;^0^m^^0m^m ■MmW ^Zim.0iS yLva^- '■ \ aw mmmM' w ©yw ^SS'SS^ \v_ /.. « y. :» <yyi M g»& li -,<C<T or Ms js^J\J\JS -M&il date ^ «S ^UU: / v£^ ^ '^ . K . Mr* *#" & wmM w 7.0VyjNJ\JNJ\J\J.v> ^ivWJVS^^; MR ^/VSsJ'1 Vs* Wi ENfilN Mm Q]ft|1? iomell muwwitg § tats BOUGHTMmHTHBINCOMB FROM THE SAGE ENDOWMENT FUND THE GIFT OF Henrg 199- Sage 1891 j\../a r^ " - ?/*/•*?** 1 Cornell University Library QE 756.I4P148 Salt-range fossils. 3 1924 004 583 526 'g® h Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924004583526 MEMOIRS OP THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA. lalajmtfolfljjia duto, BEING FIGURES AND DESCRIPTIONS OF THE ORGANIC REMAINS PROCURED DURING THE PROGRESS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA. PUBLISHED BY ORDER OP HIS EXCELLENCY THE GOVERNOR GENERAL OF INDIA IN COUNCIL. Ser. Xni. SALT-EANGE FOSSILS. Vol. I. PRODTJCTUS LIMESTONE FOSSILS. By WILLIAM WAAGEN, Ph.D., F.G.S., Ober Bergrath, Professor of Mineralogy and Geology at the I. R. German Polytechnic University of Prag. CALCUTTA: SOLD AT THB GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OFFICE, AND BY ALL BOOKSELLERS: LONDON : TRUBNER & CO. MDCCCLXXXVII. rimiBD BT IHX SUPBBiNTBNDINT OF QOVBBHUBRT PBlimBQ, INDIA, 8, HASTINGS 8IBBBT, CALCUTTA. CONTENTS. 4 PAGE Preface ................. i List of Parte of Text, with dates of publication ........... ix List of Plates in Parts, with dates of publication ........... xi List of photozincographs ............... xiii Introduction ................. 2 Pisces .................. 9 Crustacea ................. 20 Cephalopoda 21 Pisces, Cephalopoda j Supplement 73 Gasteropoda ................ 86 Pelecypoda 185 Brachiopoda 329 Bryozoa 771 Annelida 814 Echinodermata 818 Ccelenterata : Anthozoa 835 Do. : Hydrozoa ............. . . 925 Supplement to the Bryozoa 963 Amorphozoa ... 3 ............ . 967 Protozoa by Dr. C. Schwager 983 index .......»»*»*»*»••• 99& PREFACE. In finishing the last part of the extensive volume now entirely before the public, the first duty that devolves on me is to express publicly my most sincere thanks to all those who have contributed in any way to the completion of the work. Among these my greatest thanks are due to Mr. H. B. Medlicott, Director of the Geological Survey of India, who was mainly influential in originating and in sustaining the work. Upon him too fell the task of correcting all the proofs, seeing them through the Press, and editing the whole. I am glad to be able to express this gratitude to him publicly, just at the time when he is about to retire from his service in India. The volume now completed, and the numerous other volumes of the Palseontologia Indica published since 1876, show how earnestly he endeavoured to make his Directorship as fruitful as possible to the Geo- logical Survey of India. Whilst Mr. Medlicott had a principal influence in the publication of this volume, there were several others who had more or less influence on its contents. Among these were two who, in the meantime, have gone away from among us, Thomas Davidson and Prof. King of Galway. Who could ever have been engaged on the description of Brachio- poda without coming into personal relations with Mr. Davidson ? and who could have had that experience without being struck with the extreme amiability of that learned author. Notwithstanding the great amount of work that he always had in hand, yet he invariably found time to answer all questions addressed to him, to write long and most instructive letters, to give long extracts from books which were not available to his correspondents, with the fullest advice whenever he could. Thus, there is a universal feeling of gratitude towards him among scientific workers by whom his death has been felt most keenly as a severe loss. It was Mr. Davidson who brought about a long correspondence between Prof. King and myself. Prof. King, it cannot be doubted, was one of the most eminent Palaeontologists England ever possessed, and it must be a permanent regret that his palseontological publications were, besides his classical work on the Permian fossils, so limited in number. His letters, addressed to me 11 PREFACE. regarding some difficult cases I had to treat of in the class of the Brachio- poda, were of the utmost value and importance, and I am proud to be able to quote his name among those who have materially helped me in the execution of the present work. His death also has been felt as a severe loss. Others who helped me in many ways were mentioned in the intro- duction to this work, but who also are now no longer among the living — Joachim Barrande and Geheimrath v. Abich. Both were most intimate friends of mine, and it is with the utmost regret that I mention them here as passed away before they could see the end of their own funda- mental works. To the list, given in the introduction (page 6"), of men of science who have contributed in many ways mora or less materially towards the exe- cution of the present work, must now be added the following : — General Intendant Hofrath v. Hauer of Vienna. Prof. A. Tritsch of Prague. Geheimrath Geinitz of Dresden. Hofrath Liebe of Gera. Geheimrath Beyrich j rf Berlin Prof. Pames j Prof, Kayser of Marburg. Prof. r. Zittel of Munich. Prof. liindstrom of Stockholm. ££&}***■-*«* Prof. Barrois of Lille, Prof. James Hall of Albany, N. Y. Dr, White, Palaeontologist, G. S. U, S, Washington. Prof. Worthen of Springfield, 111. To all these my most sincere thanks are due. There have yet to be mentioned the labours of my fellow-workers. In this respect I must before all offer my very best thanks to Dr, Conrad Schwager of Munich, who undertook the description of the Foraminifera. His name is sufficient security for the qua that the work he has done will be found excellent, much better than it would have been if done by my- self. To my two Assistants, Dr. Joseph Pichl and Dr. Joseph Wentzel, I am also under many obligations. Without their very material help it would have been impossible to finish the volume by the present date, and I may fairly say that their work has saved me several years of labour. PREFACE. HI Thus, helped oii to a great extent by the kind intervention of all these friends, the description of the entire fauna contained in the palaeo- zoic beds of the Salt-range (with the exception of some things recently discovered by Dr. Warth, which I propose to describe in detail in the geolo- gical part, as they are chiefly of geological rather than of palaeontological interest) has now been completed, and fills a volume of much greater ex- tent than had ever been anticipated. It would be extremely desirable now to enter directly upon the full discussion of the several species and their geological bearing, but the volume has extended already to such stupendous bulk that it does not seem practicable to give here all those details. This event was indeed anticipated by me when in the Introduction to the present volume I proposed to unite all the geological results in a separate volume, which would form the end of the series. A great part of the manuscript in- tended to form the first part of the fourth volume has already been sketched out, and it is only to be hoped that the Government will con- sent to the continuation of the work, so that I may be able to publish the geological results regarding the palaeozoic strata at an early date. In the Introduction to the Productus-limestone-Fossils, pp. 6 — 8 of the present volume, I stated my opinion that among the palaeozoic strata of the Salt-range two extensive series should be distinguished : one lower, containing the " Saline series" and the " Purple sandstone " of Mr. Wynne, and one upper series, composed of the " Obolus beds (silurian)," the " Magnesian sandstone," the " Speckled sandstone," and the " lower limestone (carboniferous)" of Mr. Wynne's tables. For the upper series in general I have used the name of Productus-limestone, as the last of the members, quoted above, is the richest in fossils, and thus most conspicuous. Thus, the whole volume receives the name " Productus-limestone- Fossils." Of subdivisions I at that time accepted five, but now, after the fossils have been described in detail, the number can be considerably augmented. The beds contained in this large series can be brought con- veniently into three groups, each of which can be further subdivided. We arrive thus at the following scheme : — f i Topmost beds. I Upper Productus-limestone. < Cephalopoda bed. I— Silicious limestone group. J jLLotter beds. I \ vvfet beds, f Middle Productus-limestone. •? Middle beds. V (.Lower beds. IV PREFACE. TT 0 , , t , . f Lower Productus-limestone. II-Speckled sandstone group. j Speckled 8andstone> TTT ,, . , , f Magnesian sandstone. III-Magnesian sandstone group. j Neobolus beds. We thus arrive altogether at twelve subdivisions, of which six are of the first and six of the second order. In the lower two groups subdivi- sions of a second order cannot be distinguished, as fossils are very scarce. Of all these divisions the upper and middle Productus-limestone are richest in fossils, and thus further subdivisions can easily be separated, each having a certain number of characteristic species. If we consider the fauna contained in these divisions quite in general, it cannot be denied that its aspect is entirely carboniferous, and a superficial inspec- tion will lead every observer to suspect the beds in which such a fauna is contained to be of carboniferous age. But, on a closer examination, one will soon find that the several species are similar but not identical with carboniferous forms. Among the smaller and less conspicuous fossils one will soon detect a number of permian species ; the number increases more and more, and at last one arrives at the conviction that the fauna is in reality permian — a permian fauna that is richer in forms and richer in conspicuous species than any one that has been described up to the present in the whole world. At the same time its close relationship to the carboniferous fauna cannot be denied ; and the thought cannot quite be rejected that the singular deviation of the European permian fauna from the carbonifer- ous type is caused more by local influence than by a thorough change of the organic life over the whole world, and that in reality the permian organic life is in by far closer connection with the carboniferous than was anticipated by Murchison. But, though on the whole the permian age of the upper and middle Productus-limestone cannot be doubted, yet its relation in detail to the European and American permian deposits cannot be made out until the geological relations of the several species have been worked out in detail, and I cannot at present give any indications in this direction. In the lower Productus-limestone division the number of carboni- ferous species increases considerably, whilst of permian species only very few are met with. We thus may be justified if we consider these beds as transitional between permian and carboniferous and about cor- responding in age to the sandstones of Artinsk, or to the beds of Nebraska city. PREFACE. V Regarding the beds still lower in position but very few indications as to their real age have come to light from the study of the fossils. I have tried to make it probable from the relations of the forms contained in the Neobolus-beds that these also were of carboniferous age ; but this view was only reluctantly accepted, and from time to time objections were made against such a supposition. I should not have been able to bring forward any new views in the matter were it not that my friend Dr. H. Warth has recently made some discoveries in the Salt-range, placing the whole question in a new light. Some time ago in the Salt-range he detected in glacial deposits, in- cluded by Mr. Wynne in his "Olive Group," roundish nodules containing a rich fauna. I have given a preliminary notice of these contents in the Records, Geological Survey of India for last year, when I came to the con- clusion that the species were partly identical with some fossils of the Aus- tralian carboniferous beds, and that they indicated with great probability a carboniferous age for the beds of the Salt-range in which they were found. Moreover, I brought the glacial deposit in which these nodules had been found into connection with other glacial deposits, which were not of rare occurrence in the Salt-range, and which generally were met with on the horizon of the speckled sandstone, and I arrived at the suggestion that both were of about the same geological age. All these suggestions were strongly and with some animosity objected to by Mr. R. D. Oldham, and the further conclusions I had drawn from all this were treated by him with contempt. In the meantime, Dr. Warth continued his investigations with much success, and in a paper printed in the Records, 1887, part 2, page 117, he published the results of his new studies. What I had anticipated about two years ago, that the Conularice, when they were present in the Western Salt-range, could only be found there in the speckled sandstone (Wynne), has been fully proved now. Dr. Warth has traced the Conu- laria-bed into the Nila Wan, where he found the boulder-bed with Conu- larice underlying the sandstones of the lower Productus-limestone, which there make their first appearance. The boulder-bed itself has its position at the base of the speckled sandstone. Dr. Warth, therefore, does not hesitate to place the boulder-bed of the Olive series and that of the speckled sandstone on the same horizon and to correlate with these the remaining boulder-beds of the Salt-range, all which he brings under the heading "crystalline boulder series" — a VI PEEFACE. proceeding which I consider most appropriate. With this, it seems to me, a definite proof is now attained, that the speckled sandstone for its whole extent, or, as I perhaps should rather say, the crystalline boulder series, is of the age of the upper coal-measures. Though this is a discovery of great importance in many respects, for which science will be greatly indebted to Dr. Warth, yet the question of the exact age of the Neobolus-beds has not yet been brought to a defini- tive solution by it. Nevertheless, it cannot be denied, that this discovery has at least a certain bearing upon that question. Up to the present it has always been possible for those, who did not wish to accept my views in this respect, to pronounce the speckled sandstones as an equivalent of the lower carboniferous, wherewith it would have been necessary to declare the lower following beds as older than carboniferous, and I must confess, that, though such a view would have hurt my palseontologieal feelings very much, I should not have been in a position to oppose it on very strong material grounds. Now, after Dr. Warth's discovery, it is impossible to make such a stand. The crystalline boulder series is proved to be of upper carboniferous age ! The rock-groups, which follow below are the (1) Pseudomorphic Salt- crystal Zone, (2) Magnesian sandstone, (3) Neobolus-beds. Of these the two latter are so intimately connected, that they can only be considered as forming subdivisions of one and the same horizon, and the first is of rather local occurrence, and has been formed under quite peculiar circum- stances. Of the three the Neobolus-bed is the only one which is found to occur regularly over large tracts of country, the other two are more or less developed only locally, and must be taken as constituting only a local in- crease in thickness of the Neobolus-bed. This increase was brought about, as has been stated by me already on a former occasion, probably by the formation of dunes and back-waters at the mouth of a large river, which entered the sea in carboniferous times, coming from the south-east or south, somewhere in the region which is now occupied by the Eastern Salt-range. If such was the case the three must be considered as forming one compact inseparable group. We can fairly say this group follows immediately below upper carboniferous beds, and must thus be of lower carboniferous age. I cannot see anything unreasonable in these deduc* tions ; and among all possibilities these seem to me again and again the most probable ones. The pakeontological facts are decidedly in opposition PREFACE. Vll to the view of these beds being silurian, not a single species or even genus being identical ; and the geological facts, without straining them in any way, can be interpreted so as to let these beds appear as of carboniferous age. Thus, as long as no direct proofs can be adduced, that these beds are really older than carboniferous, I consider myself justified in retaining my view, expressed already a long time ago. After all that has been said, the name " Productus-limestone " can now as well be applied to the whole series as in the beginning of the work. The term must now be considered as a synonym of " Carboniferous " in the widest sense, if one considers the Permian as nothing but a sub- division of the carboniferous, as Bunter Musche kalk is a subdivision of the Trias. With this I take leave of the public in expressing the hope that it may fall to my lot later on to treat more in detail of the more recent fauna of the Salt-range. Prof. Dr. W. WAAGEN, Oberbergraih. Prague, May 1887. IX SALT-RANGE FOSSILS. Series XIII. Vol. I.— PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE FOSSILS. Text. With 32 Photozincograjphs.' Part I CO) ataining pages 1 to 72 published 23rd May 1879. „ II 31 a 73 to 183 « 4th June 1880. „ HI 11 a 185 to 328 i) 28th September 1881. „ IV fas. 1 11 !■> 329 to 390 » 22nd December 1882. 11 11 11 2 11 » 391 to 546 it 30th August 1883. 11 91 11 3 >» 11 547 to 610 » 1st May 1884. 11 11 11 4 11 » 611 to 728 t> 10th December 1884. 11 11 11 5 11 1} 729 to 770 a 2nd July 1885. „ v 11 » 771 to 834 » 1st October 1885. „ VI 11 11 835 to 924 « 10th December 1886. „ VII 1) 11 925 to 998 >» February 1888. 21 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS. Series Xm. Vol. I.— PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE FOSSILS. Plates. Part I containing Platss I to VI published 23rd May 1879 ,. II „ VII to XVI a 4th June 1880 „III >» XVII to XXIV tt 28th Sept. 1881 » iv fas. 1 » XXV to XXVIII H 22nd Dec. 1882 » J9 „ 2 » XXIX to XLIX w 30th Aug. 1883 it » „ 3 « „ L to LVII a 1st May 1884 a a «.* „ LVIII to LXXXI it JOth Dec. 1884 a » „ 5 » „ LXXXII to LXXXVI it 2nd July 1885 „ v » „ LXXXVII to XCVI tt 1st Oct. 1885 „ VI „ XCVII to CXVI tt 10th Dec. 1886 »vn t] CXVII to CXXVIII 1) Feb. 1888 xi n LIST OF PHOTOZINCOGRAPHS. (In Text.) PAGE Fig. 1. -j j Uncinulus posterus, Waagen ,...,..,... 428 3. Camerophoria humbletonensis, Howse ...... ..... 440 4. Camerophoria piDguis, Waagen ......... , 442 5. Spirigerella derbyi, Waagen ............ 455 6. Spirigerella grandis, Waagen ......... . . 463 7. Eumetria grandicosta, Waagen ........ ... 488 8. Unoinella indica, Waagen . . 494 9. Martiniopsis inflata, Waagen ..... 525 10. Surface sculpturing of Martiniopsis subpentagonaliii, Waagen ...... 527 11. Surface sculpturing of Martinia glabra ....... . . 529 12. Eeticularia indica, Waagen ............ 543 13. Enteletes kayseri, Waagen . ........... 553 14. Enteletes lsevissimus, Waagen ...... ....... 555 15. Streptorhyncus deltoideus, Waagen ........... 585 16. Chonetes strophomenoides, Waagen ........... 628 17. Chonetes compressa, Waagen . 630 1 8. Stropbalosia horrescens, Vern. ............ 643 19. Strophalosia indica, Waagen ............. 649 20. Chonetella nasuta, Waagen 657 21. Productus lineatus, Waagen 673 22. Productus semireticulatus, Mart. 680 23. Marginifera typica, Waagen 718 24. Bichthofenia lawrenciana, Kon. ............ 738 25. Hyolithes wynnei, Waagen 781 26. Michelinia abicbi, Waagen & Wentzel ........... 850 27. Micbelinia placenta, Waagen & Wentzel 852 28. Schematic figures of intermural gemmation of a Monticuliporid ; tangential sections . . . 861 29. Schematic figures'showing intermural gemmation of a Monticuliporid ; longitudinal section . . 861 30. Schematic figures showing fissiparity as occurring in the Monticuliporids ..... 862 31. Monotrypa mastoidea, Waagen & Wentzel 877 32 Orbipora ambiensis, Waagen & Wentzel .......... 879 33. Ehombopora obliqua, Waagen . . . . . . . . , . . . 964 34. Ehombopora polyporata, Waagen 965 ERRATA. On page 964, immediately after the wood-cut, read Fig, 33 instead of Fig. 31. On page 965, immediately after the wood-cut, read Fig. 31 instead of Fig. 32. SALT-RANGE FOSSILS, By WILLIAM WAAGEN, Ph.D. I.-PR0DUCTU8-LIMEST0NE FOSSILS. I.— PISCES— CEPHALOPODA. INTRODUCTION. The Salt-range is one of those parts of India which, have already long since attracted the attention of palaeontologists, on account of the great number of fossils which are known to exist there. In a country like India where marine deposits are the exception, and most localities exhibit only a series of beds more or less void of animal remains, the few exceptional places, like the central Himalaya, the Salt-range, Kachh or Trichinopoly, where remains of marine mollusks abound, are of double interest, as they alone can furnish a clue to a right understanding of the geological history of so large a tract of land as India is. It cannot be denied, that the Salt-range, on the whole, is not so rich in organic remains as is, for instance, the Trichinopoly district, but there is another factor which attaches even a greater interest to the Salt-range series from a geological point of view ; this is, the representation there of a large number of different formations which form a continuous series, and which thus represent together a by far more extensive period of the earth's history than is to be found united in any other country of India except in the north-western Himalaya. The geological evidence hitherto published as to the occurrence of such a series of formations has been tolerably completely recorded and discussed in Wynne's report1; thepalteontological evidence, on the other hand, is much more scanty, and from a palaeontological point of view, only four different formations had previously been fixed in the Salt-range : one palaeozoic formation, containing several carboniferous species mixed up with a number of forms hitherto attributed to much younger formations ; one Jurassic formation, indicated solely by the description by Professor Oppel of Bel. gerardi and an Ammonite allied to Stephanoceras macrocephalum from Kalabagh ; one nummulitic formation, from which d'Archiac and Haime described a number of 1 Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India, Vol. XIV. 2 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS. species; and a younger tertiary formation, as fixed by the description of fossil mammals by the late Dr. Falconer and recently by Mr. Lydekker. As this volume is designed only for the description of the fossils up to the base of the nummu- litic formation, I have to treat here only of the older deposits, and for these the palseontological evidence showed previously only two formations, with a large break between them. Though by the present work this gap will be filled up to a great extent, yet it will be seen that the continuity of the series of formations, as proved by the geological investigations, is not so evident from palaeontological facts, as many unfossiliferous beds intervene, which cause a break in the palseontological series. But even in the case where f ossiferous beds follow each other in perfect geological continuity, a very decided break in the forms is sometimes observable, whereby very distinct boundary lines between formations are marked off. There are two principal boundary lines which will scarcely escape any observer travelling along the barren valleys of the range, and keeping his eyes open to ihe palaeontological conditions of the strata of which the range is composed ; they are the limit between the Productus-limestone and the ceratite beds, and that between the latter and the newer mesozoic formations. There are only very few genera crossing these limits and extending from the lower formation into the higher, and therefore the boundary lines between those formations mark large stages in the development of life in the country under consideration. If we take a look at the table of formations as drawn up by Wynne in his report on the Salt-range 1, we find that he distinguishes a great number, ranging from lower silurian or cambrian up to the most recent deposits. There is certainly no harm in distinguishing all these formations, and the map can only gain in value by the delineation of so many sub-divisions ; but there may be some question as to the general value of these divisions in comparison with the table of formations commonly adopted in science, and as to the propriety of treating these local divisions as real formations, equal in importance to "silurian, devonian," &c, used so exten- sively in European geology. There is certainly no doubt that the presence or absence of fossils cannot be used as a criterion to mark off the boundaries between two formations ; neither is the change in the lithological character of single beds of such a fundamental importance as to warrant the distinction of formations from this character alone ; nor is the thickness of the beds, especially if they consist of sandstone or other clastic materials, at all a clue to the right understanding of the question of what ought to be considered as separate formations ; and thus it is quite possible that several of Wynne's " formations" may simply be sub-divisions of one or the other " form- ation" as such are known to exist in Europe and elsewhere. The principal reason in favour of such a supposition would be, that the only criterion upon which the separation of formations within series of unfossiliferous rocks can be based, viz., total unconformity at certain places, is absolutely wanting in the Salt-range. ' l. c, p. 69. INTRODUCTION. This question, however, can only he solved hy means of the organic remains in concert with the stratigraphical and lithological facts ; and for the present, until the fossils shall have been worked out in detail, it will be practicable to establish three extensive series, which are well distinguished by the organic remains they include, and each of which will be treated of separately in the following work. These are : one lower series, the most conspicuous member of which palseontologically is the " Productus-limestone" ; one middle series, not very thick, and little conspic- uous in the general features of the range, but highly interesting from a palgeonto- logical point of view, entirely singular in its fossil fauna, and resting on the lower series without the intercalation of transitional beds ; one upper series, very variable in its composition, never very rich in fossils, and -very difficult to study. The top beds of this series pass without interruption into the nummulitic strata above, in such a manner, that it seems barely possible to indicate exactly the boundary between this latter formation and the older deposits.1 The series here adopted will include the following divisions of Wynne's table. Mem. G-. S. I., vol. XIV, p. 69 :— Upper series c 10. Olive series I 9. Variegated group ... Cretaceous (Newer mesozoic formations). ... Jurassic Middle series (Ceratite beds). < 7. Ceratite beds ... ( 6. Lower limestone of Salt-range ... Trias ... Carboniferous Lower series J 5. Speckled sandstone 1 4. Magnesian sandstone ... ? (Productus-limestone). ... P (. 3. Obolus or Siphonotreta beds — Silurian 2. Purple standstone -. ? 1 Saline series ,.. P •of Wynne. The two lowest divisions of "Wynne's I do not include in my lower series, as they have hitherto been found perfectly void of organic remains. The attention of the reader must, however, be called to a point which requires some caution : the parallelism of the large series, which have been distinguished at present by me for practical purposes, with Mr. Wynne's sub-divisions, is to be under- stood as correct in a general way ; but in the detail of the sections published in Wynne's Memoir, the single beds as grouped under his headings are not always rightly placed, though the sections are partly my own. Owing to the unfortunate circumstance of my illness and absence, the Salt-range report had to be published independently, and some sections taken down and measured by me have been arranged by Mr. Wynne in a manner differing materially from the classification that I adopt. I propose therefore to republish in the concluding chapters of this work my sections as I have taken them down in the field, and then to draw from them the 1 Among the uppermost beds composing this series, there occur the beds containing Terebr. (WaldheimiaJ flemingi, Dav., which had been considered by Fleming and Wynne carboniferous, but which were already suspected by Davidson to be newer, a view confirmed afterwards on the ground, and pointed out to Mr. Wynne by me. 4 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS. conclusions as to the development of the several formations at different localities in the Salt-range. From what I have said on the foregoing pages, it will appear that this work on the Salt-range fossils can very conveniently be divided into several parts, if we take the natural boundaries of the faunas in time as the base for such a division ; and in this manner the work will gain in practical value for the geologist, for whom it is designed in the first place. I therefore propose to divide the present work into four parts, which I shall designate as follows : — Part I. Fossils from the Productus-limestone. „ II. Fossils from the Ceratite beds. „ III. Fossils from the Newer Mesozoic formations. „ IV. General conclusions. Before concluding these introductory notes, one pleasant duty is yet left to me, to express my most sincere thanks to all the scientific bodies and men of science who have aided me in undertaking the present work. First, and above all, I have to offer my most sincere gratitude to His Excellency Lord Lytton, who of his own accord, with his well-known interest for scientific and literary endeavours, turned bis attention to the execution of this work, and through his kind influence I am now in a position to continue, without the disturbing anxieties of pecuniary wants, the labours I had begun in sorrow and difficulties. Before this arrangement had been effected, it was a great boon to me that some scientific bodies had taken an interest in the work, and in this respect I have to mention before all the Royal Society of London, who made me a grant of £50, and the London Geological Society, who awarded me the proceeds of the Lyell Geological Fund, and sent me all the materials from the Salt-range in their possession for comparison and description. Here in Vienna I owe the greatest thanks to the Imperial Geological Institute, whose Director, Hofrath Ritter von Hauer, put a separate room in the Geological Institute buildings at my disposal, as my special office, and for the safe keeping of the valuable materials in my hands ; the Director General and officers of the Imperial Mineralogical Museum of Vienna aided me in many ways, by the loan of books and by furnishing me with materials for comparison. But also many private gentlemen in England, Austria, Germany, France and Russia have given me their lively support by the communication of books, advice, and in many other ways. In this respect I mention in the first place with the utmost gratitude Dr. T. Oldham, who has passed away from us recently, but whose memory will five in science for ever for all that he has done during his long tenure of office in India to promote scientific enquiries in that country, and to aid every scientific endeavour to the utmost of his power. To me he has always been the truest of friends. Next to him I owe the greatest thanks to Mr. H. B. Medlicott, Dr. Oldham's successor, who not only procured the permission of Government to have the materials sent to me, but has also undertaken the unpleasant task of INTEODUCTION. 5 reading the manuscript, correcting the proofs, and editing the whole work. Of other names I may be allowed to mention — W. T. Blanford of the Geological Survey of India. Prof. Joseph Prestwich of Oxford. Jules Marcou, Salins, France. Prof. E. Suess ... ■) Prof. M. Neumayr ... j University, Vienna. Oberbergrath D. Stur ..."" Oberbergrath G. Stache -d +1, -\t • • • r Austrian Geological Institute. Bergrath von Mojsisovics ,' ° Dr. E. Tietze ... j Th. Fuchs ... •••lof the Imperial Mineralogical T. Karrer ... ... j Museum, Vienna. Director von Steindachner of the Imperial Zoological Museum, Vienna. Joachim Barrande of Prague. Prof. O. Praas in Stuttgardt. Prof. P. v. Eichthofen, Berlin. Geheimrath Prof. P. Boemer, Breslau. Staatsrath H. Abich of Tiflis, now in Vienna. Prof. Valerin v. Moeller of St. Petersburg. Prof. L. de Koninck, University, Liege. SALT-RANGE FOSSILS. PART I. FOSSILS FROM THE PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE. The lower series of rocks composing the Salt-range has been divided by Wynne in the following groups : — Paleozoic. 6. Lower limestone of Salt-range (Carboniferous.) 5. Speckled sandstone 4. Magnesian sandstone 3. Obolus or Siphonotreta beds (Silurian.) 2. Purple sandstone Diorite (?) and ash (Eruptive.) 1. Saline series ... Gray and magnesian limestone, calcareous sandstone and argillaceous beds, numerous Producti, Sjpiri- feri, Sellerojohontes, Goniatites and many other fossils Speckled reddish and white sandstone, red and lavender clay ... ... Light-coloured magnesian sandstone, dolomite-sand- stone and shales Black shales with glauconitic calcareous layers and sandy bands, Obolus or Siphonotreta Deep purple sandstones A few exposures connected with the salt-marl close up to base of No. 2 Bright scarlet gypseous marls, with thick beds of rock-salt, gypsum, thin dolomitic layers Thickness. Feet. 300 to 500 250 to 450 150 to 250 30 to 150 250 to 450 Lenticular. 800 to 1,500 Total unknown. As appears from this table, Wynne considered the different divisions distinguished as equivalent to the formations from silurian to carboniferous, that is to say, as equivalent to the whole palaeozoic series, as it has been defined in Europe and elsewhere. In thus assigning an age to his sub-divisions, he relies chiefly on the organic remains ; but it still remains to be demonstrated, whether the organic remains justify such a homotaxis, and that will only be apparent at the close of the present work. The deposit, which gives most promise of a definitive solution of this question, is the " Productus-limestone," as it abounds in organic remains, and we must start from this member of the series" if we want to ascertain how far the preceding deposits might be considered rightly as separate formations. It has been one of the chief objects of my investigations in the Salt-range to settle the questions about the vertical range of the single fossil species, as this alone PRODUCTS S-LIMESTONE FOSSILS. 7 might furnish data for the right understanding of the value of the single divisions, and for this sole purpose I have measured those detailed sections published by "Wynne, and have collected the contents of each single bed separately. I there- fore am in a position to indicate the exact geological horizon of each single speci- men collected by me, and I can vouch for every indication in this direction in the following work. If we study with some attention the sections published in Wynne's report, it is not very difficult to come to the conclusion, that within that division of rocks called by Wynne and previous writers " carboniferous," and which I designate for the present as " Productus-limestone," three groups can easily be distinguished as conspicuous in most sections, but which are not all three developed everywhere. If we begin at the western end of the range and proceed towards the east, we find the first traces of Productus-limestone in the Lun valley, west of the Indus, where a huge mass of limestone, accompanied by a bed of conglomerate, sticks out in a vertical position in the middle of the valley. Possils are very scarce in this lime- stone, and thus its exact position within the series could not be ascertained. Regular sections through the different beds composing the Productus-lime- stone are first observed about Khyrabad, and from this point towards the east I have measured many sections as far as the Nilwan, to the east of which the fossi- liferous beds of the group have disappeared. The best and most extensive sections are to be met with in that part of the range called by Wynne the " Son Plateau," and in these sections everywhere the three sub-divisions of the Productus-limestone are easily observed : a brownish-yellow sandy calcareous, partly dolomitic series, about 100 to 200 feet in thickness, often, however, very much less, forming the upper sub-division ; a light gray thoroughly calcareous series, mostly limestones in very thick beds, partly silicious, and as much as 400 feet in thickness, forming the middle sub-division ; and lastly a sandy, light gray or dark carbonaceous series, never very thick, forming the lower sub-division. Further eastwards, however, the upper sub-division already disappears a short distance east of Khund-ghat ; the last traces of the middle division are met with to the north of Katta ; and in the Nilwan ravine the last remnants of the fossiliferous beds of the lower division are lost among the sandstones which have been designated by Wynne as the " speckled sandstone group." Even in the most typical sections the lower boundary of the Productus- limestone is by no means beyond doubt. There exists a perfect transition from the fossiliferous sandstones to the unf ossilif erous lavender clays ; the whole lower sub- division is locally sometimes replaced by unf ossiliferous sandstone, and lavender clays appear sometimes above the fossiliferous beds, thus unquestionably indicating the close connection in which the "speckled sandstone group" stands to the lower sub- division of the Productus-limestone. If we therefore wish to retain Wynne's group No. 5, it will be by far more natural to class the lower sub-division of the Produc- tus limestone with this speckled sandstone group, and to draw the boundary line 8 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS. between groups Nos. 5 and 6 at the base of tbe compact limestone, the latter being the most conspicuous member of group No. 6. It seems therefore more than likely that Wynne's "speckled sandstone group" is not to be considered as a separate formation, but forms only a sub-division of the same formation to which the " Productus-limestone" belongs. Very likely the same fate is in store for his " Magnesian sandstone," which in its western extension is so closely connected with group No. 5 that a separation seems barely practicable, although such separation is yery markedly drawn in the diagrammatic section figured in Plate IX, p. 69. It is only further towards the east that this group attains any distinctiye characters, which justify its separation on petrological grounds as a conspicuous member of the series of rocks exposed in the Salt-range. But this alone is barely sufficient to separate the group as a distinct formation from the rocks to the west, which seem more or less to pass horizontally into the magnesian sandstone. The next lower member in the series, the " Obolus" beds of Wynne, is again so closely connected with the one above it, that even Wynne admits that they might be treated as members of one and the same formation. A by far more marked break in the continuity of the rocks, than has been in- dicated by any of the boundary lines down to the division last mentioned, exists between this latter and the " Purple sandstone" of Wynne. This purple sandstone and the " Saline series" together may rightly be placed in opposition to all the overlying strata, from the " Productus-limestone" downwards. There can be but little doubt that the " Purple sandstone" must be considered only as a sub-division of the same formation to which the " Saline series" belongs ; and thus, following up the clue afforded by the stratigraphical relations, we are enabled to divide the palaeozoic rocks of the Salt-range into two series, about equal in importance, and even about equal in thickness, as, according to Wynne's indica- tions, the upper one ranges from 730 to 1,3.50 feet, the lower one (so far as exposed) from 1,050 to 1,050 feet, in thickness. Only the upper of the two series is fossiliferous, and the species contained therein will be treated of on the following pages. I may be justified, from what has been said, in including all the beds from group No. 6 down to No. 3 under a common heading, for which I have chosen the most conspicouus member of the whole series the Productus-limestone. Of sub-divisions or groups within this series I shall retain and use in the description of the fossils the following :— 1. Upper Productus-limestone. 2. Middle Productus-limestone. 3. Lower Productus-limestone and speckled sandstone. 4. Magnesian sandstone. 5. Dark shaly beds below the Magnesian sandstone. How far these sub -divisions may correspond to one or several of the formations as they have been distinguished in Europe, will only be apparent at the end of this work. PRO DUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— PISCES. DESCRIPTION OF FOSSILS. Sub-Kingdom : VERTEBRATA. Class: PISCES. Sub-Class : PAL.EICHTHYES. Order: GANOIDEI. Pamily: SAUBOIDII. Genus: SIGMODUS, Waagen. There is one single tooth preserved among the materials from the Salt-range which has puzzled me very much, and the determination of which is even now not very satisfactory. The tooth is figured PL I, fig. 7, and from its general appearance, if it had been found in mesozoic strata, nobody, I think, would have hesitated to attribute it to some large Saurian Reptile. The case is, however, different here, as the fossil has been discovered in undoubtedly palaeozoic deposits, and thus the general appearance must be distrusted, and upon closer examination some char- acters are detected which seem to point to the supposition that this tooth is not a Reptile's, but that of a Pish. If we look up the remains of Ganoid fishes (the teeth of the Selachii or Dipnoi are out of the question) which have been hitherto described, the three genera which bear most resemblance to the fossil under consideration are : Cricodus and Lamnodus, Agassiz, from the Old-red-sandstone, and Centrodus, McCoy, from the carboniferous limestone. All three have in the first place a simple, undivided pulp cavity; besides this, the first bears many longitudinal ridges, the second has a more or less cutting edge with sharp lateral ridges and many inter- mediate ones near the base ; the third has none at all ; the first two have got no distinct enamel layer, the third has. If we compare now our tooth with these three, we find that it is clearly distinct, specifically and generically, from them, and thus we must consider our fossil as belonging to a new genus, which we may define in the following manner : Tooth large, somewhat sigmoidal, with a tolerably large pulp cavity. Surface smooth, only in some places a fine striation visible with the lens, two sharp lateral ridges extend from the apex down to the middle of the tooth. A distinct enamel layer absent or very thin, except possibly along the lateral ridges, which are some- what transparent. The genus is distinguished from Cricodus by the absence of many longitudinal ridges, from Lamnodus by the want of those ridges near the base, and from Centrodus by the absence of a distinct enamel layer, by the smaller pulp cavity, and the two lateral ridges. 10 SALT RANGE FOSSILS. The dimensions of the tooth are so very large, that it must be supposed to be a laniary tooth, and that the fish, like Bhizodus, possessed some of these in each jaw, interposed between many smaller teeth of common size. Though the general appearance of the tooth in question may tend to show that it came from some Saurian Reptile, yet the nearly entire absence of a distinct enamel layer covering the surface of the tooth goes far to prove that it was to a fish that this tooth originally belonged. 1. — Sigmodus DUBius, Waagen, n. sp. PI. I, fig. 7. The general form of the single tooth which exists of this species is elongately conoidal, gradually tapering towards the apex, which in the specimen is not sharply pointed, but slightly worn or broken off. It is curved backwards below, and again slightly in front at the apex, so as to give the tooth a slightly sigmoidal curvature. The whole surface is covered with a shining layer of ganoine, which shows in cer- tain places under the lens a fine longitudinal striation. Towards the apex there appears on each side of the tooth a sharp ridge, which commences a little below the middle of the tooth and is most developed near the apex. The pulp cavity is not very large, only reaching about halfway up the tooth, forming a somewhat eccentric cone. The section of the tooth is not entirely round, but somewhat compressed from front to back, so as to cause the lateral parts of the tooth to project further. As there was only one specimen at disposal, it was not possible to make a micro- scopical section across the whole tooth ; and only splinters taken off from different parts of the fossil could be used for that purpose ; but even these were sufficient to show that the structure of the tooth was very simple. The transverse section (PL I, fig. 7e, magnified 240 times) exhibits very numerous dentine tubes closely packed together, radiating in straight lines from the centre of the tooth ; in the longi- tudinal section (PI. I, fig. 7/, also magnified 240 times) those dentine tubes also are visible ; they pass very slightly undulating from the centre of the tooth towards the surface, in a somewhat ascending way, and reach near the surface a clear trans- parent layer, at which they are suddenly turned up, forming thus very likely minute calcigerous cells. The clear layer must probably be considered as consist- ing of ganoine, it includes a great number of black bodies, which might be hollows (calcigerous cells ?), or might also be a product of fossilization. Beyond this layer there seems to be in some places also a very slight indication of a thin coating of glassy enamel, which is, however, nowhere sufficiently distinct. The dimensions of the tooth are as follows : — Length of the tooth (ahout 2 mm. at apex being broken off) . . . . 30 mm. „ of the pulp cavity about .......... 14 Thickness at base from front to back ;q at base from side to side ......... » 13 p a little below the apex of pulp cavity from front to back .... 8 „ „ „ from side to side 10 1 mm. below the apex from front to back ... ... 4 „ from side to side 5-5 PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— PISCES. 11 Locality and geological position. — On page 145 of his report, "Wynne mentions some small broken fish teeth, out of the magnesian sandstone of Chel hill (eastern Salt-range). These are the only organic remains which have been detected in the course of the survey in this particular division of rocks, and it is, therefore, of great importance to state anything in connection with them. When I was looking for the first time through the collection of Salt-range fossils, I paid particular attention to these teeth, and found after some search a piece of a dark sandstone which con- tained apparently a small pointed tooth in a rather unsatisfactory state of preserva- tion, a label of blue paper attached to it calling particular attention to this piece, as being of special interest. It came from the magnesian sandstone of Chel hill. In examining the specimen more closely, I found that the apparently small fish tooth was only the upper portion of a large tooth which was entirely covered up by the rock, and in following up the fossil I succeeded at last with great care and labour to set free from the adhering rock the whole tooth above described. Thus, I think, there cannot be any doubt that the tooth just described under the designation of Sigmodus dubius is one and the same as the small fish tooth mentioned by Mr. Wynne. On the other hand, it is only natural that Mr. Wynne, in subsequently go- ing through the Salt-range fossils, did not recognise again his specimen in the entire- ly changed condition in which he found it ; this may probably account for his attach- ing a new ticket to the specimen, stating that there must have been a miscarriage of labels. After the foregoing statement, however, of the facts, there can remain, I think, no doubt, that this tooth is in reality the one which was found by Mr. Wynne in the magnesian sandstone (group No. 4 of my table, p. 8) of Chel hill. Bemarks. — This remarkable tooth is so far different from all the fish teeth hither- to described that it seems not to be necessary to give any distinctive characters. It would be far more difficult to distinguish it from the teeth of some mesozoic Saurian Reptiles. Only the absence or excessive thinness of the covering enamel layer seems to indicate a fundamental difference. Order: DIPNOI. Pamily: COCELIODONTIB^!. Genus : POECILODUS, Agassiz. It is not without doubt that I introduce this genus here, as the tooth which I have to describe, though showing many characters of Poecilodus, yet is somewhat extreme in their development, and thus might possibly better be considered as a separate genus. However, the single tooth which has been obtained seems not suffi- cient to found a new genus upon, and thus it is better to retain this form in the old genus. 12 SALT-RANGE EOSSILS. The position of the genus in the order Dipnoi seems not to be beyond doubt, but its general relations seem to point in this direction, and thus I have placed it here.1 1. Poecilodtjs pabadoxtjs, "Waagen, n. sp. PI. I, fig. 1. The general form of the single tooth we possess of this species is elongate, rectangular, with parallel sides, the upper surface in appearance very different from the lower. The whole length of the tooth is not preserved, and there is no means of knowing how long it may have been. The surface, which I consider to be the lower one, is smooth, moderately rounded, with slight depressions along both margins. At the well preserved end there is a conical protuberance, which has, however, been broken off in cleaning the tooth from the adhering rock, but which is indicated in fig. 1 c by a dotted line. The whole surface is finely punctured. The other surface shows the characteristic sculpture of Poecilodus in a very exaggerated manner. There are several high, thick, step-like ridges crossing the tooth in, an oblique direction. They are low and sharp, and form an arch on the unbroken margin of the tooth, but become gradually higher towards the middle of its length. The crest of these ridges is very unequal in height, and from this they appear somewhat coarsely serrated. In the depths of the furrows, which separate the ridges, there are slight grooves, arranged in a row along each furrow. The sur- face of the ridges is also punctured. The most remarkable feature of the tooth is its internal structure. In its middle there is an elongated body of calcigerous cells, very irregularly distributed. This' is circumscribed all round towards the surface by a row of larger cells, which are heaped together, and thus form a very distinct line of separation towards the outer layer of the tooth. This outer layer consists all round of very numerous dentine tubes, which originate from the cells and terminate on the surface, causing the punctured appearance of the latter as mentioned above. The outer layer is very thin in the grooves between the ridges on the upper surface, but very thick on the lower, and thus I am quite at a loss to say which of the two surfaces of the tooth has been the side of the crown and which the side of the root. I have placed the tooth in the figures as Fcecilodi are generally placed, but I cannot tell if thia position is right, and if it should not be reversed. The dimensions of the specimen are as follows : — mm. Length of the tooth from preserved margin to the fracture ...... 28 Breadth of the tooth at preserved end 20 „ „ „ at fracture .......... 19 Height of the tooth in the middle , 9.5 1 Prof. Huxley's paper in the Decades of the Geological Survey of Great Britain has been inaccessible to me, as no copy of the " Decades " exists in Vienna. PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— PISCES. 13 Locality and geological position. — The single specimen which is contained in the collection was found by me at Virgal, in a coral limestone, in the upper region of group No. 2. Remarks. — There is no other species of Poecilodus to which our tooth could possibly be compared except Pcec. jonesi, Ag., or P. foveolatus, McCoy, of the car- boniferous limestone of Armagh. However, both the species mentioned have the projecting ridges on the surface much more obliquely arranged, and are thus easily distinguishable. In this respect P. paradoxus resembles even more a JElimaxodtis than a Pcecilodus. Order: SELACHII. Eamily: CESTRACIONTES. Genus : HELODOPSIS, Waagen, n. g. This genus in its general appearance very much resembles Ilelodus, which genus has been established by Agassiz for teeth of which the enamelled portion is more or less elongated, and bears in the middle a conical protuberance. The teeth of the genus here proposed differ, however, in several important points from this diag- nosis, and may be described as follows : — Teeth in several rows in both jaws, each tooth transversely elongated, more or less rectangular, and consisting of two very distinct portions, one hard, shining, enamelled portion, the crown, and one osseous portion, the root. The crown is more or -less saddle-shaped, with a slight depression in the middle, a very slight elevation on the external margin of the tooth, and a very strong broadly elevated part on the inner margin. The external part of the tooth is often very short, and then the whole tooth seems to consist only of a broadly rounded elongated callosity, surrounded on its external side by a flattened margin. The whole surface of the crown is covered by a tine punctation, as is the case in all Psammodontidce, caused by the termination on the surface of the very numerous dentine tubes which traverse the substance of the crown in a radiating direction. The root is about as large as the crown portion of the tooth, but is not often well preserved, and there is only one specimen in which it is nearly entire. Erom this specimen it is apparent, that the root does not lie vertically under the crown, but is inclined backwards, so as to project largely from under the crown on the posterior margin of the tooth ; Avhilst on the anterior margin a part of the crown projects largely above the retracted part of the root. There is created thus on the anterior margin of the tooth a deep hollow, in which a number of transverse grooves can be observed, separated by low, somewhat irregular ridges. On the projecting back part of the root, on the contrary, there are ten or more high elevated trans- verse ridges, separated by deep furrows, commencing at the margin of the crown and terminating at the posterior margin of the root. U SALT-RANGE FOSSILS. Erom these peculiarities it becomes apparent that in each jaw stood several teeth, or several rows of teeth, articulating with each other by their roots in such a manner that the projecting parts of the roots of each row of teeth fitted into the grooves of the next row behind, the teeth thus covering each other partly like the scales of a fish. Erom this description it may easily be gathered, that the genus under consi- deration differs from the old genus Helodus in several important points, the most conspicuous of which is perhaps that the highest part of the tooth is not in the middle of the crown, but at the internal margin, and that the root is of a quite peculiar form. Other genera are still far less allied to the teeth just described. 1. Helodopsis elongata, "Waagen, n. sp. PL I, figs. 3, 4. This species is not very rare in the Productus-limestone of the Salt-range, and though the single teeth vary greatly as to size, yet in their general form they are all much alike. The general form of the teeth is somewhat trapezoidal, with a high elongated callosity placed transversely upon the tooth on the inner margin, and with a narrower flattened external part, again slightly elevated towards the external margin in some of the smaller specimens. This flattened part is about equal in length to the breadth of the callosity. The anterior and posterior margins converge towards the outer end of the tooth, and thus the tooth seen from above is broadest at the elevated callous inner extremity and tapering gradually thence towards the outer flatter end. The whole surface of the crown, which is very sharply defined towards the root, is covered by a fine punctation. The root part in all the specimens of this species is more or less broken away ; in most of them, however, the deep hollow is still observable, which was destined to contain the projecting ribbed part of the root of the tooth next in front, and which extends below the anterior margin of the crown. The dimensions of two specimens are as follows : — i. n. mm. mm. Entire length of tooth 19 ig Breadth of tooth at the callous inner end ... 20 13 ,, „ at the flattened outer end . . . 13-5 9 Height of tooth at the inner callosity . . , . 11 6 „ „ at the outer end ..... 6 6 „ „ in the middle 6 4-5 The measurements here given do not, however, indicate the maximum size the ,eeth can attain. There are fragments in the collection, consisting only of part of the callous extremity and measuring from back to front about 30 mm. in diameter indicating thus a tooth of about that length. PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— PISCES. 15 Locality and geological position. — There are altogether four teeth of this species in the Salt-range collection, two of which are tolerably well preserved. One of them was collected by Mr. Wynne at Khund Ghat together with a great many other fossils in the beds of group No. 1 (see p. 8) ; another specimen was found by myself west of Khura (Khoora) at the base of the same group; two frag- mentary specimens were collected by me at Jabi, in the same bed with the Cephalopoda formerly described by me from that locality. Erom this it appears that the species is restricted to the upper division of the Productus-limestone, or to group No. 1 of the list of sub-divisions (see p. 8). Remarks. — This species can only be compared to some specimens of Helodus planus, Ag., which, however, are never as inflated as the Salt-range specimens, and never have so developed a root ; the latter peculiarity distinguishes Helodopsis elongata from all the species of Helodus. A species which also bears some resemblance to the one just described is Psam- modus angustus, Promanowsky, and indeed, from its general form, it appears most likely that this must be considered as a Helodopsis. From H. elongata it can be distinguished by the narrower and more regularly rectangular form of the teeth. JPsammodus angustus was described originally from the upper carboniferous lime- stone of Miatchkowa near Moscow. 2. Helodopsis abbreviata, Waagen, n. sp. PI. I, fig. 6. There is a tooth preserved in the collection of Salt-range fossils which indicates a second species of Helodopsis, and which I describe under the above name. The general form of the tooth is approximately square, with a broadly rounded, thick, elevated part, covering nearly the whole space of the square, and a narrow flattened margin at the external extremity. Besides this general form, the crown of the tooth shows a very fine punctation, and is very sharply defined from the root part of the tooth, which is very well preserved in this specimen. The root, as mentioned in the description of the genus, is shifted backwards, so as to project behind from under the crown some millimeters, this part of it being covered on its upper surface by high angular vertical ridges, which are separated from each other by deep furrows commencing at the margin of the crown and terminating at the posterior margin of the root. Corresponding to this projecting posterior part of the root, there is on the front part of the tooth a deep hollow, also covered by ridges, which are, however, less high than those on the posterior part. The furrows which separate the narrow ridges are broader, and the whole arrangement of them is as if made from an impression taken from the pro- jecting posterior part of the root. The internal structure of the tooth, as exposed in a fracture by which a part of the elevated callosity is broken off, shows closely arranged dentine tubes travers- 16 . SALT-RANGE FOSSILS. ing the crown in a radiating direction, causing the fine punctation on the surface of it, and a porous spongy texture of the root. The dimensions of the single tooth in the collection are as follows : — mm. Entire length of tooth (approximately) 13 to 14 mm., of which are preserved . . 11 Breadth of tooth at internal extremity 14 „ „ „ at external extremity 11 Height of tooth on the elevated part 7 „ ,. „ on the flattened external part 5'5 Locality and Geological Position. — The single specimen existing of this species was collected by me in the Nilwan ravine, in the lowest beds of the fossiliferous lower strata of the Productus-limestone (bed No. 11 of my section), and must thus be attributed to division No. 3 (p. 8). Remarks. — The species here described is easily distinguishable from the fore- going species, Helodopsis elongata, by the nearly square form of the tooth, and the broadness of the callosity at the inner margin as well as the small develop- ment of the flattened external part. Genus: PSAMMODUS, Agassiz. This genus is very poorly represented among the Salt-range fossils, but as traces of it have been detected among the materials in my hands they must be mentioned. • 1. Psammodtjs, sp. indet. There is a single fragment of a tooth of Psammodus in the collection of Salt- range fossils, which, however, allows of no doubt as to its generic position. The fragment consists of a .piece of the crown, the root being quite broken off. The surface is perfectly smooth, covered by numerous fine pores, as in Psammodus porosus, Ag. ; the internal structure shows numerous dentine tubes radiating to- wards the surface as in other Psammodi. The fragment seems to indicate a tooth of a rather arched surface ; but of the general outline of this tooth nothing definite can be ascertained. Locality and Geological Position. — The fragment was collected by myself at Kafir-kot on the Indus, in the beds of compact limestone composing the middle region of the Productus-limestone, and forming group No. 2 of the series (p. 8). PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— PISCES. 17 Family: PETALODONTID^!. Genus : PETALORHYNCHTJS, Agassiz. This genus is represented among the Salt-range fossils by a single tooth, which is not even in a good state of preservation, but yet it is sufficient to determine with every possible certainty the genus as well as the species. 1. Petaloehtnchtjs indicus, Waagen, n. sp. Plate I, fig. 8. The general form of the single tooth in our possession is oval, higher than broad, convex on the outer, concave on the inner side. The whole extent of the outer or convex side of the tooth is finely granulated, except the upper or crown part, which is very much worn down by use, and presents in the middle a trapezoidal smooth surface, and on both sides triangular parts bearing a fine radiat- ing striation. Erom the lower end of the smooth middle part of the crown extend two low slightly divergent ridges across the whole outer surface of the root end of the tooth. The upper sharp cutting end of the crown has been broken away, and also the root is defective all round. The natural margin of the tooth has been preserved only on both sides, where for a short distance it can be observed. The original length of the tooth may have been 19 mm., of which, however, only 15 mm. are preserved. The structure of the tooth is very well seen at the broken edges ; and it ap- pears that the crown part shows the same numerous radiating dentine tubes, which can be observed also in the Psammodontidcs, etc. ; but the root part has got a very compact texture, and no such tubes can be observed there with the lens. I had, however, no opportunity to make a microscopical section of any part of this tooth, on account of the insufficiency of the existing material, and thus the minor features of the structure of it are unknown to me. The dimensions of the tooth, as far as they can be measured, are as follows : — mm. Whole length of existing fragment (upper and lower ends being broken off) .... 14'5 Entire breadth of the tooth 15'0 Height of the crown part so far as preserved 4-0 „ root part „ „ • . . . 12'0 Greatest thickness of the tooth 3-0 Locality and Geological Position. — The only specimen existing of this species was collected by me at Chidru, in the uppermost division of the Productus lime- stone, group No. 1 of the list (p. 8). Remarks. — The position of the species just described, in the genus Petalorhyn- chus, seems to require some remarks. The principal distinction between the genera. Petalodus and Petalorhynchus seems to be, that in the former the crown, on the whole, is transversely oval, broader than high, and the root, ot that part of the B 18 SALT-EANGE EOSSILS. tooth which is covered up by the following one behind, is not much longer than the crown ; whilst in the latter the crown is generally more pointed, and only one-third or one-half as long as the root. Now, though the cutting margin of the crown is broken off in the tooth here described, and thus the form of that part cannot be ascertained, yet it can easily be seen, that the crown occupied only about one-third of the entire length of the tooth, and from this it seems probable that this tooth must be placed in the genus PetalorJiynchus. As to species, it is not difficult to distinguish this one from all the others as yet described. Though there have been figured a great many species by St. John and Worthen from the coal-measures of Illinois, yet there is none among them which can be compared with our species. More similar appears to be Petalorhynchus sagittatus, McCoy, from the carboniferous limestone of Armagh, especially the specimen fig. 2 bears some resemblance, but this seems to be due also more to the state of preservation of the specimen, it being also an old much worn tooth, than to a specific resemblance. The Indian species can always be easily distinguished by its much broader form in comparison to its length. IQHTSYOD OB ULITHES.} Genus: XYSTEACANTHI7S, Leidy. It is a well known fact that nothing can be more difficult and less reliable than the determination of small fragments of the fin-rays of sharks, when the basal portion, the one inserted in the flesh, is wanting, and nothing remains but a small part of the upper portion without upper or lower end. Nevertheless, these bodies are of sufficient interest to mention even small fragments, if better materials are not procurable, but then the determination of them must be taken for what it is worth, and much stress must not be laid upon the name. In the present case there are three small fragments of fin-rays before me which can be determined only by the peculiarities of the ornamentation they offer, and in this respect no genus can be compared but Xysti 'acanthus, Leidy. As in Xystr. acina- ciformis, St J. and W., the tubercles covering the surface of the ray in lon<ntudinal rows are smooth, with a shining surface, and on the anterior margin there are four rows of larger tubercles in an alternating position, as in Xystr. mirabilis, St. J. and W. Thus it appears to be safest to refer these fragments to Leidy's genus, which wa& described originally from the upper coal-measures of Kansas. As to species I am able to distinguish two among the fragments at my disposal, one large, coarsely and sparingly ornamented, and one much smaller, covered by a very fine and close granulation. These spines were found in company with the teeth of Selodopsis, and I am therefore inclined to consider both as of the same derivation. There is however no proof for such an assertion. PEODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— PISCES. 19 1. Xystracanthus gracilis, Waagen, n. sp. PL I, figs. 2 & 5. General form of spine unknown, as only two fragments of the species have been found. Section very compressed, sagittate, pulp-cavity slightly indicated, but nearly quite broken away. Sides flatly rounded ; anterior margin obtuse with two rows of vertically elongated large tubercles, one row on each side of the middle line, the tubercles alternating, smooth, shining, slightly constricted at base. Next behind those two anterior rows comes on each side a row of round, medium-sized tubercles. They are smooth like the others, shining like a string of pearls, and also constricted at their base. These are followed by numerous, closely arranged rows of alternating little smooth tubercles, which are smallest on the middle of the side and increase again slightly in size towards the posterior margin. This is all that can be observed on the larger of the two fragments. The other fragment shows only some of the smaller rows of tubercles, and furnishes only proofs that the tubercles again increase in size towards the posterior margin, with- out ever attaining the size of those near the anterior margin. The posterior margin of the spine, preserved for a short distance on the smaller fragment, seems to be smooth. Locality and Geological Position. — The larger of the two fragments (PL I, fig. 2) was collected by me at Virgal, in the top beds of the compact Productus limestone belonging to group No. 2 of the list (p. 8), The smaller fragment was collected by Mr. Wynne at Khund Ghat, together Avith Helodopsis elongata, in the beds of group No. 1. Remarks. — Though the fragments of this species give a very imperfect know- ledge of it, yet all that can be seen is so peculiar that a new species can safely be established. Altogether there are up to the present only four species of Xystracan- thus known, and from three of them our species can be easily distinguished by its smooth tubercles ; the fourth (Xystr. acinaciformis) has got smooth tubercles, but only a single rOw of them on the anterior margin, and thus our species seems also distinct from this one by the two alternating rows of tubercles which it bears on this margin. All the species of Xystracanthus hitherto described have been found in the upper coal-measures of America. 2. Xystracanthus major, Waagen, n. sp. PL II, fig. 9. A small fragment of a very large fin-ray has been sent to me out of the old collection at Calcutta, which represents a species of Xystracanthus distinct from the one just described, and which I designate under the above name. The general form of the entire ray can be as little ascertained in this species as in the foregoing one, but the fragment is sufficiently large to show that the whole ray was re^ersedly curved, that is to say, that the anterior margin 20 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS. presented a concave instead of a convex outline, quite the same as is the case in the other species of Xystr acanthus. The sides are slightly convex, perhaps a little more so than in Xystr. gracilis, forming a sharp edge on the anterior margin. On both sides of this sharp edge large smooth elongated tubercles are situated at rather irregular distances, forming two longitudinal rows. These are followed by other irregular rows of tubercles, gradually diminishing in size as they are more and more distant from the anterior margin. The greater number of the tubercles are worn off, but those remaining show that they have been very irregular in size and distribution. They all are smooth, without crest or ridges, and all are strongly constricted at their base. Where the tubercles are worn away, the surface of the sides is covered by low nodular ridges, which show under the lens a fine longitudinal striation. The internal structure of the ray is cellular, the cells being very minute in the outer region and coarser towards the middle. There is no trace of the pulp- cavity preserved. Locality and Geological Position. — The single fragment of this species which is preserved in the Salt-range collection was found at Miisakhel ; it is, however, unknown from which particular bed or group the specimen may have come. From its general manner of preservation, it seems to me likely that it was collected in the higher beds of the Productus-limestone, in group No. 1. Meinarhs. — This species can be only compared with Xystr. gracilis, described above ; but it can be easily distinguished from this latter species by its clumsier form, its more irregular and less close ornamentation, and the sharp edge on the anterior margin, which is absent in Xystr. gracilis. The tubercles are also much more constricted at their base in Xystr. major than in Xystr. gracilis, whereby also they much more easily fall off in the former than in the latter species. Sub-kingdom: ARTHK0P0DA. Class: CRUSTACEA. Order: BRANCHIOPODA. Sub-Order: OSTBACODA. Family: CYPBIDID^. Genus : CYTBERE, Midler. In cleaning the beautiful set of JSIautili brought by Mr. Wynne from Khund Ghat, I detected, on one of the pieces chipped off, a specimen of an Ostracod, which has remained up to the present the only piece of a Crustacean observed among the Salt-range fossils. I do not doubt, that if carefully searched for on the spot many of these small organisms would be found, but neither I nor Mr. Wynne had suffi- PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— CEPHALOPODA. 21 cient time at our disposal to hunt for merely microscopical objects. On the different specimens of fossils now in hand for description, no other but this single specimen could be detected. It is a fact worthy of notice, that all other Orders of the Crustacea, principally the Trilobites, are absolutely absent in the Salt-range strata. The specimen I have now to describe is yery indifferently preserved, and thus it can be determined only with approximate accuracy. The figure which seems best to agree in its general form with our fossil is Cythere elongata, Mnst., and thus I can only compare it with Minister's species. 1. Cythebe cf. elongata, Minister. PI. VII, fig. 1. 1830. Cythere elongata, Minister : Bronn's Jahrbuch f . Min. 1830, p. 65. 1850. Cythere elongata (Mnst.) : Kupert Jones in King : Permian Fossils, p. 62, PI. XVIII, fig. 5. The general form of the fossil, which seems to represent the right valve of a carapace, is about that of a bean, both borders, the ventral as well as the dorsal, being slightly incurved, the incurvation is, however, stronger on the ventral than on the dorsal border. Both extremities are perfectly rounded. The valve is convex and perfectly smooth. Locality and Geological Position. — The piece of rock to which the specimen adheres was chipped off by me from a specimen of a Nautilus collected by Mr. Wynne in the upper division of the Productus-limestone at Khund Ghat. Remarks. — Cythere elongata was originally described by Minister from the mountain limestone of Pegnitzlosau. M. Rupert Jones has found another specimen in a magnesian limestone, probably permian. Thus the species seems to range from carboniferous into permian strata. Sub-kingdom: MOLLUSCA. Class: CEPHALOPODA. Order : ? Family: AMMONITIDJE. Genus : CYCLOLOBUS, Waagen, n. gen. It is with very great doubt indeed that I introduce tbe present genus, but several considerations have led me, though very reluctantly, to the definition of it. We may characterise the genus as follows : Shell spiral, smooth, with a small deep umbilicus ; whorls numerous, somewhat compressed, with a broadly rounded external side, deeply embracing each other so as to envelope the preceding whorl, 22 SALT-EANGE FOSSILS. nearly entirely covered on the sides with not very numerous contractions of the shell (varices), indicating very likely the remnants of old apertural margins. The form of these varices is somewhat falciform, with a strong bend towards the front in the middle of the sides of the whorl, and being bent considerably backwards towards the external margin, entirely disappearing on the siphonal side of the shell. The increase in height of tbe whorls is very slow. The most characteristic part of the whole shell is the sutures, which from their position alone may be taken to indicate the generic distinction of the shell under consideration from all the other genera of Ammonitidce. The first glance at the drawing, Plate I, fig. 9, will show how peculiar the position of the sutures is, as they form a strongly curved parabolical arch, the summit of which is situated next to the umbilical margin ; whilst the longer branch of the arch descends towards the siphonal part of the shell, the shorter branch, with only a few small lobes on it, reaches the umbilical margin in a somewhat radial direction. The whole suture is composed of a great many lobes and saddles, which are largest near the siphonal part of the shell, and decrease slowly in size as they approach the umbilical region. The principal lobes, first and second lateral, are in no way distinct from the follow- ing auxiliary lobes, and can be recognised solely by their relative position and size. The siphonal lobe is broad and fan-shaped. From the peculiar position of the sutures some strange features are the result. Though on the sides of the whorls the sutures stand so close together that the most prominent points of the lobes touch nearly the saddles of the preceding suture, yet along the siphonal part of the shell the distance of the septa from each other is about equal to half the height of the whole whorl from the siphonal margin to the umbilicus. Further, the position of the single lobes is shifted with the increase of the shell in the following manner : the siphonal lobe touches with its most prominent fingers the lowest parts of the first and second lateral saddles of the preceding suture ; the first lateral lobe touches the second lateral and first auxiliary saddles, and so on, a peculiarity which has up to the present not been observed in any shell belonging to the family of Ammonitidce. The siphon is not well observable, but seems to be very narrow ; of the manner, however, in which it breaks through the septa, nothing can be seen. In the only specimen of this genus which I have got for description, the body chamber has been broken away, and thus I am unable to state how long that part of the shell may have been, neither is it possible for me to state what form the aper- tural margin may have possessed, though the outline which is indicated by the course of the varices on the sides of the shells makes it probable that the apertural margin had about the form of those varices. In the year 1872 I was of opinion that the affinities of the shell under consi- deration were more in the direction of the genus Phylloceras than any other of the Ammonites, as at that time also Amm. jarbas, Mnst., was counted with that genus, and thus the variety of forms then included in it was by far greater than it is now considered to contain. Dr. V. Mojsisoyics has shown that my Thylloceras oldhami, PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE— CEPHALOPODA. 23 as "well as Amm. jarbas, could not be considered any longer as belonging to that genus, but be placed my species in the genus Arcestes, whilst he created for A. jarbas a new genus Megaphyllites. There is no doubt that the genus I have just characterised shows a certain affinity to Arcestes, Suess., and Mojsisovics was thus justified in putting the only species it as yet contains in that genus. The genus Arcestes can easily be divided into three large groups, which very likely must be considered as having sprung from different roots, and which will possibly in the future have to be considered as composing different genera. The first group is composed of the Tornati, the " group of Arcestes tornatus" of Moj- sisovics ; the second group comprises the by far greatest number of the species of Arcestes, containing the groups of Arc. extralabiatus, Mojs., Arc. sublabia- tus, Mojs., Arc. bicarinatus, Mnst., Arc. colonus, Mojs., Arc. intuslabiatus, Mojs., Arc. galeoti, and of Arc. subumbilicatus, Bronn ; the third division of the genus contains only one group, that of Arc. cymbiformis, Wulfen. Only the last of those three divisions can be compared with our genus. The general form of the shell is much alike ; varices occur, but the most striking feature is the sutures, which form an arch with the apex turned towards the mouth of the shell like in Cyclolobus, though this character is much less developed in the triassic species. Beyond this, however, the resemblance ceases. The single lobes are much more ramified, and secondary lobes appear between the principal ones. The distance of the septa is about equal throughout their extension and not much larger on the siphonal part of the shell, as is the case in Cyclolobus, and the lobes of the succeed- ing septa are not shifted sideways as I have described it above. That the two shells Arcestes cymbiformis and Cyclolobus are distinct is obvious, and as long as connecting links between the two are wanting, a generic distinction can barely be avoided. It is quite a different question whether the newer has not taken its origin from the older form, and it cannot be denied that there is some probability of this being so ; up to the present, however, any proof of such an assertion is absolutely wanting. Now I think it more advisable to create a new gene- ric designation for the palaeozoic form, and run the risk of it being proved that it is in intimate connection with the triassic species and must be considered as belong- ing to the same genus, than to unite generically the palaeozoic fossil, showing such peculiar features, with the triassic Ammonite, and thus to anticipate discoveries which can only be established in the future. On the other hand, if Arc. cymbiformis should be proved to be in close connection with Cyclolobus, this species would very likely have to be placed in my genus, and could not be retained in the genus Arcestes. The only species of the genus which has been discovered up to the present has been found in the palaeozoic strata of the Salt-range. 24 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS. 1. Cyclolobtjs oldhami, Waagen. PI. I, fig. 9. 1872. Phylloceras oldhami, Waagen : Mem. Geol. Surv. of India, Vol. IX, p. 353, pi. I, fig. 1. 1873. Areestes oldhami (Waagen) Mojsisovies : Gebirge um Hallstadt, I, p. 72. The general form of the shell is somewhat flattened, lenticular, with a broadly, rounded siphonal part. The umbilicus is small and deep, surrounded by perpendi- cular walls which unite with the external parts of the shell without forming a dis- tinct umbilical edge. The inner whorls are almost entirely concealed by the last one, and only a narrow margin of them remains visible within the umbilicus. The involution of the whorls is very large, so much so that nearly two-thirds of the room within the last whorl are filled up by the preceding one. The shell thus increases very slowly both in diameter and in thickness. On the flattened sides of the shell several contractions or varices can be observ- ed, and on the last whorl of the specimen under consideration I count six of them. They begin at the umbilical margin, in about a radial direction, are then strongly bent backwards a little below the middle height of the whorl, and turned again a little towards the front near the siphonal part of the shell, where, however, they dis- appear almost entirely. I have only got the cast for description, and therefore I am unable to tell whether, when the shell is preserved, these varices will be visible or not. The general arrangement of the lobes is as mentioned in the description of the genus. There are altogether fourteen lobes between the siphonal side and the umbili- cal margin, with one or two very small ones on the umbilical wall. The siphonal lobe, taken as a whole, is the largest of all ; and, rightly considered, nearly the whole suture forms but one large siphonal lobe extending from the siphonal part of the shell down to the bend, where the direction of the suture becomes approximately radial, that is, down to the eighth lobe from the siphonal proper. The latter is fan-shaped, very broad, and extended at the lower ramified end, and rather narrow at its upper end, where the external saddles from both sides approach each other. The lower end shows three branches on each side, of which the outer two on each side are not strongly separated, whilst the inner ones are long and narrow, bordering a deep narrow sipho- nal indentation. The external saddle is narrow, only about half as broad as the sipho- nal lobe at its base, terminating with one undivided, roundish phyllum. The first lateral lobe is about as broad as the external saddle, terminating at its lower end in three unequal short branches, and being provided along both sides with several short little dentated branches, which are in about a rectangular position towards the axis of the lobe. The first lateral saddle is very similar to the external one, only narrower and shorter. The second lateral as well as the following two auxiliary lobes are very similar in shape to the first lateral, terminating in three more or less symmetrical branches. The third auxiliary lobe is the only one with two branches at its lower extremity. The next following auxiliary lobes have again three terminal branches, or are simply pointed as they near the umbilicus. The saddles from the second lateral down to the last auxiliary have all a monophyllic termination. PRODUCTTJS-LIMESTONE.— CEPHALOPODA. 25 The measurements of the specimen I have got for description are as follows : — mm. Diameter of the shell 107 „ of the umbilicus 16 Height of the last whorl from the umbilical suture 55 ., » „ „ „ from the siphonal part of the preceding whorl ... 20 „ „ „ preceding whorl from the umbilical suture 38 i, » „ „ „ from the siphonal part of the next whorl ... 14 Thickness of the last whorl 35 „ „ „ whorl before the last 23 Locality and geological position. — The only specimen of this species which has hitherto heen found was collected by myself at Jabi. I have described this locality on a former occasion as follows : " The locality whence I extracted the fossils with my own hands out of the rock is near Jabi north of Shahpoor, on the southern slope of the Salt-range. The rocks at this locality are, however, not well adapted for tracing out an extensive section, because the ground is greatly broken up and faulted in every direction. Ascending the mountain range north of Jabi, by the road which leads round the well of the village, one finds, after having crossed a little plateau, a well bedded series of thin limestone bands, intercalated with shaly marls, the whole about 20 to 25 feet in thickness, and in the upper part of this series one calcareous band principally is rich in fossils. JBrachiopoda occur plentifully in the whole series, but Cephalopoda are only found in this thin bed." I can add very little now to this description, as not much more can be said about the locality, and what has been said seems sufficiently clear and distinct to admit of no doubt. Nevertheless some doubt has been thrown recently on my discovery. Thus I read in Barrande's Systeme Silurien, C^phalopodes, Extrait du, Vol. II, Texte V, p. 240, the following passage : — " Pour les Ammonides, suivant 1' opinion jusqu ' ici generalement admise dans la science, les premieres especes ont apparu dans le Trias, abstraction faite d'une recente d^couverte par M. le Doct. "Waagen dans les Indes et qui exige confirma- tion." I do not know how I have deserved this distrust of my observations, as I do not remember any case in which an observation I had once clearly and distinctly stated had been found afterwards to be untrustworthy. I can only affirm once more, that I extracted the specimen under consideration with my own hands out of the rock in situ, together with many palaeozoic fossils, none of them having been found loose on the surface. Nobody at all acquainted with the rocks and formations in the Salt-range, glancing only for a moment at the specimen, could doubt its coming from the upper division of the Productus-limestone, as from its preservation alone it is evident that this is the only possible rock and formation where it could have come from. Thus the only specimen of this species which has hitherto been found comes from division No. 1 of the classification of the Salt-range rocks as proposed by me in the Introduction. G 26 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS. Remarks. — There attaches no little interest to this species, as it is the oldest true Ammonite hitherto described; but though the occurrence of such forms could have barely been looked for in truly palaeozoic strata, yet the isolation of the single form found by me, and the peculiarity of its features, make it difficult to draw all the conclusions as to the development of the Cephalopoda in time, which such a discovery seems to warrant. As the matter stands, we can only say, that the occurrence of Cyelolobus oldhami in palaeozoic strata is a proof that ancestors of different groups of Ammonites are of very different geological age, and that all the Ammonites do not spring from one, but from very different roots. The branch to which Cyelolobus oldhami belongs is certainly very much older than those branches which take their rise from the genus which I shall describe next below ; but so long as no more ample materials are at our disposal, any speculation as to what forms of Ammonites might be in genetic connection with our species, or as to what form of Ooniatite might be the ancestor of Cyelolobus, is as fruitless, as all such assertions if not founded on direct observations of specimens are absolutely hypo- thetical. Discoveries like that of a true Ammonite in palaeozoic strata are singularly adapted to show how little we yet know of the real development of organic forms in time, and what ample materials in that direction a close examination of strata in distant countries will yet bring to light. But only with such materials at hand will it be possible to write in the end a developmental history of single classes, for instance, that of the Cephalopoda. Genus : ARCESTES, Suess. There are two Ammonites among the materials I collected in the Salt- range, which I cannot separate generically from Suess' genus, though on a first glance the form of the lobes in both specimens seems so far different from that occurring generally in the genus, that it requires some explanatory remarks as to the grounds on which these forms are united with the above genus. It is a fact, which has been proved by so many and careful observations that the correctness of it cannot be doubted, that in the Ammonites the most general tendency of development is that to the greater complication of the sutures. What- ever group of Ammonites we may take for observation, we will find that the sutures are more complicated in the geologically newer species than in the older ones. This law holds good also for the genus Areestes, as has been proved by Dr. v. Mojsis- ovics, though the changes he was able to observe were rather minute, only forms from a very short period of the earth's history having been accessible to him for observation. Now, if we descend the scale of development, proceeding from newer to older forms, we can easily imagine that we at last reach a stage when the suture is PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— CEPHALOPODA. 27 nothing but a variously curved line, as is the case in the former genus Ooniatites : only the transitional forms, which would unite the extremes on both ends of the scale, have been but partly' detected as yet, and thus the supposition, that such a continuity of development in the sutures exists, remains more or less hypothetical. Within narrower limits, however, we may safely say that forms with more compli- cated sutures, and those with more simple ones, can very well, if other characters do not interfere, belong to one and the same genus ; as the complication of the sutures indicates only a distinction in degree, and not in kind. We will be so much the more entitled to say this, if there exist some transitional forms which bring the extremes nearer together. This is the case with the two species I shall have to describe on the following pages ; they are linked to the more typical forms of the Arcestidce by the species Arcestes megaphyllus of Beyrich, which has the sutures already con- siderably more complicated than my species. Thus we can say that in their general character the lobes of our species do not differ from those of Arcestes, except by their greater simplicity, as the arrangement of the single lobes and their relative develop- ment is identical with those of the genus mentioned. It remains to consider whether the other characters of the species under consi- deration justify their union -with. Arcestes. Neither the length of the body chamber nor the form of the aperture can be observed, as both are broken away ; the general form of the shell, however, agrees perfectly with the genus. The only difference I can observe rests in the siphon, which has its funnel passing through the septa, in one case apparently directed backwards, in the other towards the front. How little reliable, however, this character is, appears again from Abich's1 speci- men of Goniatites striatus, which has the funnel most distinctly directed towards the front. We have thus, for the species under consideration, the general form of the shell and the general character of the sutures identical with the genus Arcestes. Prom what I have said, it appears, however, that these species represent transitional members between the older Ooniatites and the newer forms of Arcestes. It remains now to discuss how far they are connected with the Ooniatites. There is but little doubt that most palaeontologists would have considered these forms to belong to the genus Goniatites, on account of the simplicity of the saddles and the little ramification of the lobes, to which is added in one species the back- ward direction of the siphonal funnel. If we look through the forms of Goniatites hitherto described, we do not find any more closely allied to our species than those described by Verneuil, and later on by Karpinsky from the sandstone of Artinsk, of which chiefly Gon. koninkianus, Gon. soboleskianus, and Gon. kingianus seem to be near allies to the Salt-range forms. Nevertheless there exists a difference which seems so essential that I cannot in the least advocate to unite these species with Suess' genus, but am of opinion that between the Prussian fossils and our 1 Abich : Geologische Forschungen in den Kaukasischen Landern I, pi. XI, fig. 2. 28 SALT-RANGE POSSILS. species there exists a deep gap, which will only he filled up by future discoveries. If we consider the Salt-range species, we find that, as in all species of Ammonites, there can he easily distinguished three principal lobes, a siphonal and two lateral ones, of which the interior margin of the second lateral lobe coincides with the involution of the shell ; that is to say, a horizontal line drawn transversely across the septum touching the siphonal part of the preceding whorl, reaches the surface of the whorl at the interior or lower margin of the second lateral lobe, or (as in most Arcestes) in the middle of the first auxiliary one. This is not the case in the Artinsk Ooniatites. If we consider attentively the drawing of the sutures of these species as they are represented in the Geology of Prussia, or in the Proceedings of the Prussian Mineralogical Society, Vol. IX, we find, as far as it can be made out from the drawing alone, that there exists either no proper siphonal lobe, or the first lateral is united with the siphonal, and only the second lateral is distinct, or finally the second lateral is entirely absent. This difference seems to me so essential, that I think it barely advisable to unite the Artinsk Ooniatites generically with Arcestes, as Mojsisovics seems inclined to do ; they will have to be kept separate, under a distinct generic designation. The two species I have to describe from the Salt-range cannot be united with any of the developmental groups hitherto distinguished within the genus Arcestes, as all connecting links between them and the triassic species which have been described up to the present are as yet unknown. Both the Salt-range species have been found in the upper region of the Pro- ductus-limestone. 1. Arcestes antiqutjs, Waagen, sp. PI. I, fig. 10. The only specimen I have collected of this species is not entire, nearly half of it being broken away, and even what remains is greatly weather-worn, and nothing can be observed but the general form of the cast, and the sutures, as no trace of the shell remains. The general form of the specimen is somewhat lenticular, higher than broad, with a broadly rounded siphonal part, which appears a very little narrower on the last whorl, than in the preceding ones. What remains of the last whorl belongs to the body chamber. The umbilicus is very small and deep, with walls which are a little bent inwards near the umbilical suture, and form no umbilical edge, where they unite with the side parts of the shell. The involution of the shell is, in con- sequence of the small umbilicus, very great (not as large, however, as in Qyclolobm oldhami), and also the increase of the whorls is more rapid than in the mentioned species. Varices, or any other ornamentation of the shell, are entirely absent. The sutures, which I succeeded with great difficulty in making visible, are very interesting. The direction of them is about radial, as in other Ammonites, the single lobes and saddles slowly decreasing in size as they approach the umbilicus. PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— CEPHALOPODA. 29 The largest of all the lobes is the siphonal one ; it terminates in two short hroad branches, each of which bears two fingers at its end. The external saddle is broadly rounded, without any indentation. The first lateral lobe is somewhat shorter and narrower than the siphonal, terminating with three unequal fingers at its end. The first lateral saddle is narrower and shorter than the external, and is not quite rounded, but bears a slight indentation at its base or its side. The second lateral lobe is very irregular in shape, and barely shorter than the first lateral; it termi- nates in two or three irregular fingers. The second lateral saddle is shorter than the first, having a strong indentation near its base. The following auxiliary lobes are rather irregular in shape, generally terminating in three distinct fingers, but gradually more reduced and simpler in their form as they approach the umbilicus. The auxiliary saddles sometimes bear indentations, sometimes not. There are seven to eight auxiliary lobes, and six or seven auxiliary saddles. The most curious feature of these sutures is their irregularity. In the more recent Ammonites the single sutures following one another are very much alike, and the general form of the single lobes and saddles remains pretty constant as the shell increases in size, only additional fingers are put in in quite a regular manner. This is not the case in our species. If we consider the three sutures drawn on PL I, fig. 10 c, which is drawn with the utmost care, and represents the peculiarities of the single sutures with perfect correctness, we find that the termination of each single lobe is differently shaped in each succeeding suture, also that the indentations of the single saddles come and disappear in the succeeding sutures quite irregularly, so it appears that the secondary characters of the sutures are not yet individualised, but only put forth tentatively, to be changed according to convenience during the growth of the shell. We can observe the same on the siphonal lobe. Of the two successive siphonal lobes I have exposed, the one shows an indentation in the middle of the " siphonal tubercle" (as it has been called by Mojsisovics) suggestive of the direction backwards of the siphonal funnel, whilst in the other this indentation is absent, but on the right branch of the lobe a slight indentation appears in its place. The dimensions of the specimen are as follows : — mm. Diameter of the shell (about) 66 „ of the umbilicus 3 Height of the aperture from the umbilical suture 40 „ of the aperture from the preceding whorl 17 Thickness of the aperture 27 „ of the preceding whorl 21 Locality and geological position.— The only specimen which exists of this species was collected by me at Kufri, on the road from Shahpur to Sukesar motm- tain. A very complete section from the upper portion of the Productus-limestone up to the nummulitic strata is here exposed ; it has been published on page 224 of H 30 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS. Wynne's report, from my notes, except the headings (" Nummulitic, Trias, Car- boniferous") which are Wynne's, and which are for the most part wrongly placed. The specimen here under consideration was found by me in the lowest division of the section (bed No. 14 of my note-book), and thus belongs to the fauna of the upper division of the Productus-limestone. There can be no doubt as to the geolo- gical position of this species. Remarks. — There are very few forms with which our species can be compared ; only some species of Goniatites might require some notice. In the newer palaeozoic sandstone of Artinsk there have been found some Cephalopoda, which in their general type differ so far from all the Cephalopoda described hitherto from any of the palaeozoic strata, that the special attention of palaeontologists has long since been fixed upon them. Among the lot there are also three species of so called Goniatites, which in their general appearance bear some similarity to Arcestes antiquus. It is especially the sutures that are much like those in our species ; however, as I have already remarked above, in the Artinsk species, the arrangement of the lobes is entirely different, and indicates a state of development far below that which is observed in our Arcestes. In general form Gon. soboleskianus has the greatest resemblance; but the slight sculpture visible on this species is strongly bent backwards on the siphonal part of the shell, a feature which is not observable on our species. It is, however, very much to be regretted that the shell has been entirely lost from our specimen, so that it cannot be ascertained whether the striae of growth were bent backwards on the siphonal part of it or not. As the matter stands, there is no doubt that our species can be well distinguished from the Artinsk Goniatites, by the absence of every kind of sculpture, and from all the species of Arcestes hitherto described, by the simple goniatitic lobes. 2. Arcestes prisctjs, Waagen, n. sp. PL II, fig. 6. Besides the one just described, another species of Arcestes has been detected by me in the palaeozoic strata of the Salt-range. Though there is only one speci- men of it, yet it exhibits sufficiently distinct characters to be described under a special name. The general form of the shell is thick lenticular, with a broadly rounded siphonal part, and a very small umbilicus. The umbilicus is deep, surrounded by perpendicular walls without umbilical edge. The whorls are deeply embracing each other, so that about half the height of the whorl is filled up by the preceding- one. The shell is entirely smooth, and no sculpture whatever is observable on it The lobes are very characteristic, and much more complicated than in the pre- ceding species, though the specimen is much smaller. I did. not succeed in exposing the entire suture, but some of the smaller auxiliary lobes are wanting. The largest of all the lobes is undoubtedly the siphonal lobe, which is very deeply divided into PRODTJCTTTS-LIMESTONE.— CEPHALOPODA. 31 two branches by a large siphonal tubercle, and is exactly as broad as long ; both branches are slightly fingered at their termination, as well as at their sides. The external saddle is rather narrow, with monophyllic termination. The first lateral lobe is broad and short, shorter than the siphonal, terminating in three or four fingers, and also slightly fingered at its sides. The first lateral saddle is shorter, but as broad as the external, terminating with two phylla. The second lateral lobe is much narrower than the first, otherwise in shape very similar to the latter. The second lateral saddle is shorter than the first, broad and monophyllic. The auxiliary lobes and saddles bear no particular features worth mentioning. I can distinguish four of them, but very likely there were six ; they are gradually diminishing in size as they approach the umbilicus. Also in this species it is observable that the minor details of the lobes and saddles are not exactly alike in two succeeding sutures. Highly interesting are the antisiphonal or internal sutures, which are well seen on the whole surface of the specimen, covering it in fact entirely, as the remnant of a whorl which had been broken off. It would have been very easy to mistake these for the proper lobes of the species, and this would then have been des- cribed without any doubt as a typical Goniatite ; whilst the proper sutures of the specimen only became visible after the removal of these remnants of the internal sutures of an outer whorl, and of the covering shelly layer of the succeeding one. In these internal sutures the " goniatitic" appearance is strictly preserved, the saddles being all entire, without any indentation, and the lobes terminating Very regularly in three points, of which the middle one is the most prominent. The antisiphonal lobe is conspicuous by its larger size. There are on both sides of the antisiphonal lobe nine lobes, which diminish gradually in size as they approach the umbilical suture. The dimensions of the specimen as are follows : — Diameter of the shell ..... „ of the umbilicus .... Height of the aperture from the umbilical suture „ „ „ from the preceding whorl Thickness of the aperture .... 28 3-5 15 6-5 15 Locality and geological position. — The only specimen of this species which has been discovered up to the present was collected by me at Khura, in the upper division of the Productus-limestone, and there can be no doubt as to the geological position of this species, as well as of those described before. Remarks. — There are but very few species which might be compared with our form. Erom Arc. antiquus, described above, our species is easily distinguishable by the more complicated sutures. Of other species one group of forms, which contains up to the present not more than about three species, is somewhat more closely allied, and requires special notice. In his description of the Muschelkalk 32 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS. Cephalopoda of the Alps, Beyrich figures a small Ammonite from Ladak as Amm. brachyphyllus. This he considers as type for a group of forms which contains also Amm. difissus, Salter (non Hau.), and an indeterminate species of an Ammonite, figured by Salter in the Palaeontology of Mti, Plate 7, fig. 4 Of these species princi- pally the last bears some resemblance in its sutures to Arcestes prisons ; but in this, as in all the species of the " brachyphyllus Group," the little development of the auxiliary lobes establishes a most decided distinction between these and our species, whilst the great number of auxiliary lobes in the latter approaches it more to the true Arcestes. Among the more recent forms of Arcestes our species resembles most those forms which have been united by Mojsisovics in the group of Arcestes intusla- biatus. Chiefly the young of Arcestes intuslabiatus itself have got sutures which in many respects resemble those of our species, and the generic identity of both can barely be doubted. As to specific resemblance this is very small indeed ; and nobody will, I think, in only looking at the interior sutures of the Indian species, advocate a specific identification of it with any of the triassic Arcestes. The truly ammonitic exterior sutures, and the truly goniatitic interior ones, in Arcestes priscus are features which characterise this species as a truly transi- tional form, between the older so called Goniatites and the Arcestes proper. XENODISCTJS, Waagen, n. gen. 1863. Goniatites (de Haan) de Koninck : Fossiles Paleoz. de 1' Inde, p. 7. 1872. Ceratites (de Haan) Waagen: Mem. Geol- Surv. of India, IX, p. 355. In 1872 I described a species of a Cephalopod which by the nature of its sutures seemed to belong to that division of the Ammonitidce which had received the name of Ceratites by former writers. Since that time our knowledge of the Ammonitidce has progressed very rapidly ; and to-day we are already in a position to affirm positively that the so-called Ceratites, as well as the Ammonites proper, have sprung up from very different roots, and that also among the Ceratites animals of very different organisation have been included, as the distinction of the genus was one-sidedly based on the character of the sutures alone. The most able exposition of the forms hitherto generally considered as Ceratites we find in Beyrich's Cephalopoda of the Muschelkalk of the Alps, and accord- ing to this writer there exist five different groups of these shells : (1) the group of Amm. nodosus, (2) the group of Amm. cassianus, (3) the group of Amm. modestus, Hau., (4) the group of Amm. buchi, and (5) the group of Amm. peregrinus, Beyr. The first of these groups has been united by Mojsisovics with Laube's genus Trachyceras, the second has furnished the type for a new genus Tyrolites of Mojsisovics, the third and fourth have not yet been studied more in detail, and the fifth includes forms for which I propose the name Xenodiscus. PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— CEPHALOPODA. 38 The general form of the shell in this genus is flat discoidal, with compressed whorls, perfectly rounded on the siphonal side. The umbilicus is mostly large, and the whorls generally only slightly embracing each other. The shell is either entirely smooth, or furnished with distant rounded folds which are thickest near the umbilical margin of the whorls, or with numerous slight plications which are straight on the sides of the whorl and slightly turned towards the front near the siphonal margin. The sutures are very simple ; the siphonal and two lateral lobes always well developed, also a sutural lobe generally, but auxiliary lobes are generally absent. The lobes are furnished with a slight indentation at their termination, the saddles rounded, entire, without any indentation. The internal sutures show only one large antisiphonal lobe which terminates in two long sharp points. In one of the specimens under description, the entire body chamber is pre- served ; it occupies not quite one whorl, and becomes entirely smooth towards the aperture. The aperture itself is very simple, the siphonal part, and a point in the middle of each side, very slightly projecting. Our genus is not very difficult to distinguish from other genera more or" less allied to it. The genus Tyrolites differs greatly, by the absence of the second lateral lobe, and by the sculpture, which is always most prominent on the siphonal margin ; the genus Trachyceras has its body chamber much shorter, and the system of sculpture on the shell is entirely different. The principal development of the genus takes place in the Ceratite beds of the Salt-range, wherefrom I shall have to describe a number of species. In the Pro- ductus-limestone only two species of the genus have been found up to the present, which I propose to describe under the names of Xenodiscus plicatus and Xenodiscus carbonarius. It is very difficult to say in what connection our genus may stand with older or more recent forms. If we look through the different forms of Goniatites, no other species resembles more closely our genus than Goniatites lyoni, Meek and Worthen, of the Chemung group (devonian) of the state of New York, and of the Kinderhook formations (carboniferous) of Illinois. This species has rounded compressed whorls like the species belonging to Xenodiscus, and very distinctly developed two lateral lobes; only the siphonal lobe is yet undivided, without siphonal tubercle. Of more recent forms the older species of Aegoceras like Aegm incultwm, Beyr., Aeg. salteri, Beyr., etc., in their general appearance bear a certain resemblance to our genus. They have also two lateral and one strongly developed sutural lobe, which often is divided in several auxiliary ones. The antisiphonal lobe is also terminating in two distinct fingers. Thus it appears probable that the genus Aegoceras has derived its origin from some form of Xenodiscus. 34 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS. 1. Xenodisctjs plicattjs, Waagen, n. sp. PI. II, fig. 1. The form of this species is very characteristic, and to be easily recognised. The general form of the shell is flat disciform, with a large umbilicus and'a tolerably broadly rounded siphonal side. The whorls are compressed, rectangular, thickest near the umbilical margin. The umbilicus is shallow, surrounded by sloping walls, which form with the sides of the whorls an obtuse umbilical edge. The whorls are higher than broad, and are on the inner volutions covered with simple, strong, prominent folds, which occur to the number of eight to eleven on one circuit. They disappear, however, rapidly towards the end of the body chamber, which in its latter half is nearly quite smooth. The transverse section of the body chamber differs slightly from that of the preceding whorls, as it is more rectangular, the siphonal part of the shell being slightly depressed, and the sides of the whorl more or less parallel. In the inner whorls, on the contrary, the siphonal part is more prominent and narrower, and the sides of the whorl diverge slightly towards the umbilical edge, where the largest transverse diameter of the whorl is situated. The aperture of the body chamber is almost entirely preserved in one of the specimens under description. It is very simple. There is a short ventral lobe projecting on the siphonal part of the aperture, which forms a slightly prominent semicircle. The sides are nearly quite straight, only very little projecting in the middle, not showing in any degree the outline of a "falciform margin," and go straight down to the umbilical suture. The sutures of the septa are very simple. There is a small short siphonal lobe, about twice as broad as long, terminating in two short branches, each of which is crenulated at its lower extremity. The external saddle is entire, without indenta- tion, as broad as the siphonal lobe. The first lateral lobe is twice as long, but narrower than the siphonal, and terminating at its lower extremity with a number of small crenulations. The first lateral saddle is much narrower, but not reaching further up than the external one ; there is no trace of any indentation. The second lateral lobe is about as long as the siphonal and very broad, slightly crenulated at its lower extremity. The second lateral saddle is very small, and, as it seems, bordered at its inner margin by a short sutural lobe. The dimensions of a specimen from Katwahi are as follows : mm. Diameter of the shell gg „ „ „ umbilicus •■•...... 27 Height of the aperture from the umbilical suture 22 „ „ „ „ „ „ preceding whorl ig „ „ „ preceding whorl from the umbilical suture .... 13 Thickness of the aperture at the siphonal part ^3 „ „ „ „ „ ,, umbilical edge 12 ,, „ „ preceding whorl at the siphonal part g jj „ „ „ 1 ,. „ umbilical edge ."10 PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— CEPHALOPODA. 35 Locality and geological position. —The only perfect specimen of this species in the collection was brought by Mr. Wynne from Katwahi. It is preserved in a yellow sandy marl rock, in which I also observed, in cleaning the specimen, a piece of Dentalium herculeum, Kon., and an Athyris subtilita. There is therefore no question as to this piece of rock containing the three species coming from the upper division of the Productus-limestone. Fragments of the same species {Xenodiscus plicatus) from Jabi have been already mentioned by me when describ- ing the Cephalopoda of that locality in the Memoirs Geological Survey, Vol. IX, without giving them, however, any name. There is also a small fragment from another locality. This was collected by myself at Chidru, in the Cephalopoda bed of the upper Productus-limestone, together with a lot of other fossils, among which there were also many specimens of Xenodiscus carbonarius, the description of which will follow. Xenodiscus plicatus is, however, always much scarcer than the other species just mentioned. Bemarks. — Xenodiscus plicatus is very easy to be distinguished from all other forms of the same genus by the strong folds which cover the sides of the whorls. All the fragments at my disposal, however, do not show these folds equally strong, and, if better materials were procurable, some intermediate form between this species and Xenod. carbonarius might possibly be distinguishable. As it stands, Xenod. plicatus is excellently characterised by its folds, and by whorls which are far thicker than those of the following species. 2. Xenodiscus carbonarius, Waagen. PI. II, figs. 2-5. 1872. Ceratites carbonarius, Waagen : Mem. Geol. Suit. India, Vol. IX, p. 355, PI. I, figs. 2 & 3. The general form of the shell is flat discoidal, with a very large and shallow umbilicus. The whorls are very compressed, much higher than broad, with flattened sides and a perfectly rounded siphonal part. They are nearly quite smooth on the inner volutions of the shell, but the last whorl, which is almost entirely occupied by the body chamber, is covered by numerous low folds, which are nearly straight on the middle of the sides of the whorl, and bent slightly towards the front near the siphonal region. Towards the aperture of the body chamber these folds disappear, and the shell becomes again perfectly smooth. The folds are very irregular in strength and size, and often so indistinct that they are difficult to trace. The whorls embrace each other very little, but different specimens in different stages of growth do not show quite identical characters in this respect. The umbilicus is surrounded by sloping walls, which form, however, no distinct umbilical edge in uniting with the sides of the whorls. The form of the shell changes very little during the growth of the animal, but nevertheless the transverse sections of the whorls in young and in old specimens 36 SALT-EANGE FOSSILS. show some differences. The smallest specimen I have got for description measured about 14 mm. in diameter. At that size the height of the last whorl is 6 mm., whilst the thickness is 5 mm. In a specimen of 60 mm. in diameter, on the contrary, the height of the last whorl is 20 mm. and the thickness 10 mm., in other words, in the young shell the whorls are about as thick as they are high, whilst in adult ones the height of the whorl is equal to twice its thickness. In none of the specimens is the body chamber entirely preserved, but it must have occupied nearly one whorl. The form of the aperture can be judged from the form of the folds which cover the sides of the shell, and from them it appears, that it must have been very similar to that of Xenodiscus plicatus, the lateral margins being nearly straight, the siphonal part projecting. The aperture itself is not preserved in any of the specimens. The sutures are very simple, showing one siphonal and two lateral lobes, and one external and two lateral saddles. The saddles are all entire without indenta- tion. The siphonal lobe is very short, but nearly twice as broad as long, divided into two short little dentated branches. The external saddle is short and not quite as broad as the siphonal lobe. The first lateral lobe is only half as broad, but twice as long as the siphonal one ; it terminates in a finely serrated ogival arch. The first lateral saddle is much narrower than the external, about as broad as the first lateral lobe, but reaching much further up than the former. The second lateral lobe is shorter, but as broad as the first, it terminates in a finely serrated arch. The second lateral saddle is much shorter than the first and not quite semicircular, but slightly depressed at its upper extremity ; it terminates at the umbilical suture of the whorl. The internal part of the suture is excellently preserved in a small fragment of this species, which was collected by Mr. Wynne at Khund Ghat. It shows that from the umbilical suture of the whorl, the sutural line ascends again, form- ing a short but broad internal saddle, which is followed towards the middle by a long and narrow antisiphonal lobe, terminating at its lower extremity in two long sharply pointed fingers. The dimensions of three specimens, No. I from Jabi, Nos. II and III from Chidru, are as follows : — i. II. in. mm. mm. mm. Diameter of the shell ........... 103 61 48 „ „ „ umbilicus 53 27 21 Height of the aperture from the umbilical suture .... 27 20 15 „ „ „ „ from the preceding whorl . . . p 25 ? 19 145 Thickness of the aperture 14 10 8 Locality and geological position. — The locality where I first detected speci- mens of this species was Chidru, where I collected them together with a lot of palaeozoic fossils in the upper division of the Productus-limestone, in a bed which is indicated in my section printed in "Wynne's report, p. 248. The species is not PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— CEPHALOPODA. 37 rare at that locality, but it is difficult to get any well-preserved specimen. During my short stay at the locality I collected three tolerably complete specimens and fragments of five more. Later on I got more complete materials at Jabi, in the same bed of the upper Productus-limestone. They occurred there together with Cyclolobus oldhami and Sageceras primal, and I got two tolerably complete speci- mens and fragments of nine others. A fragment of a somewhat thicker variety was found by Wynne at Khund Ghat, also in the upper division of the Productus- limestone. Remarks. — Though this species is not at all rare in the Salt-range deposits, yet it is very difficult to get tolerably complete specimens. Among all the materials I collected there was but one fragment that showed the sutures clearly distinct, and from which the drawing on Plate II was executed. There are several species which might be compared with our form, and in the second part of this work I shall have to describe quite a number of allied forms. Up to the present only the species described by de Koninck can come into con- sideration, and of these it is chiefly Goniatites gangaticus which is nearly alhed ; however, it is not difficult to distinguish this species from the one just described, by the different sutures and the less flattened sides of the whorls. Other species, like Ceratites, Buchianus, &c, which show sutures very similar to those of Xeno- discus carbonarius, have a flattened siphonal part of the shell, and cannot, therefore, be compared with the latter species. Of other species only Ammonites peregrinus, Beyrich, or Amm. onustus, Opp., both from rocks of unknown age of the North-West Himalayas, are allied ; but they bear in their sutures sufficiently distinct characters to afford a specific separation of both from our Salt-range fossil. The distinctive characters of this species from Xenodiscus plicatus I have indicated already in describing the latter form. They consist of smooth and more compressed whorls in Xenodiscus carbonarius, and also the sutures are somewhat different. Genus : SAGECEEAS, Mojsisovics. 1845. Goniatites (Haan) Vemeuil : Russia and the Ural Mountains, II, p. 375, pi. XXVI, fig. 6. 1847. Goniatites (Haan) Haner : Haidinger's Naturw. Abhandl. I, p. 264, pi. VIII, figs. 9-11. 1863. Ceratites (Haan) Koninck : Fossiles Paleozoiques de l'lnde, p. 11, pi. Ill, fig. 5. 1864. Ceratites (Haan) Gabb : Palaeontology of California, I, p. 22, pi. V, figs. 8-10. 1872. Goniatites (Haan) Waagen : Mem. Geol. Surv. of India, IX, p. 356. 1872. Sageceras, Mojsisovics : Verhandl. Geolog. Eeichsanst, 1872, p. 316. 1873. Sageceras, Mojsisovics : Gebirge um Hallstadt, I, p. 69, pi. XXIV, figs. 1-6. 1874. Sageceras (Mojs.) Karpinsky : Verbandl. Eais. Russ. Mineralog. Geos., IX, p. 286, pi. XII, figs. 9-14. Already in my short note " on the occurrence of Ammonites associated with Ceratites and Goniatites in the carboniferous deposits of the Salt-range," I indicated that the shell described there as Goniatites primas was very likely the type of a 38 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS. new genus of Ammonitidce, to establish which there were, however, at that time not sufficient materials at hand. Immediately after the arrival of my note in Europe, Mojsisovics, on reviewing it, established the genus Sageceras, which he had already at an earlier date recognised and distinguished from triassic species. The genus Sageceras is one of those among the Ammonitidce which from its sutures alone may most easily be recognised, and seems to compose one of the most natural groups of forms imaginable. Yet if we go more into details, we find that the genus can easily be divided into two well-defined sections, each of which con- tains several species. Mojsisovics has rightly put some stress on the singular feature of the siphonal lobe in some of the species of this genus ; but it is very remarkable that all the species cannot boast of this peculiarity. That species which is longest known to science, Sag. orbignyanum, Vern., exhibits most clearly the peculiar arrange- ment of the siphonal lobe ; whilst the species Sag. haidingeri, described two years later by Hauer, is quite different in that respect. The first is a palaeozoic, the second a mesozoic species. Up to the present, no transitional forms between the two types have been detected, and thus two sections can be established within the genus, which might in the future even prove to be of generic value. It is only to be regretted that species belonging to this genus are generally so very rare that it is difficult to get sufficient materials for more minute investigations into the structure of the shells. Altogether eight species of this genus are known up to the present, of which four (Sag. haidingeri, H., Sag. gabbi, Mojs., Sag. hauerianum, Kon., and Sag. zsigmondyi, Bokh.) show the siphonal lobe very little developed ; whilst the remaining four, (Sag. orbignyanum, Vern., Sag. artiense, Gruenen, Sag. sakmarce, Kaop., and Sag. primas, Waagen) have got a very strangely developed siphonal lobe. I shall therefore distinguish in the following descriptions two sections of the genus : 1, Section of Sag. haidingeri, Hau., and 2, Section of Sag. orbignyanwm, Vern. It is worthy of notice that the first section is of chiefly mesozoic distribu- tion, whilst the second is entirely palaeozoic, three of the species occurring in the sandstone of Artinsk, and one in the Productus-limestone of the Salt-range. The materials at my disposal are, I regret to say, not sufficient to add anything of importance to the proper knowledge of the genus. It would have been of peculiar interest to ascertain whether in the forms with a well-developed siphonal lobe the same augmentation of the adventive lobes takes place as has been observed to occur in Sag. haidingeri ; but the single fragmentary specimen I have got for description exhibits only five consecutive sutural lines, which are all perfectly alike. There are two species of Sageceras known to occur in the Salt-range, one belonging to the first and one to the second section. PRODTTCTUS-LIMESTONE.— CEPHALOPODA. 39 I. — Section of Sageceras haidingeri. 1. Sageceras hatjerianum, Koninck. PI. II, fig. 8. 1863. Ceratites hauerianus, Koninck : Fossiles Paleozoiques de l'lnde, p. 11, pi. Ill, fig. 5. As I have not got any specimen of this species, I can only quote M. de Koninck' s description :l " This species, of which I have found unfortunately only a single fragment among the fossils of Dr. Eleming, is rather nearly allied to Gon. haidingeri, Hau., which also might well be considered as a Ceratite. "As in the latter species, the sutures are very numerous and composed of a great number of very narrow lobes and saddles, of which those situated more towards the middle of the sides are a little larger than the others ; there are five of them. Unfortunately the specimen is so badly preserved that it is impossible to describe exactly the shape of the parts of its whorls, which have each eight divisions at least. The back is keeled, and tolerably sharp. The thickness of the shell must have been about 2J cent. The aperture seen from the front must bave been sub-triangular, as is shown in fig. 5a." Locality and geological position. — There is no indication as to what locahty Dr. Pleming's specimen came from. It is therefore extremely difficult to decide on the geological position it occupied. Every research on the spot for this species was absolutely fruitless, as well in the Productus-limestone as in the Ceratite beds, and I therefore am quite unable to give any reliable information as to its geological age. The general relations of the species point more to a mesozoic than a paheozoic age, but such general relations are very untrustworthy guides. I have mentioned the species here on account of its generic identity with the following one. Remarks. — It would have been of much value if I could have given a new figure of this species, as de Koninck's drawing is rather unsatisfactory ; but all my endeavours to hunt up de Koninck's original specimen have been absolutely fruitless up to tbe present. De Koninck states that the greater part of Dr. Pleming's collection had been deposited by the latter in the " Museum of Calcutta." In the Asiatic Society's collections there, however, nothing could be found of them ; and what other " Museum" could be referred to, I do not know. However, I may yet succeed in getting at those originals, and then I propose to give a new figure of the present species on some later plate. II. — Section of Sageceras orbignyanum, Vern. 2. Sageceras primas, Waagen. PL II, fig. 7. 1872. Goniatites primas, Waagen : Mem. Geol. Surv. of India, Vol. IX, p. 365, pi. I, fig. 4. 1873. Sageceras primas (Waagen) Mojsisovies : Gebirge um Hallstadt, I, p. 69. 1 In Memoires de la Socie'te Royale des Sciences de Liege, Vol. XVIII, p. 563: also, Quar. Jour. Geol. Soc., London, Vol. XIX, p. 12: Proc. Nov. 5, 1862. 40 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS. There is only one fragment of a cast of this species, but it is sufficient to ascertain the general form of the shell. The shell is flat disciform, with a very small and not very deep umbilicus, and a narrow siphonal part, which bears two sharp longitudinal ridges, between which a rather deep excavation is observable. The whorls are perfectly smooth, compressed, with flat sides, which are slightly inflated a little above the umbilicus, and descend from there in an elegant curve to the umbilical suture, without forming an umbilical edge or presenting distinct umbilical walls. The whorls envelope each other almost completely, and increase at the same time very rapidly in height, an inner whorl showing only about one-third of the height of the outer one. The greatest thickness of the whorls is situated within the lower third of the height of the whorl. Most difficult is it to describe the sutures, as tbe designations which are generally used for doing so do not hold good for this shell. Principally, there is nothing which could properly be designated as a siphonal lobe. In the excavation between the two ridges, on the siphonal part of the whorl, there is a long, narrow, pointed lobe, serrated laterally, about six times as long as it is broad, bounded on both sides by narrow saddles. The lower pointed termination of this lobe lies in the same radius of the shell as that touching the last auxiliary lobes, where they reach the umbilical suture. The two narrow saddles limiting this lobe on both sides reach up very far, and bear four deep indentations on their umbilical side. They are followed by a short lobe, about twice as long as broad, which has a finger on each side about in the middle of its height and terminates in a leaf-shaped point- ed part. The saddle which follows next is very short, reaching up only to the first indentation of the narrow siphonal saddle, and is about half as long as it is broad ; there is no indentation on its upper extremity. After this saddle there follow three lobes, which are the most conspicuous of the whole set, reaching somewhat further down than the three lobes of the siphonal apparatus. Each of them bears a finger in the middle of its height on each side, and terminates in two leaf -shaped pointed parts. The lobes are separated by narrow rounded saddles, which are about equal in size, and reach no further up than the saddle following next to the siphonal apparatus. The next lobe, the fourth, from the siphonal appa- ratus, is shorter than the three preceding ones, but otherwise very similar in shape. Erom this there follow yet seven lobes, rapidly diminishing in size as they approach the umbilical suture, the larger ones of them still bear lateral fingers, the smaller not, but all terminate in two pointed leaf -shaped branches. The saddles are all rather narrow, never reaching far up, and perfectly rounded, without indentation in their upper extremity. If we consider the point up to which the preceding whorl reaches into the succeeding one, we find that that there are five or six lobes, besides the siphonal apparatus, standing above the line drawn transversely across the septum at that point. It is therefore very difficult to decide which of those lobes ought to be considered as representing the lateral lobes of other Ammonites, PRODUCTTTS-LIMESTONE — CEPHALOPODA. 41 as the most conspicuous lobes on the sides of the shell are the fourth, fifth, and sixth, above the line specified. Besides this singular arrangement of the lateral lobes, the most strange feature of the whole sutural line is the shifting towards the front of the whole siphonal apparatus, so as to make the three lobes of which it is composed appear much shorter than the lateral lobes, though they are in reality much longer. Though there is only a fragment of this species, yet if we complete the spiral from the short length of it which is preserved, we can succeed in getting a toler- ably complete idea of the general outline and the dimensions of the whole shell. The following measurements are taken in this way, but it must be remembered that they can be only approximate. The dimensions of the shell seem to have been the following : — mm. Diameter of the shell (about) .114 „ „ ,, umbilicus (about) 10 Height of the last whorl from the umbilical suture ....... 59 „ „ „ „ „ from the preceding whorl . 39 „ „ „ preceding whorl from the umbilical suture . . . . . . P 25 Thickness of the last whorl 23 Locality and geological position. — The specimen from which this species has been described was collected by myself at Jabi, in exactly the same bed which has also furnished several specimens of Xenodiscus carbonarius and Cyclolobus oldhami. I took it with my own hands out of the rock in situ, and there can exist, therefore, not the slightest doubt as to its occurring in the upper division of the Productus-limestone. The close resemblance of this species to some of the forms described from the sandstone of Artinsk is a feature which will be of value for the exact determination of the age of the bed in which it occurs, in comparison with the standard table of formations generally adopted in science. Bemarks. — There are three species with which our form can be compared, Sag. artiense, Gruenw., Sag. sahmarce, Karp., and Sag. orbignyanum, Vern. The first two are not difficult to distinguish from our species by their somewhat broader siphonal side of the shell, which leaves even two rows of crenulations in Sag. sah- marce ; but the last of the three requires a closer comparison to find the specific differences. The general form of the shell, the doubly-keeled narrow siphonal side, the small umbilicus, and the transverse section of the whorls, are very much alike in both species ; a marked difference appears, however, immediately we compare the sutures of the septa. The narrow siphonal lobe is nearly identical in shape, but the whole siphonal apparatus is not placed so far towards the front as in our species ; there are not three principal lateral lobes, but only one; and in all the lobes the lateral fingers, which are so conspicuous in Sag. primas, are absent in the Prussian species. On the whole, it is obvious that in Sag. orbignyanum the sutures are much less complicated, and the strange features of it, which I have pointed out above, are less strongly developed than in the Indian form. If we accept the observation so often made— that the general tendency of development in the 42 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS. Ammonites is, in each single developmental series, to complicate more and more the. sutures, as the development of the series progresses in time — as indicating a general law of development for the Ammonites, we are led to believe that very likely Sag. orbignyanum, Vern., sp., and Sag. primas, W., may be in developmental connection. Once this is admitted, it becomes very probable that Sag. orbignyanum must have been prior in time, as it exhibits sutures which are less complicated than those of Sag. primas ; whilst the latter must have succeeded the former after a more or less long interval, during which the more complicated sutures of Sag. primas have been developed by transmutation. Thus it would appear that the beds in which Sag. primas has been found must have been deposited at a later period than the sandstone of Artinsk which has furnished the specimens of Sag. orbignyanwm. Order : TETPABBANCHIATA. Family: NAUTILIDJE. Genus : NAUTILUS, Linn^.1 As might have been expected in beds of upper palaeozoic age, the genus Nauti- lus is abundantly represented in the Productus-limestone of the Salt-range. It is a strange fact that among the materials brought by Dr. Fleming from that ground,, only one species of Nautilus was included, and that another species could be assigned, but doubtfully, to the Productus-limestone formation. The species which were described from Dr. Fleming's collection by de Koninck were : Nautilus flemingi> Kon., undoubtedly coming from palaeozoic strata, and Naut. burtini galeotti, very likely of nummulitic age. The deficiency in the knowledge of the fauna of the Productus-limestone, as indicated by only a single species of Nautilus being known, has been largely filled up by the collections made by Mr. Wynne and myself as I am now in a position to describe not less than ten species of Nautilus from these beds. Altogether there have been described up to the present about 115 to 120 species of Nautilus from the newer palaeozoic formations (carboniferous and permian), and this number already sufficiently indicated the preponderance of the genus during those times. Whilst in the silurian formation only about twenty-two species were present, the number during the devonian period was as low as seventeen, and only in carboniferous times the genus attained such an enormous development as it never attained again in more recent formations. It is only natural that among the great number of species of Nautilus existing during the newer palseozoic formations several divisions can be distinguished. Several attempts have been made to sub-divide the genus into several subgenera ; but, 1 Since this part of the manuscript was completed, news of the recent publication of a large work on Carboniferous Nautilidm by Mons. de Koninck have reached me. A letter from Mons. de Koninck kindly informed me that a copy of the work was on its way to the library of the Geological Institute here, but after having waited for some weeks in vain, the work not having yet arrived, I am forced to send this manuscript to press and to postpone references to de Koninck's work to the general conclusions. PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— CEPHALOPODA. 43 though there are many indications to show that the animals inhabiting the differently shaped shells: must have been of somewhat different organization, at present the means have not yet been detected to discover in what manner the peculia- rities of the shells must have been related to the animals, and thus all attempts in the direction of sub-dividing the genus have been without a firm base, and therefore could not be maintained. The only way which in the end might lead to a definitive solution of the question — to study carefully and in detail the develop- ment in time of the different series of forms, by which the present genus Nautilus has been composed — has not yet been attempted in a single instance ; and thus the classification of the forms belonging to the genus has not yet made much progress since the investigations of Quenstedt, and the sub-divisions he proposed must still be considered as the most practicable ones. It is not possible for me here to attempt a new classification of the species of Nautilus ; but there is no doubt, that the Nautili as well as the Ammonites can be divided very properly into several groups, which, if properly, defined, might very well prove to be of at least sub-generic value. And not only can such large divisions be distinguished,, but also developmental series, such as have been described among the Ammonites, are well characterised within the genus. The divisions which have been pointed out to exist among the Nautili by Quenstedt are the following : (1) Imperfecti, (2) Moniliferi, (3) Striati, (4) Bi/mplices, (5) Undulati, (6) Aganites. Of these the first is chiefly palseozoic> whilst the others for the greater part include mesozoic species. It is evident that these sub-divisions are of very unequal value. Whilst some, like the Moniliferi, include only a very few species, and represent not more than part of a developmental series ; others, like the Imperfecti, comprise such a number of species that it be- comes unavoidable to create some further groups. Attempts in this direction have been made already by several authors, and American and other writers have created several generic designations for different forms. I need only mention the names Tem- nocheilus, M'Coy, Discites, M'Ooy, Trematodiscus, M. andW., Endolobus,~NL.&Ti&'W., Cryptoceras, Orb., etc., which all have been created to include species of Quenstedt's Imperfecti, and the generic distinction of all of which is more than doubtful. However, it is perfectly clear from all this, that the Imperfecti of Quenstedt cannot be retained as equal in value to his other divisions. The species of Nautilus, which have been found in the Productus-limestone of the Salt-range, must be counted for the greater part with the Imperfecti; there is, however, one which in its general appearance resembles more closely some mesozoic form, and must be considered as very likely belonging to the Simplices of Quenstedt. Among the Imperfecti from the Salt-range I am able to distinguish two divisions which can easily be recognised from the general form of the shell. The first division I call the Tuberculati, which possess broad, more or less depressed whorls ornamented at their sides with a row of more or less closely arranged tubercles, which are sometimes transformed into thick, tuberculated, radial ridges. The 44 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS. type of tbis division is Naut. tuberculatus, Sow. : besides tbis tbere bave been des- cribed a number of allied species in Europe, Asia, and America, ranging from tbe devonian to tbe triassic formation. Tbe second division I am able to distinguish I sball call the Ophionei ; the shell shows a very large umbilicus, the whorls are compressed, but without any ridges or ornamentation, the siphonal part perfectly rounded ; but in this as well as in other divisions, neither the position of the siphon nor the width of the perforation in the centre of the shell can be used to charac- terise the group. Within these two divisions of the genus several developmental series can be easily distinguished, one of which has a very wide geological range. The oldest species which I am inclined to unite with the Tuberculati is Nauti- lus subtuberculatus, Sandberger, out of rocks of devonian age. The characters of the group are, however, not yet well developed in this species, as the tubercles disappear in the older individuals, and an obtuse keel is present on the middle of the ventral part of the shell. The typical form of the species belonging to this group is only exhibited by Naut. tuberculatus, Sow., itself, and from it the group can be traced without interruption up to the top of the palaeozoic formations. The species, which is most closely allied to the one described by Sowerby, is Naut. tuberculatus, Verneuil (non Sow.), the distinctness of which species from the true tuberculatus, has been recognised long since by Prof. Mbller, without, however, his introducing a hew name for it. It would be convenient to call this species Natjt. molleei, Waagen. Next comes Naut. flemingi, Koninck, which is the geologically oldest species of the Tuberculatus group occurring in the Salt-range. He Koninck's original, which I am in a position to refigure, thanks to the liberality of the Geo- logical Society of London, in whose collection it has been preserved, comes from the middle region of the Productus-limestone. This is followed by Naut. goli- athus, Waagen, which species I shall have to describe hereafter; it was found in the lower part of the upper division of the Productus-limestone. A species which is again very nearly aUied to Naut. molleri, but easily distinguishable by the more numerous tubercles, and which also very likely closely resembles young specimens of Naut. goliathus, is Naut. multituberculatus, Waagen. It is the most recent species of the group in the Salt-range, and was found in beds at the very top of the Productus-limestone formation. With this species the group of Naut. subtuberculatus seems to terminate, as no species, thoroughly allied to the group, has as yet been found in more recent formations. Another series of forms which is very closely allied with the foregoing, but which can always be distinguished by the somewhat squarish transverse section of the whorls, whilst the foregoing group has this section always more or less triangular, is the one of which Naut. tuberculatus, Trantschold (non Sow.) must be considered as the geologically oldest form. The difference of this species from the true N. tuberculatus, Sow., is so obvious, that I think nobody will object when I introduce a new name for this form, and I propose to call it from its des- PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— CEPHALOPODA. 45 criber Natjt. trantscholdi, Waagen. This species was found in the upper carbon- iferous limestone of Miatchkowa. To it some forms in the Salt-range are most closely related. They form part of the fauna of the Upper Productus-limestone, and I shall describe them under the names of Naut. transitorius, Waagen, and Naut. wynnei, "Waagen. The latter very naturally leads us to Naut. dorso-armatus, Abich, and Naut. tubercular is, Abich, from Djoulfa on the Araxes, and these again furnish the connecting link with Naut. pichleri, Hauer, which is characteristic of the Muschelkalk formation of the Alps, and is on its part again intimately connected with several upper triassic species. Another branch, which also very likely takes its origin from the same series of forms, is that composed of Nautilus homesi, Stache, N. sebedinus, St., and N. crux, St., out of the Bellerophon-lime- stones of the Alps, whilst Naut.fugax, Mojs., recalls again more vividly the form of the shell as it is exhibited by the older species, N. trantscholdi, transitorius, or wynnei. A species which also very likely must be considered as forming part of the group of Naut. trantscholdi, but which is somewhat aberrant in its development, is Naut. latissimus, Waagen, out of the very top beds of the Productus-limestone formation of the Salt-range. To this species Naut. talladii, Mojs., out of the Alpine Muschelkalk seems to be rather nearly related. With these forms, however, the number of species belonging to the Tubercu- lati is yet far from complete. A great many shells belonging to this group have been described from American localities, but all of them seem to belong to develop- mental series entirely different from those just pointed out among the European and Asiatic species. Only Naut. occidentalis, Schumard (non Hall) bears a close resemblance to Naut. trantscholdi, W., and might belong to the same developmental series. As to the occurrence in time of the different forms mentioned above, it is abso- lutely impossible at present to indicate with any tolerable certainty the exact suc- cession in time of species coming from different localities. The more minute strati- graphy of the beds in which these species occur is yet so far from being exactly known that indications in that direction bear only the character of very vague general parallelism, and thus an exact homotaxis of the upper palaeozoic deposits has not yet been established. Only for the species occurring in the Salt-range the relative position can be positively affirmed. The other division of the Imperfect Nautili which I have proposed above are the Ophionei. The number of species belonging to this division is far smaller than that belonging to the Tuberculati, but nevertheless the few forms hitherto dis- covered are of very great interest. A group of forms, which is very nearly allied to the Ophionei, is composed of those species which are more or less allied to Naut. subsulcatus, Phill., but I think the division here under consideration ought not to be so far extended as to comprise also these forms, and it will be much more prac- ticable to create for the latter a separate division. In the extension I have in mind 46 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS. to attribute to the division, the Ophionei take their origin from a species which I have collected in the lowest beds of the middle region of the Productus-limestone of the Salt-range, and which I shall call Naut. ophioneus, Waagen. In very near relation to this species is Naut. connectens, "Waagen, from the highest beds of the middle Productus-limestone. It forms the connecting link with Naut. convolutus, Waagen, out of the upper region of the Productus-limestone. In these species a very; marked tendency is observable, to close the perforation in the centre of the umbilicus and to produce more and more a rounded section of the whorls. . This same tendency holds good also for the more recent species which belong to ..the same developmental series. There is in the first place to be mentioned Naut. spitiensis, Stol., out of the Himalayan Muschelkalk formation, which is distinct from Naut. convolutm by its still more closely coiled spiral and the more ventral or exter- nal position of its siphon. Stoliczka very reasonably points out the close resemblance of his species to Naut. brevis, Hauer, out of middle triassic beds of the Alps, and there is a great probability that this species and its relatives stand in close develop- mental connection with the Indian shells. Of other than Indian species there are some which belong beyond doubt to the division of the Ophionei, but I cannot state if they possibly might be counted also with the developmental series of Naut. ophioneus. Such a form is Naut. tulensis,. Barbot de Marny, out of the lower Mountain-limestone of the Government of Toula, Naut. parallelus, Abich, from the upper carboniferons beds of Djulfa on the Araxes, etc. Prom what has been said on the foregoing pages, we see that the species of Nautilus occurring in the palaeozoic beds of the Salt-range can be properly classified in the following manner : — I. Section : Simplices. Naut. peregrinus, Waagen. II. Section : Tuberculati. a. Group of Naut. subtuberculatus, Sandb. 1. Naut.flemingi, Koninck. 2. „ goliathus, Waagen. 3. „ multituberculatus, Waagen. b. Group of Naut. trantscholdi, Waagen. 1. Naut. transitorius, Waagen. <J. „ wynnei, Waagen. c. Aberrant species. 1. Naut. latissimus, Waagen. III. Section : Ophionei. a. Group of Naut. ophioneus, Waagen. 1. Naut. ophioneus, Waagen. 2. „ connect ens, Waagen. 3. „ convolutus. Waagen. PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— CEPHALOPODA. 47 Though there are three divisions of the Nautili present in the Salt-range, this represents but a very small fraction of the entire variety of forms included in the genus. Even if we compare only the Nautili occurring in the upper formations of the palseozoic series, we find that the variety of forms which they contain is gene- rally far greater than that represented in the Salt-range strata. Principally two divi- sions of the genus are strongly developed in the carboniferous strata of Europe and America ; these are the Compressi and the Multicarinati. The former, for which I am inclined to introduce the above name, comprise chiefly those forms which are united by M'Coy in his sub-genus Discites, whilst the type for the latter is re- presented by the species Naut. multicarinatus, Sow. It is a fact worthy of notice that these two divisions of the genus are altogether absent in the Salt-range, not a single one of them having as yet been detected there. On the other hand, the forms which are present in the Salt-range have mostly their chief development in higher strata, though the type commences partly in the devonian period. So also the Tuberculati are represented in the lower carboniferous limestone of England, etc., only by a few species ; whilst in the upper carboniferous limestone of Russia, etc., there are about ten species, which on their part have again their nearest allies in dyas and trias of the Alps. Of the Ophionei this is less apparent, but the Sim- plices, which also have a representation in the Salt-range, are of a nearly exclusively mesozoic and tertiary distribution. I.— Section: SIMPLICES. 1. Nautilus peregrinus, "Waagen, n. sp. PI. VI, fig. 3. Though the only specimen of this species, which I possess for description, is in rather bad preservation, yet the general form of it is so remarkable that I think it expedient to notice it more in detail, and to propose a new name for it. The general form of the shell is thick lenticular, with a broadly rounded exter- nal part. The umbilicus is very small and deep, surrounded by curved umbilical walls, which unite with the sides of the whorl without forming any edge. The concavity of the septa on the sides towards the mouth of the shell is rather shallow ; and the sutures, where the septa unite with the external shell, are very nearly straight ; they are very slightly curved backwards on the sides of the shell, and form a low arch towards the front on the external part of the whorl. The septa are not very numerous, about twelve or fourteen on each whorl, but it is difficult to count them accurately on the existing specimen. The position of the siphon is not well observable, but it seems to be within the outer third of the radial diameter of the septum, and as far as can be made out, it seems rather thick. The latter end of the last whorl in the specimen under consideration belongs to the body chamber. The specimen is, however, not full grown, as the last septa are not more closely arranged. 48 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS. It is very difficult to give tlie exact measurements of the specimen, as it is obliquely compressed, whereby all dimensions are more or less altered from what they were originally. As far as can be made out, the specimen seems to have had the following dimensions : — mm. Diameter of the shell 90 „ „ umbilicus 6 Height of the aperture from the umbilical suture 58 „ >7 „ from the preceding whorl ? 37 „ „ preceding whorl from the umbilical suture 28 „ „ „ „ from the one following next 22 Distance of siphon in this whorl from the outer part of the preceding one ... 15 Thickness of the aperture ? 35 „ „ preceding whorl 25 Locality and geological position. — The only specimen of this species which is preserved in the Salt-range collection was found by myself in the thick compact limestones of the middle division of the Productus-limestone at Kbiira. Remarks. — This species is very remarkable on account of its near affinity to the mesozoic, chiefly Jurassic, species of Nautilus. I do not know any Nautilus in palaeozoic strata which would approach so nearly the mesozoic forms ; either the umbilicus is larger, or the position of the siphon is exceptional, but if we compare, for instance Naut. subinflatus, Orb., or Naut. intumescens, W., with our species, the affinity is so great that the only difference rests in the more compressed form of our species. Already in the description of N intumescens (Pal. Ind., Jur. Fauna of Kachh, Vol. I), I have pointed out that this species is most nearly allied to the living Naut. pompilius, L. ; and there is no doubt that N. peregrinus must, like the species just mentioned, be put into the same division of the genus, the Simplices of Quenstedt. From the Striati of Quenstedt, our species, like the living Naut. pompilius or the allied Jurassic species, differs by the absence of the somewhat flattened external part of the shell, which is characteristic of this latter division of Nautili. II.— Section : TUBERCTJLATL a. Group of NAUTILUS SUBTUBEBCULATUS, Sandberger. 1. Nautilus plemingianus, Koninck. PI. Ill, fig. 2. 1863. Nautilus flemingiarms, Koninck : Fossiles Paleozoiques de l'lnde, p. 7, pi. VIII, fig. 2. The description of this species by de Koninck is so excellent that I have but very little to add to it. The species is represented by a single fragment, which is, however, so well preserved that it is easy to recognise the peculiarities of the species from it. The general form of the shell is thick disciform. The umbilicus is very wide, the whorls only touching each other. The whorls are broad, with a somewhat triangular section, the largest transverse diameter lying near the outer part of the PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.—CEPHALOPODA. 49 whorl. The cast is provided with a Tery characteristic ornamentation, which, on the one hand, proves the affinity of the species to the group of Naut. subtuberculatus, Sandh., on the other, however, it also furnishes distinctive characters whereby the species is easily separated from the allied forms. The first two or three whorls, up to a diameter of the shell of 55 mm., are per- fectly smooth. The whorls are depressed, about as broad as high, and the transverse section of them is rather more squarish than triangular. When the shell grows larger slight protuberances begin to appear near the outer margin of the whorls ; they are low, thick and elongated so as to extend towards the umbilical margin. With the progressing increase of the shell these protuberances increase in heights which is greatest near the outer margin of the whorl. As far as I am able to judge, there seem to have been about eighteen of these protuberances on the last whorl, each alternate air-chamber bearing one on each side. The external or ventral part of the shell is broad and depressed, but not flat, and is perfectly smooth, without ornamentation. The septa are very numerous. They show a very slight lobe on each side and on the external part of the whorl, and a very low rounded saddle on both external margins and on the umbilical margins of the whorl. Their number is not equal throughout the whole extent of the shell. If we measure the breadth of each whorl and take the same distance on the side of the whorl, we find, that on the first whorl, which is distinctly visible in the fragment, five septa are comprised within this distance, on the second there are six and on the third eight, whilst at the same time the breadth of each whorl remains unchanged, equal its height. It is very difficult to judge how many septa there may have been in each whorl; there may have been about thirty-six to thirty-eight on the last one, about thirty to thirty-three on the preceding, and about eighteen to twenty on the innermost whorl. There are no means to ascertain how large the perforation in the centre of the umbilicus may have been. The position of the siphon seems to be as indicated by de Koninck, that is, in the outer third of the height of the whorl, but it is so very indistinct that I cannot say anything positive about it. The dimensions of the shell seem to have been the following : — mm. Diameter of the shell ahout 173 „ ,, umbilicus about 70 Height of the aperture from the umbilical suture 64 „ „ „ top of preceding whorl 61 „ preceding whorl from the umbilical suture 33 „ „ „ top of innermost whorl 31 Thickness of aperture 63 „ preceding whorl 31 Locality and geological position. — The only specimen of this species which has been found up to the present was collected by Dr. Fleming at Musakheyl in N 50 SALT-EANGE FOSSILS, a grey compact limestone, which beyond any doubt belongs to the middle region of the Productus-limestone, as no similar rock occurs there in any other division of that formation. We therefore can most positively assert, that Naut. flemingianus belongs to the fauna of the middle Productus-limestone (division No. 2 of the list, page 8). Remarks. — Though Naut. flemingianus bears a certain resemblance to Naut. tuberculatus, Sow., yet it is not difficult to distinguish the two species. Already M. de Koninck has pointed out the chief differences, and there is but little to be added to his observations. The form of the tubercles, their position on alternate air cham- bers, and the much more numerous septa in our species, are sufficiently distinctive characters to separate it from the English shell as described by Phillips and Sowerby. Somewhat more closely allied is Naut. molleri, W., but this species also has its tubercles differently shaped and less numerous, and besides this, the septa are more numerous in the Eussian form than even in the Indian species. If we compare specimens of equal size, we find that at a diameter of the shell of about 30 mm. there are about thirty-five septa on the last whorl in Naut. molleri, whilst in Naut. flemingianus there are at the diameter mentioned not more than about twenty septa on the last whorl. Of other species of the Tuberculati none is so closely allied as to require special notice. I might mention Naut. tuberosus, M'Coy, Naut. ponderosus, Meek and H., and several species described in Worthen's Illinois reports ; but the resemblance of all these to deKoninck's species is so superficial that it seems not necessary to indicate the differences in detail. 2. Nautilus goliathus, Waagen, n. sp. PI. IV. This species is represented by a single complete specimen and a small fragment but as its form is very characteristic and its geological position well ascertained, it can well be described under a proper specific designation. The general form of the shell is that of a very thick disk. The umbilicus is very deep, but not very wide ; the whorls are very thick and inflated with an extremely broad flattened external part. The transverse section of the whorls is broad trapezoidal, the broadest diameter being near the outer edge of the whorl. The lateral parts of the whorls unite with the external part in a rounded edge, which is ornamented with a row of thick elongated rib -like tubercles extending halfway down the height of the whorl. There are about fifteen of these tubercles on the specimen of a diameter of 168 mm. The lateral parts of the whorls slope down from the external edge regularly to the umbilical suture, only showing a slight curve, without forming any umbilical edge or a distinct umbilical wall. The septa of this species are slightly curved like those of the preceding one, but they are much less numerous. Besides this there is no relation between the PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— CEPHALOPODA. 51 air chambers and the tubercles, as is tbe case in Naut. flemingianus. The specimen I have got for description is not sufficiently well preserved to count the number of septa on each whorl, but there may have been about thirty-two on the last circuit. The position of the siphon could not be ascertained. The dimensions are somewhat difficult to take, as the specimen has been obliquely compressed, but they seem to have been as follows : — mm. Diameter of the shell 169 „ „ „ umbilicus 53 Height of the aperture from the umbilical suture 76 », >i „ „ „ „ preceding whorl P 60 Thickness of the aperture 97 Locality and geological position. — The only complete specimen of this species in the Salt-range collection was found by myself in the lowest beds of the upper division of the Productus-limestone, not far from the Serai at Katwahi, in the bed of a stream, not loose on the ground, but in the rock in situ. A small fragment, which also very likely belongs to this species, was collected by Mr. Wynne at Jalar among the debris. Prom its preservation it is probable that it also came from the upper region of the Productus-limestone. Remarks^ — Naut. goliathus is most nearly allied to the species described by de Koninck under the name of Naut. fiemmgianus, as already noticed more in detail. However, in comparing the figures given on Pis. Ill and IV, one will easily notice the differences which exist between the two species, and which consist in the greater thickness of the whorls, the different arrangement of the septa, and the compara- tively smaller umbilicus of Naut. goliathus. Prom Naut. tuberculatus, Sow., and Naut. moller^ W., our species is also easily distinguishable by the much smaller umbilicus and the greater thickness of the whorls. Of foreign species only Naut. (Endolobus) sjpectabilis, Meek and Worthen, bears a certain resemblance, but the transverse section of the whorls in this species is quite different from that in the Indian form. 3. Nautilus multitubeeculatus, Waagen, n. sp. PI. VI, fig. 5. Among all the species of Nautilus from the Salt-range this one has the greatest resemblance to Naut. tuberculatus, Sow. ; but as there are nevertheless some striking differences, a new name for this form cannot be avoided. The general form of the shell is thick disciform, with a very wide and rather deep umbilicus. The transverse section of the whorls is triangular, the external part being very broad and depressed, and forming an obtuse edge with the lateral part of the whorls, which is provided with a row of thick radially elongated tuber- cles. The lateral parts of the whorls slope regularly with a slight curve to the umbilical suture, without forming any umbilical edge or an umbilical wall. The 52 SALT-KANGE FOSSILS. tubercles are very numerous, but as the entire whorl is not preserved in the specimen I have got for description, I am unable to state exactly how many there may have been on one circuit. As far as I can judge, however, there may have been about twenty -three. The form of the septa is not well observable, as the specimen is covered with its shell ; for the same reason I am unable to state how many of them there may have been on one circuit. So much, however, can be observed, that the tubercles are not located on alternate air chambers. The siphon is rather narrow and pierces the septum exactly in its centre. The shell seems to be entirely smooth, only with the lens are very fine lines of growth observable, the direction of which can, however, not be followed. If we complete the outlines of the shell as indicated by the existing fragment, forming only the inner volutions of a larger shell, the entire specimen seems to have had the following dimensions : — mm. Diameter of the shell (about) 43 „ „ „ umbilicus (about) ......... 17 Height of the aperture from the umbilical suture 15 „ „ „ „ „ „ preceding whorl 135 Thickness of the aperture 24 Locality and geological position. — The only fragment of this species which has been found up to the present was collected by myself near Amb, in the very highest beds of the Productus-limestone, just below the Ceratite formation. Remarks. — The form which most resembles the present species is Naut. molleri, Waagen. The most striking difference from this shell, however, consists in the number of tubercles, which in Naut. molleri, in a specimen nearly equal in size to the one described here, is not more than about fourteen, whilst in our species this number is about twenty-three. Of other species, chiefly Naut. goliathtis, W., must be compared ; but it is difficult to state exactly the affinities or differences of the two shells, as the sizes of the existing specimens are so very unequal. As far as I am able to judge, Naut. multiiuberculatus seems to differ from the species des- cribed above by more numerous tubercles, and by whorls which are comparatively broader. It is a fact, which requires more special notice, that the species now under consideration reproduces again so closely the form of Naut. molleri, whilst it seems less allied to the two species described before it, Naut. flemingianus and Naut. goliathus. This strange fact seems either attributable to atavism, or else I have possibly mixed up two different developmental series, one of which might be composed of Naut. subtuberculatus. Sandb., Naut. tuberculatus, Sow., Naut. molleri, W., and Naut. multituberculatus, W., whilst the other would be represented by the two species Naut. flemingianus and Naut. goliathus. It is very difficult to decide which of the two interpretations of the facts will be the correct one, as the correlations of the different beds within the newer palaeozoic formations is as yet so little known that it is at present impossible to indicate which of the two different PEODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— CEPHALOPODA. 53 kinds of arrangement of the species will show the real succession in time of the different forms. Certainly, if there are two different developmental series included in my group of Naut. subtuberculatus, Sandb., they are very closely allied to each other, and there is but very little doubt that the one has taken its origin from the other ; but then it is not possible to indicate the exact time when the one has been separated from the other, as the one which would be characterised by Naut. fiemingianus is already well developed in this species, without geologically older connecting species being known. h. Group op NAUTILUS TRANTSCHOLDI, Waagen. 1. Nautilus transitobxus, Waagen, n. sp. PI. V, fig. 1 ; PI. VI, fig. 4. The general form of tbis species is very different according to the age of the shell. The whole shell appears thick disciform, with a wide and rather shallow umbili- cus. The transverse section of the whorls is somewhat squarish, the outer or ventral part of the shell being flat with a shallow depression in the middle. The lateral parts of the whorls are perpendicular, and form a distinct angle with the external part. The umbilicus is surrounded by a distinct umbilical wall, which forms a more or less distinct edge where it unites with the lateral parts of the whorls. In the young shell the first circuit has a diameter of about 17 mm., being pierced in the middle by a central aperture of about 5 or 6 mm. in diameter. The com- mencement of the shell is quite smooth (the entire form of the " calotte" not being well observable) and very depressed, the transverse section about twice as broad as high ; but already towards the end of the first circuit the ornamentation of the shell begins to appear. This consists of a prominent crest along the umbilical edge and of low folds on the outer margin of the whorl, where the lateral and external parts of the shell unite. As the shell grows larger these folds increase considerably in height, and extend more and more towards the crest which surrounds the umbili- cus. There may have been about fifteen of these folds on the third volution, how many there may have been on the second is not observable. On all these inner whorls the external part of the shell seems to have been entirely smooth, without marked depression in the middle. On the last whorl the sculpture changes considerably. Already towards the end of the third volution the crest on the umbilical margin thickens at certain intervals, and generally one of these nodular thickenings corresponds to two of those folds on the lateral parts of the whorl. On the last whorl now this crest is entirely resolved into single high knobs along the umbilical edge, and no proper crest remains. These knobs unite with alternate high thick ribs, which come from the external margin of the whorl, and are highest on that margin. Between these there are 54 SALT-RANGE EOSSILS. other ribs equally high on the outer margin of the whorl, but which disappear gradually towards the umbilical edge. The whole system of sculpture becomes less prominent towards the mouth of the shell. The strong ribs which cover the lateral parts of the last whorl extend on this whorl in a somewhat retrograde direction to the external or ventral part of the shell, up to near the middle of it, and terminate there as two very low longitudinal ridges which border a tolerably broad medial depression on both sides. It is very difficult to observe what form the sutures of the septa may have possessed, as the whole specimen is covered with its shell, but it seems that there were sinuosities both on the sides and on the external part of the whorl. I am not able to indicate anything as to the number of septa in one whorl, but the siphon is clearly observable on one of the septa. It is very narrow, and in its position nearer the internal than the external side of the whorl. The dimensions of one of the specimens are as follows : — mm. Diameter of the shell (about) ........... 130 „ of the umbilicus (about) .......... 53 Height of the aperture from the umbilical suture ....... 53 „ „ from the preceding whorl ....... 48 Thickness of the aperture ............ 63 Locality and geological position. — There are two specimens of this species in the Salt-range collection ; one of them was collected by myself on the road from Vurcha to Uchali, in the lower beds of the upper division of the Productus-lime. stone ; the other was found by Mr. Wynne at Khund Ghat, also in the upper division of the Productus-limestone ; the species seems thus to be restricted to that group of the formation. Remarks. — This species is very remarkable as forming the transitional link between Naut. trantscholdi and a series of forms which shows its largest devel- opment only in lower mesozoic strata. Whilst in Naut. trantscholdi, W., the form of the shell, as is exhibited in young specimens of Naut. transitorms, a high crest surrounding the umbilical wall, and tuberculated folds along the outer margin of the whorl, remain up to the very mouth of the shell, in Naut. transitorms this kind of ornamentation is restricted to the inner volutions, whereas on the last whorl it is resolved into a number of thick separated folds, as is the case in the geologically younger forms. As a species, Naut. transitorius is not very difficult to distinguish from the allied forms. In all stages of development it is distinct from Naut. trantscholdi, W., by the absence of the rows of small tubercles on both sides of the median depression along the external part of the shell. Of other species Naut. tubercularis, Abich, must be compared ; but in this species not only the crest or the tubercles along the umbilical edge are also absent, but the transverse section of the whorls is entirely different. Very few other species can be compared, but even if they bear a certain resemblance a distinction is still not difficult. PPODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— CEPHALOPODA. 55 2. Nautilus wynnei, Waagen, n. sp. PL III, fig. L This species, though very nearly allied to the preceding one, can be very well distinguished from it by the peculiarities of its ornamentation. The general form of the shell is very thick disciform, with a wide and tolerably shallow umbilicus. The section of the whorls is transversely rectangular. The external part of the shell is strongly depressed with an excavation in the middle, which is bordered on both sides by a distinct low and not very sharp ridge. On the outer edge of the whorl there is a row of thick prominent tubercles, from which faint ribs extend towards the median depression on the external part of the shell, and much stronger ones on the lateral parts of the whorl towards the umbilical edge. The lateral parts of the whorls are very little rounded, the umbilical edge is not very sharp and without crest or ridge. The umbilicus is surrounded by a high umbilical wall. The number of tubercles is about fifteen or sixteen on the last whorl, and they seem to be comparatively more numerous towards the end of it than they are at the beginning. There is no means of ascertaining the changes the ornamentation of the shell may have undergone during its growth, as the inner volutions of the shell are not preserved in the specimen I have for description. The septa are very numerous, but this seems to be partly due to the specimen being full grown, as the last of the septa are much more closely arranged than those at the beginning of the last whorl. The sutural lines of the septa are very strongly concave in front on both sides of the whorl and also on the external part, where they form a shallow somewhat angular lobe, whilst they exhibit a convexity on both the external margins and on the umbilical edges of the whorl. The siphon is exactly central and very likely nummuloid, of which fact, however, I am not quite certain. In a section in the middle of an air chamber between two septa at about half the length of the last whorl the siphon is not less than 6 mm. thick. It is not probable that the hole by which the siphon pierces the septum has got equal dimensions ; it is probably narrower, which necessarily would make the siphon appear nummuloid. Within the siphon no radial laniellse can be observed. The dimensions of the only specimen of this species are as follows : — mm. Diameter of the shell 120 „ of the umbilicus 49 Height of the aperture from the umbilical suture 44 „ „ „ from the preceding whorl . . . . ... .38 Thickness of the aperture 58 The specimen is preserved up to the very last air chamber, but the body cham- ber has been entirely broken away. It is quite full grown. Locality and geological position. — The only specimen of this species which is preserved in the Salt-range collection was found by Mr. Wynne at Khund Ghat on the road from Shahpur to Sukesar mountain. From great numbers of other fossils 56 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS. which Mr. Wynne has collected there together with the Cephalopoda, it is evident that he has taken them from the upper division of the Productus-limestone. Khund Ghat is one of the richest fossil localities of the upper Productus-limestone. Remarks. — It is not difficult to distinguish this species from some allied forms, First it differs from Naut. transitorius, W., by the absence of a crest along the umbilical edge, or the tubercles which replace it on the last whorl of that species. The ribs are not in pairs, and the excavation on the external part of the shell is narrower and more distinct. Of other species, chiefly Naut. dorsoarmatus, Abich, is rather nearly allied, and indeed the inner volutions of our species must have been very like Abich's species from Djulfa. But in the latter the external part of the shell is very little excavated, and, the tubercles are more pointed and prominent ; the septa are less concave on the lateral as well as on the external parts of the whorl. The middle triassic Naut. pichleri, Hau., is easily distinguishable by the absence of an excavation on the external part of the whorl and more numerous tubercles. A more close affinity exists between our species and Naut. homesi, Stache. The system of sculpture is entirely identical in both species, only the Alpine species has a greater number of tubercles and the lateral parts of the whorl more smooth. In all other respects the similarity is very great. Naut. wynnei thus appears as a thoroughly intermediate form between the older species of the Tuherculati and those triassic forms which hitherto could only with some doubt be considered as belonging to that division of the genus. c. ABERRANT SPECIES. 1. Nautilus latissimus, Waagen, n. sp. PL VI, fig. 1. This species is remarkable on account of its following a nearly opposite develop- ment to that which I have described in Naut. transitorius. There is but little doubt that it has taken its origin from the latter species, but its development is of such a kind as to suggest that this species is due to a kind of " atavism." The general form of the shell is nearly globular, with a not very wide, but extremely deep, umbilicus. The transverse section of the whorls is rather different in different stages of growth, but there is always a sharp crest on the umbilical edge, whence a very high perpendicular or sloping umbilical wall extends towards the umbilical suture. I have not any specimen in which I could observe the first stages of growth, nor can I state how large the perforation in the centre of the shell may have been. The smallest size of the shell which I am able to describe measures already 23 mm. in diameter. At that size the whorls are very depressed, the exter- nal part of the shell rounded and slightly prominent, the lateral parts very low, passing gradually into the external part, and covered with numerous broad rounded folds. The umbilical edge is provided with a prominent ridge, which directly passes into the high perpendicular umbilical wall. PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— CEPHALOPODA. 57 At a diameter of about 55 mm. the form of the shell is somewhat changed, the external part is less prominent, more depressed ; the lateral parts are higher, hut yet without forming any distinct external margin of the whorl. The folds on both sides of the whorl become gradually lower and broader, but the umbilical edge is still provided with a distinct longitudinal ridge, and the umbilical wall is still perfectly perpendicular. Again at a diameter of 85 mm. the form of the shell is once more changed. The external part of the shell is very nearly flat, onty very little prominent; The transverse section of the whorls is no longer approximately semicircular as in younger specimens, but more or less rectangular, the lateral parts of the whorl forming an obtuse external edge, where they unite with the external part. The sides of the whorl are perfectly smooth without any trace of folds or any other ornamentation. The ridge on the umbilical edge has very nearly disappeared, only a sharp umbilical edge has remained. The umbilical wall is as high as ever, only no longer perpendicular, but sloping. With this form the last stage of development seems to be attained. I cannot indicate, however, how large the species may have grown ; but in all the stages of growth the thickness of the whorls in comparison to their height is excessive, so that they are about twice as broad as high. The septa are not very numerous, but none of the specimens is sufficiently well preserved to count how many there were in one circuit. Their distance from each other in the external part of the shell is exactly the fifth part of the transverse diameter of the whorl. The sutures of the septa are very little curved, only slightly sinuous as well on the lateral as on the external part of the whorl. The siphon is not visible on any of the specimens. The dimensions of the two specimens of this species in the Salt-range collection, No. 1 being from Virgal, No. 2 from Khund Ghat, are as follows : — i. n. mm. mm. Diameter of the shell 62 85 „ of the umbilicus at the umbilical suture . . . . . .17 P 23 „ „ „ „ edge 23 34 Height of the aperture from the umbilical suture 35 44 „ „ from the preceding whorl . . . , . .28 ? 36 Thickness of the aperture 54 P 68 Locality and geological position. — There are two specimens of this species preserved in the Salt-range collection. One of them was collected by myself at Virgal, in the uppermost beds of the upper division of the Productus-limestone (band No. 1 of my section) ; the other was found by Mr. Wynne at Khund Ghat, also in the upper division of the Productus-limestone. Remarks. — It is not in the least difficult to distinguish this species from those previously described. The only one which can be compared with Naut. latissimus is Naut. trail sit orins, W. The full grown shells of both species are, however, as p 58 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS. dissimilar as possible, the one being smooth, the other provided with strong ribs and tubercles, only young specimens are somewhat similar. The whorls of Naut- latissimus are, however, in all stages of growth, more depressed and broader than those of Naut. transitorius. The full grown form of Naut. latissimus is very remarkable for a certain similar- ity to those species of Nautilus which have been considered by Quenstedt as forming his group of the Moniliferi. If we compare specimens of Naut. Mdorsatus, Schlotheim, we find that the general form of the shell agrees pretty well with that of the full-grown shell of Naut. latissimus, only the whorls are broader and the outer edge of the whorls is less angular in the latter than in Schlotheimfs species. The directly connecting links between the two species, however, are absent, and thus it cannot be ascertained whether we have to deal here really with the ancestor of those triassic forms or not, but the similarity must not be lost sight of. A resemblance which is yet more striking exists between Naut. latissimus and Naut. palladii, Mojs., out of the Muschelkalk formation of the Alps. The general form of the shell in both species is nearly identical, but, whilst in the former the sculpture disappears only in the full-grown shell, in the latter the shell is smooth from its commencement. There is, however, a great probability of the develop- mental connection of the two species. III.— Section : OPHIONEI. a. Grotjp op NAUTILUS OPBIONEUS, Waagen. 1. Natjtiltts ophionetjs, Waagen, n. sp. PI. V, fig. 2. The general form of the shell is that of a flat disc, with a very large perfor- ation in the centre ; the umbilicus is very wide and shallow, the whorls compressed, much higher than broad ; the external part of the shell quite roundedj without any edges or ridge. The character which is most striking in this species is the diameter of the perforation in the centre of the shell. The commencement of the shell is cylin- droidal, and a fragment of the first whorl might easily pass as a Cyrtoceras. The " calotte" could not be well observed, as the whole fossil consists of calcspar, and in cleaning the specimen for description the innermost part of the shell was slowly crumbling away. Only the latter part of the first half of the first whorl has remained tolerably intact; but a drawing could be made before the whole was destroyed. The transverse section of the first whorl, up to the commencement of the second, is perfectly rounded, circular in the beginning and slowly increasing in height as the second circuit is approached. The shell is perfectly smooth with- out any ornamentation. The first volution of the shell has not less than 60 mm. in diameter. As the first whorl is completed and the involution of the whorls commences with the second whorl, the transverse' section completely changes, an PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— CEPHALOPODA. 50 umbilical edge appears, and distinct low umbilical walls are developed. Erom the second whorl the increase of the shell regularly progresses. The umbilical walls become gradually more and more sloping, and the edge which surrounded the umbilicus, less distinct. The external part of the shell is always perfctly rounded, without any depression or edges. The septa are always very numerous, but their distance from each other varies according to the age of the shell. In the first whorl their distance is about equal to half the height of the whorl, in the second this distance is about one-third of the height of the whorl, and in the third it is only about one-fifth of this height, wherefrom it appears that the septa get more and more numerous as the shell increases in size. The sutures of the septa are very strongly sinuous on the sides of the whorl, but go straight over the external part of the shell. On the inner whorls they are less sinuous than on the outer. The siphon is tolerably wide and not quite central, but situated somewhat nearer the inner than the outer side of the whorl. The dimensions of the single existing specimen are as follows : — mm. Diameter of the shell (about) 157 „ „ „ umbilicus (about) 75 Height of the aperture from the umbilical suture ....... 51 „ j, „ „ from the preceding whorl ....... 48 Thickness of the aperture 36 Height of the second whorl from the umbilical suture 18 „ „ „ „ „ from the preceding whorl 17 Thickness of the second whorl 16 Height of the innermost whorl 8 Thickness of the innermost whorl 8 The spiral is not quite regular during the different stages of growth of the shell, but on an average the " Quotient" of the spiral seems to be p = 2-7. It is, however, very difficult to make reliable observations in this respect, if it is not possible to take the measurements from a median section of the shell ; but as the spiral of this species is . decidedly different from that of the next following two species, I thought it expedient to ascertain its quotient, though only approximately, in order to have one more point of comparison. Locality and geological position. — Only one fragmentary specimen of this species has been collected by myself in the mountains east of Katwahi. I did not find it in the rock in situ, but among the debris, but the place where it was procured was such that the beds it came from were not easily to be mistaken- It appertained originally either to the very lowest beds of the compact limestone composing the middle region of the Productus-limestone, or to the highest beds of the lower division of the same formation. The character of the rock in which the specimen is contained makes it appear, however, more likely that the former is 60 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS. the case, and that Naut. ophioneus belongs to the lowest beds of the middle division of the Productus-limestone. Remarks. — The general form of the species under consideration is so very characteristic that it is not difficult to distinguish it from other allied forms. The species which seems to be most nearly allied to the one just described is Naut convergens, Abich ; the differences consist in a slight excavation on both sides of the shell along its external margin, a slightly depressed external part of the shell, and septa which are (equal heights of the whorls of both species being compared) only the fourth part of the height of the whorl distant from each other in the latter species. Nautilus parallelus, Abich, which also bears some resemblance, has its whorls less high and more rectangular than our species, and the sutural lines of the septa are sinuous on the external part of the whorl, whilst they are straight in that position in Naut. ophioneus. The whole group of the Compressi is also more or less allied to Naut. ophioneus, but the characteristic longitudinal edges, which are to be found in the species of this group either along the external or the internal margins of the whorls, are suffi- cient to distinguish all these species from the one here described. 2. Nautilus connectens, Waagen, n. sp. There are two fragmentary specimens of a Nautilus in the Salt-range collection which indicate a species of very similar character to the one just described, but having some peculiarities which most decidedly establish a distinction between the two forms, and which I consider sufficient for the definition of a new species. The general form of the shell is flat disciform, with compressed whorls and a very wide, shallow umbilicus. The transverse section of the whorls is an elongated oval, without umbilical or external edges. However, the form of the whorls changes somewhat according to the age of the shell. The perforation in the centre of the umbilicus is not very large, only about 12 mm. in diameter. As far as it can be made out in the specimen, which is not very well preserved, the shell seems to commence with a broad, rounded " calotte," already 5 mm. broad. The first whorl is compressed, with an elliptical transverse section. Only when the involution of the whorls begins, with the commencement of the second whorl, a low, somewhat excavated umbilical wall is formed, which unites with the sides of the whorl in forming an obtuse umbilical edge. Already in the third whorl this umbi- lical wall as well as the edge are lost again entirely, and the elongated oval trans- verse section of the whorl is established as mentioned above. The whole shell seems to have got four whorls. The larger of the two frag- mentary specimens consists of the body chamber of a large individual, and this seems to have constituted the latter half of the fourth whorl. This body chamber is inter- esting, because it shows towards its aperture a slight depression of the external part of the shell. PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— CEPHALOPODA. 61 The septa, which are only visible on one small portion, as both the specimens are entirely covered with their shell, seem to be less sinuous than in Naut. ophioneus, but their relative number seems to have been equal to that in the species mentioned. The position of the siphon is not visible in any of the specimens. The dimensions I am only able to indicate very approximately, as the specimens are too much broken to allow of proper measurements to be taken. The measure- ments of the larger of the two specimens seem to have been as follows : — mm. Diameter of the shell p 154 „ of the umbilicus ••-.,,....? 73 Height of the aperture from the umbilical suture 53 „ „ „ from the preceding whorl p 49 Thickness of the aperture 34 It is to be remarked that the greatest thickness of the whorls lies, not near the umbilicus, but on the middle of the sides of the whorls. The spiral of this species is not equal to that of the preceding one, but it is very difficult to construct it exactly from the fragments at my disposal. As far as I can make it out, the " Quotient" seems to be somewhere near 2-5 ; but seems to de- crease in the earlier stages of growth of the shell. Locality and geological position. — The two fragmentary specimens in the Salt- range collection were found by myself at a locality west of Khura, in beds situated at the limits between the middle and the upper divisions of the Productus-limestone, but which very likely must yet be counted with the former. This species, therefore, is decidedly more recent than the one described above under the name of Naut. ophioneus, which has been stated to occur at the limit between the lower and the middle division of the same formation. Remarks. — This species is not very difficult to discern from the one nearest allied to it, Naut. ophioneus, W. The distinctive characters consist in a more rounded transverse section of the whorls in Naut. connectens, the greatest transverse diameter being situated on the middle of the sides of the whorls, whilst in Naut. ophioneus its position is near the obtuse umbilical margin, in a more closely coiled spiral, and in a much smaller perforation in the centre of the shell. According to the figure, Naut. subsuleatus, Trantsch. (non Phill.) seems also to be rather similar to our species, but the more angular external part of the shell, and a still smaller central perforation in the Russian form, are sufficient to distinguish the species. Naut. leveilleanus, Koninck, which also seems to be rather closely allied, has a comparatively smaller umbilicus, and less compressed whorls ; besides this, the ornamentation characteristic of Koninck's species is absent in Naut. connectens. Nautilus convergens, Abich, differs from our species by its much narrower external part of the shell, by which peculiarity a transverse section is produced, which resembles more that of Naut. ophioneus than that of the present species. Also Naut. parallelus, Abich, bears a certain resemblance to the species here under consideration, but its whorls are thicker in comparison to their height, the external Q 62 SALT-EANGE FOSSILS. part more angular, and the sutural line of the septa excavated on the external part of the shell. Naut. complanatus, Sow., with which N. parallelus is compared, hears only a very slight resemblance to the Indian species. On the whole, Naut. connectens is a well distinguishable species, which is thoroughly intermediate between Naut. ophioneus, W., and the following species, and which must be considered as in developmental connection with these two forms. 3. Nautilus convolutus, Waagen, n. sp. PI. VI, fig. 2. This species is very nearly allied to the two preceding ones, but there are some prominent characters which make a distinction not very difficult. The general form of the shell is, as in the preceding species, flat disciform, with a wide and shallow umbilicus. The whorls are perfectly rounded without edges or ridges, the external part of the shell is not depressed. The only specimen I have for description is not sufficiently well preserved to observe all stages of growth ; thus I am not able to indicate exactly how large the perforation of the shell in the centre of the umbilicus may have been, nor is anything to be seen of the " calotte," or first whorl of the shell. The diameter of the first circuit of the shell seems to have been about 22 to 30 mm., and in con- . sequence of this the diameter of the perforation was very likely not more than about 12 mm. At a diameter of the shell of 30 mm. the latter end of the last whorl does not yet bear any impression on its internal part, caused by the commencing involu- tion of the whorls, and thus the second circuit of the shell has not yet commenced at that diameter. But very soon after this the involution begins. The transverse section of the whorl is, however, not subject to any change with the beginning of the second whorl, as is the case in the two preceding species. No umbilical edge or wall is formed, but the lateral parts of the shell are equally rounded, from the umbi- lical suture up to the external region of the whorl. The whorls increase rather rapidly in height, are little compressed, not much higher than broad. The septa are very numerous, about the fifth part of the height of the whorl distant from each other. The sutural line of the septa is not very deeply excavated on the sides of the whorl, and slightly convex on the external part. The siphon is very narrow, not quite central, but very slightly shifted towards the internal part of the whorl. The dimensions of the specimen seem to have been as follows : — mm. Diameter of the shell (about) 85 „ „ umbilicus , 35 Height of the aperture from the umbilical suture 31 „ „ „ from the preceding whorl 30 Thickness of the aperture 26 Height of the preceding whorl . . 13 Thickness of the preceding whorl 12 PRODUCTTJS-LIMESTONE.— CEPHALOPODA. 63 The spiral of this shell is more closely coiled than that of the two preceding species ; but, as in those, it is extremely difficult to get exact measurements for the proper definition of the spiral, as far as can be made out, the quotient seems to be p=23. Locality and geological position. — The only specimen of this species was col- lected by Mr. Wynne at Khund Ghat, and from the fossils he found with it, it is apparent that the whole came from the upper division of the Productus-limestone. Remarks. — This species is easily distinguishable from the two previously described by the absence of an umbilical edge in the young shell, by a more closely coiled spiral, and by whorls which are much thicker in comparison to their height. Of other species Naut. tulensis, Barbot de Marny, is most nearly allied. The general form of the shell, the outline of the whorls, and the sutures of the septa, are very nearly identical, but the diameter of the umbilicus is comparatively much smaller, and the involution of the whorls by far more considerable. These differences are quite sufficient to distinguish the two shells specifically. Erom the figure it would appear that Naut. tulensis should be considered as belonging to the same developmental series as Naut. convolutus, and if this were the case, the former, from its general shape, would have to be considered the most recent member in the series, but as it appears from the description, Naut. tulensis has been found together with Productus giganteus, Sow., and would thus belong to the fauna of the lower carboniferous limestone of Russia. It is more than improbable that the Salt-range beds are lower down in the geological series than the lower carboniferous limestone of Russia, and Naut. tulensis therefore must belong to another developmental series than that to which Naut. convolutus belongs. It is not difficult to find out what root Naut. tulensis may have sprung from. Erom the carboniferous limestone of Vise a Nautilus has been described by de Koninck under the name of Naut. leveilleanus, which bears a great resemblance to the Indian species just described. The differences consist in a flattened external part of the shell, a less rapid increase of the height of the whorls, and a yet smaller involution of the shell in Naut. leveilleanus, Kon., in comparison with Naut. convolutus. Now, the former species must very likely be considered as belonging to the same series of forms as Naut. tulensis, which series would then in a very remarkable way undergo similar changes to those we have already indicated as occurring in the series of Naut. ophioneus, a tendency prevailing to produce more and more a roundish section of the whorls and a more closely coiled spiral. A species which is also very closely related to Naut. convolutus, as well as to Naut, tulensis, is Naut. spitiensis, Stol. It has been found in beds in the Himalaya which with every probability represent there the formation of the Muschelkalk, and indicates very fairly there the continuation of the developmental series of Naut. ophioneus. Its spiral is even more closely coiled than Naut. convolutus, and the transverse section of the whorls is perfectly oval. A new character, however, appears in this species ; this consists in the siphon being shifted towards the ventral part 64 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS. of the shell. This character is yet more strongly developed in the upper triassic species of the Alps, as in Naut. brevis, Hau., Naut. evolutus, Mojs., Naut. eugyrus, Mois., etc., which very likely must he considered as the descendants of Naut. spitiensis. Erom Ahich's species of Nautilus, the Indian form is distinguishable by the same characters as those by which it differs from Naut. ophioneus, W., or Naut. connectens, W. Genus : GYROCERAS, Koninck. Stranger even than the occurrence of Orthoceratites together with true Ammo- nites in the triassic beds of the Alps, is the occurrence of a species of Gyroceras with Ammonites in the Salt-range strata. Gyroceras has hitherto been considered as exclusively a palaeozoic genus, as the true Ammonites were taken to be exclusively mesozoic, and up to the present, according to Barrande's tables, even no permian species of the genus has been known. It is therefore only natural that I regarded with great distrust the fragment of a Gyroceras which I found in the Salt-range ; but after much consideration I can- not but consider the fragment as in reality belonging to that genus. There are only two cases possible, either the specimen is a fragment of an Euomphalus, or it is a Gyroceras. Eor the former the shell is too thin, the septa too regular ; besides this a siphon seems to be present, though this is not very distinct, but all these characters combined make it quite improbable that we should have to deal here with an JSuomphalus, but all of them are in favor of the opinion, that the fragment should be considered as a Gyroceras. Up to the present, according to Barrande's tables, thirty-nine species of the genus have been described, to which several have been added in Bigsby's Thesaurus. The genus commences in the upper silurian strata, continues through the devonian period, and is represented in carboniferous times by a few species in Europe and America. All of these species are more or less strongly ornamented, partly by longitudinal ridges, as the species described by Koninck, partly by tubercles, as all those forms more or less allied to Gyroceras ornatum, Gdf . According to these two different systems of ornamentation, we are able to divide the genus into two large groups, which are, however, not thoroughly distinct from each other, being connected together by many intermediate forms. The materials at my disposal are not sufficient to indicate anything more definite about the grouping of the species within the genus, or to point out one or the other developmental series ; the only species from the Salt-range which I shall have to describe belongs to that group of forms to which Gyr. ornatum, Gdf., belongs, and which seems to be chiefly developed in American devonian strata. PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— CEPHALOPODA. 65 1. Gtroceras medlicottianxjm, Waagen, n. sp. PL VI, fig. 6. The only fragment of this species indicates a middle-sized specimen with rather open spiral. The diameter of the whole specimen seems to have been about 68mm, the opening in the middle of the spiral about 33mm, but it is not possible to ascertain how far the single volutions of the shell may have been distant from each other. Only a part of the last volution has been preserved. The transverse section of this part of the shell is roundish pentagonal, about as thick as high, somewhat angular on its outer margins. The external part of the shell is slightly depressed. On the whole, the section of the fragment resembles very much the drawing by Sandberger (Rheinisches Schichtensystem) on PI. XIII, fig. 3. The ornamentation consists of a row of high prominent tubercles along the outer margin of the shell which are not quite the breadth of the whorl distant from each other. Near the inner margin of the whorl there is a second row of tubercles, which are, however, much smaller and twice as numerous as those on the outer margin. On the external part of the shell two obtuse longitudinal ridges are present, which border a median excavation on both sides. On the greater part of the fragment there are remnants of the shell. The shell is very thin, and covered by strong lamellar lines of growth. These lines form a very deep sinus on the external part of the shell, show a slight convexity on the lateral region, have a second sinuosity on the internal margin of the whorl at the internal row of tubercles, and form again a very strong convexity on the internal or dorsal side of the shell. Prom these characters of the lines of growth of the shell it is apparent that the aperture has not been quite simple, but that there have existed a large dorsal and two lateral prominences or shelly lobes, and a deep ventral indentation. The septa are tolerably numerous, about the fourth part of the height of the whorl distant from each other. The sutural line of the septa can only be observed at the lateral parts of the shell, where it is slightly excavated. The siphon is very indistinct indeed, but it seems to be not quite central, but shifted slightly towards the internal or dorsal side of the whorl. The dimensions, which have already been partly indicated above, seem to be as follows : — mm. Diameter of the whole shell (about) 68 Inner diameter of the spiral (umbilicus) about , 33 Height of the aperture *0 Thickness of the aperture 1" Height of the whorl 40mm. distant from the apertui'e *® Thickness „ „ „ „ 1° Locality and geological position.— The only fragment of this species in the Salt-range collection was found by myself in the uppermost beds of the middle R 66 SALT-RANGE EOSSILS. division of the Productus-limestone at KMra, in a marly layer between the lime- stones, together with a great many other fossils, which I shall have to describe later on. Remarks. — There is no species of carboniferous age known to me which could be compared to this shell. The forms described by de Koninck are all very distinct, and of the four species of Gyroceras quoted by Bigsby from " EamignouT I could not get any definite information. It is very unfortunate that in Bigsby's "Thesaurus Carboniferous" every kind of reference is absolutely wanting, and that, on the other hand, lists of fossils, like that of Dupont in his Geology of the country around Dinant, which are entirely useless for palaeontological purposes, should be allowed to encumber the tables of Bigsby's work with a ballast of meaningless names. Of older species, chiefly devonian forms, several bear a certain resemblance to Gyr. medlicottianum, but all of them have got only a single row of tubercles on each side of the whorls, like Gyr. ornatum, Gdf., and its relatives. One single American species, though also provided with but one row of tubercles, shows only two longitudinal ridges on the external part of its shell in combination with the other ornamentation, and thus seems to be more closely related to the Indian shell than any other species ; this is Gyr. spinosum, Conr., out of the devonian rocks of New York. Genus : OBTHOCEBAS, Breyn. This genus has been so admirably described and discussed in every direction by Mons. Barrande that there will elapse a good many years before it will be possible to add any new observation to those recorded in Barrande's classical work. It would be simply ridiculous for me to attempt to go into any details about this genus with the aid of the scanty materials at hand, and I should only be able to copy what has previously been written by Mons. Barrande. This excellent observer has divided the species belonging to the genus into seventeen groups, according to the different modes of ornamentation exhibited on their shell. Of all these, only two are represented in the Salt-range : the group No. 9 characterised by " Anneaux et stries transverses," and group No. 17 with " Teste lisse ou avec stries inconstantes." This latter group is, however, somewhat doubtful, as the shell of the specimens I have got for description is not sufficiently well preserved to state positively if it has been entirely smooth, but as far as observation is possible, this seems to have been the case. Otherwise, the Salt-range species might have belonged to Barrande's group No. 13. In order to make these groups appear uniform to the usage I have adopted in this work, I am com- pelled to use names for them which have already long since been introduced by former writers, but which I am inclined to understand in a more limited sense than has hitherto been generally accepted ; thus I mean to include in the "Annulata" PRODTJCTUS-LIMESTONE.— CEPHALOPODA. 67 only the group No. 9 of Barrande, whilst in the " Laevia" only group No. 17 will he included. Up to the present three species of Orthoceras have heen described from the Salt-range, Orth. decrescens, Kon., Orth. rachideum, Kon., and Orth. vesicu- losum, Kon. I must, however, state here that I can only consider the first of the three to be really a species of Orthoceras, the other two very likely must be classed with quite different forms of organic life. Among all the ample materials I have got from the Salt-range, there are several fragments of an Orthoceras, which are very likely to be considered as identical with Orth. decrescens ; but though there are several bodies which very well agree with the description of the other two species of Orthoceras, I was led, after a very careful examination of these bodies, to consider them either as Sponges or as Foraminifera ; and not a trace of a true Orthoceras in any way similar to de Koninck's description could be detected. Among the materials the Geological Society of London kindly lent me for descrip- tion, there is a specimen which has been labelled by Mons. de Koninck himself as Orth. rachideum. This specimen, though not being the one from which the species was described originally, is yet of very high value, as the other specimens, which are stated to have been sent to Calcutta, seem to have been lost. Now, this specimen in every way agrees with the bodies mentioned above, and there is no doubt that it also, though very badly preserved, must be considered as representing the remains of some Protozoan. In describing those bodies as species of Orthoceras, not the slighest blame can be put on the learned author, who had only materials of very inferior preservation at his disposal, as even the excellently preserved specimens I have for description have been declared at first sight, by most of the palaeontologists to whom I have shown them, to be fragments of an Orthoceras shell. Only after a closer examination the real nature of these bodies could be detected. I shall have to describe them more accurately later on in this work. Thus there remains only one species of Orthoceras which has been previously- described from the Salt-range. To this I am able to add three more, so that alto- gether I shall have to describe here four species of the genus. Two of these belong to the " Annulata," the two remaining to the " Lsevia." The Annulata which I shall describe under the names of Orth. cyclophorum, W., and Orth. oblique-annula- tum, W., are restricted to the upper division of the Productus-limestone ; the Lsevia, on the contrary, begin with Orth. decrescens, Kon., in the middle division of the same formation, and are represented by another species in the upper division. As the name Orthoceras decrescens has, however, already been used by Billings in 1853 for a silurian species, I am compelled to introduce a new name for the Indian form, and shall thus call it Orth. punjabiense. The geological distribution of the genus Orthoceras is very instructive, and requires some remarks. During silurian and devonian times the genus was in species as well as in individuals numerically by far the most conspicuous of all the 68 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS. Cephalopoda; only the Goniatites during the devonian period have furnished a greater number. In the carboniferous period the three genera Nautilus, Orthoceras, and Goniatites are about equally rich in species ; whilst in permian times Nautilus and Goniatites seem to preponderate over the species of Orthoceras known to exist at that period. In the Salt-range the genus Orthoceras is equally scarce in species as in individuals, and four species of that genus have to be brought into comparison with ten species of Nautilus and seven species of Am/monitidm distributed into four genera. This grouping of the Cephalopoda in the Productus-limestone strata of the Salt-range recalls much more that existingin triassic than that occurring in palaeozoic formations. I. Division: ANNVLATA. 1. Orthoceras cyclophortjm, Waagen, n. sp. PL VI, figs. 7, 8. It is with great doubt that I introduce this new species, as the materials upon which I am compelled to found it are very insufficient, but I cannot identify the fragments at my disposal with any of the species hitherto described, and thus I can only fix the form by a new name. The general form of the shell must have been very long conical, the sides being very gradually tapering, but not quite equally so during the entire length of the shell. One of the fragments is narrower at its top than it is at its bottom, and from this it would appear that the shell was somewhat inflated in the middle. The surface of the shell is ornamented with numerous very strong prominent rings, of which four are situated in a space equal to the transverse diameter of the shell. The rings are perfectly horizontal, but not all in one plane, being slightly elevated on that part of the shell which I take to be the dorsal one, and somewhat concave or depressed on the opposite or ventral side. On the lateral parts the sudden depression towards the ventral portion is very conspicuous. The rings are not angular, but rounded at their top. The transverse section of the shell is perfectly circular. The septa are not very concave, and are situated somewhat obliquely in the tube. They ascend slightly on the ventral, and descend on the dorsal part of the shell. I cannot state if they were numerous or not, as all the specimens I have for description are covered with their shell. The position of the siphon is excentric, it being removed from the centre by a little more than its own thickness towards the dorsal part of the shell. The thick- ness of the siphon is not very large, and it occupies not more than 0*1 of the diameter of the septum. The surface of the shell, as far as it is possible to observe the matter, seems to be smooth as well on the rings as in the spaces between them, only transverse strise of growth seem to be present, PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— CEPHALOPODA. 69 The dimensions of three different specimens, the two first from Khund Ghat, the last from KMra, are as follows : — Entire length of specimen Transverse diameter at anterior end between the rings » i) !i ), » on the rings . » ,. at posterior end between the rings » ). » „ „ on the rings . Distance of siphon from the dorsal border , „ j, „ „ . „ ventral border „ „ the rings from each other I. II. III. mm. mm. mm. 30 16 16 17 18 9 20 20 10 18 16 7-5 21 18 8 ? 5 ? ? 10 ? 6-5 Locality and geological position. — There are altogether four specimens of this species preserved in the Salt-range collection. Two of them, well preserved frag- ments, were collected hy Mr. Wynne at Khund Ghat, together with the Nautili I have described from the same locality, and many other fossils, and which come, therefore, from the upper division of the Productus-limestone. Out of the same division of the formation just mentioned I obtained two other fragments, one of which I found at Khtira, the other in a section near Kufri in the same bed (No. 14), in which also the specimen of Arcestes antiqum occurred, which I have described above. Remarks. — This species is allied to a number of similar forms, and I have to point out here which are the differences that led me to distinguish this shell as a new species. Before all, Orth. annulatum, Sow., bears a great resemblance to our species, but the former differs by its more or less compressed transverse section. Orthoceras undatum, Elem., which is also nearly allied, has a central siphon ; the same is the case with Orth. dactyliophorum, Kon. Orth. annulato-costatum, M. and W., has a more or less oval section, and the species of Orthoceras described by Abich from Djulfa or the Araxes have all either a different sculpture, or their transverse section is compressed and thus more or less oval. There is a strong probability that Orth. cyclophorum may be in developmental connection with one or the other of the forms to which it is allied, but the studies as to this connection among the species of Orthoceras have been up to the present so very little developed that I cannot venture, relying only on the very scanty materials at present at my disposal, to pronounce any opinion in this direction ; I must leave the solution of this question entirely to future enquiries. 2. Orthoceras oblique-annulattjm, Waagen, n. sp. PI. VI, figs. 9, 10. This species is represented by a few fragments, which seem barely sufficient for the foundation of a new species, but as there are characters which do not allow of an identification of these fragments with any of the species hitherto described, and as it is, on the other hand, very inconvenient to drag along under the designation of " sp. indet." a form which bears characters sufficiently distinctive to recognise 70 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS. the form if found elsewhere, I prefer to give a new name to these fragments, even if they may constitute only a very bad species. The general form of the shell is more tapering in this than in the preceding species, and thus the entire length of the shell should be less considerable. The surface is covered by not very prominent rings which are tolerably sharp in the very young shell, but rounded at their top in more adult specimens. The position of these rings is not quite horizontal, but considerably elevated on one side and depressed on the other, the former corresponds very likely to the dorsal, the other to the ventral side of the animal. Thus the rings cross obliquely over the lateral parts of the shell. They are about equally numerous as in the preceding species, about four of them being equal to the transverse diameter of the shell. The transverse section of the shell is not circular in adult specimens, but more or less compressed and oval, but in very young specimens this compression is barely perceptible. The position of the siphon is entirely central. The septa are not very concave and about the fourth part of the antero-posterior diameter distant from each other. The dimensions of three fragments are as follow : — Entire length of fragment ..... Transverse diameter at anterior end from back to front „ „ „ „ from side to side „ „ at posterior end from back to front „ „ „ „ „ from side to side Distance of the rings from each other I. II. III. mm. mm. mm. 21 16 12 12 9 52 10 75 5 10 7 4 8 6-5 4 4 2 1-5 Locality and geological position. — The three fragments of this species were collected by Mr. "Wynne at Khund Ghat, together with Orth. cyclophorum and the species of Nautilus described above. All these species come from the upper division of the Productus-limestone. Remarks. — The species which is most nearly allied to Orth. oblique-annulatum is undoubtedly Orth. undatum, Mem. The differences consist in a less strongly compressed transverse section, in more convex and more distant septa, and in rings which are more closely arranged in the latter species. The same differences exist also between our species and Orth. dactyliophorum, Kon., but in the latter species, the rings, of which the ornamentation of the shell consists, are arranged horizontally, whilst they are oblique in the Indian species. Erom Orth. cyclophorum, W., described above, the species under considera- tion can be distinguished by the oblique arrangement of its rings, the compressed transverse section, the central position of the siphon, and the more rapid tapering of the tube. Orth. annulatum, Sow., which is also allied, is distinct by its eccentric siphon. PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— CEPHALOPODA. 71 II. Division: LJEVIA. 1. Orthoceeas ptjnjabiense, Waagen, n. sp. PI VI, fig. 11. 1863. Orthoceras decrescens, Koninck : Fossiles Paleozoiques de l'lnde, p. 5, PI. VIII, fig. 4. (non Orthoceras decrescens, Billings, 1853, Rep. of Progr.) The materials of this species at my disposal are very scanty indeed, and the specimen figured by M. de Koninck is by far the best which has been found up to the present. The general form of the shell is very long, conical, tapering very gradually. The surface is perfectly smooth ; even the outer surface of the shell, which is toler- ably well preserved in one of the fragments collected by me, seems to be smooth, without transverse or vertical striation. The transverse section of the tube is perfectly circular, the siphon narrow and central. The septa are not very strongly concave and are very distant from each other, rather more than their own diameter. The specimen figured by Mons. de Koninck is evidently a full-grown shell, and this is the cause of the gradual decrease in the length of the air chambers. The sutural lines of the septa are not undulat- ing, but entirely straight. Of so called " stries creuses" on the cast of the body chamber nothing has been observed by Mons. de Koninck. There is no use in fixing any measurements, as the form of this species is so simple that every thing can be observed on the drawing ; and, on the other hand, the specimens at my disposal are such very small fragments, that the mode of tapering can barely be observed on them. Locality and geological position. — The specimen which has been figured by Mons. de Koninck was collected at Mdsakheyl, and there is every probability of its coming from the top beds of the middle division of the Productus-limestone. Three very small fragments, which were collected by myself, I found at the limit between the middle and the upper division of the Productus-limestone, west of Khura. Remarks. — It is a fact worthy of notice that this species is much more closely allied to some of the triassic forms than to the upper palaeozoic species of Orthoceras. "What characterises the Indian form most is the great distance between the septa, which only in full grown specimens is reduced in the last air chambers. There is no palaeozoic form with a central siphon that I know of which has equally distant septa except Orth. regulare, Schloth., and its allies, which, however, bear so singular an internal structure as is not exhibited by more recent forms. Of carboniferous species Orth. calamus, Kon., which is apparently most nearly allied, has got more numerous septa. The same is the case with Orth. geinitzi, Orb., in which species the septa are only about half their own diameter distant from each other. As soon as we turn, however, to triassic forms, we find several species, which bear a great 72 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS. resemblance to the shell under consideration. Orth. triadicum Mojs., Orth. latesep- tatum, Hau., and Orth. dubium, Hau., are all species with a central siphon and very distant septa, but chiefly Orth. lateseptatum very closely resembles our species, the only marked difference seeming to consist in its shell, which is transversely striated, and in the more considerable size the species seems to attain. 2. Oethoceras, sp. indet. PI. VI, fig. 12. This species is represented by a single rather badly preserved specimen which seems not sufficient to found a new species. The form is certainly very nearly allied to that of the preceding species. The cone is equally slowly tapering, the septa are not very strongly concave, and equally far distant from each other as in Orth. punjabiense, the siphon seems to be central, but the transverse section of the tube is somewhat triangular, whilst it is circular in the preceding species. For this reason I am not able to unite this specimen with Orth. punjabiense, but must consider it as indicating the existence of one further species of the genus, which though very nearly allied to the form mentioned, yet is distinct by its somewhat triangular section. Locality and geological position. — The specimen by which this species is indicated was collected by Mr. Wynne at Khund Ghat with many other fossils which all are characteristic of the upper division of the Productus-limestone. The species thus seems to be somewhat more recent than Orth'. punjabiense, ~W. PISCES— CEPHALOPODA. SUPPLEMENT. Specimens from the Trans-Indus continuation of the Salt-range> Collected (in 1878-79) by A. B. Wynne, Geological Survey of India. Family : COCRLIODONTID^, v. p. 11. Genus: PSEPHODUS, Agass. It is extremely difficult to find out what ought to be comprised under the above name, as neither description nor figure was ever published by Agassiz, and, properly speaking, the genus ought hardly to be retained ; but since the typical species was figured afterwards by Portlock and, as it seems, from specimens which had been seen by Agassiz himself, the name might be utilized to replace the more recent name of Aspidodus introduced by Newberry and Worthen. Prom the species which have hitherto been assigned to the genus, it appears that it comprises teeth of very variable outline, but all more or less twisted and with a smooth surface, on which only a low, rounded elevation can be observed placed longitudinally on the tooth, sometimes not extending over the whole length of it, but stopping at about the middle. The teeth are distinct from Cochliodus by their more flattened and less enrolled general form, and by the greater smoothness of their surface. Up to the present but very few species of the genus have been described, and besides the typical one, Ps. magnus, Ag., there are only some five or six species known. In India the genus is represented by two species, which occur in the upper and middle divisions of the Productus-limestone. 1. Psephodtjs indictjs, Waagen, n. sp. PI. VII, figs. 3 & 5. The general form of the teeth belonging to this species seems to be very vari- able, and it is extremely difficult to reduce the characters of the species to writing. There are two teeth,, which seem to. belong to one and the same species, the 74 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS. larger and more trapezoidal one being apparently a mesial tooth, whilst the smaller and narrower one, which is at the same time more enrolled, seems to be a terminal one. Both have been adapted to the similarly curved jaw. The larger tooth is more or less trapezoidal, indistinctly five-sided, with one corner decidedly more prominent than the others. The surface of the tooth is smoothed and regularly arched in every direction, but from the prominent corner of the trapezoid there extends a low rounded ridge to about the middle of the arched surface, bounded on both sides by a flat leaf-shaped impression. The substance of the tooth is rather thin, no part corresponding to the root, as it exists in the teeth of sharks, having apparently ever been present. The upper surface of the tooth is covered by a fine granulation, quite observable with the naked eye. Under the lens the granulation appears to consist of little warts, each of which is pierced by a dentine tube. The margins of the tooth are smoothed, not crenulated. The smaller tooth is more or less irregularly rectangular, much longer than broad and strongly twisted. The surface is much more arched longitudinally than in the direction of the breadth. In a similar manner, as in the larger tooth, there is a low ridge originating about in the middle, and stretching from there to one of the corners of the rectangle. It is also bounded on both sides by leaf -shaped flat impressions. The body of the tooth is very unequal in thickness, the flat end being rather thick, whilst the other strongly enrolled extremity is very thin. There seem parts of the compact jaw to be still preserved on the lower surface of the tooth. The surface sculpture is identical with that of the larger tooth. The dimensions of the two teeth are as follows : — Greatest length of tooth ..... „ breadth of tooth ..... Height of tooth Thickness of tooth at one end „ „ at the other end Locality and geological position. — There are two specimens and a small frag- ment of this species in the Trans-Indus collection. The larger of these was found by Mr. Wynne at Kiri, in the upper division of the Productus-limestone, the smaller tooth, together with a fragment of another specimen, at Bilot, apparently in the same beds as at Kiri. Thus the species seems up to the present to be re- stricted to the upper division of the Productus-limestone. Remarks. — This species is easily distinguishable from all other species of Psephodus hitherto described by the low rounded ridge which extends from the middle of the tooth to one of its corners, and by the leaf -shaped flat depressions which are situated on both sides of this ridge. The species that can at all be compared with the present one is Pseph. minor, Trautsch., from the upper moun- tain-limestone of Miatchkowa. Trautschold's species is, however, much smaller I. II. . 33 mm. 30 mm . 25 „ 17 „ ■ 11 „ 12 ., . 7 ,. 9 „ . 3 „ 2 PRODTTCTUS-LIMESTONE.— PISCES (Supplement).. 75 than the Indian one ; and among all the teeth of the species figured by Trautschold, there is a single small one showing traces of a similar ridge to that occurring in Pseph. indicus, W. More similar in its general form to our species is the genus Arpagodus, Trautsch., but as that genus is said by its author to possess fine trans- verse ridges like Orodus, the Indian teeth cannot be compared with it. 2. Psephodus depressus, Waagen, n. sp. PI. VII, fig. 4 Though the tooth on which this species has been founded is not entire, yet it can safely serve for the definition of a separate species, as it most certainly indi- cates the existence of a second species of Psephodus in the sea which once covered the Northern Punjab. The tooth seems to have possessed an irregular trapezoidal outline, longer than broad, and, when entire, much larger than any tooth of the preceding species. The specimen is very little twisted, nearly entirely even, rather strongly arched in a transverse direction, but very little so longitudinally. There seems to run along nearly the whole length of the tooth a rounded very broad low ridge, not accom- panied by well-defined depressions on both sides. The surface is very finely punctured, the puncturing being only visible with great difficulty without the lens. As in the preceding species the tooth is very unequal in thickness at different ends. There is somewhat of a slightly developed root present, showing in the section some calcigerous cells. The crown part of the tooth is composed of very fine and closely packed dentine tubes. The dimensions of the tooth, as far as they can be taken, are as follows : — Greatest length of tooth ... ..... P „ breadth .„ Height of tooth Thickness of tooth at one end at fracture 26 mm. 11 „ 9 „ 7 „ Locality and geological position.— The only specimen was collected by Mr. Wynne at Bilot in a crinoidal limestone belonging to the upper, or, more likely, to the middle division of the Productus-limestone. Remarks. — This species is not difficult to distinguish from Pseph. indicus, W., by the ridge which extends nearly over the whole length of the tooth, and by the absence of impressions on both sides of it. Besides this the puncturing of the surface is much finer and more closely arranged in Pseph. depressus than in Pseph. indicus. In the general form of certain teeth also Pseph. (Aspidodus) crenulatus, N. and W., bears a great resemblance to our species, but it can easily be distinguished by the crenulation the American species bears along the margins of its teeth, which is absent in Pseph. depressus, W. 76 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS. ICHTHYOD OB VLITES. Genus : XYSTRACANTHUS, Leidy, v. p. 18. 3. Xysteacanthtjs gigantetjs, "Waagen, n. sp. PI. VII, fig. 2. This is the largest species of Xystracanthus that has hitherto heen described, as the spine, if complete, must have been at least 0*3 m. in length. The specimen is, however, only a tolerably large fragment, but it is not only interesting on account of its representing a new species, but also because it throws new light on the system- atic position of the genus Xystr acanthus. According to this fragment, the general form of the spine was broadly conical, tapering somewhat rapidly towards the apex, strongly compressed on both sides, obtusely acute in front, and apparently rounded behind. The whole spine is well curved towards the front, which causes the anterior outline to be strongly concave, whilst the posterior one is correspondingly convex. The lateral compression increases considerably on the anterior margin towards the base of the spine, so that this margin, which is obtusely angular above, is very acutely sharpened near the base, forming at the same time a hatchet-shaped process. More than half of the entire length of the spine has been inserted in the flesh, or has been covered at least by the skin. The spine begins to be coated by an ena- mel layer only about halfway up its length, and the lower limit of this coating crosses very obliquely the lateral parts of the spine, beginning on the anterior margin nearly 60 mm. lower down than on the posterior one. "With the enamel coating the surface sculpture also begins to appear. This consists of two rows of large longitudinally elongated squarish tubercles on the anterior margin, and of very numerous small granular tubercles on the lateral parts, arranged in closely packed longitudinal rows, which seem to be parallel with the posterior margin of the spine, but not so with the anterior one. These small tuber- cles are so closely arranged that they nearly touch each other on all sides, and when well preserved they show a very fine stellate sculpture with a central apex. The large tubercles on the anterior margin are entirely smooth. Below the enamel there is a thick layer of very compact bony substance which forms the outside layer of the Avhole inserted part of the spine. The surface of this bony substance appears under the lens finely granulated like "chagrin" leather. The centre of the compact part of the spine is occupied by spongy cellulose bone substance pierced for the entire length of the spine near the anterior margin by a canal, which probably served for the reception of a large blood-vessel. The pulp cavity seems to have been very small, though extending up to the apex of the spine, and very far removed from the anterior margin. PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— PISCES (Supplement). 77 The dimensions of the fragment here described are as follows : — mm. Whole length of fragment ......... 158 Diameter from the anterior margin of the spine to the anterior margin of the pulp cavity at the upper fracture . . . . . . . . '42 Diameter from the anterior margin of spine to anterior margin of pulp cavity at second fracture ........... 55 Transverse diameter at upper fracture ........ 19 „ „ at second fracture . . . . . . .20 Distance of the lower termination of enamel on the anterior margin from the hatchet-shaped process , . . . . . . . . . . .73 Distance of the lower termination of enamel on the posterior margin from the hatchet-shaped process ........... 154 Locality and geological position. — This large fin ray was collected by Mr. "Wynne at Bilot in the uppermost beds of the Productus-limestone. Remarks. — It seems to require some words to justify the position of the species here described in the genus Xystr acanthus. Leidy, in proposing the new genus, only had at his disposal an upper end of a spine, in which the basal or inserted part had been broken off ; in the original specimen, therefore, only the characters of the ornamentation and the forward direction of the curve of the spine could be observed. St. John and "Worthen, after having compared Leidy's original specimen, united with the genus several other forms, of which some had the basal part preserved. Erom these specimens these authors described the genus as allied to Physonemus, Agass., from which it is said to be distinct by its more slender form and the "less preponderance of the antero-inferior shoulder;" the specimens figured by them show, however, this process not only little developed, but nearly quite obsolete. In this respect our spine differs widely from the American specimens : the antero-inferior process is here laterally very strongly compressed, strongly prominent, and with a cutting edge, but yet in general out- line it is not so very different from Physonemus, chiefly from the typical species figured by McCoy. If we compare, however, the surface sculpture of our spine with that of the typical species of Xystr acanthus, it appears that this is nearly identical, so that had we only the ornamented part of the fin ray for comparison, the identification with the genus would be beyond doubt, and the peculiarities of the basal part of the spine do not seem such as to necessitate the creation of a new genus ; on the con- trary, they only tend to show that the antero-inferior process in Xystr acanthus can be very differently developed in different species of the genus. As to species, the distinction of the present fin ray from those of other species is not very difficult. Most nearly allied to Xystr. giganteus, W., seems to be Xystr. major, W., described ante p. 19 ; this species can, however, be distinguished from the present one by its being more sparingly tuberculated on the lateral parts, and by these lateral tubercles being smooth and not provided with a stellate sculpture ; besides which there are four rows of larger tubercles near the anterior margin instead of two as in the present species. 78 SALT-EANGE FOSSILS. Xystracanthm mirabilis, St. J. and W., is also in its surface sculpture very nearly related to our species. The general arrangement of the tubercles is more like in Xystr. major, but the small lateral tubercles, chiefly those figured : Illinois' report, Vol. VI., Plate 20, fig. 1 1, are exactly alike in Xystr. mirabilis and Xystr. giganteus, W. ; the large tubercles on the anterior margin, on the contrary, are smooth in the Indian species, and carinated and provided with an acute extentric apex in the American fin ray. The other species of Xystr acanthus described up to the present Can barely be compared to the Indian fossil, most of them being much smaller and differently sculptured. Genus : THAUMATACANTHUS, Waagen, n. gen. This genus is founded on a single fin-ray of very peculiar construction. This ray is of medium size, laterally compressed, very gradually tapering and slightly arched towards the front, so as to present a concave outline on the anterior margin and a convex outline on the posterior one. The spine has been deeply inserted in the flesh, and the part of it which has been free, not inserted, is covered by a thin layer of enamel, and shows an ornamentation similar to that of Gyracan- thus, Agass. The enamel-covering terminates below in a very oblique line, reaching much further down on the anterior margin than on the posterior one. The most strange part of the spine is that inserted in the flesh. It consists of rather solid bony substance, and is at its lower termination transformed into a thick rounded process, which bears a well-developed articulation, apparently correspond- ing to a similar articulation on a bony support, on which the spine rested. The inserted part of the ray is flattened and enlarged behind, and split open for a con- siderable distance to allow of the entrance of nerves and blood-vessels to the large pulp cavity, which occupies the greater part of the upper half of the ray in such a manner as to be surrounded only by comparatively thin bony walls. The articulation on the lower end of the ray is rather complicated ; and it ap- pears not impossible that the animal was able to stiffen the spine, when erected, on its support by slightly twisting it, as several holosteous fishes now living are wont to do. The systematic position of the animal to which this spine belonged is very doubtful indeed. The upper half of the spine, if found separated, would, beyond any doubt, be attributed to some Cestraciont, but there is, so far as I am aware of, no Selachian of any kind known that bears its fin-spines on bony supports. It will therefore barely be possible, according to the fragmentary evidence before us, to assign this animal with any certainty to a place in the system ; it cannot, however, be denied that the enamel covering, and the kind of sculpture of the upper part of the ray, and the deep and oblique insertion of it, are in favour of the opinion PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— PISCES (Supplement). 79 that it may have been some strangely developed Selachian to which the ray had once belonged. The only thing which possibly could be compared to the present fossil has been figured recently by Mivart in the Transact. Zool., Lond., vol. X, PL XLIX, fig. 1. This is the first dorsal fin of Callorhynchm antarcticus. Though also in this species the spine itself is without an articulation, yet it seems to be immediately joined to a triangular plate, which is apparently articulating with a cartilaginous process of the dorsal vertebra. If this plate were ossified and firmly grown together with the spine, something very similar to Thaumatacanthm would result. But these are all vague analogies, and I do not think it would be advisable for such reasons to refer the new genus to the Chimceridce. 1. Thatjmatacanthtjs blaneordi, Waagen, n. sp. PI. VIII, fig. 1. There is only a little more than half of the entire length of this spine preserved,, but this is sufficient to characterise the species. The general outline of the species is very elongated conical, very gradually tapering, compressed from both sides, and slightly incurved towards the front. The uppermost inserted part of the ray is covered by a thin layer of enamel, which bears a very characteristic ornamentation. On the anterior margin of the ray there is a row of very large, rounded, smooth knobs of tubercles, which are not constricted at their base, but rise gradually up from the surrounding flat part. They are very distant from each other, at least twice their own diameter. On both sides of this marginal row there follows a very irregular row of medium-sized tubercles, which do not form a straight fine, but deviate wherever they meet with one of the large marginal knobs. Only after this second row of tubercles the regular ornamentation of the lateral parts of the ray commences. This consists of oblique and very irregular rows of very small tubercles, closely arranged within the row, but the several rows of which are more distant from each other. Each individual row becomes almost extinct in the middle of the sides of the ray, but reappears again, retaining the same direction near the posterior margin of the ray. The specimen is not well enough preserved, to ascertain in what manner the rows of the two sides of the spine meet on the posterior margin. The line of insertion of the spine is rather oblique, and follows approximately the direction of the rows of small tubercles, developed on the lateral parts of the spine. The inserted part of the spine is very remarkable in its form. Like in other Ichthyodorulites, the anterior part of the inserted extremity is much longer than the posterior one, and thus the spine at its lower termination is cut off obliquely.. But in this case the anterior part, instead of being simply conical, is rounded off be- low and transformed into an articulation as we are wont to see on the phalanges of 80 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS. the hand or foot, or other limb-bones. The articulation itself consists of a rounded protuberance in the middle, bounded on both sides by flat impressions, which mark off two rounded shoulders, in which the lower extremity of the articulating part terminates on both sides. On the anterior margin there extends from the protuber- ance in the middle a thick and high somewhat curved ridge, covered on both sides by rugosities for the insertion of muscles, and which extends up to the end of the inserted part of the spine. Near the base of this ridge there is on each side a deep somewhat squarish elongated groove for the reception of bony parts of the support in the erected state of the spine. These grooves are cut off above by an angular, somewhat obliquely placed, strongly rugose ridge. Above this latter ridge there is again an impression covered by rugosities for the insertion of muscles. On the posterior margin a sharp narrow ridge extends a short way up, from the terminal middle protuberance of the articulation, and is then suddenly divided into two high, projecting lamellar bony parts somewhat triangular in form, extending a long way up the spine, till the upper termination of the inserted part of the spine is reached. Between these two lamellae there remains an open space, forming a lone narrow slit for the entrance of nerves and blood-vessels to the pulp cavity. Imme- diately above the terminal protuberance of the articulation, there is on each side of the sharp posterior ridge a deep oval groove for the reception of bony parts of the support in the recumbent position of the spine ; these grooves suddenly deepen immediately above the terminal protuberance and then gradually get shallower. Above them there is a somewhat trapezoidal rugose space for the insertion of muscles. From the lateral shoulders, which have been described as being situated on both sides of the terminal protuberance, a thick, rounded, very prominent ridge extends on each side a long way up, without, however, reaching the upper end of the inserted part of the spine. Not far from its upper termination, the ridge is most prominent, swollen, and forming a thick mastoid process. From there it falls quickly off, with a slight curve towards the front. In front of the mastoid process there is an elongated flattened space bounded on both sides by very low barely perceptible rounded ridges, the flattened space as well as the ridges being approxi- mately parallel to the insertion line of the spine, indeed the upper ridge seems to coincide partly with that line. The whole mastoid process seems to have served for the insertion of muscles. The pulp-cavity is very large ; the bony substance by which it is enclosed being thickest on the anterior margin and rather thin everywhere else. The dimensions of the specimen are as follows : — mm. Total length of spine about ........ p j»q Length of preserved part ........ jqj „ inserted base of the spine at the anterior margin .... 47 » » .. >, posterior „ . . j- PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— CEPHALOPODA (Supplement). 81 Distance of the top of the terminal protuberance to the top of the mastoid process . . 32 „ „ „ „ „ upper corner of the anterior grooves. 29 i, „ „ „ „ upper termination of the posterior grooves .... 22 » ,. „ „ „ base of the posterior grooves . . 11 w » f) tt „ „ „ Slit ■ . 15 Total length of the posterior slit ........ 57 Transverse diameter of spine at the upper end ....... 12 „ „ „ at base of mastoid process .... 16 „ „ „ on top of „ ..... 34 „ „ at the base of the spine ....... 21 Antero-posterior diameter at the upper end of the spine ..... 20 „ „ at greatest breadth of spine ..... 38 „ „ at the base of the spine ...... 19 Locality and geological position. — The specimen described above was collected by Mr. Wynne in a very hard calcareous yellowish-grey sandstone at KM. This sandstone seems to be among the highest beds of the Productus-limestone, as some doubt is expressed on the label attached to the specimen as to its possibly being triassic. In the same block of sandstone, however, in which the specimen had been enclosed, I detected a fragment of Dentaliwm herculeum, Kon., and thus there can be no doubt that the rock containing the two species belonged still to the Productus- limestone formation. Remarks. — The fossil here described is so peculiar that it cannot be compared with any species that has been hitherto detected. As to the nature of the fossil there can be no doubt, the sculpture exhibited by the enamelled part is too characteristic to be mistaken. The whole space of the spine is perfectly symmetrical. Though one side of it is much mutilated by weathering, this can easily be seen. The spine, therefore, must have had its position somewhere in the middle line of the body of the animal to which it belonged, and thus was very likely a dorsal ray. The mode of preservation of the fossil is not without interest. On the weathered surface the substance of the bone is in many places tinted blue and green, thus resembling very much the bones found sometimes in the cupriferous sandstone of the Ural. Family : AMMONITWM, v. p. 21. Genus : SAGECEEAS, Mojs., v. p. 37. 3. Sagecebas wtnnei, Waagen, n. sp. PI. VIII, fig. 2. Among the materials recently collected by Mr. Wynne, there is a beautiful new species of Sageceras, which I name in honour of its discoverer Sag. wynnei. The general shape of the shell is disciform, with compressed whorls and a very small umbilicus. 82 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS. The whorls are much higher than broad, with flattened, only very slightly convex, sides and a flat depressed siphonal part bordered on both sides by angular margins. The umbilicus is very small and deep, not bordered by angular margins, the lateral parts of the whorls bending down to the umbilical suture in a regular flat curve. The involution of the whorls is very great, but though this is the case yet the whorls increase so rapidly in height, that only one-third of the height of the last whorl is occupied by the involuted part of the preceding one. There remains only a very narrow margin of the inner whorls visible within the umbilicus. No trace of the shell is preserved on the specimen received for description. The cast is entirely smooth, without any trace of sculpture. The shape of the shell seems to have been very different at different stages of growth. The first two or three whorls have a broad, depressed, rounded section, about as broad as it is high ; then the section of the whorls increases more rapidly in height and becomes an elongated oval ; only on the fourth or fifth whorl is the flattened siphonal part developed, bounded on both sides by angular margins ; and not till then, at a diameter of the shell of about 30 or 40 mm., are all the characters of the species fully expressed. As in all the species of Sageceras, so in this one, the sutural lines are very characteristic. The siphonal apparatus consists in a long narrow lobe, terminating very distinctly in two fingers. The sides of this lobe are nearly parallel, each pro- vided with six or seven denticulations. The lobe is bounded on both sides by saddles not broader than, and as long as, the lobe. Corresponding to the six indentations of the lateral line of the siphonal lobe, there are again six indentations on the inner wall of this narrow saddle, in such a manner that the whole saddle gets a perfectly symmetrical outline, the upper termination of it showing the figure of a shamrock leaf. This saddle is situated precisely on the exterior angular margin of the whorl so as to be placed with one side on the flattened siphonal part, with the other on the lateral part of the whorl. Next to this saddle follows a lobe which is the largest in the whole series. It is somewhat leaf-shaped, terminating in two broad unequal fingers, of which the outer one is larger, and bearing near its base on the outer side a somewhat conspicuous tongue-shaped finger, which is joined immediately to the serrated inner margin of the narrow saddle described above. The next lobe is much shorter than the preceding one, also terminating in two unequal fingers, of which, however, the inner one is the larger. This lobe is bounded on its outer side by a rather short elongated oval perfectly entire saddle, on its inner side by a similarly shaped saddle, which reaches, however, much further up. The third lateral lobe is again a good deal larger than the second, nearly as large as the first, also terminat- ing in two fingers, of which the interior one is larger. The next following three lobes are perfectly similar in shape to the one last described, but gradually dimin- ishing in size ; the saddles between them are all entire, tongue-shaped, and gradually diminishing in size. After the sixth lobe on the lateral part of the whorl is reached, the suture presents only the aspect of an undulating line, the terminal fingers of PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— CEPHALOPODA (Supplement). 83 the lobes having gradually disappeared. There are yet some five or six auxiliary lobes formed by the curves of this undulating line. The whole suture occupies a tolerably regularly shaped triangle, two sides of which are formed by radii of the spiral, touching on one side the culminating points of the auxiliary saddles and of the narrow saddles of the siphonal apparatus, and on the other side the terminal fingers of the more prominent lobes ; only the middle lobe of the siphonal appara- tus falls far short of this radius. The measurements of the specimen here described are as follows : — Diameter of the shell about „ „ umbilicus „ . . . Height of the aperture from the umbilical suture „ „ „ siphonal side of the preceding whorl Thickness of the aperture . 103 mm. 6 „ 58 „ 41 „ 25 „ The greatest thickness lies about in the middle of the whorls. Locality and geological position. — The specimen described above was collected by Mr. Wynne at Bilot, in the upper division of the Productus-limestone. Remarks. — This species belongs to that section of the genus Sageceras which I have distinguished on page 39 under the name of " Section of Sag. orbignyanum, Vern." Like all the species belonging to this section, this species also exhibits the peculiar siphonal lobe, which does not occur in any other group of the Ammonitidce. This character, combined with the geological distribution of the single species, seems to indicate with very great probability the existence of two separate genera, one of which is of chiefly palaeozoic, the other of chiefly mesozoic occurrence. As the name Sageceras has been proposed by Mojsisovics chiefly to include the triassic species, like Sag. haidingeri, Hau., which are all deprived of the above mentioned singular siphonal lobe, there must be created a new name for the palaeozoic species, and I propose the name of Medlicottia, Waagen, for these forms, by the use of which distinctive designation it would be immediately apparent to what group one or the other single species belongs. The new genus would thus be composed of the following species : — Medlicottia orbignyana, Vern. „ artiensis, Gruenew. „ primus, Waagen. „ sahmarm, Karp. „ wynnei, Waagen. It is not easy to give a general characteristic of the genus from the five species hitherto known to belong to it, but to all of them the very characteristic develop- ment of the siphonal apparatus seems to be common. This character is not only observable on the casts, when the sutural line can be really observed, but it is also expressed in the shell when the sutural line is perfectly covered up. All the forms hitherto detected have the siphonal side either excavated and bounded on both 84 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS. sides by high and sharp crests, or the siphonal side is simply flattened, and defined on both sides by angular margins. In both cases the high and narrow saddles developed on each side of the siphonal lobe are situated exactly below the crests or the angu- lated margins ; these saddles are strongly serrated from both sides, and the denticula- tion of the opposite sides of the saddle correspond exactly with each other ; thus, little oval tubercles are formed, which appear not only on the casts, but also less strongly on the shell, and thus also those species, of which the sutural line is not exactly known, like in Sag. {Medl.) sakmarce or Sag. {Medl.) artiensis, can easily with all desirable certitude be attributed to the genus. It is therefore certainly a mistake, if Mojsisovics treats these latter species as not belonging to his genus Sageceras, but as forms very nearly agreeing with the types of Trachyceras, Laube. Though the sculpture to a certain extent may recall that of Trachyceras, yet the sutural lines, which are partly known from Medl. sakmarce, at least forbid the comparison of these forms to Trachyceras. Medl. artiensis, however, is so very nearly related to Medl. sakmarce, that both might even specifically be identical. (Compare Karpinsky : Geological investigations in the Gouv. Orenburg, Verh. k. Mineral. Ges. Petersb., 1874, page 286.) The Salt-range species of Sageceras, as well as everything else that occurs there, are treated by Mojsisovics indiscriminately as " permian," in a rather arbitrary manner. I do not think that any proofs are in his hands to justify this assertion. (Verh. k. k. Geol. Reichsanst. 1879, pp. 137, 138.) The systematic position of the genera Sageceras and Medlicottia is not quite easy to point out, and chiefly the latter genus presents an assemblage of characters which bear most conflicting evidence. If the family of Goniatitidce, as proposed by Barrande, had to be maintained, the genus Medlicottia would, beyond any doubt, have to be united with this family, as appears most undoubtedly from a comparison of the sutural lines as exhibited by the three species Medlicottia orbignyana, primas, and wynnei. The numerical law as to the distribution of the lobes, which has been ascertained to prevail in the Ammonites by L. v. Buch, is not in the slightest degree developed in the sutural lines of the species mentioned, and in this respect they resemble entirely the sutural lines occurring in by far the greater number of Goniatites. To these in a general way entirely goniatitic sutural lines there stands in most striking contrast the development of a siphonal tubercle, though small, in Medl. wynnei, which is suggestive of a direction of the sipho- nal funnel towards the front. Very remarkable also is the sculpture, as well as the direction, of the striae of growth in Sageceras and in Medlicottia. Instead of possessing an emargination on the peripheral part of the aperture, as in the case in the Goniatites, the sculpture, as well as the strise of growth in both genera are directed distinctly towards the front on the siphonal part of the shell, as in the true Ammonites. As to species the one here described is most nearly allied to Medlicottia {Sageceras) artiensis, Grunewald ; and the affinity of both species seem to be so great, that I think it highly probable that both stand in a developmental connection PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— CEPHALOPODA (Supplement). 85 with each other. The chief difference between M. artiensis and. M. Wynnei seems to consist in falciform ribs, which are exhibited by the former species, whilst they are absent in the Indian fossil. But from the very great similarity of both fossils it seems probable that they are also not very far apart in geological age. Pamily : NA VTILIDM, v. p. 42. Genus : NAUTILUS, Linn. Nautilus goliathus, Waagen, v. p. 50. A fragment of the body-chamber of a small specimen of this species was found by Mr. Wynne in the upper division of the Productus limestone at Bilot. No new light is thrown on this species by this newly found specimen. 86 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS. Class: GASTEROPODA. Order: PROSOBRANCHIATA. Sub-Order • CTENOBRANCH1ATA. Tribe: HOLOSTOMATA. Family: SOZABIIDJS. Genus: EUOMPEALUS, Sow. Though this genus has been generally accepted by most previous writers, yet it requires a detailed explanation why I use the name here. The genus was defined by Sowerby in his Mineral Conchology in 1812 ; and U. pentangulatus, Sow., from the mountain-limestone must be considered as the typical species of the genus. This is a species with a very low depressed spire, a very wide umbilicus and angular whorls, which bear a very distinct keel on then- upper or posterior surface, whilst the lower or umbilical or anterior surface is rounded, without keel. Two years previous to the definition of the genus Euom- phalus, Montfort, in his Conchiliologie systematique, described the genus Straparo- lus, of which St. dionysi, Mtf., must be considered as the typical species. Now, there is no doubt, that Uuomphalus pentangulatus, Sow., and Straparolus dionysi, Mtf., are very nearly related to each other ; and if we regard only the larger generic divisions as they have been in use up to very recent times, both genera, Euomphalus and Straparolus, should be considered identical ; and as the latter was defined at least two years previous to the former, Straparolus should be accepted as the only admissible name for the shells in question. When we, however, take up all the generic designations, introduced chiefly by H. and A. Adams and other modern writers, by whom also the old genera Turbo, Littorma, etc., have been divided into many minor groups, we will find that also within the genus Straparolus several groups can be distinguished which might be considered as of generic value. The misfortune is, that only the shells are accessible to our obser- vation, and of these even, in most cases, the opercula are wanting. "When, therefore, in imperfect specimens the shells show some constant differences, it may be taken for granted that if the animals were accessible to observation, even more striking peculiarities would be detected in them than are exhibited by the shells only. This consideration is strengthened by the remarks of Stoliczka regarding the genus Straparolus. According to his views, the animal of the species having a distinct keel on their upper surface, like Euomphalus pentangulatus, Sow., had a distinct insinuation of the mantle on their neck, which caused the formation of the keel. PEODTJCTTJS-LIMESTONE.-GASTEROPODA. 87 This insinuation was more strongly expressed in the shell, when the animals were still young and able to lift up their shells frequently, but disappeared more or less on the shell when in large individuals it became too heavy, and was therefore ^carried more or less in a horizontal position. In shells, however, where there is no keel from the earliest stages of growth, such an insinuation of the mantle can hardly have been present at all, and thus it seems likely that the animals in- habiting keeled shells and those of shells which never bear any keel were dissimilar to a certain extent. Now,, as the name Straparolus was first applied to a species without keel, whilst ths name Euomphalus was established for species with a distinct keel, the two names may be retained, the first for species with rounded whorls without any trace of a keel, the second for the species with a distinct keel on the upper surface. Thus defined, the genus Uuomphalus, Sow., would contain chiefly palaeo- zoic species, whilst the genus Straparolus, though also beginning in palaeozoic strata, would go up in frequent species into mesozoic formations up to cretaceous beds. There remain yet some genera rather nearly allied to the two above mentioned and which were even considered in several cases identical with them ; these are Schizostoma, Bronn, Discohelix, Dunk., Maclurea, Emmons, and Ophileta, Hall. Schizostoma has been united by Stoliczka with Straparolus ; but if we consider this latter genus distinct from Euomphalus, Schizostoma can only be compared with Sowerby's genus. The typical species of Schizostoma is Uuomphalus catillus, Sow., and on a first glance it is apparent that this species is distinct from E. pent- angulatus by the presence of two keels, including between them the slightly convex periphery of the shell, and that it in this respect resembles very much those forms which have been considered as forming the genus Discohelix of Dunker. Stoliczka, however, has very rightly pointed out, that in Discohelix the striae of growth on the convex periphery of the shell are bent backwards, whilst they are arched towards the front in E. catillus, and that thus this latter species is deci- dedly different from Dunker's genus. On the other hand, it is also different from the genus Euomphalus by the presence of two keels instead of one, which cause on the aperture of the shell two slight emarginations ; the genus Schizostoma might thus be adopted on as good grounds as many other genera of fossil shells of which no living representative any longer exists. Species of Schizostoma have as yet been found exclusively in pakeozoic formations. The distinctive characters of Discohelix from Schizostoma have been already mentioned ; they consist in the direction of the strfce of growth, which are bent back- wards between the two keels on the periphery of the shell in Discohelix, whilst they form an arch directed towards the front in the same region of the shell in JSchizostoma. The genus Maclurea, Emmons, is very ill defined, founded chiefly on the strange development of its operculum, which certainly indicates a distinct genus, but which seems not to be accompanied by corresponding peculiarities of the shell. 88 SALT-RANGE EOSSILS. Thus if the operculum is not preserved, the shells, which ought to he properly in- cluded in this genus, will he very easily mistaken for Straparoli. Ophileta (Vanuxem), Hall, is even worse defined than Maclurea. The first species mentioned by Hall, and which, therefore, must be taken as characteristic, is* O. levata; this is a discoidal shell, with numerous whorls and a keel on its lower surface. The specimen figured of this species is, however, very imperfect, and it re- mains to be decided whether the presence of a keel on the lower surface of the whorls is sufficient to distinguish the genus. The second species mentioned by Hall bears two keels, and is thus either a Schizostoma or a Discohelix, which of the two depends upon the direction of the striae of growth, which have not been observed. Of the genus Euomphalus there exist only two species in the palaeozoic deposits of the Salt-range which I shall call E. parvus, W., and E. pusillus, W. In general form they agree with most of the species placed in this genus, being flat shells coiled nearly in one plane, with whorls barely touching each other, and bearing a sharp keel along their upper surface. There is, however, only one species with which the Salt-range forms can be more particularly compared ; this is E. similis, Meek and Worthen, from the Saint Louis Limestone of Illinois. A more slight resemblance is also exhibited by E. impressus, Eichwald, from the carboniferous limestone of Borowitchi. There is no doubt that both the Indian species, as well as the American, are more or less allied to E. pentangulatus, Sow., and that they are a minute repetition of that species ; but though this requires but little comment, yet it is very difficult to state in what sort of connection the English species may stand to the American and Indian forms. Principally it is barely possible to state with any exactitude which of the species is the geologically older one and which the more recent : only from the circumstance that E. pentangulatus has been quoted already from devonian strata, it may be guessed that this species is more ancient than E. similis and the other minute forms which I am about to describe from India. On the other hand, if we take it as granted, that Euomphalus pentangulatus is the geologically oldest species of those which are more or less closely allied to the shells under consideration, it is barely possible to state if E. similis may have taken directly its origin from E. pentangulatus or not, as these shells are all so very rare, and their geographical distribution so very sporadic, that it seems not advisable to utter any definite opinion as to their developmental connection. Though it is pretty certain that the shells of the Gasteropoda are nearly as well adapted as the Cephalopoda to retain traces of the developmental changes time and circumstances have wrought on the animals by which they were once inhabited, yet it requires most ample materials to trace these minute differences within a series of fossils coming from several successive strata. But such materials are absolutely not ob- tainable in geologically older formations ; for circumstances so favourable as exist for instance, in the silurian basin of Bohemia, are extremely rare ; and generally, in palaeozoic as well as in mesozoic formations, localities rich in Gasteropoda are geogra- phically and geologically far apart, and thus comparisons between the single faunas PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— GASTEROPODA. 89 become extremely difficult. Only in tertiary times the careful study of the Gaster- opoda will bring about essential changes in general views regarding these formations ; for it is certain that nothing but the most detailed observation of the developmental changes the single forms undergo in time will enable us at last to establish a definite geological classification of the tertiary rocks, which up to the present is arbitrary to a certain extent. It is pretty certain that the two species described on the following pages take their origin one from the other, so that E. parvus, W., which occurs in the upper division of the Middle Productus-limestone, is to be considered as the parent form of E. pusilltts, "W., which is not very rare in the Upper Productus-limestone, but with these two links the chain is at an end, and it is impossible to state whether E. similis, M. and W., is to be considered as another link in the same. In describing the Gasteropoda of the palaeozoic deposits of the Salt-range, I shall, therefore, not be able to point out in every case the developmental group to .which the species belongs as I have done in the Cephalopoda, but shall only discuss the developmental connection of the single forms under consideration as far as this seems possible. 1. Etjomphalus parvus, Waagen, n. sp. PL IX, fig. 2. All the specimens of this species I have got for description are of very small size, and it seems, therefore, probable that the species never attained more consider- able dimensions. The general form of the shell is flat disciform, the whorls are thin and very evolute, barely touching each other. The whole shell consists of about four whorls, which are entirely exposed, and bear on their upper surface a strong prominent rounded keel, which is accompanied on its outer side by a marked longitudinal depression or groove. The peripheral side of the whorls is rounded and promi- nent, but not limited at the sides by edges. The lower surface of the whorls is slightly angular, a nearly flat part of the shell sloping down from the indistinct edge towards the umbilicus. The transverse section of the whorls is irregularly pentagonal, the outer angle of the pentagon being rounded, and its base very narrow and contracted. The two opposite lateral angles are not on a horizontal line, but the one corresponding with the upper surface of the shell lies much higher than the other. The shell is not coiled entirely in one plane, but the lower or umbilical side is somewhat more excavated than the upper one ; but on the upper side the sutures between the whorls are deeper sunk than on the lower side. The whole surface of the shell is covered by strong prominent striae of growth, which are, however, neither very numerous nor are they all equal in strength, but several thin ones are intercalated between two of the stronger sort. The striae of growth are slightly undulating and bent backwards on the keel, or upper side of E 90 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS. * the shell. They form an arch on the peripheral part of the whorls, and, turning again towards the front, reach the umbilical suture in an elegant falciform curve. Though I have one of the specimens broken into pieces, no trace of any septa is observable. The dimensions of the largest of the specimens at my disposal are as follows : — mm. Diameter of the shell .......... 9 „ umbilicus . . . . . . . . .4 He_ight of the last whorl at the aperture ........ 2'5 Thickness „ „ .:...... 3 Locality and geological position. — Altogether there were collected three speci- mens of this species by myself, one at Khura in the compact limestones of the middle division of the Productus-limestone, and two others west of the same locality in marly beds in the upper region of the Middle Productus-limestone. The species thus seems to be restricted to the middle division of the Productus-limestone series. Remarks. — This very pretty little shell bears a certain resemblance to many of the species of Euomphdlus, and chiefly it seems to be a miniature copy of E. pent- angulatus, Sow., but though this is the case, still the size of the shell is sufficient to distinguish the species. In E. pentangulatus a specimen having about four whorls exhibits a diameter of about 25 mm., whilst in our species specimens with an equal number of whorls attain not more than 9 mm. in extreme cases. The only species which agrees more or less, as well in its general form as in its size, with E. par- vus is E. similis, Meek and Worthen. These authors distinguish two forms within the species, the one the typical E. similis, the oth°r E. similis var. planus, which, accord- ing to their views, might as well be considered as a separate species under the name of E. planus. It is chiefly the latter form with which E. parvus might be com- pared; it has been figured and described in the Geological Survey of Illinois Vol. II, page 286, Plate XIX, fig. 5 ; and from this figure it is not very difficult to gather the points of dissimilarity between the American species and E. parvus. The chief difference between the two forms consists in the more rounded whorls of E. planus, and in the more flattened sutures on the upper surface of the shell. In E. parvus, on the contrary, the whorls bear on their upper surface a strong promi- nent keel, which causes a strongly angular section of the whorls, and from this keel the shell slopes rapidly down to the deeply set suture. On the lower surface of the shell the similarity of the two species is greater, but also here the rounded edge on the whorls lies more nearly inside towards the umbilicus in E. parvus than is the case in E. planus. E. planus, M. and W., was described originally from the Saint Louis limestone of Illinois, and belongs, therefore, to the upper region of the mountain-limestone formation. This, however, throws but very little light on the age of the Indian species, as we do not know in what sense or direction the changes, wrought by time and circumstances, take place in the species of Euomphalus ; and thus it is very PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— GASTEROPODA. 91 difficult to tell which of the two species may he the more recent, or by what space of time the two species may be separated from each other. Erom other characters, however, exhibited by the other fossils of the Productus-limestone, it is probable that E. 'parvus, W., is more recent than E. planus, M. and W. 2. Etjomphalus ptjsilltjs, Waagen, n.sp. PI. IX, fig. 3. This species is, like the preceding one, of very small size, but bearing suffi- ciently distinct characters to warrant its separation as a well-defined species. The general form of the shell is flat disciform with a very wide umbilicus, the whorls barely touching each other. The shell consists of about four whorls, which are very evolute and entirely exposed. They bear on their upper surface a low, obtuse keel, which forms an obtuse spiral edge along the suture of the whorl. Erom this keel the peripheral part of the whorls projects strongly in a perfectly rounded arch. Also on the lower or umbilical side of the shell a keel occurs, not so obtuse as the one on the upper side, but more angular and more prominent. The transverse section of the whorls is approximately pentagonal, more regu- larly so than in the preceding species. The outer angle of the pentagon, cor- responding with the peripheral part of the whorl, is broadly rounded off ; the base is very narrow, and the two opposite lateral angles, corresponding to the lower and upper keels of the shell, are nearly on a horizontal line, whereby it appears that the two keels are exactly opposite each other. The whorls are not coiled in one plane ; the umbilical side of the shell is more excavated than the upper side. On both sides the sutures are about equally deeply set. The surface of the whorls is covered by very fine narrow striae of growth, slightly undulating and about equal in strength. In none of the specimens received for description is there any trace of a septum observable. The dimensions of the specimen figured on Plate IX are as follows : — Diameter of the shell 8 mm. „ ,, umbilicus . 4'5 „ Height of the last whorl at the aperture ... . . . 2 „ Thickness „ ,. » » 2'5 „ Locality and geological position. — Altogether there have been collected by me two specimens of this species, one in the topmost beds of the Productus- limestone at Chidru, the other, which is only exposed at its lower surface, but which very likely also belongs to this species, at Jabi, in the identical bed from which I have also described the Cephalopoda : Cyclolobus oldhami, Sageceras primas, and Xenodiscus carbonarius, in the upper division of the Productus-limestone. 92 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS. r Remarks. — Though this species is very nearly related to the preceding one, yet there exist some very striking differences, which will be easily discovered in comparing the enlarged figures on Plate IX with one another. These differences consist chiefly in the sculpture of the two surfaces of the shell being different : whilst in Euomphalus parvus, W., the upper surface bears a strong prominent keel, which is accompanied on its outer side by a spiral impression or groove, this keel is low and obtuse in Euomphalus pusillus, "W., and no groove is present. On the lower surface again the keel is low and very much approaches the umbilicus in Euomphalus parvus, whilst it is angular and prominent, and in its position about opposite the keel, on the upper surface in E. pusillus. The stride of growth are comparatively strong and unequal in their development in E. parvus, and much finer and more equally strong in the species here under consideration. Thus, I think, it is justifi- able to separate the two forms under distinct names. As to the similarity of the present species to Euomphalus pentangulatus, Sow., the same differences exist as have been pointed out to obtain between Sowerby's species and E. parvus. Like the latter, E. pusillus is already distinguishable by its very reduced size, which is not more than 8 mm. in a specimen with four circuits, whilst of E. pentangulatus a specimen with the same number of whorls has already 25 mm. in diameter. Of other species E. planus, M. and W., must be compared. The similarity of the American shell to Euowph. pusillus is very striking, and compared only from their lower surfaces these shells are not distinguishable at all. The upper surface of E. planus, however, bears a strongly marked angular keel, which is situated far towards the peripheral part of the shell, whilst this keel is broad and obtuse in E. pusillus and directly opposite the keel on the lower surface. Euomphalus impressus, Eichwald, which bears also a certain resemblance to E. pusillus, is, however, much less nearly allied. Its whorls are higher and much more compressed, and its keels lying very far out towards the periphery of the shell so as to approach in its general form more or less the type of Schizostoma, Bronn. Thus E. pusillus, W., seems to be a well distinguishable species which is, so far as known up to the present, characteristic to the upper division of the Productus- limestone of the Salt-range. It is probable from its similarity to E. parvus, W., and its position higher in the series than the latter species, that there exists a deve- lopemental connection between the two forms ; but the materials at my disposal are so very scanty that it seems impossible to assert anything positively, or to draw any conclusion as to the tendency to variation prevailing among these species of Euomphalus. PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— GASTEROPODA. 93 Family: EVLIMIDM. Sub-Eamily : CHEMNITZIINj®. Genus : HOLOPELLA, M'Coy. Though it seems not very difficult to distinguish the genus Holopella as com- posed of more or less turreted shells with particularly convex and prominent whorls, yet this distinction is not always equally easy, and chiefly for the species I shall have to describe it is very doubtful whether it ought to be considered as a Chemnitzia or as a Holopella. According to the original definition of the genus as laid down by M'Ooy, this seems in general related as well to Chemnitzia as to Loxonema. The distinctive characters from Chemnitzia consist, according to M'Coy, "in the smaller size of the body whorl and in neither it nor the mouth being produced anteally." Erom Loxonema it seems to differ by the absence of a prominent and easily discernible sculpture on the whorls, and by its mouth not being enlarged and prolonged anteriorly. Stoliczka thinks it barely possible to distinguish Loxonema thoroughly from Chemnitzia ; but I think the very peculiarly produced anterior part of the mouth, combined with more convex whorls, and a by far more slender spire, are characters sufficient to distinguish the genus Loxonema from Chemnitzia. Holopella, in its most characteristically developed species, is, according to Stoliczka, distinct from Chemnitzia by its more convex whorls and the absence of an insinuation on the posterior part of the outer lip of the aperture. To this can, I think, be added the shorter and more numerous whorls in Holopella. The species which I shall have to describe, and to which I shall give the name of H. trimorpha, W., bears characters which equally well agree with Chemnitzia as with Holopella. Up to a length of the spire of 12mm. the whorls are smooth and flat, the suture which divides the whorls from each other being barely distin- guishable. In somewhat larger specimens the whorls get more convex, but yet there is a flat zone along the posterior part of the whorl which recalls to a great extent the form of the whorls in Chemnitzia, where this more or less flattened zone corresponds approximately to the insinuation exhibited by the striae of growth in the genus mentioned. Pull-grown specimens of H. trimorpha, W., show entirely convex whorls like all other species of Holopella. It is a fact worthy of notice that the different stages of growth in Holopella trimorpha correspond approximately with three different genera existing in the paleeozoic series of rocks. We have there first the genus Loxonema, Phillips, which bears a slight insinuation on the posterior part of its outer Up very much like Chemnitzia, Orb., but which is distinct from the latter genus by the characters mentioned above ; then comes the genus JPolyphemopsis, Portlock, which is yet very 94 SALT-EANGE FOSSILS. insufficiently known, but which seems to resemble Chemnitzia, differing only by the absence of an insinuation on the outer lip of the aperture ; and at last there is Holopella with very short and convex whorls. A very similar series of forms can be observed in mesozoic up to recent strata : Loxonema is here replaced by Chemnitzia, Polyphemopsis by Pseudomelania, Pict., and Holopella by Dunkeria, Carp., or Hyala, H. and A. Adams. The fact that all three palaeozoic genera are more or less clearly represented in different stages of growth of one and the same specimen of H. trimorpha, W., shows with absolute evidence how closely allied the three genera are. Nevertheless I do not think it advisable to unite under one and the same generic designation all those forms which have been up to the present considered to constitute three differ- ent genera ; I think it rather much more probable that R. trimorpha must either be considered as a form produced under the influence of " atavism," or else the genera Chemnitzia and Pseudomelania, which appear in well-developed forms only later in the geological series, are foreshadowed in the species under consideration in its more juvenile stages of growth. The latter seems the more probable case, as will be seen from the following specific description of the shell. 1. Holopella trimorpha, "Waagen, n. sp. PI. X, figs. 2, 3. The shell of this tolerably large species is very elongated, consisting of very numerous depressed whorls. Every trace of sculpture on the shell is absolutely wanting, and the strise of growth are very indistinct. The shell is about six times as high as it is broad. The different stages of growth are very distinct from each other, and must be described separately. The embryonal whorls are not preserved in any of the speci- mens received for description ; but from the first volutions down to a height of the spire of about 12 mm. the shell can be observed in one specimen, and from this it can be stated that the whorls during all this length of the shell are perfectly flat on their outer side, the sutures between the single whorls being only so very slightly indicated that they are barely perceptible. The striae of growth are very indistinct, but seem to be tolerably straight. From 12 mm. down to 23 mm. of the length, which distance includes, however, not more than three or four volutions, the surface of the whorls changes rather suddenly from flat to convex, a flat zone, however, remaining along the posterior margin of the whorls. It is not possible to observe whether the direction of the striae of growth indicate any insinuation of the pos- terior part of the outer lip during that stage of the development of the shell ; the existence of a flat zone, however, similar to that existing in most species of Chem- nitzia, makes it probable that such an insinuation existed. After the shell has attained more than twenty-three millimeters in length the flat zone disappears and the whorls become regularly convex as in other species of Holopella* PPODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— GASTEROPODA. • 95 The aperture of the shell is thoroughly entire, and no trace of any canal, or of its being effuse in any way on the anterior part, is observable. The posterior part of the aperture is angulated, the outer lip sharp, the inner one slightly thickened. The measurements of a specimen from Chidru are as follows :— Total length of shell about 27 mm. Breadth at basis 4P5 „ Height of last volution 2'9 „ Apical angle of shell . 12'5° Another specimen (a cast), somewhat deformed by pressure, has an apical angle of 17°. Locality and geological position. — Three specimens of Holopella trimorpha were collected by myself : two I found in the topmost beds of the Productus- limestone at Chidru, and the other west of Khura in the upper division of the Productus-limestone. The species seems thus to be restricted to the upper division of this formation. 'Remarks. — As all the species of Holopella are deficient in marked distinctive characters, and as all the smooth forms specially more or less resemble each other, there might be a number of species compared to H. trimorpha. Yet the distinction of the species is not very difficult, on the one hand, because the number of smooth Holopellce in upper palaeozoic strata is very limited, on the other hand, because the form of the present species is rather peculiar. Prom the carboniferous formation only two species have been described under the generic designation of Holopella ; there exist, however, a number of other forms, which have been referred to different genera, but which very likely also must be considered as Holopellce. The species here described is, among all the forms which might be compared, the one which is most elongated in its general outline ; only Chemnitzia gracilis, Kon., which is very likely also a Holopella, is even more elongated than our species, but it bears transverse ribs on its whorls, which are absent in H. trimorpha. Of Ameri- can carboniferous species Loxonema cerithiformis, M. and "W., might be compared, but its spiral is shorter and the strise of growth bear a distinct insinuation. The genus Holopella was very badly represented during permian times, never- theless one species described from permian strata must be considered as belonging to the genus ; this is H. phillipsi, Howse, sp. (H. geinitziana, King), a very small shell with smooth whorls, which is, however, easily distinguishable from the Indian species by its much shorter spire and more convex whorls. The same is the case with Holopella gracilis, Schaur., from the bunt-sandstein beds of the Alps, which, on the whole, is very nearly related to H. phillipsi. The position of the species under consideration in the genus Holopella might be very much questioned; two genera may be quoted in which the species might be placed with nearly equal right ; these are Folyphemopsis and Chemnitzia. 96 • SALT-RANGE FOSSILS. The first volutions 6f the shell, if separated, would he quite rightly placed in the first of those two genera, hut the further development of the shell forhids such a deter- mination, as the whorls then hecome too convex and too numerous to allow of the position of the species in the genus Polyphemopsis. In this stage of growth the shell resemhles very much a Chemnitzia, but also for that genus the whorls are too numerous and too much shortened. Thus, as the genus which in most of its charac- ters agrees with the shell under consideration, there remains only Solopella, and I have therefore placed the species in this latter genus. Sub-Family : STILIFERINJE. Genus: MACROCHEILUS, Phillips. Though this genus is one of those which is most easily to be recognised among all the genera of palaeozoic gasteropoda, yet its position in the system is by no means certain, and as there is no hope of there ever being found any remains of the animal, this uncertainty is not likely ever to be removed. The shells belonging to this genus exhibit a very characteristic form. They are more or less turreted, with tolerably elongated spire, not very numerous and moderately convex whorls. The aperture is elongated, anteriorly often slightly effuse, posteriorly angulated, the outer lip entire, the inner lip sometimes very slightly callous with a more or less strongly developed columellar fold near its anterior end. What causes the uncertainty about the systematic position of the genus is its bearing sometimes an anteriorly slightly effuse aperture. Those authors who lay a greater stress on this peculiarity of the shell than on other characters, will place the genus among the Siphonostomata somewhere near Pyramidella or Turbonilla, whilst others, who prefer to classify the shells more according to their general appearance and not according to single not very prominently developed characters, consider it more prudent to retain the genus Macrocheilus in the Holostomata, and place it, as seems to me very rightly, together with Stilifer in the family of the Eulimidce. I therefore in this respect entirely follow Dr. Stoliczka, whose system appears to be of all those proposed up to the present the most practicable one for the palgeonto- logist. The genus Macrocheilus seems to be represented by the greatest number of species during carboniferous times, but after that period the genus suddenly dis- appears1 almost entirely, and in more recent formations only in the triassic beds of the Alps a couple of species of this genus have been noticed. From the palaeozoic deposits of the Salt-range two species have been described by de Koninck: Macrocheilus avellanoides, Eon., and M. depilis, Kon. Of these two species only one was found, and in great numbers, by myself and Mr. Wynne in the 1 King's Macr. symmetricus scarcely belongs to that genus. PPODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— GASTEROPODA. . 97 palaeozoic deposits of the Salt-range ; the other species, M. depilis, in its general appearance, so very much resembles certain casts of gasteropods occurring in the higher beds of the Salt-range series, cretaceous and nummulitic, that I can- not but express the opinion that the shell in question is very likely not a Macro- cheilus, and belongs probably to the fauna of the nummulitic strata; I shall therefore avoid mentioning it among the palaeozoic fossils. The original specimen is, I regret to say, not among the materials preserved in the Geological Society's collection, but must have gone with the other part of Dr. Fleming's fossils to Calcutta, where it has apparently been lost. Thus this point cannot be settled definitively. We have therefore only one species of Macrocheilus in the upper palaeozoic strata of the Salt-range ; this is Macrocheilus avellanoides, de Kon. 1. Mackocheilus avellanoides, de Koninck. PL IX, figs. 6-9. 1863. Macrocheilus avellanoides, de Koninck. Fossiles Paleozoiques de l'lnde, p. 13, PI. IV, fig. 4. 1863. Macroch. avellanoides, Koninck. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. Lond., Vol. XIX, p. 10. 1878. Buccinum incertum, Abich. Geologische Forsehungen in den Kaukasischen Landern. ; I, Kohlenkalk- Eauna aus der Araxesenge von Djulfa, p. 82, PI. XI, fig. 4. 1878. Macrocheilus indeterm., Abich. ; ibid., explanation of Plate XI. This species is one of the most characteristic fossils occurring in the Salt-range, as it is found nearly everywhere ; and it keeps with great constancy to a . certain geological position. The general form of the shell is more or less elongate-ovate, the length of the spiral not very considerable, but variable, with a not very acute apex. The whorls are tolerably convex, but six or seven in number ; the sutures separating them from each other are slightly excavated. The surface of the whorls is nearly quite smooth, barely any striae of growth being observable. The last whorl is very large and occupies about two-thirds of the height of the whole shell. The aperture is rather narrowly oval, angulated behind, and well rounded everywhere else. The outer Up is thin and acute, without callosity or anything of the kind ; on the anterior part of the aperture it bends round in a narrow curve, giving thus to the latter the appearance of being slightly effuse. The inner lip is thicker than the outer one, but not callous, properly speaking ; it is without edge, but well rounded, and bears on its anterior part before uniting with the outer lip a more or less strongly developed broad and not acute columellar fold. This fold is very characteristic, but very differently developed in different specimens of the same species, and one needs only look at the figures of Plate IX to be convinced how very variable that character is. The shell never attains a very considerable size. The largest specimen known to me is represented by a cast, which was collected by Mr. "Wynne at Khund Ghat, and which has been figured on Plate IX, fig. 6. The size generally exhibited by the specimens is that of figs. 7 and 8 on Plate IX. 98 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS. The measurements of three specimens, I and III from Khund Ghat, II from west of Khura, are as follows : — i. ii. in. mm. mm. mm. Total length of shell 40 39 30 Greatest breadth of shell ... 27 26 19 Height of the last volution of the aperture . . .... 27 25 21 Greatest breadth of the aperture 1111 8 Apical angle 82° 82° 87° The apical angle decreases with the progressing age of the specimens. Locality and geological position. — There are altogether more than forty speci- mens of Macr. avellanoides in the collection received for description; and it appears from this, that it is one of the most common species of Gastropoda exist- ing in the palaeozoic deposits of the Salt-range. Of the whole lot there were found 18 at Katwahi in the upper division of the Productus-limestone, 20 at Khund Ghat in the same heds, 3 at Kufri • in the division No. 14 of the section there (upper Productus-limestone), 3 west of Khura, 2 at Chidru in the Cephalopoda bed, 1 at Jabi, also in the Cephalopoda bed, the three latter localities being also in the upper Productus-limestone ; and finally one specimen in a bed of crinoidal limestone at Virgal belonging to the middle division of the Productus-limestone, and two speci- mens at Bilot (Trans-Indus), also in the middle division of the Productus-limestone. Thus the species commences, as far as known up to the present, in the middle division of the Productus-limestone, and has its chief development in the upper division of the same formation. Remarks. — It is very difficult in the genus Macrocheilus to decide what ought to be considered as separate species, as such a number of forms exist which more or less resemble each other that distinction is rather difficult. In the description of the species Mons. de Koninck compares the form under consideration to Macr. schlothei/mi, d'Arch., from devonian strata, but says that it differs from it by the angle of its spiral, by the length of the last volution, and by the absence of every kind of ornamentation on its surface. During carboniferous times several species existed, having a more or less close resemblance to the present species. There are three shells from the Russian mountain-limestone to be compared : Macr. affinis, Eichw., from the- lower mountain- limestone of the Gouvernement Tula, Macr. Icevis, Eichw., and Macr. ampullaceus, Eisch., the two latter from the upper mountain -limestone of Miatchkowa. The first of the three seems to be more closely allied, but the larger size of the shell, more strongly inflated whorls, and an impression the shell bears on them, seem to warrant a distinction ; the two latter are very likely identical, and are distinguish- able from de Koninck's species by a much shorter spire and by far more inflated whorls. The greatest resemblance to the Indian shell is exhibited by an American, species which has been described by Meek and Worthen from upper coal-measures PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— GASTEROPODA. 99 of Illinois. This is Macr. medialis, M. and "W. The general fofm of both shells is very similar indeed, and the chief difference between the two seems to consist in the by far more considerable size the Indian shell attains. Of other characters the somewhat greater inflation of the whorls in M. medialis and a differently shaped aperture must be mentioned, though the latter peculiarity is not trustworthy, as Meek and Worthen mention in the text that the figure showing the aperture of M. medialis had not been drawn quite correctly. Thus the possibility remains that M. avellanoides, Kon., and M. medialis, M. and W., may be identical, yet the great geographical distance at which the two species occur seems not to be in favour of such a supposition, and the small differences mentioned may thus be considered sufficient to distinguish these shells under separate names. A species which must be united beyond any doubt with M . avellanoides, K., is Buccinum incertum or Macrocheilus ind. of Abich. Though of this species only a cast has been found up to the present, yet this agrees so well in every respect with the casts of M. avellanoides preserved in the Salt-range collection that there is no chance of any distinction. The locality at which this cast was found is Djulfa on the Araxes, in strata which were considered by Staatsrath Abich as representing the upper mountain-limestone, but which are considered by Professor Moller to belong to the permiau formation. Family: NATIOIDM. Sub-family: NATICINJf!. Genus : NATICOPSIS, M'Coy. Though the shells belonging to this genus have been for a long time simply included in the genus Natica, yet it seems that the relation between the two genera Natica and Naticopsis is not so very close ; and Meek and Worthen in their geology of Illinois, in pointing out the peculiarities existing in the operculum of Naticopsis, are of opinion that the genus ought to be considered as the type of an extinct family, the Naticopsidce. If, however, the operculum be not preserved, and one have to rely solely on the general form of the shell, the differences are not so very striking, and the general resemblance of Naticopsis to Natica is obvious. Thus, I think, the genus might very well be included in the Naticidcs, and it cannot be very wrong to follow in this case also Dr. Stoliczka. The diagnosis of the genus originally given by M'Coy is very short, but quite sufficient to fix the genus. Some stress, I think, must be put on the words " inner lip smooth, flattened, slightly thickened." This circumstance— the inner lip being only slightly thickened — will alone enable us to distinguish between the species 100 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS. belonging to Nati'copsis and those which, might better be put into the genus Ampullina, and which otherwise bear a great resemblance to Naticopsis, but differ from it by the very strong callosity developed on their inner lip. Thus we will easily be able to retain the genus Naticopsis as a very well characterised group of forms which cannot easily be confounded with the Ampullince. Besides the differ- ences in the shell, there seems also to exist for the two genera a somewhat different geological distribution. Whilst the genus Ampullina seems to be chiefly numerous in the middle and upper mesozoic formations, the genus Naticopsis seems to prevail in numbers chiefly in palaeozoic strata, growing more and more scarce as it proceeds into newer formations. t In accepting the genus Naticopsis, it is necessary to recur to the first definition of it by M'Coy, in his " Carboniferous fossils of Ireland." The first species named there is N. canaliculate/,, M'Coy, a species with very thin shell and having the sutures of the volutions deeply sunken in. Later on, in the " Palaeozoic Fossils," M'Coy has laid great stress on the flattened condition of the inner lip which the species belong- ing to the genus ought to exhibit ; but neither in M'Coy's first named species, nor in other typical forms of the genus, does this character seem to be conspicuous. Other species, indeed, which have been put by M'Coy into his genus, as Nerita ampliata, Phill., &c, show this flattening of the inner lip in a remarkable manner ; but they very likely, on account of this character as well as on that of the very thick and compact shell they possess, must be removed from the genus and be placed more near the Neritidce than near the Naticidce. Among the materials collected in the Salt-range there are only two species belonging to the genus, which, however, do not bear a very great resemblance to each other, and can, therefore, scarcely be considered as in developmental connection though both occur in successive strata. The older of the two was found in the upper region of the middle Productus-limestone at Khura, the other comes from the upper Productus-limestone at Khund Ghat. One of them resembles triassic, the other carboniferous, species. 1. Naticopsis khurbnsis, Waagen, n. sp. PL IX, fig. 10. There is only one specimen of this species in the Salt-range collection, but it is well preserved and allows of accurate description. The general form of the shell is globose, a little higher than broad, with a short or scarcely elevated spire. The whorls are not numerous, altogether about three • they are very inflated, prominently convex and not entirely enveloping each other. The exposed part of the inner whorls is convex, and in consequence of this the sutures between the whorls somewhat impressed. The last whorl is the largest higher than broad, without a trace of an umbilicus at its base. The embryonal part of the shell is not observable. The shell is thin, only somewhat thickened at the lower or basal part of the PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— GASTEROPODA. 101 specimen. The surface of the shell is smooth to all appearance ; with the lens, however, numerous very fine striae of growth are ohservahle. These are sharp and more closely arranged near the aperture than on the parts of the shell removed from it. The aperture is ovate, angulate behind, perfectly round in front. The outer lip is sharp and thin, the inner one is rather straight and slightly thickened, without any distinct callous part. Both lips unite anteriorly in a slightly prominent angular shelly part (fig. 10 d), which gives a strange character to the whole form of the aperture and makes it appear somewhat effuse anteriorly. The measurements of the specimen described above are as follows : — Total length of shell 33 mm. Greatest breadth of shell 30 „ Height of last volution at the aperture 30 „ Breadth of the aperture .... . .... 20 „ Apical angle . . . 116° Locality and geological position. — The only specimen of this species preserved in the Salt-range collection was found by myself in beds at the upper limit of the middle Productus-limestone west of Khura. Remarks. — There are not a great number of species which can be compared to the shell just described. Among European palaeozoic fossils the only species to which it can be compared is Nat. plicistria, Phill., from the mountain-limestone of Yorkshire. This species can, however, be distinguished from the Indian fossil by its less globose form and by its thick heavy shell. Two other forms to be compared, and which of all bear the greatest resemblance to the shell here described, are Nat. gaillardoti, Lefroy, and Nat. simlaensis, Giimb. The former has a more depressed spire than Nat. khurensis, but Nat. simlaensis can only be distinguished by the more flattened sutural part of the whorls. Nat. gaillardoti is one of the most characteristic fossils of the lower and middle triassic beds of Europe, but it occurs in company with Nat. simlaensis in the Himalaya in beds of similar age. The affinity of the shell under consideration to two triassic shells is of very great interest. This affinity is rather striking, and it seems not improbable that the triassic shells may have taken their origin from the species here described. Erom this a migration of shells at the close of the palaeozoic epoch from India to Europe would result, which, on the whole, seems not improbable. 2. Naticopsis indica, Waagen, n. sp. PI. X, fig. 4. Like the preceding species, this one also is represented only by a single specimen. The general form of the shell is inflated-ovate, higher ' than broad. The shell consists of about three rapidly increasing whorls, which almost entirely envelope H 102 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS. each other. The spire is very short and consequently the exposed part of the inner volutions very small. The latter is rather flattened, and thus the sutures between the whorls are flat and more or less indistinct. The last volution. is not much more inflated than the preceding ones. The shell is not very thick and exhibits a smooth surface, only with the lens fine striae of growth are observable. The aperture is ovate in form, acutely angular on its posterior end and broadly rounded in front. The external lip is thin and sharp, the inner one with a slight, distinctly limited callosity. Both lips unite at the anterior end of the aperture without forming an angle, which latter is the case in the preceding species. It is rather difficult to take the measurements, as the specimen is not very well preserved, but, on the whole, they seem to be as follows : — Total length of shell . . 40"5 mm. Greatest breadth of shell .... . . . . 33 „ Height of the last volution at the aperture 35 „ Breadth of the aperture 23 „ Apical angle about . 112° Locality and geological position. — The only specimen of this species in the Salt-range collection was found by Mr. Wynne at Khund Ghat accompanying the Nautili and Xenodisci described above, and found there in the Upper Pro- ductus-limestone, group No. 1 of the list, p. 8. Remarks. — Like the preceding one this species also can be compared to an European form, but in this case, the affinity is so great that it nearly amounts to specific identity. The fossil which resembles so very much the Indian shell is Nat. phillipsi, M'Goy, from the carboniferous limestone (lower part,' mountain- limestone) of Ireland. The general form of the shells agrees almost perfectly, and the only character which immediately strikes the observer as establishing a difference between the two is the by far more considerable size attained by the Irish species. Nevertheless it seems not advisable to unite the two forms, as on a closer examination there appear to exist some other points of difference in favor of a dis- tinction. Chiefly, M'Coy considers his species as probably identical with Nat. elliptica, Phill., from the mountain-limestone of Yorkshire. Now, Nat. elliptica is very different : the spire is much shorter and the last whorl much more inflated. If, therefore, Nat. phillipsi resembles so very much Nat. elliptica that both might be considered identical, the former cannot be so very closely related to Nat. indica as to warrant a specific identification. On the other hand also, M'Coy mentions some characters in his Nat. phillipsi which are absent in Nat. indica : thus, a well marked striation near the suture and a perfectly smooth surface on the other part of the shell. Thus, if we take all these points into consideration, we shall be justified in dis- tinguishing Nat. indica as a separate species, characterised by smaller size PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— GASTEROPODA. 103 less inflated last whorl, and the absence of sharp striae near the" suture in distinc- tion from Nat. phillipsi, M'Coy. Though thus a specific distinction seems to be established, yet the great simi- larity of the two forms is very remarkable. Nat. phillipsi occurs in Ireland at Kilcommock and Longford in the lower division of the mountain-limestone, and at Stream-hill and Doneraile in the upper division of the same formation, but it seems to be absent in the middle division. There is no doubt that the Productus-lime- stone of the Salt-range is more recent than all the divisions of the true mountain- limestone as they are known to exist in England, Ireland, or Belgium. Thus it might very well be the case, that Nat. indica has taken its origin from the Irish fossil, and both thus may be in a developmental connection ; but who, relying only on such isolated data, would venture to assert this and to draw any conclusion from it ? The only thing that can possibly be done is, to call attention to such facts, and to let them accumulate ; only in such a way at last results will be arrived at. Eamily: VELUTINIDJE. Genus: PLATYSTOMA, Conrad. There is a great number of fossil shells which have by former writers been called in a general way Natica, and which all exhibit more or less a globu- lar form of shell and strongly inflated whorls. Though on a first glance it appears evident that very different things have thus been united, yet the exact limits between the several groups of forms seem very difficult to trace, and even a greater difficulty is experienced if we attempt to distribute them among the families and genera distinguished among recent mollusca. This is nothing but natural. If the families and genera of the mollusca as they exist now are the result of a historical process, and have been arrived at only by a long chain of transformations, they will not always have existed in the same shape as they present in our days, but things which now appear widely separated will, in for- mer periods, more or less blend together, and thus the further we go back in the scale of formations, the more difficult it will be to assign the shells we find there to the recent genera and families. But though this is the case, yet we cannot avoid bringing those shells more or less into connection with the living ones ; such a com- parison must, however, only be taken for what it is worth, and it must be borne in mind that, as the animals of the fossil species will never be accessible to our observation, we must solely rely on the similarity of the shells, which may often be misleading. Thus if we venture to assign one or other of the palaeozoic gasteropoda to a now living genus or family, nothing but the similarity of these shells to the re- cent forms can be expected by such a designation. There is no doubt that a great many of those fossil shells which have been called Natica bear a very great resemblance to the living genus Velutina ; and if 104 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS. we wish to designate those forms among recent shells with which the fossil ones most nearly agree, we always will have to fall back on that genus ; but then it is by far the simplest way to designate both by the same name, and to put the fossil shells into the genus Velutina, or at least into the family Velutinidce. The genus Velutina is chiefly characterised by few strongly inflated whorls, a short spire, and in consequence of this a more or less globular form of the shell. It is distinct from most of the Naticidce by its very thin shell and the absence of any callosity on the inner lip of the aperture. Hecent species can thus easily be recognised, not so the fossil ones. Chiefly in palaeozoic formations there are a great many shells which resemble Velutina more or less, but which at the same time show a gradual transition to the Capulidce, in such a manner that it becomes exceed- ingly difficult to decide whether some of the forms ought to be placed better in the one family or in the other. There is no hope of escaping the difficulty ; we can only say that those forms with a very much enlarged aperture and a very little developed spire will be better placed in the Capulidce, whilst others, in which the spire is more distinctly developed and somewhat elevated, and the last whorl is not out of proportion larger than the preceding ones, will have to be transferred to the Velutinidce ; but the similarity remains, and it is probable that the Velutinidce have taken their origin from the Capulidce during older palaeozoic times. Defined as I have just indicated, the Velutinidce comprise a number of forms, some of which have received separate generic designations. The greatest develop- ment of the family seems to take place in older mesozoic strata, but though some of the forms occurring there closely resemble the true Velutince, others very likely will con- stitute separate and new genera. In palaeozoic times the true Velutince seem to be scarce; they are replaced here mostly by allied forms, which, however, by their very short spire and somewhat expanded mouth, to a certain extent recall some forms of the Capulidce, and in fact seem to constitute a transitional link between the two families. These forms have been united by Conrad under the generic name of JPlatystoma. JPlatystoma, like Velutina, is characterised by a thin shell, the spire, if very short, consisting of very few strongly inflated volutions, the aperture is very wide and oblique, outer lip sharp, inner one slightly thickened without callosity. The striae of growth show in some species a bend, suggestive of a slight insinuation of the outer lip. Stoliczka expresses some doubt as to the propriety of separating these shells generically from Velutina, but by the characters mentioned above, they are pretty well removed from the Velutince, and approach more or less the Capulidce and chiefly the genus Flatyceras ; thus it seems not improbable that also a generic difference exists between these shells. Among the Salt-range fossils there is a single specimen of a shell which by its principal characters resembles Platystoma, and thus has been referred by me to that genus. PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— GASTEROPODA. 10c 1. Platystoma indicum, Waagen, n. sp. PI. XI, fig. 1. The only specimen of this species in the Salt-range collection consists in an internal cast on which parts of the shell are still preserved. The general form of the shell is oval, broader than high. The whole shell consists of three rapidly increasing inflated whorls, of which the last is by far the largest. The spire is very short and the whorls but little elevated ; they are per- fectly rounded without any trace of ornamentation. The shell is very thin and smooth, except some very fine striae of growth, which are, however, barely visible, and the general direction and shape of which could not be ascertained. The aperture is very wide and somewhat expanded and very oblique in its position. The external lip is sharp and entire, without insinuation, the internal one is thickened and firmly adhering to the solid columella. Both lips unite anteriorly in a broad arch, pos- teriorly they form an obtuse angle. Owing to some injury the animal received during lifetime, the specimen under consideration is not quite regularly developed ; a short distance from the aperturo near the suture a prominence has been formed, and from there the whorl deviates from the regular spiral (fig. 1 d). The dimensions of the specimen here described are as follows : — Total length of shell . . 40 mm. Greatest hreadth of shell . . . 56 „ Height of last volution at the aperture . . 37 „ Breadth of aperture ..... . 35 „ Apical angle ... .... 138° Locality and geological position. — The only specimen preserved in the Salt- range collection was found by myself in the Chittawan near Ghari, in a compact limestone, in the upper region of the middle division of the Productus-limestone. Remarks. — Though the direction of the stria? of growth cannot be observed in this single specimen of the species, and though there seems to exist no insinuation or emargination on the outer lip, yet the species agrees in all other respects so well with Conrad's genus that it seemed best to quote this specimen as species of Piatystoma. The genus Piatystoma seems to have chiefly a westerly distribution ; and in the devonian as well as in the carboniferous epochs no European species of the genus have as yet been described, though it seems very probable that it will be found • also in European strata. In the carboniferous period two species have been recognised in America, both belonging to the upper coal-measures. They are PI. peoriense, McChesn., and PI. tumidum, M. and W., but neither of them seems to resemble closely the Indian fossil. 106 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS. Sub-order: SCTJTIBRANCKIATA. Tribe: PLANILABIATA, Family: NBBITID^. Genus : NEEITOMOPSIS, Waagen, n. gen. Even in a higher degree than was the case with the preceding genus, the remarks made in the Introduction to the genus Platystoma apply to this genus. Nothing can be more difficult than to indicate the systematic place of the shells I designate under the name of Neritomopsis, and I have as much hesitation in intro- ducing the new generic designation as in placing the new genus in the family Neritidce. The shells here under consideration have, moreover, been mostly described by former writers as species of Natica, while some have proposed to unite them with the genus Nerita ; this division of opinion about the same species sufficiently indi- cates the difficulty which has to be overcome. When M'Coy established his genus Naticopsis, he apparently united those doubtful species with it ; but as the first species he quotes is Nat. canaliculata, M'Coy, a species with very thin shell and an inner lip which is not flattened, the name Naticopsis must be restricted to thinly shelled forms with slightly thickened inner lip, which, on the one hand, are barely distinguishable from Ampullina, and, on the other, show a certain transition to the Vehdinidce, chiefly to Velutina and Platystoma. Other forms with heavier shells and a distinctly flattened inner lip must be separated from M'Coy's genus, and constitute a distinct group for which I propose to introduce the generic name of Neritomopsis. The genus is characterised by a globular form of the shell, a short spire and few very much inflated whorls. The shell is not very thin, the aperture entire, rounded in front, angular behind ; the outer lip is sharp and entire, the inner one thickened, rarely callous, considerably flattened, smooth, without teeth or folds, generally adhering to the columella. Columella solid, not excavated. The genus which seems to be most nearly related to the one here described is Neritoma, Morris, both genera being chiefly distinct by the outer lip being entire in Neritomopsis, whilst it bears an insinuation in Neritoma. Very nearly allied is also the genus Naticodon, Eyckh. ; and indeed, some of the forms considered by Eyck- holt to belong to his genus seem possibly better placed in Neritomopsis. There is not the slighest doubt, that in those species which I am here about to describe, the tooth on the inner lip, characteristic of the genus Naticodon, is not present. "What seems to be most doubtful is the systematic position of the genus. There seems to be a perfect transition from Naticopsis to Neritomopsis, and there is no doubt that both genera are most nearly related ; but whether the two genera ought to form a proper family " Naticopsidcs " and represent a transitional link PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— GASTEROPODA. 107 between the Naticidce and the Neritidce, or whether, as I have done, the genus Naticopsis had better be placed in the Naticidce and Neritomopsis in the Neritidce, I must leave to be decided by further enquiries. So much, however, is certain, that the remarkably flattened inner lip of Neritomopsis establishes a close relation of the genus to the Neritidce, and that thus the origin of the Neritidce may very likely be traced from this genus. The genus has its greatest development during palaeozoic times, and seems to decrease in numbers in mesozoic strata. In the Salt-range it is represented by two species, Neritomops. minuta, Waagen, and Neritomops. ovulum, Waagen, which both occur in the upper division of the Productus-limestone. 1. Neritomopsis minuta, Waagen, n. sp. PI. X, fig. 5. Only one well preserved specimen of this species is contained in the Salt-range collection. The general form of the shell is compressed globular, the side of the aperture being considerably flattened. The spire is very short, the volutions inflated, but indistinctly separated from each other, inner volutions not prominent, the last one very much larger than the others, prominently inflated. The shell is not very thick, smooth, only with the lens some very fine straight striae of growth are observable. The aperture is wide semilunar, anteriorly rounded, posteriorly an- gular. The outer lip is sharp and thin, continuous, straight. The inner lip is somewhat thickened, considerably flattened, obtusely sharpened within, firmly adhering to the columella. Columella solid ; no slit or any trace of an umbilicus existing. The dimensions of the specimen are as follows : — Total length of shell .6 mm. Greatest breadth of shell 5'5 „ Height of last volution at the aperture ... .... 4 „ Breadth of the aperture . 3 „ Apical aDgle . 95° Locality and geological position. — The only specimen of this species was collected by myself at Chidru in the topmost beds of the Productus-limestone. Eemarks. — A very strange and remarkable feature of this species is the in- distinctness of the single volutions. In this respect the shell resembles somewhat some of the Vmboniidce, with their smooth and polished shells. But as it could not be made out with absolute certainty whether this indistinctness of the volutions is an original feature, or whether this has been caused solely by the mode of preser- vation and by the changes the shell has undergone in the process of fossilization (having been transformed into calc-spar), no great stress has been laid in the descrip- tion of the shell on this feature. If it is an original one, the animal must have possessed some lobes on the mantle which enveloped the whole shell. 108 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS. The only species to which the Indian shell can be compared is Nat. variata, Phill. It is not improbable that this species also must be considered as belonging to the genus Neritomopsis. Ryckholt indicates a rudimentary tooth in some specimens he observed, but as I have no specimen from Bolland for examination, I must leave this question open. Specifically it is distinguishable from the Indian fossil by its less inflated whorls and by the fine spiral striation on the surface of the shell. The Indian specimen is, however, not sufficiently well preserved to admit of its being positively stated that it never possessed traces of such a striation, and thus both species might be in tolerably close relation. Nat. variata, Phill., was described originally from the mountain-limestone of Bolland, but is there of very rare occurrence. 2. Neritomopsis ovtjlum, Waagen, n. sp. PL XII, fig. 4. This species also is represented by a single specimen in the Salt-range collection. The general form of the shell is ovate, considerably higher than broad. The spire is very short, the whorls are about three in number, inflated and perfectly rounded, the last of them is the largest, but not very much larger than the preced- ing ones. The sutures are indistinct, and the whorls not projecting above them. The shell is not very thick, smooth, barely any strise of growth visible. The aperture is oval, rounded in front, and angular behind. The external lip is sharp and entire, the inner one thickened, slightly callous and considerably flattened, but not sharpened within, adhering firmly to the columella. The latter is perfectly solid. The measurements of the specimen are as follows : — Total length of shell ... 16 mm. Greatest breadth of shell .... 14 „ Height of the last whorl at the aperture ... . . 14 „ Breadth of the aperture ... 8'5 „ Apical angle 130° Locality and geological position. — The only specimen of this species preserved in the Salt-range collection was found by myself at Kufri, at the base of the section there, in the upper division of the Productus-limestone. Remarks. — As in the preceding species so in this one, the sutures of the single volutions are not traceable. But in this case it is evident that the apical region is not well preserved, which may account for that peculiarity. The species is certainly most nearly related to Neritomops. minuta, W., but can be distinguished from it by a somewhat less globular form of the shell, less inflated whorls, and an inner lip of the aperture which is not so much flattened as in N. minuta, and bears a slight callosity. The apical angle is also somewhat greater in the present species. PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— GASTEROPODA. 109 The resemblance of Neritomops. ovulum, W., to N. varidta, Phill., is much less striking than that of the latter species to N. minuta, W. About the same characters which distinguish N. ovulum from N. minuta apply also to the dis- tinction of the former species from N. variata, Phill., and besides this the presence of a spiral sculpture in the latter makes the distinctness of both forms evident. Tribe: CILIIPEDATA. Family: TUBBINIDJE. Sub-Pamily : PHASIANELLINJU. Genus: PHASIANELLA, Lamk. There occur not very rarely in the sandy beds at the top of the palaeozoic series in the Salt-range small shining smooth shells, mostly well preserved in every way, the determination of which has been a very great puzzle to me. The polished surface of the shell, which is even in the fossil state tolerably well preserved, leads me to consider these little specimens as belonging to the Phasia- nellidce, though the form of these minute shells is very much inflated and an oper- culum has not been observed. They cannot belong to the Umboniidce, as every trace of a callosity on the inner lip is absent. The inflated form of the shells and their very reduced size recalls to a certain extent some forms included in the genus Trieolia, Risso, but as Stoliczka also considers this genus only as a sub-genus of Phasianella, I may be justified in put- ting these shells into the latter genus. In general form these shells recall also certain forms of the Littorinidce, chiefly the Lacunince, but these have a hollow columella, and also the polished sur- ' face of the shells here under consideration is not in accordance with the characters prevailing in the shells of the Littorinidce. Species of the genus Phasianella have up to the present only rarely been recorded to occur in palaeozoic strata. There are a number of species in the devonian period ; but in carboniferous times there seem to .have been described up to the present only two species, one by Koninck as Cliemnitzia ventricosa, which has been transferred by Orbigny to the genus Phasianella as Ph. subven^ tricosa, Orb., and another, according to Bigsby's Thesaurus, by Eichwald. Only in mesozoic times the Phasianellce become more numerous, and in the present period they are spread all over the tropical and subtropical seas. 1. Phasianella aeenicola, Waagen, n. sp. Plate X, fig. 6. The general form of this little shell is globular, with very short spire, consist- ing of three or four inflated rapidly increasing whorls. The exposed part of the 110 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS. inner whorls is not- convex ; the last whorl is very much larger than the preceding ones, and envelopes the latter almost completely. The sutures, separating the single whorls, are well traceable, flat, and not impressed. The shell is not very thick, with a perfectly polished surface ; even with the lens barely any strise of growth are distinctly perceptible. Where they can be traced, they are perfectly straight. The aperture is oval, broadly rounded in front, and rather acutely angular behind. The outer lip is sharp and entire, the inner one very slightly thickened, but not callous, without folds or teeth. The columella is solid, and thus the base of the shell not umbilicated, nor impressed, nor grooved. The dimensions of a specimen from Chidru are as follows : — Total length of shell . . . ... 5 mm. Greatest breadth of shell 5 Height of the last volution at the aperture . . 4 „ Breadth of the aperture . . . 3 „ Apical angle .... 88° Tie species does not seem to exceed the size of the measured specimen, as there are no larger ones in the collection. Locality and geological position. — This species is not very rare in the palee- ozoic deposits of the Salt-range, but is there restricted to the upper division of the Productus-limestone. It occurs chiefly in sandy strata, and is therefore most numerously found in the white sandstones which form the very top beds of the formation ; from the smallness of the shell, it would, however, be most easily over- looked, and thus it might be represented in other strata of the Productus-limestone, but have been passed over unnoticed. Four specimens were found by me in the strata indicated above at Chidru ; and two have been chiselled out in cleaning a ' specimen of Bellerophon collected by Mr. "Wynne at Khund Ghat. Remarks. — As the species under consideration resembles in its general form more a Naticopsis than a Phasianella, and only seems to be essentially different from that genus by the polished surface of the shell and the flattened (not convex) whorls, there have not only the species of Phasianella hitherto described to be compared with our shell, but also among the Naticopsis and Littorinm there might be species which would bear more or less of resemblance to Phas. arenicola. There is only a single shell to which the present species bears a close resem- blance, this is Littorina pusilla, M'Coy, from the mountain-limestone of Ireland.1 This is also a very small species, only 6 mm. in length, is also perfectly smooth, and consisting only of three whorls, but the spire is much more elevated, and the whorls less inflated, and thus it is certainly different from Phas. arenicola, even if it should be ascertained that the Irish shell also bears a polished surface. 1 It cannot be found out what special position the species occupies in Irelaud, as it does not occur in Griffith's tables ; these, however, mention two Littorina from the millstone-grit which are not described in the text • is one of these identical with L. pusilla ? or are both ? None of the three names appears in Bigsby's Thesaurus. PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— GASTEROPODA. Ill Of other species only Nat* uralica, Eichwald, can in its general form be com- pared to our species ; but the shell seems to have an umbilicus, and thus, apparently, the resemblance is only a very superficial one. In American carboniferous or permian strata there is no species known to me which could be compared to Phas. arenicola, ~W. Family: TBOGSIDJE. Sub-Family : MAUGAMTINJE. Genus : MARGARITA, Leach. Though Professor Meek has recently expressed the opinion, that the genus Mar- garita would not date back further than the cretaceous period, yet the shell which I have figured on Plate XI, fig. 2, cannot possibly, I think, be determined otherwise than as a true Margarita; and thus, from this fact alone, it is evident how very little we as yet have been able to trace out the developmental history of the Gasteropoda, as by the detection of the Indian species the origin of the genus would already date very far back, and reach down to the later palseozoic epochs. The genus Margarita is easily recognisable by its thin shell (in the figures Plate XI, the shell has been drawn by far too thick), smooth or very finely striated whorls, nearly circular aperture, and an excavated columella, which is not sur- rounded by a crenulated margin. The nacreous condition of the shell can only rarely be observed in fossil species. Nearly all the Margaritce are very small shells, and only one doubtful speci- men has been found by me which is somewhat larger than the one figured. Most of the recent species inhabit the sea- shores, but these generally are found in cold climates. It is of interest to mark this, as the occurrence of such a northerly type in the Salt-range deposits might possibly be of some use in the determination of the physical conditions prevailing at the time of deposition of the strata in which they occur. Only one species of the genus occurs in the Salt-range, but this is not very rare, and has been found in several localities in the upper division of the Productus-limestone. 1. Margarita prisca, Waagen, n. sp. PI. XI, fig. 2. The general form of the shell is depressed conical; spire tolerably short, consist- ing of four not very rapidly increasing roundish whorls. The shell is thin and fragile, covered with numerous strise of growth, which form a kind of very fine plication near the suture ; they run from there in a straight line across the sides of the whorls and disappear at the base of the shell within the deep and narrow umbi- licus, without forming any kind of crenulation on the edge of it. The sutures are 112 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS. deeply impressed, and the whorls projecting in a low arch above them. The trans- verse section of the whorls is not quite round, but forms a kind of pentagon with rounded corners. The base of the shell slopes from the edge of the umbilicus down towards the outer margin of the whorl, and forms there a very obtuse barely per- ceptible edge ; from there the wall of the whorl ascends in a regular arch to the suture. The aperture is not very well preserved, the margins being greatly broken and splintered, but the general form of it can be well observed. It is obviously pentangular, the lips being perfectly continuous, not being effuse anteriorly. The lips seem to have been nowhere considerably thickened, and even the inner lip shows no sign of any thickening. The columella is strongly and deeply excavated, forming a deep and narrow umbilicus, surrounded by a distinct, but not sharp edge. The measurements of the figured specimen of this species are as follows : — Total length of the shell ... 6 mm. Greatest breadth of the shell 6 „ Height of the last whorl at the aperture . . 4 „ Breadth of the aperture 3'5 „ Apical angle 100° The largest specimen in the collection has 8 mm. in height. Locality and geological position. — This little species is not very rare in the Salt-range. Three specimens were collected by myself at Virgal in the very top beds of the Productus-limestone formation ; another somewhat larger specimen was found on the road from Katwahi to Shahpur, in the same bed which furnished the specimen of Naut. goliathus, W. Mr. "Wynne collected two specimens of the same species also near Katwahi, apparently in the upper division of the Productus- limestone. Remarks. — This very remarkable little shell is of great interest, on the one hand, because it agrees so well in a general way with some much more recent forms of the same genus, on the other hand, because the habitat of the recent species of Margarita is tolerably limited, most of the species occurring near the shores of northern seas. "We therefore might deduce from the not very rare occurrence of these shells in the Salt-range deposits, that the latter were formed near the shore in shallow water, and that the temperature of the sea must have been moderate. There is no shell known to me in palaeozoic deposits which could be closely compared to the one here described, though some may have a certain general resemblance. There is, for instance, Trochus tulensis, Barbot de Marny, from the lower mountain-limestone of the Gouvernement Tula which is somewhat similar; but though this shell belongs also to the Trochidce, yet it is no Margarita, but very likely an Oxytele. Thus the similarity is only an apparent one, and the two shells have nothing to do with each other. The Trochidce are in general not very largely represented in the upper paiEeo- zoic periods, and most of them belong to the genera Gibbula, etc. Only Troch. lepidus, Kon., might also be a Margarita, but this species is distinct from the one described here by its marked spiral striation. PRODUCTTTS-LIMESTONE.— GASTEROPODA. 113 Sub-order: EISSOBRANCHIATA. Tribe: SCHISMATOBRANCHIATA. Eaniily : FLU UB 0 TO MA EIIB^. Genus : PLEUROTOMARIA, Defr. This genus is one of those which are most easily recognised among all the genera of Gasteropoda ; but not only this, it is also most rich in forms, and there- fore a more detailed study of the shells belonging to it might lead to similar disco- veries in connection with the developmental history of the organisms, as has been the case, for instance, with the Cephalopoda ; thus it would be one of the most wel- come undertakings to publish a monographical account of all species of Plettroto- maria. It is not possible for me to go at any length into the subject, all that I shall be able to do is to point out certain peculiarities which make it probable that among the Pleurotomarice similar developmental series may be indicated, as have been observed to exist among the Ammonites ; and a careful comparison of these fossils might, moreover, lead to a firmly based homotaxis of the beds in which they occur, as has been established in mesozoic strata by the study of the developmental series of the Ammonites. It has been advocated by several authors that the genus Pleurotomaria ought to be divided into several separate genera, and Deslongchamps has proposed to introduce some names for separate divisions of I'leurotomariae. As far as the knowledge of these shells goes at present, it seems highly probable that such a division into several genera will be useful and practicable, but as shells with the mouth well preserved are rather rare, it is not easy to fix the characters by which the several genera should be distinguished. Those genera, a revision of which has been given by Stoliczka, are in most cases readily distinguished ; but even with Forskalia it remains doubtful whether the species quoted by Stoliczka from palaeozoic formations, and which are closely connected with more broadly conical and less trochiform species, can be united with the recent genus, or should better still remain with the host of other species which could not yet be distributed into separate genera on account of the absence of an exact knowledge of the shape of the mouth. The lot of species, however, which thus remains in the genus JPleurotomaria is so large that it becomes absolutely unavoidable to distinguish some groups of forms within the genus. Whether it will be better to introduce a number of sub- generic names for such divisions, or whether the grouping should better be done without giving such names, is a matter of taste, and the question will be solved by different authors in different ways. The materials in the Salt-range collection are not very extensive, and thus 114 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS. I shall not venture to introduce new names. It will be sufficient to retain the divi- sions made by former writers, and to introduce an occasional new one. The authors who have treated more in detail the grouping of the species of Pleurotomaria occurring in palaseozoic strata are chiefly Sandberger and De Koninck. The former distinguishes among the devonian species the following groups : — 1. Graciles — Sinistral shells with slender whorls, and simple narrow transverse ribs, rarely- cancellated. 2. Costatm — The whorls are provided with thick transverse ribs or folds. 3. Euorwphalina — Shells with a large and open umbilicus, slender whorls, and simple strise of growth. 4. Simplices — Shells without or with a very small umbilicus, without well marked spiral striation. with inflated whorls and simple stria? of growth. 5. Mutticarinata — "Whorls with numerous well developed spiral ribs or keels. 6. Solarii/ormes — Whorls with a concave basis, very depressed spire ; in general form resem- bling Solarium. 7. Nodulosa — Sinistral, upper part of the whorls with little nodules. 8. Turrita — Spire elevated with few strong spiral ribs and simple striae of growth. The last division cannot be retained in the sense in which it is proposed by Sandberger, as thus it would include also all the species of Murchisonia. If we wish to accept the division of the Turritce this can include only the Pleur. quadri- lineata, Sandb. {Pleur. defrancei, d'Arch. et deVern.) and its relations ; then in the sense thus defined the Turritce will form a very well characterised section of the genus Pleurotomaria. Mons. de Koninck is less explicit in the definition of divisions within the genus Pleurotomaria. He distinguishes only : " Pleurotoman'ce ornatce falcatce " and "Pleurotomaria globatce." Among the species of Pleurotomaria occurring in the palaeozoic deposits of the Salt-range three different types can be distinguished. One of the species can be attributed to the division of the Multicarinatce of Sandberger, two others to the Turritce, and one remaining species belongs to a division of forms which is not represented in the devonian period, and which therefore finds no place in Sandber- ger's classification. This species belongs to a section of the genus which has its chief development in secondary strata, and the type of which seems to be most charac- teristically developed in Pleur. conoidea, Desh., from the inferior-oolite. I am there- fore inclined to give to this division of Pleurotomaria the designation of the " Conoidea." This section of the genus will be characterised by a more or less elevated conoidal form, a somewhat triangular section of the whorls, and a narrow slit-band situated near the outer and lower angle of the volution. We have in the palaeozoic strata of the Salt-range the different sections of the genus Pleurotomaria represented by the following species :— I. MULTICARINAT^!. 1. Pleur. punjaliiea, Waagen, n. sp. PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— GASTEROPODA. 115 II. Turrits. 1. Pleur. sequens, Waagen, n. sp. 3. „ durga,Waa,gen, n. sp. III. Conoide^!. 4. Pleur. kattaensis, Waagen, n. sp. If we consider the single species several very interesting conclusions may be drawn. Pleur. punjabica agrees very much in its general form with Pleur. ouralica, Vern., and seems to be only distinct from it by two sharp keels which accompany the slit- band on both sides ; on the other hand, it is also very near in form to Pleur. nitida, Barbot de Marny, which differs from our species only by an obtuse ridge surround- ing the base of the shell and giving a somewhat angular section to the whorls. Pleur. ouralica was found in the lower carboniferous limestone of the Ural, whilst Pleur. nitida is a permian species. There cannot, I think, be any doubt that these species, together with the Indian fossil, form a developmental series which may be designated as " Group of Pleur. ouralica, Vern." The series seems to continue still further up in the. sequence of formations, as there are some triassic species, like Pleur. bauds, Dittm., and Pleur. daphne, Dittm., from the Hallstadt beds, bearing a certain resemblance to the palaeozoic shells. Very similar facts may be observed in connection with Pleur. sequens, "W, This species belongs to a group of forms which begins already in the devonian period with Pleur. quadrilineata, Sandb. In the mountain-limestone a species seems to occur which is very similar to the devonian shell, but can be distinguished according to Koninck's figure (in the text the species has not been mentioned) by a more depressed spire and an upper keel, which is nearer to the suture. These characters are even more developed in the Indian Pleur. sequens. Thus it seems highly pro- bable that here also a developmental series of forms exists, Again, another fact similar to those discussed above is the similarity of Pleur. kattaensis to Pleur. conica, Phill., of the mountain-limestone of Bolland. Both species agree very closely with each other, and there is a great probability of the former species having taken its origin from the latter. Thus the origin of three of the species of Pleur otomaria occurring in the palaeozoic deposits of the Salt-range can be traced with more or less probability either to species of the mountain-limestone or even down to devonian strata. Only with one species this origin remains uncertain. I.— MULTICARINAT^l. a, Gkotjp of PLEUROTOMARIA OURALICA, Vern. 1. Pleurotomabia punjabica, Waagen, n. sp. PI. XI, figs. 3, 4 The general form of the shell is more or less globose, the spire depressed, con- sisting of few rather inflated whorls. The whorls are angular in the middle, where 116 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS. the very narrow band is situated, and flattened both above and below the angular part. The last whorl is the largest of all, and tolerably strongly inflated ; the base of it is well rounded, uniting with the lateral part of the whorl in a very obtuse barely perceptible edge. In the middle of the base there is a small and deep umbi- licus in consequence of the columella not being solid. The aperture is large and roundish, very slightly effuse in front, the inner lip not thickened, the outer one with a deep slit in the middle, the form of which cannot be well observed in any of the specimens. In the one figured the slit seems to be very broad, but this is probably in consequence of the part of the shell limiting the slit on its upper side being partly broken away. From the sculpture of the shell it seems likely that the slit was narrow, with parallel margins. The ornamentation of the shell is only very rarely well preserved in the speci- mens I have got for description, and thus in most cases the shell seems to be smooth, with the exception of two sharp ridges which limit the narrow slit-band on both sides. When, however, the entire surface of the shell is well preserved, numerous low spiral ridges cover the whole shell, and are crossed by very much finer barely perceptible striae of growth. The species never attains any considerable size, and specimens of a little above ten millimeters in length are the largest that have been observed. The dimensions of two specimens, No. I from Chidru, No. II from Katwahi, are as follows : — Total length of shell .... . . Greatest breadth of shell , Height of the last volution at the aperture Breadth of the aperture ...... Apical angle ... , The apical angle varies from 71° to 107°. Locality and geological position. — This , is one of the species of Gasteropoda which occurs in tolerable numbers in the palaeozoic deposits of the Salt-range, though it is by far more scarce than, for instance, Macrocheilus avellanoides, Kon. There are altogether sixteen specimens of this species preserved in the Salt-range collection, ranging from the lower through the middle to the upper division of the Productus-limestone, though in the last of the three the species is most common. One specimen of this species was collected by myself in the Nilawan, in the lower division of the Productus-limestone ; one specimen was found also by me in the upper beds of the middle division of the Productus-limestone, west of Khura. In the lower and middle beds of the upper division of the Productus-limestone this species was collected by myself west of Khura (one specimen), at the village of Khura (one specimen), at Katwahi (two specimens), at Kufri (five specimens), and by Mr. Wynne at Khund Ghat (two specimens). In the very top beds of the upper division of the Productus-limestone, I have found the species at Chidru (three speci- mens), and at Virgal (one specimen). I. II. 10'5 mm. 8'5 mm us „ 9 „ 7 „ 6 „ 7 „ 5-5 „ 97° 90° PRODTJCTTJS-LIMESTONE.— GASTEROPODA. 117 Remarks. — This species so very closely resembles Pleur. buralica, Vern., that it seems necessary to indicate by what characters the two species differ. The Indian species has a somewhat more depressed spire, the whorls are more flattened on their upper part, and show a very obtuse edge at the place where the basal and the lateral parts of the whorls unite. The chief character, however, by which it seems possible to separate the two species lies in the slit-band, which is accompanied on both sides in our species by a sharp keel, whilst these keels are absent in Pleur. ouralica. This character is not owing to the manner of preservation of the Prussian shell, for if their keels had been obliterated by weathering or rubbing the striation on the other parts of the shell must also have disappeared, as in Pleur. punjabica the striation of the shell has vanished in most cases, but the two keels near the slit-band are always well preserved. • This peculiarity of preservation in Pleur. punjabica is worthy of notice. Nearly all the specimens I have for description show a perfectly smooth shell with the exception of the keels near the slit-band, and only one specimen from Chidru has the surface of the shell so well preserved that the spiral striation on the other parts can be easily observed. Thus Pleur. punjabica seems to be a well characterised species and easily dis- tinguishable from Pleur. ouralica. Another species to be compared is Pleur. nitida, Barbot de Marny. This species has its spire a little more elevated than the two species already mentioned, but in its general form it resembles both more or less. It is distinct from Pleur. ouralica as well as from the Indian form by its more pro- minent slit-band, and by the strongly developed obtuse edge which surrounds the base of the shell. The surface sculpture of the shell of Pleur. nitida is, however, not known, as the species has been observed up to the present only in the form of casts. It is of interest to draw attention to the geological position of the species here mentioned. Pleur. ouralica is geologically the oldest of the three. It has been found at Kosatchi-Datchi in the mountain-limestone, together with Productus giganteus, and belongs thus to the fauna of the lower division of the mountain- limestone of Russia. Pleur. punjabica is, beyond doubt, younger in the geological sequence, and very likely Pleur. nitida must be considered as the youngest of the three ; thus it seems highly probable that Pleur. ouralica is the ancestor of the Indian species, while it is less certain whether Pleur. nitida has taken its origin from Pleur. punjabica, as the surface sculpture of the former species is not known up to the present. if 118 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS. II.— TUKRITjE. (a). Group op PLEUE. QUADEILINEATA, Sandb. 2. Plettrotomaria seqtjens, Waagen, n. sp. PI. IX, figs. 4, 5 ; PI. XI, fig. 7. Next to the species just described this one is the most common of Pleuroto- marics in the palaeozoic deposits of the Salt-range. The general form of the shell is elevated conical, the spire is tolerably high, consisting of four or five not very inflated rather slowly increasing whorls. The latter are ornamented by prominent spiral costse, two of which are situated about in the middle of the whorl, and accompany the slit-band «on both sides, one is not far from the suture, and another separates the base of the shell from the lateral part of the whorl. All four ridges cannot be seen in every specimen on the upper volutions, as the lower ridge often gets concealed by the suture. In some specimens, however, the suture is inserted just below the lower ridge. The sutures between the single whorls are sharply cut in and very distinct. The base of the shell is rounded, not flat, and in young specimens covered with a very distinct spiral stria- tion ; there are about eight of these spiral ridges observable. In old specimens, however, this spiral striation of the base becomes more and more indistinct, and at last disappears entirely. The columella is not solid, but the umbilicus thus formed is very small, and in some specimens entirely concealed. The whole surface of the shell is covered in well preserved specimens by fine striae of growth, which show a tolerably deep insinuation on the slit-band. The aperture is nearly circular, not effuse in front. The inner lip is not thickened, but sometimes very little ex- panded so as to cover up the very small umbilicus ; the outer lip has an insinuation in the middle, the extent of which cannot be observed in any of the specimens. The measurements of two specimens are as follows : — I. II. mm. mm. Total length of shell ....... 11 6 Greatest breadth of shell ..... 10 6 Height of the last volution at the aperture 6 3 Breadth of the aperture ..... 5 3 Apical angle ....... 66° 70° Very few specimens attain a size exceeding that of specimen No. I, and the species thus appears to be generally of rather small size. Locality and geological position. — The species is not very rare in the palseozoic deposits of the Salt-range, but seems to be restricted there to the upper division of the Productus-limestone, as no specimens have been detected up to the present either in the middle or in the lower division of the same formation. The species was found in the upper division of the Productus-limestone by myself at the village PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE. -GASTEROPODA. 119 of Khura (two specimens), and in another section west of that" village (one speci- men), at Kufri (four specimens), and by Mr. Wynne at Khund Ghat (one speci- men). In the topmost beds of the upper division of the Productus -limestone I have collected the species at Virgal (one specimen) and at Ohidru (two specimens). Remarks. — There is but one series of forms to which our species seems to be more closely related : this is PI. quadrilineata, Sand., and the species more or less nearly allied to it. Though a number of species belonging also to the " Turritce " occur in North America in the coal-measures, yet there seems to be no shell among them to which our species could be more closely compared. Also the similarity to PI. quadrilineata is not such that a specific identity could be advocated by anybody. In the first place, the size of PI. sequens is much less considerable than that generally attained by PI. quadrilineata, then the spire is much more depressed, and in the young shell a spiral striation is observable on the base of the Indian species, which seems to be always absent in the devonian shell. It is very unfor- tunate that nothing definite is known about a gasteropod figured by De Koninck, but not described; Koninck identified the shell with PI. defrancei, D'Arch. et De Vern., which species is identical with PI. quadrilineata, Sandb. ; but nobody knows whether De Koninck's specimen came from the carboniferous limestone of Vise or from devonian strata. As appears from the figure, the form drawn by Koninck seems to be more closely related to the Indian species than that figured by Sandberger. If Koninck's specimen was a carboniferous shell, it would certainly be worthy of a new designation, and would furnish a very remarkable link between the devonian PI. quadrilineata and the upper palaeozoic Indian species. Bigsby, in his Thesaurus Devonicus, says of PI. defrancei : " also carboni- ferous at ViseV' but does not mention the species again in his Thesaurus Carboni- ferous. (b). Group unknown. 3. Pleurotomaria durga, Waagen, n. sp. PI. X, fig. 1. The general form of the shell is depressed conical. Spire short, consisting of about four whorls. The latter are flattened above and angular on their outer side. There are three principal spiral ridges observable on the whorls, between which five or six very fine thread-like ribs are intercalated. Beginning from the suture, two ridges of the finer sort appear, then comes one strong and high one, then again two very fine which are only visible on well preserved specimens. After these, two high angular ridges are observable, situated on the angle between the base and the lateral part of the whorl. At the base again one spiral ridge of medium size occurs near the outer margin, but the remaining part of the base of the shell is smooth, with- out spiral ridges. The slit-band is situated between the two high ridges next to the base of the shell. Besides these spiral ridges there are on the whorls very fine 120 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS. I. II. am. mm 7 8 8-5 10 4 5 5-5 6 1 2 92° 100° strise of growth, which are, however, not very closely arranged, and cause no granu- lation in crossing the spiral ridges. They are slightly directed backwards from the suture to the slit-band, show on this band a rather shallow insinuation, and from there reach the umbilicus in a somewhat falciform curve. The base of the shell is somewhat flattened, smooth, with a moderately wide umbilicus in the middle. The aperture is ovate, not effuse in front, angular on its. outer side. The inner lip is not thickened or expanded, the outer one bears- on its lower angle an insinuation, which seems to be rather broad and shallow. The dimensions of two specimens No. I from Amb, No. II from Khura, are as follows : — Total length of shell Greatest breadth of shell Height of the last volution at the aperture Breadth of the aperture Diameter of the umbilicus Apical angle .... The specimen No. II is the largest of this species that has been observed up to the present. Locality and geological position. — This species is rather rare in the palaeozoic deposits of the Salt-range. It has been observed up to the present only in the upper division of the Productus-limestone, and occurs there chiefly in the topmost beds. The species was collected by myself at Amb (three specimens) and at the village of Khura (two specimens). Remarks. — Though there are several species to which the form here under consideration might be compared, yet the resemblance is not very close, and it is very improbable that in reality any nearer relation between these species exists. Among European shells there is only Murchisonia sulcata, M'Coy, to which PI. durga, W., bears a superficial resemblance. In M'Coy's species the spire is much more elevated, and the spiral keels, of which I count six on M'Coy's drawing, are all equally strong, and the slit-band seems to be very broad, all characters by which it differs essentially from Pleur. durga. Of American species chiefly Pleur. brazoensis, Schum., and Pleur. subconstricta, M. and W., might be compared. Both are species of the upper coal-measures, and chiefly the latter exhibits characters somewhat resembling those of Pleur. durga, but it can easily be distinguished by a row of small nodules on the upper margin of the volutions near the suture, and by the absence of an umbilicus. Pleur. durga must thus be considered as an isolated form, the true relations of which cannot be ascertained for the present. PRODTTCTUS-LIMESTONE.— GASTEROPODA. 121 III. CONOIDEJE. {a). Group of PLEUROTOMABIA CONICA, Phill. 4 Pletjrotomaria kattaensis, Waagen, n. sp. PI. XI, figs. 5, 6, This is a very rare species, of which no entire specimen has been found up to the present, but the materials at hand are sufficient to describe the species with all desirable accuracy. The general form of the shell is elevated conical, very little broader than high. The spire consists of five or six whorls, of which the upper three are somewhat differently shaped in comparison to the rest. The first three volutions are perfectly flat, somewhat triangular in their section, and rather acutely angular at the peri- phery, where the very narrow slit-band is situated. Later on the volutions get a flattened periphery, as below the slit-band a flat vertical zone is developed, which appears above the suture and gives to the shell a scalate appearance. This zone does not get much broader as the shell increases in size. The surface of the whorls is ornamented with a closely arranged very fine, barely perceptible, spiral striation, crossed by much stronger transverse folds, which lie in a retrograde direction with an elegant curve from the suture to the slit-band. The slit-band is excavated and rather narrow ; it is accompanied on both sides by a narrow ridge, sharp, but not prominent. On the flat zone below the slit-band sometimes the spiral striation and sometimes the transverse folds predominate. The base of the shell is flattened and smooth without spiral striation. It bears in the middle a small but deep umbilicus. The columella is excavated, the aperture more or less trapezoidal, not effuse in front. The inner lip is straight, not thickened or expanded, the outer lip angular, with an apparently not very deep emargination near the lower angle. The dimensions of two somewhat fragmentary specimens from Katta are approximately as follows : — Total length of shell Greatest breadth of shell . Height of the last volution near the aperture Breadth of the aperture Diameter of the umbilicus . Apical angle . The largest specimen of this species, but very badly preserved, was collected by me at Nursingphoar, and measures about 20 mm. in height. Locality and geological position,. — This is a rather rare species in the palaeozoic deposits of the Salt-range. Altogether three specimens of it are known to me ; two of these were collected by me in a yellow compact limestone (bed No. 12 of the section in my note-book) belonging to the lower region of the middle division of the Productus-limestone, north of the village of Katta, and another was found I. ii. 12 mm. 7*5 mm . 12 „ 8 5 „ 3 „ 6 „ 4-5 „ 2 „ 1-5 „ 70° 73° 122 SALT-KANGE EOSSILS. by me in a coaly calcareous sandstone composing the lowest fossiliferous bed of the middle division of the Productus-limestone at Nursingphoar. Thus the species seems to he restricted to the lower layers of the Productus-limestone, and to be altogether absent from the upper division of the same formation. Remarks. — This species is of a group of forms which is not very largely deve- loped in the carboniferous period ; nevertheless in Europe as well as in America, there are some species which bear a certain resemblance to the Indian shell. In Europe it is chiefly Pleur. conica, Phill., which is very closely related to Pleur. kattaensis ; and the similarity of the two shells is indeed so close that I am inclined to believe that the fossil from Bolland is an ancestor of the Indian shell. The whole difference between Pleur. eonica, Phill., and Pleur. kattaensis consists, as it seems, in a less angular section of the whorls and a more closely arranged oblique transverse plication in the Yorkshire species. Other species which are also rather closely allied to Pleur. conica and to our species are Pleur. lurbmiformis, M. and W., and Pleur. subscalaris, M. and W., both from the lower coal-measures of Illinois. Pleur. turbiniformis seems to be nearly identical in form with the very young stages of growth of Pleur. kattaensis, but already with the third volution of species the similarity decreases, and the full-grown shells can easily he distinguished by the flat vertical zone below the slit-band on the last volutions in Pleur. kattaensis. In Pleur. subscalaris, M. and W., again it is only the young shell which can be compared to the Indian fossil, full-grown specimens being entirely different. Pleur. kattaensis seems to hold just the middle between the two American species. I shall not venture to decide whether any of the American shells have derived their origin from Pleur. conica, Phill., or whether Pleur. kattaensis stands in any developmental connection to Pleur. turbmiformis or sub- scalaris ; but this seems probable, that Pleur. conica, Phill, and Pleur. kattaensis, W., stand in some sort of developmental connection to each other. Genus : MTJEOHISONIA, Arch, and Vern, Though this genus seems not to differ very widely from Pleurotomaria, yet on a closer examination a distinction is not only easy, but seems even absolutely neces-. sary. In specimens in which the mouth of the shell is not very well preserved the genus can be recognised by the elevated spire and the great number of whorls; a form of the shell which is not usual in the genus Pleurotomaria. If the mouth of the shell, however, is well preserved, the shape of that part is so very characteristic that it seems barely possible to unite the shells of Murchisonia with the common Pleurotomaria. Whilst in Pleurotomaria the mouth is anteriorly generally perfectly rounded and only in very rare cases slightly effuse, in Murchisonia it is gene* rally strongly effuse and in many cases even canaliculate, like in Pyramidella or Cerithitm, PRODUCTTJS-LIMESTONE.— GASTEEOPODA. 123 Easy as it thus may be to recognise the genus, it is difficult* in many cases to distinguish the several species. The genus is represented in the palaeozoic deposits of the Salt-range by a single species, belonging to a group of forms largely represented in palaeozoic strata, but in which the distinction of the single species seems to be extremely difficult ; this is the group of Murch. angulata, Phill., which seems to commence already in silurian beds and continues in manifold variations up into triassic strata. The group seems to commence in upper silurian strata with M. per angulata, Hall, which species has already most of the characters of the group well developed. Whether in the lower silurian period M. pagoda, Salt., which has been found in these beds in the Himalaya, and which by the characteristic high elevated angular keel bearing the slit-band and by other characters recalls to a certain extent the form M. angulata, has to be considered as the first representant of the whole group, is a question which cannot be solved here. In devonian strata we have M. anglica, Orb. {M. angulata, Phill., 1841). This species already very nearly agrees with M. angulata, but seems to differ from it by a doubly carinated keel and a slit-band situated between the two carinae. The true M. angulata, Phill., occurs in the mountain-limestone. It is very much to be regretted that there exists no good figure of this species, a want which would account for the species being so very often mistaken. Though the figure given by Phillips in his Geology of Yorkshire is not executed very carefully, it seems to be very characteristic, and the species might be well recognised by it ; but only M'Coy (Palaeozoic fossils, p. 531) seems to have recognized the typical speciesi and given a diagnosis of it which perfectly agrees with Phillips's drawing. The specimen figured by Portlock might also belong to the species, but the apical angle seems somewhat larger than that indicated in the figure given by Phillips, and the principal keel seems to be lower down near the base of the whorls ; so that it is probably better to exclude Portlock's specimen from the true M. angulata. Similarly, all the figures given by M. de Koninck must beyond doubt be excluded from Phillips's species. Prom all this it seems certain that M. angulata is a species with a not very strongly elevated spire, sharply angulated whorls bearing in the middle a mostly simple prominent keel, and a second keel surrounding the base of the whorl. This second keel is not quite covered up by the following whorl, but appears immediately above the suture as a thread-like spiral ridge. Other carboniferous species, like M. vemeuillana, Eon., M. (Vern.) kendalensis, M'Ooy, etc., which with great probability belong also to the group of M. angulata, must be left out of con- sideration here, as the true relations of those species can only be ascertained in a monographical review of the whole group. In permian beds, the group of M. angulata is represented by two species, M . subangulata, Vern., and M. Uarmica, Eut. Both species are not very difficult p distinguish from M. angulata, the first by the absence of the second prominent 124 SALT-RANGE POSSILS. keel surrounding the base of the shell, the second by a spiral striation which covers the surface of the shell above and below the median keel. Though Golowkinsky has advocated recently the identification of the two species, Geinitz has already, in his Dyas, rightly pointed out their distinctive characters. Very nearly related to M. biarmica, Kut., there seems to be M. tramontanes, Stache, from the Bellerophon-]imestone of the Alps. This species has the most elevated spire of all those hitherto mentioned, and in it not only the second, but also the principal median keel begins to disappear. A spiral striation is present, like in M. biarmica. After this a long break in the series occurs. One or the other of the small Gas- teropoda figured by Benecke from the Buntsandstein of the Alps, and possibly also M. tricarinata, Klippst., from Cassian and Hallstadt beds, might yet belong to the series, but this cannot be positively asserted. Also in America there occur members of tbe same group of forms like M. marcouiana, Gein., which very likely also took their origin from M. perangulata, Hall ; but the species are all different from those occurring in the eastern hemis- phere, and there is no doubt that the American shells were vicarious species, replac- ing the eastern forms at similar geological periods in the western seas, separated more or less from the east by great distance and by land barriers in middle and upper palaeozoic times. In the palaeozoic deposits of the Salt-range there occurs a species of Murchisonia, which, though not agreeing specifically with any of the species hitherto described, fits well into the series of forms more or less allied to M. angulata, as they occur in the eastern hemisphere. I shall call this Indian species M. conjungens, W. This species holds exactly the middle between M. angulata and M. biarmica, and must thus be considered as a truly transitional form. If we now recapitulate what has been said about the development in time of the group of M. angulata, we come to the following results. "We have : In the Bellerophon-limestone permian beds Salt-range mountain-limestone devonian beds upper silurian deposits lower silurian strata M. tramontana, Stache. M. biarmica, Kut., M. sub-angulata, Vein. M. conjungens, W. M. angulata, Phill. M. anglica, Orb. M. perangulata, Hall. M. pagoda, Salt. There is no doubt that there exists a large break between M. pagoda and M. per- angulata, and it might even be questioned if the former species is really in develop- mental connection with the latter. It will, therefore, not be advisable to give the name of M. pagoda to the whole developmental series, but to start from M. peran- gulata as the root-species. There is a marked tendency in this developmental series to elevate more and more the spire, to get more and more numerous whorls, and to efface gradually the two PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— GASTEROPODA. 125 prominent keels with which the whorls are provided. The lower o'f these, surrounding the base of the shell, is lost first ; and at last the principal keel also, in the middle of the whorls, is only developed on the last whorls in M. tramontana, whilst the upper volutions are simply convex. (a).— Group op MURCHISONIA PERANGTTLATA, Hall. 1. Mtjrchisonia conjttngens, Waagen, n. sp. Plate XII, figs. 1, 2, 3. The general form of the shell is very elongately turreted, with a narrow base and a pointed apex. The very much elevated spire seems to have consisted of ten to twelve volutions, but this cannot be exactly ascertained, as no complete specimen of the species has been found. The whorls are convex and somewhat squarish in their section. The suture between the whorls is deeply impressed, and marked by a slightly prominent thread- like line, caused by a keel which surrounds the base of the whorls, but which is nearly quite concealed below the following whorl. The external part of the whorls is strongly angular, with a high prominent keel a little below their middle. Above and below this keel, there are flat or even concave sloping zones of the shell, of which the upper one, in well preserved specimens, bears three revolving lines between the keel and the suture, whilst the lower one shows only one such line between the keel and a second less prominent ridge which surrounds the base of the shell. The base of the shell is flat or even concave, without umbilicus, a slight impression in its place, however, being present. The columella is compact and slightly projecting. The aperture is somewhat squarish, angular, and strongly effuse in front. The inner lip is thin, very slightly expanded and reflexed, the outer one bears a very broad but not very deep angular emargination, corresponding to the slit-band which runs along on the top of the principal keel. No specimen in the collection is sufficiently well preserved to observe the direction of the striae of growth. The dimensions of two of the specimens, No. I, from Khund Ghat, No. II, from Chidru, as far as they can be observed, are as follows : — Total length of shell, about Length of the preserved part Greatest breadth of shell Height of the last volution at the aperture Breadth of the aperture .... Apical angle . Locality and geological position. — The species here described is not common in the palaeozoic deposits of the Salt-range, and seems to occur there exclusively in the upper division of the Productus-limestone. It was collected by myself in the very I. II. 56 mm. 45 mm . 40 „ 15 „ • 12 „ 9 „ 8 „ 6 „ • 3 „ 6 „ . 14° 15° 126 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS. top beds of the Productus-limestone at Cbidru (one specimen) and at Virgal (one specimen). In the middle beds of the upper division of the Productus-limestone it was found by myself at Kufri (one specimen) and by M, Wynne at Khund Ghat (two specimens). Remarks. — The species which has just been described belongs to a group of forms very extensively developed in palaeozoic times, and which chiefly in upper palaeozoic strata has many representants. Among the shells hitherto described there are especially two species which very closely resemble our form ; these are M. biarmica, Kutorga, and M. angulata, Phill. The points of similarity between M. biarmica and our species consist, besides the general form of the shell which is common to all the species of the group, in a spiral striation on the whorls, as well above as below the angular keel, which is absent in all the other shells of the group. On the other hand, M. conjungens differs from M. biarmica by the presence of a rather high spiral ridge surrounding the base of the shell. With M. angulata, Phill., our species agrees in having a rather prominent ridge surrounding the base of the shell, and which is still visible on the upper whorls immediately above the suture as a thin, thread-like keel ; it differs, on the other hand, from Phillips' species by a spiral striation, which is present on the whorls above and below the principal angular keel. Thus M. conjungens in all its characters forms a truly transitional species between M. angulata, Phill., and M. biarmica, Kut. Very nearly allied is also M, subangulata, Veri\„ but this species has no spiral striation above the principal angular keel, and t^S spiral ridge which surrounds the base of the shell in M, conjungens is absent in Vemeuil's species. M. conjungens is not always so well preserved Vhat all the characters can be seen in every specimen ; the spiral striation on which 1 he distinction from M. angu- lata is based, is most liable to obliteration by weatherin *. But as that striation is still observable in specimens where the striae of growth c&nnot be observed. any longer whilst M, angulata seems to show the striae of growth very dearly without exhibit- ing a spiral striation, this character cannot defend upon the state of preservation alone, but must be one connected with the characters of the shell in general. Tribe : DICRANOBRANCHIATA, Family : BELLEROPHONTID^l. Nothing seems to be more difficult than to classify fossil shells of extinct families of which no living representant any longer exists. What difficulties are to be encountered in such an undertaking appear at once most clearly from the diffe ence of opinion existing among most distinguished palaeontologists in treating of the same shells or in attempting to assign a place to them in the system. PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— GASTEROPODA. 127 In no instance is this more clearly exhibited than in the" case of the genus Bellerophon, which has been successively assigned to the Cephalopoda, to the Broso- branchiata and the Opisthobranchiata of the Gasteropoda, and to the Seteropoda and the systematic position of which seems even now by no means certain. The family consists exclusively of fossil forms, and thus the animal which once inhabited the shells belonging to the family is absolutely unknown. The shells are characterised by their symmetrical configuration, being enrolled in one plane like the shells of Nautilidce. The mouth of the shell is broadly oval or sagittate, generally more or less enlarged, and provided on the outer lip with a slit, which corresponds in most cases with a slit-band on the former volutions. Inner lip generally more or less callous, sometimes provided with columellar folds. Shell comparatively thick and heavy. The supposition of these shells being Cephalopoda was originally made by Mont- fort, who attributed to his genus a number of septa pierced by a siphuncle. This condition was soon proved to be erroneous, but nevertheless the opinion of the cepha- lopodous nature of these shells was not given up ; they were then considered as monothalamous Cephalopod shells. If we look through all the shells recent and fossil,- which beyond any doubt belong to the class of Cephalopods, there is absolutely no other shell to which the Bellerophons could be compared except Argonauta. The characters of this latter shell consist chiefly in its being very thin, its consisting of only one and a half whorls, and in an arrangement of the striae of growth such as exists in no other Cephalopod known to me. The shell itself is made up of a hard calcareous substance, which has a vivid pearly lustre on the fracture, but is dull on the inside, and polished without. It has none of all these character's in common with the shell of Bellerophon. The fossil shells belonging to Bellerophon are in general very thick and heavy in comparison with Argonauta. They consist of at least three whorls, mostly of more, and the striae of growth go regularly from the umbilicus to the convex side of the whorl, and are here interrupted by a slit- band or a simple insinuation, such as occurs in the family Pleurotomaridce. Only the forms without a slit-band, like Bell, bilobatus, Sow., bear in their mouth a certain resemblance to the mouth of Nautilus. But otherwise they cannot be com- pared with Nautilus in any way. The most striking character of Nautilus is just the existence of air-chambers in the shell, which are entirely absent in Bellerophon. The structure of the Bellerophon shell cannot be made out distinctly in any of the specimens at my disposal, as it has been transformed in almost every case into calc-spar, but it can be observed that it was shining inside and dull without. Only one specimen, the shell of which has been silicifled, shows very clearly that the whole thickness of the shell was made up of very thin calcareous lamellae, which, when fresh, must have possessed a vivid pearly lustre. Otherwise the specimen is too ill preserved to observe if there was an outer shell layer of a different structure present. Thus it would be at least hazardous to unite the Bellerophons with the 128 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS. Cephalopods, as we "know of no monothalamous shell among Cephalopods which would be secreted by the mantle, as was beyond doubt the case with Bellerophon- This is shown already by the strong callosity which covers in many cases the colu- mellar lip of the mouth of the shell. The idea of these shells being Heteropoda originated with Deshayes, and has since then most generally been accepted in science. The analogies of some forms of shells considered to belong to the BellerophontidcB to the shells of some living Heteropoda are indeed sometimes striking. Thus if we take for a comparison that group of forms which has been subsumed by Meek under the generic designation of Tropidodiscus, or if we take Conrad's genus Cyrtolites, the resemblance between these shells and the shell of Atlanta per onii, Les., or Oxygyrus (Helicophlegma) keraudrenii, Les.,1 is very close externally, but the two living species are glassy, thin or even cartilaginous shells, whilst the fossil ones are always thick ; and whilst the animals inhabiting the shells above-mentioned are exclusively pelagic crea- tures, the shells of the fossil genera are always found in more or less littoral deposits. If, however, there are already some points of discrepancy in those fossil shells which most nearly agree in their general form with the shells of living Heteropoda, these discrepancies increase to an enormous extent if we compare other forms of the Bel- ter ophontidee, chiefly the typical forms of Bellerophon. These possess thick heavy shells, with a thick callosity on the umbilicus and the inner or columellar lip of the mouth, and with a distinct slit-band on all the whorls. All these characters are absolutely wanting in the shells of Atlanta or Oxygyrus. The systematic position which has been attributed to the Bellerophontidm by Blainville is with the Opistobranchiata of the Gasteropods. There are indeed some shells among that division of Gasteropods which are more or. less symmetrical, for instance, Haminea, Leach, or Atys, Montfort ; but the Bellerophontidce not only never show the punctured surface which is generally exhibited by the shells of the Opisthobranchiata, but, on the other hand, in the latter order of Gasteropods no case is known of the shell bearing a slit-band such as generally occurs in the Bellero- phontidce, and thus the analogies between the latter family and the Opisthobranchiata seem to be rather small. There remains then only the Prosobranchiata, with which a closer comparison must yet be attempted. If we wish to do this, we must turn, in the first place, to those forms among the shells of this order which bear, like Bellerophon, a slit- band on their whorls, and we are thus led most naturally to the sub-order " Fisso- brcmchiata," in which nearly all the genera included bear either a slit-band or a row of perforations, or at least an emargination, on the mouths of their shells. 1 Only the embryonal shell of Oxygyrus keraudreni up to O'Smm. diameter has a striking similarity to Sell. urii, but the full grown individuals are absolutely different, the shell is only cartilaginous, and not in the slightest degree similar to the mentioned fossil species. Thus also the similarity of the embryonal shell can only be an apparent PRODTTCTUS-LIMESTONE.— GASTEEOPODA. 129 Already in 1843 Mons. de Koninck had drawn attention to a certain analogy which exists "between the Bellerophontes and Bmarginula, placing the former in the system somewhere in the vicinity of the latter genus. This example has been followed by Pictet and Geinitz ; and in 1866, in a note in the Proceedings of the Chicago Academy of Sciences, Meek very strongly advocates the position of the Bellerophontes somewhere near Pleurotomaria and Haliotis. The points of similarity between the shells of Pleurotomaria and those of the Bellerophontidce are indeed manifold. The species of the genus Bellerophon agree in every respect with Pleurotomaria, except in their being symmetrical. The form of the Plettrotomarice varies in being sometimes turreted, sometimes very nearly coiled in one plane, as in Porcellia, which genus has already by Stoliczka been separated from the Bellerophontidce, with which it had been united by many former writers. The mouth of the shell is always provided on its outer lip with a more or less strongly developed incision, which is in most cases a narrow and deep slit, sometimes a broad insinuation, as in Platyschisma, sometimes a short angular emargination, as in Forskalia. Where a deep slit is present, it leaves on the former volutions distinct traces, though the slit itself be filled up with shelly matter, and thus the slit-band is formed. This slit-band consists in some rare cases of a row of oval openings, as in Polytremaria. The inner lip of the mouth of the shell in the Pleurotomarice is mostly simple, but there are also cases in which a thick cal- losity on this lip is developed, as in Ptychomphalus. All these variations in form and structure are also represented by single groups of forms which have been detected successively among the Bellerophontidce. There are symmetrical and non-symmetrical forms, as has been lately described by Stache, though the unsymmetrical forms seem also to be coiled in one plane. The slit on the aperture is deep and angular in the true Bellerophontes ; it is a broad insinuation in a certain group of forms of which several species occur in the Salt- range ; it is a shallow angular emargination in another form, which I shall have to describe later on. The slit-band is well developed in Bellerophon proper, it is absent in other groups, and it consists of a row of oval openings in the genus Tremanotus of Hall, which is otherwise not distinguishable from Bellerophon. There are at last forms with a strong callosity on the inner lip, whilst in others this callosity is absent. But the number of characters by which the Bellerophontes approach more or less the Prosobranchiata is not yet at an end. I shall have to describe forms in which several columellar folds are developed, a character which only occurs in the true Gasteropods, the Prosobranchiata, or the Opisthobranchiata. Besides this there have been described other forms which have the mouth so much enlarged and the enrolled part of the shell so little developed, that in general form they more or less resemble JEmarginula, and thus furnish new analogies for the systematic position of the Bellerophontidce near Emarginula. 130 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS. If we now recapitulate what has been said about the affinities of the shells of the Bellerophontidce, we find that they agree with the Cephalopoda in general chiefly by the symmetrical development, the thickness and pearly structure of the shell, and with the Nautilidce in particular by the broad insinuation of the outer lip in certain forms ; all other characters are entirely different. With the Heteropoda also they agree by their symmetrical shell, and with Atlanta in parti- cular by the long and narrow incision of the outer lip in Bellerophon proper. All other characters are entirely different. With the Fissobranchiata, at last, the Bellerophontidce agree in all characters, except the symmetrical development of their shell, which is enrolled in one plane; symmetrical shells do, however, occur in the Fissonellidce, a family of the Fissobranchiata, though not spirally enrolled in one plane. Among the Fissobranchiata again the greatest affinity to the Bellerophontidce is exhibited by the Fleurotomaridce, which undergo in their several genera about the same changes of form that are also experienced by the former family. The preponderance of characters agreeing with those of the Bleurotomaridce seems thus to be so very great, that by far the greatest probability is likely to be in the direction of a more or less close affinity of the Bellerophontidce to the Bleurotomaridce ; and I think I cannot be very wrong if I put the former family in the sub-order Fissobranchiata of the Prosobranchiata ; and as most of the forms of the Bellerophontidce are symmetrical, they will have to be placed together with the family Fissonellidce in the tribe " Bicranobranchiata," between the latter family and the Haliotidce of the tribe " Schismatobranchiata." There have been described already a good many genera ; but these are still far from sufficient for all the widely different forms which have been made known to exist within the family. The principal genera described up to the present are the following : 1. Bellerophon, Montfort, 1808, Conchiliologie systematique, Vol. I, p. 51. The type species of this genus is Bell, vasulites, Montf., from the Mountain- limestone, with a strong callosity on the inner lip and the umbilical region, a not very deep emargination on the outer lip, and the surface of the shell simply covered by striae of growth and a well developed