^ ll«.

Pro<luctious, #^; {U #..

Tartar City, ^ Jjfi.

Provinces, ^'.

Tashi Lama, Jlf #! b|i] i%|t.

Q

Taxpayers, '^t^li^-.

Teclinical schools. # 1»] /^^^ 'y/; JJ :Sg ^ '!?.;.

Quicksilver, 7K ^•

Telegraph, miR-

R

Temperature, ^{^^ \ll)^.

Temple of Agriculture, % "^ \n.

Rainfall, M M-

Temple of Heaven, ^ \ii.

Ranges, lU ^i'i; lU BlR-

Temple of the Lamas, ^ i% =lf.

Rape-seed, ^ ^.

Terraced, qi]Jf; -U:M-

Rapids, ^fta^^^i5!t.

Tientsin-Pukow line, ^ ?! 1-$ K^ ifi ^, ^ M)-

Reclaim, gH B-

Tobacco factories, M ^ M-

Relief map. ilt :i: [hI

To take the place of, J^ \^.

Reserve power. ^ M Jj

Tow, ^i?iV;m.

Resident, 5t 4fe & i'ii-

Trade agent, M[n A-

Resources, M TJjf..

Trade-marts, rfj Iti; M ii:--

Rights, m m.

Traffic, t5(^;^j|fi.

River-basins, inj ofe-

Tramways, ',\i i\i..

River conservancy, ;Jfj inj X fn /n;-

Transpoitati'Mi, i!^ i"!!!!

River-mouths, inj P.

Treasurer, JJjf ..] : Aii'li'iL-

River- valleys, gfc ^^.

Treaties, m^'-}.

Roundabout, pgifii; ]h\ 1*1 .
Ruins. "^ Sf.

Sandalwood, #i -Sr >fi.
Seafaring people, mi M^', ^X ^•

Treaty of peace, Jfa f;';.

Treaty ports. 1<5 J^i : jii |i^' II )"^.

Tributaries, % gfe.

Tropical zone, ^^.

Trunk line, .^i«V;.'f4:*;i.

Tseng Kuo-fan, -It tSlfilf.

iv

NOTES

Tso Tsung-tang, ;£ ^ ^.

Water-powiT, 7jc ;;/; ; tK Pj 7;.

Tiiaii l'';nig, JS ://.

Water-route, 7Kif?^;fin;K^.

Tungchih, [p] i^.

Waterways, tK ill; 7K K-

Tunnels |5Sit; lU K^.

Wax-iusect, $§ aiJ,-
West, lS:^;?g^.

U

Wharves, im;?,S;®.

riHl<'veloiK..l,1^'^t?H^/.i-
Unload, tg(K\
rplanil plains, j^ J^^

World's fair, \Anf^;^^B^.

Wrought, m m-

Wrought iron, jlggji; m^-

V

Y

ValK'V, atfeSc.
\'ic-c'roy, ^,tf.
A'icoroyalty, It 1^ t M 1?^-

Vak,?f/^.
Ya.nens.^P'];^.
Yellow earth, |^ i.

w

Yuan Dynasty, % |J3.

Yueliuanpu, % \'^ §(5.

Wang Yaiig-niing, ^ ^ Fiji.

Yuel.-IIan Kail way. ^JIMKJ''^' M @ ?*•

^ Wi M n.

li « ^
VOC ABXJLA R Y

A

A.len,35T.
Afuljanist;!!). H"® VT-

AfiirM, H^HIUJn.

Aigiin, ^r^i.

Alaska, Hr4.^:5n.

Altai Mountain-. H M M

llj.
Amoy, MP^.
Annir River, ^.tlill-
Anhwei.^ili:^'.
Anki.l,L^ S ^ If.f .
Aiisicliow. 5 ]§ #1.
AiiUin-:, ^S?-^-
Argun, 55^1^ US M-
Australia. \%-^M'S.-

B

Batang, ELi^-
BliauKs EL JS^.
niagovestchenj^k, jfi^ jlj^j j^.
Hr.ilimai.utra. 3i ■f<^ zlSt ^'

il.

Burma, Ifi'feJ.

Canton. JK.>HJ^.
Ceylon, « as e,.
Changan, ^^.
Changkiaknw (or Kalgan),

^% ri.

Ciiangcliow, Sffl-
( liangeliun, ^ ^.
Ciiangj)ai Shan, ^ ^ ll|.
Chang.slia. g J'l? fllf .
Cliangshu, :jl: ?ft.
Changteli, "??; tg Iff .
Ch'a

'\vfu,)^#|/f.f.

Chaoiung. 113 -ifi M.
Cl.efoo, ^f,\
Chekiang, "^ jT. ff ■
Ciiengcliow, ^> 'jfl.
Chengtingfn. jH /E /ff •
Chengtn, ibit |^15.
Chiayukwan, M-.H\ Wi-
Cliientao. RJJ ^-,.

ci,ii,ii,ie^tf.

Chinchow, JS'i'JI'l-
Ciiingliai, ^%
CliinglingclM.w, ^ m (iH.
( hinhua, # #- Jff-.
Cliinkiang, ^ Ql.
Cliinwangtao, ^ ^'^.
Chowlisien, ^'^,.
Cliowkiakow, |,'ij % P .
Chuanciiow, ^]l>)\\ jfj-.
Chueho\v,|^ffl.
Chung Kiang, ^ j^ jjij.
Chungking, ^. ]^.
Cimsan Islan.l. J^]- |j| /;.').
Colombo, Pj" fiSj fiJjf.

Dairen ( jtalny or Talien-

wan), ::;cidi^.

E

Krii-hai, jJf jfij:-.
Hurope, tiJci:: LL j^.

Fakunien, jj; M-. 1"!
Fengsiangfu, H 5^ /ff .
I'Vngtien (oi- MnkWin), J^

Fengyang. E Wi M-

Fojchow, i3'>|-| %f.
Fukien, fg^Jt tf-

Fushun, ^nin.

G

Gartok, n^^ii-

Gobi (or Shanio), :^ H j-];

(irand Canal, iJE !f m M-
Gyangtzc. tCfJ:.

Hainan, jfcf i^^' Ui-
ITaining. f^f Wf iHi
Ilaiiii, P^ :S^.
11 incliungfu, 1^1^ M ■
Hangchow, 1^ -H-I Jff-

Hanyang, MPli Jf-f.
Hankow, ^ p.

Han River. 0| 7K.
Harbin. P& if ^.
lleilungkiang. M ]||? fH.
Himalaya, :?f,- 8.^4 # lU-
Hoiliow, jl^ p.
Honan, x»\M 'i^-
Hongkong, fr ^.
Honolnlu, ^VfMlH^flflP

H^iakwan, y m.
Hinganfu. B 'M M-
Hsnehowfn. i^.>H ){-f.
Huehuw. rAIJ (Hi Jf-f .
Hunan, fWl ifl'lff .
Hunelinn. f^i /iji.
Hungshui, ^t ^K-
Hungtze (Lake), ^t f? Wi-
ll npeh, f«J ^t 'i^f.
Hwaian, iffi ^6: 'ff •
Hwai Ho, jfAvK-

rtwang Ho, lit }nj.
Hweiehow ( Kwangtimg) ,

Hwcii-howfu ( Anhwei), ^

#1 rff.

Tehang. "Rr g.

Hifu. 'pi-??^;^.

India. F-PJt*.
Indo-China, F-|l ^ -j^ l}r>.
Indus River. p.|J )^ \v[.
Iirawadily Ih'ver. ^ tfL%

3fj \^■

K.'iiVn^. IJH J>,Hf.f.
Kaiiiiiig, 159 'iv
Kalgan. ?g'^ P.
Kant'how, |1' 'H-l.
Kanehowfn, ifu.'lW M-
Kan River, ijft jL.
Kashgar (or Sulifu ), IKi j|Hi

Ka^^bing, E !» J^.

Kansn, 11" ^tt 'i^r.
Kbailar River, jfei Hjj ^ jiif.
Kli'.tan, ^11 fg].
Kiakbta, t^lfeiSa.
Kialing Kiang, ^t B! iT.
Kianfu,^^-fl!f.
Kiangebow, ^.$ 'Hi.
!\ iangnan. fT. |fi-
Kiangpeh, {K ^(l
Kiangpeitiiig. if. -It Ifc
Kiangsi, fl". iKJ ',^,^
Kiangsu. fC .<!!J^ 'i*?.
Kiaoebow, m '}\l
Kiaoebow Bay. Hg <>H jff.

VI

VOCABULARY

Kienning, E ^ )t.
Kinchovv, IS #1-
Kingtehi-lien, ^|i^.
Kingyuan, i^ jt It-
Kirin, ^ W-
Kirinfu, "pWM-
Kiukiang, jl, Ql-
Kiungchow, i%'H]-
Kobdo, 3F4;rtj^.
Koko Nor, t^ i^.
Kongniooii, fliPI-
Knroa, fHI#-
Kowkx)!!, ;fL fll-
Kuonlun, % ^■
Kiifdw, III] J?-.
Killing, te^.
Kulun, ff. Ife.
Kuiigpeh (or Lappa", fJMb-
Kuns^hau, ^ ill.
Kwanchengtze, ^ ^ic -f.
Kwangchow T^uv, JJ< #1 M-
Kwaiigsi, MM-
Kwangtelicliow, ^ i#. il'H-
Kwangtung, J^'M^-
Kweidiow, -Ji'lH^r.
Kweihsieii, '^ !i!|.
Kweihwating, S|i ffc 1^.
Kweilin, ;fj. :^^^.
Kwci River, ;ti 01-
Kweitehfu, %fimM-
Kweiyang, u Wi iff •

Laichow, jfe 'H-|.
Lanchow, WiW ^■

Lappa (or Kuiigpeli), ^ 4t'
Lhasa, itM-
Liangcliow, v;S')l"l-
Liang-liu, WM-
Liang-kiang, M K-
Liao Basin, ^ M fife i^-
Liaotiing reiiinsula, ^^^

Liping, ^2l^;t-

Li IJiver, ^ 7lC.

Litaiig, ;^ ^.

Liueliowfu (Kwangsi), |||l

'J11 It-
London, f^'^
Loyang, -^ Hi.
Luchow, -atiH-l.
Luichow rtninsula, 'ili' -jll

Liingcliow, IKiHi
Lu Shan, Jl Ol-

M

Macao, jljiptj.
Maimaeiiin, fi H ^■
^hinioi Lslaml, .'jj ^ ^.
^hinchuli. ffi #1 M-
Manchuria, ffi 'Jll.
Mediternincan Sea, iffiff'^i-
Meiling Pas<, ^^M-
Mekong, m ^ xL
Mengtsz, ^ @ IH^.
Miao Ling, '^ ^.
Min Kiang, ^ CC.
Mongolia, ^ !&.
Moscow, M M ?1--
Mukden, r# ^.

N

Xanrliang, "^ ^ It-
Nanking, ■^ j^.
Nan Ling Mountains, "^ ^i(

Nanuingfu, 1^" jt/t-
Nantao, M "iS I Jl J® ^ iW-
Nanyang, !« Hit-
Nanzing, 1^ f§.
Nevada, ft # >i.
Newehwang, ^ ^.
Ninghia. -^i;-
Ningpo, m ^-
Ninguta, Wi& J§-
Nonni River, j^ Ql.

Pacific Ocean, :fc^ •^.
Pagoda Island, ^ jt ^.
Pal Ho, 1^ M-

I'akhoi, ^t M-

Paoshan District, g \\i U-

Paotingfu, i* 5e It-

Peking, 4t M-

Persia, ^ ^.

Petnna, f^ ^ #J (3^ ^ ITf

}j£lt)-
Philippine Islands, |g:/j ^

?^-

Pingsiang, pt^ ^p.
Pingliang, ^^ ■i:tf;|t-
Pinglo, ^ ^ It-

Pingtingchow, ^"^ yii #1 •
Port Arihur, Jfe Hlfi P .
Poseh, "g^-
Poshan, ti llil^-
I'otala, ^' ii tt (ii 1^ UliJ

PuyangLake, Wi^Wl-
Pukow, ji p.
Putu Shan, #Pti lU-

E

Russia, ^

Sachofu (or Yarkand), •;$

¥lt-

Samshui, 7KIS-

^-'aii Francisco. H f^ KJ M

^ if (IP M^ 111).

Sanhsing, H $4-
8;inmen Bay, H P"] ®-
Santuao, ^W> i%-
Sluuno (or Gobi), ::^ ^ -^^^

Shanghai, Ji f®.
Shanhaikwan, lU MIM-
Shan si, llJf5^i•
Shantung, \i\'M^.
Shaohsing, ISftlt-
Shasi, i'p'^.
Shekichen, ^®^.
Shengking, ^ M 'tf -
Shensi, I$|g.
Shigatse, H Pf S"]-
Shiuchow, M^'J'H.
Siani, ii^.

Wanfu, iS^lt-
Siang Kiang, V^fl xt
Siangtan, mW-l^--
Siberia, MJrb^fi] 35-

Ki iiu, -g m.

Si Kiang, "S til-
Singapore, MM^-
Siningfu, M m It-
Sinkiang, ff fS-
Sinminfu, ff li |t-
Sinyaiigchow, fg PU^J'H.
Soochow, 0'j'l-l ;t-
South America, "[^ ^ -^f
Suchow, ji jHi
Suez Canal, H # ± ^ M-
Suifenho, ^ ;:3; M-

Suifu, ^'>Hlt-
Suitechow, ^i§,'H].
Sulifu (or Kashgar), MM

Siiiicliowfu, f.^ 'j'H Jt-
Sungari P.asin, fe :]{£ fT. ?ife

Sungkiang, t/J tH Jt-
Sunning, Iff Tn IS-
Swatow, Yllj Ml
Sydney, ^. )g.
Szcchow, S.'J-I-I It-
Szcclnvan, 0 Jl| '^j.
Szemao, S. ^ E-
Szenan. ,S ^' lt-

Taichow. -^iHi
Tai IIu,ic}AS.
Tai Shan, ^ llj.
Taiyiianfu, ±W.M-
Talienwan, ::k M j^-

Talifu, :fej'nit-
Tangshan, ^ llj.
Taokow, i^ P.
Tarini lUver, if M >K inj-
Tashi-Lunpo, +L fl" H >fti

Tatsienlu, tT pS tl-
Tatung, 'Xl§.
Tatungkow, i^ '^ i'||.
Tengchow. ^ 'j-Ii.
Tengyvieh, H fcS ^.
Tibet, ME-
Tiehling Pass, M'^i M-
Tien Shan, ^ lU-
Tientsin, ^W-
Tihwafu (or rrunichi), jjh

it It (^ m ^ # ;+c W).

Tinghai, ^ v§.
Tongking, ^ M (-^ S -111

#f)-
Trans- Himalaya, #^±

Tsechowfu, iT ffl lt-
Tse River, ^7K-
Tsientang River, It^lll.

Tsinan,i^l^;t-
Tsinchow, ^'jtl.
Tsingkiangpu, in'DliS-
Tsingtao, ^ ^.
Tsingwha, f^'ft^-
Tsitsihar, # # ^ M-

VOCABULARY

Vll

Tsitsingkwaii, ^ZMM-

V

Woosuiig, 'Yi *y

Yungtse Kiang, ^ ^ OC-

Tsungmiiig, # BJ.

Wuchang, j^^ ,"|.

Yarkand (or Sacliofu), ^

Tuinen River, HI f) \L.

\'la(livostok, iS # 1^.

Wuchow, t&'>H.

^;^-

Tiingchow, 3§ '>H.

Wul.u, 4itA«.

Yalung. 55 ill.

Tuiigchowfu, Iii] '>H )ff.

W

^\'u Kiaiig. f.!j jl.

Yenan, jg'JiH-f-

Tungchwan, ;^JIi;{.f.

Wukiang, jJiinSf-

Yenping, Jig ^\'- J^.

Tungjciu a^tllf-f.
Tiiugkwaii, x§. M-
Tungting Lake. m^M-

Wanhsien, ^,U.-
Weihaiwei, f&M^-
Weilisien (Sliantiiiig) , j^

Weilisieii (Chihlii. fiSff..

\Veih\rei,#ili;^.

Wei Kiver (Honan), $H^K-

Wu Ling Mountains, ;^|^

Yentai (or Chefoo), jig ff.
Yingkow, >g D.
Yochow, ^ 'j+j.

Turfan, ± -^ #.

Wutai Shan, So ill.
Y

Yuanchow, ^ -Hi ;^.
Yuan Kiang, gc CC-
Yu Kiang, ;&fl:.

Uliassutai, BS^f^.^n-

Wri i;ivcr (Shensi), tM 7jC.

Yachowfn, StHI/ff.

Yulin, <tt^;ff.

Urga, .iM®(gnI*«-

\\'eucliow, S 'Hi

Yalung Kiaug, gj 5| fl.

Yungchow, 7K'>l-l)ff.

Uiumehi, .tj-?<^>|v#.

West Lake, ]^ M.

Yaki Kiver, ^ M tt-

Yunnan, ^ [^' Vf.

Ussuri Kiver, .(^js^Mlt-

Whangpoo, ^ iilj.

Yangcliow, ^UjHi

Yunnan fu, iCi^- /ff.

Geography of the World

[in Unglish)

BY

Horatio B. Hawkins, M.A. (Wisconsin)

rraclier in K'iaiiosii Pro-rincial College^ Sooc/ioic
KDITI'.D I!V

Pong P. Sec

Accompanied witli coloiircil mnps; fully illustrated; innturo in thought ; text clenr and -simple.
Doo>^ not toll too much alMiut one countiy nnd too little aliont otliers. Prepared in acci.rdance with
(iovernnient regulations for Political Geography. Stress laiil on industrial conditions of Western
countries and commercial relations hctween East and "West, ^[any Chinese notes aiid Chinese
equivalents for geographical names supplied.

Commercial Press, Limited, Puhlislters

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Geography

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COMMERCIAL PRESS,

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