^i^Mjxitm.
|
''»#-'^--^'-*--* |
|
|
^'i U |
^ai^H^stJi |
|
•/ -. ■i?' |
■ J; if- '.■ -♦' .« .*: |
|
^■XiSXVX.1 |
|
.^- > ^ * , .-
.!-i>I..-tu^i ;:
■.A^:M
:' ,>^- ..■¥=■ ..'-^ ■? 5
i^^^m
iC^^i 10 ■ '¥' ^
A.^^.^^:'.»Jtfe/l.#
^' . ??5;'. 2?
■^r'il 1i ^
;^tf
^,.4^-
iV«r -i'.
I^^FWt^-^
,->^ ^..
.fV^ffcS
U.il.r
%H.
|
^. i? B |
'• i-"'' »! 1 |
" '3'^ |
||
|
,'-'^. *. •*«■ |
V. |
|||
|
' -SSK, |
^\'-^, ■ |
'""^^V. |
:# |
•4 -?v- A'ji'
KhSx
,,mj--jtj
|
*i^, *'; |
ii "^'-.^ *A ;* |
|
■'n'- " |
•a^ .:■• :^ ■'•i{f ; |
|
^iir^.^'- V |
''^ ^.M:
u ««'■
■^*''-^'"'y^'
%':%/^r^f^
■fJ^P- . ^■■ . iV '•■ '*^'
?^ «;,
(«■ -^f': 35
.Hf\'^'*i^-
^> t^:.. *c-S^ ^:
.s-_ -isr' X?- .«.ir ^- ,^:
■S • 5 *
.. if ..V. ■* -*" ^^ '^
^ •>&AHV«gni'^ ^f^lJDNVSOl^ %a3AINIl-3WV^
■^/iiliAIMiJV-
^''jajAiiiii-jiv>
3s.
i^>. i . — -
Ml^i
iUJUVJiU'^ -^^aOJIlVDJ'
c?
% .'
6-
|
1 |
||
|
tllBRARYQ^ 5 g |
||
|
^> |
^JJuaNVsoi^"^ |
"^aaAiNn-BV^ |
|
^.OFCAIIFO ^FCAllFOff^ |
^^«E^)NlVER% |
A^
VDJO"^
^A;OF-CA1IFO«)|>.
'Yr^>i i
.^wf•^JNl^
•.r:nj3f(\
v^lOSANCElfj> o
3 li.
"^/iHMINrt-JWV^
^.
-.Vic i!iit\/cnr;
"JliJiVT OUl
5,WM!'"> "■"'•'-
rrt "S
?^
-^VUBRARYQr
^ *-3
ii
•Mi COD. ^OF'CAllFORfc
3 =
^<?Aava8i
.v^lllBRARYOr
^.OFCAIIFO%
ARYOr AMEUNIVERSy/i.
IIFO% .^«EUNIVER5•/A
S fe
A>^^
'^^4
CD
, -<
jAiNn-mv
O
S 3
%a3AlN(l]WV^
4:
^
^
^
: .2Ji^^ jvj i
lOSANCEl^y.
^'JOJAWllilA-"
^^^
<^fLIDI\^'i
^OFCAllFOff^ ^OFCAllFij;,,,^
5;
.^T.iniPADV/1.
<MMlMIVn?f/>.
..in^ANr.FIfrv
.^^ t-'.
■»
^ "^/JMAINnjift^
Y^.
.,r
^ O «3
<ril3DNVS01^ "^/ia^AlNflJWV
sr
r I tnn t r\Kj «
i ^ i 5
^
33
<^^ruNivn?%
^^
-H V Q " > '
o
1^
■^aaMNnjrtv^
#;
^aojnvDJo'^^
'^AOJITVDdu ■
CD
>- 1 t— '-^n^ -n
'JOj.\M;i ir^'
-- AU 1 OUI t J*
'AUTUQIl 3*
JJUJ.IYiUl-''
o
#
O
CO
>
DC [V / _ I 5
^OFCAllf"
^ilV>JO^
^'jiiiaii's-ioi- *^" 'v/idiAiNiiii\v ^
^^
.^lllBRARYQc
1 (
i*
A^UIBRARYQ<
■•■i<i0ji)y3-:io->
;:>
^ -^^
.^Wf■UNIVFR%
Ci-
%
i^Ci
•^
'•■■</'iQi/\i(ii"lJi\-
^OFCAllFOff^
,^w■UNlvtfis//,
CT'
^
jaii# ^<?A«vaan#'
%-:
V/JC
^ i
2 =(" ^^ 1
^ 5
Q li.
^l-UBRARYO/
^nF-CMIFOP'
^10SANCFI%
s %G^
4s>
ro ^
^*
- ^' ~L
|
"'^aOiilVj'JO^" |
''>ioiiivj-io> |
|
|
^ |
# \ |
^OFCAlIFOff^ |
|
1 |
¥ |
^Ok-
^^•
■f> ^,'
_vV
'^■^
M ^
fp m M m
COMMERCIAL PRESS
Geography of China
BY
HORATIO B. HAWKINS, i\l.A.
Teacher in Kiangsu Provincial College, Soochow
Commercial Press. Limited
SHAINOMAI
1911
CO CO
.1
COMMERCIAL PRESS
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH BOOKS
FoNG F. Sec, M.A.
General Editor
26049,'^
a.
i
/Fnn.
PI 0
nn
5tt
lif
;t
:^-^^
m
j/^
;>
I'll
^
a
III] fl^J
ifii
%
|
'ft- |
If |
|
* |
ff |
|
^ |
;t |
|
K |
A |
|
ii-f |
fi^ |
±
;/^ -^•
in
II H :#
-^ i^^f
ifii
i^
%
\^.
Pi
fi
ji
l^
1?!^ ^
:>
^/>
{
0
A
It
^ ^ X
}]]
Ifii
a
A
Z lifi!
f»): ;t!^
bl
ill!
Ifii A ^
Pi]
?=-: yi
A
iili
ii
A ;>
Y^ )^ ?|
m
-tlL
*•
t^
I5r
m
iff- ft ^^
^
IJ
i5:
m
1^ :#
5^
>i:^
1^
i
IP ft
a:
r=i
A
Kin
^-
:^
Ifii
I.'.
:iU ';:ii ^
m
pis
i^
« ^
14
iif.'i
'II A P
W
* *
^
fi|j a^
1$
31^
Iff Jl-
4- ft
3^
m s
1: ^
.1^
Z
HI*
III
w
ill!
Si; jf.
EDITOR'S PREFACE
This liook is jircpartMl in rcsponst' to a (loinaiid on the ])ai-t of Chinese teachers and stnilents for a geography of China which slmnhl meet tiic present needs of Chinese schools.
On the one liand, our teachers complain that the inij)orted lext-houk.s on geography devote too much space to foreign countries and not enough to Cliina, and that tlie facts they present concern- ing GUI' countiy are not iid'reijuenlly distorted, to say nothing of inaccuracies. Ev(.'ry student should know the loading facts of his own country before he studies the worhl at large. As its title iniplie?, this l)ook deals with the Geography of China, to he f(dlowed liy a larger volume, hy the same author, on the Geography of the World. The mass of informatiim cunlained in these boolcs is at once useful an<l ujj-ttj-ilate.
'i"he students, on the other liauel, complain that, as they have not used many Knglish hooks, they find that texts from aV)road often present dilticulties in style. To meet this point, we are fortunate ill securing tiie c(j-operation of the author, who writes very sim])le ,'uid yet clear i'lnglish. and who takes a most sympathetic interest in the welfare of Cliina. Mr. Hawkins has not oidy fui-nished us with the te.xt hut has also given us helpful suggestions regarding the make-up of the hook.
To make the geography suitaMe for our students, we have prepared a vocahulai-y, giving the Chinese ei|uivalents for such new terms as highways of commerce, ti'ade-mart, etc. Mvery geographical name is given in both 10ngli<h and Chinese, and a list of Anglo-Chinese names is furnished at the back of the hixdc for read}' reference. This part of the work was <lone liy .Mi-. .M \ Su.\o LiAiNo, 1'>..\. of Si. .hihn's I 'niversity.
The maps of the ])i-ovinces and dependencies were prepared especially foi- this book, based on the Geography of China ( in ('hinese) l)y TuNO Sum IT.VN(i. In spelling of geographic names, the map:- and te.xt follow the ro>tal (luitle of the (iovernment Tost Otlice and the China Iidand !\li->ion Atlas for the most part, (^uite a lumdier of the illustrations were specially made for this work.
PREFACE
This Geography pays special attention to Cliina's resources and railways, because students, Avho wish to be useful to their country, may well study facts so important to progress. Care has been taken to show how the improvements in industry can be made to aid national greatness.
As this book describes China for Cldnese students, the student's point of view has been remembered. It is hoped the book will help the student in the study of his country and her affairs.
During the three years of jn-eparation, the writer received great help from the experience and observation of his friends in educational work. He keeps in mind the kind and unfailing assistance of ^h: Wang Hsien-hua of the China National Institute and of Mr. Tseu Yih-zan of the Kiang.su Provincial College. It was through the unwearied labour of Mr. Tsf.u, that full use was made of Chinese geographical works.
HORATIO B. HAWKINS.
SOOCHOW,
Ai'iMi. 2."). 1011.
sasmi^xz
- ■«--">"'-^
V^
\
J
\
*^**»vr •
^*^.
\
V
/*
V
\
^
;
PHYSICAL MAP OF T
1'
^^cale, 1 : 15,0<>0,000 0 250 500 1000
-I -fa
E CHIIVESE EMPIRE
Geography of China
THE CHINESE EMPIRE
Ana 4,-_'77,170 .«//'«/•( iiiili.-< Population ^fid.OOO.OnO
Capital, PEKING {:Jb 'M)
I'.IO'.l Foixiijn Trade of Cliiiui ,, E.rportcd to Foreign Countries ,, Imported from Forcicii Couiitriei-
lli<. taels 780,0;j],'.|-)',l ,, ,, 350,883,353 „ ,, 430,048,606
C^IIINA is till' <il(lc-t (if tilt' wDrM's _ij;rcat ciiipires. No ein])in' lias more pt'ople. ami oiilv two y (the British and Kiis-iaii ) ]\:i\r imirc hiinl. '{"he ("hiiirsc i'.iii])irL' is lar>iiT than the (•(nitiiicnt t»f KuroiH', hoth ill area and pnpuhition. The ahiindant jirodtttihiua of her fertile plains, her u;reat stores of useful minerals, her forest and animal le-ouices. make China one of the eountries riehest in nalaral wealth.
Natural Features. China is a conntry with varied natural ftatuie-. lii Tibet (|f IJiJtl she lias sumo of tiie world's liighest mountains and the sources of Asia's longest rivers; in Mongolia (^'f^) and Sinkiani,^ (^ ^;;!.* slic lias hroad plateaux. Manchuria (fifi jWI) i^ ilivided into two rich /7'('t'r-ra//t'//.s- with mountain horders, while tiie Ijghteen Proi^iiices have some aplnnd plaina in the west, hilt loirldiid plains near the iinaitli^ nf the ureal rivers.
Mountains. 'Idie /M/o^/r/.v of Cjnua are unarded l.y loim /w„</'-s the Altai (Hf^^lU' inid the Tien Shan (^llj) separating Moiigulia fnini Russian Siberia ti«l It ?'l ffil ; the Himalayas (# J!§ fi ill ) keeping apart
Tin: II1.M.M..VVA ,Moi NT.w.Ns m:i;.n kiio.m a .moi'nt.m.n i.akk in Tiiiirr
Tibet and Ihitish Jixlia (^J: j^ PIJ )%). Tn these Tihetjiu mountains arc high peaks and large (jlacierx. From tlie Tibetan .si/stem. branches spread over China, making the inland provinces niduntainous.
Rivers. The chief rivers of China are the Yangtse k'iann (jli-ffll) and the Hwang Ho (|^MnI'. The Yangtse is a i)roducer of wealth, while the Hwang Ho is a destroyer of prosperity. I><itii may lie made better servants of the Empire by modern engineering, wliieh will improve tiiem so that they may he more helpful both to commerce and agriculture. The Si Kiang t]§ i£) in the south, waters a rich and fertile valley. The I'ei llo (S M), the Sungari (tij;}{£ xL), the Liao (jg MK Hi.' Han (j^ ?lC), the Siang iVftiTK), the Min (HEfl), the Kan ($ftil) are all ust'fnl rivers.
Islands. Along the coast of ('liina are many islands, especially in Kwangtung [JSi'^), Fukien <i|i(iiit), <'hekiang (?•{)? tt) and Sliantiing ( Uj 5^ ' I'rovinces. The largest island is Hainan (jfi^ifjl, otV the southern part of Kwang- tung, while the most populous is Tsnngming ( •;|;- HJ) I, at the mouth of the ^'angtsc. Hongkong (#?S) is a commercial island city. Chusan (i^l-lij) in Chekiang has great advantages as a vaval base.
Peninsulas. China's greatest peninsula is the mountainous
GE0GK.\P1IY OF CHINA
|
■TiOiMl |
WKt^i |
|
,. ■ - .'7: •;■--■ t- .... . . ... ^, JO--- '^.-^^ |
|
temperate climate, though part of the far soutli is semi- ti-oiiic-al. Ill tlie /;(/tr(07- and ill the north the summer
Canal ciiOKKi) w irii iuiai.s
eastern part of Shantung Province. In Fengtien (^5^),
the Liaotung (j^!^) PeninsuUi, whicli lias great niilitarv is ^v
West L.\ki;. IIam.i imw
inner and the winter colder than in the eastern and southern coast provinces. Tlie Tiljetan Plateau is extremely cold in winter. The rainfall is heaviest in the coast provinces south of the Yangtse and in the upland jirovinces of the west and southwest. North China and tiie dependencies have a diy climate.
Harbours. China has a long curt.s/ line with good harbours in every coast province. The best natural liarhours are found in Kwangtung, Fukien, Chekiang and Shantung, though in Kiangsu and Chihli (i§l^) rivcr-iitoiitlts like tliose of tiie Yangtse and Pel lio have harbours with great commerce. Shanghai (Ji j§) is the aiillAi. of (.'entrai China, and Tientsin (5c^) is tiie nutlet of North China. In order to keeji their trade, river harbours must have great iinprovemeiit. These
Tl NCTIXO L.\KE
importance, has i)ecn Icuxcd to the Japanese. In the soutli is the Luichow (ilj ^'1) Peninsula in Kwangtung.
Lakes. In tlie Eighteen Provinces, (lie largest lakes are Tinigting Lakr (iH^lJiyj) of Hunan (tiMlft"), Poyang Lake (SBfiitiy]) of Kiaiig- si (tlig) and the Taihti {-i^M) between Chekiang and Kiaiigsu. .\nioiig small lakes. Si Hu (MtSS) in Chekiang and Erh Ilai(vJf j{tj) in Yunnan arc famous for their beauty. In the depemhnricK, the greatest lake is Ching Ilai ( pf ■(H) or Koko Nor. Tilx't has also many beautiful mountain lakes.
Temperature and Rainfall. An empire
so laree as China must 1
lave
a varied climate.
0)1 the whole, the Eighteen Pi'oviuccs enjoy a
AVixTEi; seE.\E i.v the Xoitni
IXTKODUCTION
A.VKIV
CiiKruo
liarbours arc Li'iii";' nuule deeper and more siiitaMe i'm large steamers by tlie engineers of river conservaiici/. The inlets of the sea and vxikrii'fii/s in many jiarts of tlie Empire can be made safer and better liy engineering improve- ments.
Ancient "Works of Engineering. JiKuilier time;*, ("liina iiail very skilful engineers. Great examples of ancient en- gineering, such as tlie
drcat ir<///(;»;MS*£),
the Grand Vnnul (JSlillii X^) , the iron bridges of Yunnan (|> |^), tiie
<.iATE IX Tin; (iltKAT W.MI,
stone bridges of (lie Yangtse 1 «//(■_)/ {% ^ fll iifdMt and the irriyalion si/.s/, ,11 of Szechwan, re- uiaiii to show us how Will - understood were some of the needs of tlic country. The Great Wall is about 1,250 miles long. The Grand Canal nuinccts Tientsin with llaiigchow (lit'jfl), cross- ing the Vangtsi' Kiang :d Chinkiang (MHO-
.\ i;i!ii)(in .NE.M! Suociiow
.XujNli TIIK (illASD CaX.M.
GEOGRAPHY OF CIIIXA
KWANGTUNG iB M ^1
Area 100,000 square miles Population 32,000,000
CAPITAL, CANTON iM ')M
Kwangtuncr is the richest proviuco of South China, (viliyii). Swatow has a larov coasting trade. Its chief Ivwangtung men, hy their energy and enterprise, have exj)ort is sugar.
gained success in many parts of the world. In the Si Kiang dil/n are a grouj) of treaty j)orts, —
The province is /or </iC vno.s/. yx/// hilly. The most Canton, Sanishni ( 7X !f4t. :"i'I Kongmoon (fll P^ I .
fertile region is the valley of the Si Kiang or West Hweichow ( ,^. 'j'H ), though named in //vr(//c.s-, is not yet
opened. These ports trade mainly with Hongkong hy river stt'amers.
Canton or Kwangdiowfu is a great ftliijipiiu/ ccutrc, and should ix' a gi'eat railway centre. It was the first city to jiave dii'cct tradi/ with Ivn'opc, and is to-day the chief commeri'ial outlet for the southern lU'oviuces. The city is huilt in tlie fertile delta country, at a jioint where many rivers meet. The city has iiihtnd trade with Kwangsi (^1^), Ilunan and Kiangsi (fT. M'-
'I'VCK Al. SCIOM:, I\U UNi.nMi
River. The waterways are passable in many directions. This makes Imnnportation very convenient and pros- perous. The West River is the (jreal highimij for steamerfi.
The coast line of Kwangtung is eight hundred long, and has a number of good hai'bours. There are no less tlian eight tnah/ ports and ntsloiiis staiions.
■"iii'i'ici; r.ciAT
miles and exports silk and tea to Hongkong and kan-op,: i jsiH;
H EL '>H t . The )■„. h-lluu Hail wo II ( % iH M S^ ) should
make Canton rjelier. and the Co iiloo-k'dU'lddo Ihn'ijh
In tlie north-east of the Province is a rich ],lain, MS^K^I will iinivase Canton's tra.le with Ih.ngkong.
whose most important political city is Ch'aochowfu {j|? Sinming tDf'inlH^) has a small railway whieli is doing
'>H M) > i^nd whose commercial port is Swatow (Shantao) well.
!S» AluH
TA. VT- yNG
PrOVISCIAI, CoLLEliK, CaNToN
J- iVL-'-n'i.v ; I » i.i:, C'.'.NI i\
Four IN Tllf; I'EARl. KlVKH. C'VVTO.V
TJIE ri;(i\IXCK OF KWANGTUXG
and Indo-Clnna (PP/gj^Sr>l. Hoiiiow Harbour is in great need of iinprovonicnt. Tiic interior of Hainan is wild anil liigli. There are forests on the mountain-sides. If |ir(>ipciiv developed, Ilaiiian might he as rieh as Ceylon ( $8 |j^j J^^, i . ]t has mineral wealth.
In l.uichow Peninsula, Kwangehow Bay (}§{ >)]] j^ ) and i~lanils were leased to the French as a naval l)ase.
A STliKKT IX CaXT(1N
Ijhikini; diihn into ]'',ii;iitki;\tii .- iukht, Caxiiin
Shiuchow ( i5J5 'J^^ I , wheiv roads from Ilunaii and
Kiang^i j'>in, .-^iiould be an iniii'irlant station on the
^'nt•h-IIall Kail way.
The southwestern part of the Province is moun- but the harbour iuis proved unsuitable for naval
tainous. Palchoi ( ^t T?*'- ''^ treaty port, has decreasing jiurposcs.
trade. Macao i i!Ji 1"] I , a Porlugnese .sfYZ/rjoc/)/ on an island
Hainan is a tropir;d island, a large part of wliiili is at the mouth of the West Iliver, has a good name for
vixlevelojxil. Its principal city is Kiungchow ( 5^ -111 i . its lieaiitiful situation. Its harbour is shallow, and the
whose port, Ilojliow ( ff;> Ml . li:is tiade with Hongkong trade is small. There is a Chiue.-;e custouis station at
Lappa or Kinigpeh ( ^l[ ^t )•
irongkong, a 15iitish island, JK-ar the mouth of the West River, is one of the world's greatest coimnercial cities. In some j-ears, more ships come to Hongkong than to any port of Kin-ope. 1 bmgkong (lourishes partly because "f its gootl locdlldu and line iiarbour, but nuu-e because of the wise pitlirii of the English govern- iiKot. There is no ta.K on trade ai Hongkong. On the peuinsula "pposite the island is Kowioon (^L ,',[1. ) with many great wharvcH and <l"i-l:.<. Hongkong has an enor- mous trade with China, which in
( ' \\ l<tN \\ \ I i:i;l );< '\ l
GKCXiKArilV OF cniXA
|
- |
^ |
.-J |
1 |
^Ull^IL.^ |
|||
|
^ -^ |
&K^t^>id |
||||||
|
1—. |
^nffHaja 1 ■, • |
l^i |
^ |
||||
Macac
some years is more than 2o0, 000, 000 tads. Hongkong exports to Europe all Chinese pro- •liu-ts, and imports from abroad whatever C'liina needs. Tlie chief 'in- dustries of Hongkong- are cotton-spin ning, siigar-re fining, ship- Imililing anil repairing, cement-making and flour -milling. Hon g- kong is also a milHanj
FiSIIINd .ilXKS IN MaiAii II\KI!i>(K
I->ni;lish wish to make Ih)iigknnn' a centre of Chinese education.
Kwangtung pro- duces rice, tobacco, sugar, silk, tea, san- (hihcooil , nn'ilicine, gin- ger, and many kinds of fruit, such as Helices, 'pineapples, and oranges. Tliere are stores of coal and iron, though these ai-c ndt mueii devel- oped.
IIoXGKONG
In a tka-iiuN(., (^\mox
station and people live
The seafaring people of the coasts have a large
fishing industry.
There are important art industries, such as ivory-
earving, embroidery, fine tveaving, and poreelain-
Four hundred thousand Clunese decorating. Silk, straw-matting, and cotton cloth are
naval t)ase in Hongkong and share its fortunes. The some of tiie imiH)rtant inaim/aetures.
|
-:^--;|gMif- |
':i P^ fl^B^B^H |
y |
|
' * ■ '• •'•"^^^^f''i '^- ... |
i^^^^^^^^^^^H |
|
|
.-■4'^^^^^iF -^^J^^^^^^IW |
Jl^^^^^^^^^^^H |
A (JRAVE IX SulTHIiKX ClIlXA
THE PROVINCE OF KAVANGSI
KWANGSI (f^ M 1*?)
Area 78,000 square miles Population S,000,000
CAl'lTAL, KWKILIX (tt >^ If^)
Kwangsi is the province of the upper Si Kiang and small steamers may run from AVuelmw (toffl/^) to Naniiin-fu CM^M)-
and where goods are changed from small ships to large ones.
The treaty port of Nanningfu is the most important city on the upper \\'eHt Hivcr.
Kwcilin, the capital, is in the northeastern part of the province, on the Kwei River. It is an old walled city. The mountain and river scenery are very fine.
Pinglo (^^M) is a city in forest country on the Kwei I\iver, half way hetwccn Kweilin and Wuchdw. Liuchowfu (WjHiJ^t and Kingyiian (^ j^^Jarein the muiintaiuuns etntial districts and have forest products.
Esi> viKvv. RRin.F OVER I'ki'a.n ICia.m.
The trade is mainly hy water, nn<l iiDOs nmstly to Kwangtung. Kwangsi has mineral wealth, which as yet is undcvelupcd. The pruvince has been made puoi- by frequent political troubles.
On the southwest, Kwangsi touches j-'rcncli Indn- China. The treaty port of Lungcliow (nEiW) is the ^^ gate by which trade passes across the border.
Wuchow, the treaty port lying where the West '^^J^ Kiver meets the Kwei River (/fJiiE), is the eastern gate of Kwangsi. Like Ilanknw li^ P ) on the Yangtse, so Wuclmw on the Si Kiang is a port wlicie rivers meet.
-<;5^
Uai'Iii UN nil: \\"i;st I\ivi:u
Siinchnwln (^<$'j1i jff I is at the meeting place ..t ilic Ilunuslini ( i^'v 7K) and the West IJivcr.
k'wcihsicn ( iH' Sl^. I has mineral wealth, but poor iiuthnds prevent pi'oper ileveli>j>ment.
I'osfh CS" fii), (in the Yu Kiang (;&il), is a small town where Kwangtung traders jiass tlie i;aic tu Yunnan.
It is planned tu biiild railways wliicii will
i'ljn this province to iicar-hi/ lands, and help to
ipcn up the niini'ral wealth of soulhern China.
Kwangsi has mines of gold, silver, and other
metals waiting to be developed.
\v,. .,..,.
r.KOGRArilY OF CHINA
YUNNAN (S 1^^ ^1
Area I J.".J)00 square miles P'opuhitu.ii ,S,000,OUU CAl'lTAL, YUNNANFU {M ^ M)
Yunnan, thoiiLili iinw Dili' of tlie jioore^t provinces, tlie rivers of suutlieast Asia llow tlirou<;li narrow and
niav some (lay Ijc one of tlie rieiiest. ^'nnnan is poor unliealtliy valU'Vs till they eross the Chinese I'mntier.
in agrieulture, but rieli in mineral^. Modern raihvay- The high moinitains lyini; between these valleys make bnildinii" and mining' will make her rieb and populous
SoMK PKDi'i.i; AT T.M.I re
as she shii\ild be. But the mines and railways of Ynnnau should be operated and owned by Chinese, and shoulil help lo make China strong and rich. Modern methods used l)y Chine^se engineers, mcreliants and officials will make Yunnan like a new province.
AVaiek waKia.
it very hard to build railways across Yunnan. IJut tlie
skilful engineers believe that railways may be built
ahniist anywhere, and the minerals of Yunnan will i)ay for her railwavs.
. f .-•■■:- :. ■
Miill-\-M-Mi:i)-\N I'.Vi.l'IlAS AT T.M.I IT
Yunnan sutfered very much from the MuhaiuDudan. irln'llio)is in the reigns of Hicnfeng and TumirliUi , and now has fewer people and less mining and farming and Yunnan is a kihlcland, iiuu-h of which is a mile trading than before that time. The cities of Yunnan are or more above the sea. In this tableland, niaiiv of small as a result of that terrible time of rebellion.
I >I;N.\.ME.\'K of MolM'AIV TiaitE.-i
K«AN Yin mi.\n, YrNN.\.>
Wl' HUA !~UAX, Yl.nna.n
HaI HsiN TlN<i, ViNNAN
THE PROVIXCK OF YINNAN
^'unll:^llt'll is in the centre of the IVuvinee on ^'unnall l.aki'. The French railway now brings it witliin tliirty-six liours of tlic Tongking (3^ ]^) border. Tlie most fertile part of tlie tableland is near Yunnanfn.
Talifii (icMM^ is a l)eautifu! city on the sliores of Kill llai, the mountain lake. Formerlj', it was a great city, but now many towns have more jieople. Talifu has some lra<le with Burma (^'fej ), ]>v way of Tengyueh (Bi&^\ and Hhamo ( (2, j^').
Tuii-cliwan (:^jl|;ff) and ('lia.itniii: I IR jjji If.]-) arc on the northern road to Szechwan i H Jl| i .
Yunnan has three treaty ports, — Mengtsz (
^
■^Ai.L ui:i.i.~.
Q m I Szemao ( ffi. >f- W -'nd Tengyueh. All three arc on the tableland, 1ml far away from each other. .Mcngtsz is on the railway to Indo-China, Szemao
Yunnan produces everything neces.sary for supporting a large population. Its chief agricul-' tural product has in the past been o[)iuni, but the^ Guverniiuiil is now making tlie farmers plant other' crops to take its place. Rice, sugar and tea are* rai.sed. The Province produces good fruits and medicines, and has much tinil" r.
The principal minerals are copper, lead, zinc, tin, coal, iron, gold and salt. China has been importing copper for cash from abroad, but by- and-by foreign countries will buy their i-oppcr from Yunnan.
The Province has good grass for cattle, and ponies, mules, sheep and jjigsare raised e.vtensively. ^'unnan ham is famous all over China. When railways are built. 'S'unnan will supply the outside markets with nual. skins and furs. ;
KorE IIK.NI:, YlNI>I<i.NA
J.iMi Hai, iiii; i.AKi; m;ai; i'Ai.iri'
on the road to the Laos country ("^ ^) north of Siam (ji^:l, and Tengyueh on the road to Burma. The trade is small, and largely by caravan. The railway is making ^ Mcngtsz more important.
The roads over the mountains '<( ^'unnan are so bad, that it takes Icn days to go fnnii Yunnanfu to Talifu. It may take almost three months to cross the province from east to west. Yunnan needs railways that will bring her closer to China, nut railways that will bring her close [n foreign possessions. The im]>or- tant railways for Yunnan will come from Szechwan, Kwangsi and Kwci- chow (i'liHit, and not from French Indo-Chiua or British Burma.
10
GKOUIIAI'IIV OF CHINA
KWEICIIOW {m. 'j'li ^)
Area BT.UUU «iuare miles Population S,000,000
CAPITAL, KWEIYANG {Mi 1^ M)
Kweichow is a po..r and mountainous inland pro- Tung Ting Lake iP^fj^i. Two Kweichow rivers form vince, with a small population. More tlian half of the the Hungshui Kiver of Kwangsi.
people are not Chinese, but are Miaot: wild tribes, The Nan Ling Mountains T^SilUM) cross Kwei-
chow from Yunnan to Hunan. This ridge is sometimes called Miao Ling (ffi^l), as it is the home of the wild Miao tribes. These mountainous pai'ts of the province are hard to attack, but easy to defeml. So the savage tribes do not disappear as they have in some other provinces. Some of the Miaot/.e ai-e adopting the customs of Ciiinesc civilization, but their wilder tribes live in caves.
The Wu Ling Mountains (j^l^lUilR) are in the east and north of Kweichow. The mountains of the province have forest as well as mineral wealth.
Tsitsingkwan (-tl M ^) i'l <be west is a gate where the roads from three provinces (Szechwan, Kweichow and Yunnan) meet. It trades with Luchow ("ZS'Jtl) on I he Yangtse.
In the eastern or lower part of the province, a number of towns are located. Among these towns near the places where rivers cross the Hunan border are Szemm {}S,1^ M'' , Tungjen (§^ilM), Szechow(@.im jf) and Liping (^ ^^ }^) .
Kweichow has not many farmers and cannot jiroduce enough hnn] for hi'r own needs. She has a good snjiply of horses, oxen and slicep.
.MlAUTZK
who havi^ been conquered by Chinese. They rebelled when the Mohammedans and 7a ////////.s- made trouble, but were suppressed.
Kweichow is poor l)ccause undeveloped. It is not a good province for agriculture. The chief products have been opium and timber. The roads are very bad and the trade is small. Kweichow being an inland province far from the sea, the pi-oducts go only to neai'by provinces, especially Kwangsi and Hunan.
Kweichow is rich in minerals, but these minerals are not properly mined. (jnichsihmr, zinc, lead, nitre, sidpbur, cojiper, coal and iron are found.
Kweiyang, in the centre of thr province, is important as an official city, rather than as a place of trade. It is in the centre of a rich mineral district. The road from Hunan to Yunnan passes through Kweiyang. The city has manufactures of silk, iiorsehair, and leather. Kweiyang is well guarded by nature, for there are narrow jjasses defending the roads to the city.
The rivers of Kweichow are ra])id. The \\u (.^tt) flows to the Yangtse ; the Yuan (^tC) to
.SCEN"!-: nx TlUC Wc KlVNIi
INi-|'ii Yvr Ti N- I.
LiM.nnsn:s, Kwiiuimw, simwiMt rm Ciiv W.u.i.
KWKICHOW SCKNKRV
-■fia^^ti"
Scene ox the Wc Kiasg
■i «r
TiiMii IT Kim. Miv m II v\. Idmimhw
\\ VN .■•IU>1 lililDIlK, FliUlMllU
llLNG ^iiAN LliaiK.i;, l''o(ain>w
TIIK I'KOVIXfK OK KIKIEX
11
FUKIEN (i^ ^ fj)
Areii 4i;,onn siniiirc luik's ruiiulaliun '2(1,(1(1(1.(1(10
CAI'lTAI,. l<i(»( lloW (jfg ^11 )l^)
Fukk'ii lias an irregular coastline, with some gootl harbours ami uuuiy small islands. The rivers of Fukien run rapidly from the mountains to the sea, and, excepting a part of thf Mill River (li^jX), arc not good for com- merce. The people living near tiie coast are skilful and hrave fishers and sailors. A large part of th(! ]>rovince is so mountainous that agriculturf is dilliruH.
Fukien is a great tea province. If the tea trade of China were prosjx'rous, Fukien would be rich, liut at present thi^ export of tea is falling off, because other parts of the woild
produce tea without having to pay so mu(di for fri i(jhi and taxes.
Many l'"ukien uien have gone to tiie countries south of China, and some of them have become very ri(di.
Fukien jirodiices tea, bamboo, timber, sugar, filKtrk'sfiiis, paper, lanpier, fruit, salt, woven cloth and ramjyhor.
Fukien and Chekiang together form the Min-che ^u'ceroi/allt/. The viceroy resides at Foochow.
Fukien has three treaty ports, — Ft)ocho\v, Aiiioy iIS£ |"3 ) .ukI Santuao (H ffl! i%}-
Foochow, the capital, is some miles above the mouth of tlie Min Itiver. Steamers anchor near
'I'm: r.iinii.i; "i 'I'tn Tin
v\i. \^.i -, I '
-^^^^^^^^
IhUii
>.\.STAI, KliH lliiW
the arsiiicd at Mamoi or I'agoda \-hnu\ {}*!, jt fol, on the river a few miles lielow. The mouth of the river is guarded by forts. Foochow's commerce is not so great as in the lime when the tea trade was llourishing. .\ ra i 1 way from Hankow to Fooehow would rnrnish a new outlet r.ir the trade of central China, and improve the fortunes of Ilupeh (JAH-lt*, Kiangsi and Fukien.
Ainoy is a tine har- boiH', which formerly bail a great trade in tea. It has
12
GEOGRArnV OF CHINA
:^i
T
Chin Shan Pacioda. Fixkiioxv
li^^?^
ijgA^a'gM^i&^^r' ms
SQI'AUI! PaCODA, Fl'KIEN
innch steamer trade witli Rliangliai and Hongkong, and Jaunt-h trade witli nearln- districts. Tlie jieople of Fnkien are building a railway to run inland from Amoy. Santuao is more important for naval tlian for commercial purposes. Small steamers carry tea, to Fooehow.
Jn the time of the Yuan Di/itaslij, C'lmanchow {')\] ^) was a great port, from which sliips saileil to all coasts of Asia.
Kienniug (^ ib) ami ^'cnpiiig (JE q^-) are inland tea-producing districts.
Aucii co.mmi;m(ihatimi vu touy ovuit Tin-: Ditch, Fi kii«
Tsasg CniEN Shax, Fikien
THE TROVINOE OF CHEKIANG
13
CHEKIANG (rfr n\ 1*4)
Area SO, 700 square mik-s ropulation 12.000.000
CAIMT.VL, lIANtiClloW {^Ji j\'\ H^)
Cliokiaiig is a province of wuodeil liills and tVrlilc Tliou<;li a small province, Ciiekiang
valleys. Tlie west and south are mountainous and have ]irodu(ir. The best silk, tea and wine in
not so many people as the richer districts east and nurth. The inland hills, the many rivers and the island groups on the coast make Ciiekiang one of the most beautiful provinces.
The (irand Canal passes through the fertile n>irtli( ru plain to llaiigcliow. Canals and rivers afi'ord a good u'litir-riiiih- to Shanghai. The Tsien Tang liiver ( 15 1^ ill) drains most of the inlerior.
Ciiekiang people are very enterprising and in some ways have set an excellent exaiupli' to the people of oiher provinces. Chekiang money and ("hekiang engineers built a good railway northeast from irangchow. making the province liclier.
re Chekiang products. Cotton, bamboo
IS a great
the Empire
medicine.
i^
d
ri.Ni; III CiuL Yli;ii, Wt.sr Lakk
furniture, rice, fish and varnish are other important ai-ticles produced in Chekiang.
The northern part of the province is the more prosperous, because the fertile lands are crossed i>y canals and rivers, on which many steam launches carry Chekiang products to their markets. The railway from Hangchow to Shanghai also aids
TiiiNDiai l'i:.\K r.u.iiUA, Wi.-i I.iki;
the development of the north. Southern Chekiang is in great need of railways to bring inlaml products to the coast, and promote industry ami trade.
The sliort and rapid rivers could furnish ivaler- poucr to make Chekiang a great industrial province.
14
UEOdltAl'HY OF f'HIXA
|
. |
tS»-"^ |
|||
|
■^;:','pv^?^^-:"cl|f -1 |
4)Jm |
|||
|
I^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^B ^^H^BJ^^^^^^^^L^--^* -lia^a^H |
^w. — ■•"" |
ff<! |
||
|
• |
San Tan Yin Viicii r\\iLinN i>n .Mui-Lakh Isi.anh, Wicsi' Lake, IIanociiow
Haiigchow, capital and tivaty port, is a great city between the beautiful West Lake C^ \^\) and the culiiarij of the Tsien Tang. Some of the tinest scenery and most famous temples in the Empire are near Hangchow. In the Yuan Dynasty, a Western traveller, named Marco Polo, dechiriMl Ihat Hangchow was the most splendi(i of cities. Tu-day Hangchow is a political, conimei-cial and educational centre.
W((i((j VaiKj-iiiiini (3E ^ Bjl) was born.
A\'encliow (i',\i#ljt), tlu- third treaty pnrt df ('hekiang, has little traile. It is only visited by one steamer, and that one does not come very often.
Tinghai {'^UM), "H Chnsaii island { M \h Is), is suitable for a naval station.
Sanmcn T. ly ( r.P'^ii) is also well suited for na\-al purjioses.
'i'he beautiful ^lhrille of Putu Shan (^ Pb lU), in the islands northeast of the province, is visited b}' many pilyrims.
The or- chards of Tai- chow(-^^-|;t), on the east coast, produce clioicc fruits. Shaolising
( I?, m m is lui imjiurtant com- mercial cit}' on the canal be- tween Hantr-
PacODA, SlIAOIISINIi
Kki IIsla Kii, Wkxciiuw
Ningpo (|^ jj!f /ff ) is a treaty port from which steamers run daily to Shanghai. It exports con- siderable raw cotton, whicli is afterwanl sent to •lapan. Some of the cotton is woven into cloth at mills in Ningpo and in the country near by. Many Ningpo people live in Shanghai. Furniture manufacturing is an important industry of Ningpo.
In tlie Vuyao District (fij? UlU), ""* bn- from Ningpo, the great statesman, general and teacher,
FEEnlNO SILK WORMS
Islands^ '
Scale 1:3^(10,000 50 25 0 50 100 150 MO
ft 1 a»
Oaa
.Miii-I.AKK Pavilion, Wkht Lakk, IlAXcriiow
.YL' I'l.i liNi;. West Laki;, I1\nghio\v
Gbnekai. Yon Fki's T mh, neau West Lake
THE riU)VlN(K OK CIIKKIANG
15
chow and Ningpo. Its men are known overywliere as eood merchants and acconntants. It is famous for the production of wine.
SlI.K WORMS
Kasliiiiir [M^)^) is a customs station on tiie canal route and railway l)ctwcen Ilangciiow and Slianghai. It is a commercial city, cx[K)rting silk, fruit, salt and wood.
IIucliow ifAlJ'IH J^) , in the northwest of the province, is a few miles sciuth of the Tai IIu. It is a jrreat silk
centre. Near Iluchow is the wealthy city of Nanzing
The three prefectures of Hangchow, Iluchow and Kasliing produce choice tea, tine silk, and sen<l large (juantities of (rilnite rice to the capital.
Kinhwa (##-iff) is an inland city, producing tea, varnish and ham.
Travellers come to Haining ( jfej: m 'HI ) to see the '■ J}orc " or great wave in the estuarv of the Tsien Tang.
IIainim; Ska Wall; hoaoi waitlsc; iuk nii: IIam.hiow IJokk
Mii>i>Li:-i.AKP: Island, Wicst I.akk
IG
GEOtillArnV OF CHINA
Population 24,000,000
KIANGSU m M '^
Area 38,600 t^ciuare miles
CAPITAL OF LIANG-KIANG (PJ«j tL), NANKING (if m) CAPITAL (»F KIANGSU, SOOCHOW
Kiaiigsu is not a large pruvincc, but it is very ricli. trade-marts mentioned in treaties. Thei-e is a customs It is a fertile plain crossed by tlie Yangtse from east to station at Woosung, and TungcJiow is a port of call for west, and by the Grand Canal fi-om north to south. The river steamers.
land has no high
ridge, so the waters
waterways are most useful, helping agriculture Ijy irri- gation, and com- merce by furnish- ing Avater- roads. The })rovince has a numl)er of lakes, tiie chief of which are the Tai IIu in tlie south and Ilungtze IIu (i^iffiSfl) on tlie border between Anhvvei(5
;^) and Kiang- peh {XLAVl-
Kiangsu suf- fered greatly in the Taiping Ucbellion, but (hu'ing the lifty years that have since gone by lias recovered its former weaUh and }>opula- tion.
South of the
Yangtse, tlie garden [ilain of Kiangnan lill^) produces great supplies of rice, silk and cotton. The soil is very fertiU- and is well irrigated by the branches of the Yangtse, the Grand Canal, and the Wliangpoo (|^ M^ • The SIiaiuj]iai-jS'aitkii((j liailvxiij ( M m Si S&) i'""s across this productive belt to the northwest, and the Shanxjhai-Hawj- choiv line (jl Inl Si 2{^) to the southw^est.
Nortli of the river are the plains of Kiang- jn'ii. Kiangpeh has many waterways, but they do not help agriculture and commerce so much as those of Kiangnan. '1 lie farmers of Kiangpeh raise wheat, rice and cotton.
Kiangsu has four treaty ports, — Nanking, Chinkiang (^ 0". ifl") , Soochow and Shanghai. Woosung (-^ U) '"1^^ Tungchow (^ji. '}\] ) are also
Nanking is a city of great area with long walls and
ligli hills. In earlier dynasties it was the capital of the
flow slowly. These ]^„,pij.p_ jt jg .^ gj-g^^ educational centre with many
special schools, founded or encouraged b\' H.E. Tiian Fang (t^'fi}, when viceroy. In or near Nanking are many historic ruins. The first woiifPs fair in China was the Nainjainj Tmhtstn'al Exhibition held in Nanking in 1910. It sliowed the resources of the different pro- vinces and the products of Chinese industries. For many j'ears the commei'ce of Nanking was not very important, but now that it is to be a railway centre, its outlook is much improved. On the river-bank, outside the walls, is Hsiakwan (TP), where the steamer- /((/(<?//((/.« and railway station are. .lust across the river is Pukow (Jif P), where the railway from Tientsin meets the river, harge f err ij-hoatii will carry trains from the Shanghai-Nanking Railway across the Yangtse to the station of the Tieiitsin-Pukow Um (vf: rl Si S^)-
Chinkiang is a city on the south shore of the Yangtse, where it meets the Grand Canal. There is beautiful island and hill scenery near Ijy. Steam laii.nclics carrying the trade of Kiangpeh connect at Chinkiang with Yangtse steamers. There is a Chinese electrlr-litjlit .si/.s/c//; at Chinkiang. Yangchow (% 'M M)
Tkavi-.i.i.inii iiv \viikki,i:akko\v
.m J.I ^
l,H»»«<,;
Stoke figubes, Ming Tombs, N.\nking
'Ji:.mi-m: <>i- C inpk n s Naxkim;
The Fivk-li Uhad, which i.i-.ais i-uum Wrsiii to Wei Ciiian L'iiax
..^
^
^
i' m
KlIXS showing the entrance to the CiRKAT
AlDlKNCE Hai.i., .Mis.. I'a) v. i,, Nankin.
'IIIK rimVlNi F. Of KIANGSU
17
is a famous historic city nortli of tiie Yanglsi' opiiusiic wealth, ami provide imicli of the inoney in foreign loans.
("iiiiikiaiig. Not far below C'liiiikiaiig. well-placed forts Its trading companies send steamers to river and coast
guard the river. jiorts, import and store huge quantities of piece-goods,
Soochow is a rich city in the most fertile part of machinery, railway n:aterial, sugar and other foreign
Kiangsu. It has long Ijcen famous for the beauty of its goods, build railways, and send Chinese products to other
countries. It is a great literary city. From the presses of Shanghai come newspapers read in all parts of the Empire, and great numbers of books
S^CW-jji^g
4 t 7/ •
'^WA
liia.M TiiUKi:. Nankim.
ClIiN SllA.N, Cin.NKIANli
women and the learning of its scholars. It is situated on the (irand Canal, and has launch traile I)y waterways leading north, south, east and iimthwest . Much silk and cutton cloth are woven, both by old iiul linds and new. P(tgiidan, iirclirx, and riiiiix are signs of its past glory.
Shanghai is on the Whangpoo River, at the gate of the Vaii-l^c \alley. It is tin: greatest commercial city of China, and one of the great jiorts of the w^)rld. (Ireat steamers come from ICurope and America, from .hipan anil India to receive the products brought to tlii< city by smaller river and coasting steam- ship-. It is a great industrial centre, with largo .silk Jilaliircn, colloii. inilln, jlour iii.ill.s, Kliip-bnilding worh, sxtxd tohacco factories. Its rich banks control a largo part of the Empire's
SlIiil'S lis NaxkINc; IJoAl), ."-HAM.HAl
lioih of old learning ami new. It is the liome of men from many jirovinces and many countries.
rolitieally, Shanghai is divided into four
[■art the walled city, the French C'uiicessioii , the
I nil I'liiilidiiiil Sdllciiicnl and the I'aoshan District \'{i\hM.>- '^'li^'' oldest part is the walled city. Lately the streets have been made wider and cleaner, ami the shops more attiacti\-e. It has l)een proposed til tear down the wall. .\t -Xantao (1^ 'flT),
I'avii.io.n ok tin; I'ivk IIindiikii l'im.osoi"iiiat.s, Sikxiiow
18
GEOGRAPHY OF CHINA
on the river sitle uf the walled city, may be seen numbers are extended to inland j)arts of the Empire, trade and of small jiuiL's wliieh carry products to and from the industry will both be more jirosperous. Shanghai market. The International or Model Settle- Tungchow, on the north bank of the Yangtse, is be-
coming a modern industrial city. This is largely due to the enterprise of H.E. Cliaiuj Chirn (^ ^), a man of great literary learning who believed he could serve his country best by giving true service to his city. Ilis factories weave silk and cotton cloth, his launch-trains bring products from many parts of Kiangpeh to Tungchow, his schools teach young men practical knowledge.
\ ii.w "1 Im i;i;\ M i"\ \L -1 iiij:mi:m
-IIAN' ill Al
ment is the business centre of Shanghai. It is very honestly and efficiently governed by a council elected by the foreign ta.vpnijcrs. The Council of Shanghai has done specially good work in road- building, bridge-building and making ixxblic gardens. It has a very well-organized police and iire department. There are many steamers at wharves on both sides of the river. The French Concession is much smaller than the International. The French consul has much power. The Pao- shan District northwest of the Settlement is a
nwAxi; Pi. Trx, ■Wrsnr
newly-built ipiarter, which is meant to be a new mudel Chinese city. It has some broad streets and a nmn- ber of large l)uildings.
The Kiaiignan Arsoml, south of Shanghai, manu- factures arms and ammu- nition, and builds and repairs ships.
Deep-sea steamers, in- stead of coming to Shan<r- hai, unload tlieir cargoes at \\'oosung, where the Whangpoo joins the Yangtse.
Shanghai should grow greater as time goes on, for when her railways^lo Nanking and Hangchow
Scene ox the Whaxgpoo River, Stiaxgiiai
The fertile country near the mouth of the Yangtse is very densely populated. The island of Tsungming has more than one million people.
Sungkiang (-feQ:it)> Wusih (M^SSI). Changcliow(S mM\ <'Ii:tiigshu(f;SM), ^\'ukiang(jj|ti:!!ijand Kunshan (fS. ill !l!|) are rich towns on the fertile Kiangnan Plain.
Kiangpeh needs protection against floods and famine. The improvement of rivers and canals and the building of railways would save Kiangpeh from want like that of I'.tOT. In the nurthci'u j)art of Kiangpeh, the more important cities are Tsingkiangpu (fMlCM') Hwaian (JfC=^lff), and TIsuchowfu i^l^M] rff-).
Waterkalls, Hweishax, Wlt^Ilt
lilE " Ti;n-Tii(ii>.\.M) lU null \ ■ I'm. cm
I'lowIXl. I:ICE IIEI.D>!
U.N HIE V.\N(.T.-E KlA-NC
THE 1>K()VIX( E OK ANIIWEI
19
ANHWEI i^m"^)
Area 54,800 square miles Population 36,000,000
CAPITAL, AN KIN (J (^ J^ |f.f)
Aiihwei is a fertile rice-producing province lying on both sides of the Yangtse Kiver. Many provinces are fed with Aninvei rice. The wealth of Anliwei is principally agricultural, the j)rovincc ])ruduciiig rice, wheat, tea, hemp and cotton.
The northern part of the province is drained bytheHwaiUiver(?^;iK^ whose many hrnnches make trade easy. The Hwai, however, is also a source of danger, as sometimes there are dis- astrous floods. There are many lakes in the north and east of the province.
In Ihe.^outlmf .Vuliwci are large coal ileposits. When the Anhwei rail- way is built from \\'uhu iMMU) oil t'le river to Kwaugtebcliow ij§i^.j\\^ in the mountains, Aninvei will be richer.
The railway from Tientsin to Pukow will run for a short way through northeastern Anhwei. It will help to bring the products of northern Anhwei to river and sea.
The chief railway from Central China to the coast will certainly cross Anhwei. It is proposed to build it
■ALT X'.ijATs, CiiiCNi, Vam; Jvwan, AxiIWKl
by extending the Shanghai-Nanking Railway westward from Pukow to Sinyangchow (ft 1^ '>H I in llonan {\iii 1^ ^'' oi" Hankow in Iluiieh.
Wuhu is llii- ^rcat rice-port. Many ocean steamers
come hero to load rice. The commerce of Wuhu is being made greater by improvements. Ncw wharves will allow steamers to lie close by the land. A new rail- way will extend the com- merce of Wuhu.
Tatung (Jz. M.) , on an island in the Yangtse, is a customs station where the salt tax is collected.
Anking, the capital, 'in the Yangtse liiver, is a port of call for river steamers.
I- I<I1IN'. \\ I I i{ 1 nItMiii; Wl-S
I)iinki:y ami iikivkii
ilu.iihowrii ( tlS: -m ;ff ) is a rich city in the southern part of (he province. Its district produces much tea and bamboo.
Fengyang (©.P^J-m) was the birthplace of the llrst Ming Ijnperor.
20
t; KOI ;i;a I'll V oi' ( iiina
KIANGSI {K M €)
Area G9,500 square miles rn])nlatioii 25,000,000
CAPITAL, NANCHANC {Wl m Ji^)
Except f(.r tlu^ Poyaiig Lake Basin (if) [45 1^] ^ ^^ , Kianesi is niduntainous. Tlie most famous mountain is
'• 'I'lIK LiTTI.I': ( tui'HAX ■'
llie Lu Shan (^llj), in tiie nortli, near wliii-li tlie sage C7((( Hai lived and wrote.
Kiangsi has a uumher of rivers flowing to Poyang Lake. The most important i if these is the Kan River, whose branches rise in the niDnntains that border the province.
Kiangsi jiroduces much tea, porcelain, rice, cotton, silk, tobacco and some grain.
In the ndrthi'asi, uearKingteh- chen {^ W,^) is found most of the white clay which forms the material for the porcelain in- dustry. Formerly, the manu- facture of jKireelain prudnced finer articles and em])lo\'ed many more men. Even now j)ieccs of porcelain made in earlier cen- turies receive very high prices.
The liills and mountains of Kiangsi have many trees, and timber is an important product.
In the western mountains near the Hunan border are mines of coal. Tlie best mines are at ringsiang (WM), uear the Hunan border, and their coal is brought to market by Hunan railways and river. They have a Chinese owner and produce 1,500 tons of coal each day.
Kiukiang (XtLMl, tlie treaty Win-n-. Dkkr (I
piii't Willi
I'AIIDV IIKI.DS, KlANt..>l
nf Kiangsi, formerly had a great trade in tea luu'dpe. It still exports fairly large (juantities. Tliere are factories to press tea into la-ieks, suitable for the peoples of Central Asia. In the mountains near Kiukiang is tlie summer resort of Kuling i^^i).
Nanchang, the capital, is on the Kan Kiver near its outlet into Poj-ang Lake. Small steamei'S and launches run across the lake from Kiukiang to Nanchang. A company has been formed which is building a railway to ennneet the two cities. A better proposal is one for a railway which shall ci-oss the |irovince from north to south, and jiassing tlirough the Meiling l'iis.-< ( /fft> ^ n >, connect the Yangtse Willr;/ ( ;^ ^'- fC gfe jfc«!() with Canton.
In the Kan Liver valley, Kian-
In i^^jU)
an
il Kanchowfu
l.r^iiAN
'H] Iff) have begun successfully
the production of camjihor.
' «• W A N G T U N
lU
liiiimiK or Till; (hii>iii>s <if Mkihy, Lisuan
if
/• - ,.
■p^
l--^-
r.Mii '\ \. 111! . Nam iiA.Ni,
Till-: Nk"' Kan tinui^K, ai nil-: e.mhamk i<' ii
<< nil. VAMilSE (.iOUliEJ
Kai'Iiis, Yam.tsi; 1_hji;(.i>
i i; \i Ki.M., N\iNciTSE Gouges
Wa](11 TdXVKK, \VnllA.N(.
THE TKOVINCE OF Hll'KIl
•21
HUPEH m\ At i*i)
AuM 71,400 square miles Population 8-J,000,0(HI
( AI'ITAl., WL\J1AN(; (^ ^ ;f^)
nui-eh is a broad province, occupying an important the groat rivor liore. From Ilankuw, lariit- rivir- l.art of tlio central plain. It is drained by the Han and steamers sail east to .Shanghai, while smaller'steamers the Yangtse Rivers, and is crossed by large canals. On sail west to the ports of the middle Yanglse and Hunan.
Launches jih/ inland. The mouth of tlie Ilan Kiver is cruwde<l witli cargo junks bearing freii/ht to and from Hankow.
Hankow i- tljf givahsL /(/(((•/.■-/((, |,i)i( in the world, nihl lias a population of almost a million. There are many large industrial plants for prejiaring hcan oil, for pressing tea-leaves into bricks for export to IJnssia, for
JllNiJ .'^IIAX, XKAU WieilASCi
I'.IM). IIaxkuw
the north and west, mountains separate this pro- vince from Ilonan and .Szechwan.
Tlie plain of Hiipeh i)roduces much cotton. ( Ireat spinning and weaving mills at Hankow and Wu<-hang make the raw cotton into cotton cloth. Hu|.eh e.x-ports cotton goods to Szechwan, Kweichow an<l Hunan.
The railway frum the north brings lb. nan wheat to Hupih to be m.idf into Hour. In one year ( 1(107) the I lank. .w mills manufactmed .•!l,<M)<l,()00 7)/(H/.s()f (lour.
The three cities of Hankow, Hanyang ami Wiirhang form a great commercial and industrial centre where the Han Jiiver joins the Yangtse. Th. great railways joining Peking with the south meet
Tin; IIax liivia
manufacturing tobacco into cigarettes, and for storing ()il. Though Hankow is over si.\ hundred miles from Shangliai, and seven Innidred from the ocean, large ocean steamers can sail to Hankow at most times of the year. So, though an inlan.l city, Hankow has direct trade with foreign countries. The city is progressive,
:-^trfC?:-
1 1 \v\ \\i. Ik'in \V'>ltK~
22
GEOUl'vAl'HV OF CHINA
WULUANG AUSKN.U, AND ro\Vi>Ei: FaCTOUIES
tlie wall haviii"- been turn (Inwii to make a (/r/w'?r«(/ and enterprises were the work of H.E. Chaufi Clilh-hnuj
the streets and houses having electric light. Improve- ments are being made, and land is becoming more and more valuable.
The English, Russians, Frencii, (iernians and Japanese have coiicesslons lying along the Yangtse lliver. Tiiese settlements have wide streets, fine houses and much business. The great advantages of Hankow have led a care- ful observer to write, "The city of Hankow has perhaps a more brilliant future than that of any other city in the world."
It "is surel}' destined to be the industrial capital of the Empire."*
At Hanyang, just west of Hankow, across the Han River, are the great (iovernment iron and steel
YANtiTSE GoiHiES NEAR HSUCIIOW
i'^i^.M), formerly Viaroij of the Liang Hu C^ fj^).
Wuchang, the capital of Hupeh, is on the south ))ank of the Yangtse, just opposite Hankow and Hanyang. There are many yamcns, mills, schools and forts. There are also two great museums, one of wdiich
shows goods made in
China, the other articles from abroad.
The treaty port of Shasi [ij/i^) has steamer trade with Hankow, by way of the Yangtse, and junk trade by the canal connecting with the Han River.
IchangCt^/tj.atthe gateway of the Yangtse Gorges, is the port where cargoes for Szechwan are changed from steamer to small boats.
works li
■E
^) , and the central arsenal. At the Hanyang works, Chinese iron is wniiiijlil into steel and used for making weapons and railway mate- rial. Nine railways in ('iiina have used Hanyang rails. Thousands of tons of iron are exported to foreign countries every year. Rail- ways and livers connect the centre with districts from w'hich coal and iron ore can be cheaply brought. The great Hanyang
*Kfin.<cli, WurM Politics, pages 132-133.
In Tayeh (;^ '^^), iron ore of good (juality is mined. Largo mines are in working order. Almost all the iron and steel manufactured at the Hanyang Iron Works comes from these mines. Some of tlie ore is shipped to .Japan.
MOU.VTAIN NEAR kllAXG
Rapids, Yangt.se Gorges
Si 111. l.IXSIAN<:, HlNAN
To.Mii (IV Gknekai. Ya.m; Vh Pixii, who mcFi.Mii.i' ..ii. i,......i. -i .:ii. Tau'IXg rebels, C'haxgsua
Ti;Mri.ii UN THE Tor uk ihk Sacked iloiXTAix, >i'a.nyi
THE PKOVIN'CK Ol' HUXAN
23
HUNAN m it ^)
Area 83,380 square miles IVpulation, 22,000,000
CAPITA r,. CHANGSHA {-^ ^Jf M)
Hunan is a province of liills and mountains, lying
yiansrtan (vtt(iA!PF.> i~* a commercial city on the
to the south and west uf Tung Ting Lake. The peoi^le live Siang Kivcr, suutli nf ( 'hangsha.
in the narrow valleys of the rivers that (low into the lake. Changteh C^^^M) "^'ir t''<3 mouth of the Yiian Kivcr
Tiic important rivers of Hunan are the Siang west of Tung Ting Lake, has trade with Ilupeh, Kweichow
Kiang (?te tC) and Yiian Kiang (^QI)- The Siang and Szechwan. At some times of the year, small steamers
River rises in Kwangsi and Hows north through Ilunan sail from Hankow to Changteh. Changteh is the outlet into Tung Ting Lake.
The great road from cen- tral to south China goes up its valley, and the new Yuch-Han Railway will follow this old road. The Yiian River rises in Kweichow and flows northeast through Hu- nan into Tung Ting Lake. The road to \n\\- nan on the southwest lies along this river.
Hunan is richest in tea and in coal. The tea is raised in the Siang Valley. Most of the coal
Bridge ne.vk (.'hangsha
for the valley of the Yiian River. This river is difiicult to navigate, which makes it harder to liring to market the min- erals of the mountainous country west and south- west of Changteh.
Yochow is a treaty port near the outlet of Tung Ting Lake. The customs station is at Chenglingchow. The commerce is not prosper- ous, as the steamers ship tlieir exports and land liieir imports principally at Changsha and Siang- tan .
now comes from the
mines near the Kiangsi border. Coal almunds in other At Chucliow(;t!}iiH1) "" "'^ S'sn'o ^»i\'ci", coal brought
parts of the province. AiUimunii is mined in Hunan, by tiic Pingsiang Railway is loaded on small boats,
and carried to Wuchang in Hupeh to be refined. The Tung Ting Lake is the meeting i)lace of four Hunan
mountains of Hunan are known to liave supplies of gold, rivers, — the Siang, the T/.elfjfTKl, the Yiian and the
silver, suli)hur, lead, zinc, imn, (|nicksiivcr and copper. Li (fix?^)- There is level country ni'ar the mouths of The forest wealtli is iniporlaiil.
Changsha is a great city near tlic plai'c where tlie Siang River meets Tung Ting Lake. It is a treaty port.
|
• _ ^ |
_ - ^ |
|
^.■- "(IUlJ. t*f ' |
|
|
JUv. -^M |
|
|
, - v-^. ;t- '1 |
• i:m:, CiiANCiMi \\'heu tlie Taiping rel)els tried to captui'e the city, tiie great IWikj Kwo-faii itt" ^ i'iS' ^^'H' '"'^ Hunanese coun- trymen fought them bravely for three months and drove them away. Wiieu water in the lake and river is iiigh, steamers run fmni Hankow to Changsha. Wiien llie water is low, steam iaunehcs run from Changsiia l(
Yd I.c ."^iia.n, ori'ofiTK Changsha
these rivers. A canal fruni Changteh connects the western part of the lake with the Yangtse.
Yiianciiow ( ^ 'W /ff > is on the road to Kweichow and Ynngchow ( 7H iW Jf-f ) is i>n the road to Kwangsi.
Iluuan produces tea, rice, coal, small ships, bamboo, varui-ii, cotton, timlier and antiuujny. Notable manu-
Ciienglingchow (ii.^^), near the treaty port of factures are paper, silk doth, medicine, /w^/cc// and Yochow (^ JW Jff) to meet Yangtse steamers. carved articles.
24
GEOGRAl'llV OF CHINA
SZECHWAN m ill ^1
Area 218,1)00 sqnnre milos ' -^ rMpulatioii sil, 00(1, 000
CAIMTAL, CHENGTU (J/X tli }U)
Szechwan is a large, inlaiul and populou^^ prciviiu-e' Huws through the mountaiiioiis western region and be- and a souvco o^ resevve power to the Empire. It lias conies navigable after passing Suifu (^ ;)<H /^).
Szechwan produces a great amount of silk, tea, salt
liclllp,
mines at
more Ifti+dund more-peojtle than any country of Western
Eurojie. If other parts of the EuHwre should come to and vegetable wax. Other pruiliuts arc rice, harm, Szechwan could su])ply Hieifey- and men to lielp i)iili(jo, sugar and liiulxi-. There arc coal u
them. In the time of the Taiping rebellion, many peoi)le lied to Szechwan to escaiie from tJ+e.rebeie^ , At tliat-time, the 4axe&-of Szechwan produced -i»e«ey which •h^lpedJdsaYe fciie-^-iii^Fe.
Szechwan is the largest of the eighteen provinces, in area as well as in poptdation. A large part of the
t^mm
()l\. ^■Al!laEU^, A\'|'>T I'lllNA
Riuixa:, SzECiiw.\.\
province is mountainous. In the central part is a fertile plateau, called the lied l!a-in or the Chengtu Plain. Through this rich, high [ilain the JNlin Kiang flows southward to the Yangtse. Other tributaries of the Yangtse in S/.echwan are the Yalnng ]\iang (^ll Sl it), the Chung Kiang (•f'iilM), and the Kialing Kiang Kiangpehting (XLAtM'^, I't'ar Chungking (S^/fi^). (:^l^iX). The Yangtse enters Szechwan from Tibel, Deposits of iron, copper, ^Jt^/'o/co/f. and precious metals
are known to exist.
It is hard to bring tiie products of Szechwan to other i)rovinces because of dithenliy nf lians- portation. The passage tlirongh (Ir' YangtseCorges is so troublesome and dangerous as to hinder commerce. A\'hen the I'lnrdu-Ihiii Uailivni/ { )i\ jH ^ Si ) is built, Chengtu will be in close touch with Ilaidcow, and Szechwan will ha\e much more trade.
In western Szechwan, in the mountainous borderland between China and Tibet, live wild trilies who cause much trouble to the (lovern- iiient.
Chengtu, the capital, has half a million people. It is a historic city lying in the Red River Basin. J The country round about is remarkably well irrifrated.
«- -■ ■^^^^^'^~ ■■■■ ' ■
-MolMAI.V SCENE, SUOWINti I'OI
la.K. West CiU>A
I I Ml-I I
I II I i I III \ 1 r.l IM'ir \ . N I \I.IIM1 N, ^/l ( IIW AN
Tun GitEAT lli:iui_.K, .Sim am.i a usikn, S/i,<nu.\N
lltos- Susi'liN-SioN l.i;ii>..i., Va( now, S/i;iii«an
Wi: IJSI V, KWKICIIOW, SZKCIIUAN
TJIK I'HOVI.NCK Ol- SZECHWAN
25
ll'iiKuw Tii.unf, (. ni;M.Ti Plain
Chungking, the treaty port of Szechwaii, is a great trading centre.
Suifu is the kxst point on the great river which can be reached by boats. From Suifu to "\A'anhsien • I'ij ^) , ships can easily sail on the river, but east of W'anhsien are the famous gorges with rapids wliich are very hard for boats to pass.
Szechwan was formerly a great producer of ujiiuni, luit opium-giowing was suppressed by the great Y'uvroy, Cliao Erh-hsHii (MMM)- As a result, nuicii more rice is now grown in Szechwan.
]',<>w iiN I'm: .Mix KixKit, Sy.K(ii\v.\x
26
GKOUr.Al'lIV OF CHINA
CHIHLI ill *| ^)
Area 115,800 square miles Populatiun 30,000,000
CAPITAL, PAoTINdFr (f^ ^ JU), TIENTSIN {X W)
Cliilili, tlie metropolitan pro- vince, cunsists mainly of a broad plain. This j)lain is not well irrigated and needs abundant i-ainfall. In good seasons it jiro- duces much grain, but in bad seasons is dry and dust-eovered.
The mountains in the north- east and southwest of the jirovince are suitable for coal mining. The most productive coal mines in China are situated at Kaiping (^ q^-) and Tangshan [J^ ll| ) .
Transportation by small boats is convenient on the Pei Ho and Grand ("anal at most times of the year. In winter, liowevcr, the water is frozen. Railways in ('liilili run :
TirK Waiwi I'l . I'ekini
2. From ^el^ing to Taotingfu and on to Ilupeh and the Yangtse;
;!. From Peking to Changchiakuw (Kalgan^^ P ), I he gate to Mongolia (^ "j&l ;
4. From Peking to near-by Tungchow;
5. From Chengtingfu ( ]£ ^ J^ ) to Slian-i ( llj ^ ^') and Taiyiian (±^Sm^-
Cliilili piiiduees wheat, coal, cotton, tobai'co, woven silk, xtrawliruid, camels, sheep and horses.
The Croat Wall starts at t^hanhaikwan and crosses the nortliern piart of the province.
Peking, the capital vi the I'mpire, is really not one city, bnt a grouji of cities. The Imperial Palace is the 1. From Peking to Tientsin and Sbanliaikwan ( llj heart of Peking. Guarding it I'ound about is the Taiiar |l , and then on to Jhuichuria ( f tS ^ ) and Furoj)e; riti/ (M.^)- There is a large iiiiicr Chinese vitij ( j^i^).
-Mauiji.i; llianta:. Simmki! Palace, I'i;kin
;u.MMEK Pai,.\ce, PJiK^^■G
ImiI.UIM WlMIll I'M Ml, I'lKlM
>M "ynfll
-^
\\iiiii\ uii; l-'i.i;i;iiiiii:s (ity
Blue Djme i\ Tkmple ov IIravex, Pekini;
Gateway, i'EKixi;
I Mi: ,-,.
\ H , I .! 1 I
TUK riiOVINCK or CIIlIlM
•n
aiul also ail nnkr L'ltiiiese cihj {Sf\- j^) wliero trade pros{)ers. The hfiatlonn, where the ministers of forei<rii powers live, is like another walled city. iVkiiii; lias great walls, high gate towers and wide streets. It is the political, military, and educa- tional centre of the Empire. There are many great and famous temples, such as the Temple of Heaven (^Jv^). the Temple of At/nenUiirt (^ Mk Jft) > tl'f' Confucian Tempi' ( ^ Kfl ) and the Temph of the L(i m u>< ( liH !«)* sV • A t n igl 1 1 , electricity makes IV'king one of the most brilliantly liglit(<l cities in the world. Tiu re is a large forceof military jwlice. Peking has a splendid postal service.
Tientsin, near the iinMilli ol' Ihr I'li Ho, is the great treaty port of the North. In many
ways, this city has heen the leader of thr ICnipire. Tientsin has broail roads, electric lights, water works, trannvnys and limited local self-government. These
City w.m.i. and Giani) Canal, Pkki.v
products of North China and .Mongolia. '1 here is a large export trade in animal products, such as skins and fur, /»//.s7/<.s' and wool. In winter, when the Pei Ho is frozen, Tientsin trades by water through the ice-free
l>.>rt, C'liinwangtao (3^:|i ^). J'(ii/iniii I'lilvrrxilii is near Tientsin.
Paotingfu, the old pro- vincial capital, is the re- sidence of the provincial treasurer.
Chinwangtao is a port for the shipment of coal from the Kaiping and Tangshan mines, and an entry ])ort in winter.
Shanlinikwan, when- the
mountains meet the sea, is
the gate between China and
the Three Eastern Provinces.
Changchiakow or Kalgan
is a trading town at the gate
to Mongolia. Its Chinese-built railway is improving
commei'cial and jiolitical relations with Mongolia.
i
\ ('
Masciukias ladiks
North of the Cireat Wall is the iMper'uil JJinilintj
^ 11 I (iw IkmI'II- I'i.kim.
improvi'inents were largely the work of the grca( viceroy, Yuan Shili Kai. Manv roads bring to Tientsin the
t-ll AXIIAIKWAX
28
(iKOORAlMIV (IK I III N" A
SHANTUNG [iU M ^)
Area, 55,970 square miles rdinilaticm oS,0()(l,OUI)
CAPITAL. TSIXAN (j^ |^ )f )
Sliantung was tlie lionie of Confucius (5L ~f ) •'^ii'l liave eaused terrilile loss tn Xortli I'liina, and woiiM M'encius (^ -f ) . Pilgrims may visit tlie tombs ami cause more were it iinl fdi- lln' iiKnicy ami wurk spent temples of these great sages at Kiifow (S& ^-.) and Chow- every year to protect liie valliy. But nnMliTi; eniiineer- h-sieii y% SV^) in the southwestern part of the province.
Most of Shantung is mountainous, but there is a plain in the western part crossed l)y the ITwang IIo and
SJP^*'
.''*v'.Ti;iS^f
ing can make the PIwang-Ho a source of wealth instead of a source of danger.
Shantung pi'oduces silk, wheat. v)!lht, and fruits. The soil of Shantung is not so rich as in most parts of China, and new methods are needed to make agriculture more jirosperous. The forests have been destmyed, but it is hoped that scimlific tiovernn;ent work can restore them in part.
Shantung coal is mined near \\'eihsien (^ !^J and at Poshan (t#llj!ft^). The Shantung railway carries the coal to the sea, whence steamers take it to its markets.
Pixi': (iitiiN i:. I' M iM .
the Grand Canal. Shantung has a long peninsula and some excellent harbours.
The people of Shantung, like most men of the Xiirth, are strong and bra\'e, and are good farmers anil good soldiers. Shantung is not a rich province, because
the fertile parts are too crowded. Many Shantung men The Tai Shan (|^ llj ) is the most famous mountain
are now going to other provinces to seek wealth, and are of Shantung.
especially successful in the Tliree Eastern Provinces Tsinan, the capital, is a great city near tlie meeting
(M^^)- '^'f ^''G <li'and Canal and the Hwang IIo. A German
Tai Sii\x
Rei'aihin'o the Bank of the Yei.i.ow Eu'er
The Hwang Ho now reaches the sea in the nortliern railway runs from Tsinan to the Yellow Sea at Kiaochow
])art of Shantung. Sixty years ago, it llowed south of ( )lg 'H-j ) . The railway from Tientsin to the Yangtse
this province and emptied into the sea in Kiangpeh, will also pass Tsinan. It has been proposerl to extend
hundreds of miles south. The Hoods of the Plwang IIo the Shantung railway west to Taokow (^ P) in Honan
Tkmim.i- iir- TiiK Nnitiii I'lii.i:, I'siwn
Tk.mii j; 111' L'd' I'lius, Kiiinv
ToMii OK Mkxciis, Tsohsien
TciMl! OF CoNKLTll'S, KuKOW
illi: I'I'.dXINCK OK SIlANTIXCi
29
to join tlie n.>naii niiiiing railways. Tsinan is a crntre T\u- Rritisii liave Icasc.l tlio naval station of W'eihai-
of coniiuerce for western Shantung. wei (^M^V-
Laiclinw [M'HiJff) i\u'] Tengehow (S'Xi jjff) are seacoast districts, many of wliose men have gone t 1 ^^an(■hnria.
.V.
'ftiflfe'
--**»
■^Nasg^gMj
T.U SjlAN
Chofoo, or Ycntai, (jtafr) is a treaty pnrt which formerly hail nuich commerce, liut Kiaiicliow is now taking away its trade, ("liefoo needs a railway to connect it with the intei'ior. It-; principal exports are wihl silk, heans, and strawbraid.
Kiaochow Bai/ (^ '}{{ jij) was seized hy (iermans in ISO?. They have bnilt a foreign city, Tsingtao (# ^), with wiile streets and line hiinscy; Kiaochow is leased (o Germany fur ninety-nine years, hut it is a Chinese treaty port.
Weihsicn Cj^M:) part of the province.
IsiNAx; Viii.i.ow KivKK IX Tin; histame
a wealthv citv in the central
..*n,.
. 1
!r^m^-
r.\(;iii)A. YiiNfiiiiH
'.^
Till li;.is rvt.c.iiv, 'r-isr,.
m
30
GEOGRAPHY OF CHINA
HONAN iM ^ ^)
Ami ()7,!t40 s(iuare miles Population 21,000,000
CAPITAL, KAIFKNG [f^ $t M)
IIt)iian is a fertile province in the plains of the Honan, like other jirovinces in tlie valley of the
Hwang flo ( ^ fnj) ami the branches of the Hwai Ho Hwang Ho, has the fertile "_(/«:'//(///• (in/// " (^±) soil,
{'M M)- The motnitains on the southern border separate called lor^x. This soil is very productive.
North China from tlie river ]irovinces. North of the Honan produces wheat, barley, wax, medicine and
mountains wiieat is raised, and riee is i-aised south of the i-otlon
niountanis. Difl'erent rivers connect Honan with surrounding
The Hwang Ho is a trouble to the province, for at • ., tj tj^ -t r qi ■ ,»+-._,
'^ _ , ' ' provnices; tlie Hwang Ho crosses it Irom bhensi (l^fg)
one time of the vear it is like a flood, and at anotin'i
I,ANi>si.Ai'i-; M i:m:, I I"N '
time is almost dry. Modern engineering could improve the Hwang Ho so as to remove the danger of flood, and make the river more suitable for navigation and iri'igation.
and Shansi in the northwest to Chihli and Shantung on the northeast; the Wei Kiver (%7K» Hows northeast to Shantung and Chiidi ; tiie irihuturlci of the Hwai Kiver flow to Anhwei ; and those of the Han River to Hupeh. Parts of these rivers are suited for commerce.
Briuje IX HOXAX
I mix Paloda
Honan has many historic cities. Kaifeng, Kweitehfu (UW^M)^ :>"'l Loyang (^^) have been capitals of tlie Eminre.
Kaifeng is just south of the Hwang Ho. Though great walls have been built to protect it from the floods, it is still in danger.
Taokow is a trading city where a mining rail- way meets the Wei River, and is a gate on the water route to Tientsin.
AlTAH OK K.MI'EIIOII Yi', K MIKNI
.^iy'..^^^. ■.;_:!
A ]ji:i.AKV lui; 1;l"]mj]ii>t Lin:i;A i i i;;:, Jv.Vir;;
|-j{ii TsKNii Temi'I.k. 1\aii kni;
THK l-KOVINCE OF HONAN
31
j-^/^.:
^^,.J0^!£Mv^
1,1 .N(. Tim,, K.\iii;.N(,
81ickii-lun iR^E^t "!' tlit^' Tiing River and Xanyang CS ^ J^ ) on tliu Pai River (&iiij) are iiiijiortaut comiui'rcial towns lra<iin<; witli llupeli.
In eastern llonan, ('lio\vl<ial<i)w ( JS] 'jj^ P ), cm a triiuitary of the Hwai Kiver, is a centre of trade with Anhwei and Kianupeh.
Tsingiiwa (fpjffc^l i> an important niiniiii: centre.
Tlie J'lLiiKj-Ifaidow Ilailinn/ (p.^isS.^> crosses Honan from nortli to south. Two otiier railways run from east to west. Onenorliinf the
Mwanj; Ihi hrings coal fr ihe mines near
Tsinghwa to the AVei River at Taokow. It crosses the great /;•(////.• U,u at Weill wei {^MJ^)- A
railway south of the river is to join Honanfu and Kaifeng, by way of Chengchow (g5 '>H). More branches for the railway would improve commerce, and lielp part of lionau's rich mineral wealth to find its way to market.
Honanfu, situated in the fertile valley of the i.'i III), is llie meeting place of three great roads. Tliese roads are important for trade. The ruad to tiie south leads to Chowkiakow and the Han River. The second road goes east to Kaifengfu. The tiiird load crosses the Hwang Ho, going in a northeasterly direction to Hwaikingfu. There is also a fourth road, going west to Tungkwan.
1.^'>»J KAi-fONC ruul
Kmi.ua^ M'.MioN. Kaui;m
32
GKOGR.U'HY OF CHINA
SHANSI (Ul ® #)
Area 81,830 square miles Pojmlatidii 12,000.000
CAPITAL, TAIYUANFU (ic )^. M)
Shausi is one of tlie ricliest mineral regions in the world. Shansi has coal and iron to make the Empire rich by new industries. Scientilic men say Shansi coal is of high quality, and that the quantity is enough for the use of many countries.
y
pi t ^ i ^^PiW^^^^^S
i;i:t .-.
-rr-ry
' I •■-' ' -jlt:— --^
,_,- .,i^,-:5jji
Railway Statfos, Taiyuanku
Shansi is very mountainous. It is connected with Honan liy the Hwang Ho, and by the small railways branching out to the west from the Peking- Hankow line. The cartroads are bad, many of them running below the surface of the fields.
The best Shansi coal is found near Taiyiianfu, Tzechowfu (^ jH-I M) "lid Pingtingchow (^ ^e 'Jfl).
Taiyiianfu is the largest city, SluDisi Univer- sity is situated here. A railway runs from Taiyiian to Chengtingfu in Chihli on the Peking-Hankow line.
Kiangchow (|$ '>H) is important for its minerals, its farms, and its trade.
Kweihwating (§f -ft ^ is at the gate lietween Shansi and Mongolia. It has been proposed to build railways connecting this city witJi the lines to Taiyiianfu to the south, and lo Kalgan in Chihli.
Many pilgrims visit the Buddhist shrines on the famous A\'utai Shan (5E 1p Ul) in northern Shansi.
The Shansi banks and l>ankers are known through- out the Empire.
The Hwang Ho runs on the west and south of Shansi. The Great ^Vall crosses the northern part of the province.
From Taiyiianfu, an important road runs to the southwest corner of the province. After cross- ing the Hwang Ho, it passes through the Tung- kwan (ti M) and leads to Sianfu (^ ^ )^) in Shensi.
Improved transportation is a great need. Tliirty years ago, many people died of famine because there was no way to bring in food to save their lives.
Shansi produces coal, iron, salt, barley, tobacco and cotton.
Some years ago tlie mineral rights of Shansi were given to a foreign company. Controlling the mineral resources of Shansi would give the company too great power. The matter was reconsidered, and tlie rights given away were bought back for 2,400,000 taels. Now the mineral wealth of Shansi ■mines is understood by her people.
'\'.\i\ Lanh:
TaiyCanku
a,. ^>uV^-— - -^7rjx'--v;;>- ^.^.-r^^;- ■^'?r'i\ ■'•'iV**^-- V ' . '■
1^^"
Liii>s I i.iris
(,'lTY GaTK, TAiyUAXFU
1 H iTp e h
'] in. will SI n;i{iiY 'H" SienyaN'G
i^lNllTfXtillSlEN
.J.-^
I 'AliODA, fr'lA.S"
ii!SliiP''|S-;^Si
i.OE.SS Foii.MATlO.N
• -ii=.>*;<v3fi*,-,*
CifANG Liang Temple
THE PROVINCE OF SHENSI
33
SHENSI iM ffi t\)
Area 75,270 square miles
Population 0,000,000
CAPITAL, SIAXFU (® ^ M)
Shensi is very strong /?-0)h a military point of view, Shensi lias many aiiiiiia's, and Slionsi hides are sold
as it is well guarded by mountains. The great gate to in all parts of the Empire. Much fur is exported, tiie province is the famous Tungkwan, where the Hwang Tiie best part of Shensi is the vallev of the AVei
Ho turns east. Tiio military history of the Empire Kiver (JHtK), where Sianfu is situated. Sianfu is the proves the importance of this Pass. residence of the governor, and one of the finest cities of
Xortli China. As Changan (g 5), it was the capita] of some famous emperors.
From Sianfu four great roads branch out— one, east to Shansi, two, west and northwest to Kansu (# l.t ^), and one, south, Avhose branches lead to Szechwan and Ilupch. These roads give Sianfu great political, military and connnercial importance. It was the residence of the court during the troubled years li)00-l!»01.
Fengsiangfu (M, ^ ;ff ) au.l Tungchowfu (^ W /^) arc important towns in the \\\[ \'alley.
Ilanchungfu (^ rf^ j^) and Ilinganfu (fl ^ ;ff) are commercial cities on the Han Kivtr in southern Shensi. Both cities are gates, Ilanchungfu to Szechwan and Ilinganfu to Huj eh. These cities are in mineral districts.
Ycnan ij^ ^ ]ff), Yulin {^ \^ /ff) and Suite- chow (^tf.'>H» arc siirall cities in tin' mountainous northern part.
The "yellow earth" (loess) districts in the valley of the AVei jiroducc wheat, millet and vegetables.
TUNGKWAX
Shensi was formerly one of the richest provinces of the Empire, \nn now it is one of the [joorest. Once it produced great sui)i)lies of grain ; now it produces much less. The Province became poor largely through (he loss of its trees. Formerly, the mountains of North China were covered with forests, and after the rain fell, the water gradually came down to the plain, making the land fertile and the rivers suitable for boats. But people carelessly cut down the trees, and the rain would wa--h soil and stones from tin mountains; the rivers would sometimes be floodiMl and sometimes be dry, and the farmers would lia\. too nnich water at one time and not enough at another. As a result, North China has sutrcn<l terribly from Hood and famine.
The iinrth aii<l south i>f Shensi arc mountainous. The Hwang Ho crosses the wall, flows south and forms the eastern boundary of the Province.
Shensi has rich mineral deposits, especially of coal and iron. Salt and nickel are also found.
Wayside Sce.ne, Shensi
34
GEOliltAl'IIV OF CillNA
KANSU {-^ m W
Area 125,400 square miles IVimlatidn 1 1 ,000,000
CAPITAL, LANCHOWFU {fM 'M JU)
Kansu, in the northwest, is a large ami induiitaiiious province. The people are of different blood, sdiuc beiui;' Tibetan, some Mongolian, some Turkish and some Chinese. The Mohammedan rebellion, whirli was sup-
Hows out of the jn-ovince and is the gate between Kansu and Mongolia. The trade is mostly in animals. Ninghia has suffered tenibly I'roni reljols and floods.
Siningfu, a market town in llie mountains west of
pressed by 7'so Tsumj-laiiij (^ ^ '^), made the jirovince Laiielidw, is the gate loChinghai and Tibet. Tiie officer
weaker and the people fewer. administering C'hinghai lives at .Siningfu.
The upper Hwang Ho crosses Kansu, but is not Pingliang (^i tv; j^) is in a fertile district near the
good for commerce. In its valley, the land is good for Shensi border. It is near the gate on the more im-
portant road between Kansu and Shensi.
Tsinchow (^ ')^) is a station on the Wei River road to Lanciiow. This road is difficult and the commerce is small. The district is fertile.
Liangchow (MMM), Kanchow(-H'#|;ff), and Suchow (^^jH'l) are posts on the long northwest road to Sinkiang. Chia- yukwan (M ^ M) is a trading town beyond Suchow.
Kansu is in great need of railways to firing it closer to other provinces. Lines are talked of which would connect Lanchow with Sianfu and Taiyiian to the soutlieast, and with Sinkiang at the northwest. Such railways would be hard to build, but From Lanchow great roads go out,— one west to Siningfu would have political and military advantages as well as (M m J^), Cliinghai (W ffst) and Tibet, and anuthcr commercial ones. northwest to Sinkiang (^ fS ^) and Central Asia.
Ninghia {1m M.) lias more commerce than any other city in Kansu. It is at the point where the Hwang I lo
agriculture. In the southern part of the pro- vince, wheat, barley and tobacco are raised. Lan- chow (§i ffl Ml tobacco is smoked throughout the Empire. In the mountain districts, the principal occupation is animal - raising. Some of the wool is exported, and some is manufac- tured into carpets.
The province has precious metals, such as gold and silver, as Avell as industrial minerals, such as coal and oil. But the mineral wealth is as yet little developed.
Lanchow is the 2-esidence of the Viceroy of Kansu and Shensi. It is a splendid city on the Hwang Ho.
City Wall, Slvlxc
82 93 »4 US as 97 88 99 100 IDl IM lOa lOt JOS IM M7 US IM
"^ ' ~ ' — " ^"^ ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' i_J ^-H
92 9^ 34. 95 98 97 9B 9 9 100 101 102 ^_101
105 156 107 ion lOgJ
'J'ran.si'outixii Corrox
The (ii;EAT AV.ai.i. ix K.\xsr
City W.u,i., Sixixt;
Tllii TIIUKIt; EASTERN rKOVIXCES
35
THE THREE EASTERN PROVINCES (^ H ^)
Till' Tliree Eastern Provinces ( MjiiRluiriu ) arc are doing best at present, arc none of these, but Chinese iliviilcil lull) two rircr-basius — tlic T^iao I)a.'*iu (j^ p[ ^ frum tlio Laicliow ami Tcngchow districts of Shantung, t^) in tiic south and the Sungari basin (H; :|K jJl ^ i^) Tiic strong and diHgcnt Siiantung men go to all parts of in the north. Both basins are very fertile. Tlu' Three tlie Three Eastern Provinces and work hard and succeed Eastern Provinces are separated from Korea C^l^ ffif) by no matter what the season is. Many of them are making
their liomcs tlicrc. It is industrious, enterprising men like these wlio develop Manclinria for tiie Empire.
TiMIlKK R.MTS OX Till: V M.l I{lVi:i!
Xr.w Ciiixivsc Admimsti: A I !■■% I'.i iiimnc, Fkxutien'
tlic Yalii CKf^il) and Tum.n Itivcrs (I;:!! ff] il) , (n'm Siberia by tlie Amur lI^Miil) and I'ssuri lUvers (,^ For a long time, the Tin-cc Eastern I'ruvinces were
IS M CD • ruled as a dependency. I'>nt now they are governed
In .Manciiuria are men of different races — Mongols, by a Viceroy ami (lovernors. The Viceroy resides in
Manchus, Russians and .Japanese. But the people who Fengticn.
i'liiv Liiii.Ai W'ai.i. in >ui iiii.i..\ .Mam
36
GEOGRAPHY OF CHINA
SHENGKING ^ M W
Area .jil, ()()() s(|narc miles Population 12,000,000
CAPITAL. FENGTIEN (MOUKDEN ^ ^)
Slieiigking, or Fengtioii, was the main hatllcfidd of the war l)etvvoen Russia and Japan. Western Fengtien is the valley of tiie Liao River; tiie eastern part is mountainous except for tlie narrow vallcv of the Liao.
The gates of Fengtien have great military, political an<l commercial importance. Long railways have been
i< the commercial ]>ort of Dairen and the naval citv of Port Arthur. Loth were for
military ami merlv leaseii
Nkwchwaxg
Wkst Ma 1''e.V(i Ciif, Fkncitien
constructed and cities built in order to command these gates.
L (3n the southeast, the gate between Shengking to Russia, but are now held by Japan, and Korea is near the mouth of the Yalu at Antung (g cities the .Japanese railway runs north. %) and Tatungkow {:k~M.M) ■ It is by this gate that The third sea-gate is the Chinese tr
From these
■eaty port of Newehwang, with its harbour, Yingkow, at the mouth of
yix Fkxo C'irii, Fen-ctikn-
Japanese armies have ontere<l Manchuria. The Japa- nese have bridged the Yalu, and built a railway from Antung to Fengtien City in order to make it easy to pass from Japan, through Korea, to the heart of Manchuria. ''> The sea -gates at Dairen (Talienwan ::^ iji j^),
Port Arthur (Lushuii) and Xewchwang {^ ^) — Ying
kow (^ n). On the Liaotung Peninsula (jf^ '^ %) Chinese influence on to Fcu/tieu Citij and Newehwang
N'kW ClllNKSK t^ClIOOI. lilll.DIXCi, F]:.N(iTll:,N
the Liao. This city was formerly the outlet for Man- churian trade, but has lost many advantages because of the strong .Japanese position in the Liaotung I'eninsula. The Imperial Railway of North China connects New- ehwang with Cliihli and western Shengking.
3. The land gate between China and Shengking, at the pass of Shanhaikwan. It was by this road that the Manchus entered China in 1C44. Tlie northern Chinese railway runs through Shanhaikwan and carries
[ go
INiKT Amiirn IlAitimrPt
Ji(U)41):5
! in: >iOuiHKli-\
^n^K---;^;^?*??:, - ^-^-^ A.
L_
lMri:i;LM. [-"alack, FKxrrriKX
THK PROVINCE OF SHE.N'GKIXG
37
4. The land gates from Mongolia, ei^pecially at Fakumen (^ ^ P^ ami Chinehow {^ <>H M)- Extend-
.STKi;i;r ii:a-si;i.i.ij;. ii:x,iii:-\
ing Chinese railways throngh these gates would bring Eastern Mongolia more wealth and security.
.-). The land gate to Kirin (^ ^) and Northern Mancdiuria, through Tieh- ling Pass {m ^ Ml The Japanese rail- way goes through this gateway. At the end of the great war, the Russian army helil the country uortli of this pass, tli6 Japanese army the land to the south.
Roads through all these gates lead to Fcngtien City.
FengtienCityisona ])laiu. The.Tapa- iiese railways run southeast, north an south; the Chinese line runs southwest. The greatest land battle of tJie Russo- Japanese war was fought near Fengtienfu.
Port Arthur is a great naval base at the end of the Liaotung Peninsula. Famous battles by land and sea
were fought around Port .Vrthur during the siege when the .Japanese captureil it from tln^ Russians.
Dairen (Dalny or Talienwan), is the best commercial harbour in North China. The Russians spent huge sums to build a city which the Japanese easily captured. As the commercial port of the South Manchurian Rail- way, it has many ships carrying trade between Fengtien and Japan.
The lease of the Liaotung Peninsula, now held bj' Japan, lasts only till 1923. It is very important that at that date nothing should prevent China from regaining her territory.
Fushun (^ 1^) is a great coal mining centre, not far from Fengtien City. The Japanese hold the coal mines there.
Sinminfu (7^E/j^)and Chinchow are important stations on the railroad from Chihli to Fengtien. The proposed Eastern Mongolian Raihvay would start froui Chinchow.
Fengtien's greatest export trade is that in beans, bean-cake and bean oil.
WllAlil Jiai.nv
;*»',sj^c- •
n^XsS
•^
1 ■■>
Tlt^llLlMl
CoU.vniY SC-KNE, i'KNUTIE.N
38
GEOGRAI'IIY OF CHINA
KIRIN (^ ^ ^1
Area 105,000 squtiro miles
CAPITAL, KIRIN
Population 7,000,000
^M^m)
Kiriu is a great wlieat-produeiiit;- province. It lies Kwanelicngtze (M^^-) near Changchun (^MM)
hetween the Sungari and tlie I'ssuri Rivers. The is a railwa}- centre, where the Russian and .lapanese
Siberian Railway crosses it from east to west and north systems meet. A branch line runs to Kiriu City,
to south. Kwanchengtze is a great trading town, being a gate to
Harbin (f&Mffi) i^ 'H' iiiiportanf (•(Uiimercial and AFongolia on the west and Kirin on the east and north,
industrial city with lai'ge Hour mills and many Russian It collects animals, beans and tobacco, and exports them soldiers. It is situated where the raihvav crosses
Tapei 8han, Kikin
^•^^tffr^.
the Sungari, and where the railroad from east to west meets the line coming from the south. It is a Russian city, under control of the Russian railway
SAXnSlN'G
company. Harbin lias railway commerce with Siberia, Europe and other parts of Manclmria, and steamer com- merce with ports on the Sungari and Amur.
VlI.l.AliE ox THK SlXGARI RiVKU
by railway through the Fengtien ports of Dairen and Newchwang.
The Changpai Shan (§: ^ jll) and the Tinmen River separate Korea from Kirin.
Kiriti Cif!/, the provincial capital, is on the upper Sungari River, in a district rich with timber. Furs, tobacco and wooden ships are important products.
Petuna (fjQ ^Plft) is a trading town near the meeting place of the Nonni (jSlfctn) and Sungari Rivers.
Suifenho (^ ^ M) > where the railway crosses the eastern frontier to Vladivostok (j^ # ^), is the gate between Kiriu and the Russian Maritime Pro- vince. Ninguta {m '^ ^) ^ where the fish-skin Tartars live, is in this part of the province.
Hunchun (^ ^) is on the border between Sibi^ria, Korea and Kirin.
Sanhsing (H JS), near the Sungari, is a fish- ing and trading town.
By treaty, Harbin, Kwanchengtze, Kirin, Ninguta, Hunchun and Sanhsing are open to foreign trade.
Kirin has great forest and mineral wealth.
KIRIN
Scale l:e.OC».(MO 100 30 0 100 200
HEN", KlIUX
1 II i: ■ ■ 1 .i;i; \ I .\i.i: I II III i i ," KlulN
iilli DHAUOX Pool. -MOIXTAIN: KutlN
A NTATKiN IS IvvMIMtS M VNi lllltIA
^MaXCIU'RIAN SOI.DIKRS IX III ILl'XtlKIANC
TlIK Sl'XliAUl lilVEU
AliiM. THE USSIKI K.Ml.WAY
THE TKOVINCK OF IIKILUNGKIAXG
39
HEILUNGKIANG (^ M tQ
Area 203,000 square miles Population l,r)00,000
CAPITA I., TSITSIHAR (^ ^ U^ ^)
Ileilungkiaug takes its name from tlie Amur River wliicli forms its northern and eastern boundary. Tlie l)r()vinee lias other good rivers, such as the Sungari, Nonni, Khailar (jfiiP^i] fi^inj) and Argun i^'.Ml^fl^M)- These fertile river valle3's are suitable for the production of wheat. The Sungari "N^alley is now a fruitful producer of wheat, which is made into Hour in the mills of IIarl)in. While this land near the Kirin border is cultivated, most of the province lies waste.
Like Mongolia, Ileilungkiang raises many animals, as the horse, donkey, cow, sheep and pig.
Tsitsihar, the capital, is on the Nonni River, about twenty miles from the railway. It has a large trade with eastern Mongolia in aiiimals and animal products.
Khailar, near the western gate of Heilungkiang, is built where the railway meets the Khailar River. Many Mongols come to Khailar every fifth moon for religious ami commercial purposes.
Aigun (SS^), or Heilungkiang City, is on the Amur River (llfiBti:).
Manchuli (fifi^ljM' is a customs station where the railway crosses the frontier.
The proposed plan for a Chinese railway from Aigun to Tsitsihar and from Tsitsihar across eastern Mongolia to Chinchow (^ij\\M) in Fengtieu would do great service to China.
The (lovernniciit lias agreed to open to foreign trade the four cities of Tsi'sihar, Aigun, Khailar and Manchuli.
.Maix SriiiiET, III 1. ami:
40
GEOGRAPHY OF CHINA
MONGOLIA {m. ^)
Area 1,367,000 square miles Population 2,()00,000
CAPITAL, URGA {,% ^ S, W W- #)
Mongolia, for the most part, consists of a high plain, with fertile pcfs<(fre land in some places and barren wastes in others. This broad upland region is almost as large as tlie Eighteen Provinces, but is lacking in peo])le.
The people of Mongolia are mostly shepherds and hunters. Thej' are fond of animal-raising but do not care for farming. The Mongols are fine riders. They do not generally live in cities but move from place to jilace with their flocks and herds. Tlieir tribes are gov- erned by Mongol chiefs, wi- ■ ,<'^ advised and controlled by Chinese military officials.
In earlier times, people from north of the Great Wall often disturbed the peace of the world. Sometimes they invaded the Empire as did the followers of the Kin and Yuan Dynasties. Sometimes Mongol tribes turned west and ravaged AVestern Asia and parts of Europe.
Though many provinces are now crowded with people, the Empire has room for many millions more.
r<AMEL CART, MoXGOLIA
Camel carrying load.
The plains of Mongolia are wide enough to furnish homes for great numbers of people. Large areas are fertile and other districts that are now arid may be made fertile by scientific methods of irrigation. Chinese people are every year settling and making farms on the border between Mongolia and Northern China. The
soil is good and the settlers are prosperous. It is good for the Empire that the farms of the Chinese ate taking the place of the pastures of the ^longols.
The (_iovernmei\t lias been aiding the progress of Mongolia, by
1. (Jiving honours to the Mongolian princes,
2. Opening schools for Mongolian children,
o. Helping Chinese fanners to build homes in Mongolia,
4. Building a good railway to the border of the ^longolian plain.
The rivers of Mon- golia flow in different directions. In the south, the ])lain is drained In- the Hwang Ho and its tributaries; in the east the rivers join those of Fengtien and Chihli ; the nortlieastern rivers are parts of the Amur system ; but in the west and southwest the rivers flow to inland basins.
Eastern Mongolia is a fertile plain, much like the nearby country across the border of the Three Eastern Provinces.
Not far north of the Cjreat "Wall, Inner Mongolia has well-watered grass lands, suitable for duck-raislmj and farming.
The great desert of Shamo or Gobi (:^ M) stretches a long distance east and west, and separates Inner ^lon- golia from Outer Mongolia.
The Altai ^fountains cros-? northwestern Mongolia. Ill tlie fertile valleys of this range, many ti'ibes feed their cattle.
1 he Great A\'all was built to protect China from the wild tribes of Mongolia. It is one of the most famous structures in the world. For numy thousands of miles, it runs over mountains and across valleys, between the northern provinces and Mongolia.
The Mongols are zealous Buddhists. There are some very large Buddhist monasteries, the homes of many thousands of monks.
Kulun ($ Ira) or Urga (,^ W^) is a sacred city and the residence of a living Buddha. Many monks and traders live here.
Kobdo m^^) and ITiassutai (.iMiJIBo) are administrative centres in the northwest of Outer Mongolia.
-:>
.\l..s,.,,i-
UrOSSISG the Lkilll ilESKKl'
Sand sioum on (_iom Deseiet
A :MuN(_.olian Xeni
MONGOLIA
41
Maimachin (M S Jlfti ; 'i market town on the over- land route to Europe, is on tlie Siberian frontier just
liir, l.,,,,»r W'aI.I, .NKAIl KaI.'.\n
opposite the Russian town of Kiaklita i P^ ^ JU). Tiie trade is chiefly in brick tea and medicine.
Wool is the chief product of Mongolia. Mongolia is better supplied with animals than any other part of the Empire. Every year, Mongolia exjiorts millions of sheep and tliousandsof camels, horses and cattle. Hides and furs are other important animal products.
The great gates between the Eighteen Provinces and Mongolia are at Changkiakow (Kalgan) in Chihli and Kwcihwating in Shansi. These market towns by the (treat Wall are centres for Mongolian trade. The rail- way now runs from Peking to Changkiakow (Kalgan) ,
and it is proposed to extend it across Inner Mongolia to Kwcihwating. Such a railway would not only help to develop Mongolia, but would bring it closer to the capital.
For centuries, a great ruad lias run from Peking northwest through Mongolia, by way of Changkiakow (Kalgan) and Urga to Mahnachin and Kiakhta. By this caravan route, Chinese tea was formerly sent overland to Europe. A railway along this old road would he good for the develop- ment of Mongolia.
Eastern Mongolia trades with ^hlnchuria through Tsitsihar in lleilnngkiang, Kwanchengtze in Kirin and Eakumen in Ecngtien. It has been proposed to extend the Imperial Chinese Railways toward these points. These lines would develop Chinese resources for Chinese benefit. The line from Chinciiow to Tsitsihar would cross Eastern Mongolia, and make it a richer part of the Empire.
I'lj'c K or .siii;i;i' (.ka/.im
42
nKOflllAPHY OF CHINA
SINKIA.NG (Iff H W Area 550,000 square miles Poimlation 1, 2(10, 000
CAPITAL, TlllllWAFl (M 'ft }f^) OR rKU.\K'llI (,^ # tK ^)
Sinkiang, or tlie "New J)oininion," foniis the nineteenth province of the Empire. It is sonietimes called " Chinese Turkestan."
The larger part of Sinkiang is taken vi]) by the basin of the Tarim River (|«: M >K M ) , bctwcon the Kuenlun (MU) :iiid Tien Shan Kangcs. Places near the river can be cultivated, places not near it are barren. The rivers do not reach the sea but flow into inland salt lakes.
Centuries ago much of the province was fertile, but shifting sand has covered the plains and made them desert. Like Mongolia, Sinkiang could be greatly ini- })roved by irrigation.
Sinkiang suffered much from the Mohammedan erbelliiin, which destroyed many of the people and much
A LAKE IN Tien- Shan
J^) ill the northwest, and Kashgar iM^Jf-f) ^md Yarkand {f^^}^) in the southwest.
Hi is a fruitful valley on the western frontier. The Russians occupied it during the Mohannnedan rebellion, but restored most of it a few years later. Its rivers flow
to salt lakes in Russian Central Asia.
Ilifu, the most im- portant town, is on the bank of Hi lake. Its district has forests, [lastures and fruit ni'cliards. Some metals are mined and refined near the city.
Kashgar (Sulifn jgft fd f^) has caravan trade with Russia. The countiy runnd is very rich.
Yarkand (Sachofu {^ j^J^) is a market town where merchants come from India (F-UIt), Persia iMM), Afghanistan iH^VT) and Russia.
Tiiiwafu or I'ruinchi is a rich city, where the governor and t re a surer reside.
Khohiii (fil [M]), on the road to Tibet, is famous for Us saiid-buried ruins.
llanii ( P^ ^) is a small but strong city. There is a great ditch for irrigation.
Turfan (ii-tl^' is; a militarv centre.
View or the Ki exmn Mointaixs
of the wealth. The rebellion was suppressed liy Tsu Tsung-tang, who fougiit bravely and governed wisely.
The people of Sinkiang are of three types — Chinese who follow Chinese customs, Mongols who are Buddhists, and the people in the south and west who are Moham- medan in religion and custom.
Ill the greater part of Sinkiang, agriculture does not flouri.'^h because of lack of rain.
Sinkiang produces cotton, wild silk, carpets, grapes, and horses.
The western parts of Sinkiang are by far the most fertile. The richest districts are those near Ilifu C^*^
Types of c.^kav.\n me.n
■> 00
|
.' |
||||
|
'p> |
.. . - -^k^^fe^ ^''"^"^^^^ |
-.^■il^^Pi^ |
||
|
- 'fl^^^^^r^ri^B flBH^H^ • |
■^ |
^-- |
-v.^^^^RK'' |
|
|
^^H^^H^^^Hb . |
'V>^ |
y.' |
-J3^M^ |
|
|
^^!WH^^^^^H|k. |
^ |
^ |
I^P'^^. |
|
|
■^ ^ |
HI |
■r |
||
|
\. |
•^ |
.U'JUM.'IN rKAK<, >1NK1A.M,
Ti!Avi:i,ix<i IN Tiiio Takiamak.ax Desert
Tin-; MAHKKT-I'I.ACE, K\SIIi;AR
The vai.i.ey de the Yaukand Kiver
Strekt scene is KasI1i;AI!
THE rROVlNOE OF SINKIAXG
43
f^inkiaiig is coniiectecl with China Ijy a ^yo:\l road Ru-;siau Turkeshin, if railways, irrigation and settlers fnun ]\ansu whieli passes Liangchowfu, Kanehow, would eonie. Sucliow, Ansiciiiiw ^* iH^' '^ and liauii. One bran(di.
Ci;i).ssi>;u riii; fuo/.i:x Yauka.nh I;i\i;i:
Tvri..-- wi \ \i,KAMii \\'()Mi;n
Siiikiaiig was tlie only one of the twenty-two pro- thc (ireat North Road, runs to Tiliwafu (Urumchi) and vinces not to have a provincial assenihly. The people on to llifu. Another hranch, the (Jreat South Koad, and customs for the most part being quite ditferent from leads to Yarkand and Kashgar. Both of these roads are caravan routes. Another road goes from Ansichow to Kliotan and Yarkand. On this road were formerly fertile districts and prosperous cities, but the sand lias made the desert larger and the fertile places very small. Explorers find that the sand has buried ancient cities. As the province is 1,100 miles broad, it takes many months to travel from China to its more important cities.
Sinkiang has ■>,r)Ol) miles of Iclct/rnpli and not one mile of railway. The Russians have developed their land in Central Asia by building railways, digging ii'rigation canals and sending in manv settlers.
,, , " .StKEKT SCKNK in \ AltKANMl
Chinese 1 urkestan would be as rich as
those of China, it was thought best not to try the new system of government there.
The great needs of Sinkiang are a strong military system to protect it from danger, water and irrigation to trclaim iiarivii places, and iiiiprovr<l roads and railways to make it more truly a part of tlir Empire.
1 1\ Tin: 'I'MaM
44
GEOGRAPHY OP CHINA
TIBET (ffi M)
Area 468,000 square miles P..pulation 6,000,000
CAPITAL, LHASA [^ H)
Tibet is tiie highest plateau in the world. It is a large country, with but few people. Travellers sometimes call it "The Forbidden Land."
Koi'i-: niiiDGE, TuiET
The great mountain ranges of Tibet are (1) the Kuenlun system, whose main ridge separates Tibet from Sinkiang and whose branches spread through northern Tibet; (2j the Hima- layas, highest of mountains, on the south between Tibet and
lll.MAI.Al A .Mdl NlAlN:^
India; (3) the Traus-Himalaya (#p^±#B|t4), a high range parallel to and north of the Himalayas.
In these mountains of Tibet rise the great rivers of eastern and southern Asia, the Hwang Ho, the Yangtse, the Mekong (iitktl). the Irrawady (^ti%^M) , the Brahmaputra (B^
A I.OADEn YAK
TiiJicrAN wurriNc.
Dai.ai La.ma'.s seat.
M^Vl) and the Indus (PU Ji? M).
Tibet has a large number of moun- tain lakes, with lieautiful scenery. Some of them aie sacred and are visited by pilgrims from India.
In the Tibetan mountains are found the highest a n d largest glaciers.
Tibet is reported to be rich in mineral wealth, Inif it is doubtful whether her min- erals can be mined at a profit. Gold dust from Eastern Tibet is brought to Szechwan, to buy tea.
Production is backward because of barren land and
TlUKTAN ri:AVi:i! Mill.
iNlliil.oll OK I'lvMfl. ., l.ll»-»
L> ;^ ..,
Siiii'i'isr. H'oof, HIT iir TiiiKi'
Tibetan women wkavixg
, ,1,1 W 'Xi-UV' ULiiL' jikiXJ
^_ — _ -OjtijUi;
TiBETAX WOMEN Cr.EANING WOOL
TIHET
45
unfiivouiable climate. Tlicro arc many monks but not most important market luwu in Tibet. Tlie British man}' farmers. Animal raising is the principal industry, liavc a tra<le ac/cnt here to take care of the interests of
Inilian traders, (iartok is a trading town where fairs are held. Yatung is a lovely village at the gateway between India anil Tibet.
The great roads from China to Tibet are two in number. The better one enters from Szechwan, passing the Ixirdti' towns of Yachowfii (ijfl ^Hl M^ < Tatsicnlu (tT>SilS), Litang (^ It) and Hatang I [|i ijl), and goes across Tibet to Lhasa. A more northern road starts from Kansu, and passing Siniiigfu crosses Ching Hai to Lhasa.
The Tibetan people are good-natured but un- progressive. They have many unpleasant customs, quite ditf'erent from those of China or other coun- tries. Their life, government, family system and liuriai have many curious features.
The Imperial Government has for the most part allowed the Tibetan tlomestic affairii to be managed by Tibetans, but the military and (liplomnlir matters Wkst <;ati:, i.ih-\ must be decided by the Chinese Resident.
Of Tibetan animals, the i/al' is most important. It is a strong beast of burden. Tiljet has also mountain ponies and sheep. The chief product is wool.
Liiasa, the capital, is the seat of the Chinese Resideiif, and, at usual times, of the Dalai Lama (}^ M\ #J "ft). There is a great building for the priests which is called tlie Potala. Lhasa js a city of priests, and is visited by great numbers of pilgrims.
Shigatse (B "J^'giJ'. or Tashi-Lunpo, is the residence of the good Taxlii Lama. Like Lhasa it is a sacred city, to which many pilgrims go.
By treaty, three Tibetan towns are open to foreign traders. Their trade is with ln<lia. These are Gyangtse (flljfc), (iartok (JUttyi), and Yatung '"- "<'' •■'■■< '' <■'■'< i^ 'i:\ i:..m,
, -n- r±r , 11 ■ il 'P-I i ,• I • jl KaHS n| lilUN IIHIIM. lM>i;]t Till: KAVKS HI' IIOI SKS
(5E^), all HI -outheni Filx-t. (.yangtse is the
The Tibetan slate has a jn-iestly organization, the two heatls of which are the Tashi Lama and the Dalai Lama. The Tashi Lama controls re- ligions art'airs, the Dalai Lama deals wilh worldly atfairs. The Tashi l^ama is a good man of line character. But Ihe bad actions of the Dalai Lama have caused much trouble. His dealings with the Russians caused the Kngiish In invade Tibet. After- ward he travelled in Mongolia and North China, claiming right.s he ought not to liave. A\'hen he returned to Tibet, he acted so improperly that the Ciiinese Kesident had to take away his power.
In the reign of Kien-lung ft" r«t (17.%-170G) China druve out >hingolian ami Inilian invaders, and maile licr control stronger. In Ihe ligiiting at tliat lime, Chinese soldiers crossed the mountains and burned the capital of the bravest people in India.
t*^- ^-.
KoAl) HETWKEN TlUET AND INDIA
4C>
(iKOORAI'IIV OF CHINA
RESOURCES
Vegetable Resources, riiina is the largest agri- ciiltiirul countiy. Tlie plain of Eaj^torn Cliina is the most fertile and densely-peopled portion of the world.
The most important food prodncts are rcratls. The l)lains of the central and soutliern pi-ovin<-es produce
people. Chinese cotton is principally proilnced in the moist i-ivei' valleys.
China produces a great deal of tohacco, hut not enouiili for the needs of her smokers. The best quality comes from Kansu, tjut the largest (piantity from the ^'angtse ^'alley.
Of vegetal)I(' products, China to-day stands most in need (if lind)cr. Some provinces like Fukien and Sheni^kiiig still have much forest wealth. But, in m.iny provinces, the great forests of former times have been cut down. As a result, the flow of rivers has been
Sil.K liKEl.ING
great quantities of rice. Tliose of the northern provinces and Ahmchuria have many wheat liclds.
The viiilhet-n/ leaf is the food of the silkworm, so the mulberry tree is cultivated in many ])arts of the Empire.
China is the home of the tea plant, and the IcrrKccd hills of the central and eastern provinces grow the finest (pudity of tea.
A great official, Sir Robert Hart, lias said that Chinese people are fortunate because they have tlie best food in
I iKINDINd MII.I.Kl' SKKIl
irregular, and the soil from the mountains has been washed away, leaving bare rocks. If the forests had been ]>reserved, rivers would not cause so much damage by Mood at one season and little water at another. North China has suffered most from loss of trees.
Chinese people are very careful farmers. Their iirigation systems are well-planned and their fields are well cared for. The products of the farms are good both
Keei.ini; sn.K
the world, rice; the best drink in the woi-ld, tea; and the best clothing in the world, silk.
Cluna is a great producer of cotton, but not a great cotton manufacturer. Her peof)le raise cotton, and dress in cotton cloth. With industrial improvement, China will weave more of her own cotton into cloth for her
lRRRiATION'"wATEIt\VHEEL
:^Bi'-A
I >'
P1.ANTINH Kick
|
■^i.'. ■ |
|||
|
i |
, l.\ |
||
|
■*7^,-\#j: |
f 1 |
||
|
^- ' |
P^^EjHHMB^^^^^^H |
||
|
«^ |
11: Mil M
;i:i> i\ 111 iis^iiM, M \M III 1:1
BaMHOU (tROVE
Taveii liiox Mine
ANIMAL RESOIRCES
47
in fjuality and qnantity. But l)Otl) quality and quantity niiglit he improved by Die use of modern sciontilie
PlI.HS OK llKANfi AWAlriXC SIIII'.MKXT AT Clt ANGCIIIN'
methods. Tlie new schools of agriculture ought lu have good results in teaching men Imw U> cultivate with greater advantage.
Though Chinese farms are tilled like gardens hy many diligent Chinese farmers, still the country cannot grow- all the food it needs. This is because some of the provinces have too many farmers, while other parts of the Empire have few. The Three Eastern Provinces and Mongolia would have great agricultural wealth if they had plenty of Chinese farmers to cultivate their oj>en lands.
The bamboo grows in all the warmer provinces and can be used for almost every purpose. Furniture,
The south coast provinces ])roduce delicious fruit. Fine lichees, pineapples, oranges and other varieties of fruit are plentiful.
Hapc-seed and scsanum seeds are used and exported.
Seaweed and sea plants useful for food are found along the coast.
Animal Resources. Tiie most useful of China's animals is the silkworm. It thrives in many parts of
the Empii-e.
Some parts of China are so poor in work animals that men must do work which could more properlv be
Fii;.,i
Jl'l'lL.-. IN 1 l.wU I.,
4z^
-- H<Tf
.MAKINti ISLIIAK KKOM .'■ICiAU CA.NK
jiaper, food, tools, parts of ships, are some of tiie many i)amboo products.
Till' beans of Fengtien and Iliipeli aiv an important commercial j)roduct.
Formerly, China was a great pri)ducer of opium, but the .strict measures of the CJovernment liavc forced tbr niiiiicrs to slop cultivating it. \ sruallci- supply of o|iiinii means a larger sujiply of lice, as tlic fariiiers ai'i' now planting I'iee instead of ii(>]ij)i(.s.
Strawbraid from the nortiiern jirovini-c-^ !< ;iii important product for the export trade.
Sugar cane is grown in Sunlh Ciiina. It is projwsed to grow snyar beets iu Chihli,
(lone by beasts of burden. Other parts, such as Mongolia, might easily supi)ly the Empire with all ilie horses and cattle needed. Wider roads in tiie Lountry districts and cities would allow animals to draw loads in the central provinces as they lio in the Xortli. In the great i)lains, food for men is so needed I liat tiiere is little room for raising food for ani?nals. >o in places where there ai'e many men we find few iiinials, while in Mongolia, where men are few, animals are many.
Dilferent beasts of burden are used in difl'erent parts of the Empire. In Mongolia and parts of the North, camels carry goods along caravan routes.
Mci.E*CAirr
48
GEOGRAPHY OK CHINA
Horses and donkeys are much used, especially in the mountainous regions. The burt'alo is a great helper in agriculture in the central and southern plains. In Tibet, the yak is the most useful animal.
^^',^'^m
fish
-Ml l.K I.ITIKK .11- llil'. Snui II
The rivers and coasts of Cliina are filled with good for food. Delicious .'<heU-fish abound.
Great flocks of birds furnish work for hunters and meat for the people. Domestic fowls are plentiful.
In the more thinly-settled pro- vinces and dependencies are many wild beasts, whose furs are an important product. In the North and on the Tibetan border are bears, wolves and fo.xes. There are some tigers and pmitlifrs in the southwest.
Mongolia and Eastern Tibet produce musk taken from the musk ilci'r.
Wax insects are found in some parts of Szeehwan.
In Mongolia are great herds of sheep, whose wool is the chief profluct of that dependency. Hides also are
Selling falcoxs
exported. Fine hams are made from the flesh of Yunnan and Chekiang pigs. Pigs and poultry from the middle Yangtse A'alley are being sold in Europe. Mineral Resources. China is rich in mineral resources. When lier mines are rightly developed, Cliina will be one of tlie richest of countries. China has great quantities both of lyrecious metals and i iiiliistriiil iiiftiih. China is ospeciallv rich in coal
Co.\L .MINE, ClIIAO TSO, HON.\N
Asses and siikep ox thk rhaii, Sixkhxg
:ind iron, the twii minerals most useful for manufactures. I'loili hard and soft coal are plentiful. The hard coal or (tiitlirdcitc is useful for factories; the soft oi- hituuii nous nial is good for heating and household uses. It is strange that China should buy coal from other countries while her own land has more than enough for her need. Some of the richest coal- fields in the world are in North Cliina, especially in Shansi, Honan and Chihli. Great coal deposits are also found in the Three Eastern Provinces, in Shantung, in Szechwan, in Ilunan, in Kiangsi, in Anhwei, and in the southwestern j)rovinces.
China is also very rich in iron, most of wdiich is found in Northern China, not far from the coal mines. In the Avestern mountains, much iron lies waiting foi- miners. China's great iron work--: are at Hanyang in Ilujieh, where iron ore may be brought from the Nortli by rail, and from the West by water. At the Hanyang works, the ore is refined and made into wroiujht iron and steel, and the articles which are manufactured from them.
MIXEKAL KESOt'RCES
49
llANVANii luoX W'oUKs IMl AKSESAL
Tlie mountains of Western Cliina arc known to contain stores of gold and silver, and tiiose of Yunnan have precious stones as well. By tlie old, crude way of mining, only small profits might be gained, but by the use of modern, scientitir and commercial methods, rich mining enterprises couM develop China's mineral wealth.
The mineral wealth of the Empire is not fully known, but almost every useful mineral has been fouml in some part of Cliinese territory. Copjier, antimony, nickel, tin, lead, zinc and petroleum have been found in the interior and Dtitlyiiig provinces. The examination and study of the mineral resources of China is :i work of great present need. A careful scientific
survey of the Empire would be of great value in jiroving the sources of the wealth of China, and the piissiliility of future development.
Tlie white clay found on the
1 Milder lietween Kiangsi and
Anhwoi furnishes material for the
famous porcelain manufactures of
Kingtehchin. In many other parts
of the Empire, clay suitable for
making earthenware and pottery is
found.
The salt industries in tlie coast provinces extract
salt from sea water, but in inland regions, such as
Mongolia and Szechwan, salt is taken from wells in the
earth .
A
^%
i.
Cin.NE.1K MKCIIA.NUs Al WoHK
In many places, hills and mountains supply (jniiiilf suitable for arches, l)ridges an<l great buildings.
The development of the varied resources of I lie Chinese j)rovinces will lead to very important results. To use the words of a great thinker, ■'The coal and general mineral wealtii of China witii the vast and highly trained, frugal, and capable popidalion, will, diu'ing the coming eenturv, make China the industrial een; re of the world, and Ihe raeilic tlie iliieT theatre of commerce." *
The minerals of (.'hina, if mined on a .system by which the (ioverinnent could share the profits of the companies, would bring in
* Kki.v.sc-ii. World Pulitics, jiagt' Ul
50
GEOGRAPHY OF CHINA
enougli money to pay all the debts of China. In ovdvv to open up this vast source of wealth, good mining laws are needed, which will protect the riirhts of merchants and miners as well as those of the Govern- ment. To make the mines pay, modern methods must be used, and railways must be built to carry the minerals from the mines to the markets. China needs many meu skilled in engineering to develop her mines and build her railways, and help to make her stronger and richer. A number of able men are help- ing their country in this way now. China must guard her mineral rights and develoji her
great resources. China should not alhiw her resources to make others rich and herself poor, as has been the case in some mining districts, such as Nevada ( f^ ^ 3^), Alaska {MtsLMM^, P-irts of South America. CM tfi M ) and South Africa (^ #|lf).
Foreign mining interests in China at jiivsrut arc: 1. The Kaipingand Tang.-^lian coal mints in northi-astern Cliilili, operated Ijy tlie English Chinese Engineering and ^fining Cumpany;
ll:^
r \^ !• II. 1 II I'l IL
.]iera
2. The Sluinsi and Honan coal an 1 inm mini Knghsh Peking Si/iiilicalc;
:!. The Filshun (SJlH) foal mines in Fen'/tieii, nperat Japanese Railway Company;
4. The ciial mines near ITarliin, iipiTateil liy llnssian;
5. The Shantung eoal mines, operated by Germans;
6. The antimony mines in Hunan, operated liy (iermi
ti'd liy the 1 l.y th-
II HI II WAYS OF COMMERCE
51
HIGHWAYS OF COMMERCE
Several routes connect China witli tlie rest of the wurlil.
1. The great sea route to Europe. — Englisli, German, Frencli and .I:ij)am'se mail stcanwrs leave Ciiina f<ir J-'in'ope every tVw ilav:^. TIrv sail Iv way of
F
A TRAXS-PACIFrC STEAMER
Shangiiai, HonLrkong, Singui)ore (0f^-iji), Colombo (■BTI&riiJ), A.lcn (35T). llie Suez Canal rM^±^Pl) and the Mediterranean Sua ( ilij 4« ffejl. It takes about four weeks for mail, and live wri'ks for fi-eigld to come this way from Nordicrn luiiopr.
2. The great land route to Europe.— Twice a week mail trains bv tbu 'rrans-Siijerian llailwav start
3. The sea-route to Australia 'i^:fc?ij?5). — English, German and .Japanese steamers take about twenty days from TTiMi<:ki>ng lo Svdnev (^ jg).
4. The sea-routes to America- — English, Ami'ii- ean and .Japanese steamers sail to North America across
the Pacific (±, 2p v^) by way of .Japan. Ships from Shanghai to San l^rancisco (H f^ |)^ M ^5f t by Honolulu [IfcL ^ llj ) take twenty-four days; those by the northern route several days less.
Tlitre are very im- lioitant short trade routes fmin China to her near neighbours, — Japan, Korea, Eastern Siberia, Siam (MB), Indo-China and tlic Philippine Islands {'0
-J) -a ^ tt ' .
Within China, most
of the commerce is
carried by the great water routes. Steamers sail up the
Yangtse River to Ichang and up the Si Kiang to ^\■u-
cliow. St'jam launches loiv trains of boats along manv
.... i . I . Ami N(.
from Dairen, A'ladivostok i jfcj: :^ }^) and Ilarliin. From
Shanghai to Moscow (45i^-f4) is twelve days; fmm .h sk-* ..•, mi: I'ki ilo
Shanghai to London ( -f^ ^ ), fourteen and a half. This
is the (juickest way to send letters to Europe, but it is small, r riwrs and eanals. On I he coast, steamers carry
too expensive for freight. passengers and cargo from jmrt lo port.
62
GEOGRAPHY OF rlllNA
Manjf steamers take part in the lionic trade of C There are British, Japanese, German and French as well as Chinese companies. On river and coast under the Chinese flag sail the good ships of the C h i 11 a Mcrcli a itts' Steam Navifiatioii Com pan,/ (fi » tS ^ J^). The Cliiiia Merchants' steamers help the Covernineni in many waj^s, (1) they carry tribute rice to North China,
(2) in time of trouble they bring soldiers to points of danger,
(3) they take officials to the posts where
they are ordered. Careful navigation and good l_iu management make this Company very successful.
//( time to come, all trade Ix'twccn [mrts cif ( will probably be carried by Chinese ships, just France onlj' French ships carry French goods from one French port to another. Schools of Navigation are l)eing established where Chinese students may be trained to become oificers of Chinese ships.
While steamers carry large cargoes at fast speed, much trade continues to go by the older sailing boats, the junks. Lcnig voyages on coast and river are made by the expert sailors who man these freight-carrying boats. The important Chinese fisheries arc all carried on by men in small boats.
hina. lines
(,'a\ai, S( liNi;,
iuiess
'hina, IS in
In past times, Chinese engineers dug great canals to helj) commerce and irrigation. The chief of these is the Grand Canal, by which ships formerly sailed from Hangchow to Tientsin. To-day, launch-trains and junks sail on the Canal l>etween important cities in Northern Chekiang ami in Kiangsu, but in otlier provinces the C.nial has become unfit for boat travel. If the engineers of the present will imjjrove the Canal, and make it once more a great highway of commerce, they will do good service to the Empire.
Different parts of China have long been connected b\' land and water routes which are not suited to China's rapidly-increasing commerce. In the present age of steam, railwaj's are being built to take the iilace o/the ancient roads between the provinces.
Communications. — Ciiina has an efficient post- office, which gives Chinese letter-writers tlie cheapest service in the world. Her telegraph lines extend to the most distant political cities in the Empire. Chinese rivers and coasts have many Ilfilit-liouiics and Iieacons to make navigation safe. For the effective j)ostal, lights and customs services, China may thank tliat great Englishman, Sir Robert Hart, who served the Empire faithfuUv for more than fiftv x'ears.
J^IGIIT-HOCSE
RAILWAY MAP OF CHINA
Railways «>aif*t«a
iiriiiiiniiii RAjlunys under eonsirucuon
^^ Stretens^y
^ MAP OF
RAILWAYS IN MANCHIMA
^ AND THEIR
^1
■LSharazi Man(*uriaD 'r „ .
I
-j^Sikolsk [^(LADIVOSTDK
C H I \h I, I .:;^i-\ A \ F^aiuDideA,^ / 0*
^/MrNewchwauli^ 1 0 TengWMgcheng y Railways COftttructed by
^jfy J A I ^fApli*i«h5ien /^Chinese _ _=__=
^haniailwy /" ^^, KOREA /<^^ Chinese and Japanese — ^
™»K^ S^^^lkS^.^^ "-- - -
"""""Vvf , ^ y^^TDairen ?V/ l Russians.
MaNSH.VN TlNXEL, HONAN, PeKIN(1-H ANKOW RAILWAY
(at the other end of this tunnel is the long railway bridge across the Yellow River.)
KAIl.WAYS
53
RAILWAYS
A great country like China, witli broad provinces sent many soldiers to guard tliese raihva\-s. The mines and masses of people, needs thousands of miles of rail- belonging to the railway have been developed and way to make her richer and stronger. In the second Japanese settlements have been built up along the line year of Hsiian Ttinfj (^ fiH), there were only 4,000 of the railwav. miles of railway in the Empire. Railways make a country stronger:
1. By bringing the people nearer together,
The South Manchurian Railway Company is owned half by the .Japanese Government and half by Japanese merchants. Though the line is for military and political purposes, it is a commercial success. It runs from tlie military harbdur of Port .Arthur and the commercial port of Dairen, north to Fengtienfu (Mukden) and on to Changchun in the south of Kirin, where Japanese and Russian railways meet. Japan is building a branch railway to Kirin City. The Antung-Mukden branch runs from near the mouth of the Yalu Iviver throuirh
2. 15y cari'ying troops quickly to jioints of danger,
;>. By helping official orders to be carried out at once.
Tliey make a country richer by carrying its products and jieople cheaply, cjuickly and safely. So at Peking the (icivernment has established a special Board of Com- )iiii„icatioii!i (the Yuchuanpii), which deals with railway att'airs. Under wise ministers, this Board can do much to iiii|irove the railways and strengthen the nation.
The Manchurian Railways.— In the Three Eastern the mountains to Mukden (Fengtienfu). Prosiiues many mislnrtunes have come to the Empire, Imperial Railways of North China, in Man
because control of the railways was not kej)t in Chinese hamis. The Manchu- rian railway system was built by the Russians in the years 18 9 7-190;}. Thev were
Sol Til -Mam ul ...
J....ri.i..-.~
churia. — The
Chinese rail- ways in Feng- tien run from Slianhaik wan to Newchwang and to Mukilen. They are exten- sions of the Im perial Railways of North Ciiina
allowed to build lines across Heilungkiang and Kirin from Peking and Tientsin. China needs to build many
from west to east, across Kirin and Fengtien from north more miles of railway in the Three Eastern Provinces.
to south, and to bring in armies of soldiers to guard
the railway. After the war between Ja)i;iu and Russia
(1904-05), Japan gained control of the railway in
Fengtien and Southern Kirin; Russia kept her lines in
Heilungkiang and in nmst of Kirin.
The Russian Railways in Manchuria.— The
Russian line from west to east is an extension of tlie
Trans-Siberian Railway. It enters Heilungkiang at
Manchuli (ift {JH M), crosses the province, passing just
south of Tsitsihar, meets the Sungari River at Harbin.
runs across Kirin Province and at Suifenho (^^inj)
enters Russian territory again. From Harbin a brancli
of the railway runs south to Changchun (Kwangcheng-
tze) , where it connects with the .Japanese line to Pori
Arthur (Lu-Shun) and Dairen. Tlie Russian railways
were built for military and pdlilieai purposes, and do
not jiay commei'cially.
The Japanese Railways in Manchuria —Since
the .Japanese viriory over Kussia, .Japan lias used her
railways to make her power stronger in Fengtien. Slie kwan and go on to Mukden and Newchwang. This
has rebuilt the railways captured in the war and has railway is owned by the Chinese Government, but
Chihli.— The Imperial Railways of North China connect Peking with Tientsin and run north up the coast of Chihli, pass through the Great Wall at Shanhai-
GEOGRAPHY OF CHINA
because the English loanoil money to buihl it, there are some English engineering ami linancial officers. On this railway,
W|->1;KS of TIIK l.MI'KiaM, 1:V1HVA\S IIF Nilinil 1 Ill-N \, Iani.siian
the ^ra^'c is large, the administnitiun good, the charges high ami the expense low, so the Government in some years gains as much as $10,000,000 profit. The money gained from this railway has been used, (1) to build other railways, (2) to i)ay
Railway station, Tik.ntsix
for soldiers, and (3) to supjwrt (ccliiiiral xcliooJs. There are short branch railways to the Tangshan and Kaiping coal
mines and to the coal port at Chinwaiigfao. In winter, when the Pei Ho is closed by ice, steamers go to (hinwangtao, and from there passengers and goods may go to Tientsin by rail.
Peking to Mongolia ( M ^ ®ic K^).— The laihvay from Peking to Kalgan (Changkiakow) is a Chinese railway entirely built by Chinese engineers.
Ka[.i.a-\ Kaii.wav and iiie (iia:M' W m.i.
It runs from Peking northwest to the bonk'r.s of Mongolia. The engineer in charge of the building was ./o/ic Tiri\ Ywv (^^ffi)-
Peking-Hankow (M 91 SS S^.)— The railway from Peking to Hankow runs almost nortii and south through Chihli, Honan and Plupeh. It connects the Yangtse Valley with the capital. From Peking to Hankow was formerly a journey of thirty days; now the express trains take less than thirty hours. The railway was for many years in the hands of the Belgians; the Chinese Government bought back the railway witli money borrowed from England . This line pays well, but will pay more when better e(iuipped and operated. Tlie bridge across the Hwang Ho is a great work of engineering.
The Peking-Hankow Railway has a number of branches, which are not long now, but some day will go far and do much. The most important of these branches go to Taiyiian and Tzechow in Shansi. By these lines to Shansi, the coal and iron from that great mineral province may be
rEKixti-IlAXKuw Railway i!uidge achuss the Yellow Rivek
KAII.WAYS
55
brought to the railway and thence to tlie sea. Other sliort brandies run to Honanfu and Kaifeng. At \\'ei- haifii, the Chinglian line crosses the English coal railway
of northern Ilonan, which runs from Chinglnva to Taokow.
Hunan — Tlic Piiif/siang Raihvny (f^- M^^'> is a sixty-mile line mostly in Hunan I'rovince. It carries coal from the Pingsiang mines in the mountains be- tween Hunan and Kiangsi down to Cliuchow (|^ iltl I on the Siang River. The coal is taken by water from Chuchow to Siangtan (flfl^!!^) and C'hangslui (S V'J')! 'I'l'l tl"''i goes on to Hankow.
Shantung. — The Shantung railway is a Cier- man line running from Kiaochow west to Tsinan. It carries coal from the Shantung mines, and pays fairly well. It is coniucted witli the new railway bring built fri>ni Tient-in to the Vangtse.
Shanghai-Nanking Railway ^Uti&i^) ^ The Shanghai-Xanking Kailway is the best built and best equipped line in China. It is owned by the Chinese Government, but is operated by a British com[)any which furnished the foreign loan. The builders tried to make a m idel railway. The railway follows Soochow Creek and the ( Jrand Canal from Shanghai toChinkiang, and the Yangtse Hiver from Chinkiang to Nanking. It has a solid roadbeil, strong bridges, large engines and luxurious carriages. 77(6 liailwn]/ will gain money when later e.vtensions are made. There is a short bram-li from Slianghai td deep water at Woosung (.^ fj;) .
Kiangsu-Chekiang Railway (QlJ^SSSH^t .— The Shanghai-Hangchow Kailway was built with Chinese money by Chinese engineers. People in Chokiang and
Kiangsu formed com- panies which built a rail- way suitable to the needs of the country passed through. The line was built (piickly and cheaply, and has paid from the beginning. The steel rails came from Hanyang; the engines and carriages from America. The railway carries much freight and many passengers. It is being extended from Hangchow to Ningpo.
Yunnan — Tlie Yun- nan railway lias been built by the Frendi to make Indo-China the out- let for Yunnan. The railway cost millions of taels, and thousands of workmen died. It is liojied that China may build new railways to join Yunnan to other provinces. The road runs up an unhealthy river valley to the plateau, passes Mengtsz (^ g !^), and ends at Yunnanfu. Tliere are a great many tiimich through mountains.
SW.VTOW-L'ltMHllOW HaII.H AV
Northeastern Kwangtung -The railway fmm Swatow to ('haneln)wfu >M'H] /ff ) is short, badly built and at present of little use.
56
GEOGRAPHY OF CHINA
RAILWAYS BEING BUILT
Yueh-Han (#9IIIIS^). Tlie Canton -Hankow part. When tliis line is completed, people ma_y travel Railway is to join Central Cliina with Southern China, from Peking, the political capital, to Shanghai, the It will run from Hankow ami \\'uchang to Canton, cross- commercial capital, in two days.
ing Hupeh, Hunan and Kwangtung. The Kwangtung Kiangsi Railway. The gentry and merchants of
end of the railway was heing built with money subscribed Kiangsi are building a line from Kiukiang to Nanchang. by merchants and gentry, but the Government has decided to have control of the entire line.
Canton-Kowloon m %^^)- The Canton- Kowloon Kaiiway is built by the Chinese Govern- ment with English money. The object of this railway is to join the Yueh-Han and make a direct line between Hongkong and the Yangtse. This line will increase the commerce of Hongkong and Soutliern China.
Chwan-Han CMM^'^)- The much-needed Szechwan-IIankow Railway will connect Hankow and Chengtu. This road is hard to build, for many mountains separate the best part of Szechwan from the Hupeh plain. The Yangtse Gorges make water-traffic so difficult and costly that the trade of Western China is checked. The railway, when built, will do a great deal to develop the western part of tiie Empire. There will probably be two branches, one to Cliungking {'MM.M) "•^^ one Chengtu.
Tsin-Pu I jt ii ^ S?^)- The Tientsin-Pukow Rail-
Cantox- Hankow raiiavav
to
It will not be hard to extend this railway south from Nanchang, over the Meiling Pass to Kwangtung Pro- vince, where it might meet the Yueh-Han Railway at way will join Northern and Central China, crossing Shiuchow (g.'J ;H"P • When this is done, there will be two Chihli, Shantung, Northern Kiangsu and Anhwei. It rail routes fnini Canton to the Yangtse. will do the work formerly done by the Grand Canal. Political Railways. Chinese railways joining
It reaches the Yangtse at Pukow, just opposite Nanking, interior provinces make the Empire stronger. It would and boats Avill be built to carry trains across the river, be good policy to buy back the frontier railways even at It is a Government railway, but is built by a loan, heavy cost. All railways in China should be Chinese German engineers are building the line in Chihli and railways, and Chinese railways should go to all parts of Shantung, while the English are building the southern the Empire.
4^
^
^
^l!l
NOXKR
Auinial-raising, -^ i^.
Anthracite, fi j^.
Antimonv. m) 0,; ^ (\'-i l:!' M.
Ardi.s. iH'i;!,-; Wm.
Aiva, Mfg.
ArM. *K*g.
Arsvnal, l^l H§ ^; M >t AS-
Art industries, ^ X.
B
r,aulHirl,l. ^J^Jii. Ikacons, ii fcg : ^ ^.
Ue-Au oil, jj-; vdr
Hitnminou.s coal, ^^-.
Black-toa,.^|t;li;^V.
Board of Cnninuinicatious, %\^ Si5.
Bore, ::^i^; f;]m.
Bristles, |{;-.!i:S.
(•ani|,l,.n-, -^.?:)iiS.
('aiit.iii-Kowloon IWilwny , J^ Jl m 'i^ ('I' ilt f^ #f ) •
Capital. ]^,M; tl )ȣ.
Cement making, iiV 7^ ilt < C|I ^K I"] JJ').
Cereals, 5^^.
CliangChien, 5g^.
Chang Chiii-tung. ^g :^ ilri).
Chao Erh-hsun, jgi S} ^.
China Min-Iiant-' Steam Navigation Company, '("iiu flJV +i'i
Chiiicc. i^ X;.
<'lni lIsi,:5}c.V;S.
Cliwan-IIan iJailwav. j 1 1 ^ K!i Ifi^ 1 1 ' |ii(| \'\ ^\
Ciiniair, ^^; ^1^.
Coal-li.l.l-.iV^m.
Coast line, MJ'i^U-
I Concessions, |ii i^. Confucian Temple, ^)(fl; ?Lji!iB- Confucius, JL -Y'- Consul, ^"'fi.
Cottonniilis, ji!L^t)iii'^ Cotton-spinning, ^Ij lf.i{. Council. 0[I -Municipal Cuumil, X ^ ^. Crude, M^i^-fi!}. Customs stations, jfsj: [}f].
D
Dalai Lama. 3^ It "fiJ 'ft- Delta, SI it : i'>il. Dependencies, j'^f yi ; fijf ^. Diplomatic, ^V'J;; '/|- ^. District, Sy^. Docks, ftiVi;!,.
Domestic atiairs. fy ik \ \'^ %; % W- Domestic fowls, '^ ^. Driveway, K^ ^. Dynasty, ^{K-
E
Karlhenwarc, |i5iJ;JS;S^fS• Elcctric-ligll( sy-irn,. '.[^ 1!(^ 5^ ff].
Embroidery, djl) ^.
Empire, '^i ^.
Estuary, ff. P; ii'I 11.
E.xporle.l . <i a] ; Hi 11 Exjiit'ss trains. fJi .i|i;.
Kcngticn City. f^Ji iff ilic ( ?il >^ i^ tf ^- V'\
Ferry-boats, % fi «V.
Fine weaving, ijl/i \^ m ^^.
Flour-milling, ,1ft %")).
Flour-mills, M f}> jfg.
Foreign loans, ^\- di
I^reign trade, (i^ i-f ff t,i.
NOTES
For the most part, -k ^f- ; :^ iii- Freight, 7K P; ^1 t- Freight, fliVK. French Concession, fi^il^.
From a military point .if view, fr'^ ^^ — Jj M ± U ^■ Frontiers, ^M; ii:^-
Glaciers, ijcjll.
Gorges, ffl ^ ; lU if.
Government, gc M-
Grand Canal, MUM-
(iranite, :^ ^ ^".
Great highway for steamers, ^V ^fl 1 1 ^ ;i 3c M-
Great AVall, ft}^.
H
Hanyang Iron anJ Steel Works. Jf H iq tH )[!$.
Harbours, v^ P ; V^'D •
H.E. (His Excellency) , i^ A-
Heilungkiang City, M tti tt Jt *& (ii M tS fl ^' ^ M'
Hemp, ;mit.
Highways of eonnnerce, ji. '^ ^ J^-
Home trade, ^ P9 :M ^•
Hsien Feng, J$L ^•
Hsnan Tung, !a Jit-
Imperial Government, 4" 3)i iS M-
Imjwrial Hunting Park, ^ i^.
Imported, ft A; il □•
Indigo, ^.
Industrial metals, X J| ^ Ifi (in §.) m ^) '
Industries, X^l X^-
Inland trade, M^M^^-
Inlets, Mf^-
Inner Chinese City ( Peking), M^bjl-
Interior, ?9 ll!l-
International Settlement, ^i^Mi^-
In time to come, 71^2^; to ll.'f.
Iron works, m M-
Irrigation system, ?1 U fk; ¥1 Ul U;-
Island, ft.
Jeme Tien Yue, ^ ^ -f/fi. Junks, ?^' tV-
K
Kiang, U., M-
Kiangnan Arsenal, ttft' M jh i^-
Kiangsu-Chekiang Railway, tt tUf IS S?^ (QP 'M In: f?j
Kien-lung, ^ l!i^.
Kirin City, ^ ^1; .# Jjjl (|ii -g ^ 'i' ^ M)-
Lacquer, ^.
Launch, /]>^<.*^; A-f\f^- Leased, ^; 1h. Legations, ^j&^.
Li,#M.
Lichees, 7^ ^.
Light-houses, ffi",^; '^4.
Location , itlJ ^.
Loess, ^ ii-
Lowland plains, <(£ |^.
M
Mail steamers, ^ fi. Manufacture, M ie to- Maritime, 15,| i§. Mencius, ^ ^. Metropolitan, :g\&ili; tlJ-i'. Miaotze, ■© ^. Military station, fg |^ ^ Pjf • Millet, S ill.
Min-Che viceroyalty, r^S Wi^^^:t^n%- Minerals, ^ ^.
Mohammedan rebellions, ^ g| :;^ ISL- Midberry loaf, ^M- Museums, ]$ m 1^-
Musk, m^-
Musk deer, ^.
N
Nanyang Industrial Exhibition, 'S "^ |i 3£ ff. Natural features, iUl ^^ ; A ^ If; **■ Natural wealth. A^l^^- Naval l)ase, ^ jS- Near-by, ifeifi; ^1') j£. Nickel, i|. Nitre, fi^^; 3k. fif. North China, 41: vf-
o
On the whole, ^. :^.
Orchards, ^ U-
Organization, ^.flj.
Outer Chinese City ( Peking ), Jt M 9\-^-
Ontlot, tU K^.
I Outlook, it'^rmi^i-
1 Overland nnile, f^ ^.
|
NOTES HI |
|||
|
Se.samun seeds. '^ M. |
|||
|
p |
Settlement, fjl^. |
||
|
l>ago.las, -fi i>f . |
Shanghai-Hangchow line, M^^^^ 't' 131 fl ■?? • |
||
|
Paiitlicrs, fj. |
Shanghai-Nanking Railway, jE }ff ^ KV i-t I^ ^ li?V |
||
|
rass, ilP. |
Shansi I'niversity. ill ?5 :fc •^ 'i". |
||
|
Pasture hui.l,i&J^. |
Siiark's tins, ^ Jg. |
||
|
Peiyang University, ^f^i^^ '?:• |
Shell-fish, ^^. |
||
|
Peking-Hani<ow Railway. ^ illS S^ ."t" |3] S M)- |
Ship-building works, fe Lfj ; ^V liiS. |
||
|
Pekiiig-Kalgan Railway, ;«• ?jM 5JS K^ (• |
' [^ a ij?). |
Shipping centre. )^ ^f] tl! * ± 'i' '6 *A- |
|
|
Peninsula, ^^ &j. |
Shrine, fi;'i^>J. |
||
|
Petroleum, iK'iii- |
Silk filatures, %^ Jf-j- ^iti^. |
||
|
Piculs, ^, ; :^. |
South China, 1^' •^. |
||
|
Piece-goo<l.«. n\t;M'Jiin- |
Square miles, if ]{?. |
||
|
Pilgrims, ^Jg;fj^. |
Steamer landings, i^ ft!V {i^ yfl. |
||
|
Pineapples, E^lji^lif- |
Steam-launches, /h 'K ^■ |
||
|
Pingsiang Railway, WMm^ t't^ Wl 8 M)- |
Stock-raising, ^ 6^. |
||
|
Plateaus, j^ |^. |
Strawbraid, ?,v «H$. |
||
|
vw,i^m |
Straw-mattini:, ^,y (iff. |
||
|
Policy, JESC ^. |
Su.gar beets, Sf ,t; gj. |
||
|
Poppies, m M ^{£. |
Sugar refilling, isf; :f),'t. |
||
|
Population, A iK; P H- |
Syndicate', ^ t>]. |
||
|
Porcelain-decorating, ^ fifti i& ^. |
System, ill IjM. |
||
|
Port of call, {i^yjl; n ^:. |
T |
||
|
Pottery, ^, Zi- |
|||
|
Poultry, ^^. |
Tableland, ^ I"?! •. -'I'- ^ ■ |
||
|
Precious metals. ^ 1t >^ it (in 'fe ^). |
Taipings, ^ ^ ll«. |
||
|
Pro<luctious, #^; {U #.. |
Tartar City, ^ Jjfi. |
||
|
Provinces, ^'. |
Tashi Lama, Jlf #! b|i] i%|t. |
||
|
Q |
Taxpayers, '^t^li^-. |
||
|
Teclinical schools. # 1»] /^^^ 'y/; JJ :Sg ^ '!?.;. |
|||
|
Quicksilver, 7K ^• |
Telegraph, miR- |
||
|
R |
Temperature, ^{^^ \ll)^. |
||
|
Temple of Agriculture, % "^ \n. |
|||
|
Rainfall, M M- |
Temple of Heaven, ^ \ii. |
||
|
Ranges, lU ^i'i; lU BlR- |
Temple of the Lamas, ^ i% =lf. |
||
|
Rape-seed, ^ ^. |
Terraced, qi]Jf; -U:M- |
||
|
Rapids, ^fta^^^i5!t. |
Tientsin-Pukow line, ^ ?! 1-$ K^ ifi ^, ^ M)- |
||
|
Reclaim, gH B- |
Tobacco factories, M ^ M- |
||
|
Relief map. ilt :i: [hI |
To take the place of, J^ \^. |
||
|
Reserve power. ^ M Jj |
Tow, ^i?iV;m. |
||
|
Resident, 5t 4fe & i'ii- |
Trade agent, M[n A- |
||
|
Resources, M TJjf.. |
Trade-marts, rfj Iti; M ii:-- |
||
|
Rights, m m. |
Traffic, t5(^;^j|fi. |
||
|
River-basins, inj ofe- |
Tramways, ',\i i\i.. |
||
|
River conservancy, ;Jfj inj X fn /n;- |
Transpoitati'Mi, i!^ i"!!!! |
||
|
River-mouths, inj P. |
Treasurer, JJjf ..] : Aii'li'iL- |
||
|
River- valleys, gfc ^^. |
Treaties, m^'-}. |
Roundabout, pgifii; ]h\ 1*1 . Ruins. "^ Sf.
Sandalwood, #i -Sr >fi. Seafaring people, mi M^', ^X ^•
Treaty of peace, Jfa f;';.
Treaty ports. 1<5 J^i : jii |i^' II )"^.
Tributaries, % gfe.
Tropical zone, ^^.
Trunk line, .^i«V;.'f4:*;i.
Tseng Kuo-fan, -It tSlfilf.
|
iv |
NOTES |
|
|
Tso Tsung-tang, ;£ ^ ^. |
Water-powiT, 7jc ;;/; ; tK Pj 7;. |
|
|
Tiiaii l'';nig, JS ://. |
Water-route, 7Kif?^;fin;K^. |
|
|
Tungchih, [p] i^. |
Waterways, tK ill; 7K K- |
|
|
Tunnels |5Sit; lU K^. |
Wax-iusect, $§ aiJ,- West, lS:^;?g^. |
|
|
U |
Wharves, im;?,S;®. |
|
|
riHl<'veloiK..l,1^'^t?H^/.i- Unload, tg(K\ rplanil plains, j^ J^^ |
World's fair, \Anf^;^^B^. Wrought, m m- Wrought iron, jlggji; m^- |
|
|
V |
Y |
|
|
ValK'V, atfeSc. \'ic-c'roy, ^,tf. A'icoroyalty, It 1^ t M 1?^- |
Vak,?f/^. Ya.nens.^P'];^. Yellow earth, |^ i. |
|
|
w |
Yuan Dynasty, % |J3. |
|
|
Yueliuanpu, % \'^ §(5. |
||
|
Wang Yaiig-niing, ^ ^ Fiji. |
Yuel.-IIan Kail way. ^JIMKJ''^' M @ ?*• |
^ Wi M n.
li « ^ VOC ABXJLA R Y
A
A.len,35T. Afuljanist;!!). H"® VT-
AfiirM, H^HIUJn.
Aigiin, ^r^i.
Alaska, Hr4.^:5n.
Altai Mountain-. H M M
llj. Amoy, MP^. Annir River, ^.tlill- Anhwei.^ili:^'. Anki.l,L^ S ^ If.f . Aiisicliow. 5 ]§ #1. AiiUin-:, ^S?-^- Argun, 55^1^ US M- Australia. \%-^M'S.-
B
Batang, ELi^- BliauKs EL JS^. niagovestchenj^k, jfi^ jlj^j j^. Hr.ilimai.utra. 3i ■f<^ zlSt ^'
il.
Burma, Ifi'feJ.
Canton. JK.>HJ^. Ceylon, « as e,. Changan, ^^. Changkiaknw (or Kalgan),
^% ri.
Ciiangcliow, Sffl- ( liangeliun, ^ ^. Ciiangj)ai Shan, ^ ^ ll|. Chang.slia. g J'l? fllf . Cliangshu, :jl: ?ft. Changteli, "??; tg Iff . Ch'a
'\vfu,)^#|/f.f.
Chaoiung. 113 -ifi M. Cl.efoo, ^f,\ Chekiang, "^ jT. ff ■ Ciiengcliow, ^> 'jfl. Chengtingfn. jH /E /ff • Chengtn, ibit |^15. Chiayukwan, M-.H\ Wi- Cliientao. RJJ ^-,.
ci,ii,ii,ie^tf.
Chinchow, JS'i'JI'l- Ciiingliai, ^% CliinglingclM.w, ^ m (iH. ( hinhua, # #- Jff-. Cliinkiang, ^ Ql. Cliinwangtao, ^ ^'^. Chowlisien, ^'^,. Cliowkiakow, |,'ij % P . Chuanciiow, ^]l>)\\ jfj-. Chueho\v,|^ffl. Chung Kiang, ^ j^ jjij. Chungking, ^. ]^. Cimsan Islan.l. J^]- |j| /;.'). Colombo, Pj" fiSj fiJjf.
Dairen ( jtalny or Talien-
wan), ::;cidi^.
E
Krii-hai, jJf jfij:-. Hurope, tiJci:: LL j^.
Fakunien, jj; M-. 1"! Fengsiangfu, H 5^ /ff . I'Vngtien (oi- MnkWin), J^
Fengyang. E Wi M-
Fojchow, i3'>|-| %f. Fukien, fg^Jt tf-
Fushun, ^nin.
G
Gartok, n^^ii-
Gobi (or Shanio), :^ H j-];
(irand Canal, iJE !f m M- Gyangtzc. tCfJ:.
Hainan, jfcf i^^' Ui- ITaining. f^f Wf iHi Ilaiiii, P^ :S^. 11 incliungfu, 1^1^ M ■ Hangchow, 1^ -H-I Jff-
Hanyang, MPli Jf-f. Hankow, ^ p.
Han River. 0| 7K. Harbin. P& if ^. lleilungkiang. M ]||? fH. Himalaya, :?f,- 8.^4 # lU- Hoiliow, jl^ p. Honan, x»\M 'i^- Hongkong, fr ^. Honolnlu, ^VfMlH^flflP
H^iakwan, y m. Hinganfu. B 'M M- Hsnehowfn. i^.>H ){-f. Huehuw. rAIJ (Hi Jf-f . Hunan, fWl ifl'lff . Hunelinn. f^i /iji. Hungshui, ^t ^K- Hungtze (Lake), ^t f? Wi- ll npeh, f«J ^t 'i^f. Hwaian, iffi ^6: 'ff • Hwai Ho, jfAvK-
rtwang Ho, lit }nj. Hweiehow ( Kwangtimg) ,
Hwcii-howfu ( Anhwei), ^
#1 rff.
Tehang. "Rr g.
Hifu. 'pi-??^;^.
India. F-PJt*. Indo-China, F-|l ^ -j^ l}r>. Indus River. p.|J )^ \v[. Iirawadily Ih'ver. ^ tfL%
3fj \^■
K.'iiVn^. IJH J>,Hf.f. Kaiiiiiig, 159 'iv Kalgan. ?g'^ P. Kant'how, |1' 'H-l. Kanehowfn, ifu.'lW M- Kan River, ijft jL. Kashgar (or Sulifu ), IKi j|Hi
Ka^^bing, E !» J^.
Kansn, 11" ^tt 'i^r. Kbailar River, jfei Hjj ^ jiif. Kli'.tan, ^11 fg]. Kiakbta, t^lfeiSa. Kialing Kiang, ^t B! iT. Kianfu,^^-fl!f. Kiangebow, ^.$ 'Hi. !\ iangnan. fT. |fi- Kiangpeh, {K ^(l Kiangpeitiiig. if. -It Ifc Kiangsi, fl". iKJ ',^,^ Kiangsu. fC .<!!J^ 'i*?. Kiaoebow, m '}\l Kiaoebow Bay. Hg <>H jff.
VI
VOCABULARY
Kienning, E ^ )t. Kinchovv, IS #1- Kingtehi-lien, ^|i^. Kingyuan, i^ jt It- Kirin, ^ W- Kirinfu, "pWM- Kiukiang, jl, Ql- Kiungchow, i%'H]- Kobdo, 3F4;rtj^. Koko Nor, t^ i^. Kongniooii, fliPI- Knroa, fHI#- Kowkx)!!, ;fL fll- Kuonlun, % ^■ Kiifdw, III] J?-. Killing, te^. Kulun, ff. Ife. Kuiigpeh (or Lappa", fJMb- Kuns^hau, ^ ill. Kwanchengtze, ^ ^ic -f. Kwangchow T^uv, JJ< #1 M- Kwaiigsi, MM- Kwangtelicliow, ^ i#. il'H- Kwangtung, J^'M^- Kweidiow, -Ji'lH^r. Kweihsieii, '^ !i!|. Kweihwating, S|i ffc 1^. Kweilin, ;fj. :^^^. Kwci River, ;ti 01- Kweitehfu, %fimM- Kweiyang, u Wi iff •
Laichow, jfe 'H-|. Lanchow, WiW ^■
Lappa (or Kuiigpeli), ^ 4t' Lhasa, itM- Liangcliow, v;S')l"l- Liang-liu, WM- Liang-kiang, M K- Liao Basin, ^ M fife i^- Liaotiing reiiinsula, ^^^
Liping, ^2l^;t-
Li IJiver, ^ 7lC.
Litaiig, ;^ ^.
Liueliowfu (Kwangsi), |||l
'J11 It- London, f^'^ Loyang, -^ Hi. Luchow, -atiH-l. Luichow rtninsula, 'ili' -jll
Liingcliow, IKiHi Lu Shan, Jl Ol-
M
Macao, jljiptj. Maimaeiiin, fi H ^■ ^hinioi Lslaml, .'jj ^ ^. ^hinchuli. ffi #1 M- Manchuria, ffi 'Jll. Mediternincan Sea, iffiff'^i- Meiling Pas<, ^^M- Mekong, m ^ xL Mengtsz, ^ @ IH^. Miao Ling, '^ ^. Min Kiang, ^ CC. Mongolia, ^ !&. Moscow, M M ?1-- Mukden, r# ^.
N
Xanrliang, "^ ^ It- Nanking, ■^ j^. Nan Ling Mountains, "^ ^i(
Nanuingfu, 1^" jt/t- Nantao, M "iS I Jl J® ^ iW- Nanyang, !« Hit- Nanzing, 1^ f§. Nevada, ft # >i. Newehwang, ^ ^. Ninghia. -^i;- Ningpo, m ^- Ninguta, Wi& J§- Nonni River, j^ Ql.
Pacific Ocean, :fc^ •^. Pagoda Island, ^ jt ^. Pal Ho, 1^ M-
I'akhoi, ^t M-
Paoshan District, g \\i U-
Paotingfu, i* 5e It-
Peking, 4t M-
Persia, ^ ^.
Petnna, f^ ^ #J (3^ ^ ITf
}j£lt)- Philippine Islands, |g:/j ^
?^-
Pingsiang, pt^ ^p. Pingliang, ^^ ■i:tf;|t- Pinglo, ^ ^ It-
Pingtingchow, ^"^ yii #1 • Port Arihur, Jfe Hlfi P . Poseh, "g^- Poshan, ti llil^- I'otala, ^' ii tt (ii 1^ UliJ
PuyangLake, Wi^Wl- Pukow, ji p. Putu Shan, #Pti lU-
E
Russia, ^
Sachofu (or Yarkand), •;$
¥lt-
Samshui, 7KIS-
^-'aii Francisco. H f^ KJ M
^ if (IP M^ 111).
Sanhsing, H $4- 8;inmen Bay, H P"] ®- Santuao, ^W> i%- Sluuno (or Gobi), ::^ ^ -^^^
Shanghai, Ji f®. Shanhaikwan, lU MIM- Shan si, llJf5^i• Shantung, \i\'M^. Shaohsing, ISftlt- Shasi, i'p'^. Shekichen, ^®^. Shengking, ^ M 'tf - Shensi, I$|g. Shigatse, H Pf S"]- Shiuchow, M^'J'H. Siani, ii^.
Wanfu, iS^lt- Siang Kiang, V^fl xt Siangtan, mW-l^-- Siberia, MJrb^fi] 35-
Ki iiu, -g m.
Si Kiang, "S til- Singapore, MM^- Siningfu, M m It- Sinkiang, ff fS- Sinminfu, ff li |t- Sinyaiigchow, fg PU^J'H. Soochow, 0'j'l-l ;t- South America, "[^ ^ -^f Suchow, ji jHi Suez Canal, H # ± ^ M- Suifenho, ^ ;:3; M-
Suifu, ^'>Hlt- Suitechow, ^i§,'H]. Sulifu (or Kashgar), MM
Siiiicliowfu, f.^ 'j'H Jt- Sungari P.asin, fe :]{£ fT. ?ife
Sungkiang, t/J tH Jt- Sunning, Iff Tn IS- Swatow, Yllj Ml Sydney, ^. )g. Szcchow, S.'J-I-I It- Szcclnvan, 0 Jl| '^j. Szemao, S. ^ E- Szenan. ,S ^' lt-
Taichow. -^iHi Tai IIu,ic}AS. Tai Shan, ^ llj. Taiyiianfu, ±W.M- Talienwan, ::k M j^-
Talifu, :fej'nit- Tangshan, ^ llj. Taokow, i^ P. Tarini lUver, if M >K inj- Tashi-Lunpo, +L fl" H >fti
Tatsienlu, tT pS tl- Tatung, 'Xl§. Tatungkow, i^ '^ i'||. Tengchow. ^ 'j-Ii. Tengyvieh, H fcS ^. Tibet, ME- Tiehling Pass, M'^i M- Tien Shan, ^ lU- Tientsin, ^W- Tihwafu (or rrunichi), jjh
it It (^ m ^ # ;+c W).
Tinghai, ^ v§. Tongking, ^ M (-^ S -111
#f)- Trans- Himalaya, #^±
Tsechowfu, iT ffl lt- Tse River, ^7K- Tsientang River, It^lll.
Tsinan,i^l^;t- Tsinchow, ^'jtl. Tsingkiangpu, in'DliS- Tsingtao, ^ ^. Tsingwha, f^'ft^- Tsitsihar, # # ^ M-
|
VOCABULARY |
Vll |
||
|
Tsitsingkwaii, ^ZMM- |
V |
Woosuiig, 'Yi *y |
Yungtse Kiang, ^ ^ OC- |
|
Tsungmiiig, # BJ. |
Wuchang, j^^ ,"|. |
Yarkand (or Sacliofu), ^ |
|
|
Tuinen River, HI f) \L. |
\'la(livostok, iS # 1^. |
Wuchow, t&'>H. |
^;^- |
|
Tiingchow, 3§ '>H. |
Wul.u, 4itA«. |
Yalung. 55 ill. |
|
|
Tuiigchowfu, Iii] '>H )ff. |
W |
^\'u Kiaiig. f.!j jl. |
Yenan, jg'JiH-f- |
|
Tungchwan, ;^JIi;{.f. |
Wukiang, jJiinSf- |
Yenping, Jig ^\'- J^. |
|
|
Tungjciu a^tllf-f. Tiiugkwaii, x§. M- Tungting Lake. m^M- |
Wanhsien, ^,U.- Weihaiwei, f&M^- Weilisien (Sliantiiiig) , j^ Weilisieii (Chihlii. fiSff.. \Veih\rei,#ili;^. Wei Kiver (Honan), $H^K- |
Wu Ling Mountains, ;^|^ |
Yentai (or Chefoo), jig ff. Yingkow, >g D. Yochow, ^ 'j+j. |
|
Turfan, ± -^ #. |
Wutai Shan, So ill. Y |
Yuanchow, ^ -Hi ;^. Yuan Kiang, gc CC- Yu Kiang, ;&fl:. |
|
|
Uliassutai, BS^f^.^n- |
Wri i;ivcr (Shensi), tM 7jC. |
Yachowfn, StHI/ff. |
Yulin, <tt^;ff. |
|
Urga, .iM®(gnI*«- |
\\'eucliow, S 'Hi |
Yalung Kiaug, gj 5| fl. |
Yungchow, 7K'>l-l)ff. |
|
Uiumehi, .tj-?<^>|v#. |
West Lake, ]^ M. |
Yaki Kiver, ^ M tt- |
Yunnan, ^ [^' Vf. |
|
Ussuri Kiver, .(^js^Mlt- |
Whangpoo, ^ iilj. |
Yangcliow, ^UjHi |
Yunnan fu, iCi^- /ff. |
Geography of the World
[in Unglish)
BY
Horatio B. Hawkins, M.A. (Wisconsin)
rraclier in K'iaiiosii Pro-rincial College^ Sooc/ioic KDITI'.D I!V
Pong P. Sec
Accompanied witli coloiircil mnps; fully illustrated; innturo in thought ; text clenr and -simple. Doo>^ not toll too much alMiut one countiy nnd too little aliont otliers. Prepared in acci.rdance with (iovernnient regulations for Political Geography. Stress laiil on industrial conditions of Western countries and commercial relations hctween East and "West, ^[any Chinese notes aiid Chinese equivalents for geographical names supplied.
Commercial Press, Limited, Puhlislters
|
>1' % |
m m n |
« ^' |
^i ^ |
<t m |
m n |
n! fi? |
ij Jill |
fi |
|
Geography |
of |
Ch |
ina |
|||||
|
COMMERCIAL PRESS, |
Ltd. |
:^ |
||||||
|
>» |
rii |
# |
iS |
« |
||||
|
^ |
m |
ft |
A^il |
If |
sT |
^ |
Jfe/c |
|
|
^ |
m |
W |
^ |
:# |
^ |
■ — " |
||
|
m |
S^ |
|||||||
|
ru |
m 'i-H i"J Jt (,{1 |
n ^' |
n |
*f |
3g |
11 |
||
|
-i^ |
m m |
iH |
m |
^ |
PI |
<f: Jill |
||
|
1^1 IT, |
nip^ |
nil |
MS |
Kff |
f] m |
|||
|
% |
?» |
4b It |
||||||
|
^ |
^H ri yv «i! -Jit |
* |
«. |
» |
m |
^ |
||
|
m 111 ^',v -u m |
fi,H |
lU |
^••; |
^ |
T'^ |
>^'
UNIVERSITy OF CALIFORNIA
AT
ins ANfiELES
A\^11BRARYQ^,
AW
lEUNIVERSyA
Or
,<P'
.AOF-r
n
'jJi]JNVi>oi^- ■^:j:;j/>ii„;-ii^v ■
JV.'JI I* J 3^J
^ \<ii\\:
MFORfc, ^OF-CAt
<i,OFC
o
^lOS/V.
SOl^ %a3Alf.
.1 I'
<\\ri:oi\'r?f
^isr llUI\TDr;
> .ir'-'.':f"rirr .
<
m
'^^'■HIFO%
^tUBR; %0JI1\
^OFCAli
-J IJ jn 1 -lu :
f VU * UUII -*■
"^<?Aava.
^^MIBRARYQ^^
li'^^
mo,,^
^ CI
^lOSAl^
o
^■
5S\EUNIVERy//i
%
-^1
lani'^ <miDNVsoi'^
I
■^ajAi
ir iM-n THf ,
1 TiC uirri p^
>xU)SAMCfl£r> ^tUBRARYQr ^tUBRHa^
(^1 I^JlIi id
iT I mn * nvy. _
linilll 1 iiiiiimi'iiiiiiiiiiii.
L '
6 520 4
o.oF-CAi!:"':"
UC SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY
D 000 987 203 7
JjO'
^
^
v/iaiAlNil iV\v "JUJilvjju
"■<3UiUVJ iU
'vViajAlNll-lWV
-"'-.'AiiVaiiii i^"' -i/Aaviiaii j^--
■'^
A:
,^V'
C
-^J-;
o^\
fXA
A-^
■^
''^^
%
i\\V^
^\U" lUflVCDP)
IIDtHfiVA.
^ijc iiiin.rL-ic/v
ific^Lirnr,-
,iC.!irio.\r'V/i„
.if.llDBAt'V
^.0FCAIIF0%
.' J .»( I " 1 J t
nr.r*MCAr>.
iiMi\/rDC/v ..in^ \\in\r-
liftD\DVy
ivu
•r">r
'ikn
i^'>-
*i«
i\l^'*3f'kl^i''.^i-^^.
SM
|1 fe*
■^ r.»
)K^'H.jixi^
:'\raV<'yl\*"^
'sf *« "'*''^\-
4 -j'.:i'- -
'i^' s:;^
% i'J-'\'t
..- : ..p l*!*- •>*•■ > ^^ .:'* ■'* ■■
.1; ■
- ^' It ■■■■ ■'
■rf5r%:
'^.^'*J'-^^
^i"'^-i
"^^■'Mjy'
-^ >^i '■'■'' -f
.*^: '^:-^^ >'.. 'I . .§!? 1^'
■■■■ l^' /^ y,- -% i^ Vf :^^. '^
.i^ . ii, II
,*' . ^ v.
^
fi «i
^*/^i¥\
^^^V--^^'-*>-^" -:
■iT. ?■».
S^^ M IJ
II'*
■■«...
?i ii^*fi- ii;*: -hi
-*''■ '•'"■■^.-'
|
1 A 1 |
|
> |
f i^^f |
^ |
^J» Ji: '* Aiiil
M /i : •
kt* ' J^--
^^M-.ii
^v,=-..«'i*-.A/
:M.^^^
^i.^
■ ■!■
^5»>,"fr
*>■*:?
,^^,^^
1* ,^ .%
lii^ir"*"'-^
I ,1,
^U^
'.^^li -,/^'
U1(J: