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About Google Book Search Google's mission is to organize the world's information and to make it universally accessible and useful. Google Book Search helps readers discover the world's books while helping authors and publishers reach new audiences. You can search through the full text of this book on the web at |http: //books .google .com/I I DICTIONARY OF NATIONAL BIOGRAPHY Williamson Worden DICTIONARY OF NATIONAL BIOGRAPHY EDITED BY SIDNEY LEE VOL. LXII. Williamson Worden THE MACMILLAN COMPANY LONDON : SMITH, ELDER, & CO. 1900 :..-' •>: ^J i^. t-.v UB^m Of THE LELAND STANFORD JR. UNIVERSITY. JUL 27 1900 t LIST OF WBITERS IN THE SIXTY-SECOND VOLUME. r. J. A.. . . P. J. Anderson. W. A. J. A. W. A. J. Akciiijolu. .1. A. A. . . The Rev. Canon Atkinson. >r. B Miss Batkson. U. 13 The Rev. Ronald Bayne. T. B Thomas Bayne. C. B Professor Cecil Bendall. T. G. B. . . The Rev. Professor Bonney, F.R.S. G. S. B. . . G. S. Bouloer. T. B. B. . . T. B. Browning. E. I. C. . . E. Irving Caiilyle. W. C-R. . . William Carr. J. L. C . . J. L. Caw. A. C-K. . . . The Ri:v. Andkkw Clark. J. W. C-K. . J. Willis Claiik. E. C-E. . . . Sir Eunkst Claiikk. A. M. C. . . Miss A. M. Clkrke. A. M. e. . Miss A. M. Ct>uKE. J. C. The Rev. Professor Cooper, D.D. T. . Thompson Cooper, F.S.A. V -». . . W. P. Courtney. Lionel Cust, F.S.A. D-n. . . . Charles Daltox. J. D Cami'Dkll DoiMisoN. K. K. D. . . Professor R. E. Douglas. J. A. D. . . J. A. Doyle. E. G. D. . . E. Gordon Duff. R. D Robert Dunlop. C. L. F. . . C. Litton Falkiner. C. H. F. . . C. H. Firtu. W. F William Foster. T. F The Rev. Thomas Fowxer, D.D., President of CoRi»U8 Christi College, Oxford. J. G Jamks Gairdner, LL.D. R. G Richard Garnett, LL.D.. C.B. A. G The Rev. Alexander Gordon. J. C. H. . . J. Cuthhert H.adden. J. A. H. . . J. A. Hamilton. T. H The Rr.v. Thomas Hamilton, D.D. C. A. H. . . C. Alexander Harris, C.M.G. I M. H Professoic Marcus Hartoo. ' P. J. H. . . P. J. Hartoo. I T. F. H. . . T. F. Hendiiksox. J. K. H. . . The Rkv. J. Kino Hewison. W. H The Rev. Wiluam Hunt. C. K Charles Kent. J. K Joseph Knight, F.S.A. A. L Andrew Lancj. J. K. L. . . Professor J. K. Laughton. VI List of Writers. T. G. L. . . T. G. Law. I. S. L. . . . I. S. Leadau. E. L Miss Elizabeth Lee. S. L SiDNET LSB. 0. H. L. . . C. H. Lees, D.Sc. E. M. L. . . Colonel E. M. Lloyd, B.E. J. H. M. . . J. R. Maodonald. iB. M. ... Sheriff Mackay. A. P. M. . . A. Patchett Martin. L. M. M. . . Miss Middleton. A. H. M. . . A. H. Millar. CM Cosmo Monkuouse. N. M Nobman Moors, M.D. A. N Albert Nicholson. G. Lb G. N. G. Lb Grys Noroate. D. J. O'D. . D. J. O'Donoohue. F. M. O'D.. F. M. 0*Donoohxjb, F.S.A. H. W. P. . . Major Hugh Pearse. A. F. P. . . A. F. Pollard. B. P Miss Bertha Porter. D'A. P. . . . D'Arcy Power, F.R.C.S. F. B Eraser Bae. W. E. B. J. M. B. T. S. . . C. F. S. B. J. S. G. W. S. . L. 8. . . . G. S-H. . . C. W. 8. . J. T-T. . . D. Ll. T. M. T. . . . T. F. T. . B. H. V. . A. W. W. P. W. . . . W. W. W. E. F. W. . J. G. W. . B. B. W. . H. B. W.. . . W. E. Bhodes. . . J. M. Bioo. . . THoaiAs Seocohbe. . . Miss C. Fell 8mith. . . Beoinald J. S&nTU. . . The Bev. G. W. Sprott, D.D. . . Leslie Stephen. . . George Stronach. . . C. W. Sutton. . . James Tait. . D. Lleufer Tho^iah. . . Mrs. Tout. . . Professor T. F. Tout. . . Colonel B. H. Vetch, B.E., C.B. . A. W. Ward, LL.D., Litt.1). . Paul Waterhouse. . Captain W. W. Webb, Ml)., F.S.A. . E. F. WiLLOUOHBY, M.D. . General James Grant Wilhox. . B. B. Woodward. . H. B. Woodward, F.B.S. DICTIONARY OF NATIONAL BIOGRAPHY Williamson Williamson WILLIAMSON, Sir ADAM (1736- 1798), lieutenant-general, governor of Jamaica and St. Domingo, bom in 1736, was j son of Lieutenant-general George William- son (1707 •'--1781), who commanded the royal artillery at the siege and capture of Louis- burg in 1758 and during the o])erations in North America terminating in the capture of Montreal in 1760. He became a cadet Sinner on 1 Jan. 1748, entered the Royal ilitarv' Academy at Woolwich in 1750, and was appointed practitioner-engineer on 1 Jan. 1753. He went to North America in the following year, was engineer in Braddock*8 ill-fated expedition to Virginia in 1755, and was wounded at the battle of Du Quesne on 9 July. On 14 Oct. lie received a commis- sion as ensign in the 6th foot, was placed upon the statt' of the expedition to North America, and served throughout the war. On 25 Sept. 1757 he was promoted to be lieu- tenant in the 5th foot, and on 4 Jan. 1758 to be engineer-extraordinary and captain-lieu- tenant. In August 1759 he was wounded at Montmorency at the siege of Quebec {London Gazette, 19 Oct. 1759). On 21 April 1760 he was promoted to be captain in the 40th foot ; in August he distinguished himself in the repulse of the French, who were be- sieging Quebec, at Fort I^evis, L'Isle Royale, ana at the end of the year he accompanied his father to England on leave of absence. Williamson returned to North America in 1761, and went with the expedition to the West Indies, where he took a gallant part in the capture of Martinique and Guadeloupe in February 1762. He returned to England in 1763. On 16 Auff. 1770 he was promoted to be major in the l6th foot, and on 4 Dec. to be engineer in ordinary. He was trans- ferred to the 6l8t foot as major, and on TOL. LXII. 12 Sept. 1775 was promoted to be lieutenant- colonel in the army. Brought into the 18th royal Irish regiment of foot as a regimental lieutenant-colonel on 9 Dec., he ceased to perform engineer duties, and joined his regi- ment, whicn was on active service in North America, taking part with it in the battle of Bunker's Hill, and returning with it to England in July 1776, when he was quar- tered at Dover. On 23 Dec. 1778 AVilliamson was ap- pointed d^uty adjutant-general of the forces in South Britain, on 15 Feb. 1782 was pro* moted to be colonel in the army, and on 28 April 1790 to be major-general, on 16 July was appointed colonel of the 47th foot, and in the same year was made lieutenant* fovernor and commander-in-chief at Jamaica, n 1791 some of the inhabitants of St. Do- mingo made overtures to Williamson, pro- posing to place the colony under the protec- tion of Great Britain. The proposals were warmly advocated by Williamson, who re- ceived discretionary powers from the home government in 1 793 to take over those parts of the island of which the inhabitants might desire British protection, detaching from Jamaica a force sufficient to maintain and defend them. Williamson made a descent on St. Domingo in September with all the troops which could be spared, and established a protectorate. On 19 March 1794 he was transferred to the colonelcy of the 72nd high- landers, and on 24 Oct. of the same year he relinquished the government of Jamaica, and was appointed governor of St. Domingo, Port au Prmce, the capital, having capitulated to the British conjomt expedition under Com- modore Ford and Colonel John Whitelocke [q. v.] on the previous 5 June. Williamson was made a knight of the order of the Bath '>^ Williamson Williamson I on IB Nov. He was promoted to be lieu- tenant-goneral on 26 Jan. 1707. Yellow ftiver and mucli desultory fighting' made bucIi terriblH havoc among- the British troops that, in spite of all Williamson's enthusiasm and energy, the iaknd had to be evacuated in 179S, and WilUsmson,whohadBauriliced bis private fortune and health iu tbis enterpriae, returned to England, Ho died from iLe immediate efiectR of a (all at Aveaburj House, "Wiltshire, on 31 Oct. 1798. [Ro^ EnginMrs' RecQida; Conolly Papora; DrapatehoB-. British Uilitnry Libraiy. UBS; BrjHD EdvHrdB'sBiat.of llieBritiflli rolonipaiii the West Indies ; Qeat. Mag. 1798; Knox'l Ui«- torioal Journal of tlie Canip»ign8 in North Ame- ficA, 1737-60. 2 vole. 4to, 1783.J U. H. V. WILLIAM80N, ALEXANDER < 1829- IfflW), misBiDnary to Chilis, was born on 6 Dec. lH:;d, at Falkirk, studied nt U1il&- gow, and was appointed miBsionarji to China under the London Missionary ^iociety. He vasordained at Glasgow in April l!^, and sailed in the following inoDth for tShangbai, having previously married Mias Isabel LJo«- g«ll. For two years he took part in mia- siouary work at Shanghai and F^ngbu ; but, hia health failing, be left China on aick leave, and arrived iu England on 1(1 April 1868. His connection with the London Missionary Society terminated soon after his arrival in England. After some years spent in Scotland he returned to China as agent of the National Bible Society of (j-cotland, and arrived at Shanghai iu December 1663, He died at Cbefoo on 28 Aug. 1890. In 1379 be published a most interesting work on ' Joumeya in North China,' iu which he described the home of Confucius, and the district which is consecrated by Bssociationa with the sage. In addition he published a ' Treatise on Botany ' in Cbineae, entitled ' Chih wu hsio,' 1859. t Personal knniiledga ; and Memorials of Pro- tMtant Miasianaries to the Chiaeae, Hhsnghii, 1887.] H- K- I>. "WILLLAMSON, JOHN SliTHER (17ToN1836) colonel royal artillery, was bom about 1775. He entered the lioyjil Military Academy at Woolwich on 8 Aug. 1791, and received a commission as second lieutenant in the roval artillery on 1 Jan. 1794. The dates of his further commissions were: lieutenant, II March 1794; captain- lieutenaut, 12 Oct. 1799; captain, 12 Sept. 1803; brevet major, 4 June 1811; brevet lieutenant-colonel, 13 Oct. 1814 ; regimental majiir, 20 Dec. 1814 ; regimental lieutenant- colonel, 21 March 1817; colonel, 29 July 1835. In June 179ii nilliamBon served on the const of France in the expedition to Quiberott Bay, to assist the French'royalists. Tn 1799 he went to the Cape of Good Hope and served in the Hottentot and Kaffir war of (hat year, thence to Egypt and the Medi~ torraneun, was ut the siege of Ischia in June \>m. commanded the artUIery ot the capture of four of the Ionian islands in October of that year, and at the siege and capture of Santa Maura in April 1810. Ho subsequently went to Spain and commanded the artillery nt the battle of Costalla, under Sir John Murray (1788P-1827) [q. v.], on 19 April 1813; at the sjegeof Tarruponain June; at the disastrous engagement of Ordal on 13 Sept., and at the combat on the fol- lowing day at Villa Francs. He was fre- quentlT mentioned in despatches. He returned to England in 1814, and in the following year went to the Netherlands aud commanded the artilleiy of the third division at the battle of Waterloo. He received the VVaterloo medal and waa made a companion of the order of the Bath, military division, in 1815. He served witb the army of occupation in France until his promotion to be regimental lieutenEnt- colonel, when he relumed to England. He waa for some time superiutendent of the Itoyal Military Repository at Woolwich, and prepared a new and extensive course of instruction iu artillery, which fanned ^e basis of the exercise of heavy ordnance and of all the miscellaneous instructions of the gunner for many years, and will alwavB remain a model for professional works uf tba kind. Williamson died at Woolwich on 26 AprU 183(1. [War Office RecordH ; Rojal Artillpry Bo- cnrda; Despatches; Bojal Militarj Calendar, ISaUi Bunlmry's Narnilive of Military Traiw- Mlions in the Medilercaneaii 180S-181ii ; Napier'a History of the Feniasulnr War ; Sibome's lliarorv of the Waterloo CampnigD; Kane's List of OMci^rH uf the Royal Artilterv.] It. H. V. WILLLA.MSON, Sm JOSEPH (1633- 1701), statesman and diplomatist, was bap- tised on 4 Aug. 1633 at Bridekirk, a village three miles north of Cockarmouth. He was the youngest son of Joseph Williamson, who was instituted to the vicarage of Bridekirk in 1625 and died while his son was an infant. His mother married as a second husband the Rev. John Arderj (Fain. Minamm Gentium, p. 424). After a good grounding at the grammar school of St. Bees, Joseph seems to have cone to London as clerk to Richard Tolson, lae member of parliament for Cockermoulb, Williamson Williamson through whoise influence he was admitted as a town-boj to Westminster school, then | under Dr. Bushy. Bushy recommended I him to Gerard Langhaine the elder [q.v.l as a deserving northern youth, and in Septem oer j 1650 he entered as a bateller of Queen's Col- | lege, Oxford, whence he graduated B.A. on ; 2 Feb. 1653-4. His college tutors were ] Dr. Lamplugh and Dr. Thomas Smith. After | graduating he went into France and the Low Countries as tutor to a young man of quality, possibly one of the sons o? the Marquis of Ormonde (Hist, MSS, Comm, 4th Rep. App. p. 546 ; cf. CaL State Papers, Dom. 1051-2, p. 300). In November 1057 he was elected a fellow of Queen's (graduating M.A. in the same month), and he held his fellowship until his marriage. Soon after the Restora- tion he quitted Oxford for political life upon obtaining a place in the ofhce of Sir Edward Nicholas [q. y.], an old Queen's man, at that time secretary of state. In July 1660 Charles II sent to the provost and fellows of Queen's a special re<}uest that they would grant Williamson a dispensation for absence nt>m college; his loss was regretted both by the parents of his pupils and by his col- leagaes. Henry Denton, the successor to his rooms in college, alluded to his musical tastes when he wrote in October 1660* Your couple of viols still hang in their places as a monument that a genuine son of Jubal has been here.' His position in the secretary's office was not at first lucrative; but his status was improved on 30 Dec. 1661 by his appoint- ment as keeper of the king's library at White- hall and at the paper office at a salary of 160/. per annum. The paper office work was performed by four or five clerks under Henry ball, Williamson's subordinate. They issued news-letters once a week to numerous sub- scribers and to a smaller number of corre- spondents, the correspondents in turn fur- nishing materials which were subsequently embodied in the 'Gazette' (see below; cf. Ball's curious report of 23 Oct. 1674 appended to Christie's Williamson Correspondence and Mrs. Everett Green's preface to Cal. State Fat>ers, Dom. 1665-6). Meanwhile in October 1662 Nicholas was succeeded as secretary by Sir Henry Bennett (afterwards Lord Ariington), and Williamson was transferred to him as secretary. Facilities for making money now became abundant, and he showed him- self no backward pupil in the generally practised art of exacting gratifications from all kinds of suitors and petitioners. Pepys met him at dinner on 6 Feb. 1663, and deccribes him : * Latin Secretary . . a pretty knowing man and a scholar, but it may be he thinks himself to be too much so.' On the 28th of the following month he became one of the lave commissioners for seizing prohibited goods, and in Novem- ber 1604 he was one of the five contractors for the Royal Oak lottery, which became a source of considerable profit to him (the right of conducting and managing lotteries was restricted exclusively to the five * com- missioners ' in June 1665). In this same year (1664) Williamson seems to have been called to the bar from the Middle Temple. When, in the autumn of 1665, Charles II sought refuge in Oxford from the great plague, the lack of a regular news-sheet was strongly felt by the court. The ravages of the pestilence seem to have disorganised L'Estrange's * Intelligencer ' and * News.' Under these circumstances Leonard Lichfield [q.v.], the university printer, was authorised to bring out a local paper. On Tuesday 14 Nov. the first number of the 'Oxford Gazette' appeared, and was thenceforth continued regularly on Mondays and Thurs- days. The Oxford pioneer of the paper was Henry Muddiman ; but, after a few numbers, Williamson procured for himself the privi- leges of editor, employing Charles Perrot of Oriel College as his chief assistant. When the court was back at Whitehall, Muddi- man made vain endeavours to injure Wil- liamson's efforts as a disseminator of news, and L*Estrange put forth a claim, which was rejected, to a monopoly in publishing official intelligence. Williamson's paper be- came the * London Gazette,' the first issue so named being that of 5 Feb. 1666 (No. 24) ; it soon outdistanced its rivals, and survives to this day as the official register of the trans- actions of the government. As secretary to Arlington, who was at the head of the post office, Williamson took an active part in its management. The amount of official work of all kinds that ho got through during the next fifteen years from 1665 to 1680 is enormous, and his cor- respondence at the Record Office is extra- ordinarily voluminous. Evelyn wrote that Arlington, * loving his ease more than busi- nesse (tho' sufficiently able had he applied himselfe to it), remitted all to his man Wil- liamson, and in a short time let him go into the secret of atlairos, that (as his lordsliip himself told me) there was a kind of neces- sity to advance him, and so by his subtlety, dexterity, and insinuation he got to be ]>rin- cipal Secretary . . .' Williamson found some compensation for his labours in the opportu- nities afibrded him of rapidly making money. Two instances of his gpnerosity £^re Afforded b2 Williamson Williamson in August 1666 : he sent down money by a private hand to be applied to the relief of sick and wounded seamen, and also presented to his old college two pairs of banners wrought with silver thread, and a massive silver trumpet which was long used to summon the college to dinner (the summons has always been made by ' a clarion/ as ordained by the college statutes). The motive of the gift to the college appears to have been Williamson^s anxiety, though he was a non- resident, to retain and sublet his rooms in college, and he menaced the fellows with ' inconveniences ' if they did not accede to his wish ; the college in reply diplomatically evaded the demand. In small matters, an^ especially in his management of the ' Gazette,' Williamson showed a decidedly grasping and penurious spirit. With the warm concurrence of his chief, Williamson made various ettbrts to get into parliament, without meeting at first with success. Ilis candidature failed at Morpeth (October 1606), l^eston (May 1667), Dart- mouth, and at Appleby, where in December 16fJ7 his hopes were crushed by the inter- vention of Anne Clifford, the famous coun- tess of Pembroke [for the laconic letter said by Horace Walpole to have been written on the subject bv the countess, see Clifford, Anne ; that there is some truth in Walpole's story is rendered very probable by State PaperSf Dom. Charles II, xxxi. 170]. On 22 Oct. 1669 Williamson eventually suc- ceeded in getting elected for Tlietford, and he was re-elected in February 1678-9, Au- gust 1679, February 1080-1, and March. 1685. He did not sit in the Convention, but he was returned for liochester in March 1690, while in October 1696, July 1698, and January 1700-1, being elected both for this city and for his old borough, he preferred to sit for the former. He seems to have voted steadily as a courtier, but, except in his offi- cial capacity as secretary, rarely opened his mouth in parliament. In January 1671-2 Williamson became a clerk of the council in ordinary and was knighted. The post of clerk, which had been held by Sir Richard Browne, John Evelyn's father-in-law, had been promised to Evelyn by the king, ' but,' explains the diarist, ' in consideration of the renewal of our lease and other reasons I chose to part with it to Sir Joseph Williamson, who gave UB and the rest of nis brother clerks a hand- fiome supper at his house, and after supper a concert of music/ He mentions elsewhere that Williamson himself was an expert per- fonner at j^u des gobelets. On 17 May 1673 ^ "i started, in company with Sir Leoline Jenkins [o. v.] and the Earl of Sun- derland, as joint British plenipotentiary to the congress at Cologne. There he remained until 15 April 1674 (the letters written to him during his absence were printed for the Camden Societv in two volumes, under the editorship of W. D. Christie, in 1874) ; but although the negotiations, which are detailed in Wynne's * Life of Jenkins,' were tediously prolonged, nothing in reality was effected, and the separate peace between England and Holland (which was suddenly proclaimed in April 1674) was made not at Cologne, but in London. Before he left England on his embassy it had been arranged between Williamson and his patron Arlington that upon his return Arlington should resign his ofiice as secretary of state, and that Williamson, if possible, should be offered the reversion of the post upon paying a sum of 6,000/. This arrange- ment was provisionally sanctioned by the king. Meanwhile, in March 1674, Arlington offered to secure the office for Sir William Temple, another of his prot6g6s, and to pro- vide otherwise for Williamson ; but Temple refused the offer, remarking to his friends that he considered it no great honour to be preferred before Sir Joseph Williamson. Williamson returned in June 1674, and was at once appointed secretary of state, being then not quite forty-one; Arlington obtained the more lucrative post of cham- berlain. A few days after his appointment Williamson was on 27 June 1G74 admitted LL.D. at Oxford, and on 11 Sept. he was sworn of the privy council. Except for the great industry that characterised all Wil- liamson's departmental work, there \a little to distinguish his tenure of office as secre- tary. In September 1674 the new secretary officially announced to Temple as English ambassador at The Hague that the affairs of the United Provinces would henceforth come under his special care. The announce- ment cannot have been especially agreeable to Temple, and it seems to have been no less distasteful to the Mnce of Orange, who saw in Williamson even more than in Arling- ton an instrument of complete subservience to the French sympathies of Charles II. With respect to another despatch Temple writes, on 24 Feb. 1677 : * The prince could hardlv hear it out with any patience. Sir Joseph Williamson's style was always so disagreeable to him, and he thought the whole cast of this so artificial, that he re- ceived it with indignation and scorn.' He said on another occasion, as on this, that Williamson treated him ' like a child who was to be fed on whipt cream.' Temple Williamson Williamson speaks elsewhere with compassion of Sir Leoline Jenkins lying under the lash of Secretary Williamson, who, upon old grudges between them at Cologne, never failed to lay hold of any occasion he could to censure his conduct, nor did Temple himself alto- gether succeed in escaping the lash. During 1676, at the instigation of Charles II, Williamson tried to induce the master of the rolls to remove Burnet from his place as preacher to the master of the rolls, but he encountered a determined opposition from Sir Harbottle Grimston [q. v.], and the out- spoken Burnet was enabled to retain his foothold in London. In 1 676 Milton's friend, Daniel Skinner, wished to print the de- ceased poet*s 'Latin State Letters' and trea- tise ' De Doctrina Christiana,' and applied to Williamson for the necessary license (that of the official licenser being apparently in- sufficient). The secretary refused, saying that he could countenance nothing of Mil- ton's writing, and he went so far as to write of Skinner (to a likely patron) as a suspect * until he very well cured himself from such infectious commerce as Milton's friendship.' Williamson managed eventually to lay his hands upon the original manuscripts, and locked them up for security among the state archives. The * State Letters* were surrep- titiously printed from a transcript in 1676, but the treatise was not published until 1823 (see Lemon, IIobebt ; for the full com- plicated stoiT of the manuscripts, see Masson, Milton, iv. 158, vi. 331, 603, 616, 721, 729, 774, 806). Dry and formal though Williamson may have been in his usual manner, it seems fair to infer that he was by no means deficient as a courtier, and his letters to several of the royal concubines show that he did not share Clarendon's scruples about paying court to the ladies whom the king delighted to honour. Upon the whole, however, he confined himself very closely to his official and administrative business and to the direction of foreign affairs. Ilis fellow secretary. Sir Henry Coventry, undertook the parliamentary work. lie had to take a decided line upon the subject of the Duke of York's exclusion, and on 4 Nov. 1678, in answer to Lord Kussell's motion to remove the Duke of York from the king's presence and councils, in a succinct and not ineffec- tive speech he declared that this would drive the heir to the throne to join the French and the catholics. Almost im- mediately after this he fell a victim to the panic excited by the supposed discovery of a * popish plot,' and on 18 Not. he was com- mitted to the Tower by the lower house on the charge of < subsigning commissions for officers and money for papists,' in other words of passing commissions drawn up by the king's order in favour of certain recusants. He remained in the Tower but a few hours, for Charles with unusual energy and deci- sion lost no time in apprising the commons that he had ordered his secretary's release. At the same time the offiensive commissions were recalled. Williamson's continuance in office, however, was not considered altogether desirable (cf. Wood, Life and Times, ii. 438). The newsletters on 10 Feb. announced * Sir Joseph Williamson is turned out, but is to be repaid what his secretaryship cost him.' As a matter of fact he received from his suc- cessor, Sunderland, 6,000/. and five hundred guineas. In 1676 Williamson was elected master of the Clothworkers' Company (presenting a silver-gilt cup bearing his arms) ; he was succeeded as master by Samuel Pepys. Williamson had been declared a member of the Royal Society by nomination of the original council on 20 May 1603, and on the resignation of Lord Brouncker on 30 Nov. 1677 he was elected second president of the society, a post which he held until 30 Nov. 1680, when he was succeeded by Sir Chris- topher Wren. The secretaries under him were Thomas Henshaw and Nehemiah Grew. On 4 Dec. 1677, being * the first day of his taking the chair, he gave a magnificent supper' at which Evelyn was present. Im- mersed in multifarious business though he was at the time, Williamson presided at every meeting of the council during his term of office, and generally managed in addition to preside at the ordinary meetings. He presented several curiosities to the museum, and a large screw press for stamping diplomas, as well as his portrait by Kneller, now in the Society's meeting-room. Olden- burgh dedicated to him the ninth volume of the * Philosophical Transactions.' Though he evidently took much interest in the society's work, researches of a legal, historical, and genealogical nature seem to have been more really congenial to him. He collected many valuable manuscripts relat- ing to heraldry and history, and he purchased the rich collections of Sir Thomas Shirley, which contained visitations of many counties of England written by the heralds or their clerks during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Shortly before his removal from office in December 1678, Sir Joseph married Catha- rine, eldest and only surviving daughter of George Stuart, lord D'Aubigny (fourth, but second surviving son of Esme, third duke of Williamson Williamson Lennox), by Lady Catharine, eldest daughter of Theophilus Iloward, second earl of Suf- folk. Snc was baptised at St. Martin Vin- the-Fields, Middlesex, on 5 Dec. 1640, and married, first, Henry O'Brien, lord Ibrackan, who was buried in Westminster Abbey on 9 Sept. 1678. As heiress to Charles Stuart, duke of Richmond and Lennox [q. v.], his wife brought Williamson a noble fortune. * Twas thought,' says Evelyn, * that they lived not 80 kindly after marriage as they did before. She was much censured for marrying so meanly, being herself allied to the royal family.' The alliance ofl'ended Danby, who coveted the Richmond estates for one of his own sons, and it may have had something to do with the secretary's fall from office. When the Duke of Richmond died in 1072, Lady O'Brien succeeded to the bulk of his property, but his debts were so heavy that it was found necessary to sell somti of the estate.s to defray them. Under these circum- stances the Cobham estates, together with the fine old hall, were bought in bv William- son for 45,000/. In 1679 witl/ his wife's money he purchased for 8,000/. Wincliestor House in St. James's Square (No. 21), which he tenanted until 1084. In 1082 he became record»»r of Tlietford, and on his acquisition of the Cobham estate's interested himself not only in Rochester, but also in Gravesend, for wliich in 1087 he pro- cured a new charter (C uude x'.** Hi^t . uf(rra res- end, 1843, pp. 370 sq.) In May 1000 he was appointed upon the committee to take ac- count of ])ublic moneys since William's accession, and in February 1091-2 a false rumour was spread abroad that he was to be lord privy seal. On 21 Nov. 1090, however, Williamson was sworn of the privy council, and on 12 Dec. he was, together witli the Earl of Pembroke and Lord Villiers, accre- dited a plenipotentiary at the congress of Nimeguen. Owing to indisposition he did not arrive in Holland until 8 June. The peace of Ryswick was signed somewhat more than three months later, on 20 Sept. 1697. Williamson stayed on at The Hague in the capacity of * veteran diplomatist ' (as he is termed by Macaulay), and on 1 1 Oct. 1698 the first partition treaty was signed by him at Loo as joint commissioner witti Port- land. The secrecy with which the treaty had been negotiated excited the wrath of the commons in April 1099, but their full fury fell not upon Williamson but upon Portland and Somers. Williamson returned from Holland in November 1098, and next month it was reported that he would be sent as plenipotentiary to Versailles. He letamed. however, to The Hague until the middle of March 1099, when he finally re- tired from his diplomatic post. He received several visits from the king at Cobham Hall, and in the Rochester Corporation accounts are two heavy bills (May 1097 and 1701) for expenses in connection therewith. He died at Cobham, Kent, on 3 Oct. 1701, and was buried on 14 Oct. in the Duke of Richmond's vault in King Henry Vll's chapel in Westminster Abbey (Chester, Heg. of BuriaU, pp. 249, 251 ). Williamson's widow was buried in Westminst^»r Abbey on 1 1 Nov. 1702, leaving no issue by her second hus- band. Rather a man of afiairs than a statesman, Williamson appears to have been dry and formal in his manner ; he was strictly me- thodical, scrupulous and exact in the transac- tion of business, subservient in all things to his chiefs, and severe and exacting towards his subordiuates. Music and historical anti- quities were his chief relaxations, but his multifarious correspondence can have left him but little time to indulge them. Like most of the statesmen of the day, he turned lus industry to good account and managed to accumulate a large fortune during his tenure of otKce. Some of his early stitfhess of manner seems to have worn off, and a gradual rise in I'epys's estimation of him is to be traced through the pages of the * Diary.' Anthony ii Wood had no love for the secretary, who on 23 May 1075 ignored Wood's application for the ]K)st of keeper of records in the Tower. But he was * a great friend,' Wood admits, to Queen's College and to Queen's College men. Williamson befriended Dr. Lancelot Addison [q. v.], a contemporary with the secretary at Queen's, who dedicated to Sir Joseph, in his capacity of curator of the Sheldonian press, his inte- resting * l^resent State of the Jews in Rar- bary.' The famous essayist was named Joseph after his father's benefactor. Wil- liamson also sent Dr. William Lancaster and Risho]) Nicolson (both Queen's men) abroad at the crown's exj)ense, in accordance with a plan of his own for training young men of promise for diplomatic work. Nicol- son, when a young tal>erdar of Queen's, dedi- cated to the secretary his * Iter Hollandi- cum ' in 1078 (still in manuscript in Queen's Library). Evelyn's charge of ingratitude is refuted by the disjjositions of Williamson's will, in which all mstitutions and individuals who by blood, aflection, or service had any claims upon him were mentioned. To Bridekirk, in audition to a present of silver flagons and chalices for the church, he left 500/. to be distributed among the poor. To the library Williamson Williamson at St. B«es he gave his portrait: he hud already, in September 1671, givun two exbi- bitioas for scholars of Dovenby in his nativo Mrisb. To the provost and scholars of Queen's CoUege he left 6,000i. 'to be laid out in further new buildings to the coUedge and otherwise beautifying the said colledge,' as well as his 'library of printed books and books of heraldry and genaligy, as well manu- *cripta as printed ; ' to Christ's (i^hurch Hoa- tiital, London, he gave 3UU/. ; to St. UarthO' smew's (of which he had been a governor) 300(. ; and to the Royal Society at Grasham College 200/. To Thetfocd, in addition to tnuniBcent gifts during bis lifetime (see Blohefigld, Norfolk, i. 463 eq.), he be- queathed :i,000/., and the income is now de- voted partly to a school and hospital foun- dation at Thetford, and partly m binding out apprentices and in local charities. To Itochester, besides 20/. for the poor, soma gilt communion plate, and a portrait of Wil- liam III to hang in the town-hall, he left 5,000/. for the purchosingof londs and tene- ments to support a free 'mathematical school.' This was opened in 1708 under the master- ship of John Colson ["I'V.], and rebuilt under a new scheme in ISUs— I. As a mark of his loyalty to hi8 old college, Williamson chose for bis crest one of the Queen's eagles, and for hia motto ' Sub umbm tuarum alarum ' (his arms are still to be seen in a window at Clothworkers' Hall). Among Wood's pamphlets -n-aa a now rare 'Impressio secimda Carminis heroici in honorem .lo. William- son' [by Payne Fisher]. An interesting portrait (erroneously attri- bnted to Lely)waB acquired by the National Portrait Gftllery, London, in 1(<95. Besides the portrait at St. Bees, and the half-length by Kneller at Burlington House, there are portraits of Williamson in Queen's College Hall, in the town-hall, Ita^hester, and in Clothworkers' Hall. [A fill! Life of Williamaon would invalTO an almost exhaustir? sarrDy of political nnd aacinl England from I66S lo 1680, His local eonnoc- tioQB have been cunimcmoratcd ia a eerie!' of brief bnt useful smnmnries of hia coroor; that with Cobham UhU by Canoa Scott Robertwa in the Arehxologia CanCiana {li. 274-B4); (hat with Cumberland in Hutchinson's Hist, of Cumbec- land, ii. 244 sq.. in Nicholson SDnJiired) embody a vast number of Williamaon papera, diaries, and letters ; extracts from his official journal are printoil aa an appendii to the CHlrndars from 1671 onwards, for the enormous bulk of Wil- liamson P.ipors previous to Iheir dispersion and rcMirrangement. see Thomas's Departmental Hist. 1S4S, folio; and 30th Annual Hepurt of the Dppnty -Keeper of Public Recunis. A few (see espedally Addit. M.Sd. 5188 if. 1379, fiS31 f. 87. 28040 f. 35, 28093 f. 214. 28945 f. 107, 34727 (. 130), and Stowe MSS. (sec rapeciallj' 200, 201, 203-10 passim, aod 549, f. 12} at the British Unseum. Sea also Christie'a Williamson Correep, {Camden Soc.). 1874 ; Foster's Alumni Oion.IoOO-17l4;Cole'aAthen!ECBntal>r.(Addit. US. 5883, f. 83} ; Welch's Alumni Wcstmon. p. 171".: Jackson's Cumberland and West- morland Papers. IS92, ii. 203, 230; Lonsdale's Worthies of Cumberland, ri. 228; Life and Times of Anthony a Wood, toIb. ii. and iii, passim; Basted's Kent. Ii. 63; Evelyn's Diary, 1895, i. 409, ii. 22, 42, fi7, 73, 101,11 1, 124, 180, Pepys'a Diary, ed. Whsatloy, it, 290, 383, v. psseim. ti. 33-4, vii. and riii. passim ; Lnttrell's Brief Hist. Relation, i. 8, 0, ii. -14, 156, 3S3,iii. 5^72, on the fusion with the lioynl School of Medicine, geology was also separated, and Williamson became pro- fessor of ' Natural History.* A demonstrator to assist in the then new laboratory work was appointed in 1877 ; and in 1880 zoology was split off, leaving him the chair of botany, which he resigned in 1892, after forty-one years* continuous tenure of otfice, with the title of emeritus professor, and a year's salary as gratuity. His lectures to students were well arranged and well delivered, in- teresting and fluent, but lacked minuteness of accurate detail ; and from the ignorance of German which he dei)lored he never thoroughly assimilated the current language of the modern aspects of botany. Williamson added largely to his income by popular scientific lectures ; between 1874 ana 1890 alone he gave, among others, at least three hundred in connection with the Gilchrist trust. For these, manv of which dealt with his own discoveries, he drew and painted beautiful and efiective diagrams. He was highly successful as a popular lecturer. Several of his popular lectures were printed, lie wrote a number of art.icles for the * Lou- don Quarterly Ileview,* published under Wes- leyan auspices, and some for the ' Popular Science Review.* Those on * Primeval Vege- tation in its relation to the Doctrines of Natural Selection and Evolution' in the 'Owens College Essays and Addresses/ 1874, and on * l^yrrhonism in Science * {Con- temporary Hev. 1881), show his cautious attitude, by accepting the descent-theory generally, but resenting all attempts at scien- tific dogmatism and intolerance. He was in- clined to demand something which escapes scientific analysis, in addition to the known natural factors of divergent evolution. Ho was on friendly terms with the Wes- leyans in Manchei^ter, and was for a time a member of that bodv. He was medical at- tendaiit to the Wesleyan Theological Col- lege, Didsbury, 1804-83, and a member of the committee of management. After an attack of ill-health in 1860. Wil- liamson settled in 1861 in the then outlying hamlet of Fallowfield. There he built a home, with a garden and range of plant- hou.ses, and became a successful grower espe- cially of rare orchids, insectivorous plants, and higher cryptogams ; these were utilised in tlie later development of laboratory teach- ing at the colh»ge, which contributed an annual grant towards the expense. In 1883 he suffered from diabetes, and had finallv to resign his chair in 1891. He removed from Manchester to Clapham Common, where he continued in harness nearly to the last, work- ing in collalx)ration with Professor K. D. Scott at his own house or at the Joddrell Laboratory, Kew. His last publication (in February 1895) was the obituary of his old friend, sometime opponent and recent con- vert, the Marquis de Saporta. He died at Clapham on 23 June 1895. He was spare and erect, with blue-grey eyes deep set in an oval face. He had an educated taste in music; and the watercolour sketches he brought back from his vacation trips were poetic in feeling and happy in composition. He was married twice : first, in 1842, to Sophia (d. 1871), daughter of the Rev. I^- bert Wood, treasurer to the Wesleyan body, by whom he left a son, Robert Bateson, solicitor, and a daughter, Edith; secondly, in 1874, to Annie C. Ileaton, niece of Sir Henry Mitchell of Bradford, who completed and edited his autobiography under the title of * Reminiscences of a "iorkshire Natural- ist;* by her he left one son, Herbert, painter. AVilliamson*3 scientific work was immense Williamson II Williamson and invaluable. Early researches on the Foraminifera between 1840 and 1850 led to his preparing a monograph on the recent forms of this group for the Ray Society ; William Benjamin Carpenter [q. v.] asserted that his work introduced a new technique for their study (that of thin sections) and a new conception (that of the combination of a wide variety of forms hitherto ranked as of specific or generic rank in single indivi- duals), and that it gave a starting-point for all future investigations. Kesearches on Volvojc about 1850, only some thirty years later noticed and confirmed, demonstrated that this critical form is essentially vegetal, not animal, in its morphology. A very com- plete study of the wheel-animal, Melicertaf was published in 1853, and in consequence he was employed by Andrew Pritchard to write a monograph on the Rotifera for the third edition of his 'Infusoria* (18(51); this was an admirable compilation. Between 1840 and 1850, largely provided with mate- rial by Sir Philip de Malpas Grey-Egerton [a. V.J, he produced two monographs on the histology of teeth, fish scales, and boue, of classical value. Herein he demonstrated two capital theses — the essential identity of teeth and of fish scales, and the distinction of bone formed directly in membrane from that preformed in cartilage. KoUiker, the great histologist, esteemed the work impor- tant enough to warrant his arduous pilgri- mage from central Germany to accept Wil-. liamson*s hospitality of board and study. This work gained Williamson the fellow- ship of the Royal Society (l8o-n. Fossil plants had engaged his earliest efix)rts. He resumed their study in 1854 with the enig- matic form Zamia giyas, called Willinmsonia by W. Carruthers, who says that Williamson has probably come closer to its determina- tion than any one else. But it was only towards 1858 that he really began that com- prehensive study of the plants of the coal- measures which is his greatest claim to rank as one of the founders of palaeobotany. He demonstrated that with certain characters of the higher existing flowerless plants — horse- tails, ferns, clubmosses, &c. — there were found at that period plants whose woody cylinder grew by external deposit of new layers, as m our forest trees. His results met at first with neglect and hostility. His drawings were exquisite and nature-true, made on lithographic transfer paper with the artifice of a quadrille eye-piece ; but they suffered in the processes of transference to stone and printing. His figures were distributed over the plates with a view rather to neatness and economy of space than to logical connection. In each successive memoir he described all the material he had studied completely up to date. To his uufamiliarity with modern botanical terminology he added a defective exposition. His text was a detailed descrip- tion of the specimens, with references to the accompanying plates and to those of pre- vious memoirs, interspersed with discussions of generalities and of controversial matter, without tables of contents, general introduc- tions, or final summaries and conclusions. To master such papers was, in effect, to con- duct a research on the figures with a mini- mum of eff*ective aid. In 1871 a discussion at the British Association was followed up in * Nature,' where a correspondent accused him of going back to the conceptions of Nehemiah Grew [q. v.] In France his results were systematically ignored, despite his constant invitations to his opponents to study his specimens as his guests, until 1882, when for the first time the facts and argu- ments on both sides were marshalled in a readily accessible form in a French essay, * Les Sigillaires et les L6pidodendr6es ' by Williamson and his demonstrator, Professor Marcus Hartog {Ann. Sc. Nat, 1882). Fresh evidence poured in. In 1887 Renault, his chief opponent, retreated honourably from one part of the field, and Grand' Eury and Saporta in 1890 avowed their general con- version. Only in respect of one minor point — the question of the interstitial growth of the centre of the woody cylinder — did Wil- liamson's views break down ; but it was through his own laborious investigations that the disproof was completed. A full investigation on the structure of compact coal was commenced in 1876 and continued to his death, but the examination of many thousand sections led to no publication em- bodying general results after the preliminary note (British Association Report, 1881). A valuable research in 1885 extended Nathorst's discovery that reputed animal and vegetable fossils were mere tracks of animals or of tidal currents. Williamson never spared money in the purchase of adequate apparatus and specimens ; one of the latter, a magnificent Sigillaria with stigmarian roots, from Clay- ton, near Bradford, now in the Manches- ter Museum, was long called * Williamson's Folly.' He met with generous help from the amateur field-naturalists of the north, often working men, who were proud to help him with the fossils they had collected or the sections they had cut and noted as worth his study. This help he always acknowledged. Williamson's scientific work lacked, of course, the method developed by personal academic training and by the laboratory in- Willibald » Willibald struction of pupils. He stands halfway be- and a sister Walburga [q. v.], who were also tween the scientific amateurs of genius like missionaries among the Germans. In his Cavendish, Ljell, Joule, and Darwio, and bovhood he was sent to the monastery of the modem professional savants of Cam- A\ altham to be educated ( Vita seu potius bridge and South Kensington. Averse from Hodctporicon Sancii Willibaldif ap. Tobler, excessive speculation and dogmatism, he took Dewriptiones Terra Sancia, p. 9). Here he no share in the formation of scientific theory, conceived the idea of a pilgrimage, and per- From 1865 to 1882 his reputation stood at suaded his father and brother to set out with the lowest among the new school of profes- ' him for Rome (ib, pp. 14-16) about 720-1. sional English biologists, trained when his At Lucca Willibald s father died, but he pioneering work had become the anonymous himself and his brother pressed on their dif- commonplaces of the text-book, while his ficult and dangerous journey, and finally recent work was ill understood or largely arrived in Rome. Here Willibald formed ignored. From that period onwards it rapidly the design of going on to Jerusalem, and rose, and at the British Association meeting after wintering in Rome, where he was seri- in Manchester (1887) he was an honoured oiisly ill, set out in the spring of 722 for member of the cosmopolitan grroup of hot a- Syria. It was a time when pilgrimage in the nists there present, many of whom were his east was fraught with infinite hardship and personal guests. Williamson was elected danger, when the old hospitals on the pilgrim F.R.S. in 1854. He became a member of routes had fallen into neglect, and when the the Literary and Philosophical Society of great Mahommedan empire stretched from Manchester in 1851, ser\'ea repeatedly on its the Oxus to the Pyrenees. The sufferings of council, and was elected an honorarv member Willibald and his party were therefore very in 1893; and he took a leading part in the for- great. At Eme$a they were taken prisoners mation in 1858 and in the working of the as spies, but were ultimately set free to visit microscopic and natural history section. His the pilgrim shrines still allowed to remain ninth memoir, 'On the Organisation of the open. Willibald seems to have wandered Fossil Plants of the Coal Measures ' (PAiV. aoout Palestine a good deal, and to have Trans,), was given as the Bakerian lecture visited Jerusalem several times, finally leav- at the Royal Society. A nearly complete ing Syria about 726 after a narrow escape bibliography is given in the * Reminiscences.' of martyrdom through smuggling balsam He received the royal medal of the Royal from Jerusalem (Beazlet, The Datm of Society in 1874, an honorary degree of J/tx/^m ^<^jyrflr/>A//, p. 152; but see Wright, LLD. of Edinburgh in 1883, and the Wol- BiiM/r. Urit. Lit. i. 342). In Constantinople laston medal of the Geological Society in he spent two years, from 726 to 728, retum- 1890, besides foreign honours. A portrait ing to Italy after an absence of seven years by H. Brothers is in the Owens College, (i-6. p. 52> by way of Naples. At the great Manchester. i Benedictine monastery of Monte Casino he [Reminiscences of a Yorkshire Naturalist, remained for ten years {ib, p. 45), holding 1896; obituaries ami notices by Count Solms various offices in the house. At the end of Laubach (Nature, 1895), A. C. Seward (Nat. Sc. this time he again visited Rome, where Gre- Manchwter L. and Phil. Soc. 1896), and Lester need of help in Germanv, and asked for Ward(Science vol.1. 1895); mtormation kindly Willibald, who was accordinglv despatched fv^'^S n-^r i,>^<^'r JT- K*";^"* ^V'. byGregorvIII to Eichstadt (?6. pp 48-9). ^\.H^^DHll,Dger,l'.K.^.,Ke^^RJehapJ^^^^ Salzburg in 741 Willibald was conse- the WeslejHn Theological College, Didsbury), i , ,. ^u u- u r i?- i, ♦ j.. u i i Mr. Walter Brown (University College. London) I V^}"^ *^ the bishopric of Eichstadt by Arch- the registrar of Owens College. Manchester, and ' Y^^"""^ Boniface (ib. pp. ol-2) and after the P. J. Uartog ; personal knowledge.] M. H. , letter s death became the leader of the Ger- man mission. He built a monasterv at WILLIBALD (700P-786), bishop and Eichstadt, and lived a monastic life there traveller, bom about 7(X). was the son of a (ibX dying in 786. certain St. Richard who bore the title of Willibald's guide-book, entitled ' Vita seu king, and is conjectured to have been the son Ilodceporicon Sancti Willibaldi scriptum a of Hlothere, king of Kent, who died in 685. Sanctimoniali,' from which the details of His mother was Winna, sisterof Saint Bon i- his life are taken, was dictated bv himself face Tn. v.], the great apostle of Germany; related to Ine [q. v."!, king of ibald had a brother Wunebild (ib, p. .')2), and probablv written down bv a nun at lleidenbeim, tlie finishing touches being added by another hand after his death. Willibrord >3 Willibrord Hi* book )^T» little general information, u the writer was intent upon his demotions, liut thrt^ws some li|;ht upon l»w and custom in the eastern lands in which he travelled. Its value is owini to the extreme scarcity «f pilgrim notices durinK the eighth century. It ia publislwd by Mabillon in the 'Acta &nctorum Ordinis Benedieti ' (iv. 3fe) seq.), but the most accessible edition is that of Tobler in the ' Deacriptiones Terrw Sancts ' (pp. 1-651. Other lives ba«eJ upon thia have been written, but have added to it nothing , of importance (Habdi, DtKriptht Catal. I i. pt. li. pp. 190-1). The chief of these— | the 'Vita aive potius Itinerarium SanctI i Willibaldi auclon> Anonymo '—is also pub- j liahed bjTobler (loc. cit. pp. mid). Willi- bald is said to have written the well-knoivn | lijB of St. Boniface published by Jall'6 in the 'Monumenta Mogiinlina' in 'nibliotbeca. "'"'erum Oermanicarum' {Dmeript. Catal. loe. I t.p.478; butseeB»jfr.*ri(.i;rt.i.ai4-5). rAntluiriti<>s quoted in the iixt.l A. M.C-a. WILLIBEORD orWILBRORD, Saint .rcbblshop of Utrecht and ;le of Friaift, born about (157, was a Nor- . nHnbrian (Flob. Win. in Man. Hint. Brit. ■ 63BD), the son of Wilgila, who, after ; 'lllibnird's birth, retired from the world to ' Ihof theHtiinber(Au'ulN, 1 "it. Will. Tol. i. chap, i.), where he lived the ' loritc'a life. His day woslatecobaerved _ feast day in Willibrord's own monastery i E^I«mBch lib. chap, xxxi.) Dedicated hia mother and father to a religious life, Itlibrord. as soon as he was weaned, was gCna to the monlis ofRipon, where became inder the inBuence of St. Wilfrid [n. v.l (ifi. dap. iii.; Eonitrs, Vita Wilfridt m Uit- -fc—t; — ^f Church of York, voL i.) In his 1 year, the fame of the schools and loLars of Ireland drew him thither, and he it the next twelve years (677-90) at the "monastery of Hathmelsiiti with St. Egbert [q. v.], who in G90 sent Willibrord, after he b*d been ordained priest, to preach the gos- pel to the Frisians. Lauding at the mouth of the Rhine, Wil- libnird went thence to Trajectum (Utrecht), bat, finding the pagan 'king Rathbod and his FriaianB hoelile, he boldly went direct to Pippin of llerstal, ' duke of the Franks,' who had just (6t!T) established hia power over the I^ranks by the battle of Testry {ib.; ALOtns, Vit. M'lVV. i. chap. V.) Pippin wel- comed Willibrord, and thus identified hita- ■«e^ and his house with the conversion of le parts of the (ierman settlements which i still heathen. The alliance between Pippin and ^^'illibro^d was the aalvation of the u'-w movement. Rathbodbeingexpelled, multitudes of the people of * Hither Frisia' received the faith {ib.-. Man. Hist. Brit. \. 538D). Willibrord went probably in 093 to Kome to obtain the consent of Pope Sergiua to the mission, and in the hope of receiving certain holy relics of the apostles and mar- tyrs to place in the churches he wished to build in Friesland (Beds, Hist. Eccl. vol. v. chap.xi.i Alchis, Vit. WiW. vol. i. chapa. vi. vii.) Heobtainedboth, andonhisretumover- threw pagan idols, planted cliurches, placing in them the relics he had brought from Itome, and, thougb amid great difGcultiea, won the trust of the Frisians. He made a bold onset in Heligoland upon the pagan shrine of the god Fosite, who was a son of Balder, and, mviting the vengeance of the t^d by his in- fringement of the laws guarding the sacred fountain there, he won a remarkable su- premacy over the minds of the pagan Frisians ( AiXUlN, vol, i. chaps, x. xi.) He destroyed the great idol of W alcheren, at the peril of his own life (ih. vol. i. chap. liv.) In 714 Pippin and Plectrudis his wife gave Willi- brord the monastery of Suestra (Mionb, Pat. Lat. Ixxiix. 547) ; here occurred one of a series of miracles which won for the saint among the people the reputation of super- natural power (Alcuik. chapa. xv. xvi.) Extending his labours beyond the Frankisii lands, Willibrord went to lUthbod, but failed to convert him (i6. chap, ix.), and finally, recognising that as hopeless, went on ' ad ferocissimos Danorum populos,' and their king ' Ongendus, homo omni fera crudelior ' (possibly the Ongentheow of Beowulf), who was as firmly pagan as Rathbod. But Willi- brord took thirty Danish boys back with him, and baptised them, hoping to train them up as Christians, and to send them when men on a mission to their own land (i^. chap, ix.) Gradually Willibrord was able to organise his great 'parochia.' The faithful, in their gratitude to him, offered their patrimonies, which were devoted to religious foundations (ib. chap. xii. ; for the charters of the most famous of these grants see Mignb, Pa/. Lat. Isixii. 535-53). In 695 or 69t! Willibrord went to Rome a second time, in order that, at Pippin's re- quest, he might be consecrated archbishop of the Frisians by Sergius. He was conse- crated in the church of Santa Cecilia in Trastevere on St. Cecilia's day (32 Nov.), and on consecration received the name of Clement, a name which however, never came into general use (Bede, Hi»t. Eixl. v. 1 1 ; Bebb, ' Cbron. sive de VI .Etatt. Sieculi " in Mwi. Hitt. Brit. p. 99 0; Chron. Flob. I i Willibrord >4 Willibrord WiUib Wia. in Mon. ffitt. Srit.-p. 6S&B). Alcuin (chap, vii.) makes WilliDronl go to Home only onee, hut in thia he ie probably wrong. He alao says liis conBecration took placu in St. Peter's (16.), but this also seems to be a, slip. Bede, who places Willibrord's second journey to liome in 696, probably poatdutea It by a yeai (cf. Moaianenta Aleinniana, p. 4fi n.) Hemaining in Rome only fourteen days, Willibrord on his return received from Hppin B seat for his cathedral at Wittabui^, a Btnall viUagea mile from Utrecht. Lat^r, "22, Charles Martel, confirminc hia father fiin's action, made a formal grant to librord of Utrecht and lands round the monastory (BouarKT, iv. (199; Mibnb, Pot. hat. IxKiix. 651, 552). In Utrecht Willi- brord built a church of St. Savionr'a (cf. Boniface to Pope Steplien III, Eji. 90, apud MieHG, Ixzzix. 787-9; Mon.Mog. pp. 2S9, 260). He buUt many churchM ond some monasteries throughout his wideapread dio- cese (Bbdb, Hitt. E^l. vol. T. cbap. li. ; Alcdib, Vit. Wilt. chap. li.) Of the latter the most famous foundation waa that of Echternach on the Sauer in Luiemburp, near Trier, which he and the abbesa Irmina founded. It was richly endowed by Pippin and hia queen Plectrudis in 706, and lalcr by Cliarles Marlel in 717 (16. chap, ssii; MiBNE, Pat. Lat. Insii. 539-60). lie con- secrated Beveral biahope for Friaia. When St. Wilfrid [q. v.] made bis aeoond journey to Rome with Acta [q. v.] as his companion, they visited Willibrord, and Wilfrid was able to see the completion by Willibrord of the work of which he himself had partly laid the foundations (lA. iii. IS, v. 19; Ed- DJCain HiitnrianiofCkurckof ¥ork,-p.Sl). In 716, during the war between Kathbod andthoFranks,Christia:iity in Friaia endured a time of persecution. St. Boniface in that year went to Frisia, hopinc' to help Willi- brord and to win nathbocTa consent to his f reaching. But the latter was refused. On 5 May 1 19 Bonifnee was apjiointed Willi- brord's coadjutor, his apedal work being to convert those of the uerman tribes who -were still pagan. On Kathbod's death Willibrord was joined by Boniface, nnd they worked together in Frisia for three years; but when Willibrord urged that at his death Boniface should siicceeiTto his archbiahoprie and tdiargc, Boniface's humility refused such honour, and he went on into HessH (lliaN~E, Ixxxix. 616, 616; BosiFACB, E/-. 90, in MiOKB, lixxii. 787, 788), "Willibrord baptised Pippin the Short, grandson of Pippin of HetBlal who had first -welcomed him, and he foretold that he overthrow the shadow of Mero- vingian rule and become king of the Franks (Alcpis, vol. i, ehaii. xxiii.) In extreme old age he retired to tlie monastery of Echter- nach, where he died and waa buried, ag• 843-60; inscription on . ^f ^he meanest, and for the vse of aU pro- the monument m Gretford church ; private m- A,«„i^„„ tV,o wa\r fr^ P/.m«anHm.,« W««?«i» formation.] J. W. C-k. WILLIS, HEXRV BRITTAN (1810- 1884), painter, was bom in 1810 at Bristol, fessions, the way to Compendious Writing. Wherevnto is annexed a very easie directioa for Steganographie, or secret writing,' Lon- don, 1602, 16mo. The only copies known to the son of a drawing-master in that city. : exist are in the British Museum and the Bod- He practised for a time in Bristol with little leian Libraries. The fifth edition is entitled success, and then went to the United States, ' * The Art of Stenographie, or Short Writing but after a brief stay was compelled by ill- by spelling charactene,' London, 1617. A health to return. In 1843 he settled in Latin version, * Stenographia, sive Ars corn- London, and gained a considerable reputat ion pendiose Scribendi,' was published at London as a paiuter of cattle and landscaps. lie , mlOlS. The sixth edition of the English w oik I Willis Appeared in ltl3.1, the seventh in 1G23 (not 1^. as given in tome lists), the eighth in 1623, tlie ninth in 1028, the tenth in 163i', the eleventh in 1636, the thirtetmtli in 1644, and the fnuMeenth in 1647. Willis also wrote • The Schoolemoster to the Art of Ste- naRTaphj, explaining the rules and teaching the practise thereof to the understanding of tbe meanest capneit]-,' London, 1Gl'3, 16mo ; 2tid edit. 1621*; 3rd edit. 1647. This work U printed so as to be sold separately, cr in coaJDDCtion with the later editions of ' Tbe Art of Stenography.' Willis's shorthand ■Iptuibet, the first introduced into German litenture,iseivfoin'Delici{e Fhiloaophicse,' Nurembe^, 1653, iii. 53. To students of mnemonics Willis in well known as the author of ' Mnemonics j sive An tteminiscendi : e purls artis natuncque fontibua hsueta, et tn tres libros digenta, necnon de Memoria naturali fovenda llbellus e vsriie doctisaimorum operibus sedulo col- lectus,' Lonilon, 1618, 8ro. The treatise * De Uemoria naturali fovenrta' was reprinted in ' Variorum de Arte Memorie Tractatue ■ei,' Frankfort, 1678. The whole work was translated into English by Leonard Sowersby, a bookseller ' at the Ttim-Slik, near New- market, in Lincoln's Inn Fields,' and printed At London, 1661, 8vo. This book develops many of the principles of tlie local memory in an apt and intelligible maimer. Copious vxtracls from it are printed in Felnaigle's 'Now Art of Memory,' 3td edit. 1813, up. 34S-e3. ' rCbuper's Pftrliaoiflatary Shorthand, p. 5; } \OibW* Historical Aeconat of Compaadioua and StriA Writing, pp. 38, 43; Gibson's Bibl. of ghortbuid. pp. 13, 237: Joamnlist, II Mnrch 1887; Levy's Hint, of Shorthond; Leiria's Hist. .of Shonband: Nawconrf s Beperloriom j Not«s and QneriM, Tibser. ii. 306: Shorthsnil, ii. 160, 188. 176; Watt's Bibl. Brit; Zeibig'a Gb- ■ehwindichreibkunst.] T. O. WILLIS, JOHN WALPOLE (1793- 1877), justice of the king's bench, Upper Canada, bom on 4 Jan, 1793, was thesecond Mn of William Willis (rf. 1809), captain in tbe 13th light dragoons, by his wife Mary (rf, 1831). oiJy daughter and heiress of Ro- bert Ilamillon Smith of Lismore, co. Down. n» entered Gray's Inn on 4 Nov. 1811, was called to the bar, and iolued the northern cir- cuit in lf>l". .Shortly a^erwards his first published work, a book on the law of evi- dence, appeared. There came out in 1830 'Willis's Equity Pleading,' for m an v years ■ ilandnrd work on the subject, and in '1837 a valuable treatise on the ' Duties and Re- sponsibililies of Trustees.' The colonial owes ut tliis time intended to establish a Willis pointment he received a puisne judgeship m Ihe king's bench. On 18 Sept. 1827 he pre- sented his warrant to the lieutenant-governor, SirFeregTineMait]aad[q. T.],but8O0n found that neither the governor nor the council, □either the asjtembly nor the bar, was disposed to assist him in organising a court of chan- cery. His chief opponent was (Sir) John Beverley Robinson [q. v.], afterwards chief Justice, then attorney-general and practical leader of the government. There arose dif- ferences between theiudgeond the lawolficer as to the conduct of crown business which waxed keen with time, and were plainly ex- Sressed on both sides. The ju3T3-1 T. S. ^■WILLIS, ROBERT (1800-1875), pro- ir of mechanism and archfologist.soD of nParliiiftWillU(lTiM>-lK:il)aud^rend- I of Ft»nci8 Willis [a. vX was born in ~ n on 27 Feb. I8O6. The tastes that rds dislin^shed him became mani- a very earl)' age. When a mere lad a akilful musician, a good draugbls- id an eager examiner of every piece of machinery and ancient building that came nthiaway. In 1819he patented an improve- D the pedal of the harp, and in 18^1 ibed ' An Attempt to analyse the Au- uton Chess Player '(London, 1631, Svo), * % raechnnicol contrivance then being ei- bilnted in London, which ' bad excited tbe adrntralioti tif the curious during a period iillle short of forty years ' (p. 9>. After re- peated visits to the exhibition in company with liis sister, he was enabled to show that itierv was ample room for a man of small statute 10 bo concealed within tbe figure and tbe box on which be sat, a the truth of which the < admitted. Uis health was delicate, and he waa educated privately till 1831, when be became a pupil of the Her. Mr. Kidd at King's Lynn. In 1P22 he entered into residence at Oonville and Caius College. Cambridge, as a pensioner. lie proceeded B.A. in 181%, when he was ninth wrangler. He was elected Frsnhland fellow of his college in tbe same year, and foundation fellow in 18:^, himself to the st udy of mechanism, selecting at first subjects in which mathematics wero blended with aoimal mechanism, as shown by his jtapera in the ' Transactions of the Cambridge Philosophical Societv ' * On the Vowel Sounds' (lfi2S| and '6n the Me- chanUmofthe Larynx' (1838-9). Thelast has been accepted by anatomists as contain- ing the true theory of the action of that organ. In 1830 be was made a fellow of the RotbI Societv. In 1837 he succeeded William Fari5h[q.v.] as Jackainian professor of applied mechanics at Cambridge, an office which he held till his death. His practical knowledge of car- pentry, bia inventive genius, and his power of lucid exposition mside him a most attrac- tive professor, and his lecture-room waa always full. Parish wasaman of great ori- ginality, whose lectures Wiliis had attended (as he told the present writer), and when he published his own ' System of .Apparatus for the use of Lecturers and Experimentera in Mechanical Philosophy' (London, 1851, 4to) he described bis predecessor's method of building up a model of a machine before tbe audience, and gave him fidl credit for 'devis- ing a system of mechanical ncparatus con- sislingofthe separate parts of wli i cb macbin es are made, so adapted to each other that they might admit of being put together at plea- sure in tbe form of any machine that might be required' (p. 1). This system, as mo- demised and perfected by Willis, baa been largelv adopted both at home and abroad. In '1837 Willis read a paper ■ On the Teeth of Wheels ' ( TrarM. Iivit. Civ. Etig. ii. 6{*l, with a description of a contrivance called an odontograph, for enabling draughtsmen to find at once tbe centres from which the two portions of the teeth are to be struck. He waa tbe first to point out the prncticnl advantage of constructing cycloidal toothed wheels in what are called 'sets' by using the same generating circle and the same pitch throughout tbe set, with the result that any two wheels of the set will gear I Willis 22 Willis together. This invention is in uniyersal use. In 1841 he published his ' Principles of Mechanism.* In this work he reduced the study of what he called pure mechanism to a system. It is the earliest attempt to develop, with anything like completeness, the science of machines considered from the kinematic point of view, without reference to the forces which are at work or to the energy which is transmitted. A machine, according to him, is a contrivance for pro- ducing a specific relation between the mo- tions of one of its parts and another. To express this relation completely the two elements velocity-ratio and directional rela- tion are required. Accordingly he groups machines in three general classes: (1) those in which both of these elements are constant ; (2) those in which one (a) is constant and the other (b) is variable ; (3) those in which this variability is reversed. In each class there are divisions depending on the mode in which motion is communicated, whether by rolling contact, sliding contact, link-work, and so forth. The first part oif the book expounds this system of classiOcation as ap- plied to elementary combinations of moving pieces ; the second part deals with what he calls aggregate combinations, in which two or more elementary combinations co-operate in producing a relation of motion between the driving and following parts of the ma- chine. A second edition of this work ap- peared in 1870. In 1849 Willis was a member of a royal commission appointed to inquire into the application of iron to railway structures, and contributed to the report of the com- missioners Appendix B, * On the effects pro- duced by causing weights to travel over elastic bars,' reprinted in Barlow's * Treatise on the Strength of Timber.' In 1851 he was one of the jurors of the Great Exhibition. In that capacity he drew up the report for the class of manufacturing machines and tools, and contributed a lec- ture to the series on the results of the exhi- bition, organised by the Society of Arts in 185l\ He was also a vice-president at the Paris Exhibition of 1855, and reporter of the class for the machinery of textile fabrics. In connection with this office he published in iHfu a report on machinery for woven fabrics, for which he received the cross of the Legion of Honour. When the govern- ment school of mines was established in Jermyn Street in 1853, Willis was engaged as lecturer on applied mechanics. In 1862 he was president of the British Association, which that year met at Cambridge ; and in the following year at Newcastle he presided over the medianical section. During all these years W^illis was study- ing arclutecture and ardueology with the same energy as mechamsm, and perhaps with even greater originality. In 1885, after a rapid tour through a purt of France, Ger- many, and Italy, he published ' Remarks on the Architecture of the Middle Ages, espe- cially of Ital^,' a work which first called serious attention to the Gothic style, and which in many ways is still without a rivaL He treated a building as he treated a ma- chine : he took it to pieces ; he pointed out what was structural and what was decora- tive, what was imitated and what was original ; and how the most complex forms of mediaeval invention might be reduced to simple elements. This publication was the starting-point of that portion of his career which was devoted to studies combining practical architecture with historical ana antiquarian research. For these he was singularly well fitted. He had no sentiment and no preconceived theory. His mechani- cal knowledge enabled him to understand construction, and his power of observation was so keen that he never failed to seize the meaning of the faintest indication that fell in his way. The industry that he brought to bear on these pursuits was amaz- ing. He learnt to decipher mediaeval hand- writing with rapidity and accuracy, and devoted much time to the study of manu- script authorities : he mastered not only the whole literature of the subject, but that of the history that bore upon it ; and, as the moss of notes bequeatiied by him to the present writer shows, he tabulated the in- formation thus gained with infinite care, so as to have it always ready to his hand when wanted. The * Remarks ' were succeeded by an elaborate paper * On the Construction of the Vaults of the Middle Ages' (Trans. Imt, Brit. Arch. 1841), an essay as remarkable for thoroughness of treatment as for the beauty of the illustrations, all drawn by himself. By this time his reputation tor architectural knowledge was established, for in this year the dean and chapter of Here- ford consulted him respecting the condition of their cathedral. He published the re- sult of his investigations in a * Report of a Survey of the Dilapidated Portions of Ilere- ford Cathedral in the year 1841 ' (Hereford, 1842, 8vo; and London, 1842, 4to, with plates). In this same year he invented and described the * Cymagraph for copying mouldings' {Engineers Jouni. July 1842), a contrivance which he himself used exten- own rcBearchea, but whicli did not meet willi ^neral acceptuicp. In l^^ld he ptiblLshed his ' Architectural Nomencla- ture of the Middle Age«'(7VaTu'. Cait^r. Ant. Sor. vol. i.), A work of VMt research and great in^noity, useful alike to a lexicographer md an archicologist. The foundation of tlie Arehrcoloffical In- nitutt; in ISU opened a new li^ld for Willie. Ele wae one of the Iir«t members, as he wdb also one of the most energetic, andalectura im w»« the chief attraction at the annua! meeting. His method, as he states in his ' Architectural History of Winchester CathedrBt'(l846), was 'to'bring together ■11 the recorded evidence that belong to the building; to examine the building ileelf for the purpose of investigating the mode of its coDBtriictiOn, and the successive changes and additions that have been made to it ; and, lastly, to compare the recorded evidencfi with the structural evidence aa much as poseible.' By this comprehensive scheme ho laid bare thu entire hislorvof the structure; the histoiT was elucidaltvi hv the buildin;f, nad the changes in thi: biiilJiug were made nanifest by ibe history ; while his own tliorough knowledjire of ilie diiferent styles of architecture enabled him to see through alterations, transformntions, and insertions which had puiilwl all previous investigator". In this way he elucidated the cathedrals of Canterbury (1844), Winchester (1845J, Yorfe (1S46), Chichester (1853), Worcester 0802). Sherborne and Glastonbury (1865). Ilie^e have been published ; but he also read papers and delivered lectures on the follow- ing witiiont, however, finding luieure to pubtish what he had said : Norwich (1847), SalLBburv (18*8), Oxford (18r>0), W.'lls (1»5I), 'Oloueesler (1H60), I'eterbormich ^aOl), Rochester (im3), Lichtield O"')')- ^EA« ft lecturer Willis had cxtrnordiiiary ^Pbl Bstuedneithermanuscript nor notesi ^^L whetlier be wns describing a macliine or exposition flowed from his lips, carrying bis bearerii without weariness through the most , iolri'.'ate details, and making them gnwp the tt complex history or construction. In lotion to bis annual lectures at Cambridge, »ndon, or to the Archsological Insti- t, Willis lectured at the Itoyal Institu- KonMund in 1831, and on architecture H&IO and 1847. He also gave special ■ws of lectures to working men in Lon- tbetween I8.t4 and 1867. JtriUi* aUopuhlisbed a 'Description of the JtryBam at Kly' (Tram. Cnmlir. Ant. fc 1843, Tol. i ) ; ' llisloryof the Great Seals England' (/ircA. Joura. 1846, toI. ii.); ' Architectural History of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre of Jerusalem' (London, 1841), 8vo), a remarkable achievement, as he had not visited it ; ' Uescription of the An- cient Plan of the monastery of St. Gall ' (Arch. Joum. 1848); 'A Westminsier Fabric Itoll of 1263' (Gen(. Alaff.lSm); ' Un Foundations discovered in Lichfield Cathedrsr (AirA. Joiirn. 1860); 'On the Crypt and Chapter House of Worcosier Caihedral ' ( Tions. Imt. lint. Arch. 18B3) In the course of these studies be edited, or more correctly rewrote, a eonsiderablo portion of Parker's 'Glossary of Architec- ture ' (.5th ed. I860) ; and published a ' Fac- simile of the Sketch-book of Wilnrs de Ilonecort' (London. I86i>, 4lo), with a text partly from the French of M. Iassus, partly by himself. But perhaps his most remarkable arcbteoloEical work is hie last, 'The ArchitBCtural History of the Conven- tual Buildings of Ihe Monastery of Clirist- cburch, Canterbury" (London, 1860, 8vo), He had promised to do this in 1844, when he lBetureIi 80 Oct. 1660 was created M,D. He published in Londoii in 1664 ' Cerebri .Lnatome Nervorumque descriptio et usua,' _ iirith a dedication to Gilbert Sheldon [q, v.], •rchbishop of Canterbury, and in the same voltune 'De ratione motiis musculorum.' He had dissected many brain; of both men and knimala, and worked with Dr. Richard Lower, Dr. Thomas Millington, and Sir Christopher Wren [q. v.], and many of ih« admirable diairing* in the book were the work of that great architect. It waa the most exact ac- Mintof the nervous svslera which bad then iwared, and in chapter viii. the nnntomlcal Uttions of the main cerybral arteries were ir the first time accumtely set forth, whence . IB anastomosis at (lie base of the brain between the branches of the vertebral and internal carotid arteries is tn llua day known u the circle of Willis. He was concerned in the meetings at Oxford which in part led tlo the formation of the Royal Society, and became a felbw after the society was esln- Uished. In December IWl he was elected Willis a fellow of the College of Ph' house in St. Martin's Lai I leae, < L the ifivitation of tut; arcUbishoi the church of St. Martin's-in-the-Fields. He soon at- tained a large practice. Ilishop Burnet states that when consulted about a son of James II, then Duke of York, he expressed his dia- gnosis in the words ' mala stamina vit»,' which gave such otfence that he was never called for afterwards. His resolute attach- ment to the church of England was perhaps a stronger reason that he was not favoured at court. He endowed a priest to read prayers at earlv moniiag and late evening at St.'Martin's-m.the-Fields lor the benefit of working people who could not attend at the usual bourn. In 1667 he published at Ox- ford ' I'athologiiB cerebri et nervoai generis specimen,' a treatise containing many valu- able reports of caaes of nervous disease observed by himself; and in 1670, in Lon- don, ' .^.tfectionum quic dicuntur hystericn et hypochondriaciB pathologia spasmodica,' which discusses the treatment of hysterical affections at great length, and also contains a few well-described cases. In the same volume are separate essays ' De sanguinis ascenaione' and 'De motu musculari. Ho published at Oxford in MTU ' De anima bru- torum,' and in 1674 ■ Phnrmaceutice ratlo- nalis.' He was the last English physician to quote with approval the practice of J' of liaddeaden [q. v.] The ancients and all physicians up to tue time of Willis included all diseases in which the quanlily of urine was increased, under the term < diabetes,' and Willis in this laat book was the first to notice that cases of wasting disease in which this symptom v associated with sweetness of the urinu formed a distinct group, and thus may justly be regarded as the discoverer of dia- betes mellitus. Uis views as to the effects of sugar on tho body were attacked by Fre- derick Slare [q.v.j in his * Vindication of Sugars against the CbHrge of Dr. Willis,' London, 1715, 8vo, Willis died of pneu- monia at his bouse in St. Martin's Lane London, on II Nov. 1U7S, and was buried it Westminster Abbey on the Iflth, an honour which he well deserved on account of Ills anatomy of the brain and his discovery of saccharine diabetes. The funeral charges came to 470/. 4». id., which bis grandson Hrowne Willis complains did not include a RTarestone. His portrait was drawn by Vertue and engraved bvEnoptou. Tbereis another engraving by Li^gan. Willis married, first, at Si. Micbael'fi, Oxford, on 7 April 1C57, Mary, daughter of if John Willis 26 Willisel Dr. Samuel Fell [q. v.] and sister of Dr. [q. v.l; slie c' " and was buried in Westminster Abbey on John Fell died on 31 Oct. 1670, 3 Nov. A son Richard died on 2 May 1667, and was buried in Merton College Chapel. The only surviving son, Thomas Willis (1658-1699), was father of Browne Willis [q. v.], the great antiquary, whose ac- count of his granafather^s life and charities, in a letter to White Kennett, is printed in Wood's * Athente,' ed. Bliss (iii. 1048-50). Willis married, secondly, on 1 Sept. 1672, at Westminster Abbey, Elizabeth, eldest daughter of Matthew Nicholas, dean of St. Paul's [see Nicholas, Sir Edward, adfin.\ and widow of Sir William Calley of Bur- derop Park, Wiltshire. After Willis's death she married, as her third husband, Sir Thomas Mompesson (rf. 1701) of Bathampton, Wilt- shire, whom also she survived, dying in her seventy-fifth year on 29 Nov. 1 709, and being buried in Winchester Cathedral. A collected edition of Willis's works, en- titled *T. W. Opera omnia cum . . . multis figuris teneis,' appeared at (teneva in 1(V<0 (2 torn. 4to) ; an improved edition was pub- lished by Gerard nlasius in six parts at Amsterdam (16^«2, 4to). An English ver- sion, entitled 'The remaining Medical Works of ; . . T. W. . . .,' wos ])ubli8hed in Lon- don in 1081, folio, several of the treatises being translated by Samuel Pordage [q. v.] [VVork8; Munks Coll. of Pliys. i. 338 ; post- script to PlmrniJiceutice Kjitionalis, 1679, pt. ii. ; Burnct'H History of his own Time. London, 1724, p. 228; Wood's Atlienjo Oxon. iii. 1048; Fos- ter's Alumni Oxon. lo()()_17l4; Burro ws's Pjirl. Visit. (Canulen Soo.) ; Chester's iiepr. West. Abl)oy, pjissim.] N. M. WILLIS, TLMOTllY {f. Ifiir,), writer on alchemy, was the son of liichard Willis, leather-selh'r of London. lie was admitted to Merchant Taylors' school on 22 April 1575, and thence was elected to a fel- lowship at St. John's College, Oxford, in 1578. He matriculated on 17 Nov. 1581, but was ejected from his fellow.««hip the fol- lowing year * for certain misdemeanours.* He proceeded B.A. from ( Gloucester Hall on 10 Jul v l5H2,and was afterwards readmitted to St. John's at the n^cjuest of William Cor- dell, and by favour of Qn(»en Elizabeth made * doctor bullatus,' and sent on an embassy to Muscovy. He publishi'd : 1. * Proposi- tiones Tentationum, sive Propnedeumata de Vitiiset Fcecunditatecompositorum natura- lium,' London, 1015. 2. * The Search of Causes; containing a Theosophicall Investi- gation of the Possibilitie of Transmutatorie Alchemie/ London, 1016. On the title- page of the latter work he describes himaelf as ' Apprentise in Phisicke.' [Foster's Alumni Oxon. 1600-1714; Wood's Fasti, ed. Bliss, vol. i. cols. 22i)-l ; Reg. of Univ. of Oxford (Oxford Hist. Soc.). 11. ii. 44. iii. 106 ; Itobiuson's Reg. of Merchant Taylors' School, i. 24.] B. P. WILLISEL, THOMAS (rf. lC76?),natu. ralist, was a native of Northamptonshire, according to Aubrey, or, according to Ray, of Lancashire. He served as a foot-soldier under Cromwell. ' Lying at St. James's (a garrison then I thinke), he happened,* writes Aubrey, *to go along with some simplers. He liked it so well that he desired to goe with them as often as they went, and tooko such a fancv to it that in a short time he became a good botanist. He was a lusty fellow, and had an admirable sight, which is of great use for a simpler ; was as hardy as a highlander ; all his cloathes on his back not worth ten groat es, an excellent marksman, and would maintain himselfe with his dog and his gun, and his fishing-line. The botanists of London did much encourage him, and employed him all over England, Scotland, ana good part, of Ireland, if not all ; where he made brave discoveries, for which his name will ever be remembered in herballs. If he saw a strange fowle or bird, or a fish, he would have it and case it ' ( Aubrey, Na- tural History of Wiltshire, ed. Britton, p. 48). He was employed by Merret for five summers to make collections for his * Pinax' [see MERiurr, ChristopherJ. Weld re- cords that in October 1609 Willisel, who had been engaged by the society to collect zoological and botanical specimens in Eng- land and Scotland, returned to London with a large collection of rare Scottish birds and fishes and dried plants (Hiftoryofthe Itoyal Society, i. 224). He also prints the sealed commission given by the society to Willisel. Evelyn, who was present at the meeting of the Roval Societv in October 1669, writes: *()ur English itinerant presented an account of his autumnal peregrinations about Eng- land, for which we hired him * {Diary^ vol. i.) In his * Catalogus Plantarum Angliir,' pub- lished in 1670, Ray styles Willisel * a person employed by the Royal Societv in the search of natural rarities, both animals, plants, and minerals ; the fittest man for such a purpose that I krtow in England, both for his skill and industry.* In 1671 the great naturalist took Willist'l with him on a tour through the northern counties {Memorials of Hay, ed. Lankester, p. 26). Pulteney says: **I believe he was once sent into Ireland by Dr. Sherard. . . . The emolument arising from these employments was probably among the Willison Willison principal rn^ajia of Iiis aubsUteDce' (^SkelcAeg ^ the Prograi nf Botany, i. 3411). Ab Aubrey records tbnt ' all the profession lie had was to mabe pi^^ges for shoes' lloc. dt.), ibis Ikst supposition of Pultbnej's is highly pn>- b«blv. Aubrey is our authority for all else We know of Willisel, ' When," be says, 'ye Lord Jnho \'aughsji, now Earle of Carbery [aee under VauohaiTiRichabd, second Eikl ar CARBeRT], was made tcov^rnour of Ja- maica [in 1l^r4], I did recommend him to bis eicellencv, who made him his gnrdiner thne. He 3yed within a yeare after his liein^ there, but had m&de a fine collection •f plants and shells, which tli» Furle of CWrbery hath hy him^ and bad he lired be would have given the world an account of tint j^nts, nnimals, and lisbes of that island. He could write a hand indifferent legible, And had made himself mnsli>r of ait the 'Latiue aame«: be pourlrByed but un- towardly'ftor. ciV.) Some plants collected fef Willisel are preserv-ed in Sir IliuiB SInane's herbarium. [.^uthoritios above ciled.] G, S. B. WILLISON, GEORGE (1741-1797), minter, bom in 1741, was a son of illison, an Edinburgh printer and nublisher, and a grandson of John Willison ^. *.] In 1750 be was awordud a prize for • dmwing of flowers by the I-.^dinburgh So- ^tmiy for Uie Encoungement of the Arts and ScienoeB, and in tli« two following years his Ilame ag»in figures in the prize-list. After Ulie his uncle, George Dempster [q.T.1 of Dunnichen, sent him to Home to contmue hia studies, and on his return he settled iii London, where, between 17(17 and 1777, he exhibited some six-and-twenty portraits at the lioyal Academy. But meetinff with little encouragement, he went to India nnd painTt'il many portraits, including those of wme native princes, one of which ( rhat of the nabob of Arcot) is now at Hampton Court. He pnaseEsed a certain knowledge of iDedicine, and cured a wealthy person of s dangpnius wound of long standing, in grati- tude for which he had some time afterwards k considerable fortune bequeatbed to him. Then be returned to Edinburgh, where he continued to paint, and where he died in April 1707. Ilis pictures are pleasant in cnlour and rather graceful in arrangement, bis fharoctcrisation fair, bis handling es>>y if Bomewhat thin. A number of his portraits were engraved by Valentine Green and Jatnes Watson. A medallion portrait of Willieon (dated 179-^) by Guillome is in the Scottish Portrait [Scots May;ailne. ITdJ-S^ Milliir's Kminrut. UnrgesBea of Dundee. IS8T; Cat. Si'odiali Nh- tioDul Portrait Q«lliirj; Krnest Lbw'b Htiiuplon Court; Kedg rave's, Bryan's, and Gmrm'a Dic- tionaries.! J. L. C. WILLISON. JOHN (108O-I750),Scot^ tiah divine, was born in IGSti at or near Stirling, where his family bad been long settled and possessed considerable property. lie was the eldest son of James Willison Mill of Craigforth and Betbia Oourlay, his Epouse. He entered the university of Glasgow in 1695, and, though sometimes styled M.A.. ilis name does not appear in tlie list of graduates. He was licensed by the presbytery of Stirling in 1701,ftppointed to the parish of Brechin by the united presbytery of^Brechia and Arbroath in 1703, and ordained in De- cemberof that year. Many of his parish ionera were Jacobites and episcopalians, and he encountered much opposition from them. In 1705 he reported to the presbytery that the former episcopal minister had retahen pos- eession of the pulpit for the afternoon ser- vice on Sundays, that the magistrates refused to render him any assistance, andthuthe was told that be would be rabbled if he tried to oust the intruder. In 1712 he published b pamphlet entitled 'Queries to the Scots Inuc- vators in Divine Service, and particularly I o the Liturgical Party in the Shiro of Angus, ByuLover of theCburchof Scotland;' and in 1714 'A Letter from a Parochial Bishop tos Prelatical Gentleman concemingtbeOovcm- ment of the Church.' In 1716 Willison waa translated from Brechin to the South church, Dundee. In 1719 hepublisbedan ' Apology ' for the Church of Scotland against the Ac- ', cusatioiis of Prelotists and Jacobites," nnd in 17:?1 a letter to an English M.P. cm the bondage in which the Scottish people wen kept from the remains of the feudal system. In 17iiS he preached before the general assembly, and from about tlus time he took a. prominent place among the lenders of the popular party in the church. In his own presbytery he Blrenuously opposed John Glaa kl, v.], minister of Tealing, who founded the ttlassiles,' otherwise called Sandemauians, and in 1729 Willison published a treatise against his tenets entitled ' A Defence of the National Church, and particularly of the National Constitution of the Church of Scotland,ftgainst the Cavils of Independents.' During the controversy which ended in tlie deposition of EbeneierErskine [q.r.jand his followers, Willison exerted himself to the xt to prevent a schism. At the synod of Angus in 1733 ho preached a wrmon urging conciliatory measures, which was published under the title * 'The Church's Willison D&nger;' and after the sect^ilersbad formed a preabjtery of their own, it was tLroagh the inSuence of Willison and his frienda that the uaembl^ oF 1731 rescinded the acts which had given them offence, and nuthonBed the sj'nod of Stirling to restore them to their former siatkis. This assembly also sunt WillisoD and two others to London to en- deavour to procure the repeal of the act of 1712 which restored the right of palrannge to the former patrons. For five years more: the aMembly persevered in its efforts to re- claim the seceders, and when at length it resolved to libel them, Willison with others disseuted. As the seceders now declined the authority of the church and declared that its judicatories were ' not lawful nor right constituto courts of Christ,' the as- sembly found that tbey deserved deposition -, but, on the earnest solicitntion of Willison ■nd ills frionds,the execution of the sentence was postponed for a year to give them a further opportunity of returning from their ■divisive 'courses. They still stood out, how- ever, and it is said that ' the failure of Williaon's efforts to prevent a schism so overwhelmed him with grief that he did not take an active share in church courts after that time.' In 1742 Williaon vlaited Cam- busUng to see for himself the nature of the celebrated religious revival there which i8 aasociated with the name of WhiteSuld, and on his return journey he pri«iched a sermon at Kilsyth which was followed by a like movement in that parish. In 1744 he pub- lished 'A Fair and Impartial Testiniony (to which several ministers and elders adhered) against the defectionsof the national church, the lamentable schism begun and carried on by the seceders, the adoption of liturgical forms and popish practices by Scottish episcopal iane, and other innovations. In 1745 he published ' Popery another Gospel,' whicli he dedicated to the Duke of Cumber- land. During the rising of 1745 hightanders belonging to Prince Cuurles's army twice entered his church and threatened to shoot llim if he prayed for King Gleorge, so that lie was obliged for a time to close the church and to officiate in private houses. Besides hie controversial works, Willison published numerous treatises on devotional and practi- cal religion, many of which were translated into Gaelic and were great favourites i the Scottish people. W'illison was on the most eminent evangelical clergymen of his time. He was remarkable for his com- Innation of personal piety with public spirit, and, though frequently engaged in contro- versy, ' there was no asperity in what he said or wrote.' Faithful in every departme "HU duty, he was speciaUy noted for hie diligenca in catechising the young and in visiting the sick. He died on S May 1750 in the seven- tieth year of his age, and was boried tn the South church, Dundee. On II Nov. 1714 he married Margaret, daughter of William Arrot, minister ofMontroso, and had Andrew, a physician in Dundee; a daughter, who became the wife of W. Bell, mioieter of Ar- broath, and other children. George W'iUi- iS his grandson. principal works, besides those mentioned above, are: 1. 'The Sanctifica- tion of the Lord's Dav." 1713. 3. ' A Sacra- mental Directory,' 17l8, 3, • Sermons before and after the Lord's Supper,' 17-22, 4. ' The Mother's Catechism : an Example of Plaiu Catechising on the Shorter Catechism,' 1731. 6, 'The loung Communicant's Catm^ism,* 1734. 6. 'The AtHicted Man's Companion,' 1737. 7. ' The Balmof Gilead,' 1742. 8. ' Sa- cramental Meditations and Advices,' 1747. 9. 'Gospel Hymns,' 1791. Most of them have been often republished, and there hare been several collected editions of his practical [Lile by Dr. Detherington prefixed to edition of Works, 1S44; Life pr«GieJ to bis Colleoted Works, AbenlMQ, 1817, and to edition of the Afflicted lUan's ConipHnion ; Chunibers's Biogr. Dict.vol.ir.; Murren'sADHnUof Oea. Aucmbly, 1738-53; Wiidrow's Letters, vol. iii. ; Siutt's F«ali,ni u, fl02. 813; BobBooneviVKls ; Blu.-k's Brevhin ; inform xliim from Willisotrs descen- dants nnd from Mr. W. B. Cook, Siirliog.} G. W. S. WTLLMORE, JAMES TIBBITTS (1800-lBti3), line en^aver, was born in 1800 at Erdington, near Handsworth, when his father, James '^'illmore, was a manufac- turer of silver articles. He was appren- ticed at Birmingham to William Itadclyffe [q. v.], nnd, marrying at the age of twenty- two, came to London, where he worked for three years as assistant to Charles Heath ' England and Wales,' 1857-38, and Brocke- don's 'Passes ofthe Alps,' 1828-9; and hia first large plate was executed from East- lake'a picture of * Byron's Dream,' 1834. Willmore was extremely successful in trans- lating the work of Turner, who greally ap- preciated his abilities, and his plates from The Old Temeraire,' ' ■\"enice' Cengraved for the Art Union, 1858). and ' Childe Hamld'a Pilgrimage' (Art Union, 1861), are among the finest examples of modem landscape work. Some of these he re-engraved oa & Willmott Willmott I smaller scale for tLe ' Art JournaL' The • Mercuty and Argus' was a joint specuia- I tion OD the part of Turopr and Willmore. ■ Bis other large worka include 'Ruins of I Canhage,' after W. Linton (for Finden's I 'Gallerv of British An'); "Crossing the r Bridge/ after E. Landseer, 1847 ; ' Hifih- lBDdTerTy,'afterJ.Thomp»on.l848; 'Villa ofLucullus,'afterLeitch (Art Union, 1851); 'Wbd Bgainst. Tide." after C. Stanfield; ' Harvest in the Highlands,' after Landseer andUnllcott (Art Union, 18-j6) ; and ' Nearest Way in Summer Time,' after Creawick and Ansdall, 18ti0. WiUmore'8 small book illus- trations are also very numerous and benuli- ful. In 1843 he ezhibiled at the Itoyol B then elected an associate engraver. I'Throughout his life he was one of the most Hctive members of the Artists' Annuity Band Benevolent funds. Willmore died on 1 12 March 1H63, and was buried in the HigU- £ Abthub Willmore (1814-1888), bom -at Birmingham on G June 1814, was a bro- ther of James Tibbitts Willmore, by whom he WAS trained. lie became an able line engraver, ei eel ling chiefly in landscape k' work. He was eitensively employed on ■ Inok illustrations, and also executed many « for the ' Art Journal ' from pictures y Collins, Cooke, Creswick, Rubens, Stan- ■'field, Tomer, Van Byck, and others. His fmost important work was ' The Return of ■'the Lifelioat,' after E. Duncan, engraved for rtiie Art Union, 1878. Willmore frequently •tthibited at the Royal Academy between 11858 and 18dd. He died on 3 Not. 1888. [Art Jouranl, 1803; Redgravo's Did. of Ar- m*: Gmvea's Diet. oF Artlstn, 1T6D-1B93; WSrjaa'a Diet, of Painters and Eni^Ten. ed. f ArmairuuKO t'. M. O'D. WILLMOTT, ROBERT ARTS (1809- ll8«3), autlior— he invariably^ dropped his ^■econd Christian name of Eldrtdge— was son ' B eolicilor who married about 1803 Mary Q (rf. 18611, the only child of the Rev, ■John Cleave of Kingwood, Hampshire, and •~ « few years later moved to Bradford in Wilt- «hire, where Robert was bom on 30 Jan. 1800, The father, of a somewhat impracticable dis- pOMtion, went to London, and afterwards be- came involved in pecuniary trouble. In hOctober 1819 tbe boy was admitted at Mer- lehftDt Taylors' school. He was entered at school in January or February There in March 1828 be brought out e first number of the 'Harrovian,' wbicb _n toais numbera, At the close of 1828 ho K-kcune tutor to Thomas Green,eud remained so for about two ^ears. Already in 1829-30 he was contributing to the ' Church of Eng- land Quarterly Review,' ' Fraser'e Magaiine.' the ' London Magacine,' and the ' Asiatic Journal.' He waflenteredat.TrinityColli^, Cambridge, in 1832, but his matriculation was deferred until 17 Feb. 1834. While at Uambridse he earned his living bv his pen. He graduated B.A. on 26 May ISil. Willmott, on Trinity Sunday 1842, wm ordained deacon by Bishop Blomheld to the curacy of St. James, ItatcliUe, and be was ordained priest on 11 June 1843. After serious illness he took leave of St. James's on '2 June 1844, his farewell sermon being printed. For three months he was stationed at Chelsea Hospital, and in June 1845 became curate to the Rev. T. W. Allies at LaunCon, Oxfordsliire. The church of St. Catherine, Bearwood, which had been erected through the munificence of John Walter (1776-1847) fii.v,], was consecrated on '23 April 1846, and Willmott was appointed by him as its first incumbent. For many years he received much practical kindness from Walter and hig successor in the properly; but about IBHl diflVrencPH arose with the patron, and Will- mott roKigiiod ibe benefice in Mav 1862 on a pensiou of 100/. per annum. His publica- tions included funeral sermons for John Waller(rf,J847)and for Mrs. Emily Frances Walter (cl£ firmly resietud her iitteiript«; and in . . k — '—'-istered the Lord'asupper for 1 Edinbui^h after the ra- ined manner. After the queen regent lind broken the trenly and begun to fortify Leith a conven- tion of the nobility, baront;. and burghers , was on 31 Oct. held in the Tolboolh to talce into consideration ber conduct, and Willock, on being asked his judgment, gave it as his ' ipinion that she ' might ju9tlj be deprived i the government,' in wnicti, with certain irovisoe, he was seconded by Knox (16. pp. US-S). The result was that her authority IS suspended, and a council appointed to - mage the affairs of the kingdom until a P. neeting of parliament, Willoct being one of ktbe four ministers chosen to aaaist in the ■dBliberations of the council. Not long after- Itrards Willock left for England, hut he re- ■Sartwd with the English army in April 1660, ■ And at the request of the reformed nobility Ktllt^ queen rtigent bad an interriew with him E.— in wbtcbyearbe was, however, in Jun(! and Dacember moderator of the general assembly le rector of Loughborough in Leices- d friend the Uuke of Suf 1 bv h i-erthe- ohold e west, he ained his connection with llie Scottish I (burch, and be was elected moderator of the 'geaenX nssembly on 2a June 1564, 25 June Ims, by continuinif for several years U Bie AlEce of superintendent of the wc 1665, and 1 July 1568. W'hile he was li Scotland in 15G5 the queen made ondeavoi lo have bim sent to the castle of Dumbar- ton, but he made bis escape (Chi. State Paper/, For. 15(U-5, No. lolO). In Januarf 1567-8 the general assembly of the birk sent him through Knox a letter praying him to return to bis old charge in Gotland { Knoi, If or*«, vi. 443-6) ; but although he did visit Scotland and officiated as modirator of the assembly, be again returned to his charge in England. According to Sir Jamea Melville, the Earl of Morton made use of Willock to reveal to Eliiaheth, through the Earls of Huntingdon and Leicester, the deal- ings of the Duke of Norfolk with the regent Moray, for an arrangement by wbicb the duke would marry the queen of Scots {Me- borough on 4 Dec. 1585, and was buried the next day, being Sundayj his wife Catherine survived him fourteen years, and was buried fttl^ughbnroughonlOOct. 1699(Fi,ETCHBR, Pariih Rrgiatrrs of Loiwkboroiyh). Though Demster ascribes to him ' Impia quaHlam,' it does not appear that he left any works. Chalmers, in his ' Life of Ituddiman,' seeks to ideutify Willock with one ' John Wil- lokis, descended of Scottish progenitors,' who on 21 April 1590 is referred to in a state Eper as being in prison in Leicester, after ving been convicted by a jury of robbery. The supposition of Chalmers, sufficiently im- probable in itself, is of course disposed of by the entry of the rector's death in the parish register, but there is just a possibility that the robber may have been the rector's son. [Wodron'eBiograpbi47 he had made with the second Earl of Carlisle, the pro- E'elor of Barbados, an agruemeiit by which rliale leaded to him for twenty-one years the pioGta ariaing from the island, half 2,0iil^. feiiU duu to him for his services L-> iLo Iaiii^ parliament^ and obtained the kufcci*i'tu of Minu* crown lands in Lincoln- oLttu irora I ha king (Cal. State Paperg, iUtku. tiHH) \,mK fiO'Jf 67 S; Lords' JoumaU, Jki. n^M. In Hpite of some opposition from ihu i;^,pp. 295, 309, 317, 339, \w\ \ Clakendon, Omtinuatiorij §§ 1287- J.*M)H). On the other hand, by his persistent nqtresentations of the hardships which the Navigation Act inflicted upon Barbados, W^illoughby succeeded in getting its non- oliHtirvance connived at by the home govem- nii-nt (Cal, State Papers, Col. 1601-8, pp. KJ7, 179, 234, 264). In spite of the limited int^ans at his dis])o.sal, he maintained and ' uvun extended British possessions in the ci)nt<;Nt with Holland and France. He or.cupied for a time both St. Lucia and To- biigo, though neither could be permanently h«tM. Barbados beat off an attack from l)i; Ituyter in April 166o, but the English Iiart of St. Kitts fell into the hands of the yr«.'nch in April 1666. W^illoughby got to- gether a small expedition and started to re- take it, but was lost at sea on board the ahip Hope about the end of Julv 1666 {ib, 1(J61-H, pp. 410, 412, 414). Willoughby married, about 1628, Eliza- beth, third daughter and coheir of Edward Cecil, viscount Wimbledon [q. v.] She died in March 16(U, and was buried at Knaith in Lincolnshire (see A Sainfs Monument, &c., by William Fikth, chaplain to Lord Willoughby, 1662, 12mo). Of their two sons, Robert, the elder, died in February 1G30, and William, the second, on 13 March 1661. Of their three daughters, Diana became the wife of Heneage Finch, second earl of Winchilsea [q. v.l, and died without issue ; Frances mar- ried William, third lord Brereton, of Lough- glinn,co. Roscommon ; Elizabeth married Ri- chard Jones, first earl of Ranelagh (Collins, Peerage, iii. 384, vi. 613; Dalton, Life of Sir Edtrard Cecily ii. 366). By his will, dated 17 July 1666, Willoughby left the greater part of his property in the colonies to tlie two last-named daughters and their children. He was succeeded in the peerage by his brother, William WiLLoroHBT, sixth BaKON AVlLLOUGHBT OP PABHAM (d, 1673). ' My brother,' said the latter, ' hath dealt un- kindly with me, but I forgive him ; he has done so by himself by giving large legacies out of little or nothing; I shall only say ho was honest and careless, for he hath left little behind him* {Cal, State Papers, Col. 1661-8, pp. 398, 465). On 3 Jan. 1(W Wil- loughby was on his own petition appointed to succeed his brother as governor of PJar- bados and the Caribbee Islands (ib, p. 437). He arrived there in April 1667, and by his firm and conciliatory conduct gained imme- diate popularity. Antigua and Montserrat were regained, the French expelled from Cayenne, and Surinam recaptured from the Dutch. In 1071 AVilloughby, being in Eng- land, defeated an attempt to impose an addi- tional duty on sugar, which would have ruined Barbados, and he was praised by the representatives of the colony in Ix>ndon as * wonderfully aflectionate and zealous in all their concerns.* He returned to Barbados in October 1672, despatched an expedition which recaptured Tobago from the Dutch in December 1672, and died on 10 April 1673 {ib. pp.437, 454, 619, 1609-74 pp. 213, 366, 453, 493). By his marriage with Anne, daughter of Sir Philip Cary of Hunslet in Yorkshire, he left a numerous family, of whom the eldest, George, became seventh Baron AVilloughby, and John and Charles were the ninth and tenth holders of that title. Another son, Henry, was lieutenant- general under his uncle and his father in the West Indies, retook Surinam in October 1667, was subsequently governor of Anti- gua, and died in December 1669 {ib, p. 204; Collins, Peerage, vi. 613). Willoughby Wi I lough by 1 Poerngp, sd. Brjiiges; Dnrnsll 'a Cnvnlieraand RouniitieitilB oF Bnrlwloes. M>Tgftowo, British Quiunn, 1887; Sehora- ^'s HJRtory uf Barl>iuioas, ISIS, pp. 268- ; CnleiuJiiraofCuloumlStataPnpera; Addit. c.n.f. "WILLOUGHBY or WILLOBIE, "INKi^ (1574 P-l.i96?), the eponymous 1 of the poem colled ' Willobiea Aviaii,' ) second son of Henr?- Willoughby, a _ intry gentleman of Wiltshire, by Jitne, touehler of one Dauntsey of Lttvinglon, Wiltshire. A younger brother was named Thamka. The father's father, Chriatophef Willoughby, was illegitimate son of Sir _WiUi«ni Willoughby, the brother of Sir Hobeit Willoughby, first baron Willouffhby ft Broke, [q. v.] (cf. Hoabb, Modrn Wilt- '^■— ■ V 38-9). Henry matriculated as a r from St, John's College, Oifonl, plODec. 1591, at the age of sixteen. Ac- o the report of a ' friend and cham- irfdlow,' he was ' a scholler of good hope.' e may be the ' Honey Willouj^bie" who ftdoaled B.A, from Eiteter College on > Fob. 1594 fi (Oj:ford Unie. Jlrg. Oxf. ■ .8oc.n.ii, 18T,iii. 189). Soonafterthat 'being desirous to sue Ihe fashions of r countries fur a time,' be ' departed intarily- to her maieatie's service ' ( Wil- rt Aviia, ed. Qrosart, p. 5). Before Jniw 169B he is ri^ported to have died (ui, .i 149). On aSept. 1594 there was licensed for the nieaa'abook entitled Willohy his Avisa, or the TrnePictuK nf a Modest Maid and of a Cliaate d Constant Wife ' (Akber, Statioiirri' Of- irf, ii, 6r>9), and shortly afterwards the _ . k issued from the press of John Wiodet. 1 tbia Tolume, whiab nininly consists of ■Tenty-two cantos in varying numbers of ^^Jx4ine stanzas (fantastically called by the ■i^tiiOF 'hexameters'), the chaste heroine, f-;^Tiaa, holds converse— in the opening sec- ** » M ft maid, and in the later sections as _ ife — with a series of passionate adorers. In every case she firmly repnlaes thuir ad- vaaces. Midway through the book ' Henry Willofaie' is intrriduced asan ardent admirer, in his own person, chieHj- under the initials 'H.W.' It is explained inaprose interpola- tion that Willobte has sought the advice of ainend, ' W. S.,' who had lately gone through the experience of a severe rebuff at the hands of a disdainful mistress. After ' W.S.' light- heartedly offers some tantalising advice in Terse, ' H.W.,' in the twenty-nine cantos ^\rliieh form the last portion of the volume, ^Bfe made to rehearse his woes and Ayisa's ob- ^■oTMy. ^V^Two prefaces, one addressed to 'all the 1 of Eng- conatant ladies and gentle< land that feare God,' and the other gentle and courteous reader,' are both signed ' Hadrian Dorrell.' The second is dated trotn Dorrell's ' chamber in Oxford this first of Octo- ber.' Dorrell t-akea responsibihty for the publication, stating that he found the manu- script in his friend Willobie's rooms wliile he was absent from the country, DorruU says that he christened the work ' Willnbie his Avisa' becauaehesupposedit was Willo- bie's ' doing and being written with his own hand.' ile explains that the name ' Avisa ' was derived from the initial letters of tiie words ' amaiu rj'or inniolata afiiiper aninndn,' and that there waa 'something of truth bidden under this shadow.' In 15t>6 I'cter Colau produced a poem on the same model as ■ WillobieB .\visa,' which b'ti called ' Penelopes Complaint.' CoUe de- clares that 'seeing an unknowne author hath of late published a pamphlet calleil Avisa ' concerning the chastity of a lady of no historical repute, he deemed it fitting to treat of the chastity of Penelope. Oolse speaks approvingly of the unknown author's style and \'eise, which he closely imitates. To Colse'a effort ' Hadrian Dorrell ' at onou rsplied in 1590 in a new edition of ' Avisa,* t(i which he prefixed an 'Apologie shewing the true meiiniug of " Willobie his Avisa." ' This was dated irom Oxford 'this .SO ofJuno lu96.' Dorrell, in contradiction to his former statBment,declarestliat the whole of Avisa' was a poetical fiction which was written 'thirty-five years since, and long lav among the waste papers in the authors study, with many other pretty things of his devis- ing,' including a still unpublished work called ' Susanna.' The name ' Avisa ' he now nllirms either means that the woman desoribed liad never been seen, ' a ' being the Greek priva- tive particle, and ' eUa' the Latin participle; or was an irregular derivative from anw, a bird. At the close of the 'Apologie' he remarks that Willobie is lately dead. ( Dorrell's general tone suggests that bis two accounts of the origin and intention of j the book are fictitious, while the conflict be- tween his statements respecting the author I renders it unlikely that either Is wholly true. ', But that Dorrell had ground for his claim of intimacy with Henry WlUoby, the Oxford student, aeema supported by the fact that he adds to this edition of 1596 apoem in tba same metre as ' Avisa,' headed ' The Victorir? of Knglish Chsstitle under the falned name of Avisa,' and signed ' Thomas Willob? frater Ilonrici Wllloby luiper defuncti." Ihe Or- Willoughby 36 Willoughby Hadrian Dorrell was apparently assumed. No ISSO the first edition, with extracts from the Oxford student bearing that appellation is additions tirst published in lo96, although known to the university registers. It is pro- now only accessible in the editions of 1609 babl'.* that ' Hadrian Dorrell * was sole author and 16i'^^. The portion supposed to refer to of * A visa.* and that he named his work after Shaki>speare was reprinted in 'Shakspere his friend Henrv Willoby, in the same man- Allusion Books' (pt. i. ed. C. M. Ingleby, ner as Xicolas lJn;*ton named a poem, *The New Shakspere Society, lS64,pp. 69 et seq.) Countess of Pembrokes Passion, after the m ^» * r rrn u- u* • • 11 J i* 1 ^ [GrosHrt s reprint of W illobie his Ansa, m roness m whose honour and for whose ,gL jjij^ ^U-, ^if, „f Shakespeare. 1898.] delectation it was written. * j i L Thechief interest of the poem lie-in it sap- parent bearings on Shakespeare's biography. WILLOUGHBY, Sir HUGH (d. 15o4V In prefatory vt-rses in six-line stanzas, which sea-captain, was the grandson of Sir Hugh are sijrned* Contraria Contrariis : Vigilan- Willoughby of Wollat on, Nottinghamshire, tius: Dormitanus,' direct mention is made of and youngest son of Sir Henry Willoughby Shakespt.'aTt''s pofm of* Luorece,' which was of >iiddleton, who was made a knight-ban- licensed ft>r the pn*ss nn 9 May 1 ">94, only n»*ret at the battle of Stoke in 1487, and four months before *Avisa.' This is the died in 15-f*. He served in the expedition earliest open refen^nce made in print by a to Scotland in 1544, and was knighted by c»intempr»rary author to Shakespeare's name, the Earl of Hertford (afterwards Duke ot The notice of Shakespeare l«*nds substance Somerset^ at Leith on 11 May. He after- to the theory that the alleged friend nf Wil- wards had a commission on tne border, and loby, who is known in the poem under the was captain of Lowther Castle in 1548-9 initials * W.S.,' may ]x» the dramatist himself (Cai. State Paprrf, l>om. Addenda, 1547- * W.S/ is spokt-n of as * the old player.' If 15em to have n»cently is said to have turned his thoughts towards recovered is identical wiih the intrigue that the sea. It would seem that Sebastian Cabot forms one of the topics of Shakespeare's son- was one of these. It may be, too, that he nets. The frivolous tone in which * W.S.' was known as a capable commander, and at is made in 'Avis:i' to n-fT to his recent that time rank and authority were more con- amorous adventure sug^jfsts, moreover, that sidered than seamanship and navigation. the prof tossed t on r of pain which characterises He was app"^inted captain of the ship Bona the poet's addresses to a disdainful mistw'ss Esperanza and captain-general of the fleet in his sonneta i> not to bit interpreted quite for the intended voyage to Cathay; Richard frerioufcly. Chancellor 'q. v." was captain of the Edward • Willi jbies -\visa' proved popular, and Bonaventiire and pilot-general of the fleet ; rapidly went thrf»iii:h six editions, but very and with him, as master of the Edward few c.jii-s survixe. Of the first edition. Bv>na venture, was Stephen Borough [q. v.], piblished in l.'>iU. two perfect copies an* * who was accompanied bv his younger bro- Kn>wn — one in the British Museum, and the ther, William liirough ''q. v.l There was other in Mr. Christie Milh-rs library at a tliinl ship, the I^ina Confidentia (cf. *J. Brirw-'.; ; a slightly imp':'r feet opy is in the p. A^'2), The object of the Toyage, as laid Hu7:i Lir)T-arv. No cot»v is now known either down bv Cabot* in the instructions dated f'f tbe edition of loi^t). containing for the 9 May l.V>o, was to search for a north- fir-: ^'.znr I)'»rreri'> ' A]» ohyit. ' a id Thomas eastern ]M»ssage to Cathay and India, and on Willoby's c"»ntributi.in, or of a third edition the next day the ships lef^ Ratclifie. They public hi- 1 after l.M»»i and ber»re ItJOo. A dn^pped down the river by easv stages, were iourtij edition rth*/ fourth time corrected detained for several weeks off Harwich, and an'liiarniented'j wa?. issu'^d by Windet, the did not finally get away till 23 June. On oricinul printer and puhlisvher. in ItH.)*); a 27 July they anrhon^d at one of the Lofoden uiii jue c'-ipy is Lt Brit well. lUgford. l^n- Isles, and ri^mained there three days. On jauiin Furley. and .ther cull'-ctors noted an 2 Aug., in latitude 70". a boat came off" from edition of im.K*. which was pr .bnbly a * re- the shore and promised to get them a pilot for maind'-r" is?-ue of xh^ fourth edition. The Vardohuus, apparently the onlv place they work wilt reprint'-d in Iti-Vi liv William knfw by name. But' the wini blew them Stans^Sy. and was described on the title-pajro off the shon^ and freshened into a violent ■ as Mhe nrih time crjrrected an 3 ancrm^nl-d : ' gale, in which the ships were separated. The a copy, sjiid to be uniijue. is in t!ie Briii.-h Ks]»eranza and Contidentia met again the Museum. Dr. Orosart rejriLted privately in . next day. but they saw nothing more of the Willoughby Wil lough by I I Edw&rd, which, as we now kiiow, gol into Wliite Sea and to St. Xiuhoias. On 14 Aag. Ibe ships discovered land, ap- parently uninLabited, in latitude 72°, but were unable to roach it b; roaMin of the sbosl water and the ice. From this position tliev ran seventy leagues S.S.E., llien steered N.W. by W. for a day, then for two days W.S.W., and on the 33rd they saw land, trending W.S.W. and E.N.E. ; lien, befnre k strong westerly gale, they ran to the N. by E. thirty leagues. It is well to note tbeee positions and courses, as they show jlearly than is otherwise possible the i8 i(piorancfl of all the responsible officers, Chancellor and Borough being ab- sent, not only of the pilotage but of the most simple naviMtion. If the latitude 73° is to be accepted as anything tike correct, they had been blown over Co the coaA of NovayaZemlya, but the courses sailed after- wards are incomprehensible. On 14 Sept. they again found themselves in with tne land, rocky and high, where were good har- boiira. For the next three days they ex- ■mined the coast, and on the ISth went into one of the harbours, sfterwards known U Arxina, near to Kegor. where Norwe- gian lApland marches with Ru-saian. It wa« described as runninK'into the mainland about tw'i leagues, and in breadth half a league ; wherein were vary many seal Kahes And other great fishes; and upon the main we saw bears, great deer, foxes, with divers strange beasts ... to us unknoivn and also wonderful.' Here, considering the lateness of the season and the badneiwof the weather, they resolved to winter. But for wintering in an arctic climate they had no provision. The country was entirely desolate and unin- lubited, and Willoughby and his companions iferished miserably. 'When, some few years ■^ rBrds,the ships and bodies were found, were found also Willoughby'a journal «id will, by which it appeared lliat he and moat of the party were still alive in January 1554. The journal is printed in Hokluyt's 'I^ncipal Navigations' (i. 232-7}, and a muiuscript copy of it is in the Oottanian Hianiucripta(OthoE.viii.lO),huttheorieinal "■"adissppeared. Neither it nor the will can iwbe traced; nor is anything clearly ki their discovery or of their being brought England. .\ll that can be said is that the iramonly received stories (FoJ Bourne, tlM Seamen, i. 99) are directl' Yi) that nothing certain was ! summer of 155". By his will (Porch, 34), proved 1 July b638, Sir Henry left to Hugh * all my liui<£t in Mapurley in the county of Di'iby, Brokislow, and Basaeford in Not- tinghamshire, and a parcel of land at Wal- sall in Staffordshirv;' and further directs, as to certain sums due to him, ' that my son John shall receive the same, to the use to purchase orbuyamarriage for my son Hugh, if the same Hugh will be guided and ordered bv mv said son Sir John Willoughby ; or else the same sums of money to he disposed for the wealth of my soul.' Of the marriage so bought there does not seem to be any direct record ; but in the will of Sir John (Populwell, '12), proved 22 Jan. 1-548-9, mention is made of 'my niece liose, daughter of my brother Hugh,' as welt as a legacy of 6/. 13». 4rf. yearly ' to my brother. Sir Hugh.' In the Wollaton accounts there is also men- tion of 20/. a year paid out of the Wollaton property to Henry, son of Sir Hugh (Col- VILB, p. 813). A portrait, full length, preserved al Wolla- ton, was lent by Jjord Middleion to the Tudor Exhibition of 1890 and to the Naval Exhibition of 1891. [Hakluyt's Pcineipal Navigations, i. 226-37; ThorolQo's Hist, uf Nottinghamahire, 1787. ii. 2Ua any record of it. He entered the navy in Way 1790 on board the Latona, with Cup- tain (Sir) Albemarle Bertie ; he was after- wards in the Edgar and other ships on tho home station, and in January 1793 went out to the coast of Africa in the Orpheus frigate, which, after a successful cruise against the French trade, was sent round to the East India station, where she captured the French frigate Duguay-Trouin on fi May 1794. At the reduction of Malacca in August K9ii Willoughby had command of e. boat, and in February -March 1796 was at the occupation of Amboyna and Banda (James, i. 414-15), from which even a midshipman's share of the prize-money musthavebeen considerable. He wasafter- wards in the Heroine and in the SuSblk, I I I T- - - - « p \\'illi:uir-bv .^«T*_T» '»••' ' "" "* "" •■ ->.-...n... -. : .Lt-.tr- v.::=:rr.> .'-■ -r .ia-:i:!T i. ■ v ;- :;-•::: — : ;.-... 7^;.- 1:.- pn*r:ijas rrlil - : v_. 1- •:: - ... .,j ; . ^, "... ■- ^ «.:n.l-.- ••:"-:iv- iU.: ~iie ;'uurn»'!i: ?f • ■■"■■ • "■•• u.::.::: ..-. ..- '.•.'.■■a.:: v"":^u:!! :;"\. ::,: ^-..H;" ;.::: ■■.--. fttr'Zti:. r ■] ijv:. 1 •: ..- ■•-■:■. -v.* I :•• xir Ji l"Sio Sir ■ .:i "". =...- ":. J.-V —:: 1. - '. -Jen X"i^ "^' .ri" :■■ ^-i:.-- ■ : ;-.• i' -:.■■ \ -' .::..:•■• .? :• mimm-i-r-in- "" - 1 ''^ ■ -- — .*- ■ . ■«- ■--: ^""11.- i^ii'^" 'H ^rjiT*! Lj* :: V -^^•"-•: : .; :•. ..^ -■ . - ; ■:. - r::- - n::"--: lan "VH-iuri: y ' * •• ■•■ *.■ «•— • ^ < .. ^."■•^ •- . ...■- •• ■•- ,11 *H 1"^ *i -I •_ m ■ « ■ • k ■ L .. ,-'.rT*r- •: :-■: ■ Tii-n-iirii ■ ■ — .. ::- -. »• V i.,"i -j.-T - ■. •: r I-- ■■.'•• - :- '*.'^. ■ * • MAW • « k^ ■• -m ^ .:. ■ . ■■■• V •-•- : •.«?•■ i ' ' ..■■• V - ■::■- •!" :' ■ -. . : . i:^ i' :!_: ir^ i V. ■ -■ -1. .?■ . ..: .. - ".i • 'Ir'.T " ■ ■• ■'J " ■ • -A ■ . %- 1 I • \ V . \ ..- :! ;- -H- "'.i i" "• -11— • -■•».. ■••,•»..• ■ L.'. :■ ■ ■ . - ■ "! 1 * \ - .^ ■• ■•1"' I--. -- _ Willottgbby distinftuialii>(l bimaelf through- out by bis d&nug oud the reckless oicposure of himself; frequeully, it was said, takiag his meala sitlinK >" b. chair upon the ram- pkrts or brenstwork of the battery (James, 111. 295). Willoughbj seems to have denied the chair, and to have muiatained that in the circumstances the example was neces- evj. This vras perhaps an aftertbouffbt, for during the whole ol his service dangiir, whether from storm, the sea, or the enemy, seems by itself to have been siiHieient lure i but the instances of this are far too nume- rous to be even named here. In February 1W)5 Duckworth hoisted bis flag in the AcasiB fri)fate and appointed Wuloughby her tir^t lieutenant, intending to promote him on bis arrival in England. The eircum- stADces of his quarrel with Captain (Sir James Athol) l\ood [q.v.] and the court- martial ansine out of them prevented this ; aud wuloughby was appointed to the Prince on 8 July I8O0, but was not able to join her tiU 8 Nov., eighteen days after the battle of Trafalgar. Wiiloughby was afterwards in the For- midable, antf in 1807 was in the Koyal Ueorg«, Duckworth's flagship, on tlie occa- aion of his forcing the passitge of the Dur- danelles ; on 14 Feb., when the Ajax was destroyed b^ lire [see Blackwood, Sir llBSBr], he, in the Roya! George's cutter, was one of the first to go to her assistance, and succeeded in saving many lives, but at the greatest personal risk. In July 1807 be waa discharged to the Otter sloop for a passage to Monte Video and the Cape of Good Hope, where he was promoted to the rooimaQd of the Otter on 10 Jan. 1808, though the commission was not confirmed by the admiralty lill 9 April. The Otter then Bent for n cniise off Mauritius to Bombay under the orders of Cnp- ., Bobert Corbet [q. v.] of the NOrtide; And on ber return to Cape Town in the following January, Wiiloughby was brought before a court-martial on charges of 'cruelly and unoKicer-likc conduct' preferred against him in a letter to the admiral, signed ' The ■hip Otter's company, one and all.' It ap- liBeu«d from the evidence that there had ■Been a great deal of flogging and starting — TjfRMoiwuous beating witli a stick or rope's- ' — and that it had been commonly ace om- ied by violent threats; that Wiiloughby aaid that ' it was as much pleasure to punish a man when he comes to the ;way as it wan to go to his breakfast,' '* ' ' ha would flog like hell and start The trial lasbj over live days, 14 Feb., and in the end Wiiloughby was acquitted, but was recommended 'to adopt mare moderate language on future ooco- aions'(6Wri«Afar(ia/, vol. cxKV.) In view of the evidence, the acquittal appears strange, for the punishments had certainly been ex- cessive and irregular J atlll more open to censure seems the fact that one of the cap- tains sitting on this court was Corbet, who, on the days immediately preceding, had been tried for a similar o Hence, and had been simi- larly acquitted with a slight reprimand. After refitting, the Otter woa again sent ofT Mauritius, and on 14 Aug. Wiiloughby, in the sloop's boats, brought out a vessel strongly anchored under the batteries of the Black river. On ^1 Sept. he commanded the seamen who were put un shore at St. Paul's with the troops, and had an important share in the happy success of the operation [see Rowley, Sir Jobias}. For hiB exertions at this time the commander- in-chief at the Cape, his old patron Albe- ranrle Bertie, proutotud him to command the N£r6ide frigate; but his commission as post-captain wa« not confirmed till nearly a yeur later (5 Sept. 1810), ond then for another piece of service— the landing with a party of a hundred men on the night of 30 April, destroying two Prciieh batteries at Jacotel, and utterly routing a strong body of militia, Wiiloughby himself leading the onslaught in full-dress uniform. A few weeks after this (15 June) he narrowly escaped being killed by the occidental burst- ing of a musket fired in exercise. As it was, his right lower jaw was shattered, and his neck so lacerated that the windpipe was laid bare. For nearly three weeks ne lay between life and death, but on 7 July he took part in the capture of Bourbon, and, with bis face and neck still bound up, superintended the landing of the troops. In August ISIO he was with Captain (Sir Samuel) Pym [q. v.] at the seizure of the Isle de la Posse on the 13th, and was left there when Pym went round to Port Louis. On the 20th the French squadron came in sight— four large ships and a sloop ; and though two of the former proved to oe East Tndiamen nriies, the other two were 40-gun frigates, wnich, by going round to Port Louis to join the French ships there, would have placed Pym in a position of very great danger. With equal good judgment and boldness Wiiloughby, by hoisting French flags and signals, decoyed the enemy into the passage : when they found out their mistake they were no longer able to turn, and were obliged to go into the Grand Port, after a sharp interchange of broadsides with the N§r6ide. At the very first Wiiloughby had sent oft' J Willoughby 40 Willoughby tLf; n«w9 to Ptm, who joined him on the tS'Jiid with three p^iwerful frigates ; the force wb.k ovf^rwhelminjrly superior to the French, hi A l*rm T*TV}\\*i*i to ffo into the port and t4£r or de'^tn'jv them. Jiut as he attempted tf/ 'io ^j on the i^'ird two of his ships ran a^TO'jrid and could not be moved ; a third, fify.Ti'/ on the wrong side of a shoal, was ur^b2e to get close enough in ; the N^r^ide alone »ucc>;ed«»'i in reaching her allotted ration, and found herself the target for the whole French force. After one of the most oh-t]nat^ defences on record, being reduced to a frhattered wreck and having lost 222 men killed or wounded out of a total of 2-1. fc^je f>truck her colours on the morning of the 24th. Tlje terrible loss of men was parly explained by the fact that the upper work* of the hhip — a French prize — were line'J with fir, which, on l>eing broken through by rrannon thot, jrave off showers of dangerous ►plJnti:r**. At the very beginning of the hfr*i'm hJif, of these struck ^Villoujrhbv on tb'r l»rlt cheek and tore the eye completely or«'n * curried into battle in a mo-r juflirioun. olficer-like, and gallant man- n*T/ and formally expr<'->s<.td * its high admira- tion of the noble r-onduct of the captain, <}\\\(t.fi, and chip's company during the whole of the uner^nal contest.' The snntence, con- cludJn/ with a * most honounibb* ' acquittal, has been correctly descriljed as * uuprece- denti'd * ( .Mar.- 11 ALL). On his rntum to England Willoughby was surveyed by a medical board, and on their rep^>rt was awarded (4 Oct. 1811) a jMrn'^ion of *KX>/. p-r annum, which was afrirward-. n July 1815) increased to TkiO/. M»*hntime, in I'^li', havinrr no immediate pro^p^-ct of Hmploym^'ut, he obtained leave to ;:o abroad, and went to the Baltic, where he offered his services as a volunteer to Sir ThonjJis JUam Martin Tn. v.], then com- mandin;r in the (lulf of'Kigu. learning, howtrwr, from Martin that there was no imiuediaTe proj-jM-ct of any active operations, he wf-nt on to St. IVttTsburg, whore his otr*-r to serve with the iJussian army was acc^j»ted. He was then s^mt to Kiga. from which, nn iJO »Sept.. he accompanied Count Steinheil, who, with a force of fiftotMi thou- sand men, was marcliinji to join Wittgonsiein at rulotzk. Before this could be ellV^cted , Steinheil wu FnrpriMd br m verj inferior : French detachmeiit, and utterly routed with i the loss of some two thousand men killed or taken prisoners. A mongtheie latter was Wil- loughby, who had put a wounded Russian . on his own horne. and was himself leading it when he fell into the hands of a party \ judge, was the son of a Richard de Willoughby who acted as justice in eyre \Vi Hough by 4" Wi Hough by I I ider UdwBfd IT, and purchased the manors Wollntun in Nnttioghsmshire niid liisley Derbyahiiv. The original aaaui cif the hmilj w&s Bugge. They tonk the name of Willou^hby from their lordship of t.h«t name h) NoiriDghamithire. In 1824 the younger Richard was substituted for his father ab knight of the shire for that county, and was about the sainu time appointed chief justice of the common pleaa in Ireland (Pari. Writ*, 306. 312, 314 ; Cal. Rot. Pat. pp. 78, 94, 97), He is mentioned as one of tne justices feppotnted for the trial of the persons who bad spoiled Ilenry le Deepensur's lands in 1322 {Pari. Writi. ii. ISU). On the accea- siaii of Edward HI he waa removed from litt office and appears in the yeHr-book of the first year of that reign as an advocate. On 6 March 1328 be was made a justice of the common ^leas, and on 3 .Sept. 1329 became second justice. On 15 Dec. 1330 he waa removed into the court of king's bench ; and when Geoffrey le Scrope [q.v.l, the chief justice, went abroad with the King, Willoughby occupied the chief seat during his absence, at different times from 1332, till Geoffrey ie Scrope ultimately resigned in the middle of 1338. From this time he presided in the court until he was displaced on 24 July 1340 (Foes). In 1331 he was captured journeying towarda Grantham bv a certain Richard de Folville, and compelled to pay a ransom of ninety marks (Kkibhton, i. 4'60l. In No- Tember 1340 he was arrested by order of the hing, and imprisoned in Corfe Castle {French Chronicle of London, p. 84). He WKt tried on several charj^a at Westminster on 13 Jan. (Si. p. 87). But he was restored to office as one of the justices of the com- mon pleas on 9 Oct. following, and continued to hold the office of judge till 1357, but pro- bably retired in that year (DusDiLE, Originet :JiirulunaIft,f.4&). Jle died in 13(12. His Rctensive estates were situated in the coun- ties of Nottingham, Derby, and Lincoln, but he also had a house in London in ' le Balj ' itCat. Inq. pott niartfm, ii. ^56), He married, ■ttret, Isabel, daughter of Sir Roger Mortein ; Ifecondly, Joanna; and thirdly, Isabellu, and ludsevernl children. Later members of the Uknilf were Sir Hugh Willoughby fq. v.], ■Sir hesbit Josiah Willoughby [(]- v.], and icis Willughby, the naturjist [q. v.] 'oss'a Judges of EafrluDd, and authorities WILLOUGHBY, Sir liOBERT, first BABOirWiiLoifOKBYDE Broke (14o2-1502), born in 1452, was son and heir of Sir John Willoughby, und great-great-grandson of Robert, fourth baron Willoughby de Eresby Id.nW). His father wasprubably the John Willoughby who was abenff of Somerset i 1455. The ancestral seat was at Clutton J that county, where Sir Robert afterwards acquired other estates. His mother waa Anne, daughter and coheir of tjir Edmund Cheney or Cheynu of Broke, Wiltshire, and U p-Ottery, Devonshire. In or before 1475 he married Blanche, daughter and coheir of Sir JohnChampemowneof Beer Ferrers, Devon- shire, and Callinglon. Cornwall. Through her he became possessed of the Beer Ferrers eslate. His mother died in or before 147S, in which year he was found to be cousin and coheir, in her right, of Humphrey Statford, earl of Devon [q. v,] His mother's family were strong Lancastrians, and Willoughby joined them as one of the leaders in the abortive rising of lienry Stafford, second duke of Buckingham [q. t.], in October 1483. After the dispersion of the insurgents "Willoughby, with three of the Cheneys, escaped to Brittany (Polvdorh Vbroil, p. /OO), where they joined Henry Tudor, earl of Richmond (lienry VII). An act of attainder was immedialety passed, in which Willoughby is described as ' late of Byerferrys, knight' (Rot. Pari. vi. 246). Probably under a gf^nt following on thia act, Humphrey Stafford of Grafton eeited "Willoughby's estates [see under Stafford, HuHFKBEr, Earl of Dgton]. Willoughby doubtless returned with Rich- mond when he landed at Milford on 7 Aug. 1485. He is mentioned by the 'Croylaiid Continuator' (p. 574) among the fourteen leading generals of Richmond s army at Bos- worth. Immediately after the victory Henry detached him from the main army to march irom Leicester to Sheriff Ilutton in York- shire, and seiie the person of Edward, earl of Warwick, son of George, duke of Clarence, and nephew of Edward IV, and his cousin, the IVincess Eliiabetb, who hud both been imprisoned there by Richard III. Sheriff Ilutton apparently surrendered without re- aistsnce, and W^illoughby marched with Warwick to London (Poltdokb Vbkoil, p. 718). On 21 Sept. in the same year Willoughby was granted the receivership of the duchy of Cornwall and the office of steward of all manner of mines in Devonshire and Com- ws!l in which there was any proportion of gold or silver. He waa appointed high steward of the household preporatory to Henry VH's coronation on 30 Oct. (Camp- bell, Mat. ii. 3, &c.) Parliament met on 7 Nov, 1485, and at once repealed Ri- chard IH'b act of attainder against WU- 1 I W'illoughby 42 Willoughby liiiinhbv niul olluT Lanoastrian^ {,Kot. Pari. [ as his enfoy to Brittany. Willoughby's in- VI. '.MO. nuiupU(\\v ScatVord was ate dinted, structions were to promise aid against the lull III* UuvIh wi^n^ o\i»mpi«\i t'wux torteiturv French if the duchess would refuse the III I ho ^l^»wu. niul WiUoiuhby, who apjwars French kinir's proposals. Willoughby was Id !m\o mouihI I horn v>n h-.s lu'irvh to Sa.-, riaf- at the s^me time (It) July 1490) appointed llultnu, ivuuunI thi'm ill ivAvViuI iKVssts- iiniLral of the fleet iRtmer, Fadera, xii. *•»"" 4.V»'. and left Enirland on 18 Aug. (Mk- \\ »lU»»i^hby IS tipst sryU^s * k-.i^li: :;r -he ckai>.\ J umaK p. il2>, at the head of a k»iu:'« IkhV» ' '»n a »:rH*',t dauv* 'J',* LVc. L4^'« ti:."i?acd arv'hers. whom he threw into the ^r^M»tu:i I . M tf, J. -o. 4^o ^.. ^.^^ . .^^ ,.• M,,-:aix. Qn 21 .-^ept. he had audi- iil«» ?r.r5S 'this dijilomacv was proved Ili'ii'M \\oy»'^:t!... >s-:uci-v.\ •:;.-.'.:-'. :y :y :ir=:4Tr.,i:?rO!::heduohesstoCharle3VllI l.«li'«. U'i\l 'ouv'-i.v i;. ;.. ^ ^-^v: 'z f .- :c tIit I 11 .' wLnj '-* IW.. and the iucorpora- «m1 J u'l i?u' -vn: -. .■»!,• i i-:^:'> ;•:■ .r.::.".! -r ":> :i :: tir." Tiny with France. .vv«'T.M», I/, ^ :- ^,. ;*■ ^^7, -if A* i r:-«"iri ::r hi? s^-rvices Willoughby \ » t». M . p. ; : N. T^ ^^.j^ ..,.»:• ,..j4 „ -;. ,.^ ^j^i -_z::r -ztI : :■ pArliament by writ dated I,..)... ''!»■ '».. ..,.^ \ ■•; - \-..l-:- "■■..■.i 1_ A ^ -: Ii^-rr VII I Us*l^;' (see *Crea- I'x ' ' • «l i.;tv 1 ■■ t. ■•.":..: .7. :.:? :. ■.■.*. Iv**"-*:-*'" :r. hep.- Keeper Public ^ . »■ I 'i r <''.\ .1 : • v< ■." \ ■ -4. z; ■-':.• r -*."-•••■. At^; 47:1'. Ke:». ; other authorities •' '» ■ ' * "' ^*^ . *"»'' « . • : ■ :4t.::".r : :V>- ^■. • li A:^ I«--"- . Ti-e defeat ofllenrv's ^^ »..» i... -L..'- Lzi .!> ri^Txu'ementa with the I' »■ " . •■^■'»' *. ^\ '.,>*■. ' Lr :ri:-^ ::' y_:iTH.r.-: '^. n — ' i-- :> whom Anne had K "' •" ' '- <•*■' v.«.-)L ': ;.'>::r:.: izr. : >•->—.■■; it^i. 3: r»rllrd him to an invasion I ■ • * ■ ■ ' .••".*••.-■;;:- -vl - . W .. : i :. . -v . • : ;' tlt- :v . *»V „ . .- ^liby was relieved of ».i I . .« *"aI .■ .«..:.: -.. .s?*--^> :> .-. :_l- l.-'t^lI .-•■ =:T:.t 7- i. ::'■!! r ::■—:. th-Migh retained ^ II. M \ ^^'\vv^!... V - . T*> •■ ::.->■ .7. :..* :-^:t l? iir:_rtl ±r.i nominated mar- , ..k- . '.•«.*'» ./■....:,:: t7 -J-'. .:-i.7 L ?■:.«_. :c :if ltzlj. Tbv campaign was ^ ..» •«. ,v. , *\ A'.'..-.. 1^^ :y ll-.-ryXlZ *:. r A 7. ^-L^.-.x'tf*?:.:! *ir-re was laid to ^ • ^ ^V\ V,*.. .i>" i: xri.> tTTi .:.■.:•! 2. :■•• ..;«:i'T. L7.I :i -' N v. a treaty of peace ^ ..u.»» ■' .^■. .- .': j.x>.;: :. r 1»-. -. --:. "■. lt :. vl* r^r-i*:, i.: 5I.-tTlr-*. i :.^rmal request to y . .»\\ «.. V ' • •■' :•:.:.,• -;.-.r.f :!»:--.- z':.l' • f«:* :.L-'.r^ r^-fT. niie to Henry by I.. ..^ : *> >,:;.>-• N.v ' :j A: : t ■. *:.- - .M.-r ;-;.nnLr. l-rs 1 Nov. 1492, t A. ^ ^». ,i.t. U' :.-•.. V :-. : :it 7 -."-•vi.. 7 -r^ r 'ir: ::V.:»izr IS Feb. Wil- .., !.. 1...*.^.!.;. ; NN .,....*;: :x >:-.=->:. l'- 1 ^; :-^ -^•>.^-'i & *-tj:i": 0: the office of tu « :. ■"' i.i.';'-« '.>>■'.'.*. ; i^", i-t . 7." 1.7 Vi .^-- <«:7r>. :.l1 ;■ ";.-^ "l7:->.- W 11: ^liine belonging l„i, \\ .iiH!.4.\ L.xr:^..;.-..-. ;:■ i: ■:!■. v*:.: - 1.-; r* :c **Vtrx.yi and Salisbury li. . I. Ml.' »l. -,..!«•„ :.> :i..»:-: ^V ...;..:- J - _•: > -^r::: v;i. ^', ii. m. ISV At , I 1 1 . . «, « u .■ V * ' ^ • -^ »'■*•■ •• --'^■* -•'' •>*-:•■- • " i '• ■ " * ■ • '^^ ~ • * - ■ . * -T r X ic: date being . • l«. . n'*> 7-iiL7. -iT.. L- "WL* ~Lif £ iTli^ht of the \, ill. -»ui.' ..'.*.* ^^ ■ ...::":v -i-?.* «:- -;.-- "i^:— ^i-f T=r*:>T-- i* l;ri steward on . i.i..i.u;\j.vx.,s'...: . : v.-.v :> .:l-.:^ 1 N i 1*-^ ->;./- Vt.z^t HrrjyiHenr>' Im .li. ,.M».\i..* .-. > ■ ^ .' -^ : '^^ >. Vlll T>-,.s ,"MTr..-. Iv.i- :: Y:rk. and took \\ ^ ,1 AwA \\'\ \yy . *: " ■' ^- ■ ="^- ■'"'■ " "-■ ^•-'"T" •- -' /i^'-ir.r.eof Arragon , ii.i>u(«^. ^^.* ... . ■■'■■ . >■ ■ • " ■ "'* ■ - v.f.TXs.--.. :..?::'> .:-;! Pajiers/i. i. II <• .,^«|s». .■ '.^ ■•' ^ « > - ; V* ^' ." >T.;.\-r77.Tl:y=:r:::wa5again5t t i- w.. ».« 1.1.1 .\.''v"."^" ■■ •• -^ . V -i ' *'^ }.-:••:•'*:..■ Iv-i-ilz Cornwall on f ■ I » '» . . % > ;•• V ^ -1 ■ S - ■ ^ * *»^ ."t- 7.t-«-s irrivrd that he J ,1,, ,u..„ ,...; ■ . . x» - - .• -^ .<•-•■:--- ::t .--.!.>: -k-.:'- a few ships, ,.,,.. s\u .'. - * .' ^ ..«»'.■ V* ., :- .., i-^.-.T-Ll. "^ i command of \\ ' |,,li. .n.,l/«. 1 ■ -^ \ ' -. ". • ■ -►■ w-^ "->.■- il" . Hr took part ,, , ,. .,, ,1.. »x.,. . .-. •» V ..." - - . . :a::t7 i irw days later )..u \ r- « \ ■ ^ . ■ X - , . ,. , ) ^^.^ . - * * ^ ^ .... - ^,v ■ . 7^ :■. : :.-• rx/i-rier in 1507 ..l. I, .,1.1 v- ' •'■ ' ^ ^ "^ ■ ■-■ ■-' ■•»^ Ml-- -:^'-by's death „i ,,» ,1, XV .. --^ , t .V • . ., ■». , ':> 11. •.•. io llr^n. VII, II , M ...X .. V V V -^ . > -'■..1. .:i:'r'i 19 Aug., ,, . ,. J.,.., I .... ^ ^- "-^ :■■'■; IV-:. Hr 1-fi a s*in ■ , ^.,„. 1.,.!. .:..-.».■. >•!.-', >:c.r..l bar>n W il- I'j".,., ^ III ||. ;.. ,.,.,:., .: W ' .>■*-« • .X '■ >•. * ».r,A i. i.i.;-^i:er Elizabtrth, Wills dh) John, lord UfDhain. Onltobert's utDiii in 1522,without8un'ivin2 male issue, iliB baroDV fell into nbeyanop betwepn the two daughters of liia son Edn'nnl : Eliza- betfa, wife of Sir Fulke Orerille [see under (iREtiLLE, Sir Fdleb, first Lokd Bkookg], and Blanch, wife of Sir FranoiB Dawtrey. \ descendant of the elder daughter, Richard \'eniey, aucceBsfully claimed the barony in lt(Q6 [eee Vebket, liicHAKO, third BiROS WlLLOCHHBI DE BBOKB]. { BisUiria: Crojtaiidi'aBiB CoaUnualin in Gale's Sifriplnr^ (Oifard. IS84). pp. 1&1-B78 ; Poly- liom Vor(>il"« Historia Aoulica (ed. Leydva, 1651); U«irsChroii.lS09: Machado's Jouroala ia Oairdocr's Memoriola of Henry VII (RoIIh tia. ISeS); Patent Bolls of UcDtjVU, KS. R.O,; HjmeT«F«dera(ed.I741); Rotuli Par- lianiBnlorum. vol. Ti. ; Gairdnar's LcttFm and F*pnt uf Richard 111 nnd Henry VII (2 vols. 1881); Campbeira MatariuU for ft Hint, of H»nry VII (2 vols. 1873); Bncna's Hist of Btnrj VII. ed. Ellis and Spalding, I8fi8 ; Worka, to), ti.; AihmoU's Order of ihe Qartor, 1^72; AESlia's Begiater of the Garter, 3 vols. 1724; Btlii'a Order of the Garter, ISIt ; CallinBou'a Kim. of tkimMwt. 3 TOla. 1791; LpAos'a MiifEDA Britajinia, toI. vi. ' DaroDshlra' (18^2); Kiadnn'g Survey of Deronahire. 1811; Uoure'a SlMiorn Wiluhire. vol iv. ; Cullina's PooragP, Ed. lirrdgEa, 1812, rol. vi. ; G. E. C[oknyne]'s Complelfl PfirugB. 18S8; Buacb^B Konig Hein. rich VII (Staltgart. 1892).j I. S. L. WILLS, SiB CHAJiLES (1666-1741), freoeral, goa of Anthony Wills of St. Uorran, Cornwall, by ' Jenofer ' (Guinevere), his wife, was baptised at St. Oomin on 2S Oct. 1666 (ParuA KegitUri. Hia father, whose Cimilv had been aetlled in Cornwall since «vlj in the aiiteenth century, farmed his own land, and, having encumbered Iiis e«t&t« with debtc, quitted the same at the revolution and oU'ered his ser- vices and those of six of hia eons to the IVince of Orange, who, it is said, gave tliem iJl commisiions {Paroehial Hint, of Gini- tcatt, pp. II, 101). Charles Wills appears \a have been appointed a subaltern in Colonel Thomas Erie's foot ret^iment (dis- banded in 10»8), with which corps he Berred in the Irish campaign. On I July 1091 he was appointed cuptain in the regi- ment known as the 10th foot, tUe colonelcy of which had been bestowed on Erie on 1 Jan. 1691. Wills served several campaigns in FUnders, including the battle of Landen. (In ti Nov. 1694 he was appointed major to Colonel Thomas Saunderson's foot regiment, and on I May 1697 was promoted lieute- nant-colonel. A few months later Saunder- •on's foot was disbanded and the officers placed on half-pay. On the Ibrmstion of 3 Wills Viflcount Charlemont's foot regiment in Ire- land (:>8 June 1701). Wilts was appointed to the lieutenant-col (inelcy, and in the fol- lowing spring embarked with his corps for Cadis. Thence Charlemont's regiment was sent to the West Indies, where Wills gained distinc- tion in theislsndofOuadeloune, and several towns were burnt ofler the French troop* had been defeated. In the action st La BayliiTe ' Colonel Wills behaved himself with great bravery' (London Gazette, 10 May 1703. He succeeded to the command of the troops on shore in April 1703; and, aRer burning and destroviug the French towns and fortificatioDs along the coast, he em- barked his troops on board the squadron on 7 May 1 TOS, bringing away all the captured French guns. After losing many otticers and men in the West Indies, Charlemont's regiment (36th foot) returned to Ireland in the winter of 1703-4. In 1705 Wills accompanied the Earl of Peterborough to Spain as quartermasler- ffeneral, and served almost unintemiptedlT in tbu Peninsula until December 1710. iTe was at the tokin? of Barcelona on 4 Oct, 1705, and nine doya later was appointed colonel of a regiment of marines (%th foot), vice Thomas Fownall. Wills was subsequently second in command in the district of Lerida, and rendered valu- able service in the important action at San Estevan, where be commanded after Majoi^ general Conyngham was inortall;y wounded (26 Jan. 1706); again distinguished him- self at (he defence of the town of Lerida, n-liicli capitulated after an obstinate de- fence ; was appointed a brigadier-general on IJan. 1707; commandt-d 1,500 marines and a Spanish regiment in Sardinia (170S), and reduced Cagliari. He was promoted major- general on 1 Jim. 1709, and appointed com- mander-in-chief of the forces on board Ad- miral Baker's fleet on 17 June in the same W'ills fought at Almcnaro in 1710, and commanded an infantry brigade at the battle of Sarogossa. He was thereupon recom- mended to Queen Annu for promotion to thegrade of lieutenant-genera! lAforWoroHiiA Dfi^tchm, T. 168), which rank had been already conferred on him in Spain by Charles HI, the titular king. In the unfor- tunate action at Brihuega on 1 Dec. 1710, Wills earned fresh laurels, and was men- tioned in General Stanhope's despatches as having been ' during the action at thu post which WB3 attacked with most vigour and which he as resolutely defended.' After sufiering a rigorous imprisonment of some I I months, \\'illa was allowed to return to EnKltiiid. When Preston was taken by the Jacobite forces in 1715, Witlg, wlio was then com- manding in Cheshire, asBcmbled his troops at Manchester, and then marched to Wiran, where be arrived on 11 Nov. He had at , hii disposal Che uavair; regimentB of PitI, | Wynne, Honeywood, Dormer, Munden, and ^ Stanhope, and Preston's foot reifiment. At WigBn Wills received intelligence thit Lieutenant-(feneral George Carpenter [<]■ v.l was ndvanciDg from Durham by forced marches with about nine hundred cavalrv, and would be ready to take the enemy in flank. Early on 12 Nov. Wills marched towards Preston, and at one in the after- noon he arrived at the bridge over the Ribble, and found thereabout three hundred of the rebel horse and foot who upon the approach of the royal troops withdrew hastily into the town, where barricades had been erected. On coming before Preston a reconnaissance was made by Wills in pet^ Eon, and, in consequence of his party bein? fired upon and two men killed, lie ordered an immediate assault by Preston's foot regiment, which corps behaved with ^reat hrayerr. At the anme time Wills ordered the whole town to be surrounded, to the right and left, by the cavalry. The rebels, being well posted behind the barricades, in- flicted great loss on Preston's regiment (the Cameroniana), which was commanded by Lieutenant-colonel Lord Forester. After two barricades had been gallantly charged, and the troops repulsed with equal courage. Wills drew offhismon, and, all the avenues to the town having been effect ual I v secured, the cavalry were ordered to stand at their horses' heads all that night. At nine o'clock next morning General Carpealer arrived with three dragoon regiments. The rebela witnessed the arrival of the reinforcements from the church steeple, and, losing heart, their commander was anxious to capitulate. ' Unconditional surrender ' were the only terms that Carpenter and Wills would give, and after stormy debates within the be- leaguered town the rebels laid down their arms and sLirrendered ne.it morning [see FoBSTEJt. Thohas, 1675P-1738i and Ox- BXTRQH, HeNBI]. A good deal of friction occurred between Carpenter and Wills on this occasion, the former being the senior officer, and it ■was increased by George I bestowing the rank of lieutenant-general on Wills directly news of the surrender of the rebels at Preston reached London, no notice being tlien talcen of Carpenter's share in the success. In .lanuary 1716 Carpenter sent achallengr by General Churchill to Wills (Li/e >^ Geoiye, Lord Carpmtrr), but the duel was honourably compromised by the generous intervention of tlie Dukes of Marlborough and Montagu. Wills was appointed colonel of Ibo 3rd foot on 5 Jan. 1716, governor of Portsmouth 1717, lieutenant- general of the ordnance on 22 April 1718, R.B. on 17 June 1725, colonel of the grenadier guards on 20 Aug. 1726, general commanding the foot in 1739, M.P. for Totnes (17U~41), and one of George I's privy council. Wills died unmarried in London on 3-5 Dec. 1741, and was interred in Westminster Ab- bey ; there is a memorial inscription in the Guards' Chapel, Westminster). It appears from the 'Political State of reat Britain' for September 1726 that there was an intention, unrealised owing to 'ge I'a (loath, of creating Wills a peer with the title of Baron Preston. With the — ^eptiou of a few legacies and an annuity of 200/. per annum to his nephew Kichard Wills, Sir Charles bequeathed all his for- tune, which was a very considerable one, to his executor, General Sir Kobert Rich, bart. This will was unsuccessfully contested by Sir llichard Wills in the probate court. ijohn Burcht^tt's Hist, of thp most remork- e Transflctiona at Sea ; Life of George Locd Carpuater; Dulboo's Eagllah Army Lista, iflCI- ITU, V'll. hi. ; Dr. John Friend's Xcmoir of tha E«rlof PeterimroughiGeorgiaQEfB; Hamilton's Hist, of the Grenadier Guards i Hist. MS3. Comm. nth Sep. App. pt. iv., wherein an socrral letters rebiting to Freston Sght. ITlf; London Qaxeltcs, eapraially those far 10 Uaj 1T03 and 4 Oct, 1708; Bayer's Queen Anat, 1736, pp. 2fli, 418, 48S; Lord Mahon's War of the Succei«ioa in Spain ; Parochial Hist. o( Comwnll, vol. ii,; Rapin's Hist, of EngUnd; VisiUUons of Cornwall, ed. Vivian (ISBT), which coutaia a pndigroe of the Willa fandty dmwnupby theltev. J.V.Wms; Warburtan's Memoir uf the Earl of Pet^rboroogh ; RegisM™ of Westminster Abbey.] C. D-m. WILLS, JAMES (1790-1808), poet and man of letters, born on 1 Jan. 1790, was Uie younger son of Thomas Wills of WilUgrove, CO. Roscommon, a country gentleman be- longing to afamily of Comish extraction long settled in Ireland, who had married as his second wife a daughter of Captain Jamea Browne of Moyne, co. Itoscommon. Ue re- ceived his education at Dr. Millers achool at Blockrock, CO. Dublin, and from privat« tutors. lie entered at Trinity Collie, Dub- lin, on 1 Nov. 1809, taking a high place at entrance. During his university career h* formed ooe of b brilliant circle of undergra- duates, which included Charles Wolfe [q.v.], John Sjdnej Taylor fq. v.], John Analer fu. T.], and Samuel O'SuUiTan [see under XySVLUVis, MusTiitEBl. He inherit«d aa joint'heir with his brother a very consider- kble eatsle, which came into bb family through his mother; and in enrlv manhood waa in very easy circumstances. &ut shortly niter leaving tlie university the improvidence of the elder brother, who managed to squan- der the property of both, left the younger with very slender resources, and W ills Wft3 obliged to abandon the notion be had formed of embracing the profession of the bar, though be had taken the first steps towards getting called, and hod entered at ihe Middle Temple in 18il. Returning to Ireland, Wills spent several years at Bny.in the neighbourhood of Dublin, BngBged in desultory literary pursuits, and wrote many of his subseauentir published poems at tills period. Here also he met Ctiarlea Itobert Maturin [q. v.], and wrote hiswell-knownnoen), 'The Universe.'which wu published by, and long attributed to, Maturin, and the authorship of which was long B subject of literary controversy (cf. Netet and Queries, Bth ser. iii. -JO. 172. 240, 280,340; Dublin Unti: Mag. October 1875; Jrith Quarterly Eecieic, March 1852). For thia poem, which is now proved to have been entirely the composition of Wills, Ma- turin received 500/. from Colbum. In 1H22 Wills married Katbertne, daugh- ter of the Rev. W. Gorman, niece of Chief- justice Charles Kendal Bushe [q. v.], and graudniece of Sir John Doj'ie [q.v.j He took orders on bis marriage in the expecta- tion of receiving a presentation to a crown living through the chief justice, a hope which was defeated through a change of government. From the date of his marriage until 1638 he resided in Dublin. In 1831 he published ' The Disembodied, and other Poems,' in Dublin, and became a constant contributor to 'Blackwood's Maga- zine,' the 'Dublin University Magazine,' the 'Dublin Penny Journal,' and other period! ' , To the 'Dublin University Magazine, connection with which originated in a iriew of George O'Brien's criticism of ie's 'Round Towers' [see O'Bbibh, kt], he wns one of the earliest contri- TS; and later in his career he waa asso- it«d with Cicaar Otway Jq. v.] in founding e ' Iriali Quarterly' Review.' In 1835 he ^ iblished the ' Philosophy of Unbelief,' a "work which was afterwards republished, and which acquired considerable popularity in America, Wills combined with a strong imarkable aptitude , is. Of several ess , read by bim before the Royal Irish Academy, nthe 'Spontaneous Association of Ideas' said by Archbishop Richard \\'hateiy [cj. v.] to overturn Dugald Stewart's theory oil the same subject. In 1835 Wills was nominated to the sinecure curacy of Suir- ville, CO. Kilkenny, of which parish he was appointed vicar in 1846. In 1849 he was further advanced to the living of Kilmacow in the same county, and ultimately, in 1860, to that of Attanaeh in co. Kilkenny. In 1845 Wills published ' Drain ntic Sketches and other Poems,' which were followed iu 1 S46 by ■ Moral and Religious Epistles.' But his most important literaiy venture was the valuable biographical work known as ' Lives of Illustrious and Distinguished Irishman,' of which the first volumes were published in 1839 and 1840. Thiswork, which was com- pleted in 1847 and forwhich its author re- ceived 1,000/., aims at giving a history of Ire- land in a series of biographies ranging from the earliest to the most modem times, and is divided into six periods, to each of which Wills prefixed a valuable historical intro- duction. It was reissued subsequently under the title of ' The Irish Nation,' the con- cluding volumes of the revised edition ap- pearing after the author's death, under tne editorship of his son, Mr, Freeman Wills. The work has been accorded by a very com- Citent authority, John Thomas (afterwards ard-ebancellor) Ball, in the 'Dublin Uni- versity Magoiine,' the praise of ' great re- search, patient investigation, and sound iudg- naent, free alike from sectarian and political prejudices,' and as ' the most elaborate and the most complete record of the history and biography of Ireland as yet (1847) given to the Inali public' The book is, however, very deficient in point of style and arrange- ment, and, like all works of reference on so large a scale by a single hand, is In parts perfunctory. Wills was appointed Donellan lecturerin tbe university of Dublin for 1856-6, and delivered a course of sermons, published in 1860 under the title of 'Lectures on the Antecedent Probability of the Christian Re- ligion.' Healso edited Chief-justice Bushe'a posthumously published ' Summary View of the Evidences of Christiauitv.' In 1868, shortly before his death, he published 'TTie Idolatress, and other Poems,' which, like the ' Dramatic Sketches ' of an earlier date, was a collection of scattered contributions various periodicals. His verae is not with- out merit ; the shorter pieces breathe a strong spirit of Irish patriotism of the best kind ; I I I J W Wills < and atitramis IrUh nationalist ia said tohave embraced thfold cler^man on lt'ftrniiiBtl>at he was the aulhor of ' 'The MinBtrel's Walh.' He died at Attanagli in November IWS. Wills was aa iiuusually brilliant conver- aationlst, and some of hiS more ambitious poems show much of the dramatic power wliich descended to bis son, William Gorman Wills [q. v.] [Webb's Compendium; Dublio Unirersity Masuine; W.G. Wills, Drammiet and Painter, by FrBcmanWilla ; Iriab Quartcrljlteviov, March 18S2; Alii bonu'H Dirt, of Engl. Lit.: Todd's Oro- diMtes of Dublin UniTereilj: Burke's Land.«d Gentry ; Brooks's UecolleetionB of the Irish Church. 2nd ser.] C. L. F. WILLS, JOHN (1741-1806), benefactor of Wadbaro Colle(fe, Oxford, the only son of John WillsofSHaborough, Somerset, was bom B.C Seaborough in 17-11. He matriculated from Hertford College, Oxford, on 18 March 1758, aged 17, graduated B.A. in 1761, be- coming a follow of the society in 176.1. In the some year be proceeded nf.A. He w^s preferred to the college rectory of Tyd St. Mary in 1778, and in 1779 was presented to the rectory of Seaborough by Adam Martin; five years later he rebuilt the par^ionage of liignative village. W'illswaselected fifteenth warden of Wadham College on 7 July 1783, in succession to Dr. James Gerard. He took the d^ree of D.D. in the same year, and tLe office of vice-chancellor devolved u]ion him ia 179^. After an uneventful headship he died at Wadham on 16 June 1806, aged 05. In Wills Wadham found its grentest bene- factor since ita foundation. He left 400/. a year to augment the warden's stipend, at tbo same time bequeathing his books and furni- i ture to his successor, Dr. William Touma.y. | He left 1,000/. to improve the warden's lodgings : two exhibitions of lOOf. each an- ! nually to two fellows of the coll^, students | of law and physic ; two schotarBhipB of 20/. each for the same faculties; stipends of thirty guineas yearly for a divinity lecturer and preacher, and annuities of 76/. and 50/. | to superannuated fellows, besides a reoditiB ' prize and minor benefactions. He alio left an estate at Tyd St. Giles, worth about 150/. per annum, to the v ice-chance i lor for the tine being, ' in aid of the great burthen* of his olfice I ' 100/. per annum to the senior \ Bodleian librarian : 100/, per annum to tbe , theatre, and 100/. per annum to the Oxford Infirmary. After some private bequests ho made the residue of his estate over to the college for the purchase of livings. Owing to Willa's liberality the Wadham gardens reached their present eitent, the parterres ■nd clipped yews and statuettes of Dr. Wills Wi]kina'8time,Bs described hv .John Evclvn, giving plope to the ' romantic * garden de- igned by Shipley. Thf portrait of Wilb " >Tronr~ *' ''"" ""■ **''"-*' [Jackson's Wailbam College, pp. 121. 147, 181, 187, 216; Gent. JUg. 1806, i. SS9-80 ; Fosters Alumni Oion. 1715-1886.] T. S. WILIS, RICHAnD (/. 1558-1573), author. [See Wieles.] WILLS, THOMAS (1740-1802), evan- gloa-justa-Camelford), who married Mmt Spry. Tbe mother and twio-alstpr, both of whom were buried in Truro church, died at his birth, The father died a year or tiro later, and was also buried there. The two surviving sons were adopted fay the eldHt aunt, Lucy Spry of Truro, who died in 17BB, leaving most of her fortune to Thomas. Tbe elder boy. John Wills (d. 11 Oct. 17U4), be- came a lleuti^nant in the navy uniltir fait relative. Admiral Spry. The younger son, after his aunt's death, was piit under the care of her brother-in-law, Tliorans Michell of Croft West, near Truro, and placed at Truro grnmmar sch'iol, where he attended the ministry of Samuel Walker [l. v.] Wills matriculated ^m Magdalea Hall, Oxford, on 28 Itlarch 1757, and graduated B.A. 11 Dec. 1780. While at the university he became friendly with Thomas Hawels [q. v.], a brother Coniisbman and pupil at Truro si-hool, and was numbered among his religious associates. He was ordained dea- con by the bishop of l.lxford in 1702, and priest by the bishopof Exeter on Trinity Sun- day 1764. In 17^ he was appointed tothe curacy of Perraniabuloe and St. Agnea, two parielicB on the north coast of Cornvrall, of which James Walker, a brother of Samuel Walker, was vicar. His connection with Peiranzabuloe ceased in 17B'), I>ut he re- mained at St. Agnes until January 177**. In the autumn of 1772 Wills made tbe of the Countess of Iluntini^aa Intheauti city, and on 6 Oct. 1774 he married Selina Margaretta, third daughter of the Itev. Gran- ville Wheler of Otterden Place, near FaveP- sham, Kent, by his wife, Lady Catherine Maria Hastings, Lady Huntingdon, his wife's aunt, viaited them at St. Agnes in the autumn of 1775, and established her chapels In Cornwall. \\'ill8 was appointed 47 Wills chaplain in Januarv 177S, andtbereupon jmeJ hia curacy. _, Wills neit proceeded to Ladv niinting- "don's cotleife at Trevecca, and then to BriKU- ton. For hie irrcffular conduct in preaching U the S^ Fields chapet in 17S1 hn wus served with & citation ov the Rev, William Sellon of St. James's, Clerkenwell. Next year he took the oath of allegiance as a dia- seutinc minister, Sni was appointed mini- ater of Spa Field* chnpel. He officiiited there and in the several chnpela of I-ady Huiitingdon's connexion throughout Eng- land forseTeralyeai-s, Bndon9 March 1783 be and another minister held ' the priisarj (Hdination' of Ijidy HuntinRdouB con- nexion in Spa Fields chapel. Ue took tem- porary leave of thatcongreeation on 12 Au)f. 17^. DiOerences ensued between him and Lady Huntingdon, and he did not miniater "■"* »agBinmitil30Marchl788. Hepreached 'net sermon in the chapel on July 1788, a few days liter was dismissed by her. After preacbtng occasionally at Surrey cliapel and elsewhere Wills was enffaged by the propiietorg of Dr. Peckwell's chapel, in tlie Great Almonry at Westminster, and alao by those of Orange Street chapel, Leicester Square, to officiate in their re- (pectiTe buildings. The chapel at Silver ^leet, near Aldersgate Street, waa let to him firom Michaelmas 1789 for a lecture on Thursday evenings, and at the following Christmas he took the building on lease. Its interior was then altered, and the liturgy of the Engliflh church, an organ, and the hymns of the Countess of Ilnnlingdon were introduced. He ceased in 1789 to preach in Orange Street chapel, and in 1701 he vaie up Westminster chapel ; but tn 17t).^ he began preaching in lalington chapl. Tbera and at Silver Street chapel he re- matned preaching the doctrines of Calvini.im ■with anabated popularity for several years. About 1797 his congregation dwindled, through the popularity of an Antinomian preacher in Grub Street, and his own health began to decline. His mental faculties nve way, and in 1700 a stroke of paralysis incapacitated him from prencliing. lie look leave of his congrcBnti"" nt Silver Street on 28 Feb. 1800. and retired to Boakenna in the parish of St. llurvjin. dimwall, the seat of James Paynter. ITe dii-d there on 12 May 1602, and was buried on the north side of Bury an churchyard in a vaulted grave which he had constructed for himself and hia wife. A monument to his memory was placed in the church by his widow, who died at Boskenna on 3 April 1814. Aa a popular preacher Wills was second only to George Whitefield, and hia preaching ia the open air, especially on Tower Hill, attracted great crowds, lie was the author of ; 1 , ' Aemarka on Polygamy Madan's " ThelyphthoraV" 1781. 2. 'Au- theutic Narrative of the Primary Ordination in Ladv Huntingdon's Chapel, 9 March 1788;' 2nd e^. 178(1. 3. ' The Spiritual Register.' 171*1-95,3 vols.; he bad previously sent some of the cases (o the 'Prolestajit Magazine.' 4. 'A Farewell Address lo the Oouiitess of Huntingdon's Chapels, and especially Spa Fields,' 1788. He also published some singltt sermons, and edited several religious works, including 'Letters from the late I!ev. William Romaine to a Friend,' which passed through many editions. A portrait, by Sir Thomas Iiawrenco, of Wills was engraved by H, It, Cook, and on a larger scale by Fittler. A print of him, drawn and engraved by Ooldar, is prefijted to the 'Spiritual Register' and the 'New Spiritual MagBKJne,' vol. i. Another print, by Hidley. published by T. Chapman on 1 May 17M, is ia the 'Evangelical Maga- [MtmoifortliBBev.T.Willa,bya£riend,ien4: Life lit the Countess of Huntingdon,!, 310, 3U3- 331, ii, S3-0, 76. 203-4,310-18,414-33,479-81 ; Lifa of S. E. Pierce, pp. 59-92, B2-B; Wilson's DiBBPQtbg ChnrrheB, iii, 116-23: Nelson's Islington, pp. 273-S : Bennett's Silver Street Church, pp. 21-2; Foster's Alnmni Oron. : Gent. UHg. 1774 p. 494, 1S03 i. S8A, ISU i. ^IH; Parochial Hist . of Cornwall, i. 162; Boaie and Counnoy's Bibl. Comub. ii. 890-1 ; Wlll- cocks'a Spa Fields Cbipul, pp 34, 38.1 W. P. C. WILLS, WILLIAM OORMAN (1828- IPiH), dramatist, son of James Wills [q. v.], was bom Bt Blackwell Lodge, Kilmurry, on 28 Jan. 1838. He was educated at Water- ford grammar school under Dr. Price, and at Trinity College, Dublin, where he entered on 6 Nov. 1845. hia college tutor being Dr. Frank Sadleir [q.v.] lie did not proceed to a degree, but established a reputation among the Htiidenta by his poem on ' Poland,' for which he won the vice-chancellor's medal in 1848. He showed a strong bent for por- trait-painting, but received no training in art beyond that which the Royal Hibernian Academy, then in a very ilecreptt slate, could afford. Like Goldsmith when an un- dergraduate, he aeems to have rioted upon a minute allowance, earning a precariouR guinea now and again by a portrail contributing loan ephemera! magazine ealleJi 'The Irish Metropolitan,' through the pages of which ran his first serial story entitled ' Old Times,' published in volume iom reaching ^^H rer ^M e author ^^| I I I ^ Wills jean later, in IBST. AtDr. Anster'sboiise be met with u fellow-contributor and congenial 3iirit, the brlUiunt univeraitv Boliemisn, barlea Pelham Mulvaaj [q, t.J In 1863, after sevpral years of very desnl- torv occupation, or, as he atyled it, ' daisy- B':king ' in Ireland, Wills settled in London, B took rooms with bis friend Elenry lluin- pbreysia Clifibrd'a Inn. His efforts to inalce alivelihood by hia pen were not (^ncourag-ing. In ]863BppeBredhiB'No1ice toQuit,' a story conceived after the manner of Eugene Sue, which was praised for itadramatic situations but met with little success. In October of this same year Wills obtained the Itoynl Humane Society's inedal for a brave at- tempt to rescue a drowning lad near Old Swan Wbarf. ' The Wife's Evidence ' (1861, reissued 1876), a story of considerable melo- dramatic power, gained him an introduction to the ntagazinea, and be wrote ' David Chantrey' (18651 for ' Temple Bar,' and fcr ' Tinaley'^H Magaiine ' ' The Three Watches ' (1885), and 'The Uve that Kills' (1867), in which he remauipulates material already used in ' Old Times,' His father's death in 1608 impelled Wills to undertake the support of bis mother. He reverted to portraiture as his best means of earning' money, look a studio at 15 The Avenue, Fulbam Koad, and worked very successfully in paste! drawine^, mainly of children. He eihibited in the Grosvonor Oallery, and was soon oskinK twenty ^lineas for a small picture finished in three or four sittings ; and for a time there was no lack of fashionable sitters. Incurably unconven- tional. Wills, in response to a command to visit Osborne to draw the royal grand- children, pleaded a prior engagement. The Princess Louise wna inleroated in Willa's of his Htunio, which was haunted by stray C4ta, by monkeys and other unclean animals, &nd also by numerous parasites and loafers, attract«d by the painter's easy-^xng babit of inviting; visit^irB to stay, and keepin); his spore (jiange in a tobacco jar on the cbimnej- piBCe. Absent-mindedness, inherited, it is said, from his father, who once boiled bis watch in mistake for an egg, grew upon Wills to an extent which prejudiced hia career. He became oblivious of nodal ec- «ould not be found to reeeire them, for- (fot or travestied the names of people who entertained hira, and prided himself in being as diapoasionate b.^ Dr. Johnson on the subject of clean linen. In liis ! Wills later years he did most of his composition in l>ed. MeanwhileW'ilU was turning bis attention to writing for the stage. A first dramatic attempt, an adaptation from the German of Van UolfKi, entitled -A Man and his Sbadow' (1865), was followed by the pa- thetic ' Man o' Airlie,' which was put on at the Princess's in July 186", with Mr. Her- mann Vei'm in the title-part. Though the receipts were small, the plav rarely failed to move its audience, and the author was eneoorsged to write two other plays, sug- gested and produced by Mr. Veiin : ' Uinba, or the Headsman's Daughter' (founded upon Ludwig Storcb's historical novel), produced at the Queen's Theatre in September 1871; and 'Broken Spells,' written in conjunction with Westland Marston, and produced at the Court in April 1872. A short time before this date Wills was introduced by Vexin to the Butemans, and after the ap- pearance of ' Hinko ' be was retained by Colonel Bateman as ' dramatist to the Ly- ceum ' at a yearly salary of 3001. Upon tbii endowment he produced in turn ' Mede* in Corinth' (JulylSra), 'Charles I' (38 Sept. 1872), and 'Eugene Aram* (April 1878). The first two of these plays contain Willa's best work. ' Charles I,' though inferior to its predecessor in form, caught the taste of the public, and enabled Mr. (now Sir) Henry Irving to coniirm the reputation which he had made for himself in the ' Bells.' The portraiture of Charles was in harmony with v'ao Dyok, and the suggestion of calm and dignified suffering that disdained to resent or protest is decide); 'Xinnn' (Adelpbi, Februari- 1880); 'Forced from Home' (Duke> Theatre, February 1S80) ; ■lolanlhe' (Lyceum, Mav 1880); 'William and Susan' (St. James a, October 1880): •Jnaoa' (Court. Mav 1881); 'Sedgmoor' (Sadler's WeUs, Au^st 1881): and Jane Ettb' (Globe, December 1882). In ISBd Henry Herman, Mr. Wilson Barrett's manner, provided a ' plot ' on which Wills was coaxed into basing the play ' Claudian ' (socceMfully produced at the Princess's in December 1883), a strange compound of tinsel and faollow columns, in which the old legend of the Wandering Jew is turned to melodramatic pnrpnse. ' Grinpoire,' given at the Prince's Tliealre in June 1885, was followed in December by Wilb's version of ' Faust ' for the Lyceum. In this, as in ' Clandian,' he appeared merely as the sofa his aub-arcbaic verbiage was not devoid of romantic resonance and was scrupulously cut into bUnk-verse lengths. Like qualities are conspicuous in his ' Melchior,' a blank- rerse poem in thirty-two cantoa, dedicated to Robert Browning and published in 1885, The long-drawn descriptions are often mere pinchbeck, but Will» had some of the faculty of an Irishman as a ballodist, clearly shown in (uch nongs as ' I'll sinpf thee sonjfS of Araby ' and ' The BaUad of Gnif Brum.' In the intervals of dramatic work Wills ipent much time at £:tretat and a few weeks occasionally at Paris, where he rented a studio. His real interest wbe still in oil- painting : his oil-psiniing of Ophelia is now 10 the loyer at the Lyceum. His plays were a by-product, in which he took little interest after De bad furnished the manuscript. He wldom attended rehearsals, and his recom- mendations, even when feasible, were gene- rally uitheeded by the actors ; he was never present at the premiere of one of bis own pUys. On 3 April 1887 Wills'a mother died, and her loss removed one of the few incentives h« bad to exert himself. He moved his 'studio' to Waihaoi Green, was henceforth Gllle seen by his friends at the Qarrick Club or elsewhere, and wrote little. His health began to breali, and at the close of 1891 10L. LXII. he waa bv his own request removed to Guy's Hospital,' where he died on 13 Dec. 1891. Many of the leading actors and playwrights of the day were present at his interment in Bromplon cemetery. His lost piece, 'A Royal Divorce,' was being played at the Olympic at the time of his death. A previous play, on the subject of ' Don Quixote.' wns produced at the Lvceum with very motlerate success iu May 1895. ' Charles I ' and his adaptalion of the lirat. part of ' FausI ' are the only plays by Wills which were issued in printed form. Wills was a bom writer of dramatic scenes, but his gifts were neutralised lo a large extent by bis inability to concentrate and by the essential lack ol firm taste and self-critical power. He Is ably summed up in the acute jud^ent of M. Filon: 'His Bohemian life, his impassioned character, his hasty methods of production, gave him in the distance the look of genius. But it was a misleading' look .... his pieces ore founded upon conceptions which crumble away upon analysis, and the versification is loo poor to veil or redeem the weakness of the dramatic [■W.G. Wills, DramrtliBtandPainlw,' a wpU- wnlten biognipliy by the dramntisi's broUier, Freomiin Wills, appeared in IHgH, with n good portrait nn4 facaimils autograph. See nl»a AiFher'i English Dramatists of To-day, ISHB, pp. 352-80; Arehi-i'sAh-iut theTlieatru. 1881. pp. 'iillaq. ; Pi Ion's English Stage, 1807; Pitx- gerald'g Hunry Irring, 1893, chaps, x'lv. xr. ; O'DonoEhue's Fuati of Ireland, p. 261; An Evening in Bohemia (Temple Bar, Jane 1890); CalBlritiaB of the Century; Times, lo Dec 1891; The Theatre. 1 Feb. 18B3 (with portrait) ; Era, 15 Dec. IBSI.] T. S. Wn^LS, AVILLIAM HENRY (1810- 1880^ miscellaneous writer, was born at Plymouth on 13 Jan. 1810. His father, at one time a wealthy shipowner and prixe- agent, met with misfortunes, and at his death the chief care of supporting his family devolved upon William Henry, or Unny Wills as he waa always called. Wills be- came a journalist, and contributed to periodical publications such as the ' Penny ' and ' Saturday ' ma^aiinea, and McCulIoch's 'Geographical Dictionary.' He was one of the original literary statf of ' Punch,' and had some share in the composition of the draft prospectus. He contributed to the first number (17 July 1841) the mordant epi- gram on Lord Cardigan called ' To the Blackballed of the United Service Club.' He waa for some time the recrular dramatic critic, inwhich capacity he ridiculed Jullien, the introducer of the promenade a '- Wills Urury Lane, and severely criticised the act- ing of Charles Kean. Among his other contributions ia prose and verse were ' Punch's Natural Jlistory of Courtship ' (illustrated bySirJohn Gilbert), 'Punch's Comic Mythology,' ' Information for Ehe People,' and skits Buch as 'The Burst Boiler and the Broken Heart,' and ' The Uncles of England,' in praise of pawnbroker*. In lH46 he wrote for the 'Almanac,' hut his contributions were thenceforth iufrequent. Wills began his lifelong association with Dickens in 1S46, when he became one of the Bulj-edilors of the ' Dully News ' under him. Soon al^erwards he went to Edinbui^li to edit ' Chambcrs'a Journal,' but two years later returned to London to become Dickens's Gucretarv. In 1649, on John Forster's sug- gestion.'Wills wax made assistant editor of ' HouBehold Words,' and was given the same position by Dickens when, ten years later, * All the \ ear Bound' was incorporated with it. Hia business capacity was invuluafala to Dickens, and he was one of the most inti- mate friends of the novelist in later life. At the end of 18S1 Wills accompanied Dickens on his theatrical tour in connection with the Guild of Literature and Art, to Iha temporary success of which Lis exertions laively contributed. In 1B68. while Dickens was in America, ^\'iUs Buftered concussion of the brain from an accident in the hunting field, and was disabled from his duties as editor of 'All the Year Round,' lie never recovered, and retired from active work. The remaining veara of his life Wills spent at Welwjn, llerlfordshire, where he acted as magislrale and chairman of the board of gunrdiauB. Ue died there on I Sept. 1880. Wills edited, id 1850,' SirHogerde Cover- ley by the Spectator,' illustrated by en- gravings from designs by Frederick I'aylor (1851, IBmo; Boston, Massachusetts, IS5I, 12mo ; reissued in the ' Traveller's Library,' 1856, evo). Willsalso published ' Old LeavEB gathered from Household Words' (I860, 8vo), dedi- cated to Dickens. The book oonsistsof thirty- seven descriptive sketches of places and events. In 1801 he issued a quarto volume, ' Poets' Wit and Humour,' illustrated by a hundred engravings from drawings by C. Bennett and O. H. Thomas. Two pieces, 'A Lyric for Lovers' and an 'Ode to Big Ben,' the latterof which originally appeared in ' Punch,' were from his own pen. The l»ok was republished in 1882. Wills also republished under the title ' Light and Dark ' some of hi.* contributions to ' Chambers's Journal.' Ue was a fluent writer both in Wills ^^^m prose and verse, with a faint tinge of pedsn- t.ry, which atTorded Dickens much amuse- ment. Douglas Jerrold was fond of exer- cising his wit at his expense, and Wills hod enough humour to enjoy the aituation. The Baroness Burdett-Coutts had for many years the advantage of Wil la's judgment and experience in the conduct of her philan* throj)ic undertakings. Wills married Janet, youngest sister of William and Robert Chambers, the Edin- burgh publishers. She was a woman of strcmg character, and a great favourilp with Dickens, In whose correspondence her name frequently appears. She had an extensive knowledge of Scottish literature, and a large fund of anecdotes, and was for many years ihecentreof a wide literary and social circle. She died on 34 Oct. 189:;. At her death the sum of 1,000/. accrued to the newspaper Eress fund, in whiuh Wills had interested imself after the failure of the Guild of Literature and Art. {AthenBUm. 4 Sept. isa". 29 Oct. 1892. ud 12 Nov, lSfi2; Fortter'sLifif of Dickena, )i.l2a, iii. 237, 454-fi ; Dickeoa's LeLtara, ed. Dickcvn nnd Hogarth, pnsstm ; Spielmana's Hisl. at lie's EIngl. Newi^pBra, ii. US ; AUibaDa'a . Engl. Lit. ; P. Fitzgerald's Memoirs of an Author, chap, iii., and BecrmtioDs of * Lit, but he re- mained behind, and was second in a duel fought at Nottingham on 1 Jan. 1806. Ho joined the first battalion in South America 'm 1607, and took part in the attack on Buenos Avres. He went with it to Portu- gal in 1808. and woa present nt Kolico, Vi- miero, and Coruiia. He served with it in Walcheren, where his father died on 26 Sept. 1809. In June 1813 tbe first battalion of the 38th again embarked for the Peninsula, I I I Willshire 5« Willshire Willshire commandinf!^ the light company. It joined the army three days before the battle of Salamanca ('2'2 July), and was brigaded with the royals and the 9th in the o\\i (Leith'») division. Willshire re- ceived two wounds in the battle. He com- manded the light companies of the brigade in tlie action on the Carrion on 25 Oct. chase in the 46th. (le had command of it for some time at BalUrv, and in December 1824 he commanded a brigade in the force under Colonel Deacon which retook the fort at Kittoor. On 30 Auir. 1827 he was made lieutenant-colonel without purchase of the 2nd (queen^s), stationed at Poona. He served with it nearly ten vears, and during the retreat from Hurgos. In 1H13 , Sir Lionel Smith, after inspecting the regi- the division formed part of (iraham's corps ! ment in 1830, reported that he had 'never at Vittoria, and at the siege of San Sebastian. In the first aMuult tlie 38th was assigned the lesser hreacli. In the second assault it yet met so perfect a commanding officer.' On 10 Jan. 1837 he was made brevet colonel, with the local rank of brigadier- was at first in reserve, but was soon brought ' general in India. In 1838, while command- up in flnpy)ort of the stormers. Willshire's I ing a brigade at Poona, he was given one youngf'St brother was killed; he himself was given a brevet majority on 21 Sept. He commandfHl tlie light companies of the i in the *army of the Indus,' formed for the invasion of Afghanistan. In February 1839^ the army was reorganised, Keane becoming brigade at the passage of tfie Bidassoa, . commander-in-chief, and AVilkhire succeed- which he is said to hav(? been the first man i ing him in the command of the Bombay to cross, and in tlie act ions on the Nive ; division of infantry. His troops were the (9 11 Dec.) and tlu' ropulse of the sortie last to cross the bolan, and were harassed from IJnyonne (14 April 1814). He received ; by the tribesmen; but he reached Quetta n br^'vct lieutenant-colonelcy, and after- ' on '^ April, and Kandahar on 4 May. He wards the Peniusular silver medal with took part in the storming of Ghazni on Ht'.vcn cbisps. j 23 July, and went on to Kabul. In 1H15 his battalion was sent to the ' On 18 Sept. — the day after a grand in- Netherlands, but was too lato for Waterloo, vestiture of the Durani order, of which he It went on to I*aris, and Willshire was em- received the second class — he began his )loyed for a short tim«» on the staff. In , march back to the Indus with the Bombay )e(;erab<'r he n'turnfd with the battalion to division. After passing C4hazni he marched Kn^dnnd, and in .Jun*.' 1^18 wfnt with it to direct on Quetta, punishing some of the tlir* T-apt^ On his way out he wrote a tribes on his way, and arriving there on manual of * li^^ht eompany mameuvres in 31 Oct. He had been told to depose Mehrab conr»Tt with liattalion manceuvres,* which Khan of Kelat, and sent a column from was srnt. to Sir Henry Torrc^ns [n.v.], and was Quetta for that purpose on 3 Nov. Leam- prohably us<'d bv him in pr(']>anng the drill- | ing from Major (afterwards Sir James) Out- book of IHiJt. karly in 1819 Willshire was ram that resistance was likely, he joined it H<*nt to th<» fronti^T as commandant of = himself two days afterwards. It consisted |{ritish Kallraria. A (juarnd between the . of the queen's and 17th foot, the 31st Ben- chi»'fH, in which th»! British aiithorities gal native infantry, some local horse, six int«'rv»*n«?d, hid to an attack on Grahamstown guns, and some Bombay engineers, number- by Mokanna with six thousand Kaffirs on ing in all 1,1()() men. 22 Ajiril. Willshin; had only his own i lie reached Kelat on the 13th, and found company f»f thn *5^tli, with 210 local troops the khan's troops (about 2,000 men) posted and fivd guns. Tlu' attack was well planned on three hills north-west of the fort. He and d»!tormin<'d ; hut it was skilfully met drove them from these hills, captured their and n-pulsMfl with loss. Willshire followed guns, and tried to enter the fort along with up tin* Kuflirs, and forced Mokanna to sur- the fugitives. The gate was closed before rcudfT. Tin; territory between the Fish his men could reach it, but it was soon rivfT and the Keiskaninia was added to the opened by his guns, and after a determined coh)ny, anrl Fort Willshire was built in it. | resistance the fort and its citadel were He was hi^dily praiM'd by the governor, Lord , stormed, with a loss of 138 men killed and Charles Somerset, who was also commander ! wounded. Mehrab Khan died fighting at of the forces, and hv th(» Duke of York. the head of his men (Xo/ir/. Gaz. ErtrASreh, In 1HL>2 the :\Ht\\ went to ('alcutta, and , 1840). "Willshire was strongly recommended by The governor-general, in forwarding Will- Som(?rset to the jrovernor-peneral, I^ord i shire's report, commended his 'decision, Hastinpfs. He could not afford to purchase great nulitarv skill, and excellent disposi- his majority in the regiment, and on 10 Sept. tions ; ' and Outram speaks of * the cool 1823 he was given a majority without ]>ur- I and determined demeanour of our veter n Eaecii: Ue bad been made C.B. ia 1838. ir the campaign in Al'gbauislan ke received ihe thanks of parliamtint, and was made K.C.B. oa 20 Dec. 1H39 ; and for the cap- ture of Ketat he was created a barunct un « June 1840, After tnstalliiiK a neir klian, who was aoou displaced, Wlllahire left Kelat on 31 Nov. 1839, and resumed hia march to the Indiu. Ilia division iras broken up on 27 Dec,, and he returned to the command of bis brigade at Poona. In October 1840 • lunstroke obliged hioi to reairn this and go to England. On27NoT, 1841 he excbanjud from the queen's regiment to half-pay, hviag Appointed comniuidaat at Chalham. remained there till 1846, when he was pro- moted major-generat on 9 Nov. He wati Afterwards unemployed. He was made -colonel of the &lst foot on 26 June l»19, lieutenant-general on 20 June 18.54, general on 20 April 1861, and G.C.B. on 28 June 1861. Be died on 31 May im-2 at UiJl House, near Windsor. On 1 1 May 1818 he married Annette Loiiitia, eldest daugliter of Captain Berkeley Maxwell, ILA., of Tuppen- deoe, Kent ; be had two sons and three fUughteni. Willshire was a tall, athletic man, with Aquiline features. Ilia portrait, painted by T. Heaphy, was lent by Lady WilUhire to the Victorian Eichibition. In the 3Sth he Lad the sobriquet of ' Tiger Tom.' As a disdplioarian be ' was strict, indeed severe, but always impartial andjust.' [Low'i Soldiers of the ViMortan Arb, i. 1-104 ; OaoLHag. 1H62. ii. 631 ; Kenoedy's Camixiiga of the Army of tbe ladus ; noldaniiil'B Life of Ontram ; Dutatid's rirst Afghau War ; Burke's jMRige.] E. M. L, ^ WILLSON. [See also WiLSO-V.] ^k ■WILI^ON, EDWARD JAMES (1787- ^K|654), antiquary and architect, born at Lln- ^bolti on 21 June 1787, was the eldest son of I ■William Willson of Lincoln by bis wife Clarissa, daughterof William Tenney. l^> bert William Willson [q. v.] was his younger brother. He was brought up a Roman [ catholic, and, aAer education at tbe grammar cbool, began to leam business an a builder 'et his father, who had unusual know- « of theoretical construction. In a few s he abandoned building for tbe study f architecture, in which be obtained help n a local architect. He was engaged by rchdeacon Bayley in 1823 in the restora- {k>n of Messingham church, and euperin- Bnded repairs or restoratioua at llaxey, ^uth, West Rosen, Saundby, Staunton, and ir churches in the counties of Lincoln aud Nottingham. He designed Roman catholic chaiiels at Noi:titu;haDi, Hainton, Louth, Melton Mowbray, tirautham, and elsewhere, some of which may be regarded as early examples of tbe Goifiic revival. In l«>26 he designed the organ cose for Lincoln Cathe- dral, but beyonulihis (and occasional informal suggestions) be was not engaged on the cathedral restorations, conducted at that time in a spirit of wholesale renovation whicb he deprecated. Between 1834 and 1845 he restoi^ the keep, towers, and walls of Lin- coln Castle, and bad for more than twenty years the charge of that fabric as county surveyor. The I'elham Column, 128 feet high, on a bill at Caboum betneen Caistor and Grimsby, was designed by Willson for the Earl of Varborough. About 1818 an acquaintance with John Britton [q.vj and Augustus Charles Pugin [q.v.} started him upon an industrioua career as a writer on the phase of architecture then becoming popular. For Britton's ' Architectural An- l iquities ' (4to, 1807-20) he supplied accounts of Boston church, St. Peters, Barton, and the minsters of Beverley and Lincoln, and firobably took a large share in the cbrono- ogica! table attached to the fifth volume. He was associated with the same author's ' Cathedral Antiquities' (4to, 18I4-36J and ' Picturesque Antiquities of English Cities ' (4to, 1830). The ' .Specimens of Gothic Architecture ' which Augustus Cliarles I'ugin began to p'abliah in 1821 owed much to \\'illson's suggestions, both in the delineation of mould- ings and det^is (an advance on previous methods of recording architecture) and in the selection of the esamjiles. Willson wrote the whole of the letterpress for these two volumes, and supplied a valuable glos- sary of Gothic architecture, tbe first of its kind. For Pugin's 'Examples of Gothic Architecture' (4to, 1826-31) he also wrot« the text, including essays on ' Gothic Archi- tecture' and 'Mi^ern Imitrttion.' He was intimately connected with the movement for the cultivation and nomenclature of Oothio architecture with which Thomas Rickman [q. v.] and others were then associated. He was the author of various pamphlets on local subjects, aud collected a wealth of material for the architectural history of his county and cathedral, which lack of lime and health prevented liis putting into print. All branches of ecclesiastical history claimed bis attention, and he left notes u^n the disputed authorship of tbe "De Iinitatione Cbristi.' He was honoured as a citizen in Lincoln, and became a cily magistrate in. 1634 and mayor in 1852. I Willson 54 Willughby Willeon died at Lincoln on 8 Sept. 1854, He wfiE buriud at Hainton. Ue married, in 1621, Alan-, duughter al Thomas Mould. By her he lind two surviving sons. [Biiilder, IHfiS, liii iS ; inroTinHtinn from T.J. WillfioD, esq.: Gent. Mug. 185a, i. 321.1 P. W. WILLSON, ROBERT WILLLiM ) 1791-181)6), Roman catholic bwhop of IIobHrt, Tasmania, bom nt Lincoln in 1704, was thu third son of William Willson of Lincoln. Edward James Willson [q.v.lwns hia ddeat brother, lie entered the college of Old Oscott in 1816, waa ordained to tJie priesthood bv Bishop John Milner (1752- 1826) [q.v.]m Decumber 1834, and m Fe- bruary 1835 was stationed at Kottiagbatn, whera hs built thespaciouschurch of St. John, 'which was completed in 16:^8. Subsequently he erected the tine group of buildings that now constitute the cathedral of St. Barna- bas, with its episcopal and clerical residence, schools, and convent. At the suggestion of William Bernard Ullathome [4. v.] he was made the first bishop of Hobort Town, Tas- mania, being consecrated in St. Chad's Cathe- dral, Birmingham, on 28 Oct. 1843 by Arch- bishop Poldinr of Sydney. Bishop (after- wards Cardinal) Wiseman ssermon, preached on the occasion, has heen printed. Willson arrived at Hobart Town in 1844. Besides Norfolk Island, othcrpenal settle- ments at Port Arthur and on Marin, Island came within the jurisdiction of the new bishnp. Great social evils had been de- veloped under the prevailing system of penal discipline, but Willson efiepted many ame- liorations in the treatment of the convicts, especially on Norfolk Island. Indeed his representations to the colonial and imperial governments, backed by Sir William Thomas I)enison rq,v.],ultimatelyohtainedathorout^h reformation of this part of the system. So earnest was he in his purpose that be resolved to come home in order to let the British Go- vernment know the truth with regard to the sufferings of the convicts and the aorrars of Norfolk Island. He arrived in England in the middle of 1847, and he was listened to with respectful attention both by her majesty's government and by the select com- mittee of the House of Lords, lie reached Hobart Town agoin in December 1847, and, in consequence of his continued exertions, Norfolk Island was eventually abandoned as R penal settlement. Willson brought ahont other reforms in the penal discipline of Tas- mania, and he likewise elfected various re- forms in the treatment of the insane. Ilia services oa chief pastor of his own com- munion, and as a public man in the develop- ment of various colonial and local institu- tions, were warmly acknowledged by suc- cessive governors and by the community at large throughout Tasmania. He finally left the colony, in shattered health, in the spring of 186^, and settled at the scene of his earlier labours. Having formally resigned his preferment, he was translated by the holy nee on 32 June 188U from the bisliopric of Hobart Town to tluit of RhodiopoHs, i» partitas injidelium. Qp died at Nottingham on SO June 1806. nnd was buried in the crvpt of the cathedral church of St. Bom abas. [MamQir by Bishop UIIathorDo, London, 1887 (with Dhotagraphii.' portrait), reprinted from Dublin BBViflw. 3rd aer. iriii. 1-26 ; Cunsecra. linn Sennon by Cardinal Wiseman: Kelsli's PBraDn.ll Rei^ollretions of Bishop Willson, Ho- bnrt. 1882: Ullathorne's Autobioer. p. 282; Gent. Mjig. 1866, ii. 27U.] T. C. WILLUGHBY. [See also Willouohbt.] WILLUOHBY, FRANCIS (16.'W-1672), naturalist, was born at Middleton, Warwick- shire, in ItWo. He was eollaterally descended on his raalemul graudfather's side from Sir Hugh Willougbby fq, v.1, his father's &ther being Sir Percivall Willughby, the male representative of the Willoughbys of Eresby, and his father's mother the eldest daughter ond heiress of Sir Francis Willughby of Wolleton, Nottinghamsliire. His father, Sir Francis Willughby, who died 17 Dec. 1666, married Cassandra, daughter of Thomas Ridgeway, earl of Londonderry [q. v.], and Willughby was their only son. ' He was, from liis childhood,' savs llay, ' addicted to study. ... As soon as he had come to the use of reason, he was so great a husband of his time as not willingly to lose or let slip unoccupied tholeast fragment of it, . , . :cessive in the prosecution of his studies that most of his intimate friends wers of opinion that he did much weahen his body and impairhis health' (rAfOm/Motwy of Franca WUlughb^, 1678, pref.) Wif- lugbby entered Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1653, as a fellow-commoner, his tutor being James Duport [q. v.], who in 1660 dedicated his ' Gnomologia Homeri ' to Wil- lughby and three others. Itay, who was eight years Willoghby's senior, had entered Trinity College in order to become Duport'a pupil, but in 1653 was already himself Greek lecturer, and became soon after matbemnti- cal lecturer, and in 1655 humanity reader. Isaac Barrow, to whom Willughby's mathe- matical tastes recommended him, had been elected to a fellowship at the same time as a tlie uotes and fcjUjinle49. WillughbvgnnlualedU.A. f^ 1655-6, andtircJwedeU M.A. in 1659. In 1860 Willughby spent a. short time i Oxford in gnler to consult EOtue rare works in tlie libniriea there; and in the preface to his 'Cstologua Planlarum circa Canta- brigiam,' published in that year, Ray alludes I to help received from ^Villugliby and to his Lsttceesa in the itudy of insects. In a letter Eto him, dat«d 1669, llay asks for his help, ffcr WarwickHhlre and Nottinghamshire, to- B wards a catalogue of British plants (Vorre- W-mon'Uitff of John Ray, Hay Soc., p. I ). In ■ IBHI WitliighbT did not accompnny Itay P tax the second botanical journey described ' in ' Mr. Itnv's Ilineruriei*/ published 'Remaina' 'in 1700, though- -'- in Derham's ' Life of llay ' ne la Braiea in iisv« done ao, the naturalist's companion being Philip Skippnn («jr>. cit. p. 3), but in 3fay and June 1II02 he did accompany Ray on his third journey from Cambridge through the northern midland counties and \\'alefi. He appears to have parted company from him ill Ulouceatershire, to have chanced upon a find of Roman coins near Dursley, and to have fallen ill at Malvern {op. eil. ji. 5). WUIughby was at this time much inte- rested In mathematical questious,a« appears firora two letters of his, dated March 1663 and October 16()5, to Barrow, published by Derhaminthe'rhiloBophicalLetters^lTlfH). Barrow dedicated to him and others his edition of ' Euclid,' and is recorded in Cole's manuscripts to have said ' that he never hnew a gentleman of such ardor after real _ learning and knowledge, and of such ca- pacities and fitnesa for any kinde of learning.' ~ ItnuM have been at this time that, as Ray i;|lft«r*r&rds told Derham {MemoriaU qf Say, "^ 88), he and Willughby 'finding the '? History of Nature" very imperfect . . . litgreed between themselves, before their *^vel8 beyond sea, to reduce the several of things to a method, and to give itato descriptions of the several species ..I a strict view of them. And forasmuch Mr. Willughby's genius lay chiefl;f to i lmala. ihpwJore be undertook the birds, ^CMts, fishes, and insects, as Mr. Ray did pbe vegetable^.' Ray, having been deprived ^Vf hia fellowship in August 1162 by the meration of the Act of Uniformity, he and Willughby determined to go abroad, and iBft Dover for Calais on 18 April H)63, accompanied by Philip (afterwards Sir Philip) Skippon and Nathaniel Bacon, two of Ray's pupils. On 22 May Willughby WB8 included in the original list of fellows of the Royal Society, which had been in- corporated on 22 April. War with France compelled ibe travellers to turn a Flanders, after which they traversed Her- _ , Switferland. Italy. Sicily, and Malta. In August 16(U Willughby parted from tho others at Stontpelier, and accompanied a raercbant into Spain. His journey is siim- mariaed in a letter to Itay, written from Paris in December {C'wmwp. af Itay, p. 7). Many of the travellers' papers were tost on llieir return journey; ijut Itay published their ' Observations. . . . Whereunio id added a brief Account; of Francis Wil- lughbv, esq., his Voyage through a prent pnrt of Spain,' in 1673, and many of W;il- lugliby's specimens of birds, tishes, fossils, dried plants, and coins are still at Wollalon Hall. Recalled to England by the death of his fmher in Decemlwr Ittfift, Willughby vn» kept at Middluton Hall duringmnch of 1606; but on 22 July, in company with Itobert Hooke Bitd others, he observed the eclipse of the sun through Boyle's 60-foot telescopo in Ixindon (PAH. Ti-atu. 8 Sept. HMW). In October of that j-ear Dr. John Wilkins [q. v,] wrote aski[ig his assistance in drawing up tables of animals for hia ' Essay towards n RealChBracter,'which was published in 1668; and Ray spent the greater part of the follow- ing winter at Middleton, as he says in a letter tf) Martin Lister, ' reviewing, and helping to put in order, Mr. Wlllughby's collections . . . in giving what assistance I could to Dr. Wilkins in framing his tables of plants, quadrupeds, birds, lishes, &c., for the use of the universall character' {Memorialmf Ray, p, 17) ; in the dedication of his work, how- ever, Wilkins acknowledges his indebtedness to Willughby in respect of animals, and to Ray only in respect of plants. From June to September 1667 Willughby and Hay made a tour into the south-west of England iib. p, dl); but Willughby's marriage in 1668 temporarily suspended their collaboration. Ray was, however, re-established at Middle- ton Hall in September 1608, and in the following spring the two fnends carried out some important experiments on the rise of sap in trees (.Phil. Tran». iv. 963). In tte autumn of 1669 Willughby sent letters to the Royal Society on the 'cartrages' of rose leaves made hy leaf-cutting bees. I 1671 he wrote on the some subject and o ichneumon wasps, and from a letter from Ray to Lister in 1670 he see added considerably to the I at English spiders iCorreep. of Ray, p. 60). At the close of 1671 Willughby medilatrf a journey to .\merica to ' perfect his history of animals ; ' but, his health, never robust, failed him. He was token seriously ill it Willughby 56 Willughby Jane 1672, ami died U Uiddleton Hall on 3 Jdv 1QT3. lie »u buried in Middleton ebnrcn, his tomb being aurmouated by a bunt and bearing a Latin epitaph, probably by R«y. There is also a marble bust of him io Trinitj CkiUege Library, Cambridge, ■ad an oil portrait at Wollaton, from wliicb that bT Liian in Sir William Jardine'a ' Nftturaliiifs Libranr ' was engraved. The Kenaa WUhu/kbeia, an important group of Halsvan rubber plants, was d«di(«ted to him by William RoiburKh [q. v.] The ieat cutting bee dnscribed by liim bears bia name a« ' Megachile Willubuella.' WilJUKhb; married, ia l(itI8, Emma, se- cond daughter and coheiress of Sir Tbomag Bermird, by whom he had three children, Fnucis, Cassandra, and Thomas. FTancis, born in 1668, was created a baronet in iU7ti, no doubt as an honour to his father's me- mory, but died in 1688. Cassandra married James Brydges, first duke of Chandos ;[q. v.]; Kod Tbomai, who succeeded to the baronetcy in 1688, was created Baron Hiddleton in December 1711, being one of the batch of peers created in one day under Harley and St. John; he died in 1729. Mrs. Willughby in 1670 married Sir Josiah Child [q, v.] Ray was one of five executore of Wil- lughby'a will, under which he received an Annuity of sixty pounds. Until 1676 he acted as tutor Io tlie children of hifl friend, and, from letters printed in his ' Corre- ■pondeoco' (pp. 101. 103), he seems soon to have decided Ibat it was his duty to pub- lish what Willughby bad done lowards bis history of animals. ' Viewing,' he says, ' his manuscript! after his death, I found the several animals in every kind, both birdu, and beasts, and lishes, and insectB, digested into a method of his own contriving, but few of their descriptions or histories so full and perfect as he lot-ended them ; which he io sensible of that when I asked him upon bis deathbed whether it was his pleasure they should be published, he answered tbitt he did not desire it, nor thought them bo coi siderable as to deserve it . . . though he C(JI fest there were some new and pretty observi tions on insects. But considering that the publication of them might conduce some- what to the illustration of Qod's glory . . the assistance of those who addict them- eetves Io this part of philosophy, aud . . the honour of our nation ... he not contradict- ing, 1 resolved to publish them and first took in band the Ornithology' (Preface to The fJmithiilogy of Franms Willtighhv. 1678). This WM published in 1676 as ■'Francisci "Willughbeii . . . Omithologire libri tres in quibtu aves omnes ... in methodum naturis deacribuntur . . . Totum opuB recognovit, digeeait, supplevit Joannes Rains. Sumptus in cbalc^ntpbM fecit illustris». D. Emma Willughby vidua,' IjOndoD, pp. 312, fol. Uf this work Neville Wood says Willughby was " the firet nalu- ralist who treated the study of birds aa a science, and the first who made anything like a rational classijication . . . His sys- tem ... is without doubt the basis on which the ornithological classification of Liniueiu ij founded '(OmiVA(i/£^Mt'» Texl-bod for Dr.Wilkins's work,aQd the definite slate- menla as to Lis own share in the work made by Ray, a man of unquestionable modesty, we recognise that it is futile to attempt to ap- portion the credit. When Sir James Edward Smith writes ' we are in danger of attribut- ing too much to Mr. Willughby, and too little to' Ray (Lirmean Trajuiactiong,yol. i.), he errs only in a less degree than does Swainson in sayiug that 'all the honour thot has been ^ivsn to Hay, so fur as con- cerns systematic xoology, belongs eiclusi Tel T to' WiUughby. [Memoir by JoBhna Frederick Deahurn in Sir W. Jurdine^s N«Hir«Iist'» Library, vol, ivi.; aQthafitieR cited.] G. 8. B. WILLUaHBT, PERCIVALL (1596- 168.1), writer on obstetrics, was siith son of Sir Percivsll Willuifhby, knt., of WoUaton I Hall, NottinghamHbire, where he was bom tin 1596. Francis Willughby [q. v.] was his nephew. Percivall was educated at Trow- bnd|^. Rugby, Eton, and Oxford, where he mstnculaled from Magdalen College on 23 March 1620-1, his age being given as twenty-two, and graduated B.A. on 6 July 1621. Jn 1610 he was, at the suggestion of his uncli; Robert Willughby, himself a medical man, articled for seven years to Feamer van Ott«n, after which he was to have joined Ilia uncle; but Van Otten dying in 1624, Willughby soon after coramencwl practice for himself, and in 1631 he settled in Derby, where be married Elixabeth, daughter of Sir Frsncis Coke of Trusley, by whom he had two or three sons and two daughters. On W Feb. 1640-1 he was admitted an extra licentiate of the Royal Collie of Ffcyaicians. In 1665 he removed to London ' for the better education of his children,' but in 1660 he returned to Derby, where he lesumed his practice as a physician, enjoying a high reputation throughout the neighbour- iag counties for his skill in obetetrio opera- I tions. He deprecMedtheuseof the crotchet. Land, Cbamberlen's secret of the forceps not BliBving been an yet divulged, he endeavoured I'to overcome all diflicultiea by tumiug. At ■ 4n]e period he was to some extent assisted 1 by a daughter, whom he had trained us a nidwife to ladies of the higher claseei. lie Ji of high culture, powerful Jntel- ; the secrecy ^^M 'aries main- ^H and though. ^^ lect.and great modi-sty, scorning the secrecy which some of his contemporaries main- tained OS to their procedures ; and though, he committed to writing the conclusions at which he arrived after long years of study and observation, revising and transcribing the manuscripts in English and in Latin, be seems to bave hesitated to the lost at their publication, as if sensible of the want of some really scientific instrument (the forceps) for the perfection of his art. The earliest copy of his work is a closely written quarto,entitIed'DniWillougbaei,DerbiensiB, De Puerperio Tractatus,' in the Britiih Museum .Sloane MS. 629. The second, an amplification of this, and referred to by l)r. Denman in his ' Practice of Midwifery,' was then in the possession of his friend Dr. Kirkland ; while the third and greatly enlarged edition consisted of two exquisitely written copies in Latin and in English, which were quite recently the property of the late Dr. J. H. Aveling, the En^Visli version being in two parts, wiih the titles ' Observations in Midwifery ' and ' The Countrey Midwife's OpuBculum or Vade- mecum, by Percivall Willughby, Gentleman.' It was pnvately printed in 1863 by Henry Blenkinsopp, but a Dutch translation had been printed as an octavoat Leyden in 1764, though no copy is now to be had in Holland. He was the intimate friend of Harvey and of most of the scientific men of the century, and died on '2 Oct. 1681), in the ninetieui year of his age, being buried in St. Peter's Church at Derby, where within the rails of the chancel is a tablet to his memory. I Monks Coll. of PhjB.; Fosler's Alumni Oson, lfillO-17U; Sloana MS. 620.] E. F. W. WILLYAMS, COOPER (1762-1816), topographer and artist, bom in June 1762, probabty at Plaiatow House, Essex, was the onlyaoD of John WillyBraa(170r-ir79), com- mander li.N., by his wife, Anne Goodere, daughter of Sir Samuel Ooodere, and fiist he was contemporary with Charles Abbott, first lord Tenterden, Bishop Marsh, and Sir S. E. Brydges. In 1769 he preached the annual sermon before the King's School Feast Society (SiDEBOTUAM, CanUrbmy ScAutil, p. 24). Willyams was entered in October 1780 at Emmanuel College, Cambridge, and gra- duated ]t.A. in 1784 and M.A. in 178a In the spring of 1784 ha was in France with his friend Montagu Pennington [q. v.], and in that year he was ordained to a curacy near Gloucester, where his mother lived, I I VV^illyams 58 Willymat ffA tvf«« ni/if*nu*."A in 17%^ to tbfr Tic&raff^ lie d:^ &: Bernard Street, Russell Square, t,f V.tinnyt^ ut-.tif \ «; w ffiAr jllr \u »i!>*«rr4*.'?^i account of Ex nir.z bv Beaia WiUvams id. 1791). He married h'ftn mi,i^»tf^A ^^» f-.^*'? * Topograph^rr' fr Sep- at Chrltenham. on I'D July 1801, Elizabeth h-fn^^r-f \i''^t '.!'' V'fJ-it, and he fumishrl iCebecca. ihirvl daughter of Peter SnelL Mhff tllri«*.r%/.i'/r«> to that periodical uii. They had four childi«>n. a-Vi; ^>ti|^ »v. J 7. U^}. H«j contributed to Willy ams was a clever artist. His journals ' 7 M.'r/f «;/h^;%l Mi'sC'rllanieb' < 179:^) a view and drawings of the expeditions in which he t^ K./'Kr«i^ Mail, n^rar Newmarket, lie r^ tookpartare* intelligent and useful.* Another tt^hf*} *Uf ^^rttiiiit:*T of Exning in 1**0*j. work by hi m was 'A History of Sudeley Castle' th tMfiy Uff. Willyams had imbibed a love ( 1791, folio), with an illustration of the ruins, t4 y\»f. ^M, and on 24 Nov. 1793 he started dedicated to Brvdges. It was reprinted in #4 / ha^Witi of the Ikjyne to the West Inditrs, octavo form, and without the view, at Chel- u* tUf, irxpe^iition under the command of tenham in lb03. Poems by Bryd^s referring l^i/.'ii'Tfiafit-jreneral Sir Charles Grey and to Willyams are in 'Censura Literaria* (iv. ^ it H-hfUtk\rtk[ Sir John Jervis. Through 79-100, viii. ^7, 91 1, and are reproduced iu t\»iHi\ik ir*nn yellow fever the ranks of the his * Uuminator* {\. 5, :K)9). tMrt:f% w»rnr luuch thinned; he himself suf- [Boase and Coortneys BibL Comub. ii. 891-2 ; d from it, and during the latter part of Boase's Collect. Comub. p. 1271 ; Gent. Mag. i\uK rafiipaifrn was the onlv chaplain in the 1779 p. 1 J4, 1797 i. 50, ii. 1137« 1801 ii. 672, fc*j/«-djiJoij/The Fr*inch soldiers at Fort St. 1806 ii. 1240, 1809 ii. 1171, 1810 ii. 91, 1816 r'h«W/re,'iiJadeloupe,8urr»-'nderedon22April i. 91, 184; Brjdges's Antobiogr. i. 44-6, 147-9; <7'.M, and Willvams was appointed chaplain Annual Bio^r. i. G04-6(hy Br>-dge«); Faulkner's to th«- \'Mi[\\Ai "tffjops in that island, but the Fulham. p. 116; Reuss's Alphabetical Reg. of miHi^iry ai home would not confirm the ap- 4."'!*^"' ^®^^ ' Letters of Mrs. Carter (1817). i»>nntm*'Ut. He published in 1796, with »"• 216.] W. F. C. ijlijfttrations *An Account of the Campaign WILLYMAT, W11.LIAM (rf.l615),au- in l\i*.\\*'^i JndieK in 1794;* a German trans- thor, was probably a native of Cheshire. In l«ii«m of it came out at l^ipzig in Ift'OO. 1585he was presenteni his own drawings, of * A Voy- j Doron' had been written. Encouraged by a(/«' iiji the .Mediterranean in the Swiftsure,' the favourable reception of his compilation, rontain<'d Mh'f first, tluMuost ])articular, and he published a companion volume in 1604 I he nioht authentic account of the battle.' ' entitled *A Loyal Svbiect's Looking-Glasse, A intmHnt an vice-president; f>^;;l, however, wrote that the queen would nrA 'luJOfpt Wilmot or any such* {Cal. Carev: MHS. J60l-;J, p. 274;, but Wilmot h^:OtmH r;^immander-in-chief of the forces durin^r Carews absence, and in Septemb#ir ! Iflfy'J wa% ma/Je governor of Kerry ; in the aame month he captured 'Mocrumpe,' and throughout the winter was engaged tn clear- j ing Kerry of the rebels. In the last week of liecember and first week of January 1602-3 he inflict»;d a H*;riefl of reverses upon the Irish in IJeare and Jiantr^', completely over- running the country (ib. 1002 3, pp, 368, 4^J4 o; Stafford, Pacata Hihernia, ed. WMS, ii. 281-4). Thence, in February, he turne^l north-west, again captured Lixnaw, and f^uUlued the iJingle peninsula, effecting a junction with Carew over the Mangerton pass HUowKLL, Jrfilanfl under the Tudors^ lij. 420). In the following March Wilmot was asso- ciated with Sir (ieorgo Thornton in the go- vernment of Munster during Carew's ab- 0<;ncf*. Cork, however, refused to acknow- le<]ge his authority and proclaim James I, ana shut its gates against him. Wilmot sat down IjefDre it, and turned his guns on the inhabitants to prevent their demolishing tlie fort« erected against the Spaniards. He re- fused, however, to attack the city, and waited till Carew's return, when its submis- sion was arranged. Wilmot now settled down as governor of Kerry. In KKKJ ho was again acting with Thornton as joint- commissioner for the government of Mun- uter, and in Novemlxjr 1(K)7 was granted a pension of 200/., and sworn of tlie Irish privy council. On 20 May 1811 he was f granted in reversion the marshalship of Ire- and, but surrendered it on 24 Aug 1617. He sat in the English House of Commons for Launceston from 5 April to 17 June 1614. On 3 June 1616 he was appointed president of Connauglit, the seat ol his go- vernment being Athlone ; and on 4 Jan. 1620-1 he was created Viscount Wilmot of Athlone in tlie peerage of Ireland. Among the rewards for his services w^ere grants of the monastery of Hallinglass and abbey of Carriekfergus in 1614. While presidt^nt of Connaught Wilmot embarked on a scheme for completely re- building Athlone ; and in 1621 Sir Charles Coote accused him of leasing and alienating crown lands and reserving the profits to him- self {Cal. State Papers, Ireland, 1615-25, pp. 4'i6-7). These charges were referred to commissioners, bat Wilxnot's defence accepted for the time being, and on 7 Xot. 1625 he ruceired a pardon (MoKScr, CaL Patent RolU, Charles I, p. 41). Charles I also renewed hia appointment as premdent of Connaught, and in October 1(527 selected him as commander of a relief expedition to be sent to Rh6. His fleet was, howeTer, de- layed at Plymouth, first b^ want of supplies^ and then by storms, which damaged the ships and drove them back into port. Mean- while the English at La Rochelle had been compelled to retreat (Gabduter, yL 191> 192 sqq.), and Wilmot returned to Ireland, where he was appointed on 6 Not. 1629 general and commander-in-chief of the forces. On 11 Sept. 1630 Sir Roger Jones, first vis- count Ranelagh, was associated with him in the presidency of Connaught, and on 6 Aug. 1631 he was one of the commissioners ap- pointed to govern Dublin and Leinster dur- ing the absence of the lords justices. tn 1631, when it was resolved to super- sede the lords justices of Ireland by the nomination of a lord deputy, Wilmot enter- tained hopes of being selected for the post (Strafford Letters^ i. 61). Wentworths ap- pointment he resented as a slight on his own long services, and the new lord-deputy's vigorous inquisition into financial abuses soon brought him into collision with Wil- mot. In September 1634 the latter's pro- ceedings at Athlone were again called in question ; a commission of inquiry was issued early in 1635, and the Irish law offi- cers instituted suits against Wilmot before the castle chamber on the ground of misde- meanour and in the court of exchequer for recovery of the crown lands he had alienated. Wilmot, in revenge, abetted Barr*s petition against Wentworth {ib. i. 369,377,399,402, 421), but on 3 Oct. 1635 was forced to sub- mit, and on 13 July 1636 besought the lord- deputy's favour. W^entworth insisted on restitution of the crown lands, but appa- rently failed to make W^ilmot disgorge before his recall from Ireland. W^ilmot's age pre- vented his serving against the Irish rebels in 1641, but he retained his joint-presidency of Connaught till his death, probably in the earlv part of 1644. He was alive on 29 June' 1643, but dead before April 1644, when his son Henry and Sir Charles Coote were appointed joint-presidents of Connaught (Lascellbs, Liber Mun, Hib. ii. 188-90). Wilmot married, first, about 1605, Sarah, fourth daughter of Sir Henry Anderson, sheriff of London in 1601-2 ; by her, whose burial on 8 Dec. 1615 is registered both at St. Olave's Jewry and at St. Martin's-in-the- Fields, he had issue three sons — ArthuTi Wilmot Wilraot I Charles, and Henry —who were all IWina in 1 imi ( HoRKiy, Car. Patent Solh,Chaxlee I, f. 6*5). Arthur married the wcond daughter of I Sir UojSM Uill, proToat'iuarshal of I'Isttr, I but divd without issue on 31 Oct. 163:;, and Vas buried in St. NicLoliu'B Church, Dublin ' iLoT>eE,PKragfofIri-land,ii.S2l). Charles ftlao died without issue, the third, son, Henrv (afterwards first Earl of lioolinsler) [q. v.], aucceeding to llie viscountcy. Wil- Bot married, secondly, Mary, daughter of Sir Henry Collcy of Caatle Cnrberry and widow of Garret, first viscount Moore [q. v.], who died in 1637; she survived till 3 June 1664, being huried on 3 July with her first bnsband in St. Peter's, Droghuda; her cor- respondence vilh the parllaiDCintarians dur- ing the Irish wars gave Hrmonde some trouble (GiLBBttT, Cant. Sist. of Affairs, TOl. i pp.s :s). I [Cdl. State Fnpera, Ireland. 1S!)2>4. 1603- I63JS panini: Cal. Ciirew USA. 1980-1603; StrafTonl Le-tera, i. SI. Se", 3T7.390-i02, 421- 43a. 406, ii. 9-10, 81-:!, 102, 206, 280; Morrin's Cnl. Pntent Kollf, Irclnnd: L'nl. FianU (Dep- Kwper Rer. ITth Rep., IrrUnd); CaI. Stnle pBpen, Oom. : Lnsni'ln's Libcir Mnnenim Hi- liernieoruni ; Lorcla' JourDnl?, Iiplsad, i. 17, 63 ; Bowlioaon MS. D. 81. If. 12, 92; Egerton MS. 1687. f. fil ; OfficinI Retiims Memljcrs of Purl. ; fitafibrd'a Pnrntii Uibemia, <•!, 1806 pnssini; BigwfU'i Ireland onHcr Ihe Tudors, vol. iii.; Oardiner's Uist. of Englunil; Foster's Alumni dan, 1500-1714; Lodge's Irish, Burke'a Ex- tinct, and O.E.C[okfl)ne]'B Complete PeBraseB.] A. P. P, - WILMOT, SiH EDWARD (1693-1786), iMtmnct, physician, second ean of Robert Wilmot and Joyce, daughter of William Socheveretl of Staunton in Leiceslershire, was bom at his father's seat, of Oiiadd<'«den near Derby on 29 Oct. 1003. Bis ances- tors were of account at Sutton-upon-Soar, Nottin^amshire, for some centuries, and in IS39 migrated into Derbyshire, lie entered 8t, John's OoUe.ge, Cambridge, and graduated O.A, in 1714, was elected a fellow, took bis M.A. de^rree in 1718 and M.D.inl72fi. He vrB.i admitted a candidate or member of the CotUge of Physicians on 30 Sept. 1725, and wase!ectedRfellowou30Sept.l726. Inl739 ■fid 1741 he -nas a censor, and a Harveian omior in 1785. He was elected F.R.S. on 29 Jan. 1790. From 1725 he practised as a physician in London, and was elected physi- cian to St. Thomas's Hospital, ar ' ' '""'' appaint.ed physician-general to the : April 1731 he was appointi^d physic ordinary to Quean Caroline, and soon became fbysician in ordinary, and physi 'rederick, prince of Wales. He became physician to George II on the queen's death in 17.'!7. lie had a large practice for many venra. In 1730 John Fothergill [q, v.], who in afler life spoke with respect of his skill, became hispupil. When Henry Pelham bad lost two sons by sore throat in 1739, Wilmot f reserved the life of his wife. Lady Catharine 'elham, by lancing her throat (Nichols, Lit. Anted, ix. 738). In March 1761, with Matthew Lee [q. v.], h« attended Frederick, prince of Wales, in his last illness, and does notseem to have anticipated his death (Bubb DODIKOTOS, Diary, p. 98). Archbishop Thomas Herring [q. v.] was his patient in a serious attack of pleurisy in 1753 (letter of Herring in NiCliois's llliutrationn, iii. 457). He was created a baronet on 15 Feb. 1759. On the death of George II, Wilmot, with John Ranby [q. T.], acquainted George III with ttvo wishes whicii the late king had confided to them — that his body should bo embalmed with a double quantity of per- fumes, and that it should be laid close to that of the queen. Geor^ III at once assenled flloEACE Walpolb, ,l/em"(V#, 1894, i. 7). Wilmot became phvsician in ordinary to George III in 1760, 'left London nert year, and lived in Kottingliam, but moved ihence to Heringstone in Dorset, whfere he died on 21 Nov. 1786 (Gent. Mag. 1786, p. 1093), and wna buried in that county in the cliurcb of Monkton, where his epitaph remains. He married Sarah Marsh, daiign- ter of Richard Mead [q. v.] She died on II Sept. 1765, aged 63; her portrait, painted by Joseph Wright, A.K.A., belongs to the family, as does a portrait of Wilmot by Thomas Beach (Cat. Second LaoH Exhib. Nos. 610, 615). He was succeeded in his baronetcy by his son, llobert Mead Wilmot, and had also two daughters, Ann and Jane. [MuBk's Coll. of PhjB. ii. 106 ; Burke's Peer- age Aud BuronlJige.] N. M. WILMOT, HENRY, first Easl of Ro- CHESTur (1612f-1658). third but only lur- viving SOD of Charles, first vtscoimt Wilmot [q v.], by his first wife, wns bom on 2 Nov., prohabh in 1612(0. F,. C[oK»rsBJ, CompMe Peerage, vi, 480; Dotle, Ogieial Baronage, iii. 151). In 1635 Wilmot was captain of a troop of horse in the Dutch service ( Strafford Zefierc, i. 423, ii . 1 1 5 ; Co/, .S/a(e Prt«(T«, Dom. 1635, p. 54). In the second Scottish war ha -was commissary-general of horse inllie king's armv, and distinguiabed himself by his good conduct at Newbum, where be was rakeit prisoner by the Scots (I'A. 1640, pp. 4.3, 645; Tehri, ii/fl of Aleiander Leilir, pp. 118- 138), He represented Tam worth in the I^ong parliament, end took part in the plot fur bringing up the army to overawe the parlia- I I I I I Wilmot W'ilmot ment, for which he was committeJ fa the Tower on 14 Juno lil4l, and expelled from the house on Dec. following (CVimnwi/u' JoumaU, a. 175. 337 ; Styiort on thr Duke of Portland"! MSS. i. 18; Hcshand, Oi-di- 7u»n™#, 1643, pp. 318-20). Wilmotjoinedtheltingin Yorlohire when the civil wur beESn, eommandud a. troop of horse, and held tue posts of miisCer-m&ateT and com miasary-wn oral tPEACocit, Army Luts,p. 16; Old Parliamtntniy ffii(or!/,xi. 260). Clarendon blHme.i him for not prevent- ing' the relief of Goventrv in Atigfust 1643 (a. xi. 397 ; CtiBESDON, JUhtlUon, v. 446 «.) lie was wounded in the skirmish at Wor- cestor on 23 Hent. 1642, and commnnded the cavalry of the Icing's left wing nt the baltle of EdgehiU (ib. vi. 44, 85). \yiliuot cap- tured ihe town of Marlborough in December 164^, but his greatest exploit daring the war was the crushing defeat he inSicted on Sir WiUiam WaUer (1597 ?-1668) [a. v.] at Boundway Dowu, near Devizes, on 13 July 1643 (ih. vi. 156, vii. 1 15 ; Waylb.-j , Hittonf 0/ Marlbomugh, p. 160). 'In April 1S13 Wilmot was appointed lieu tenant-gen pral of the horse in the Icing's army, and on 39 June 1643 he was created Baron Wilmot of Adder- bury in OKford»hire( Black, Oj-/ur(iZ)wjwi"(j, pp. 26,53), Clarendon describoH Wilmot' OB an orderly officer in marches and governing his troops,' while nlao very popular with his officers on account of his good fellowship and companionable wit. The comparison, after the manner of Plutarch, between Wilmot andOoring is the most amusingpassoge in the ' Histoiy of the Itebellion ' (vm. 169). Ex- tremely ambitions and perpetually at feud with the king's civil counsellors, Wilmot was apccially hostile to Lords Digby and Colepeper. Prince Kupert, on the other liand, cherished a personal Wilmot, and Charles I had no great liking for him (». vi. 136, vii. 121, viii. 30, 94). In 1644 these diSerenC causes led lo Wilmot 'a fait. During the earlier part of the cam- paign the absence of Rupert and the hiGrmi- ties of the Earl of Brentford made him practically commander-in-chief of that part of the army which was with the kin^. According to Clarendon he neglected mili- tary opportunities and spent hia energy in cabals. At Cropredy Bridge, however.' on 39 June Wilmot again defeated Sir William Waller, In the battle he was wounded and taken prisoner, but was rescued again almost immediately (ii. viii. 05; Walkbb, Hiaftirical Daeourteir, p. 33 ; Dinry of Bichard Sy- mondt, p. 23). Afier this success the king Sues. The king, he was rpprled to , was a&aid of peace, and ibe only end the war was to set up the Prince of \Vales, who had no share in the causes of these troubles. A private message which he sent to Essex by the bearer of an official letter from the king to the parliamentary commander roused suspicion that be was en- deavouring by the concerted action of the two generals to impose terms on the king and porliameut, and on f Aug. he was ar- rested and deprived of his command. He also lost his joint presidency of Connaught, to which he had been appointed in April 1644, succeeding his father in that olface, and as second Viscount Wilmot of Athlone (LASCGLr.BS, Liber Mitn. Hibrmimrum, a. 189, 190; GiLBEBT, CoHl. Hut. vol. i.) His popularity, however, with the officers of the royal army, who petitioned the king on his behalf, prevented any further proceedings — ■- ~ '-'m, and he was released and allowed October 1647 Wilmot fought n duel with his old enemy, Lord Digby, and was slightly wounded (Cabik, Oriyinal Lftteit, i. 63, 146, 159). When Charles II succeeded his father Wilmot became one of the new king's chief advisers. He was appointed b genlleraan of the bedchamber on 3 April 1649, and con- sulted on questions of policy, though not a memljer of the privy council [ Baitlie Lettert, iii. 8H; Carte, Ori'jinal Lellert, i. 339). He accompanied Charles to .Scotland, at- tached himself to the Marquia of Argyll's faction, and was allowed to st-ay in the country when other English royalists wet« expelled. Rumour credited him with be- traying the king's design to join MiddletOD and the Scottish royalists tn October 1650 (Walker, Hieton'cal Diteottrta; pp. 158, 101,197; lilchotai Paperi,\..2a\-%). Wil- mot fought at Won:ester, accompanied the king in the greater part of his wauderinga after that battle, and helped to procure the ship in which both escaped to France in October 1651 (Clibbsdox, Ilehellim, siii. 87-106; Fe*, TheFliyhtoftkeKins,\Sen, passim). The common perils they had en- dured strengthened bia political position, and Wilmot, 'who had cultivated the king's afl'ection during Ihe time of their per^rina- tion and drawn many promises from him," was one of the committee of four whom Charles thenceforward consulted with in all his affairs (Clakenhos, RrbtlHon, xiii. 123; Clarendon Stale Papen, iii. 46). On 13 Dec. 1652 he was created Earl of Rochester (D0YI.B, iii, 153; CLAaENSOS,if«ie//iu», siiL I4T). Chscles also employed him od many diplotaktie misaioiu. Id Mav \ab2 tie was Bent to neroCiate witb the Duhe of Lorraine (NirholatPaptra, \, 30lJ. itnd in Deceraber of the same year he was despatclied to negotiate with the diet of tlie empire at Ratisbon, from whom he suceeeded in ob- taining a eubsidf of about lO.tiOU/. for the J(ing"> service (Cr.iBESDOif, Eebeltion, xiv. 6fi, 103). In imi, be watt sent on a misginn to the elector of Brandenbiirfr, from whom the king hoped for assiatance Co further the Tuing attempted bv the Scottish royaliBtH iCIarmdon Stnfe Papm, iii. 904, 220, 230, 25I>. In February 1656 Rochester went to England to direct the moTemenla of the nnalist coDspirators against the Protector, ■with power to postpone or to authorise an insurrection, aa it seemed advisable. He •utctioned the attempt, but at tbo rendei'.- Toiis of the Yorkshire cavaliers on 8 March kt Msraton Moor found himself with only about a hundred followers, and abandoned the bopeleiu enterprise. Clarendon iin- tuirly blames him for deeieting, hut royalists in general did not (Bebellioii, xiv. 1S5). Imnlcs to his skill in disgulaes, Rochester contrived to eflect bis escape, and, though MTested on suspicion at Aylesbury, (tot back to the continent earlv in June (Engluh Hit- torieal JUvkrr, 1888 p. 337, 1889 pp. 315. aifl. ;i3i). In 1656, when Charles II raised m lillle army in Flanders, Rochester was colonel ofoneofits four reKlment8{Cl.lRBK- Bov, Reiellwn, xv. 68). He died at Sluya on II) Feb. 1657-8, and was buried at Bruges bv Lord Bopton (Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1659, pp. 297, 300). After the Bvstoratioit his body is said to have been mm erred at Spelabury, Oxfordshire. Rochester married twice : lirdt,on31 Au^. I6,'13, at Chelsea, Frances, daughter of S^ir George Mopon of Clenston, Dorset, by 'Catherine, daughter of Sir Arthur Hopton of Witham, Somerset ; secondly, about 1044, 'Anne, widow of Sir Francis Henry Lee, bart. '(A 13 July 16;»;, and daughter of Sir John 'St, John, hart., by Anne, daughter of Sir noma* Leigbton. Portraits of hor and her 'Snt husband are reproduced in ' Memoirs of tliB Vemev Familv' (i. 24\, iii. 464). 8be wa* the friend of Sir Ralph Verney and of Colonel Hutchinson, and helped to Mve the life of the latter at the Restoration (Vebsbi, Mftnoin, i. 247, iii. 4ft4 : Life of Colonel Hufokiiuon, 1885, il. 258, 208. 396). She was also the mother of John, second ©arl of Rochester [q. v.], aun-ived her son, and was buried at Spelsbury, Oxfordshire, onl8Marcbl696(G.E.Cf0KAVNEl, Complete Jferaye, vi. 481). [Doyln's OfficiHl Baronnge, iii. C[okayn8]"8 Compl-to Peerage, vi. *H0 ; Clareu- lion's History of ihe BelniUioQ ; Clarendon Siata Papers , Nicholas pHpers. Many of Wilmol'a Isltera nra smong the correapondeoca of PrinCB Rupert in tbe lirlti'sh Museum, some of whith ars printed in Warburton's PrincB Hupert.l WTLMOT. JAMES {d. 1808), alleged author of ' The Letters of Junius.' [See undi-r Sgrres, Mes. Olivia Wiluot.] WILMOT. JOHN, second Earl of RoouEsTKB (1647-1680), poet and libertine, was the son of llenty "W ilmot, first earl of Rochester [q. vj, by "bis second wife. He was horn ut Ditcbley in tlifordabire on 10 April 1647. and on the death of his father on 9 Feb. 16r(7-8 succeeded to the earldom. He was left witb little besides the pretensions In the king's favour bequeathed him by his father's services to Charles after the battle of Worcester. Afterattending the school at Burford. he was admitted a fellow commoner of Wadham College, Oxford, on 18 Jan. 1659-60. His tutor was Phineaa Bury. He showed aa an undergraduate a happy turn for English verse, and contributed to the university collections on Charles Il'a restoration (1660) and on the death of Princess Mary of Orange (lOlilj. He was created M.A. on 9 Sept. 1661, when little more than fourteen. Neit year be presented to his college four silver piut pota, which Hre still preserved. On leaving (he univer~ sity be travelled in France and Italy under ihe care nf Dr, Balfour, who encouraged bis love of literature. In 1664 be returned from liis travels while in bis eiffhteentb year, and presented himself at Whitehall, In tbo Bummer of 1665 he joined as a volunteer Sir Thomas Teddeman fq. v.] on board the Royal Katharine, and toot part in too unsuccessful nssBiilt on Uutcb ships in the Danish har- Ijour of Bergen on 1 Aug. He is aaid to have behaved witb credit, lie again served nt sea in the summer of the following year in the Channel under Sir Edward Spraffge [q. v.], and dielinguiahedhimself by carrying IL measagii in an open boat under the enemy's Rochester bad meanwhile identified him- self with the most dissolute set of Charles II's courtiers. He became the intimate associate of Oeorge VilliHra. second duke of Bucking- ham; Charles SackviUe, duke of Dorset; Sir Charles Sedley, and Henry Savile, and, although their junior by many years, soon excelled all of them in profligacy. Burnet aays that be was 'naturally modest till the court corrupted him,'but befell an unresist- ing prey to every manner of vicious example. Wilmot Wilmot His debaucheries and were often the outcome of long spelli drunlceniiesB. Towards the end of bis mi he declared that he wa9 under the inSuenci of drink for five couBecutive years. At thi game time lie cultivated a brilliant faculty for amorous lyrics, obscene rhymes, mordant sntires in verse, and, although he quickly ruined his physical health by his eicceases, his intellect retaiaed all its vivacity tiU death. The king readily admitted him to the closest intimacy. He was Charles's com- panion in many of the meanent and most contemptiblo o^ the king's amorous adven- turea, and often acted as a spy upon those which he was not invited to share. But although his obscene conversation and scorn for propriety amused tbe king, there love lost between them, and Rocbester's position at court was always precarious. His biting tongue and his practical jokes spared neither the king nor the ministers nor the royal mistresses, and, according to Oramont, he was dismissed in disgrace at least once a year, It was (Pepya wrote) ' lo tbe king's everlasting shame to have so idle a rogue his companion' (Pbpys, viii. 231-2). He clearly exerted over Charles an irresistiblQ iascinntion, and he was usually no sooner dismissed liie court than be was recalled. He wrote many 'libels 'on the king, which reek«d with gross indecency, but his verses included the familiar epigram on the ' sovereign lord ' who ' never said a fonlisb tbintr and n did a wise one' ('Miscellany Poems' pended to MitaUlaneota H'vrki of Rovhetttr and Ruscommon, 1707, p. t3J)). He lacked all sense of phame, and rebulTs bad no m ingfor him. On 18 Feb. 1608-9 be aci panied tbe king and other courtiers dinner at the Uulch ambassador's. Oifended by a remark of a i'ellow-pueat, Thomas Kilii- grew, he bosed bis ears in the royal presence. Charles II overlooked tbe breach of etiquette, and next day walked publicly up and down, with llocbester at court lo ihe dismay of aerioiisly minded spectators. When he at- tempted to steal a Kiss from the Duchess of Cleveland as she left her carriage, he was promptly laid on his back by a blow from her hand ; but, leaping to bis feet, he recited an impromptu compliment. On oiw occasion, when bidden to with- draw from court, be took up bis residence under an assumed name in the city of London, and, gaining admission to civic society, dis- closed and mockingly denounced thedugraded debaucheriesofthekingandtheking'sfriends. Subsequently he Bi.'t up as a quack doctor under the name of ,\ieiander Gendo, taking frolics lodgings in Tower .Street, and having a alall -"- -■■ I on Tower Hill. He amused himself by dis- pensing advice and cosmetics ainong credu- lous women. A speech which he is said to have delivered in tne character of a medical mountebank proves him to have acted his part with much humour and somewbat less freedom than might have been anticipated (prefixed to the ' Poetical Works of Sir Charles Sedkv," 1710; GRkMom. Mrmnin). At another ti'me, according to 9olnt-£vre- mond. he and the Duke of Buckingham took an Inn on tbe Xewmarket road, and, while pretending to net as tavern-keepers, con *pi red to corrupt all the respecluble women of the neighboiirbood. On relinquishing the ad- venture 'they joined tbe king at Newmarket, and were welcomed with delight. With the many ladies of doubtful reputa- tion who thronged tbe court Hochester had numerous intrigues, but he showed their waiting women as much attention as them- selves. Elirabcth Barry [q.v.l, 'woman to the Lady Shelton of Norfolk,' he look into his keeping. He taught her to act, and in- troduced her to the stage, where she pursued highlyaiiccesaful career. Some of his letters her were published after bis death, A daughter by her lived to the ajfo of thirteen. Despite his libertine exploits, Kochester succeeded in repairing his decaying fortune a wealthy marriage. Tbekingencouraged him to pay addresses to Elizabeth, daughter of John fllalet of Enmere, Somerset, by Eliia- beth, daughter of Francis, baron Ha'wley of Donamore. Pepys described her as' tbegreat beauty and fortune of the north.' Gramont called her a ' melancholy heiress.' Not uih T nat urally she rejected R(]che8t^«Buit,wlu upon he resorted to violence. On 26 " 1 6(55 the lady supped with the kingf's mis , Frances Teresa btuart. (or Stewart) [q.T.], '' and left with her grandfather, Lord Hawley. At Charing Cross Rochester and his nganla stopped the horses and forcibly removed her to another coach, which was rapidly driven out of London, A bue and cry was raised, Hochester was followed to Uxbridge, where hewasarrested,and,onbeing brought to Lon- don, was committed lo the Towerby order of thBklng(PEPrs,2>i'a7y,ed.WUeatIey,lv.419). Miss Molet was not captured, and illocbester was soon released with a pardon. In lfW7 he married the lady, and remained on fairly good terms with her till his death (cf. hw letters to her in HTtartoniarta, 1727, vol. li.) Rochester's marriage did not alter his relations with the king or tbe court. In 1686 he was made a gentleman of tbe king's bedchamber. On 5 Oct. Id67, although still ■■ider age, he was summoned to the House Wilmot 6S Wilmot 1 Lords, and in 1U74 lie received a npecial I nark of myal favour lij being appointed F lueper of Woodstock Pnrk, with a lodRe ' called * High Lodge ' for residence. On 34 Not. 1670 Evelju met him at dinner at the lord treasurer's, and descrilx-d him as ' a proranewit' (Evelin, Diofy, ii. 254), In June 1676 he, (Sir) Qeor^ Etherege, and three friends engaged in a drunken frolic at Epaom, ending in a skirmiBh with ' the watch At Epsom,' in the course of which one of the roisterers (Uownee) rect^ived a fatal wound iSiit. JUSS. Comm. Tth liep. p. 467 ; Hat- ton Comnpondeace, i. 133). Meanwhile Rochester played the role of a ^tran of the poets, and showed character- istic fickleness in Ills treatment of them. He was a shrewd and exacting critic, as hia eaoetic and ill-natured remarks in his clever imitalion of the 'Tenth Satire' of Horace, bk. i,, and in the 'Session of the Poets' (printed in his works), amply prove. About 1670 he showed many attenlionsto Dryden, , who flattered bim extravagantly when dedi- | catins to him his 'Marriage h la Mode' (1673). But Rochester fell out with Dry- den's chief patroD, John Sheffield, earl of MulgT«Te [(J-v.l; he is said to have enga^ in a duel with MulrraTe and to have slio the white feather. By way of retaliating Hulgrave, he soon ostentatiously disparaged Drf den and encouraged Drydon'sfeehle rivals, Elkausb Settle and John Crowne. Ill wrote a prologue, which he spoke himself. Crowne dedicated to him his ' Charles VIII of Franca ' next year, and at the earl's sug- gestion he wrote the ' Masque of Calistd,' which Rochester recommended for perform- ance at court in 1675. The youngerdrama- tut« Nathaniel Lee and Thomas Otway also •bared his favours for a time. In ]675 he commended Otway's ' Alcibiades,' and in- Wreated the Duke of York in the young au- diOT. Otwuy dedicated to bim his 'Titus and Berenice ' in 1677 ; but when the drama- tist ventured to make advances to liochester's mistress, Mrs. Barry the actress, Rochester sbowedbimsmallmercy. Lee.whodedicatnd to Rochester ' Nero," his first piece, com- memorated his patronage in his description of Count Rosidorein his' Princess of Cleves,' which was first produced in November 1681. Aaotlier protfigfi, whom Rochester treated with greater constancy, was John Oldham (1653-1683) rq. v.] Sir George Etherege is Mud to have drawn from Rochester the cha- racter of the libertine Dorimant in the ' Man =hwas 1 1676 fETHBHBGE, Workt, ed. Verity, p. xiv; el. WsUkHK, I^ Public ft let Hommrf de Lettret n, AnsMrrre, ltWO'1744, Paris, 1881, pp. 02 sq.) In 1670 Rochester's beallU failed, although he was able to correspond gaily with his friend Henry Savile on the congenial topics of wine and women. During his conva- lesceuce in the autumn he, to the surprise of his friends, nought recreation in reading tbe first part of Gilbert. Burnet's ' History of the ReiormaCion.' Ue invited the author to visit him, and encouraged bim to talk of religion and morality. Rochester, in his feeble condition of body, seems to have found Burnet's ciinvprsation consolatorv. In April 1680 he lea I.ondon for the High Lodge at Woodstock Park. The journey aggravated his ailments, and he began (o recognise that recovery was impossible. He showed siains of penitence for his misspent life. After lis- tening attentivelv to the pious exhortations of his chaplain, Robert Persons (1(M7-17U) I [q. v.], be wrote on 26 June to Burnet begging him to come and receive hia death- bed repentance. Burnet arrived on 20 July, and remained till the 34th, spending tbe four days in spiritual discourse. ' I do verily be- lieve,' Burnet wrote, 'he was then so en- tirely changed that, if he had recovered, he would have made good all bis resolutions.' Rochester died two days after Bumet left him, on 26 July. He wajs buried in the north aisle of Spelabury church in Oxfordshire, but without any monumeut or inscribed stone todistiuguishhis grave (cf.MABHHiLL,iriioiJ- ttock, suppl. 1874. pp. 25-36). His bed is still preserved at High Lodge. Rochester's will, with a codicil dated 22 June 1680, was proved on 23 Feb. 1680-1. His executors included, besides hia wife and mother, whom he entreated to live in amity with one another, Sir Walter St. John, his mother's brother, and Sir Allen Apsley (1610-1683) [q. v.] Settlements had already been made on iiis wife and sun; 4,000/. was left to each of his three daughters ; annuity of 40/. was bestowed on an infant named Elizabeth Gierke; and other sums were bequeathed to servants ( WUU from Doctort' t'ommom, Camd, Soc, pp. 139-41). Sympathetic elegies came from the pens of Sirs. Anne Wharton, Jack How [i.e. John Gruhham Howe, q, v.], Edmund Waller {Rcamai Mucellaneum. 1702), Tho- mas Hatman, and Oldham. Hia chaplai) Robert Parsons, preached a funeral sermo which gave a somewhat sensational accoui of his ' death and repentance,' and attracted general attention when it was published. A edifieatory account of Rochester's coo- I I I W'ilmot Wilmot Terabn, which tnade even greater tensatton than Parsons'ssitTmon, was pablifhed by Bur- net umier the title ' Some Pussaifea ot the Life and Death of John, Earl of Rochester,' 1680,Uto. Like Parsoiu's volume, it was con- Btantly reisaued. A modeni reprint, with, a ;reface b; Lord Ronald G'lwer, appenreil in 875. or the episode nf hia viait to RoeheS' ter'g dealhbt-d Burnet wrote : ' Nor was the king displeased with my being aent for bj Wilmot, earl of Uocbester, when he died. lie fancied that he bad told me many Ibinjj's of which I might make an ill use j jet be had read the book that I writ concerning him, and spoke well of it ' (Ddbnet, Oten 7ime», 1823,ii.t'88). Rochester's widow aurvivod liim about thirteen months, dying suddenly of apoplexy, and being buried at SpeUburj' on 20 Aug. 1681 (cf. Hutton Corrinjtondence, u. 0). By her he left a son and three daughters. The Bon, Charles, third and last earl of Rochester of the Wilmot family, baptised at Adderbury on2 Jan. 1870-1, aurvivedhis father scarcely two years, dying on I'i Nov. and being buried on 7 Dec. 1 68 1 by his father's side. The earl- dom thus became mtinct, but it was recreated in favour of Lawrence Hyde fq. v.] on 39 -S'ov. 166J. Rochester's eldest daughter and heiress, Anne, married, first, Henry Bayntun of Bromham, Wiltshire ; and, secondly, Francis Greville, leaving issue by both husbands, and being ancestre^ by her second husbaad of the GrevillcB, earls of Warwick. Elisa- beth, Rochester's second daughter, who is said to have inherited much of lier father's wit, married EMward Montagu, third earl of Sandwich, and died at Paris on 2 July ITS7, Rochester's third daughter, Malet, married John V'aughan, second viscount Lisbnme. The best portrait of Rochester is that by Sir Peter Leiy at Hinchinbrooke, the seat of the Earl nf Sandwich. In a jwrtrait at Warwick Castle he is represented crowning a monkey with laurel. A third jiortrait, by WlHsing, is in the National Portrait Gallery. A fourth portrait of Rochester in youth be- longed in 1866 to Col. Sir E. S. Prideaux, bart.(aif. Natiimal Portraitt al South Ken- tington, 1806V Twaengravingsof him were made by R. Wliite^one in large size dated 1081, and the otheronasmaUer scale, which was prefixed to the first edition of Burnet's 'Some Passages.' 1080. There is also an en- ([Taved miniature signed ' D[atid] L[oggan] RocheHter had as sprightly a lyric gift, as any writer of the Restoration. Aa a satirist he showed much insight and vigour, and, according to Aubrey, Marvell regarded htm ks the best satirist of his time. But he was fowley his lyrics were often deeply indebted. His literary work was disfigured by hia in- corrigibly ficentiouB temper. The sentiment in bis lova songs is transparently artificial whenever it is not offensively obscene. Nu- merous verses of gross indecency which have been put to his credit in contemporary mis- cellanies of verse may be from other pens. But there is enough foulness in his fully authenticated poems to give him a title to be remembered as the writer of the filthiest verse in the language. His muse has been compared to a well-favoured child which wil- fully and wantonly rolls itself in the mud, and is BO besmeared with dirt that the ordi- nary wayfarer prefers rather to rush hastily by than pause to discover its native charms (Sir. EfUnund Gosso in Wisd's Enytith Poett, ii. 425). It is said tliat on hia deathbed Rochester directed all hia licentious writing* to be de- stroyed, and that after his death hJs mother ordered a scandalous history of contempo- rary court intrigues to be burnt (Cibber). Uf that work nothing is known, and the order may havo been carried out, hut much else survives. The bibliography of Rochester's poems is difficult owing to the number of Coems that are attributed to him in miscel- ineouB collections of verse of which he was probably not the author {of. Ponn* on Affnin of Stale, passim; Kr/imen Alitcelloneuia, 1703). No complete critical collection ef bis works has been attempted. His 'Satires against Mankind,' his poem on ' Nothing,' aitd otiiers of ' his lewd and profane poems ' and lil>els appeared bk penny broadsides in single folio sheets at the close of his life — in 1679 and 1080— doubtless surreptitiously. Ac- cording to the advertisement to Parsons'* Mf- mon, ' they were ery'd about the street." The letter in which he summoned Burnet to his deathbed also appeared aa a broadside in 168U. Within a fewmonths of his death a short series nf ' Poems on several Occasions bjthe Right Honourable the E. of R ' was issued, prore-ssedlyat ' Antwerpcn,' but really in Lonclon(1080,8vo). The volume was re- printed in London in 16S5, with some omis- sions and modifications, as ' Poems on seve- ral Occasions, written by a late Person of Honour.' Some additions were made to another issue of 1691, in which are to be found all hia authenticated lyrics. This was reissued in 1696. Meanwhile there appeared an udaptalion by Rochester, in poor taste, of Beoiunont and Fletcher's trajredy of ' Valentinion,' under the title ' Valentinian : a Tragedy. Wilmot «r Wilmot I As \ia Altet'd hf the lute Earl of Rochester l.snd Acted at the Theatre Royal. Together ' with a Preface concerning tlie Author and his Writinga. Bj one of his Frienda' (i.e. Robert "WoUeley, eldest Bon of Sir Charles Wobeley [q.v.]), London, 1685, When the play was produced in 1G86, Better! on played Aecins with much success, and Mrs. Barry appeared aa Lucina (Downbs, Roicaa, p. 65). Tliree prologues were printed, one heing hy ilr*. Behn. I tolerable foulness hoa been put to Itochester's discredit. It is entitled ' Sodom,' and was >ub)iahed at Antwerp in 168i as ' by the E. of R. ; ' no copy of this edition is known ; to have been burnt by Richard Heber. Two manuscripts are extant ; one IB in the British Museum (Ilarl. MS. 7312, S>. 118-4-'], B volume containing many of ocheflter's authentic compositions), and the Other is in the town librory of Ilsmburg. ^e piece is improbably said to Iiave been ■cted at court; it was doubtless designed te a Kurriloiis attack on Charlea II. In a ■bort poem purporting to be addressed lo "^e author of the play (in Rochester's col- '~ '«! poems), he mockin|;ly disclaimed all jwngihilily for it, and it has been sltri- Diled to a youngbarrister named John Fish- lioume, of whom nothing is practically faionn (Baker, BL'yr. Drain.) Internal aridence unhappily suggests that Rochester ! ^d the chief hand in the production. French Sdaptations are dated 1744, 1752, and 1767 'itt. PlHAHOs Frixi, Cmtvria Libtvrum A/i^ ~TOiufi*(<»rwiii, London, privately printed, 1879). An edition of Rochester's ' Works ' which iraa issued by Tonson in 1714, 12mo, included Us letters to SaTile and Mrs. * * *, the 'Ingedy of ' A'alentinian," a preface by Ry- mer, and a pastoral elegy by Oldham. There WNsaportraitbyVau^Qucht, Thefourth edition of this is dated 1732. Rochester's ' Remains,' including his * Satyres,' followed ■ft 17ia Probably the completest edition is ■ ' Poetical Worlis of the Earl of Rochester,' |l73l-2, 2vo1b. A leas perfect collection of lus ' Works ' ' icludfnl the poems of the Eitrl of Roscnm- . The first edition appeared before 1702, jiobsceneappendixwas called 'The Delights t Venus, now first published.' The eecond s dated 1702 ; others appeared in lB'07 (and in 1714) with Saint'-Evremond's neraoir of Rochester and an additional poem r outrageous groosness called 'The Dis- [ A volume containing not only Rochester's OK, but also those of this Piarls of Roa- Btnmon and Dorset and the Dukes of Devoushire aud Buckingham, first appeared in 1731, and waa frequently reissued, often with an obscene appendix by various hands, entitled 'The Cabinet of Love," London, I 1739,2 vols. 12mo; 1757,1777. A privately printed reissue of excerpta from the 1757 edition appeared in 18M. Itochester's poems, expureated by George Steevens [q.v.], ap- peared in Johnson'a collection, and were reprinted in the collections of Anderson, Chalmers, and Park. Rochester's letters to Savile and to Mrs. Barry were published, with a varied corre- Bpondence collected bv Tom Brown, in 'FamiUar Letters,' 16SG, 1697, and 1699, and seven letters — two to his son, four to his wife, and one to the Earl of Lichfield— ' are in ' Whartoniann," 17^7, ii. 161-8. A few more are appended to ' A New MtseeU Inny of tirigina! I'oems,' 1720 (with preface by Anthony Hammond [q. v.]) [3nint-i:rri-nioQd'a Memoir. prpHxad to Ho- chester's MieeellnnBouB Works. 17U7; Savilo Correspond enoa {Camden Soc); Ciiiber's Lives, it. 260-3UU ; Grnmont's Memoirs; Burnet's 0*n Times; Aubrey's Lives, «l. Andrew Clark; Poems on Affairs of Stale, passim; Marshaira Woodstock, with Suppltment. 1 873-1 ; Uunter'a Chonia Vntum in Brit. Mna. Addit MS. ^4*61 ; Jofansan's Liies of the Foeti, ed, Cunniiighain ; Q. K. C[okiijDe]'s Cooiplelo PeflrBge. Kouhua- ter's deiklli in desoribed for ndiHcalory pBrposes ■ onljinPareooB'sSecmon, 1680,andBurnet'H IB FusBaeuoli tics through- out his coreor — aa rendered his refusal of office obligatory ; and no one but himself doubted his capacity. His refusal was dic- tated by the same pococurantism, now in- veterata and reinforced by failing health, which he had twice before exliibited. It was the more to be regretted by reason of the glaring incompetence of the commis- sioners. But there is no reason to suppoce that in Wilmot the country lost a great - chancellor. His understanding was indml sound and strong and his learning exten- sive, but there is no evidence that he pos- sessed tfie subtlety and originality which characterise the masters of equity. Wilmot resigned the chief-justiceflbip on 26 Jan. 1771. He at finit declined afl recompense for hia services, but at length accepted a pension of 2,400/. He continued to take part in the judicial business of the privy council until 1(82, when he withdrew entirely from public life. He died at his house in Oreat Ormond Street, London, on 6 Feb. 1792. His remains were interred in Bcrkswell church. By his wife Saisb ((«. in 1743), daughter of Thomas Rivel^ M.P. for Derby 1748-54, Wilmot had, with two daughters, three sons. The second son, John Kardley-Wiimol fq. t.1, succeeded to bis estates. Bobert, the eldest son, died married in the East Indies. Wilmot'sdeoieionsarereported by Burrow and Wilson. His own Tuotcs of Opinions and Judgments delivered in different Courts,' edited by his son John Eardley-Wilmot, ap- peared at London in 1802, 4to. Some o[ his letters are printed in his' Memoirs' (sm wfra: and cf. Biet. MSS. CoTam. 5th Rep. App. p. 369, Cth Rep, App. p. 242). Engravings from portraits by Reynolds and UancB are in the British Museum and prefixed to the works above mentioned. [John E^rdlej-Wilmol's Memoirs of the Lifr of iho Right Hon. Sir John E«rdley Wilmot, Knight, with some Oriffinat LatUrs. 1B03, Loo- dun, 4tQ (Sud edit, with additions. IBU); L« Wilmot 69 Wilmot I Kero's PedigrwB of lbs Knigbts (Hiirl. Soc.}. p. 291 ; KLmber md Jobosoa's Baniuetagc, iii. ISl; Gept. Mag 17SS p. 92, 1792 i- IS7; Ann. Reg. 1765 p. 69. 1766 pp. 165. IB6, 1771 p- 71, 1772 p. 162; Lj»OBBBMiig. Brit. Tol.T.p,livi; Hanrood'* Lichfield, p. 199; WalpoVa Memoire ot xbe Rflign of George II, ed. Holland, ii. 273 ; Slemoira oJ the Reign of Goorgp III, e't; with an Account of the Compensation granted to tbem by Par- liament in 1786 and 17Se,' London, 1815, 8vo. By bis first wife Wilmot had, with four daughters, a son, John Eardley (1783-1847), bom on 21 Feb. 1783, educated at Harrow, and called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn on 9 May 1^08. He resided at Berkswell Uall, WarwickshirBjthenorthem division of which county he represented in purliament in the liberal interest from 1832 lo 1843. On 23 Aug. 1821 he was created Sir John Eardley Eardley-W'ilmol, bart. In 1843 (27 March) he was appointed lieutenant- governor of Van Diemen s Land, but, in con- sequence of his supposed indifference to the morals of the convicts under bis charge, was superseded on 13 Oct. 1846. He died at Hobart Town on 3 Feb. 1847. He was D.C.L. (Oion.), F.R.S., and F.L.S., and author of ' An Abridgment of Blnckstone'a "Commentaries'" (London, 1822, l2mo; 2nded.,byhi8 son Sir John Eardley Eardley- Wilmot [q. v.], 1853, 8vo: 3rd ed. 1855). He married twice : first, on 21 May 1808, Elisa- beth Emma {d. 1818), fourth daughter of Caleb Hillier I'arrj-. M.D., of Batb, and sister of Admiral Sir Edward Parry; se- condly, on 30 Aug. 1819, Eliza (d. 1869), eldest daughter of Sir Robert Cheater at Bush Hall, Hertfordshire. He had issue by both wives. [Fosters Alnmni Oioa. and Baronetage ; Burke's Peemga snd Baronetage; Lnn List; Gent. Mug. 1776 p. 191, 1793 ii. 670. 1808 i, 45S, iei5ii. B3, ISId ii. 272, lS47ii. 20fl ; Aon. Bee 1743,11,333; Menioiraof Sir John Esrdlej- Wilmol(l802),p. .18; Pari. Hibt. lii. 37, 787, axiii. til ; Madams D'ArbUy's Diary, vi, I I Wilmot Wilmot Georgiau Era; Cbilniert's Biogc. Diet.; List of Itoyal Socjoty. 1797; hist of Kocinty of Aoli- qii«ries(18i 2) ; Korthcote's Cniteof Sir Dirdloy- Wilmot (1847); HiulUid's Austmliim UicL of Ihttee.] J. M. R. WILMOT, Snt JOtIN EARDLEY EARULEV- (_1810-I892), bBCQnet.burrialer and politician, bom on 16 Nov. ISIO, waa eldest wm of Sir John Enrdley Eiirdky- Wil- mot, first baronet, and grandson of Jolin Eani ley- Wilmot [q. v,] He was educnted at Wincliesler, wnere he received the gold medal in 1828, and at BaUiol College, Ox- ford, where he matTiculated on 22 March 1828, and obtained a scholarship. Regained the chancellor'a gold medal for Latin Terae in 1820, gmdusting B.A. in 1831. On 18 May 1830 he became a student at Lin- coln's Inn, and he was called to the bar on 28 Jan. 1843; h« joined the midland circuit and Warwick, Coventry, and Birmingham HBHsiona. From ia]2 until 1874, when he rttsiffned the post, he was recorder of War- wicfe, and he was judge of the county court at Bristol from January 18o4 to 18(13, and subsequently trom 1863 to 1871 of the Mary- leljone district in London. He represented Bouth Warwickshire in parliument in the conaen-ative interest from 1874 lo 1885, where he introduced hilU in 187& and 1876 to amend the criminal law by diiferentiatinc two claases of murder, and to furthar extend vocate, thougli a practised speaker. He took great interest in the Question of local govern- ment foe Ireland, advocating the develop- ment of IriEli industries aud the establish- ment of B royal residt'nce in Ireland, and acting as chairman of a harbour board in Ireland. His persevering efforts procured the release of Edmund Oalley, who had been wrongly convicted of murder and sen- tenced to penal servitude for life. Wilmot died at hin residence in Tburloe Sqiiarf, London, on 1 Feb. 1893. He married, on 27Aprill839,Eliia Martha, afth daughter of 8ir Robert Williams, ninth baronet. She died on 23 Oct. 1887. and had issue six sons »nd two daughters. He was succeeded in the title by bis eldest son, WiUiam Assheton Enrdley Wilmot, of the Northumberland Fusiliers, who was bom in 1841, married in 1876 Mary, third daughter of David Watts Russell of Biggin, Noithamptoushire, and died in 1890. Wilmot was author of ; 1. 'A Digest of the Law of Burglary,' Liondon, 18-"il, 12mo. '2. ' Lord Brougham's Acts and Bills from 1811 to the present time, now first collected and arranged, with an Analytical Review, sliowing their n-suits upon the Amendment of the Law,' London, 1837, 8vo. 3. ' Remi- niscences of the late Thomas Assheton Smith,' Loudon, 1860, 8to; 5th edit. 1893, 4. ' A Safe and Constitutional Plan of rarliamenlary Reform,' London, 1865, Sro. He also edited his father's ' Abridgment of Blackstone's Commentaries,' London, 1863, 8vo; 1855, 12mo. He frequently contri- buted letters to the ' Times ' and other newi papers on the legal and poli which he was interested, besides writJngi publishing various pamphlets. [TiinoB, 2 and y Feb. I8B2; Law Tli 6 Keb. 18B2; Law Journal, 6 Feb, 1892; brett's House of CommoDS and Judicial Bencb; Burke's PeoTago ; Foaler's Alomni Oion. 1715- 1886; FoBtor'sMenat tbeBnr; Official Retunu of Members of Parliament ; private inrormatioa.] R. J.8. WILMOT, LEMUEL ALLEN (II 1378), governor of New Brunswick, 1 on 31 Jan. lt<09 at Sunbiiry.on theSt. J( "' '" Brunswick, daughter of Daniel' Bliss (1740-1800); chief justice of the court of common pleas in New Brunswick. On his father's aide he was descended from a New England family, his Krandfathor, Major Lemuel Wilmot, being a loyalist refugee. Lemuel Allen was portly educated among the French community at Madawasha, and he aflerwards entered the university of King's College at Fredericton. He was a successful student, and had the dis- tinction of being ' the best swimmer, skater, runner, wrestler, boatman, drill-master, speaker, and musician ' of his time. In 1830 he became an attorney, and two years later was called to the bar of New ftrunswick. On31 July 1834 he was elected to the houst- of assembly for the province of York. He declared himself a liberal in politics, advo- cating responsible government and opposi- tion to the system of family compacts, and soon was acknowledged the liberal leader. In 1830 he moved an address to the governor for a detailed account of tbe crown land fund, and be and William Crane were sent to England as delegates to obtain for the representative assembly the control of the crown lands. They were cordially received by the colonial secretary, Sir Charles Grant, Sir Archibald ('ampbell (1769-1843) [q.y.],withheld his approval and tendered his resignation. The delegates wem again sent to England, where their eflijrts wore finally successfuL Campbell's resigns- lion w«e accepted, and the control of t!ie rcvetiue of lh« crovrn lunds was vested in the lusembl; oa coadiliait of calablishing a {wrmBnent civil list out of it. lu 1838 Wilmot waa made a queen's couiiael. In 1814 he accepted a sent in ihe exwiilire council without a portfolio ; but when thii lieutenant-governor, Sir Willinin Colebrooke, without consulting liis advisers, appoiuted hia aon-in-law 1o the office of Jrovincinl secretary, Wilmot, with three col- ■oguBs. rrsJened bis place in the cabinet. Ill 1(*47 Ekrl Grey, the colonial secrctsrj", ileclart>d that mombers of the executive council should bold office only whili! the; possessed tha confidence of llio niajoriiy of Hie people. In 1848 the New Bruns- 'wick bouse of oEiemblj- passed a reso- lution approving of Enrl Grey'a despatch, and Wiunot, who mudi> a grent speech on the occaiion, was culled on to form u go- Temment- He accepted the task, and bis eatuDHt bflciunn b, coalition ministry with liberal tendencies. He himself held office a« attontey-genernl, a post which he first till«doii24 M:ayl848. In this capacity and as prvmier he took au active part in the eoiuolidalion of criminal and muuicipal law. la 1850 he attended the international rail- way convention at Portland in Maine. In the Male year he took part in negotiations in Waahiugton on tbe subject of comtuer- eial reciprocity, A treaty waa concluded fcur years later by Lord Elgin. In Jannary I8.7I Wilmot was appointed a Jodge of tbe supreme court. While holding I-Jlus office he received ibe honoran' defjree iflf D.CL. from the university of King's jOeihege. When the question of federation *tKam» prominent in ifitili be espoused the <«*aBs of union, and after federation was ac- ^tompltshed hu was nominated to the post of iBwitenanr-govemor of New Brunswick on }«7 July 1868- Ho held office till 14 Nov. '3S7S,irhen he received a pension as a retired Ifttdge. In 1875 he became second com- liiissioner under tbe Prince Edward Island {ISttchase Act, passed in that year, and he iWU mlao nominated one of the arbitrators in '^e Ontario and north-west, boundary com- lauwion, but deatb prevented bim serving. 'Ma died at Fredericton on 20 May 1878, ■ad was buried near tha town. Wilmot waa twice married : first, to a daughter of tbe Rav. J. Balloch ; and, secondly, to a daughter of William A. Black of Halifax, a member of tbe legislative council. [Lutbern's Hon. Judgo Wilmot, 1881 ; Do- mi nionAnnaiil Register, 1878. p. 371 ; Applslon's Cytl. of Amorican Biogr. ; Withrow'a Hi«t. of Ciuuula, 18S8, p. 606 ] E. 1. C. WILMOT, ROBEBT {/, 1568-1608), drauinlist, was presented by Uabrie] Poynlx on 38 Nov. 166:i to the lectory of North Okendon, now Uekiindon, aboui six milea from Romford in Espfi, and by tbe dean and chapter of St. I'nut's Cnthedrul, on 2 Dec. 1 58ii, to tbe vicarage ofHorndon-on-the-lIill, a few miles away from Ockendon. He is described in l^iHS as M.A. (NRWtocBT, /ffr- perlorium, ii. 447, 343), It does not appear when tbe vicarage at Homdoo waa vacaled, but in 1608 the crown, by lupso of the ! laCroii'srigb t, appointed to Ockendnnanothee iobert Wilmot, whose death took place in Iflla Wilmot puhlisbed, in 1591, ' Thelragcdie of Tiincred and Gismund, compiled by tha Gentlemen ofthelnnerTempIe, and by them presented before her Majeatie. Newly re- vived and polished according to the decorum of these dales. By K. W. London,' 1591 ( lfi92 in some copies), 4to. The pkv is dedi- cated by ' Robert Wilmot ' to ■ Liidy Mnrie Peter and Ihe Lady Annie Graie ; ' the latter was the wife of Henry Grey, esq., of Pirgo. After the dedication comes a letter 10 the authorfrom Guil. Webbe[see WKoaE, W'li,. LTam], dated ' from Pyrgo in Eases, August tbe Eight, 1691.* Webbu claims from Wil- mot the performance of an 'old intention' of publishing this play. He refers to the gentlemen of the Inner Temple, 'by Ihfn »th*ify that the play framed and no less eiyiously acted ii of her Majeslie, by wuoin it was then aa princely accepted as of tliu whole honorable audiencenotably applauded.' After this letter follows an address by Wilmot to the ' Gentle- ment students of the Inner Temple and Gentlemen of the Middle Temple,' in which he mentions his doubt ' whether it wore convenient for the commonwealth, with the indecorum of my culling (as some thinke it ), that the memorie of Taucred'a Truftedie should be agaiue bv my meanes revived.' This seems a reference to his clerical profea- aion. He apeaka of hia acquaintance with the Temple us having lasted twenty-four years. Before the play there are compli- mentary eonnelB to ' the Queenes Maidens of Honor.' Tbe play was acted before Queen Eliinbeth in 1568. In Wilmot'sversiun Ihe initials of five composers are given at llie end of the five acte as follows : Itod. Staf. t Hen, No (Henry Noel P) ; O. Al. ; Ch. Hat tChristopber Haltonl : R. W. (Robert WJI- mot). "The play Is taken from Boccaccio, It ' mar still claim to be designated tha oldest known English play of which the plot is certainly («ken from an Italian novel.' The story is told in Painter's 'Palace of i Wilraot I'leaaure,' tale 39, The original Tersion ia extuiit in seveml manuscripla, of which Lansdowne MS. 78(i is the buat. From this it appears thnt originally the pUy was in decasyllabic rhyming quatrains, Wilmot in 1591 macUi it into blank verse, by that time fiuhiouablej but tbe play must be classed along with early plays like ' Uorboduc ' and Other imitationB of Seneca. It has dumb shows to commence and choruaes to termi- nate the acts. It ' poanesses no mean lite- rary merit ' (Ward), The 1691 edition was reprinted in Dodsley's 'Collection,' to), il., in 1780 (4th edit, by Hailitt, 1874, vol. vii.) Hunter mentions a second work by Wilmot, ' Syrophenisia, or the Canaaultiah Woman; con Diets at Qorndon-on-the-Uilt in the County of Essex,' 1598. (WbhI's EnRlish Uramntie Lil«rature, 1898. i. 2U; Collier's History otUrAOialic Poetry, ii. 399; Arber's Intri)diii;lion to reprint of Wrbbe'a Dis- eoursB of Engliiih Poetrie ; Balliini'a Lit. of Europe, ii. 16Tl Inderwicks Ciil. InaerTomple BKurds, 1890, vol. i. pp. liii-Uiii ; Bnntrr's miauscript Chorus Vacam ; Warton's English Postry.iv. 269, 338 rFleay'sHialory of the Stage, p. 1 7, and English Drama, ii. 271.] R. B. "WILMOT, ROBERT (d. IfllK), commo- dore, is first mentioned in July I6&9 as second lieutenant of the 70-gnn ship Exeter, then fitting out in the Medway. In the fol- lowing March he was promoted to command the Cygnet fireship, in which be was present at tbe battle of Beachy Dead on 3U June. Un 19 Auff. he was moved to the newly named fireship Hopewell, and shortly afteov words to the Dreadnought, to take that vessel round from Portsmouth to the river. The Dreadnouglit, an old 6:i-guu skip, built in 16i>4, was no longer seaworthy, and ' foun- dered bv her leakmessin her passage.' off the South j'orelaud, By thecourt-martial held on 8 Dec. I6SK) Wilmot was fully acquitted, and on t;. Gay himHelf could nuver Luvb wisbed for a bettor Filch' (i. 115). Her husband, niCHARD Wilson (Jt.mi- 1792), barn In Durham, played duritie mnny years comic characterB at Covent Garaea anil the Hay market. He wad a good actor in comedy, taking parts such as IlardcaattH, Justice Woodcoclt, Sir Anthony ,\bsolute, Tony Lumpkin, Slalvolio, Touchstone, Fal- Btaff, Ben in ' Love for Love,' Scapin, Shy- lock, Fluellen, Poloniua, Sir Pertlnax Macsy- copliant, and Sir llui;h Evans. His original nlfl included Don Jerome in the ' Duonna.' rd Lumbercourt in the ' Man of the World,' Father Luke in the ' Poor Soldier,' Mayor in ' Peeping Tom,' John Dory in ' Wild Oats,' and Sulky in the ' Road to Ruin.' According to a rather extravagant and scarcely credible account of Lee Lewes, he marrli'd in the country, as a seventh husband, a Mra. Grace, who ia said to have been the original Jenny in the ' Provoked Huaband." She was, in fact, Myrtilla, Mre. Cibber playing Ji'uny. She must have been fifty years of age, and Wiloon little over twenty. Wilson then married, it is said, a daughter of Charles l^ee I«wea [q. v.], and aflerwarda, it is to be pre- sumed, Airs. Weston. Richard WiUon wae a good actor. O'Keeffe (Srcotlfielimin, 11. Sffil) says he succeeded Shulcr at Covent Gorden, that ' hia mannerwas broad, full, and power- ful,' and that he was ' ever true in loyalty to bis poet, his manager, and his audience.' [OnneslB Aci-ount of the EiigliBh Stage, vols. T. and vi. pHEHim ; Young's MeniuirA of Mrs. Cmueh ; Tate Wilki a nan's Wandering Pufntee ; Oallou's U'story of the lAodun Theatres ; Lee Lewss's Mnmoira ; O'KsoBTb's Rctiillectionii ; Doran's Singe Aiimis, ed. Lnwe; Notes nod Qaeries, Sth ear. ii. 349.] J. K. WILSON, SiK ADAM (1814-1891), Canadian judge, was bom at Edinburgh on S2Sept.iei4, and educated inthatcitv. He emigmted in 1830 to Trafalgar, co. Haltou, in Upper Canada, and went into the employ of his uncle, who owned milla and stores at that placo ; but after three years he decided to go to the Canadian bar, and in 1834 be- came articled to Robert Baldwin Sullivan ; he was called in Trinity term 1839 to the bar of Upper Canada, having already made such an impression on his tutor that he was in 1840 admitted into partnership with him and Robert Daldwin, the reform leader. He waa successful in practice, and became Q.C in 1600; he was shortly afterwards elected a bencher of the I^aw Society of Upper Canada. In mtHS he was appointed to the committee for revising the public statutes of tiiB Canados. Wilson removed to Toronto before 1955, and in]8C9and l^^OOwasmayorof that city. In 1639 he entered the legislative aasembly of Upper Canada as member for the Konn Riding of York. Joining the reform party, he becmne an uncompromising opponent of the Cartier-Macdonald ministry, chiefly on the question of their views as to popular representation. In 1800 he waa again re- turned, but in IBOl was defeated in tbd election for Weet Toronto. In ] 803 he waa elected for his old constituency, and oa< 24 May of (hat year became solicit ur-genenl4 in the coalition ministry led by John •Sani'f held Macdonald. On 11 May 1H63 Wilson resigned jiolitical life on his appointment as puisne judge of the court ofqueen's bench for L'pper Canada. On S4 Aug. he was transferred to the court of common pleas ; but at Easter 1866 he again returned to the court of queen's bench. In 1871 he was a member of the law reform commission. In 1676 he wus appointed chief justice of the court of common plea*, and m 1834 chief justice of the court of queen's bench of Ontario. He wa$ knighted in 1888. He died at Toronto on a9 Dec. 1891. He was author of ' A Sketch of the Office of Constable,' 1861. Wilson married the daughter of Thomufl Dalton, editor of the Toronto 'Pair . adopted daughter, Julia Isabella Jorda^J married George Shirley. wnaoN, ALEXANDER (iTiJ-iraem first professor of astronomy at Qlaegow Um-J rersily, and the father of Scottish lettord founders, son of Patrick Wilson, town dtA- I of St. Andrews, was bom at St. Andrews in 1714. He studied at the university therti, and graduated M.A. on 8 May 1733. In ITitT he became assistant to a London surgeon and apothecary. I Ine day he [Miid a visit to a type-found IT, and, after examining the proceBses,theideaof an improved method of manufacture of types struck him. He relinquished his profe»siou and returned to St. Andrews in 1739. In 1742, with a friend named Bain, he started n letter- foundry at St. Andrews, which wag removed in 1744 to Camtachie, near Glasgow. In 1747 Bain settled at Dublin, butin 1749 the proved production of type.'. He furuiahed , Ilia friends, the brothers Foulia, with t tht! b«suly and artUttc finitib of the Foulia press [a«e Foolih, Robebi]. lie is specially referred to in the prEfsce to the ' Iloiner.' In 1760 Wibon was spiKiinted first profeaeoT of proctical astronomy in the uuiyersitv of Glasgow, tlirougli the influBnca of Ihtt Diike of .Irgyll. In ITUSI he mad< fais celebrated discovery regarding the solai ■pots, on account of which appeured in tht 'Philosophical Transactions' of tho Hojal Society of Loudon, 1774. His view was that the spots ore cavities or depressions in the luminous matter which surrounds the sun; u)d he was the hrst to establish this by a rigid induction. Wilsoa was also the author of a speculation in answer to the question, ' What hinders the fixed stare from falliug u^n one another.''' His viewwiis that this might depend upon periodical motion round aouus grand centre of gravitation. It was given to the world in an auonymous tract, 'Thoughts on Oentfral Oravitation, aud Views thence arieinui aa lo the State of the UniTBT*;.' Assisted by his sons, whom ho took into partnership, Vilsonstill continued and extended the buniness of tyiie-lbunding, ftnd in 1773 he published 'A specimen of some of the .Printing Tj'Pes cast in the Foundry of Alexander Wilson & Sons.' Wilson resigned the profesaarshtp in 1784, mddiedat EdinburghoiiieOet. 1786. He received the honorary degree of M.D. from St. Andrews on 6 Aug. ITtiS, and was one of the oi%inal wemben of the Huyal Society of Edinburgh. He was succeeded in his chair at the tybv his son Patrick Wilson (1743- ll^iWQohadmucb of the original thought d inventive genius of his fatner. He left 1,000/. to Glasgow University, the interest m which is used to purchase instruments for the professor of astronomy. His por- tnut, a medallion by James Taasio, is in the National Portrait Gallery, Edinburgh. The tvpH-foandiue business was continued by the W lUon family for many years, a branch being opened in 1632 in bdluburgh, while ill 1834 the bosinesa WOE removed from Glasgow to London. [Andenan'a Scottish Nation : Irring's Emi- Wnt Scotsmsn ; UuivDrsity of Glasgow, Old and Sew, IBSl. pp. 6S-S; London Literary Oaxattr, jut. p. 10; Rogera's Hist, of Rc. Andrens ; Addison's Roll of Glastjow Gradustos, ISSS.] G. 8.H. WILSON, ALEXANDER (1766-1813), ornithologbt, the son of Aluxaiider Wilson, a distiller, and afterwards weaver, of Paisley, was bom in that town on ij July 1766. lie was educated for a short time at a Bcbool in Paisley, but, owing to hie mother's death and ^nad luvei V],000/. U ^ mi wliinV » liis father's remarriage, had to be removed, and on ill July 177SJ was apprenticed for a term of three years to his eldest sister's husband, William Duncan, a weaver in Paisley. On the expiration of his appren- ticeship in nii2 lie continued weaving at Lochwinnoch and Paisley, but subsequently for nearly three years Lo triivelled as apack- From a very early period he had evinced a strong desire for learning, and had deve- loped a literary taste, especially for poetry. Ue had composed many poems himself, and nnsuccessfully sought when travelling to ob- tain subscribers towards their publication. These verses were nevertheless issued, and went through two editiona in 1790, reappear- ing in 17yl, under the title of ' Poems, bu morons, satirical, and serious.' Ilisliterary ed'orts being financially unsuccessful, he re- sumed weaving in Lochwinnoch, and after- wards in Paisley, but went to Edinburgh to take part in the debate held in the Pantheon by a society of literati culled 'The Forum' on the question whether Allan Komsay or lEobert I'ergusaon had done more to honour Scottish poetry. In his poem, which was Sthlished with that ou the same theme by beneior Picken [q. v.] in 1791, under the title of 'The Laurel disputed,' Wilson gave Preference to Hamaay, a verdict from which is audience dissented. Two other poems were composed and recited by him on this Ciccasion. He also, alter corresponding witli Burns, paid a visit to that poet in Ayrshire. In 1792 his poem 'Watty and Meg' appeared anonymously, and was at ilrst ascribed to A little later, having written a piece of severe personal satire against an individual 131 Paisley, he was sentenced to bum it in Rublic and impriaoned. After his release he 'ft for the American colonies, sailing from Helfast on 28 May 1794, accompanied by his nephew, William Duncan. The ship being full, they obtained passage only by agreeing to sleep on deck. On his arrival, literally Eennilea8,at Newcastle, Delaware, on 14 July, e shouldered his fowling-piece and walked to Pbiladelphin, shooting l>y the way his first American bird, a red-headed woodpecker. In Philadelphia he obtained employment with John Aitken, a copperplate printer, but afti.irwards took to weaving at I'eunypaek, and for a time in Virginia. In the autumn of 1795 he became a pedlar once more and travelled through New Jersey. On his return he opened a school near Frankford, Penn- sylvania, whence he removed to Millerstown and taught in the schoolhouse of that village. Here he studied hard, principally at mathe- I I Wilson Wilson opeaeii a aclioot at BloomSelil, New Jersey, miere he remained till early in 1302, when he received an appointment from the truBteea of the Union s^ool, close to Qrny'a Ferry, near Philadelphia. Here be mH Hebrew Writings transfer them to Spiritual Objects,' Edinburgh, 1750, Svo. 2. ■ tluman Nature surveveil by Pliilosopby and Revelation,' London. 1758, 8vo. 3. • An E«aayon tbe Autumnal Dysentery," London, 1761,8vo: 2tidedit.l777. 4.'ShortOb3en-a- tiona on the Principlea and Moving Powers Msumed by the present System of I'hilo- Bopbv,' 1764, 8vo. 5. ' An Explication and VinJication of tbe First Sect ion of the " Short 0baervation9,'"London,176t,Bvo. 6. 'Short Itemnrks upon Autumnal Disorders of the Bowels,' Newcastie-upon-Tyne, 170o, 8vo. 7. ' Reflections upon sorai' of the Subjects in Dispute between the Author of the " Divine Legation " and a late Professor in the Uni- TCrsilr of Oiford,' London, 1766, 8vo. 8. -On the Nioving Powers in tbe Circulation of the Blrtod,'1774,8yo. There is an Italian trans- lation of this treatise in Carlo Amoretti and Rranceseo Soave's ' Opnscoli scelti sulle set- enw esuUi arti,' ii. 255-72 (Milan, 1779, 4to). 9. * Medical Researches, beine an Enquiry into the Nature and Origin of Hysterics in the Female Constitution,' London ,1777,8vo. 10. 'Aphorisms on the Constitution and Dis- eaws of Children,' London, 1783, 12mo. 11. 'Bath Waters: a conjectural Idea of their Nature and Qualities, in three Letters, To which is added Putridity and Infection unjustly imputed to Fevers,' 1788, 8vo. [ScoU's Fusti Ecdes. Scotioans. i. ii. 5s7 : Scots Maga. I7D2 p. 310; Reuss's Peg. of Living Autbors, 1770-90; Allibone's Diet, of Kngl. Lit.: Onus's Bibliolh. Bibljcs, IS24; Kdinb, Medical Graduates, 1706-1 B66,p. 4 : Hist. Skeicb and Laws of \ho Rojd Coll. of Phjs. of blinb. 1882, p. 4.] E. I. C. WHflON, ANDREW (1780-1848), land- •cape-pointer, born in Edinburgh in 1780, came of an old familv wbo had suffered in the Jacobite cause. His father's name was Archibald Wilson, his mother's Elizabeth Shields. When quite young he commenced tostudyart undBrAle.xanderNasmyth[q.v,], and then, at the age of seventeen, went to London, where he worked forsometimeintbe schools of the Royal Academy. Proceeding to Italy, he studied the ^at works of the Italian masters, thus laying ibe foundation of a knowledge which afterwards proved of great use, and he became acquainted with the weil-known coUeolors Champemown and Irving. He also made many Bkeljih us, prin- cipally of the architecture in tbe neighbour- hood of Rome and Naples, Returning to London in 1803, he at once saw Ibe advan- tage of importing pictures by the old mas- ters, and went back to Italj for that pur- pose. The troubled stale of Europe made travelling difficult, but be reached Genoa, where he settled under tbe protection of the American consul and was elected a member of tbe Ligurian Academy. As n member of that society he was present when Napoleon Bonaparte visited ils eibibition, and on some envious academician informing the Inller, who had panned to admire Wilson's picture, that it was by an Englishman, ha was met bj tbe retort : ' Le talent n'a pas de pays.' In 1805 he returned through Germany to London with the pictures (over fifty in number) which be had acquired. Among tliem were Hubens's ■ Brazen Ser^ E'nt' (now in tbe National Gallery) and assano's " Adoration of the Magi ' (in the Edinburgh Gallery). Settling in London, he painted a good deal in watercolour, was one of the original members of the Associated Artists (I80S), and held for a period tbe position of teacher J of drawing in Sandhurst Military College; I but being in 1818 appointed master of th« >l Trustees Academy, be removed to Edin- burgh, where he exercised a considerable and beneficial influence upon bis pupils, among whom were Robert Scott Lauder g. v.], William Simson [q. v.], and Bavid ctavius Hill [q, v.] While in London ha contributed to !he Royal Academy, and in Edinburgh he supported tbe Royal Institu- tion, of which he WHS tbe manager as well as an artist associate member. But his pre- dilection for Italy was loo strong to be re- sisted, and in 1826, ti.king bis wife and family with bim, he again went south, and for the twenty years following lived in Rome, Florence, and Genoa, During this period bo was much consulted on art mat- ters, collected pictures for Lords Hopetoun and Pembroke, Sir Robert Peel, and others, and was instrumental in securing for the Royal Institution some of the most impor- tant works, which later helped to form tbe J ^r Wilson 78 National Oillery of Rcotliind. He also painted much in both oil and watercoloum, and his work, Rome of the finest of which never came to this country, was ia (Treat re- quest by artistic visitors to Italy. His pic- tures are delicate in handling, reHned in colour, pleasant 111 composilinn, and serene in effect. He is represented in the Scottish National Gallery by two Italian landscapes und a ' View ol" Burntisland " in oils, and iiy three walereolours in the watercolour col- lection at Bouth KensinKton. In 1817, leaving his family in Itnly, he revisited Scot- land, but, on the evo of returning, he died in Edinhurffh on 27 Nov. 184S. In 1H08 he married liachpl Ker, daujAtei of 'William Ker, descendant of the Inglis of Uanuer, and Lad a family of four sons and three daughters. The eldest Eon, Chnrlca Heath Wilson, is separately noticed, [RdiDbargh Annunl lUgister. IBIS; Cstu- logaoof thB Eihibliion of Worts l.y Stfollish jlrtists, Ediabur(>h.l863; Rederavp'RandBryaa'i Dictionnries ; Armslroog's Smttish PaiatBra. 18SS; Brydatl's Art in Scollnnd, 1889; Cnta- If^nes of Royal Initlitnlion, Edinbargli, Iloja! Aeademy, Sottish Nalional Oallprv. Huutb Keasinglon; intormalioafKim C. A. WiUon, esq., QBnojL] J. L. C. WHjSON, ANDUEW(;1831-188I>, tra- veller and author, bora in 1831, waa the eldest son of the learned missionary John Wilson (1804-18r5) [q,.v.l He waa edu- cated at the universities of Edinburgh and Titbingen, and afterwards lived iome time in Italy. He then went to India, where he began his career as a journalist by taking charge of the ' Bombay Times ' in the ab- sence of Qeorge Buist [i]. v.], and aa an oriental traveller by a tour in Baluchistan. After hie return to England he contributed to ' Blackwood's Magasine ' some verges en- titled ' Wayside Songs,' and in ]6a7 at- tracted gome attention by a paper ' Infante Perdu to." published in* Edinburgh Essays.' He maintained his connection with ■ Blaek- tvnod ' throughout his life. Returning in 1860 to the east, he edited for three years the ' China Mail,' accompanied the expiv dition to Tientsin, and vieited Japan. In 1880 he issued at Hongkong a pamphlet en- titled ' England's Policy in China,' in which he advocated that change of policy which waa afterwards carried out by Sir Frederick William Adolphua Bruce Tq- v.] at Pekin, by Mr. (now 3ir Robert) Hart at Shanghai, and by General Gordon in the field. He travelled much in southern China, and sent descriptive contributions to the ' Daily News" Pall Mall Gazette ' on eastern quea- tiona, aa well as to • Blackwood.' At the Wilson beginning of the civil war he paid a visit to the United Stales, and afterwards pasted some years in England, during which be wrote for papers and magUEines. Returning to India about 11^73. be edited fora time the ' Times of India ' and the ' Bombay Gaietle." Ill-lieallh deinved the publication til! 1^78 of his book ' I'he Ever-V'ictjiriouB Army T a History of the Chinese Campaigns under Lieutenant-colonel C. G. Gordon, O.B., R.E., I and of the Suppression of the Tai-Ping Re- j hellion,' which ia still the best account of the suppression of the movement of l^i()3-4. Wilsons chief source of information was Gordon's' Pri vale Journal," then unpublished. The clear and animated style in which the work is written gives it an additional value. In 1876 WiUon published an aceoimt of a veryadventurousjoumey under the title'The Abode of Snow: Observations on a Journey from Chinese Tibet to the Indian Cnucisus through the Upper Valleys of the Himalaya.' The hook ia based on articles in 'Blackwood's Alagazine.' A second edition was issued next year. 'TheAbode ofSnow'ia not only a vivid record of very arduous travel, it con- tains also valuable ethnological observations, and displays intense feeling for natural beauty expressed in excellent prose. Before his final departure from India Wilson made an excursion into the wild state of Kathia- war. His last contribution to ' Blackwood, written in the spring of 1877, was e, retro- spect of African travel (' Twenty Years of African Travel'). The last years of his life were passed in England m the Lake district. He died at Howtonon Ullswatcr on 9 June 1831. [Mon of tho Tims, lOth edit.; Blackwood's MiigaiinB, July 1881 (oliiluary notie*') ; Al^fr- nsum. 18 Juno 1S3I ; Wilson's ft'orks; Alli- bone's Dipt, of Engl. Lit. Suppl. vol. ii. ; Ann. Beg, June 1S81 (obituary) ; Mea of the Reign.] G, Le a. N. WILSON, ANTHONY (J. 1793), better known by his pseudonym ' Henry Bromley," author of the ■ Catalogue of Engraved Por- traits,' was born at Wigan in 17nO. He was perhaps connected with the Wilson family of kendal, which intermarried with that of Bromley, Wilson belonged to a mercantile firm In the city of London, and was a regular attendant at Hulchins'a »uc- tion-rooms, where he was detected on one occasion abstracting prints. He also fra- quent«d the sale-room of Nathaniel Smith, lather of the antiquary, John Thomas Smith (iree-ia-w) (q. v.] In 1793, stimulated by the increased de- mand for prints consequent on the publica- tion of James Grangers ' ]3iographical His- Wilson (1 709), "Wilson, under the xrj Bromiey, pabUshed ' A £iigritved Britisli Portraits' ■ ' ■ ■ I the Iroiu many leadini; antiquaries rfuosi, including Sir William Jlus- BTiive, Jameu Bindley [q. v.], and Anthony Morria Slorer [q. v,] In tlie ' CatalnguB ' WiUon ftimed at furnishing a complete list of engmveil British portraits, neglectina; only tbo»e which could not be iduntifled with their originals. lie divided his list into liisloric periods, and suhdivided it into pvtips accord in)^ to the rank or calling of the persons portrayed. Tlie date of Wilson's deatli b unknown. His portrait was en- j Suved by Barrett. There is a copy in the ntish Museum. Edward Evans (178»- 'ISM) [q. r.l the printseller. states that he was acontrihutor to the 'Qentlemun's Mugu- sine' (cf. a letter signed * A Oothamite,' in July I8U). [MiiDaacript note bj Eraaa, the printseller. inhij) co|y of Bromley's CutiilrieuB, HflentntiiB in the pOEseaaioa ef Sir Qeoi^e Schorf [q. v.] : C'«e to Bromley's Catalogiis; Evnna'a Caiii- e of Knprnved Portraila. vol. i. Kos. 13o2, ,11860; IU<)g race's Diet, of Artists, ».v. - Brom- ley.'] E. I. C. WII£ON, Sir ARCHDALE (1803- Jfiti), bart., lieutenant-general and colonel-' commandant roval (laie Bengal) artillery, bom on 3 Ang.'lSOa, was fifth son of the Ke*. fleorge Wibon of Kirby Cane, Norfolk, , youngest brother of the first Lord Itemers, I »ndrectorofBidlinglon, Norfolk, by his wife , Anna Maria, daughter of Charles Millard, chancellor of Norwich. Afterpassing through the oiililarv college of the East India Com- , pany at Aidiscombe, he received a commis- aion AS eecond lieutenant in the Bengal lutiUery on 10 April 1819. He arrived in India in the following Seplember, and was Emoted to be lieutenant on 7 April 18:J0. took part in the sit-ge of Bhartpnr in December lS:la and January 16:26 and in its capture by storm on 18 Jan., was men- tioned in despatches, and received the medal "n'tlson next had charge of the Saugor magazine: in May 18iK bei'ame adjutant of the Nimach division of artillerv ; was pro- moted to be brevet captain on I'O April 1834 and captain on 15 Oct. of the same year ; Jed (lie left wing of the second bat- rtiilery from March to August appninl«d on 2 Oct. to officiate adjutant-general of artillery ; in anded the artillery at I.ucknow, and in the following year the 5th hiittaliou at Cawnpore : from 12 Aug. 1840 acled 1837; as superintendent of the gun foundry at Kosaipur until 11 Nov. 1841, when he be- come su[ierintendent. liismanogeweulof it, until his resignationonlO Aug, 1S45, caused by promotion to the rank of major on 3 July, was considcnHl eapecisliy satisfactory and creditable by the court of djrectorg. After following promoted to be lieutenant-coloneL Wilson served in command of the artil- lery in the force under Brigadier-general (afterwards Sir) Hugh Mnssy Wheeler [q. v.] in the Jatandar Doab during the Punjab campaign, assisted in the reduction of tort Kalawaia in Uctober 1848 and in the capture of the heights of DuJlo in the following January, was mentioned in deiipatches, re- commended for honorary distinelion, and received Iho medal (see iojirfmi Ga::elte,7 aad '20 Miircli 1843). He served with the horse artillery in the Jalandar from IS.'K) to lbQ3. In January 1854 he was appointed com- mandant of the artillery at Dum Bum, with a seat on the military board, promoted to ba colonel on ^8 Nov., and given the command of the artillery at Mirat on his return frottt a year's furlough in March ISoB. When the mutiny broke out at Mirat, on 9 May lJS57, Wilson was in temporary com- mand of the Jlirat division. In obedience to ordera he marched towards Baghput, on the river Jamna, with a column to co-operat« with the force which the commander-in- chief was bringing from Amhala. On ap- E reaching Uhazi-ud-din-Nngar on the 30ui e was attacked by the rebels in force. Ha drove them from their giins, which he cap- tured, and fought brilliant and successful actions both on that and the next dny, when he wan iigain attacked. He joined Sir Ilenry Barnard [u. v.] and the Ambala column at Alipur on 7 June, The combined force routed the rebels at Badli-ke-Serai on the following dny, and then, fighting its way through the Sabii Mendi, established itself on the Itidge before Delhi. Wilson, who was mentioned in despatches for his services (see ib. 13 Got. 1857), now commanded the artillery before the city. On the 9th it was proposed to take the place by assault: but a misunder- standing on the part of Colonel Graves pre- vented the atlempt. When, on 2 July, all the reinforcements from tlie Punjab had ar- rived, and the efl'ective force amounted to over six thousand men, the proposal to atlempt a coup dr vuiin was revived, and the details of the assault were settled, hut the attempt was ultimately abandoned by Barnard in defi'rence to the criticism of Wilson and Reed. I Wilson Wilson On 17 July Majot^^ueral (Sir) Thomaa lleed [ench artist, named Longueville, who was engaged in executing historical paintings for Thomas Lister of Git- burn Park in Craven. While Benjamin wia still a youth his father fell into poverty, and he resmved to seek a livelihood In London. He walked most of the way, and on his arrival rt'ceived from a relative a suit of new clothes and two guineas as a start in life. The money, he states, kept him in food for a twelvemonth, and at the end of ihat time he gained employment as a clerk in the regialry of t!ie prerogative court in Doctors' Commons, where he saved two-thirds of his salary of three hair-<:rowns a week. ThuH achievements rest on Wilson's personal state- ments, but as he esteemed frugality the Gnt of virtues, it is possible that in his old t^ he exaggerated the abstemiousness of his youth. When he had amassed SOI. he ob- tained a more romuneraliva post as clerk to the registrar of the Charterhouse, and, find- ing his duties les.s laborious, he resumed )us artistic studies. In these he received tome encouragement from the master of the Char- terhouse, Samuel Berdmore [q. v.], and soma instruction from the painter Thomas llud- son(I701-177y)[ii.v.] Byperseverauceand y he msde himself hnnvni, and became Ae friendof Hogarth, Qtcrge Lsmbert [q.v.], * and otherleadingpoinlers. In August 1746 he visited Dublin, and in the spiing of 1748 returned ta Ireland to paint soine portraits for vrliich he had received com missions. lie remained tlii:re lill 1750, when he went back to Loudon, and established hineelf in Great Queen Street, I-incoln's Inn Fields, in the house previously occupied by Sir Godfrey Kneller ||<)_,Y.], to which he afterwards added the sdjominKhouse,fonnerly the dwelling of the great physician Join Radcliffe (1650- 1714) [t ■^■] AmonfT his first sitters were Btartin FolKes [q. v.], Lord Orreir. Lord Iheaterlield, David Gnrrielc, Samuel Foots, ^ in 1759 John Iladley, the physician. In it Queen Street also he pointed Garrick .omeo and Miss Bellamy as Juliet in the \t scene;, the picture was engraved hy tobert Laurif. His reputation as a por- Elnit-painter steadily increased, and it is pwd ttiat be enjoyed nn income of 1,oOO/., and lecltnud partnership with Hogarth. John ioSknv [qiV,] painted draperies for him, and, jcconfinp to common bebef, frei^uenlly ren- Udered him more material assistance (cf. Smith, XolUkeru and kii Timet, 1828, ii. lU). Among ^\'ilBon*a poriraits may tioned those of John Parsons in the Nstional Gall«ry, of the poet Gray at Pembroke C'ol- l»e, Cambridge, of Lord Lytteltun, Lord luxbrough, Sir Francis Dalaval, Lord Scar- hrough, Clive. the Marquis of Rockingham, and two of Sir George Snvile at Osberlon and at Rufford. He pointed a portrait of Shakespeare for the town-hall at Stratford on the jubilee of 1760; and in 1779, on the outbreak of the Spsoish war, he executed a statue of Queen Elizabeth on horseback, which was placed in the Spanish armoury at the Tower. Several of his works were eu- E«ved, among them Garrick as Ilatniet, enjamin Franklin, and Simon, earl Har- court, by James McArdell : Rockingham, John Thomas, bishop of Winchester, and Komeo and Juliet hy Richard Houston ; Gar- rick as t^iug Lear and Lady Stanhope as the Fair Penitent by Buire: and John Dol- land by John Itaphael Smith. He made seveml drawings after pictures by the old masters for Alderman John Boydell [ti. v.] Uc also engraved in meuotint, and of his trait from life of Maria Gunning dated l7'il. Wilson, who was a student of chemistryi took a great interest in the problems of electricity, and in 1740 he published 'An Efisay towards an Explication of the Phfe- of Electricity deduced from the .Ether of Sir Isaac Newton' {London, 8vo), which he followed iu 1750 by 'A Treatise Electricity' (London, 8vo: 2ndi-dit. 1752). } invented and exhibited a large electrical apparatus, and on 5 Dec. 1751 was elected tt fellow of the Itoyal Society. In conjunc- tion with the phvsician Benjamin Hoadly (1706-1757) [q. v.] he carried on other electrical researches, the results of which were mode public in 'Observations on a Series of Electrical Experiments' (London, 1756, 4to ; Had edit. 175y). About 1767 ha visited France, and repeated many of his experiments at St.Germain-en-Laye. Uehad a long controversy with Benjamin Fmnklin on thequeslion whether ligbtning-conduciors should be round or pointed at the top, and was supported in his view hy George III, who declared bis esjieriments were sufficient to convince the apple- women in Co vent Garden. He was nominated by the Royal Society to serve on a committee to regulatn the erection of lightning-conductors ou St. Paul's Cathedral, and was requested by the board of ordnance at a later period to inspect the gunpowder magaiines at PurBeet. In 1700 he received the gold medal of the Royal tiociety for his electrical experiments. His reputation as an electrician won hiro many friends among contemporary men of science both at home and ou the continent (cf. ^nn. Heg. 1760 i. 14U, 1761 i. 128-9, 1769 i. 85). In 1760 and 1761 Wilson exhibited por- traits in the Spring Gardens rooms. About this time the versatility of his talents gained influential patron. Through Sir John Savile, earl of Meiborough, he became known to the Duke of York, and won his favour as manager of his private theatre in James Street, Westminster, On the death of Hogarth in 1764 he succeeded him us serjeant-painter ; and on the death of Jnmes Worsdale [q. v.] in 1767 the Duke of York procured for him the appointment of painter to tbe board of ordnance. He shared tbe emoluments of the position with Worsdnle's natural son until 1779, when his colleiigus died, and he received a complete investment of the office. In 1767 'Wilson lost his great patron by death ; but in 1776 he attracted the notice of the king, who, after carefully ascertaining that he was not the landsca^- painter Richard Wilson [q. v.l treated him with great kindness, patronised his electrical researches, and encouraged him to come to Windsor. Wilson, according to a friendly critic, en- deavoured to introduce a new style of chiaro- scuro into his paintings, and hb heads had a2 I Wilson 84 Wilson more warmtb and nuture tbau thnae uxccut«d by tlif! gcnecality of bis contemporBriea, He (itched with great ability, tind is snid to have firoduced & Inndacspe in imitation of Iti^m- imndt's ' Companion to tbe Coacli' which deceived TbomoB Hudson and several other connoisseuro. Early in 1766, to please Rock- ingham, who Imd made him some promises of patronage, he elcbed tbe caricature el\- titled tbe ' Tomb-Stonu ' on ibe occasion of the death of the Dube of Cumberland, in which he represented Bute.Georgeftrenville, and Bedfanl dancing 'tbe Haze' on Cum- berland's tomb, and beld several oilier mem- bers of their party up to ridicule. The print met with much applause, and Gdmiind Burke and Grey Cooper besought him for another. The result was the famous carica- ture etched in 1766 at tbe time of tbe repeal of tbe American Stamp Act, in ridicule of the same political party, called ' The Repeal ; or, the Funeral of Miss Ame-Slamp. It was Bold at a shilling', and brought him 100/. in four days. On the fifth day it wa« pirated, ■nd two inferior versions produced at Bin- pence. Copies of several versions of these prints are in the British Museum {Cat. qf iSatirkal Printt, iv. 366-7, 368-73). Wilson from the hardships of bis early days acquired habits of parsimony. He vas also fond of speculation, and in 1766 was declared a defaulter on the Stock Eichange. Some years before bis death he found himself compelled to resign tbe post of painter to tbe board of ordnance on reiusinff to allow a de- Endent of tbe Uuke of Richmond to share t salary. After tbeae reverses he was ac- customed to bewail his poverty, but to the surprise of his friends he left a good fortune at his death. He died at 66 Great Russell Street, DIoomsburv'. on 6 June 1788, and was buried in St. Ueorge tbe Martyr's bury- iug-BJound. He was a member of seveml foreign learned Bocielies, among them of the Inatituto delle Science ed Arti Liberal! at Bologna, of which he was the first English member. His portrait, painted by himself, is in the possession of Earl Spencer. He made more than one engravingirom it. One of them is prefixed to the edition of his ' Treatise on Electricity ' which appeared in 1762. About 1771 liemurriedMissHethering- ton, whom he devotedly admired, ond whose excellences be characteristically summed up in the statement thafheeaved more money trony the time he first knew her than he bad ever done in the same space nf time.' By her he bad seven children. His third eon, Oeneral Sir Robert Thomas Wilson, is sepa- rately noticed. Besides the worlis already mentioned, WiUon was the author of: 1. 'ALetter la Mr. yEpinuB,' on the electricity of the Tour- malin, London, 1764, 4to. 2. 'A Letter to tbe Marquess of Rockingham, with some Observations on the Effects of Lightning,' I^ndon, 1766, 4to. 3. ' Observations Djpon Lightning and the Method of securing Buildings from lis Efiects,' London, 177S, 4to. 4. ' Further Observations upon Light- ning,' London, 1774, 4to. 5. ' A Series of Experiments relating to PhofT)hori,' London, 1775, 4to; ^nd edit. 1776, 4to, This work was communicated to several foreign leaned bodies, and was the subject of a memoir by Lconbard £uler,read at tbe Academia Scien- tiarum Imperialis at St. Petersburg ( HaoeH, inrffj Openim L. Eulrr, 1896, p. 481, and of a ' Letter ' from Giovanni Battista Beccaria of Bologna, to both of which Wilson replied. 6. * An Account of Eixperiments made at the Pantheon on tbe Nature and Use of Con- ductors,' l^ndon, 1778, 4io; new edit. 1788, 4to. 7. 'A Short View of Electricity,' London, 1780, 4to. Wilson also published fifteen communications on electricity in tbe 'Philosophical Transactions' between 1763 and 1769. A manuscript volume of letters lo Wilson from leading men of science and others, including John Smeaton fq, v.], Wil- liam Maaon (1724-1797) [q. v.], the poet, the Abb£ GuJllaume Moidax, Hugh Hamilton (1729-1805) [q. v.], and Tobenv Bergman, professor of chemistry at Upsala, is preserved in tbe British Museum (Addit. MS. 30094), as well as a letter to Hogarth (Addit. MS. 27995, f. 14). Wilson left a manuscript autobiography, which he had carried down to 1783, but he strictly enjoined that it should not be published. This injunction was disobeyed in the spirit by his son-in- law , Herbert Randolph, who gave an abridge ment in 'The Life of Sir Robert Wilson,' 1862. [Lifa of Sir Robert WilBon, 1 862 : Thoresbj's DuCHtUB Leod. nd. Wbitaker, 1816. pp. 3-1; Smitb'sCat. of Munmtinto Portraits; Redgrave') Diet, of Artists. 1878; Gent. JUoj;. 17S8 i. SM, ii. 6S6, 1791 ii. 819; Notes and Qaerira, 3nl ser. i. 488. ii. 339. 6th Sfr. lii. 407. 4Sa ; Watt's Bill. Brit.; Tbonuon's Hist, of tbe Royal Soc App. p. ilvi ; Edwarda's Anacdotss of Psiolera. 1808. pp. 146-50; AtbenKum, 1863, L ISO: Wbeattoy and Canniogham's taadoa Past ud Present, iii. 193.] K. I. 0. WILSON, BERNARD or BARNARD (1689-1772), divine ond author, bom in 1689, was the son of Barnard Wilson, a mercer of Nevrark-oa-Trent. His mother was descended from Sir A\'illiftni Sutton, bart.jofAverham, Nottinghamshire (B.Wit- SON, Vindication). The father failed in buBinaw nboot the period of Bernard's birth, liut was so respected by hia tieighboura that some of them subscribed a fund forltieeduciL- tion of his sod. The Utter was admitted at Westminster in 1704, and five years later proceeded to Trinity UolleEe, Cambridge. He gnduated B.A. In 171:i, M.A. in 1719, and D-D. in 1737. At the university Wilson Haiduouely cultivated bts social superiors. By one of these, Thomas Pelham-llolles, dulie of Newcastle [q. v.], he was presented in 1719 to the vicamge of his native place, Newarti. Some years afterwords, when he hkd attained an independent position, Wil- Mt) quarrelled with iiia patron. WiUon'a otlier chief patrons were Sir Oeoive Mnrk- liain, M,P. tor Newark, and Bisbop Reynolds of Lincoln. He laid the foundation of his &Toar with the former by an exceedingly fulsome dedication to him of a translalioa, published in 1717, of ' harangues by the most eminent members of the French Academy' (probably the Abb* Fleury's ' Discours Aca- Mmiques'). Markbam soon afterwards gave him the management of his large estaies, and recommended him as a husband to bis niece, Miss Oele, That lady induced ber uncle to leftve Wilson almost the whole of his pro- perty, to the detriment of her own brothers. After Markham's death in 1736 the elder of them disputed thewill, and Wilson retorted bj prosecuting ibe younger for libel, at the " e time issuing a 'vindication of bis own "at'erswere compromised by the It of 30,000/. to the Ogle family. But pTilson did not marry Miss Ogle, wbo subse- sntlybecamealunatic. After bavingbeen rejected by Lady Elizabeth Fane (afterwards wife of Lord Manslield) 'with marks of Euliar disdain,' he married privately at jpole, near Nottingham, a lady named Bradford, 'of reputable connections' and a fortune of her own, with whom be bad long been intimate. In 1747 a Miss Uavia of Holborn recovered from him 7,000/. damages for breach of promise of marriage. On 3 3I«v 1727 Wilson was presented to ihe prebend of Scamlesby, and on 18 Nov. 1730 to that of Louth in Lincoln Cathedral, In ibe latter year he also received a canonry U Lichfield, where Bishop Chandler gave him B house, and on 13 Oct. 1734 was nomi- nated to one at Worcester. He was also Ticarof Frisby, Lincolnshire. In July 1735 be was presented to the benefice of Bottes- ford ill the same county, but never took pos- Muion. At Newark he was now a person of great influence, being not only vicar, but also the master of St. Leonard's Hospital. Uis frivnte fortune amounted to not less than 00,000/. He was liberal in bis earlier years, but latterly became a miser, and at bis dejith 5,000/., in guineas and half-crowns was found in his house. He deserves the credit of having discovered and restored by means of litigation to their proper nses local charity estates left to Newark, He published a ' Discourse ' on the aubjecl in 1768. He left 40/. a year to be distributed among the poor and necessitous families of Newark, and 10/. to the vicar for preaching sermons on the days of distribution, 11 Jan. and ^1 Aug., his own and Markham's birthdays. Wilson died on 30 April 1772, and was buried in the south aisle of Newark parish church. His monumeut, described by Dick- inson as ' a splendid display of sepulchral girandeur,' bears a highly eulogistic Inscrip- tion by his nephew, Itohert Wilson Cracroil.. " ' children. nofai ecutliv ber of the Gentleman's Society at Spalding, nischiefpublicationwasan English version, which appeared in two folio volumes in 1729-30, of part of De Thoii's ' Historia sui Temporis.' The first was dedicated to the Dukcof Newcastle, the second 1o John, duke of Rutland. The translation is made from the Geneva edition of 1620, and includes only the firit twenty-sii books. [Dii'kinsna'a H>«t. of Nanark-oa-Trent, 1S19. pp. 236,268.303-1 3; Brown's Annals of Newark, pp. 209. 217, 21P-21 ; GenL Mog. 1747 p. 2B3, 1773 p. 247: Le Neve's Fasti Eccles. Anglic. ; Wflch'a Alnmoi WestniDn. 1863; Thorofon's NDtnn((hsm»Iiire ; Green's Survey of Worcester and Wilts; Nichols's Lit. Anecd. vi. 07 »., 120, 121; Clialmers'a Bto);r. Diet.; Allihoue's Diet. Engl. Lit.; Wilsoo's Vindication, 1736, and Dis- cour«, 1;B8,1 O. Lk G. N. WILSON, Mrs. UAEOLINE (1787- 1846), author, was bom at Tunbridge Wells on 31 Dec. 1787. She was the ninth child of .lohu Fry, a farmer in easy circum- stnncea. lie was ambitious for bia children, and gave the elder ones an excellent educa- tion. The eldest son, John (a. 1849), be- came rector of Dcsford, and had some repu- tation as an author. Caroline was instructed by her elder sisters, and read widely. Shortly before hiadeath, about 1803, her father printed end published at theTunhridgeWellslibrary a few hundred copies of a history of Eng- land in verse. Caroline had composed it for lierown schoolroom, atidthe production had a successful sale. During her father's life- time she led a very secluded life, and im- bibed high-church principles. At the age of seventeen she was sent to a London school for a year and a quarter, and then went to reside with a solicitor and hiswife at Blonraa- bury ; they iutrodiiced ber into society, and I Wilson Wilson ehe characrerUea the three joarB speat with ilii-m a« witliout serious interests or much religion. But, as \» shown by the chsract'er nf her writings, the friTolities of this period b&d little effect ou her deeply religious mind. In 1823 she commenced tringin^ out the ' Afisistsnt of Educaliou,' b perioerary and artistic circle. Much interested in Italian art, on which he wrote occasionally, and par- ticularly in Michael Angelo, of whom he published a life (London and Florence, 1676; 2nd edit. London, 1881), which, b^in as a compilation from Gotti, developed into a quite independent work, ' enriched with not a few ingenious criticisms,' he had, for these and other services, the cross of the 'Corona d' Italia' conferred upon him by Victor •Ktta twice married: first, on 3 Oct. n Edinburgh, to Louisa Orr, daughter f HiiTgeon John Orr, E.I.C, with iasua one >n and two daughters ; and, secondly, on Au^. It<18,alao in Edinburgh, to Johannii "uthenne, daughter of William JohnThom- , portroit-paint^r, issue a son and a ' «r. A portrait of Wilson, as a jouiig y Sir John Watson Gordon, is in the n of his sun, C. A. Wilson. ■ Century of Paintare, ISflfl; JIIM, 17 July IS82 ; Academy, 22 July 1K82 ; ni. 16 Julyand 19 Ang. 1882 ; iuforaia- . (' A wfi^oo, esq., Qanoa.] J.L.C, "WILSON, Mhs-CORNWEIX BARON, ivTioae maiden name was AIARGA.BBT IIakbiES p797-l&46|, author, bom in Shropshire in 1707, WB« the only child of Roger llarcieB of Canoobuiy Place, Islington, and afterwards of Woburn Place, Russell Square, by his wifo Sophia, daughter of Matthew Arbouia m «f MiociDg Lane (cf. Pabey, Wdsh Melodie», LffoL iii.) Iter literary attainments were ver- Uile ; she wrote poems, romantic dramas, Dmic interludes, tioTels, and biogTBiihies. pBur first book of poems, ' Melancholy lloura,' F ^as published anonymously in lbl6i her Mcond, ■ Aslarte : a Sicilian Tale ; with other ' Pnems,' to which she prefixed her name, at- l_ tracts some altention. It reached a second Jition in 1818, a fourth in 1827, and was spnbUahed in 1«40. Un 15 April 1819 she Tied Comweil Ilaron Wilson of Lincoln's n Kelds, a solicitor. In 1829 Mrs. Wilson iOt« the words for the third volume of ry'» 'Welsh Mplodies.* Mrs. Hemans contributed the verses for the first ^plume. In 1833 she commenced an ephe- verftl publication, ' La Kinon, or Leaves for Ftfie Album,' which ran to three numbers. A fcurth number, entitled 'TheliasBleu'sScrap ' Sheet, or La Ninon improved,' appeared in tlie ume rear. In 18S3 «be also commenced to edit ' f he Weekly Belle Assembllc.' In I8S4 the title was chnnsed to 'The New ifonthly Belle Assemblfe. It continue4 be became editor of the journal of the Canadian Institute, and in 1859 and 1860 was president of the institute. In 1863 he received the first silver medal of the Natural History Society for original research. In 1881 ne became president of Toronto University, in 1882 vice-president of the literature section of the Canadian Royal Society, and in 183.5 president of that section. He was knighted m 1888. Wilson's work in Canada is fairly de- scribed in his own words; 'I have reso- lutely battled for the maintenance of a national system of university education in opposition to sectarian or denominational I I i Wilson s __ _. Js OuB I have beon auccesaful, IfliitngfaA it as the great work of my U(e<' The potition now held by Toronto TTniveraity ia largely due lo Wilson. He diet! at Toronto on 6 Auff. 1802. He mar- ried, ill 1840, Margaret, dnugliter of Hugh Mackaj of Glasgow, A daughter survivt»l Apart from papers of high philosophic and Bcianti fie merit in journals of various learnod Bocietios, and articles in ihe ' Encyclopicdia liritannica,' Wilson's cliief works were : 1. 'Oliver Cromwell and Ihe ProUictoratu,* Edinburgh, 1848. 2. ' The Archteology and Prehistoric Annals of Scotland,' Edinbiirg-h, 1851 ; 2nd edit. 1863. 3. ' PrebUtoric Mao : Researchea into the Origin of Civilisation in the Old and New Worlds,' Cambridge, 1862 [ 3rd edit. London, 1876. 4. ' Ohatter- lon ; a Bio^phicol Stud^,' London, 1869. B, ' Caliban, the Missing Link," Oiford, 1873. 6. 'Spring Wild-Flowers: a collection of poems,' London, 1875. 7. ' Reminiscences of Old EdLnburgh,' Edinbiirffh, 1878. 8. ' An- thropologj-,' 1885, 0. ' William Nelson : u Memoir '^{privately printed), 1890. 10. 'The Right Hand: Left-handedness.' 1891. fTimes, Aug. 18112: Montraal Qazi-ttB, 9 Aag. 1892 ; Rose's CyclopieJia of Caaadiiul Biofjr. 2Qd edit.; Appleltin's Cyclap»dU of Ain«ricnn Biogr. ; Moruan's Bibl. CitiiadauBis ; Proceedings of Jtoyal Society of Oanada, xi. ii. S6.1 C. A. H. WILSON, EDWARD (d. 1694), ' Beau Wilson," WHS the fiftbsouof Thomas Wilson (d. 1609) of Keythorpe in Leicestershire, by Anne (d. 1723), eldest daughter, by hia second wife, of Sir Cbristopher Packe [q. v.] The Wilson fnmilv was of old standing at Didlingtou in West Norfolk, bul had beconm somewhat impoverished (for pedigree, sea Nichols, Zeicaifers/iire, iii. 523). About 1693 Edward, or, as lie was styled, ' Beau' Wilson, became thetalkofLondonon accou nt of the expensive style in which he lived t the younger son of one who had not above 200^. a year estate, it was remarked that ' he lived in tbe garb and equipage of the richest no- bleman for house, furniture, coaches, saddle horses, and kept a table and all things ac- cordingly, redeemed his father's estate, and gave portions to his sisters.' 'The mystery IS,' wrote Evelyn, ' how this so young a gen- tleman, very sober and of gootl fame, could live in such an expensive manner; it could not be discovered by all possible industry or ■Qtreaty of his friend to make him reveal it. It did not appear that he was kept by women, play, coining, padding, or dealing in che- mistry; but ]ie would sometimes say that ■hould be live ever so long, he hud wliure- He V , no great force of understanding. This wsa a subject of much discourse' (DUtrj/, '22 April 1094). Some people siud that he was sup- plied by the Jews, others that be had dis- covered Ibe pbiloGopber's stone, while certain good-naturedfolk averred that he bad robbed the Holland mail of a quantity of jewellery, an exploit for which another man had suffered On 9 April 1694 Wilson and his friend. Captain Wigbtman, were in the Foiintain Inn in the Strand when John Law, after- wards the celebrated financier, came in and fisedaquarrelupott Wilson. Thejprocepded to Bloomsbury Square, where after one pass the Beau fell wounded in tbe stomach, and died without speaking a single word. The quarrel arose, it was said, from Wilson re- moving bis sister from a lodging-bouse where Law had a mistress (one Mrs. Lawrence). Law was arrested and tried at the Old Bailej on 18 10 20 April 1694. Tbe prisoner de- clared that the meeting was accidental, but some threatening letters from him to Wilson were produced at the trial, and the jury, be- lieving (with Evelyn) that the duel -was unfairly conducted, held Law guilty of murder, and on 21 April be and ' four other criminals only,' says Lutirell, were con- demned to death. Law pleadnl benefit of clergy, on tbe ground that hia oiTence amounted only to manslaughter, and bis punisbmentwas commuted to a fine. Against this commutation Wilson's family used all tbeir iufluence, and on 10 May Law was 'charged with nn appeal of murtber at the king's bench bar ;' be escaped from tbe clut cbes of the Wilsons only by filing through the bars of the king's bench prison. 'Beau' Wilson lefl only a few pounds behind liim, and not a scrap of evidence to enlighten public curiosity as to the origin of his eitm- ordinary resources. An ' Epitaph on Bmu Wilson' by Edmund Killingworth appealed in the ' Gentleman's Journal' for May 1"' In 169(> appeared ' Seme Letters b«ti a certain late Nobleman (the Earl of I derlaud) and the famous Mr. Wilson, di^' covering the True History and Siirpassinr Grandeur of that celebrated Beau,' printed for A. Moore, near St. Paul's. Tbe work is curious, but tbe solution of the mystery is only hinted at ill the rumoured scandal of the day. In 1708, as an appeiidi.\ to the second edition of tbe Rnglisb translation of Mme. de La Mothe's (D'Aulnoy) ' Memoirs of ibe Court of England in tbe Ueign of Charles It,' entitled 'The Unknown Lady's Pacquet of ■eaied |h 16Uj . du- ■ I Letters' ■ Mauley) \ Wilson 91 Wilson I Mauley), tbi; first letter is described as ' A. I)iacovei'y and Account of Beau Wilson's eKcret support of liia public maimer of living and the occasion of bis Death.' According to the improbable story here related at great length, th« secret Bnancier of Wilson was nu other than Elizabeth VilHers [q. v.], the miatress of William III, and afterwards Countess of Orbney. Her arranf(emenls for assignations with the Beau were made with such extreme core, accordiog to this narra- tive, OS to reduce the chance of detection to It minimum. The lady itupplied Wilson Uvishly with money, stipulBting only tlmt the ineetingB should always take place in darkness, qualified with the light of but one candle, uud that be d n y hould be per- fectly concealed. Vi hen a leng h Wilson became incumlily nqui e he lady ar- mnged for his eu hanaa a and fnally sup- plied John Law n b he m ana of escaiM and a Urge sum of money W^hether this sto y was a mere nvention by an enemy of Lady Orkne> (as seems most probable_), or whether it be founded upon lact, it IS impossible to determine. Beau Wilson's mysterious life and death are woven with considerable skill into the early chap- s of Harrison Ainswortli's ' John Law, the Projector' (1804). [W.Kid'a Mamoire of Joha La*. 1824, p. 6 ; Wood's Hist, of Cnmond. I Ti)4, p. 1 S4 : Lundoa Juumal, 3 Dec. IT21; NichoU's Leicestershire, iii. 487; Cochut's The Financier Law. iHA9; ErelypB Diary, ed. Wheiillej; Lnttrell's Kriet Hi«t. Belntion, iii. 291,296: Chnmbars'H Book of Dara. ii. 6B0 ; Barke's Vicitsituden of Nuble Fiunlliea, 3nd ear. p. 3S4 ; Tiiabs's RomaDile of Loadoa, i. 4ZI> ; Kates aud Queries, 2nd ser. ii, 4O0. iv. 96, 219, 3r Life of Dr. John Reid ' [q. v.] (a personal friend), which reached a aacond edition immediately. In November 1863 Wilson published in the 'EdinbuTKh Monthly Journal of Medical Science ' the first of a long series of papers on ' Colour- Blindness,' continued in the 'Transactions of the lioyal Scottish Society of Arts,' and repnhliEhe'd with additions, under the title ' Kfcsearchee on Colour-Blindness,' in 1855. Wilson examined personally 1,164 cases of colour-blindness, and was the first in Eng- land to point out the extreme importance of testing railway-servants end sailors for this defect. The researches of the Abb& Moigno (1804-1S84), who claimed to have preceded Wilson in this, were unknown to bim. The Great Northern Railway at once ndopted Wilson's recommendations, and other bodies followed suit. James Clerk Sfaxwell [q.v.], then workinff at liis colour- top, contributed an appendix to Wilson's booh, of which he thought highly. In February ISK Wilson was appointed director of the Scottish Industrial Museum About to be founded, and, later in the same year, regius professor of technology in the Edinburirh University. Ilis inaugural lec- ture, ' What is Technology ? ' was published in extento. In the autumn of 185fi he pre- pared for the presa at Melrose his ' Five Gateways of Knowledgj," a popular and ing lecture for the session of 18-16-7, ' On the Physical Sciences which form the Basis of Technology,' written about the same time,' far more maturethaD Wilson's other popular lectures, and shows a real grip of the cor- relation of the various sciences, while his natural exuberance of imagination and dic- tion is chastened. In 1808 William Gre- gory (1803-1858) [q. v.], then professor of chemistry in the university, died, and Wilson became a candidate for the vacant chair; but, although assured that he would be elected unanimously, he withdrew hia can- didature on account of hia iU-bealth (Me- moir, p. 4fifl). His salary as director of the museum was at the same time increased from 300/. to 400/. a year. He had weakened steadily from year to year; in November 1859 a cold brought on by exposure proved fatal, and he died on 22 Nov. A public funeral was decided on, and he was buried in the Old Calton burial- ground on 28 Nov. 1859. lie was unmarried ; bis mother, his brother Daniel, his sister Jessie Aitken Wilson (now Mrs. James Sime), Ilia biographer, and another siater, survived him. Wilson's experimental work, although in- genious and solid, contains little of marked originality ; it is by his ' Life of Cavendish' and his work on ' Colo ur-Blindn ess ' that be will be chiefly remembered. From the literary point of'^ view his writings, both Erose and verse, show a fertile imagination, ut little judgment or reserve, although here and there the expression is striking, lieligion plaved an essential part in Wilson s life, and witliout a trace of either pedantry or unction he was genuinely anxious to exert religious influence over others. He pro- tested strongly against the existence of evil being' regarded as other than an unsolved problem ; but his religious views do not otherwiaediffermarkedlyfrom those of ortho- doxy. By hb popular lectures and writings, and still more by his force and charm of character, he exerted considerable influence on his Edinburgh contemporaries. A steel engraving of Wilson by Lurob Stocks, A.R. A., precedes tbe 'Memoir' by his sister; and there is another engraved portrait prefixed to the ' Counsels of an In- Besides the works mentioned Wilaon waa the author of: 1. 'Chemistry,' 1st edit. 1850; 2nd edit, revised by Stevenson Macadam, 1866; 3rd edit, revised by H. G. Madan, 1871. 2. 'Electricity and the Electric Tele- graph.'lstedit.lSM; 2nd edit. 1869. S.'The FiveGatewaysof Knowledge,' Ist edit. 1866; Sthedit. 1880. 4.'MemoirofEdw8rdForbea' (completed by Sir Archibald Qeikie,F.R.S.), 1862. 6. * lieligio Chemtci,' essays, chiefly scientific, collected posthumously and edited Wilson 94 Wilson by Jewio Wilson, 1862. 6. 'Counsels of an Invalid,' letters on reliKioussiibjectH collected poBthumauslj and edited by his friend, Dr. John Cairnit, 1802. The ' British Museum. Catalogue ' also containB a list of single lec- tures published separately. Tha Royal So- ciely'scatalogiiecontain«alistof fort^r-three paper* published by Wilson alone, one in con- junction with John Crombie Brown, and one with Jobann Oeorg FoFchhammer. Miss Aitken's 'Memoir' (original edition 18t(0, condensed edition l&fl6) contains a list of Wilson'spapersandof his contributions to the 'British (juarterly Review,' which include biographical sketclies of JohnDalton (17116- 1844) [q.v-l (I84fi), William Hyde Wol- laston [q. v.] (1849), Robert Boyle [q. t.] (1849),and of his verses piiblUhed in 'Blnck- wood's Slniaiine ' and ' Slacmi Han's Maga- zine.' William Charles Henry's ' Life of Dalton ' (1854) contains an appendix by Wil- son on Dalton s ' Colour- Btinda ess.' [BoBidra the noureoa qaoiBd, the Memoir of Wilson, by Jes«io Aiiken WiUon, 1870 (■hiirh *ontnin» roany letifrs To his hrothar Ituniel, his frisnd Daniel MncmillsD [q. v.], and others), with an appendii by John Henry GlftHftona, y.E.S., on WilFfOQ'H sdentiBc work ; Wilson's books and scientific (inpers: Brit. Mas. Cat,; Hac- millaa j[ Co.'s Bibhugmphy ; Trans, Rot. Soc. of Edinburgh, 1BA7, ixi. 069 ; Lord JeSrey's art. cm ' Watt or Cavendish ' in Edinbnrgh Ko- TJeir, 184S, Iziidi. 67 ; Jubilep of the Chemical Booioty, 18B6, pp. 25. 18* ; Nolo by J. 3yme in London and Edinburith Journal of Medical Science, 1843, iii. 274; North British EeTiow.art. by Sir David Breirstfli'(?), INfiS. xxiv. 32fi, nud Ohiluary. 186U. mxii. 226; Obitnary by Dr. John Cairns in Mnirniillaa's Magaiiiie, 1B60, i. IBS; Brown's Hone SnbaecivEe, 2nd ser. p, 161 ; Kopp's Beitrage znr Oesch. der Chemie. dritt«s Stiick, 1876. p. 239 : information kiudly given by Mrt. Jainoa Sime,] P. J. H. ■WTLSON, GEORGE (1808-1870), chair- man of the Anli-Cnrnlftw League, born at Ilalhersage, Derbyshire, on 34 April 1808, was the son of John Wilson, com milter, who removed in I8l9 to Manch<»tcr, where Le established a com merchant's busineaa. George was eiiucaled at the Manchester commercial school and in evenior classes, and wns ut otie time a pupil of Dr. John Dalton [q.v.], the ehemisl. He started businesa in the com trade, afterwards he becnmo a starch and gum manufacturer, but the greater part of his life waa taken up with political and railway work. He was, when young, president of the Manchester Phrenological Society, and an occasional wTiter for the preBs. He wna secretary to the committee which obtained the charter of incorporation for Manchester in 183(), and sat as n member of the town council from \Sl\ to 1M4. On the founda- tion of the Anli-Comlaw Association in January 1639, he became a member of the executive committee, and in 1841. when the title was changed to that of the Anti-Com- law League, he was elected chairman, and occupied that position until the nrpesl of tba I com laws was obtabed in February 1&4C, « During those five years Wilson presidedifl over larger public meetings than had eror^ before been held to agitate constitntionaUr " for a change in the law. The tact witi which he controlled a gathering of men at a time of great political excitement, and the patience and good humour with which he directed matters from tha chair, earned for him the reputation of being the best chair- man of the day; and when the league was dissolved the council of that body presented him with IO,OUO/. in recognition of the great ability with which he had organised its political action. The origination and orga- nisation of the great baiaars in aid of the cause in Mnnchester and London were diM I to kim. In 16.52, when Lord Derby's gOvV vummunt proposed to reimpose a 'raoderata'M duty on corn, the league, resuscitated undap^ Wilson's guidance, by a short campaign dis- posed of the protectionist reaction. Hb subsequently turned his attention to pap- liament^iry reform, particularly to the fair redistribution of seats, without which he believed that extension of the franchise would be futile. He kept the question in the front at the numerous public meetings and reform conferences at which he presided, and be became chairman of the Lancashire Keformera' Union in 1858, and in ]8IU was appointed president of the National Reform Union. In its operations be took on nctiva Cart until the time of his death. Wilaon ad many requisitions to become a candidate for parliament, aa well as overtures to take government office, but he declined alL A» a director of the Electric Telegraph Company he assisted in developingihe telegraphic sys- tem. With Joseph Adshead he established llie Manchester Night Asylum. Wilson joined in 1647 the board of directors of the Manchester and I«eds Railway, of which company he was deputy-chairnian in 1848. In 18(t0 he became managing director and deputy-chairman of the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway Company. In 1867 he wns appointed chairman. He died suddenly on 29 Dec. 1870 in the train, and was interred In Ardwick cemetery, Manchester. Wilson attended a Sandem an iati chapel, but was mo^t tolerant in his religious views, lie married, in 1837, Mary, daugh- Wilson 95 Wilson I I t«r of John RawsoD, mercliflDt and manii' tacturer, of Maoclieetcr, bj whom he had Bevea chiJdn^n- A portrait and a bust of Wilson, the former by Oeor^ Pntlen and the Intter by H. S. Leifchild, are preserved at the Mau- cheeler town-hall. Another portrait ap- prora in J. H. Herbert's picture of the coun- cil of the learue, now in Peel Park Mu«eum, Solford. Thii picture was engraved by IS. Dellin. Another portrait ia in the group of notables ennnected with the negotiation of the French treaty ofcommerce, which was engraved by Du Val. [MaDcheatei auardtnn, 3D Dec. 1870, and 6 Jan. ISTl: Preotii^e'ti History of the Aoii- Cornlaw Le«g;ue. 1853; Holjonke's Siity Tcwsofun Agitator'* Life ; Sir B.W, Wntkin's AldBimsD Cobden; llarloy'a Life of Cobdm; Stugg'tBemiii.ofMiDt^hDatrr, IKBI.p. 1U9 ; in- formation kindly supplied by T. Bright WilsoD, wqO C. W. S. WILSON, IlAimiETTE (_/(. 1810- 1635), woman of fashion, born about 178U, wa« tbedaughlerof John James Dubouchet or l>e Boucliet, of Swiss origin, who kept a small shop in Mayfair. She inherited Rond manners and looks from her mother, a lady to whose channa she tells us that few men (U«r father unhappily among them) were in- sensible, and she seems to have been brought up to apeak English and Prench, both in- differently. The ccmrsis of her early career would appear to be indicated in the title of a small uhapbook thrown out towards the close of her 'public life' as a sample of her • Memoirs ; ' it was called ' The Amorous Adfantures of llarriette Wilsoii ; ' her first introduction into private life as the kept mistrT'Ss of Lord Craven, her intrigues with the Hon. Frederick Lamb, and how she hecamekept mistresBof theUukeof Argyle' [18351. 'I think I supped once in her so- ciety, wrote Scolt in 1825, 'at Mat. Lewis's in Argvle Street, where the company chanced to bo fairer than honest. . . . ^he was far from beautiful, but a smart, aaucy girl, with good oyes and dark hair, and the manners of ■ wild schoolboy '(LocKHABT, Zi/r, lt*93, p. Sa.)). After about 1820 she resided to a large extent in Paris, whence by the kindness oi Sir Cliorles Stuart she was enabled to des- patch her correspondence throughthemedium of the foreign office bag. She was occupied " ' ' igue with the timed pwaimony of the Duke of Beaufort, who thought to compound b promised an- nuity of 6(X)/. by a single payment of I,:i00;., excited in llarriette, whose temper was impatient, a lasting sense of ill-treatment. Taking Tercsia Conatanlia PhiUips [q. v.] aa her model, she announced her inteution of publishing her memoirs, and she found a sympathetic publisher in John Joseph Stock- dale of the Opera Colonnade, Haymarkot [see under Stocedale, Joun]. The book was avowedly written to extort money. ' The Hon. fVed. Lamb,' wrote Harriette, ' has called on Storkdale to threaten us with prosecution ; had he opened his purse to give me but a few hundreds, there would have been no book, to the infinite loss of all persons of good taste and genuine morality.' The booK duly appeared in four small volumes in IS2S as ' Memoirs of Harriette Wilson, written by Herself,' andcreated such ascnsBlionthRtSlockdale'sdouTwasthronged ten deep on the mornings announced for the C' "ication of a new volume, and a special er had to he erected to direct the passage of the applicants. Over thirty editions were stated to nave been issued within the year. A French version, in six volumes, was pub- lished ' ehez L'lluillier, Itue Poup£c, Paris,' iu 1835. The translation is stated to have been ' corrig6e par I'outeur,' though the title 'Mfmoires d'llenrietteWilson ' is some- what misleading. A set of coloured plates were executed to accompany the test, and copies with these illustrations are now scarce (one was sold in 1896 for six guineas ; an uncoloured copy sold for 3/. 5b. in 1890), The work was denounced nsamoet'diBgusting and gross prostitution of the press \seeapamphlet tailed A t'ammmfan/ an tAe. JJcentiouM Liberty uf thf Prfi», Loudon, 18SG), but aa a mailer of fact the book is on the whole re- markably freefrom lubricity, while in point ol coarseness it does not approach the ' Memoirs of a LaJv of Quality ' interpolated in ■ Pere- grine PicEte.' Thediatogue is often amusing, but the loose and slipshod style does no credit to the editor, ' Thomas Little' (f Stook- dale). Tho pseudonym would seem to have been daringly borrowed from Tom Moore, and woa also employed for the ' Confessioiw J of an Uxoniau,' 1826, and for some pseudo-l medical works issued from the Opera Coloit- unde. 'Tlia gay world,' wrote Sir Walter Scott on !) Dec. \M5, 'has been kept in hot water lately by this impudent puhlicatiou... the wit is poor, but the style of the interlo- cutors exactly imitated, . . . She beat« Con I'hilips and Anne Bellamy and all former demireps out and out.' Among the well- known names that figure promiuentlv in the narrative arethose of the Uuke of Wellington, IheDukeofLeinster,LordH<.'rlford,MarquiK Wellesley, the Eiirl of Fife, Prince Ester- hozy. Lord Granville Leveson-Oower, liord Wilson 96 Wilson Ebrinslon, Beau Hrummetl, Henry \,\i and 'bis inseparable fat Nugenr, Vi* Ponscmby, Itichsrd Meyler, Lord Frederick Bentinck, Lord IJyron, and Flenry Brougha.in (wbo inattgated the writer, aa she inrarms ub, touDdertaKebercampaiKnagaiusttbe 'paltry conduct of bis grace of Beaufort'). Actions were brought by Mr. Blore, a stonemaaon of FlccBdillr, who was awarded 300/. damages, and by tlugh Evans Fisher, who received heavier daraagta in the court of common K" as on 21 May 1826 (Timrt, 23 May), rther iuatalmenla of the 'Memoirs' were threatened, but their appeaiunce was averted. Harriette's former ariBtocratic admirers appear to have made her np a purse, upon the strength of which she buried her past and married a M. Rocbefort or Rocbfort. It is doubtful whether she had any shore in 'Paris Lions and London Tigers' (London, 1826, Svo, with coloured plates, aereral edi- tions), a farcical narrative, dosctibing the TJsit of an English family to Paris. Nothing further is known of llarriette's career. AmongtheaisterswboeiDulatedbertriumpbs, and are frequently alluded to bynamein the ._. __ ' Memoirs,' may bo mentioned Fanny, who I lors', and from 1803 to 1824 woa second lived for many years as Mra. Parker, but master. He became curate and lecturer of ■whose last hours (described by llarriette St. Michael's Bassishaw, and lecturer of St. with an appearance of feeling) were soothed Matthias and St. John the Baptist, London, by tbe kindness of Lord Hertford (Thacke- 'n 1807, and in 1814 received in addition ray's 'Marquis ofSteyne'); Amy, whohaving the Townsund lecturership at St. Michael'a, relinquished the protection of Count Pal- ) '^-'-'- ' ■ - " -^ ' "— - ■ mella and 'JOOl. a month, 'paid in advance. ' married' the disreputable musician, Robert Nicolas Charles Bochea ; and Sophia, who married as a minor, on S Feb. 1812, at St. Marylebone, Thoma.a Noel Hill, second baron Berwick,anddiedat Leamington, aged 81, on 29 Aug. 1870 (/WiMfr.iourfonA'rtc?, 11 Sept. 1875). An engraving of Harriette is in tte British Museum print-room (_no name or date). [MamoiTB a( Harriettr Wilaon in British Mqs. Library: tbis is the RO'cnlted sti'oad edition, compleiG in faar ralumos, with an appendix. Other sets v«re ifsued by Slockdsls in eiglit volumes, considerably eipBDiled by tba Dominal editor, ' Thoniaa Littla.' and in 1831, as by the sams eJitor, wss isiiiied nn ' Index. Analytical, Referentinl, and Eiplanatory, of Persona and Matter.' which is very acarce. It is doubtful whether aoy selt wore issoed by SMwkdale subaf- quentlolh>''tbirty-tbird'e>lit)onof 182S, forttie proteclion of copyrigbt whb nnt oitended to the Tolamea, which Were pirated by T. Douglas and nrobably by others. Some of tho sets wers JBDed with plates, both plain and coloured, aad •ome have lu fnintispieces portraits of the four B'stars, ' Hurri ctlc,' ' Vnn ey.' ■ Amy,' and ' Hophy ,' with antogrHphs. .Slockilalc M>ught to coniinue tha blackmniling canjpsign io a wevkly periodi- ca! colled Stockdate's Budget, December 1826- .Tnoe 1B2T, which coDtaina several letters attri- buted to Harriette Rorhfort. .See also Biogmphio des Con temporal OS, Paris, 1831, vol. v. (Snppl.) p. B04; Amorous Adventaro* aod Intrigues of Tom Johnson, 1870, vol. ii. chap, i.; Cntena Li- brornm Tacendorom, 1888: A Commentitry on thi> LiceoiiouB Liberty of (he Pre™, London, 1825. 8vo: Times, 2 July 1829, 12MRylg26; British Lion. 3 April tSl.i: Blackwood's Mag. November IB29, p. 739; Book Prices Current; [Qay's] Bibliographie des OuvroKes relatifs iL I'amour, Nice, 1872, v. dl.) T. S. WILSON, HARRY BRISTOW (1774- 1853), divineandantiquarv, bomon23 Aug. ir7j „.. . ...„ of w'iui^ Wilson of iho He left admitted commoner of Lincoln College, Oi- ford, on 12 Feb. 1793. Elected scholar on the Trappes foundation in the following year (30 June), be graduated B.A. on 10 Oct. 1796, and M.A. on 23 May 1799. He proceedeil B.C. on 21 June 1810, and D.D. on 14 Jan. 1818. In February 1798 he became third master at Merchant Tav- Crooked Lane. On 3 /iug. L . collated by Archbishop Manners-Suiton to the united parishes of St. Marv Aldemary and St. Thomas the Apostle. There he was continually involved m litigation with his parishioners. Rut in apile of these dif- ferences he established a parochial lending library, and abolished fees for baptism. Wilson was a learned adherent of the evangelical school, with more ot the scholar than the divine. His chief theological works were a pamphlet ngainst the catholic claims ('An Earnest Address respecting the Catholics,' 1807, Svo), and a volume of ser- mons issued the same year. But he published some valuable antiquarian books. The chief of these was bJs ' History of Merchant Tav- loTs' School,' issued in two quarto parts in 1812 and 1814 respectively. He received a subsidy from the company of 100/. t-owards the expenses of publication. The work is scholarly, if somewhat diffuse. In 1831 Wilson published another quarto on ' the History of the Parish of St. Laurence Pountney, including four documents unpub- lished, an account of Corpus Cbristi or Pountney College,' within which Merchant Taylors' school was established in l.-,61. The work remained unfinished on account of the Wilson also publisbed : ' Obaervntions on the Lnw and Practice of the Sequeatration of Ecclesiastical Benefices,' ISSS. 8v-o; and ' Brief Notices of the Fabric and Glebe of St. Mary Aldermary,' 1640, Svo. The copy of the latter work in the British Museum » Harv Anne, daughter of John Moure(17'12- 1821 ) [(]. v.], by whom he Imd two sons and a dauf^hter. The elder son, Henry Bcistow Wilson, is separately noticed. [Gent. Miift. 1854. i. fl3.^. 536; Clnrk"> Uint. of Lincoln Coll. p. 187: Fo«ttr'H Alnmoi Oion. 1713-1886 ; Ah Aged Rfctora Valedirtory Ad- dresH. ISS3; Allilone's Diet. Enil. Lit.; Brit. Mas. Cat.] G. La G. N. WILSON, HENRY BRISTOW (1803- 1888), diviue, horn on 10 June 1803, was elder son of Harry Briatow Wilson [o.v.], by his wife Mary Aune, daughter of John was elected to St. John's College, Oiford, in lB-i\. Matriculating on 25 June 1821, he graduated B.A. in 1825, M.A. in 1829, and B.D. in 1834, and received a fellowship in 1825, which he retained until 1850. In 1S3I he was appointed dean of arts, and he acted as tutor from 1833 to 1835. He also filled the office of Rawlinsonian professor of Anglo-Saxon IroiQ 1839 to 1844. In 1850 he was prcsunted by St. John's CoUfgu to the vicarage of Oreat Staughton in Hunting- donshire, which he retained until hia death. I Wilson identified himself in theology with I tlie school of which Benjamin Jowett (after- I wards master of Balliol) and Frederick Temple (afterwards archbishop of Canter- bury) became the best-known members. In the spring of 1841 Wilson joined Archibald Campbell Tait [q. v.] in the 'protest of the fitnr tutors' against 'Tract XC In the Lent Itsrm of l&l he delivered the Bamptou Lectures, taking as his subject 'The Uom- munion of the Saints; an Attempt to illus- trate the True Principles of Christian Union' (Oxford, 1851, 8vo), His lectures were re- markable for eloquence and power, and stiU more as ' the first clear note of a demiind for freedom in theological enquiry.' The widening of theological opinion and of Christian communion was thenceforward the main interest of his life. In 1857 be con- tributed 'Schemes of Christian Compre- hension' to ' Oxford Essays,' and In 1861 he published a dissertation on 'The National Church' in 'EsaaysandEeviewa.' Passages in the latter essay were regarded as inculca- ting erroneous doctrine, particularly in regard to the inapiralion of scripture and the future state of the dead. John William Burgon (afterwards denn of Chichester) was especially disaatifified with his views, and in 18ti2 proceedings for heresy were instituted against Wilson in the court of arcbes. On 35 June Wilson, whose case was tried to- gether with that of Rowland Williams [q. v.], was found guilty on three out of eight of the articles brought against him, and was sentenced to suspension for a year by the judge, Stephen Lushington [q. v.] Wilson and Williams both appealed to the judicial committee of the privy council, and their appeals were heard together in 1863. Wilson's defence occupied IS) and 20 June, and WAS afterwards published. The appeal was successful, and on 8 Feb. 18tJl the judicial committee reversed Lushington'a decision. Wilson's health, however, was broken by the anxieties of hie position, and he never completely recovered from the strain, During later life he did not resier of the Royal Asiatic Society (1823), in which be held (he office of director from 1837 till his death. Wilson was elected F.R.S. in 1834, and was member of numerous foreign learned societies. He died on 8 May 1830 in London at Upper Wimpole Street. He married a dausbter of George Siddons of the Benj^l lervice, who was a son of the ^at actress. Several descendants of this marriage survive. An engraving, dated 1851, by William Walker, gives bis portrait from a painting (now at the Royal Asiatic Socielv) by Sir John Wataon-Gordon. A portrait by Sir George Hayter is in possession of Wilson's grandson ai. Brighton, and several other pic- tures(including one by KobertTait), sketches, and drawintrs are extant. In the National IVjrtrait Gallery, IjOndon, is a sketch from life by James Atkinson. There is also a bust by Chantreyin the Bodleian library.and another bust on the fa;ade of the India office. Wilson did much to promote a real know- ledge of the verv numerous branches of In- dian learning wliicb he made hia own. Be- neath his writings and leaching tb^rc flowed an undercurrent of enthusiaHm which, in spite of a certain drniess of maimer and boldness of style, often communicated itself to pupils or readers. His point of view, natural to an early scholar educated in India, and the limitations of his scholarship were shown in an appreciation b^ Biithlingk and Roth, the greatest of Sanskrit lexicographers, who, while expressingtbeirsenae of Wilson's immense eruuition, lamented that be had taken the point of view of native scholars rather than advanced in thepalh of European students (^Sanshit Worlerlmdi, Bd. I., Vor- wort). A complete list, mainly compiled by him- self, of his separate works, editions, joint pro- ductions, and papers in journals, is given with Ilia obituarv in the ' Annual Report of tlie Royal Aaia'tic Society' for 1S60. Bendes the 'Dictionary' (1819, 1832, and ISi4) olreadv mentioned, the moat important are: 1. ' Select Specimena of the Theatre of the Hindus,' 182H~7, L' vols, (tbis haa gooe through several editions, and was transSited into French ; Wilson, himself an accom- plished actor, seems to bava entered into tblsworkwithspecialenthusiosin). 2. 'Cata- logue of the Mackenzie MHS..' Calcutta, 11*38, 8vo. 3. ' Sjiu-khya-kiiriliii,' London, IS37, 4to. 4. ■ Vishnupurnna,' London, 1810, 4to. b. ' Lectures on the Religious and Philoso- phical Systems of the Hindus,' 1840. ti. • Con- tinuatiou of Mill's British India, 1805-35,' London, 1844-6. 7. 'Translation of ike Rig-Yeda ' (according to the native school of interpretation), 6 vols. ; voL i. was published in 18i)0, and vols. v. and vi. have been com- pletedandpublisbedsiacehis death. 8. '(ilos- aarv of Judicial and Revenue Terms of . , ■ India,' London, I860, 4to. A collected edi- tion (IS vola.^ of his works was also pub- lished in London (18f!3~7I) under the editor- ship of Ueinbold Host jfl-v-], one of his suc- cessors at the India office. Wilson was a great collector of Sanskrit manuscripts, No fewer than fire hundred and forty, compris- ing both vedic and classical works, were brought together by bim, and form the moct important part of the Sanskrit manuscripts now in the Bodleian Library. [Annual Report of Royal Asiatic Society for 1860, andoihorrecordsof the Society; Memiiriala ot H^leyhury CoIIpRo (biogrBphy by Sir M. Slonier-Williiiras, Wilson's pupil and suMvsnr at Oiford); English Cydoped'a; Asiatic 3oc. Wilson 99 Wilson I I Bennl, CeatHitary ml.; mmmiuii rat ions from familr and from Profeasur Cowell. his pupil WkI fnend.] C. B. WILSON. Sir JAMES (1780-1847). major-geneml. bom in 1780,recei»ed a com- ensign in the 27tb footon 12 Dec. 17M8. Ilia flirt tier commission a weru diit«d : IJeiiMu&Dt, 31 Aug. 1799; captsin, 27 May ISOl ; maji)T,20 June 1811 ; brevet lieutenant- colonel, -27 April 1812; colonel, 32 J11I7 1630; tnaior-general, 28 June 1838. He eerred with hia reffimeDt iu the erpedition to the Helder in 1799, look part in the action on landing on 27 Aug',, in Ine actions of 10 •nd 19 Sept., ia the battle of Alkmaar or Bergen on 2 Oct., and the action of Bc- verwyk on 6 Oct. In July 1800 he accom- umied the expedition under Sir Jamea Pulteney to Ferrol, and under Sir Ralph Abercromby to Csdii, and in the followinc year want with Altercromby to Byypt, took pan in the battle on landing in Aboukir Bay an 8 March 1801, in the action at NicopoliB on the 13th, in the battle of Alexandria oa 21 March, and in the further operations of the campaign. Wilson exchanged into the 48th foot on July 1803. He served with Sir John Moore in Leon during the campaiign of 1808. In 1800 he accompanied the 48th to the Peninsula, and was at the battle of Talavera on^ and :}8 July, and of Bu9acoon37Sept., took port in the retreat to Torres Vedraa, and in the subsequent advance in 1810 in purauit of MasB^na. At tUu battle of Albuera OD 16 May 1811 Wilson succeeded, on the death of Lieutenant-colonel Duckworth, to the command of the 48th, and was twice severely wounded. He a^in commanded bis regiment at the aiege ot Ciudad Uodrigo in January 1812, taking part in the storm. He commanded the column of assault on the ravelin of Son Roque at the storm of Badajoz , was a daughter of Andrew Wilson of Main HouBf. She lost her mother in early life, but found a home with her grandmother and her uncle, Professor John Wilson (181^- 3688) [q. v.], in Edinburgh, Subsequently ■he went to live with her other uncle, James Wilson, at W'oodvUle, where, after the death of her aunt in 1837, she took charge of the house and remained till her • -^ "pt. 1863. Shu V r of: 1, ' (anon.), Edinburgh, 1851, through two German editions. 2. 'Things to he thought of '(anon.), Edinburgh, 185;), I'Jrao. 3. ' Homely Hints from the I'ireside ' (anon., the first edition of which appeared probably about 18-58 or 1859) ; Snd edit. Edinburgh, 1860, 12mo; new edit. ]86i. 4. ' The Chronicles of a (larden : its Pels,' London, 1863, 8vo; 2nd edit. 1864. [Memoi™ of 3. Wilson (with n poitrsit), by tba ReT. J. Hamilton : Encycl. Brit. 8th aiic. I»i. 871; Memuirof Hrnrietta Wilson, by tliB lUv. J. Hiimiltun. prelliedto her ■ Chroniclei ; ' Bill. Mas. fnl. ; AUiboiireekly paper for linsncJal and commercial men. He invested in it moat of his capital and obtained some help from Lord Radnor, An ardent free-trader. ' The Economist,' which appeared for the first time on 2 liept. 184S, at once became a recognised power in the newspaper world, and has maintained its position ever since. It advocated the repeal of the com laws, and strenuously upheld the prboijiles of free trade. In the early stages of Its existence Wilson wrote nearly the whole of the paper. It was as a prac- tical nan, writing for those engaged in the dailf routine of business life, that he pri- marily expounded his Tiews, but the effect of his opinions was not limited to any single section in society. Under thetille of 'Capital Currency and Banlting' he published in 1847 a volume containing 'his articles ii Economist" in 1845 on the Bank Act of 1844, and in 1847 on the crisis. With a plan for a secure and economical currency.' A. second edition came out in 1850; it was issued in 1857 in the 'Biblioteca dell' Economista' (■2nd ser. vi. 455-662) ; and a tronslation was publisbedat Rio de Janeiro in I860. It embodied his criticisms on the currency acts of Peel, with an analysis of the panic of 1847 and of the railway mania which preceded it- He was a strenuous advocate for the sure convertibility of the banknote, but ' opposed to the technical restrictions of the act of 1844.' lie also advocated the repeal of the navigation laws, regarding them as ' restric- tions on our commerce.' A pamphlet by him on the ' Cause of the present Commercial Distress, and its Bearings on Shipowners,' was printed at Liverpool in l!H4-J, sad he printed in 1849 ft speech on ' The Navigation A chance conversation at Lord Radnor's table induced Wilson to become a candidate for parliament at the general election of 1847 for the borough of Westburr in Wiitahire. He was returned by 170 voles against 149 B'ven to his tory opponent, Matthew James iggins [q. v.], well known as 'Jacob Om- nium.' Hewas re-elected in 1852, when he wonby si.tTOtesonly. From 18.^7 until his departure for India he represented Devon- port. Wilson's first speech in parliament I the E ihtained consider- able influence as a speaker. Within six months of the date on which he took hie seat office was ofi*ered to him, and from 16 May 1848 to the dissolulion of Lord John Russell's ministry he was one of the joint secretaries to the board of control. '.)n the formation of the Aberdeen ministry Wilson was offered the important post of financial secretary to the treasury, and he remained in this place, dealing ably with tbo vexed questions doily referred to the holder of that position, from January 1853 until the defeat of Lord Falmerston's administration in 1858. During bis tenure of this office he was offered, but declined, first the vice-presi- dency of the board of trade inl856, secondly the chaii^mansbip of inland revenue in 1866. This was ' B. good pillow,' he said, ' but ho did not wish to lie down.' Lord Palmerstan returned to power in June 1859, when A\'ilson accepted the vice* presidency of the board of trade, coupled with that of payma*"ter-gen'-ral, and was created a privy councillor. He had scarcely beenseated in office when he was offered ths I Wilson Wilson fast of SDUDcial member of the council of adia, 'whicli bad just been created. He hesicated about accepting it, for he Ap- preciated his inftueuce iti uxe House of Com- inona, recognised the ' ^gnntic difficulties' whicli awaited him in India, and was not tempted b; the high salary, as through the Biiccees of his paper, aided by some prudent investments^ he was possessed of atlluence. Uu public grounds, however, he determined upon going thither, and on 20 Oct. 1659 he left Kagknd for bis new position. Through n ' fortunate accident' he visited immediately after his arrival the upper provinces of Hin- dustan. He travelleJ from Calcutta to Lahore, and back again, visiting every city and town of importance within that urea, tind returned much impreseed with the un- develoj>ed resources of the country. The piinciplea of his budget were explained b^ liira on 18 Ftb. ISOO. He found himself face to face with a great deficiency of re- venue and an enormous increase in public debt. He proposed certain increased import duties with a tax on home-grown tobacco, a small and uniform license duty upon traders of every class, and the imposition of an income-tax on all incomes above 200 rupees a year, but with a reduction for those not eiceeding 600 rupees per annum. Tliese propositions met with considerable opposi- liou.mainly through the action of Sir Charles Edward Trevelyaa [q-v.], but that official was promptly recalled. Wilson's budget and Trevelyan's recall BxciteUmuchcriticisna in England. Wilson's next act woa to establiiih a paper currency. He set up at Calcutta a govern- ment commission charged with the functions exercised in this country by the issue d^ partment of the Bank of England. Brancb latablishmenla were erected at Madras and ree presidencies were ) and redemption of notes iuto convenient districts called cur- rency circles. The notes were to be for 5, 10, 20, 60, 100, 600, or 1,000 ruwea, and they were to be redeemable with ailvor. Wilson then commenced a reformation of the tnjstem of public accounts. He it wae ' that first evoked order out of the chaos of Indian finance, and rendered it possible for ihe future to regulate the outlay by the in- For some time after his arrival in India Wilson remained in good health, but with (he advent of wet weather his phvsical Btrength declined. Under the pressure of work h.- nei;lccCL., 'London, 18fjO,8vo. His . eoQtribntions to periodical literature were valuable and important. Among tbem were pBMrs on ' erysipelufl and rheumatic feverc," published in the ' Lancet.' Under the signa- ture of 'Maxilla' he contributed totbe'Lon- j doiiGai«lt«'of 1833aseriesofcbaracteristic LiUd interesting letters addressed to his friend tVeitibulua ) ■ Psalterium Cujolinum, the devotions uf Uia Sacred Msieatie in his solitude and suf- fering, rendered in verse bj- T. Stanley, and set to musLck for three voices and an organ or theorbo," 1667; (6) 'Cheerful Ayre-s or Ballads, first composed for one single voice, and since for three voices,' Oxford, 1600, 3 vols. Tills was the first attempt at music printing at Oxford. In manuscript there are at tne British Museum many of Wilson's songs in Additional MS. 29396, most of which is said to bo in the handwriting of Ed. Lowe; an Evening SerTice in O (vol. v. of Tudway's 'Collection') and nine songs and part-songs in Additional MStj, 103^7 and 1KS08; and at the Bodleian Library music to several ' Odes ' of Horace and to passages in Ausonius, Claudian, Petronius Arbiter, and Statius. Among Wilson's com- positions was the air 'From the fairLavinian shore," from which (and Savile's ' The Waits') Sir Heniy Bishop compounded the popular glee ' O, by rivera.' [Burugy'a Hist, of Mnaic, iii. SSO ; Havliiii Hiat. ii. fiS2 ; OravaB Did, iv. 482 : Ch<-ii book of tbe Chapi^l Rojnl. p. 13: Abdy Williim Degn-aa of Mnaic, pp. 36, 82 ; Davey'a Hiat. pp. 279. 284, et tv^. ; Cal. SUie Papers. Dom. CUarlw I and Charlra II ; will in WBatmlnatDF Act Book, fol.Sfl; Notamnd Queries. 3rd »er. il. ITI.viii.4IS.6th ser. i. 465 ; Coll. Tap. st GeD. vii. 104; aalhoritiBB cited.] L. M. M. WILSON, JOHN (1627P-1090), play- wright, tbe son of Aaron Wilson, anatlvt of Caermarthen, who has, however, been claimed as of Scottish descent, was born ' London in 1637. Tbe father, Aaboh Wilbos (1589-1643), Wilson mntriculnted from Queen's College, Oxford, on 16 Oct. 1607, as 'cler. til. let. 18.' Ue graduated M. A. in IB15, and D.D. on 17 May 1639. He was collated rwtor of St. Ste- phen's, Walbrook, in December 1636, was appointed chaplain to Charles I and in- stalled archdcacoo of Exeter in January IfKU ; in this same year be became vicar of Plymouth (St. Andrew's), to which benefice be was instituted byCharles I. He and his flock quarrelled over temporalities, and he took proceedings in the Star-chamber, but failed to prove the alleged encroachments. The corporation, nevertheless, thought it wise to surrender the right of presentation to tha king, who regranted it under conditions. When the civil war broke out, the vicar was sent prisoner by the townsfolk to Ports- mouth ; he died at Eieler in July 1&13, be- queathing to his son an unswerving faith in tlie greatness o f royal preroga ti ve (see WoBTH , Plymouth, p. 241; Lamd. MS. 986, f. 31; HBiraBssT, Noi-um Sepert. p. cliv). John Wilson matriculated from Rxet«r CoUege on 5 April 1641, aged 17, but did not proceed to a degree; he was admitted of Lincoln's Inn on 81 Oct. Ifi46 ( li^i'ter, i. 254), and was called to ijie bar from that inn about 164!). His plays mads his name known to the courtiers, and bis high views on the subject of tbe prerogative commended him to James, duke of York, who recom- mended him for a place to James Butler, first duke of Ormonde. He may have ac- companied Ormonde to Ireland in 1677; in any case, he was appointed about 1681 te the office of recorder of Londonderry, and in 1682 he issued tvom a Dublin press bla ' Poem. To his escellenee Richard, Earl of Arran, lord deputy of Ireland.' Two Bjars later he dedicated to Ormonde 'A iscourse of Monarchy, more partlcalarly of the Imperial Crowns of England, Scot- land, and Ireland . . . as i( relates to ths Succession of His Royal Highness James, Duke of York,' London, 8vo, Esrly in the following year ha was ready with 'A Rn- darlque to their Sacred MajeEtifs Jamea U and bis Royal Consort Queen Mary, on thelrjoyntCoronation at Westminster, April 23, 1686,' London, folio. James pmbaUy mentioned his deserts to Richard Talbot, earl of Tvrconnel, and there is a suggestion that Wilson was employed by the new ")y during 1087 in the capacity of secre- His loyalty was equal to everv strain, a 16B8 be produced his erudite and itical 'Jus regiumcorouK, or the King's Supream Power in Dispensing with Penal Statutes' ([.^ndon, 1688, 4to), which be dedi- cated ' to the Honorable Society of Lincoln' 3--I ^K Ian.' A sec Wilson 105 Wilson d I Inn.' A serond part w&s projocted, butnevur appeared. Ileprobablj' returned thu recorder- snip until the sie^ of Uerry (April- August 16h9), during' vhich period^ in the absence of mayor and sherilf, the office muEt have been a dead lulter. It is evident thatWilaon Bhortlyafterwardawent to Dublin with a view to j oini nf^ Jamue Chere,BndtbRr.,countingupon the uUimate Irlumpb of the Jacobiti.- cauae, he stayed there for one or two years. He is said to have written his tragi-comedy of * Belphegor' in that city during 1690. He Dtftj have returned to London to see it pro- duced Bt Dorset Garden in the October of that year. Langbaine, writing in 16i)9, status that he died ' near LeiceBter Fields about three -S since.' There is a somewhat obscure [reference to John Wilson in (BiickiiiKham Land Rochester's?) * The Session of the Poets, I to the Tune of Cock Laure!.' Wilson was the author of two prose come- ^ i^ of merit, besidi^a a five-act trapidy in ( blank verse and a tragi-comedy. Lilie the ; SUodwells in the next generation, he was a ; follower of 'the tribe of Ben.' Ha was a j •choUr, and his plays are full of adaptations from the antiijue comedy ; but as a delineator j of rascality, if rarely original, he is always vieorons and often racy, with a strong moa- ' euline humour. His plays in order of pro- duclionare: l.'TheCheats: aComedy,'Lon- , A)n,1664,4to(1671,4tOi 3rd edil. 1684; 4th ' «dit. 16fl3, with a new song). This excellent | fiircica) comedy was written in 1662 (so we ! ftn; told in 'The Author to the Reader,' dated Lincoln's Inn, lU Nov. IdtiS), and performed with great applause by Killigrew's company »tVere Street, Clare Market, in 1663. Lacy played Scruple, the nonconformist minister, -who in bis fondness for deep potations 'too ffocid for the wicked: it may strengthen Uiem in their enormities,' strikingly antici- pates the Shepherd in ' Pickwick.' Both this character and Mopus the astrological t Quack are strongly suggestive of Jonson thiougboul. The time appears not to huve been quite ripe for the breadth of the sntire, forinBlettertoJohnBrooke,dat«d28March 1663, Abraham Hill remarks, ' The new play ' called " The Cheats '' has been attempted on the stage ; but it is so ectuidaluus that it is torbiddan ' (Familiar Jitters, p. 103). The piece is just mentioned by Downes in bis 'Roacius Anglicanus.' 2. ' AndronicusCom- TOenios: aTragedy,' Lotidon,1064,4to. The history is derived from the ' Cosmography ' I of Fet«r Heylyn [q. v.l and coincides with the narrative given in tne forty-eighth chap- tetof Gibbon. An anonymous play of little merit upon the same subject, written in 1643, had been published in 16(J1. The passage between Andronicus and Anna, the widow of his victim Alesius (act iv. sc. iji.) seems to have been inspired by the famous scene in ' Richard III.' The play was dedi- oated{i6Jan. 1663-4)'To ray fri-nd A.B.' 3. "Tliu Projectors: a Comedy,' Loudon, 1665, 4to. This comedy of London life was licensed for the press by L'Estrancra on 13 Jan. 1664-6, but Genest doubts if it were ever acted. U betrays more clearly than Moliere's 'L'Avare' its debt to their common original, the ' Aulularia'ofPIautus; Sir Gudgeon Credulous apain bears consider- able re8emt)l8Bce lo Fabian Fitadottrell in Jonson's 'The Devil ia an Ass,' while the She-Senate scene between Mrs. Godsgood, Mrs. Gotam, and Mrs. Snuceai is strongly reminiscent of the ' Ecclesiaiusie' of Aristo- phanes. The fault of the play remdes, not in the characters, which are excellent, espe- cially the Miser, Suchdry and his servant LeancUoi>s, but in the dearth of incident. There appears to be no connection between ' The Projectors ' and ' L'Avare,' which was hastily written in 168iil and ' transplantnd ' many years later by Henry Fielding (' The Miser,*^ February 17*33). 4. 'Belpbegor, or the Marriage of the Devil: a Tragi-comedy,* London, 1691, 4t«; the British Mueeumhaa a second copy with a slightly variant title- fage. Licensed by L'Estrange on 13 Oct. 690, this play was probably performed at; Dorset Garden at the close of 1690. The scene is laid In Genoa, and the story, which appears in tbe'Notti' of Straparola, was da- rived by Wilson from the English version of MachiavelU, published in 1QT4 (iJ. 1,65). A collected edition of Wilson's dramatio works was edited by Maidment and Logan for tbeir series of dramatists of the Hestora* tion in 1874. Besides his four plays and the tracts meit- tioned above, Wilson brought out in 1668 ' Moriie Encomium, or the Praise of Folly. Written originally in Latin by Des. Erasmus of Rotterdam, and translated into Englisb. by John Wilson,' London, l!2mo. [Wilson's Works. oflheBostoration, Characters of the Ec n. 149: Wntfs Bi . nid Englist) Plujs. 18flO : (renent'a Hist, of the English Stags, i. 31, 4SS, x. 13S-9: Dowuos's HuBoiuB Ansliesiiusi Ward's En^ish Dmm-itic Lit., 1898. iii. 337-40; BHker's Bio- gruphia DramHtica; Fost«r'a AInmni Oxen. lSOII-l7Ur NolBs aadQi Hailiit's Bibl. Hnndbook idCollirctionsiinil NfllPs: Poems on AtT^i Swto, 1716, i. 210-11; Adroootea" Libr. Ci Brit. Mus. Cat.] rith Memoir, in Dramiitlsta ^B H71 1 Langbains's Lives nod llish OramfttickPoBtB. 1712, I. Britanniea: HalUweU's Plujs. 18flO : (renent'a Hist. igB, i. Zi. 4S9, X. 13S-9: ^ iglicanusi Ward's Endish ^H , iii. 337-40; BHkcT's Bio- ^M ; Fost«r'a AInmni Oxan. ^^| ad QaeHp>< ; Haeaon's Mil- ^H : Hailiit's Bibl. Hnndbook ^H ■{fllPs: Poems on AtTnirs of ^H U; Adrocatea'Libr. Cikt.; ^H Wilson Wilson WILSON, JOHN (rf, 1761), bolanUt, was born nt Lau^leddal, neur Kendal, Wust- mocluad, and began lift: as a joumejmiiii BLoumnker, or, according to another account, M a stocking- maker. Being Dsthmntic, how- ever, he required an outdoor life, and acted as Bssiatant to Isaac Thompson, a well-known land survejor of Nuweastle-on-Tyne, while fais wtfu carried on a baker's shop. Probably in connection with this last trade he obtained the nickuame of ' Black Jack.' He possibly learnt his botonvinpart from John Robinson or FitiHobertB of the Gill, near Kendal, a correspondent of Ray and PstiTcr ; but with ■ ' uncommon natural parts ' ho made himself ' one of the most knowing herbalists of his time' l^Neweagtle Jountal, 27 July 1761), and is said at one time to have earned 00/. n year by giving lessons in botany once a week at his native place and at Newcastle, many pupils coming to him from the soutli of Scotland. It ia recorded of him that, being anxious to possess Morison's ' ilistoria Plantarum,' he determined to sell his cow, almost the sole support of his family, but a lady in the neighbourhood, hearing of the cireumstance, gave him the book. This anecdote and the character of his work show that Wilson must have acquired a knowledge of Latin. In 1744 he published " A Synopsis of British Plants,iii Mr, Ray's Method: . . . Together with a Botanical Dictionary. Illus- tTal«d with several Figures' (Newcastle- upon-Tyne, 8vn). This book is based upon, but not a mere translation of, DiUenius's edition of lijiy's 'Synopsis Stirpium Brilan- nicarum' (17^4), but is the first syBtematic account of British plants in English, and shows considerable original observation and thought (I'n.TBHBT, SkelvAei of the Proven <^Dutany, ii. a*>l-9). The introduction of the artificial Litin*ansystemled to Wilson's work being overlooked ; but Robert Brown, in his ' I'rodromiis Flora Novte Ilollandire ' (p. 490), dedicated the con volvulaceous genus Ifi'/jonia'inmemoriamJoh&nniBWilsoDauo- toris operis hand spemandi.' The descriptions of trees, grasses, and cryptogams, which were to have formed a second volume, were left in manuscript, whLch,in 1762, it was, according to I'ulteneyfop. cit. p.269), proposed topub- liah. Wilson (IiedatKeodalonl6Julyl7Gl, the last three or four j'ears of his life having been spent in so debilitated a state of health a» to entirely unlit him for work. [Hone"sY««r.Book,p.8a7; NichoUonB Annals of Keudal, p. 313.J G. S. B. WILSON, JOHN (1720-1789), author of 'The CIvdt',' son of William Wilson, farmer and blackBmith,wasbomin the parish of Lesmahagow, Lanarkshire, on 30 Jane 17^. lie was educated at Lanark grammar school till the age of fourteen, ^en the death of his father and the strwtened cir- cumstniices of his family constrained him to teach for a living. In 1746 be was appointed parish schooltniuter of I^esmaha- gow, whence Uo was invited in 1764 to superintend the education of certain familiea in Kuther^len, near Glasgow. In 1767 be was appointed master of the Greenock grammar school, a stipulation of his engi^^ ment being that he was to forsake 'the Srofane and unprofitable art of poem-making.' ;eferring to tais in 1803 as a survival of the puritanical covenanting spirit, Scott writes, ' Such an incident is tion as unlikely to happen in Greenock as in London' {Min- Kfrelty i(f thr Scottish Border, u. 1T6 n.> Wilson, burning his manuscripts, faithfully observed the conditions of his appointment, though conscious of passing ' on obscure life, Uie contempt of shopkeepers and brutish skippers' (Letter to his son, 21 Jan. 1779). He was a diligent and popular teacher, retaining office till two years before liia death, which took place at Greenock on 3 June 1789. Wilson married, on 14 June 1T51, Agnea Brown, by whom he had nine cliildren. James, tbeeldeat son, becoming a sailor, wu killed in 1776 in an engagement on Lake Champlain, his heroism on the occasion prompting government to bestow a small penaion on his father. A daughter ^'iolet, wife of Robert Wilson, a Greenock ship- master, supplied matter for Leyden's memoir, 1803. In 1760 Wilson printed 'A Ilramatic Sketch,' which he afterwards elaborated into ' Earl Douglas,' and issued along with ' The Clyde' in 1764. From an imperfectly amended and enlarged copy Leyden pub- lished the final version of ''The Clvde' in ' Seotish Descriptive Sketches,' IS03. The dramatic poem ia important mainly as an exercise, exhibiting in its two forms the author's skill and copiousness of expression and his growing sense of style. ' The Clyde ' is distinctly meritorious. Its heroic couplet* are dexterously managed, its historical allu- sions are relevant and su^stive, and il« descriptive passages reveal independent out- look and genuine appreciation of natural beautv. It ia, in Leyden's worde, ' the first Scottish loco-descriptive poem of any merit.' [Blograiihicul sketch uf Wilxon preRled to Scutish Descriptive Poema. od. Jofiu Leydsn, 1803; Lives of SBottish PufU by tlift Society of Ancient Scots; Grant Wilsou'a Pofu and Poetry of ScoUand.] T. B. WILSON, Sir JOHN (174l-1793),iudge, bom «i Tlie How, Applethwaite, ia Wesi- morland, on (> Aug. 1741, wm the sod of John Wilson, a niiin of proparty in the parish. He was educated at Stave!ey| near Ken'Jal, ■nd ea I ered feterhoiise ,Cambridge,pn^&Jaii. 17&B, graduating B.A. in 1761 m bi ■wrEJigler,BndM.A.in 17fti, and beinz elected to a fuilowBhip on 7 July 1764. Wliile still ftn undergraduate he is sud to have made ^^m able repl^ to iLe otlacli on Edward ^BVPiuinrs ■ Miscellanea Analylicn' bv Wil- Bbm ^iamuel Powell [q. v.], muter' of St. HKtbo'B College (Nichols, Lit. Anecrl. ^HlT). He entered the Middle Temple ^^J»naftry 1763, and. after being called to 1 b&r in 1766, he joined the northern circ in 1767, and noon acquired a considerable pnctic«. He was patronised by John Di Ining (nfler wards GrsC Baron AGhburtan) fg. v.], and in his turn he befriended John Kolt (afterwards Lord EldonJ (Twiaa, Life ^ Lord Eldon, 1846, i. 88). On 7 Nov. 3786 he was 8p])ointod by Thurlow to fill Che vacancy in the court of common pleas occasioned by the death of Sir George hares Jq. v.], and on \n Nov. he was knighted. On toe retirement of Thurlow he waa made a eoDunisfioner of the great seal on 15 June 1792, and held that om^e until 1>8 Jan. 1793, -when Lord Loughborough became lord chan- eellor. He was elected a fellow of the Royal Society on VA March 178:^. He died Kendal on 18 Oct. 1793, and wna buried tlie church, where a monument was erected to hie memory, wilh an inscription by his friend, Kichard Watson (1737-1816) fq-v.], hiahop of Llandafl". On 7 April 1788 lie married a daughter of James Adair [q. v.], Beljeant-at-law, By her he had a sod and two daughtera. [Atkin(ion"B Worlliies of WeslcnorliiQd, 1850, il.lUtl-8; Osnt. Miig. ITD2 i. 39, 1793 ii. 9^5. 1 794 ii. 1051 ; Townwnd'H Cat. of Knighu. 1833 ; Fosb'd Jmlgeg of Englsad, 1861 viii. 408-9.] KI. C. WILSON, JOHN (1800-1849), Scottish Tocalist, son of John Wilson, coach-driver, was bom in Edinburgh on So Dec. 1800. At the age of ten he waa apprenticed lo a printing hrm, and was aubsequenClv engaged wilh the Ballantynes, where he nelpd to •et np the ' Waverley Novels.' During the building of Abbotsford he was often chosen as one of the armed messengers who had to ride weekly to Tweedside wilh money to pay the workmen. He conceived an early liking for music, studied under John Mather bdo Benjamin Gleadhill of Edinburgh, and was « member of the choir of Duddingston parish church during the ministry of JohuTbomaoa (1778-1840) [q.r.], the painter. For soma time he was precentor of Roxburgh Plocs relief church, where his fine tenor voice drew great crowds, and from 1825 to 1830 ho held the same post at Si. Mary's Church, Edinburgh. After this he devoted himself entirely tomuaic teaching and concert giving. He studied singing in Edinburgh under Fin- lay Dun [q. v.], and afterwards in London under Geaualdo Lan/a [q, v.] and Crivelli, taking harmony and counterpoint lessons fromGeorge A^ull [q.v.] In March 1830 he appeared in Edinburgh as Harry Bertram in ' Guy Mannering,' and was subseqiiently engages in other operas — notably in Balfe's, in some of which he created the principal fart— at Covent Garden and Drury I^ane. lis acting wua, however, somewhat stiff, and he abandoned the stage to become an exponent of Scottish song ; in thatcharacter he appeared before the queen at Taymouth Castle in 1842. Hts Scottish song entertain- ments, both in this country and in America, were an itnmense success, and brought him a large fortune. He died of cholera at Quebec on 8 Jul^ 1849. David Kennedy [q. v.], the Scottish vocalist, restored his tomb there, and made a bequest for its perma- nent preservation. Wilson published an edi- tion of ' The Son^ of Scotland, as sung by him at hi* Entertainments on Scottish Music and Song,' London, 1843, 3 vols.; and 'K Selection of Psalm Tunes, for the use of tho Congregation of St. Mary's Church, Edin- burgh '(1825), in which appears the popular tune ' Howard,' generally attributed to him, although it is anonymous. He composed several songs, notably ' Love -wakes and sleeps,' and at bis entertainments introduced many which, though unclaimed, are under- stood to be his own. [Love's Scotlish Charch Masic : Baptrs'i MuBienlScotlaad; Dibdin's Annnlsof thn Edin- burgh Stage; GroTea Diet, of Music. Hodden's George Thomson, the Friend of Burn».p. 249; BniM'a John Tliomsnn of Dnddingston : Records of Canongate Parish. Cdinbunb ; informution from the lale Jamea Stillie, Edinburgh.] WILSON, JOHN (1785-1854), author, the 'Ohrialopher North' of 'Blackwood's,' and professor of moral philosophy in the university of Edinburgh, was bom at Pais- ley on 18' May 1785. His father, John Wil- son {d. 1796), was a manufacturer of gauxe, who had made a fortune in business; bis motlier, Margaret Sym (1763-1825), a lady of remarkable diguity of manners and im- periou.1 strength of character, was descended '~ the female line from the Marquis of Mont- I I Rev 9 the fourth child but eldest Wilson n son, being one of & family of ten. Hie youngest brother, James Wil90n(179'5-1856), IS noticed separately. John recoived bisfirat education In the grftramar school of Puisley and in tlie manse of Mearns, and in 1797 proceeded to Glasgow UnivecBily, where he was especially influenced by Jardioe, thepro- fesioT of logic, and Young, the professor of Greek. Ha obtained several prizes in logic, &nd Ilia career aa a student was in general highly creditable to him, though be was still more distinguished as au athlele. 'I con- aider Glasgow College as my mother,' he wrote, ' aTid I have almost a son's affection for her.' From Glasgow he migrated to Ox- ford, where he became a gentlemnn commoner at Magdalen College, and malriculated on 2(5 May 1803. llu bad previously, in May ISOl'.aflbrded an indication of the direction wbicb bis thoughts were taking by addressing a long letter, partly reverential, partly ex- postulatory, to Wordsworth, who returned the boy an elaborate answer, inaerted in his own memoir, and re-printed, with Wilson's letter, in Professor Knight's editions of his works. At Oxford ' he waa considered the strongest, the most athletic and most active man of Chose days, and created more interest among the gownsmen than any of his con- temporaries.' He also studied methodically, and obtained considerable distinction in the achoola, besides winning the Newdigate prize in 1806 (with a poem on ■ Tbe Study of Greek and Roman Architecture '). He made many university friends (among them ReginalH Ileber and Henry PLillpotls), bot none whose ecqitaintance appears to have been especiallv influential upon bis life. During the vacations he wandered over Great Britain and Ireland, associating with characters of all descriptions; buttheatory related by the Howitts of bis having actually married a S'psy is entirely devoid of foundation. In ct his deepest concern during the whole of his Oxford residence was his tender atta3, aad 'The Foreatera' in I8:;5, Thew were all works of merit, but are little read now, and would acarcoly be read at all but for the culebrity of their aullior in other gelds. It was not until 1822 that Wilson found where his real strength lay, and began to delight the public with tis ' Soclta Arabrosianoe.' The idea of a symposium of coii){enial spirits is as old as I'klo, and Wilson's application of it bad been in some measure anticipated by Pea- cock. Bui Plato's banqueters keep to one ■abject, while Wilson's range over intermi- nable fields of discussion, usualir siif^etitMl by the topics of the day. As Plato created a Socrates for his own purposes, so WiUon embodied his wit and wisdom, and, more important than either, his poetry, iu the ' Ettrick Shepherd,' a character for which James Hogg undoubtedly sat in the first instance, but which improved immensely upon the original in humour, pathos, and dramatic force ; while the dialect is by common consent one of the finest examples extant of the classical Doric of Scotland. Wilson himself, as ' Christopher North,' ads in a measure as prompter to the Shephei^I ; yet many splendid pieces of eloquence are put into his mouth, and he frequently enacts the chords, conveyin); the broad common- sense of a subject. The literary form, or rather absence of form, exactly suited WilKon. Here at last was a great conversationalist writing as he talked, and probably few books so ^ell convey the impreasion of actual contact with a grand, primitive, and most opulent nature. The dramatic skill shown in the creation of the ' Shepherd,' though it ' has been much e\a^(erated, is by no means incouMderable : the othercharocters, Tickler (Mr. Robert Sjm, Wilson's maternal uncle), 'the opium eater,' De Quincev, and Ensign O'Dohertv, are comparatively insignificant. The original idea of the ' Noctes' seems to bnvo been Maginn's, and between 1832 and 183S they were the work of so many hands that Professor Ferrier has declined to include these early numbers in Wilson's 'Works.' Afterthisdate until their terminationinlfiSu they are almost eiitir*ily from bis pen. Their i coucluaion was probably thought to be ne- ' cesaifated by the death of IIoj^. who could no longer appear before the world as a con- vivial philosopher. But a blow was impend- ing upon Wilson himself which must have destroyedhispowerofcontinuinga work the first requisite of which was exuberant animal spirits. In 1837 he lost his wife, and was never the same man again. For nearly twenty years he had been enriching ' Black- wood, wholly apart from the ' Nocte*,' with a torrent of contributions^critical, descrip- tive, political— so representative of the gene- ral spirit of the periodical as fully to warrant the erroneous inference that he was its con- ductor. The death of William Blackwood in September 1834 was a severe blow to him, but he ' stood by the boys,' and bis relations with them continued to be much the same as they liod been with the father, troubled by occasional sugpicions and miHunderstand- ings, but on the whole as consistently ami- cable as was possible in the case of one so wayward and desultory. 'He was,' Mrs. Oliphant justly says, ' a man for an eraer- Kncy, capable of doing a piece of super- man work when his heart was touched,' but not to be relied upon for steady support. In some years the abundance of his contri- butions was amuiing, and in 18^3 he wrote no fewer than fifty-four articles for the ' Magaxine.' Among the most remarkable of his contributions before the death of Black- wood were a series of mpers on Homer and his translators, abounding in eloquent and just criticism ; similar series of essays on Spenser and British critics, and the memo- rable review of Tennyson's early poems, bitterly resented by the poet, hut which, in foci, allowing for ' Mogn's' characteristic horseplay, was both sound and kind. Of a later date were some excellent papers en- titled the ' Dies Boreales,' his loht literary labour of importance, and an edition of Wilson's spirits bod greatly waned ofler the death of his wife, and hia contribut'ions to 'Blackwood' became irregular, but he was unremitting io his attention to the duties of his professorsliip, and continued to fill tie conspicuous place he held in Edinburgh aa- oiety until ]8»0, when his constitution gave manifest signs of breaking up. In 1651 hs resigned his professorship, and a pension of SOOL was conferred upon him in the hand- soniBBt spirit by Lord John Kusaell, the object of ao many bitter attacks ftvim him. W ilson eihibit«d the same spirit by record- ing bis vote at the Edinburgh election of 1852 for his old political opponent Alacaulay. This was his last public appearance. Chi I April 1854 at his house in Gloucester Wilson PUce, Edinburgh, his home since 1826, be had k pkmWtic strolie, which tenniimted hia life t-wo days aflerwards. lie was buried in tbe Dean cemetery with an imposinK public foneral on 7 April, nnd a etmtuB of hun by John Steell was e^reuted in I'rinces Street la 1866. WilBon left two Bf>ns, John and BUir, one a clergyman of tbe church of £agland, the other for a time secretivry to the university of Edinburgh. lie had tbree dmughtersr Margaret Anne, married to l*ro- Ifector James Fredt^ric^ Ferrier [q-v.]; Mary, hia biographer, married to Mr, J.T. Oordoii, ^(rilF of Midlotbian ; and Jane Emily, I marri^ to William Edmonstoime Avtoun fa- H %Vi]aon was a man of one piecre. His personal and literary characters were tbe BABU. Tbe chief uhiiracteristic of both is a nuuTclIoualy rich endowment of fine qua- lities, marred by want of reislraining jndg- Uent and symmetrical proportion. As a fnanhe was the soul of generosity and mog- nnnimity. Init Bxaggerated in everything, aud by recklessness and wilfulness van fre- quently itajust where he intemled to he the reverse. As an author be must have at- tAJned high disltnction if his keen perception of and intense delight in natural and moral boautji luid b»en accompanied by any re- cAgnition of the value of literary form. In thu 'Noetea' this is in some measure enforced npon him by tbe absolute necessity of main- taining consistenKy and propriety among his iramatif penona. Elsewhere the perpetual freniyof rapture, although pe^ectly genuine irith liim, becomes wearisome. Ills style is undoublmlly colloquial and sometimes mere- tricious. Nassau Senior thought ho badly of both ' his dtilcia as well as bis frutia titia' t\att 'be would almost as soon try to read Carlyle or Coleridge.' Such a, verdict has no terrors now. Yet it is true that ibere are f»w vrriters of Wilson's calibre who dis- course at such length, and from whom so little ran be carried away. His descriptions both in prone and verso read like improvisa- tions, leaving behind n general sense of beauty and splendour, hut few definite im- pressions, lie will lire nevertheless by his ujitf^ imilnted but never rivalled ' Noctes,' vai should ever be held in honour for the DllinlineM and generosity of his character as Bn'Siilbor. The asme qualities characterised the mans of his criticism, although at times some insupembk prejudice or freak of pep- vertity intervened, as when in his old.oge he recanted his former sentiments respecting •Wordsworth in an essay which fortunately Biiver saw the light. Such wijre aberra- tions orjiidgmont: he was entirely free from malice or vindictiveness, and never cherished resentment. His review of his former ad' versnry Mocaulay's 'Idiys of Ancient Kome' aliect«d Mauaulay 'as generous conduct atfecta men not ungenerous.' Irf)ng before his death he wus entirelv reconmled to Jeffrey, aud he wrote in 18»4 of his bypine enmity with Leigh Hunt, 'The animosities die, hut the humanities live for ever.' Ilia own function.whether'at a painter of nntural or an expositor of Jiterarv beauty, moy ho truly and tersely summed up in another dictum, that it was to teach men to admire. Portrnits of Wilson, painted by Haehum and Watson Gordon, are in the National Portrait Gallery, Edinburgh, and in the National Portrait Gallery, London, respec- tively ; an engraving of the latter is prefixed to 'I'Tofessor Wilson: a Memorial and a Sketch' [by George Cupples], Edinburgh, biography of her father, Thomas Duncan painted ' Christopher in his Sporting Jacket ' (engraved by Armytage for the collected works), and a sketch from a statue Iw Macdonald, with a caricatured bal:kground, api^eared in tbe Maclisa Gallery in > Fraser'a Matntzine.' Wilson's works were collected in twelve volumes by his son-in-law, ProfesfMir Ferrier, 185r)-9. Four volumi'S are occupied by the ' Noctes Ambroaianw ; ' four by ' Esaaya, Cri- tical andImaginBtive;'two by 'The Recrea- tions of Christopher North,' one by the poems, and one by tbe tales. The col- lection is not complete, the earlier numbers of the 'Noctes' being omitted, as well aa tbe papers on Sjienser, 'Dies lioreales,' and other matt«T which but for space might well have bcrai reprinted. A complete and elabo- rate edition of the ' Noctes ' was published Rt New Vork by Dr. R. Shelton Mackenii» (in five volumes with an excellent index) and revised in 1868. {Chrigfiphor North: a Memoirof John Wilson by his Daughter, Mrs. Gordon, IH62 ; Mrs. Oli- phnnt's AiinnlB of the Fiiblishin!{ Hoasn of Blarkwoud, William BWJtwoml and Ha Soul, 1807; CuppWa Fraressor Wilson, a Hemorisl Htid EatimnlB by one of his Stiidenta. 18.«i BlflchvoDd's Mm;, Hny and Becember IBfi^; AtlmnMum, April 1851 and 8 July 1879 He was made prisoner and taken to Guada- ■was not without influence upon his future, I loupe in July, and, after he had been ei- he had aome lessons in picture-painting from | changed, he was again made prisoner in the Alexander Nosmyth [q.v.], and then prac- nritish Channel in \1W7. He rejoined his tised as a drawing-master in Montrose fori regimentatQibraltar,andlookpartintheeap- two years, at the end of which he went to | lureofltinorcainNovember 1798.0nl8Jaa. Lonuun, There he soon found employment ' 1799 he ' I scene-painter at Astley's Tne IjAmbetb Koad, and his scenery is said tn have been good. Ilia name appears for the flrat time in the Itoyal Academy catalogut „ . _.. a company in the newly I formed Slinorca (afterwards the 97th, or I queen's German) regiment, lie served with it in the expedition to Egypt in 1801, and waa present at the battle of Aleiandria on of 1807, hnt, although he eihibiled a good 21 March, where the regiment greatly dis- manj pictures there, his principal works tinguished itself. He was promoted major were sent to the British Institution and the j on 27 May 1802. Society of British ArtisU. In 1826 he was ' In 1808 the 97th was sent to Portugal, awarded a 100/. premium for a picture of the It landed on 19 Aug,, and two days after- battle of Trafalgar (purchased by Lord wards fouiht at Vimiero as part of An- Northwick), painted in competition for a struther's brigade. Wilson was severely priie offered by the directors of the former , wounded. On 22 Dec. he obtained a lieu- society, and in the formation of the latter in tenanl>-colonelcy in the royal York rangeTH. 1S23-4 he took a leading part. He was also In January 1809 he went back to the PenJn- etected an honorary member of the [lioyall ' aula and joined the Luaitanian lenon raised Scottish Academy in 1827, and contributed by S'lrBobert Thomas Wilaon[q.v?) Hi regularly to its eihibiliona. His later yi were spent at Folkestone, where he founu congenial subjects for his pictures, which usually represent coast scenery and the saa with shjnping. His work is fresh and vigo- rous, and, if somewhat lacking in delicacy, pictorial in motive and arrangement, while It is marked by much truth of observation and directness of expression. He was n prolific painter, and between 1807 and 1856 showed 0^5 pictures at the three London exhibitions already named. There are two pictures by him in the National Ciallery of Scotland and one at South Kensington Mu- seum, On 20 April 18Q2 he died at Folke- Btone. Wilson, who was familiarly known BS 'Old Jock,' wasof asociabledlsposilion,a keen observer, a brilliant converSHlioniat,anii his storied of liohen Burns [q. v.] and other famous men he hod met were in great request among (hose who knew him. In 1810 he married a Mias Williams, and their son, John W. Wilson, whodied in 1875, employed with it in the neighbourhood of Ciudad Rodrigo, harassing the French posts, one of which he surprised at Barbara de Puerco, atthe end of March In 1810 he was made chief of the staff of Silveira, who commanded the Portuguese troops in the northern provinces. In August he saved the rear-guard of the corps, ' in circumstances of such trying difficulty that he received tha public thanks ' of Beresford (Napibb, bk.xi. chap, vj. In October orders cameout forhim to rejoin his regiment (York rangers), but Wellington represented that ' the loss of his services will be seriouslv felt ' {DespatiAer, vi. 543), and he remained with the Portu- guese army, At this time he was harassing the rear of Mosafna'a army at Coimbra, in concert with Colonel (afterwards 'Sir' Xi- cholos) Trant [q. v.] In 1811 he was made govemorof the pro- vince of Minho, At the head of the Minbo militia he had a successful affair at Celorico on 22 March, and was actively engaged on I the fronlier throughout that year and 1813. In June 1S13 Le joined \V'ellington's army, and commanded an independent Portuguese brigade at the »iege of San Sebaatian, the paseaee of the Bidassoa, and the battle of Hive lie. He was severely wounded on 18 Nov. during the establishment of the outpoats before Bayotiue. He was made knight-commander of the Portuguese order 4lf the Totver and Sword, a distincllon which, it Beemti, he would have received two 4SS). He was made brevet colonel on 4 June 1B14 and was knighted, and in 1815 he was made C.B. He received the gold medal for Sbh Sebastian, and afterwards the silver medal vith clasps for Vimiero and Nirelle, He was placed on half-pay on 3o Dec. 1816, thod promoted major-general on 27 March 1825. He commanded the troops in Ceylon from December 1830 till hia promotio lieutenant-general on 28 June 183H. waa mode K.C.B. on 6 Feb. 1837, and colo- nel of the 82nd foot on 6 Dec. 1836, from trhJch he was transferred to the llthfoot on 10 May 1841. He became general 11 Nov. 1851, and died at 67 Weathou; Terrace, London, on 22 June 1850, aged 70. [Annual Register, 18d6, p. 2011 ; Timsa, 2a Juno ISoS; eent. Mag. 1856, ii. 267: Narsl and Military Oaiette, 23 .luna IGaS; Narrntivo of tbs Campaigns of the Loyal LnHitauinu Legion.] E. M. L. WILSON, JOHN (1804-1875), mis- slanary and orientalist, bom at Lauder in Berwieksbireonll Dec. 1804, was tbeeldeat of Andrew Wilson, for more than forty a councillor of the burgh of Lauder, his wife Janet, eldest daughter of James inter, a farmer of Lauderdale. When aboat four years old he was sent to a school in Lander taught by George Murray, and about a year later be was transferred to the eriah school under Alexander Peterson. hisfourteenth year he proceeded to Gdln- bnrgh Cniveraity with a view to studying for the tninislry. In his vacations he was employed at first as schoolmaster at Horn- dean on the Tweed, and afterwards as tutor tOthesonsof.TohnCormack.ministerofStow in Midlothian. While at the university he became more and more inspired by Christian seal, and on 22 Dec. 1825 he founded the 'Edinburgh Association of Theological Stu- dents in aid of the DitTusion of the Gospel.' His attention was drawn to the mission field, and in the same year he offered him- self to the Scottish Missionary Society as a miasionsry candidate. In 1828 he published anonymoualy ' The Life of John Eliot, the TOL. LSII. Knnol Hn^hif I while acting as tutor to Cormack's nephews, the sons of (Sir) John Ituse, an Indian sol- dier, and by the influence of Brigadier-gene- ral Alexander Walker [q.v.J, former resident at Baroda ; and to prepnre himself for work in that country he studied anatomy, surgery, and the practice of physic at Edinburgh in 1827-8. In 1828 he was licensed to preach by the presbytery of Lauder, and on 21 June was ordained missionary. In the same year be was married, and sailed from Portsmouth in the Sesostrls, East Indiamnn. On his arrivol at Bombay In 1^*29 Wilson devoted himself to the study of Marat hi, and made such rapid progress that he was able to preach in tlie tongue in six months, de- livering his first sermon on 1 Nov. After visiting the older stations of the Scottish Missionary Society at HarnnI and Bankot, Wilson and his wife returned to Bombay on 26 Nov. 1829. Wilson immediately com- menced to labour energetically among the native population, and ly 4 Feb. 1831 be had formed a native church on presbyterian Erinciples. In 1830 he founded the 'Oriental hristian Spectator,' the oldest Christian periodical In India, which continued to ap- pear for thirty years. About 1830 an important undertaking was begun by Mrs. Wilson with her hus- band's ad vice^the establishment of schools for native girls, the first of their kind in India. The first school was opened on 27 Dec. 1829, and half a vear later six others had been set on foot. These, and some ele- mentary schools for boys established by Wilson, were supplemented on 29 Marcu 1832 by the foundation of a more advanced college for natives of both aeses, Wilson's institution invites comparison with that founded almost contemporaneously in Cal- cutta by Alexander Duff [q. v.] Wilson devoted more attention to female education, and gave more prominence to the study of langungea. While Duff's instrument e English tongue, Wilson employed ■maculars of a varied population — Marathi, Gujarathi, Hindustanf. Hebrew, and Portuguese; with Persian, Arabic, and Sanskrit for the learned classes. Both sys- 18, however, wore equally adapted to tlieir 'ironment: neither could have flourished amid the surroundings of the other same differences with the Scottish Missionary Society, Wilson and bis colleagues in India were transferred to the church of Scotland, and the school was denominated theScottlsh Wilson MiMJ on School. In 1888 the arrival of John Mumy Mitcliell,B student, of Marlachal Col- lege, Aberdeen, nnd the return of the mis- Bionsry Robert Nesbit (d. 18ij5l, rt^iidered it [lowible to organiBe the school on a more extended ba^is, and it became kaown m the General Asaembly's Institution. A new buildiDg was completed in 1843, but Wilson was immediately afterwards oblired to re- linquish it on quitting the church of Scot- land at the time of the disruption. He cur- ried on his school in another buildingwhicb was finished in 1865. The present ' Wilson CollefTB ' was completed about 1887. Wilson did not, nowever, confinehis efforts with the Miiharamiidans and Partis, ills courtesy and knowledge of oriental litera- ture made no less impression than his logic, and by familiarisiog the native mind with Chrietian modes of thought he prepared the way for further progress. In 1837, however, a dispute arose which threatened serious coneequences. Some of the Pars! pupils at the institution having shown an intention, of becoming Christians, one of them was carried off by his friends, while two others evaded capture by taking refuge in Wilson's house. After various violent attempts a writ of habeas corpus was taken out for one of them, and on 6 May 1839 he appeared in court and declared hia intention to remain with Wilson. The consequence of these proceedings was the removal of all but fift^ out of :^84 pupils at the institution, and it was Bome years before the former numbers were regained. In the meantime Wilson sought to spread the influence of the mission beyond Bombay by tours through various parts of the coun- try. In 1831 , with Charles Pinhom Farmr, the father of Dean Farrar, he proceeded to Niisik on the Godavari, through Poona and Ahmadnagar. In the following year be went eastward to Jalna and the caves of Ellora in Jlaidarabad, and in ibe cold season of 1833-4 he visited the south Marjithi country and the Portuguese settlement at Goa. In 1835 he journeyed through Surat, Baroda, and Kathi&war; and between 1686 anil I&12 he visited the Oairsoppa Falls and Rajputina, besides returning to E£tliiawar and Somnath. These frequent expeditions were used by Wilson as opportunities fnr spreading religious teaching, while at the same time he collected oriental manuscripts, and by constant intercourse with tbenatives increased his slock of oriental knowledge, which hew ^ tion. Be w bav Literary Society in J 830, and became president in 1835. On 18 June 1636 he was elected a member of the Itoyal Asiatic Society. He was the first to partially de- ciphertbe rock inscriptions of Asoka at Gir- nar, which had so loug remained an enigma to weetern sarants, and on 7 March 1838 James Prinsep [q.v.] made a full acknowled^' ment of his services lo the Itoyal Asiatic Society. From I83t? onward he was fre- quently consulted by the supreme court and by the executive government on qiiestioiu of Parsi law and custom. In 1843 he pub- lished 'The Parsi lieligion unfolded, refuted, and contrasted with Christianil; ' (Bombay, 8vo), a work which obtained the favourable notice of the Asiatic Society of Paris, and which on 7 Feb. 1815 procured his election as a fellow of the Royal Society. In 1843 WUson was compelled by ill- health to take a furlough, and visited Egypt, ^ria, and Palestine, on hia way to Scotland. The fruit of his observations was the 'Landa of Ibe Bible visited and described' (Edin- burgh, 1847, 2 vols. 8vo). He arrived in I Edinburgh immediately after the disruption j of the church of Scotland, and without oesi- I tfttion he joined the free church. After addressing the general assembly at Glasgow in Uctaber he accompanied liobert Smith j Candlish [q. r.] to England, and advocated the cause of Indian missions at Oxford and I London. The establishment of the Kiigpur I mission under Stephen Hislop was largely ' the result of bis insistence of the need of a mission in Central India. Wilson returned to India in the autumn of 1847, and in 1849 he commenced a tour in Sind, in which he was joined bv Alex- ander Duff in the following year. The con- quest of Sind had just been achieved, and Wilson was the first Christian missionary to traversethe country. From 1846 to 1862 was inteUectually the most fruitful period of Wilson's career. About 1848 he was nominated president of the 'Cave Temple Commission' sppoinled by government, chiefly through his instances and those of James Pergusson ^1808-1880) [q. v.], to examine and record the antiquitieg connected with the cave temples of India. To this commission he gave hia labour gra- tuitously for thirteen years, receiving the hearty co-operation of the leadiug orienta- lists in India. He published in the ' Journal of the Bombay Asiatic Society' (vol. ili.) ' A Memoir on the Cave Temples and Monasteries, and other Buddhist, Brahmn- nicul, and Jalna Henjains of Western India,' which was reprinted In 1860, and circulated by government to all the difltrict and pollti- » col oificers in ond around the province of Bombiij'. With tlifcirBsaistanceliBpubliahed ft secoad memoir in 1852, embodying Ihe KhuUb of the commissioo'a work on the luver C&ves, libe ElephantA. In 1840 lie dedined the appointment of permanent presi- dent of liio civil and military eiamination committee of Bombay, and in 1854 refused the post of government translator, fearing that acceptance mJKht injure his misaionnry usefulness. In 1853 he published hie ' Hia- tory of the Suppression of Infanticide in ■Western India '^(Bombay.Svo), and in 1858 'India Three Thousand Years Ago' (Bom- bay, 8to), a description of the social state of the Aryans on the banks of Ihe Indus. At the time of the Indian mutiny his know- ledge of dialects was of great service to the Krummest, for whom he deciphered the urgents' secret despatches written to oracle detection in various archaic characters &nd obecitre local idioma. In 1857, when the university of Bombay was constituted, he waa oppointed dean of the faculty of arts, tt memb^ of the syndicate, and examiner in Sanskrit, Persian, Hebrew, MarithI, Ouja- rathl, and Hindustani, and he snoa after was nude vice-chancellor by Lord Lawreneo, In 18(30 Wilson made a second tour in Rajpntana, and in 1B64 he was consulted by government in regard to the Abyssinian expedition. In 1870 he made a second visit tJ) Scotland, and was chosen moderator of the general assembly. He returned to Bombay on 9 Dec. 1873, and laboured un- weariedlr until his death at his residence, • The aiir,' near Bombay, on 1 Dec. 1S75. He was buried in the old Scottish hurial- Kund. His portrait, engraved by Joseph iwn, is prefixed to his 'Life' by Dr. Georgn Smith, CLE. Wilson was twice married: first at Edinbu^h, on 12 Aug. 1828, to Margaret, daughter of Kenneth Bavne, minister of Greenock. She died on 19'April 1835, Uavingaaon Andrew flSSl^ 1881), who is separately noticed. Wilson married, secondly, In September 1846, Isa- belLt, second daughter of James Dennistuun of Denniatoun. She died in 1807| leaving no isKue. Wilson's abilities as an orientalist were (Treat, and would hnre earned him yet higher fame had he not always subordinated his ■tudies to his mission work. It is not easy to overeat imate the importance of his labours for Christianity in western India. During later life Indian officials, native potentates, •nd European travellers alike regarded htm with esteem and affection. Lord I^wrence, the governor-general, and Lord EJphinatone, governor of Bombay, wereamonghis personal friends. Through his educational establish^ ments and hia wide circle of ocquaiiitancM his influence radiated from Eomlmy over the greater part of India, and natives of Africa I also came to study under his care. Besides 1 the works already mentioned be was the ' author of: 1. 'An Exposure of the Hindu Religion, in Reply to Mora Bfaatta Dande- kara," Bombay, 1832, 8vo. 2. 'A -Second Exposure of the Hindu Religion,' Bombay, 1834, 8vo. 3. ' Memoirs of Mrs. Wilson,* Edinburgb,1838,8vo;5thedit. 1868. 4.'The Evangelisation of India,' Edinburgh, 1840, 16mo. 5. ' Indian Caste,' edited by Peter Peterson, Bombay, 1877, 2 vols. 8vo ; now edit, Edinbut^h, 1878. [Wils-iD's Works; Smith's Life of Wilson. 1878 ; HuDtor'a Hist, of Freo Churrb Missions ia India and Africa, 1S73 : Smith's Life of AUi< Boder Duff, IBSl ; Marrat's Two Standard Bearers in the East, 1882.] E. I. G, WILSON, JOHN {181-2. 1888), agricul- turixt, was born in London in November 1812. He was educated at University Col- lege, London, and afterwards completed hia training in Paris, where he studied medicine and chemistry under Paycn, Bousslngault, and (lay Lussac. In 1845-3 he was in charge of the admiralty coals inveatigation under Sir Henry de la Beche. From 184S to 1850 be was principal of the Royal Agricultural Coll^;e, Cirencester. His term of office was distinguished chiefly by an attempt to convert the college farm from pasture to arable land, which involved much expense and met with considerable opposi- tion. InlSoOasuggeatioaonthepatt of the council for a thorough change of the orga- nisation of the college into that of a school for farmers' sons led to Wilson's i^gnation. He was succeeded by the Rev. J. S. Hay- garth, and the colIeEe continued its work much on the former lines. In 1854 Wilson was. on the death of Professor l^ow, elected to the chair of agri- culture and rural economy in the university of Edinburgh. This professorship had been founded in 1790 by Sir William Pulteney, but the salary attached to it at this time was little more than nominal. In 1868 he aiicceeiled Profes.iur Kelland as s( the senate of the Edinburgh University, and in the course of the same year, chiefly owing to the exertions of the Highland and Agricultural Society, the endowment of the chair of agriculture was increased (Jc Soy. Agr. Soe. Engl. 1885, ui, 525). ' son's methods as a teacher were severtdy criticised, partly no doubt because some of the EngHsli systems of farming which he advocated ran tioiintertoScotti^ prejudices. I T ii6 Wilson The fact, however, tliKC mnslofthe importaiil ehmin of Bftriculture in Scotland &nandPaperto/amryFIII, XIT. ii. 748), Before 1527 he was appointed chaplain and confesaor to Henrv \ III (ii. hr. 2641). On 7 Oct. 1528 he was collated art^deacoQ of Oxford, and in the same ;enr receired from the king the vicarage of Thaxted in £B8ex (lA. iv. 4476, 4521, 4548 ). 'W'ilson wu a friend of Sir Thomas More and of John Fisher, bishop of Rochester, and was a aealoos Roman catholic, frenuentlyacting as an examiner of heretics (Potb, Actes imd Monument), ed. Townsend, iv. 680, 703, 704). On 28 March 1531 he waa presented by the king to tlie church of St. Thomas the Apostle in London (Lellen and Paperi, v. 166), and in 1533 he was elected master of Uichael- houee at Cambridge. In the latter year, however, when the divorce of Catherine of Aragon was debated ineonvoeation,hejoined the minority in asserting that the pope bad power to ^raut a dispenaetion in case of nuuriagowith a deceased brother's widow. About that time he was employed by the papal party as an itinerant preacher in York- ahire, Lancafihire, and Cheshire. He also visited Bristol, where he encountered Lati- ner, and threatened him with burning unless he mended his wuys (Strife, EtxUf. Mem. 1822, I. i. 245; Letteri and Papers of JJmiy nil, vi. 247. 41 1, 433, Sii. li. 9.i2). His opposition to the king soon involvol him in peril, and on 10 April 1534, a week before the arrest of Fisher and More, he was committed to the Tower for refusing to take the oath relative to the succession to the Cii.Tu. 483, 603, rj7rj,viii. 666, 1001 ; FoXB, V. 08). He was attainted of misprision of treason by act of parliament, deprived of . all his preferments, and condemned to pa^ petual imprisonment. Confinement soon caused his resolution to falter. Before bia own execution More wrote him two kindly letters, telling him that he heard that he was going to take the oath, and that he for his own part should never counsel any man to do otherwise (Mobb, English Works, i. 443). Wilson, however, hesitated for many months lonifer.and on 17 Feb. 1635-6Euslace Chapuys, the imperial ambassador, wrote to Granvelle that it was reported that Uenry intended putting him to death (Lutttra and Papers, x. 308). In 1537 he took the oath, and on 29 May he received a pardon ijb. xil. i. 1315, 1330, ii. 181). On 7 June 1537 he was presented to the deanery in the col- legiate church of Wimborne Minster in Dor- set, receiving a secnnd grant of the same office on 'MS May 1538, and retaining the office until the dissolution of the deanery in 1547 0*6. XII. ii. 191, uu. i. 1116). a)on after his release, however, he incurred the suspicion of communicating with recusants, and on 25 Aug. 1537 he wrote a submissive letter to Cromwell, professing his desire to conform to the king's wishes (ift. xii, ii 679). In September he and Nicholas Heath [q. v.] were appointed to confer with Cardinal Pole in the Netherlands, and to endeavour to per- suade hira to acknowledffe the king's eccle- siastical supremacy in England. 'They re- ceived written instructions, in which they were ordered to address the cardinal only as • Mr. Pole ; ' but Pole's sudden return to Italy prevented the mission, and Wilson was abfo to appertr at Hampton Court on 15 Oct., at Prince Edward's christening (ift, xii. ii, 619, 620,635,911). On 20 Dec. he was admitted rector of St. Martin Outwich in London, and earlier in the same year he was elected master of St, John's College, Cambridge, in opposition to the king's nominee, Qeorgo Day [q. rf], an event which nearly proved fatal to the college. Wilson did not venture to accept the ofGce, and in a letter to Thomaa Wriothesley, now in the record office, he joined the majority of the lower house of convocation in declaring his intention to accept the determination of the king and bishops in regard to points of doctrine and discipline similar to those contained in the six articles (ft. Xlv. i. 1065). Although Wilson professed to act only in complete submission to the king, yet accord- ing to Charles de Marillac, the French am- bassador, he was suspected of secret commu- nicutiona with Rome (ib. xv. 736). In May 1540 he was arrested for being privy to the I I i ^m Wilson flight of Kichard llilliard, Tunstall's chsp lain, to Scotland, Biid for ' relieviDD; certi — traitorous penons which denied tue kin supremacy (Hall, Chron. 1548, p. 6^ On 4 Junu he wrote an entreaty to Cromwell Ut intercede for him ( Letters and Fapen, 747), but he remained in the Tower until 1641, when, although excepted from the general pardon of the previous year, he was released bj the king (i*. xvi. 678; Hall, p. 841). On 20 July 1542 he wae collated to the prebend of IJolton in York Cathedral, and on 1 4 Dec. to that of Hoxton in St. Paurs. He died before » June 1548, his will being proved in the same year (P. C. C. 14 Popul- well), Ha wrote a prefatory epiatle, dated 1 Jan. 1521, to a sermon preached by F"iaher on the burning of Luther's books, which was printed iu the Latin edition of Fisher's 'Works,' published at Wiiraburg in lGfl7. He was also the author of s book printed at Paris before 1636 against Hen^s divorce {Letters and Paperx, viii. 859). ^veral ma- nuscript treatises bv him of a theological nature are preserved in the record office, and ■were probably seiied at the time of his first arrest (I'fi. viii. 162, vol. ix. index, a. v. ' \Vi3- Bon '). John Leland hftx some lines to Wil- Bon in his ' Encomia ' (1589, p. 51). [Letters and Piipfrsof HBury VIII, ed. Brewer and Qnirdner ; Cnoper'e Athene Cantnhr. i. 91 ; Tanosr'B BiUiolh. Brit.-Hib.; Le Neves Fasti Ecclw. AngL od Hardy; Buker'. Hist, ot S*. John's Coll. Cambr. ed. Mayor, i. 70, 110-12, 301; Nowconrt's BeperL Ecelos. Londin. 1710 i. 164. 419, ii. £82; Works of Hugh Latitupr (Parker Soc-), ii. 36a ; Bale's Select Works (Parkar Soc.). p. AIQ; HenoeBa/i Noram Re- pert. Londin. 1697; Foie's Actcs and Monu- tnente. ed. Tnwnaend. v. 430, fiBB, rii. 466, 476, 490, 605. 116-, Fiildes's Life of Wolsey, 172*. pp. IBS, 203; Ziirlch LetCem (Parker Soc). 1848. pp, 20H, 211 ; Burnet's Hist, nftheRofoi^ matioD, IsaS ; Halcbins's Dorset, 1S68, iii. 186, ISO; DemauB's Life of Latimer, 1881, p. 13j.] E. I. C. "WILSON. mCRARD (1714-1782), landscape-painter, was horn at Penegoea in MonlgomerysUire, of which hU father held the living, on 1 Aug. 1714. Ilia mother ■was one of the Wynnes of Leeawold. His ' fatberwaa collated to Mold after Wilson's birth, and gave his son, who does not seem to have gone to achool, an excellent classi- cal education. With the asaiatonce of Sir George Wynne, Wilson was sent to London in 172^, and placed with Thomas Wright, a portrait-pointer, of whom little is known. Wilson began bis artistic career as a portrait- painter, find attained some position in that orancb of the profession. A portrait by him !o Wilson ^B of John Hamilton Mortimer was valned by John Britton [q. v.] at l.W guineas in Iftl^. There are several portraita by him at the Oarrick Club, and he painted (about I74r') a grroup of the young Prince of Wales (George III), his brother Edward Augustus, duke of York, and their tutor Dr. Ayacough. Tbia picture is now in the National Portrait Gallery (London), as well as nnolber of the two pnncea by themselves, evidently taken for or from thelargerpicturc. In 1749 Wil- aon went to Italy, and there he painted a landscape which excited the admiration of Francesco Zuccarelli [q.v.], who advised him to take to landaeape-painting. Tliis was at Venice, and either there or at Rome Horace Vemet encouraged him to do the aBm<*. The French painter also exchanged landscapes with him and showed Wilson's in bis own studio with generous praise to all comers. Wilson aoongained a considerable repu tat ion iu Italy aa a landscape-painter, and Raphael Mengs painted his portrait in exchange for one of hia landscapes. When at \'eniee he made the acquaintance of William ly>cke of Korbury [l.v.l (the patron of George Barret the elder [q. v.l Wilson's rival), for whom he painted some sketches and laudscapes. Wil- son was six ^ears in Italy (principally at Rome) painting and giving leasone. He seeme to have mixed with the best society. In 1 764 he sketched Mrecenas Villa in com- pany with the Earls of Pembroke, Thanet, and Essex, and Viscount Bolingbroke. He travelled from Rome to Naples with Lord Dartmouth, for whom he painted some land- scapes, and reached England again in 1766. His reputation had preceded him to England, and bis return excited much interest amonf^ hia brother artists, but it is said tliat his merit was not at once appreciated even by them. Paul Sandby[q.v.] is noted aa an exception. He recommended ^\'ilson to the Duke of Cumberland, for whom W'ilson painted hia celebrated picture of 'Niobe,' which wasexbibitedat the Society of Artist* in 1760, and engraved by WooUett in 1781. Wilaon painted the subject three times: his earliest painting of it belonged to Sir George Beaumont, and was engraved by S. Smith (%ure8 by William Sharp), and is now in the National Gallery ; another was bought by the Marquia of Stafford. Hia picture of a ' View of Rome from the ViUa Madama ' (exhibited 1T66) was bought by tbe'Mai^uis of Tavistock. These and other works brought him the reputation of the greatest landscape- paiuter of the day, but bis fame guned bun scantv emploTmenl. Between 1^60 and 1708 Waaon exhibited over thirty pictures at the Society of British i_». Wilson I AniHts, including some of his best known pictures. Besides the works already men- tioned there were 'Temple of Clilumuus' and 'The Lake nf N'emi' (171)1) i a landBcapo with bennita (17U2) (possibly that engraved under the title of ' The White Monk*) ; ' A Urge landscape with Phaeton's petition to ApoUo,' exhibited in 1(63 aJid afterwards repeated ; 'A Summer Storm, with the Story of the two Lovers from Thomson (Celadon and Amelia)'(1765),ftnd 'ASlormnt Day- break, with the Story of Ceyx and Aluioue — CIvid's Metam.'(thepicture,port of which ivis B&id to have been painted from a pot of porter and a Stilton cheese), Many of his jncturee of this period were engraved by Woollett, William Byrne, J. Roberts, and Others, most of them for Boydell. Although the subjects were principally Italian, he ex- hibited a few English and Welsh scenes, including ' View near Cheater,' 'Camurvon Caatle,' and ' Snowdon,' and ' A View of a Ruin in Her Royal Highness the Princess of Wales's Garden at Kew.' Wilson was one of the first members of the Royal Academy who were nominated by George III at its institution in 17<>8, and be contributed regularly to its exhibitions till 1780. During this period there was little change in his art. In 1770 he sent his picture of 'Cicero and his two friends ATticus mndQaintus at his vIIIb at Arpinum' (en- Krared by Woollett for Boydell). In 1771 he sent 'A View near Winstay, the seat of Sir WalkinsW.Wynn, Bart./ one of Crow Castle, near Llangollen ; and another of }Iougbton, the seat of the late Marquis of Tavistock. In 1774 hu painted a lai^e picture, six feet by five, of the * Cataract (rf Niagara, from a drawing by Lieutenant, ISerie of the Royal Artillery ' (engraved by William Byrne), and a view of Cader Idris, perhaps the picture taken from the summit of this mountain which was engraved hy £. and M. Hooker. In 1776 he eihibiled ' Passage of the Alps at Mount Oenia ' and tliree others, including a ' Lake of Xemi,' ft favourite subject with bim and his few Giulamera. In 177G he sent 'A View of Sion House from RichmondQardenSg'possibly the picture which at this date or before is said to have been the cause of the loss of eaurt patronage. He asked sixty guineas for it, to which l.^rd Bute objected as too much, Dpon which the artist replied that if the king conid not pay the sum at once, he would take it in instalments. Thisstoir is generally told of a date previous to the mstitution of the Rdjal Academy, but there is no trace of the picture before 1776, Afterthis the only pic- ture of importance by him which appeared at the academy was 'Apollo and the Sei exhibited iu 1779; but another celebrated picture, ' Meleager and Atalants,' which waa not exhibited, was engraved by Woollett and Pouncey and published in this year. The figures in this picture were supplied by Mortimer. A meuotint by Earlom from the same picture, or a replica of it, appeared in 1771. In 1780 he sent a ' View of Tabley, Cheshire, the seat of Sir F. Iieicester,' bia last contribution to the exhibitions. This waa probably one of his commissions, and thej were very few ; for in spite of his reputation, which waa always high, he had to suffer from almost continuous neglect— a neglect increasing with hia years. At last the pawnbrokers were his principal custo- mers, but he found it difficult to sell even to them. While lie could get scarcely suf- ficient employment to live, other inferior nrtiats, like George Barret the elder, Qeorga SDiithofCbicbester,andZuccarelli,flounshed exceedingly. Moreover, he had to suffer special mortifications. In a contest for fame with Smith of Chichester before the Royal Society that au^st body decided against Wilson. His picture of Kew Gardens waa returned to him hy the king, and, worst of all perhaps, he bad to listen to a deputation of artists headed by Edward Penny [q. v.], who recommended bim to adopt the ughter style of Zuccarelli. He is said to liave offended them by thewarmth of his remarks I I For many years Wilson lived in the Great Piaiia of Covent Garden, and from 1771-3 hewasst 36 Charlotte StreetjFitzroy Square, from which he was able to enjoy the view of ihecountryaway toHampstead and High- cate. During 1777-8 he was al 24 Norton Street,andin 1779 in Great Titchfield Street, hut as he grew poorer he had to seek more modest quarters, until at length be lived in a wretched lodging In Tottenham Street, Tottenham Court Road. He was reduced to such straits that when one day a young friend introduced a lady who gave him a commia- sioii for two iiictures he had not money to buy paints and brushes to execute them. On another occasion he asked Barry [see BlBBT, Jahbb, 1741-1806] if he knew any one mad enough to employ a landacape-painier. In 1776, on the death of Francis Uayman &. v.], he applied for and obtained the post librarian to the lioyal Academy, for which be was well fitted by his education and taste, and its slender stipend was a welcome addi- tion to his resources. A few years after this he inherited from hia brother a amall estate at LIunheris, which enabled him comfort for the short remtiant of hia days. I i Wilson ^\"ilson He retired into WhIbh in 1781, and died niddenlj at Colomondie, the residence of bis reUtire, Mrs. Jonea, near Llanberia, on IS May 1782. He wiu buried in llie church- J yard at St. Mary-at-Mold. \ Wilson ii now acknowledged to be one of the greatest of English landscape-pa inters. Hid art was based upon that of balvator Rosa, Gaepar Pouuin, and Claude. Il was inspired by the scenery of Italy, and espe- cially of tbe C'ampaf^a, with its clear brio'ht skies and ancient ruins. It was Mtmewhat formal and careteas of detail, but in grandeur of design, in breadth of trsalment, in the barmonv of its rich but quiet colour, and in the rendering of space and air, WiUon bas fewrivala. His pictures of his own country, like the noble 'Snowdon from Nantlle,' lent b^ Mr. F. Worsley-Taylor to the 1899 exhi- bition in tbe corporation of London art gal- lery,are amongbis finest works ; and, though they have a strong resemblance to his pio- turvs of Italy, they contain much local truth of form and atmosphere. He used a very re- stricted palette, and painted with one brush. , In person Wilson was slout and robust, . and above the middle eize. In later vears j his face was blotchy and his nose reti, the result possibly of large potations of port«r, which IS said to have been his only luxury. I His fondness for this beverage was so well I known that Zoflany introduced him with a pot of it at Lis elbow into his picture of the royal ncnderaicians (1773), but painted it < out when Wilson threatened to thrash him. He was shy of society, especially when years j of neglect and poTertf bud emoittered him. He lived in and for his art, confident in hts | own genius and scornful of the opinions of : othera. His spirit never broke; his faith never fa)t«red ; he made no concession to popular opinion, but fought for his own ideals to the last. Even among artists he , seems to have had few friends except Sir Wil- liam Beechey, Paul Sandby, James Barry, I and J. H. Mortimer. With Bir Joshua Reynolds he was not on cordial terms, but there seems to be no suflicient ^rounds for Cunningham's charges of hostility on the Eirt of Reynolds. They seem principally aaed on llie story of Wilson's retort to | Reynolds when, ignoring Wilson's presence ' at a social gathering of academicians at the Turk's Head in Gerrard Street, Sir Joshua proposed tbe health of Gainsborough as ' Che best landscape-painter,' on which Wilson added aloud, ' and the hest portrait- pointer too." On the other hand, Reynolds obtained commissions for two pictures by Wilson when tbe latter was in sore straits. Of his manner and character CuaniDgham teils UB 'he loved truth and detested flattery; he C'uld endure a joke, but not contradio- tion. He was deficient in courtesy of speech. His conversation abounded with iofomation and humour, and his manners, which were at first repulsive, gradually smoothed down as he grew animated. Those who enjoyed the pleasure of his friendship agree in pnv Douncing him a man of strong sense, intelli- gence, and refinement.' Mengs's portrait of Wilson was engraved by W.Bond for John Britton's 'The Fine Arts of the British School,' and appears as a frontispiece to Wrights 'Life of the artisi. A caricature profile of him with a red nose, and a maulstick on his shoulder, was drawn bj Sir Qeor^ Beaumont, and etched for the title-page of Thomas Hnst- ings's ' Notes from Etchings from the Works of R. Wilson,' 162.5. It must have been when Wilson was dead or dyinp that Dr. Wolcot (Peter Pindar) wrote his celebrated lines about ' Red-nosed Wilson,' which were published in his fiiat volume of ' Lyric Odes to tbe Royal Am ■ (1783), and conclude as follow»H t, hone : Wile Ifnmartal praises tliQU sbalt God, And fur s dioaer hare no cause ta fear. Thoti Bturt'st at my prophetic rhymes ; Don't be impatient for those times; Wnit till thou host been dead a hundred year. This prophecy has been more than justified. In lebti a ' Nlobe ' (belonging to tbe I>uke of Gloucester) was sold to Sir F. Baring for 830/. In 1814 the Exhibition of Deceased Masters at the British Institution contained over eighty of Wilson's paintings. In 1827, at Lorf de Tabley's sale, 'On the Amo' fetched 493<. IOj, These prices have been exceeded since, especially during tbe last five-and-twenty years, during which many of his finest pictures have been exhibited at tbe Royal Academy, the Grosvenor Gallery, and other exhibitions all over the country. Ac the Duke of Hamilton's sale in 1882 a 'View of Rome— Sunset' fetched 1,050/, Besides the ' Niobe' there are several small works by Wilson in the National Gallery, and two tine pictures in the South Kensing- ton Museum. At the British Museum are a large number of AVilson's sketches in Italy. The^ are very slight— mere intimations irf subjects for pictures. There is also the fine early drawing of a large head referred to Jn Edwards's ' Anecdoles.' Wilson had several pupils, the most im- portant of whom were Joseph Earingtoa [q.v.] and William Hodges [q.v.] [Some Aeomni of the Life of Itichai^l Wilson, bj T. Wright of Norwood, 1824; Hastings'* Notes from Elehlngs from Works of R. Wilson ; CuDninghnm's Lives, ed. Hmton ; EdwnrdBs Aoecdutis: Smith'* NollrkenB and hia Times; Red^Tftres' Cenlnry; Ksdunre's Diet.; Laslis and THvlur's Life of Sir Joshm RejnoldB ; Hen- ton's Conoise HiBtory of Puint.ing. ed. Monk- bouBe : Cucalogues of the Society of ArtiaiB, RoT&t Aoademy, nnd BciLish Institution.] C. M. WILSON, ROBERT, the elder (rf. IflOO), act4]rand plsvwrighl, was one of tho players who joined the Earl of Leicester's company on its eeUblishmcnt in 1674. He at once equal to ttiat of Richard Tarltou [q. v.] Gabriel Harvey wrote in 1579 to the poet Spenser, complaining that his friends were (Dgtimtirely speakin?) thrusting him ' on. tiie stBRetomaketTyallorhieextuniporall faculty and to play \\'yUoii'9 or Tarleton's parla' SIlABVEt, JToritt, ed, Qrosarl, i. \'2(i). In 663 Wilson was chosen to beone of twelve octorswho were formed into the Queen Eliza- beth's company. With the queen's company he WM connec'ted till 1688. Stow remarked that among the twelve players of the queen's original compitDy the most efBcient were the 'two rare men' Wilson and Tarlton. Stow credited Wilson (to whom he erro- □eoiulygave the christian name of Tbomfts) with a 'quick, delicate, refined, extemporal wit' (Stow, Chronicle, ed. Howes, London, 1631, p. 698, sub anno 1683). Aher 1.^88 "Wilson seems to have transfercwi his ser- vices to Lord Strange's company of actors, "which EUbacquently passed to the patronage of the lord chnmberlain, and was joined by BbAkespeare. Wilson maintained his repu- tation tor extemporising until tho end of the century. In 1598 Francis Meres, after re- calling the triumphs of Tarlton, whn died in 16^, noted that his place had since been filled by 'our witty Wilson, who for learning d extemporal wit in this faculty is with- t compitre or compeer; as to his great and eternal commendations, he manifested n hia chBllengo at the Swan, on the Bonk Kde.' No other reference is known to Wilson's ' challenge ' at the Swan Theatre. Merea also mentions ' Wilson ' among ' the best poets for comedy,' but there he pro- bably refers to a younger liobert Wilson (see below). Thomas Hey wood, in his ' ApologiQ I ibr Actors,' 1612, numbers the elder ' Wil- P son' omongEnglishplavers of distinction who I flourished conspicuousiy 'before his time.' Wilson also made a reputatiou as a r of plays. In 1680 Thomas Lodge replied in a 'Defence of Poetry, Muaiii, nnd Stage Pluys' to Stephen Go9«on's 'Schoole of Abuse.' Lodge incidentally charged Gosaon with plagiarism in a lost play on the subject of ' Cat i lines Con- spiracy,' and declared that he preferred to Oosaon's effort ' Wilson's shorta and ' sweete [drama on the identical topic], a peece surely worthy prayse, the practise of a good scholler' (Hunterian Club edition, I«(9, p. 43). No play by Wilson dealing with Catiline ia extant, but on 21 Aug. lOw the theatrical manager Philip Henalowe advanced to ' Robert Wilson ' ten shillings on security of hia play of ■ Catiline,' which he wa« writing in coiyunction with Henty Chettle (Hbnslowb, Dian/, p, 132). This piece, like its forerunners, is lost, but it was poMibly n version of Wilson's earlier play, revised by the younger Robert, who regu- larfy worked for Henalowe. Tha four extant plays which may be assigned to tbe oomic actor with some conHdence are loosely constructed moralities in which personified vices and virtues play the leading parts. The chancten are very numerous. There is hardly any plot. The metre employed ia various, and includes ballad doggerel, short rhyming lines, rhyming heroics and blank verse, beside.s occasional passages in prose. The earliest of the ejtiant pieces for which Wilson may be held responsible bears tbe i title, ' A right excellent and famous Comedy called the Three Ladica of London. Wherein is Notablie declared and setfootth, hnw by the mttanes of Lucar, Loue and Conscience is so corrupted, that the one is married to Dissimulation, the other fraught with all abhomination, A Perfect Fat t*>rne for all Estates to loolce into, and a works right wortliie to be marked. Written by R. W,, as it hath been publiquely played. At London [by Roger Warde]!" 1584, black letter, 4to. A second edition, with soma variations, followed in 1692. Of the 15H4 edition copies are in the British Museum, the Bodleian, and the Pepysian (Magdalene College, Cambridge) libraries. Of ihe second edition a perfect copy is at Bridg- water House, and an Imperfect copy at thJa British Museum. At the end of both im- S-essions appear the words. ' Fiuis I'aul ucke.' Bucke was probably the copyist employed by the acting company which fint Sroduced the piece ; he seems to have been imself an actor. 'The Three Ladies' of tbe play ere Lucre, Love, and Conscience. Love end Conscience are perverted by the machinations of Lucre and Dissimnlalion. A few concrete personages appear with the allegorical ubstractioos. One episode deals with the effort of a Jewish creditor, Geron- tus, to recover a debt from an Italian mei^ I i * > --ri-il ^Vilson djuii: Ai-rr-jiinr-, Ana*' •j:nTPe»*£-m- a :it^«* uui t-ii'ii»iiii II ~it- Ai'frimxzr n" "^--1:11^. "wu' luni.iui' ▼! i ^ ij^iH t I'lrm-Tu. it ~-iis m*^''* ■ -li^ •:ii^vi if '.If. iiK*:v if a-lfc-t fexnu'ijt:!"' uiit "Uir -h*- nu" ui't i*:-n lUiti'r^'.uii-n IV -Xit isir.ii:r. li . 'i\*. Mi^-* wm vuuMitfi n rTir-niufc- !?*ijt Jr*i*s«*i;i; uiit r«'*iu>:'* jii.n.1 ir "Oi- y* :■ I Ml? irvir .'.«T toiL ? ;nin»r. r«:i«nxnia-: ▼ ::i n.utn. u.ntt**?: jiL:r_i- 3ir iit-us>uTT laiL Tv.r-'-L.'.t.ti. i;iij:n;r 1111.17 JL.trul in^tr'^- 'U.nit uii: .r.u-^r jini.rr*:ir mu— -rt :r tut J^-in-r:. 2-7 ^- "*» - l-:niD.n. ttji:-: 17 !• lil*fl:t--l ■■.r 'JUt -rvr* .a I_ »l^J IT::*.. A • • ■ * - hiZjt* Lt Ji '.lit }'r^.«-^^ ;:ir*:*:^ lt* 1 •.-,* »- .- *-" to "1- :^r.-f -'-il-r L.-.T -u-lvc. '. - . - .••-r'- -• .— T «».I. — J.— T '_ - - - — J ...•-. •^- -1. / ^^- w^-— A j^ . .ii^ r- ». _» O,.. r. i'.-,::.r-r. Wr.:-T= It i::l^r: fcl^y.r.'il. *.r.'j :r-:. .;:- i-:rs-.n:r:?a::.r.f -:: C>i :. * «r ::. y . N •: » r\ r. t'l -^I nr ^^ - . F : '. I v. a r. i the J i k - . */ . ♦ r:- 4 r. v '.f • h e i.' ■ -c * & r. d zckI ies^-s of vAst^'.f.h] Ti.yti'/.^-iry h.^'j t:2''ir>=r in the dra- yntfl'iP jtfTfon^f-. ^^'-y^t of T}i:« rare q^jarto ar«r ;r. t/j.: i,r^.-;ir;«-- '/f the I'rirUh Mu^e'xni, til" ii'Al'.nu. Hrl'i^.f'.vat'rr Ho'j.«*. an-i the lVj,vs.ifiri O/il'T'ti'/ij ht Mai"jal»-ne College, Chru\in*i'^t'. John i'ayn'r Collier rleacril>rd a coiiv in wlji':}j a ftr*' lirif-s had Uren sup- pi i'-a in rfjftiiijr/:ri[;l by d^'Or/f: Cliapman (NoffM and Qu^rifff 'ird s'T. ii. 4i'lM. A flimilar pr^iduction, licenf^^yi for the press Ti TTunnittf Cn'i^at dl jf> Mar lliS4, and imiJiHU^L ini(ixr"ZDnufiL*T nex; T«ar imder the "in** & Tirt J'-diffl* JVrrjmeFT." mar on nri-^niu *^'\iksus^. ih anzitixnied t^ Wilson. . Trn>^ u*^ n "Uis ZirmBL Unsemn and Bod- jh*2ui iimiTie!: iLT Fif-c^ inr Tausnoif tiat ai* not con- ^msmi ir«un4f ti 'W'lifinii TaH- TpiT of • Fair ♦Lax- lilt jLIlHTf Ifuurii-.flr nf Jianchest^fr; ■^r.i -_i*? jpfTr, tif TTlliiiat thf Conqneror,' iT "V'liiia. "Uit ii?w 131 rwx I m^ ' j ' jafei on ap- iftic^-L n. I ^*J _ Tu* pKsssft- ira* in exift^nce i«tii;rt \'-\r .. vLiEL it "ira* Ofscvanced by iAiOi-r- r-m-nif. n. iuf ' Fa^fwell to FollyV i.T ^h-.tiiir :n. U3n«*«j: ci S^CTSoy. School Tii-j?? i? l~-uci £i:iLii; tJxtt Wilson the ur-iT Liii^iiik-^^-rririr, wu iteitacal with Zm : u**!— w liS TI. y -miiiT k lutyer I.* vho was "inr-»-L l: fr .- J«* K Ci^iTTiut^rk:*. on 20 Nov. >-nrr.itfr L.in^ Wnsc-y "1579-1610), mi* rt "Lit? "iiii!"j:-'wr:Tfc« T^apiliriT employed t7 "It* Ti«t~*irAl niLXih^E? H^enslowe from ITir*?' *: 1:MI^ -vl* Tr.-rtifciLT the ccvmedian*s >fi ««:ii. LUi -r-L* tiLTtrjies at St- Botolphs rr- ?iizr::'r- ro*iii •!}»««:+, .tc fifj Sepi 1579. Z'lK ■ "S^lrfca ' nrriij :iD*«£ W Meres among* -iit ■ :tftp; wT-'-jr? .-'f cocne^y of the day irLT:* -i iC-tr***'? -f: ir ci»e conjunction w-i ritTij^- latiliwiT. Mnnday, and icIt^? :;f iiTi.fJ.-w*'* Li^i-writ^rp. The rt>:rT-.:*r wl* 5'-'.tItt» *iri«?ed by the fri=.t".": '•".•■ri £:■-* ry :be yotuurer Wilson iz ^1 T -Kr : T- "* j^r^oe. L^nly one of t he pieces 1=. -vi^i- K;>i=r: 'W"-*:-::- Henslowe's drudge, Lli 4 la=.i f irr.Tts. azl that—' The First Fir: : : S-r J ;>- «y.ic*5tle ' — has no resem- clir.-^ :- 5ty*.T :■;■ -.i* m^ral interludes :Li: LTV iA?ir=A*' '.r t : the c^r^mic actor. The Irst a.-£ *e^:=:i pir:* of 'Sir John Old- ca.rlr * were c-mrleted for llenslowe on !•$ '.^rt. l.Vy tv X\"':'.>?n in collaboration with DriT^ri:. llathawav, and Mundav. It • • « wi? s-rrv-^t'Ti by the puritan protest raised ariiiist Shake^phear?'* plays oi • Henry IV,' in which the character Falstaff originally b?re the apperation of Sir John Oldcastle. The nrst rar: — an historical drama — is alone extant. It was published in two editions by T]h- -mas] P'avirr" in IGOO, and was im- pudently described on the title-page of one edi:ion as the work of Shakespeare. * Cati- line's Conspiracy .'which Wilson and Chettle prepared for Ili^nslowe in August 1599, may be based on the earlier effort by the elder Robert Wilson, of which Lodge makes mention. In many other productions the vounger man's collaborator? were Chettle, bekker. and Dravton : but his contributions seem to have been the smallest of the four. Wilson Wilson Lost pieces for which Robert Wilson and lbe«e three eoUeag-iieB were pnid by Ilfme- lowe were called ' The first part of Godwin Mid his three Bona ' (2h and SO March 11)98) ; ' Piers of Eiton ' (28 March 1698) ; ' Black Batman of the North ' (22 May 1508) ; and the second part of 'Godwin' (May-June lASS). Wilson's coikborators in ' Richard CcBur de Lion's Funeral' were Chetlle, Drayton, and Mimdav (June 1698); in the second part of 'Black Balmau/ Chettle (June-July 1698) ; in the 'Madman's Morris,' in * Hannibal and Hermes, or one Worse Feared than Hurt,' and in ' Piers of Win- chester,' Dekker and Drayton (June-July 1596); in 'Chance Medley,' Dekker and Mundsy (19-21 Auk. 1598)-, and in 'Owen Tudor,' Drayton, Uathawsy, and Monday (10 Jan. 1599-1000). OnSNov. 1699 Ilens- lowe paid Wilson for a piece called < Henry Richmond,' which he seems to have produced ■inglfr-handed (cf. Wabnbe, Dulwich Cata- bffUe, p. 16). Wilson was usually in pecu- niary distress. He owed Henalowe money in June 1698, and borrowed ten shitHngs of him on I Nov. 1590; a receipt for this loan in his autograph is QEtanl at Dulwich (Hens- I.OWB, Diajy, ed. J. P. Collier, pHMim). He •ppears to bare married Mary Eaton at St. Sotolph's Church, Biahopsgate, on 24 June 1606, and to have died on 22 Oct. 1610, being buried in the church of St. Bartholo- mew the Leas. [Collier'i IntfMductioa U) Fire Old Plays Ofosbat^ Club), 18S1, reprinted in Dodsley's Old Plays, ed. Hulitt, pp. 3 aeq. ; Collier's Me- nuHis of the Principal Actors, p. iviii ; Cnllier'g BJstory of Dramatic Portry : Ward's Gn^liah Bmmalif Lileralurp, 1S98; FlsBy's ChronicU of the Eoglisli Dnnnu ; Lea's Life of Shnke- ■peare.] S, L. WILSON, ROBERT (1803-1882), engi- neer, was bom in 1803 at Dunbar, Had- dingtonshire, where his father, a Haherman, was drowned in 1810. When quit« a child fae became an expert sculler, and he con- ceived the idea of making a propeller to be fixed to the stern of vessels. After a meagre education, he removed from Dunbar on being apprenticed to a joiner. The problem of his propeller continued to occupy his attention, and in 1837 his model was brought by James IIunt«r under the notice of the ^Bit of Lauderdale, who, after satisfying himself as to the feasibility of the invention, promised to introduce it to the admiralty. In the following year a committee of the Highland Society proved the succees of the I plan, and granted Wilson 10/. on condition I frf receiving the model. In 1832 he was IswRtded a silver medal by the Scottish. Society of Arts, and the invention was brought by them before Ihe admiralty. It was discussed by the ollicials with scant courtesy, though they afterwards, in 1840, adopted the similar invention of Sir Francis Pettit Smith [q, v,] Wilson, after spend- ing a few years in Edinburgh as an e'ngineer, removed to Manchester, and in 1838 was manager of James Naamyth's Bridgwater foundry at Patricroft, near that city, He had an important share in per- fucting the steam-hammer invented by James Nasmyth [q. v.] Wilson's nbare in the tool was its sell-actingmotion, which waspaten ted by Nasmyth in July 1843. The first ham- mer was in use at the Low Jloor ironworks, near Bradford, Yorkshire, from August 184S to 1853, when Wilson, who was then en- gineer of that establishment, added to it ths ' circular balanced valve.' In 1856, on tho retirement of Nasmyth, he left Low Moor and became managing partner of the firm of Nasmyth, Wilson, & Co, He afterwards constructed the CTcat double-aoling hammer at the Woolwich Royal Arsenal, this Im- f roved action being patented in 1861, In 880 the war department made him a grant of 600/. for the use of his double-action screw-propeller as applied to the fish tor- pedo.^ The history of his first great inven- tion is contained in a pamphlet which he published in 1860, and republished in 1880, entitled 'The Screw Propeller: who in- venteditP' Between 1842 and 1880 he look out twenty-four patents for valves, pistons, propellers, and hydraulic and other ma- chinery, His first patent for an hydraulic packii^-presB was taken out in conjunction with Nasmyth in 1856, and he subsequently made many improvements in this successful machine. He was elect«d a fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1873, and was a member of the Royal Scottiah Society of Arts. He died at Matlock, Derbyshire, on 28 July 1882, and was buried at St. Cathe- rine's, Barton-on-Irweli, not far from his residence, Elleemere House, PalrJcroft;. He was twice married, and left four sons and four daughters. He is to be distinguished from another Robert Wilson, inspector for the Manchester Steam Users' Association, and author of a 'Treatise on St«am Boilers,' 1873, and ' Boiler and Factory Chimneys,' 1877. [Maneho»tarGuacdian,l Aug. 1882; Enginerr, 4 Aug. 1883 I Aion's LaEcoshirs Qleaninga. 1883, p.297; RowlaiidanD'a History of thoSleam Ham- mer, E^Ibs, 1884; ClinmljerH's Encyclopadin 1892, ii. 7U6; Specifications of Patents; Mm- chester City Newe. IS Jan. 1898.] C. W. 8. I I Wilson i: WIMON. ROBERT ARTHtri{(lR20P- p ■ " ■ ' '''* fatlier, Arthur Wibon, vos a coMtgimrdsmati, about ISai). HU mother, whow maiden name was Catheriue tlunler, a native of Islandmante, CO. Antrim, contrived to give him a fairly good education st honiL' bnt'ore sending him to RayiDuntcrdoney nthool. He became a teacher at BuUycastle, Antrim, atler leaving Bchool, but only for a iihort period. About 1810 he emigrated to America, where he re- mained some jvan, working as a journalist. On hie return to Ireland he joined the stuiF of a paper in Enniikilbu, whence be pro- ceeded to Dublin to take up the position of sub-editor of the * Nation, under Charles Gavan UuSy. Ilia knowledge of the teoaiit- right question was found particularlv useful in his new employment. But his restlesanesa prevented him from remaining long in Dub- lin, and be went hack to Euniakillen, editing there gucceeaively ' The Impartial Reporter ' and ' The Fermanagh .Mail.' In 1865 he went to [telfiiat, where he became the lead- ing writer on the ' Morning News.' In a ahurt time he waa recognised aa the most popular of Ulster writers. His' Letters to my Cousin in Ameriky,' which appeared ia the paper under the «ignature of ' Barney Hoglone,' made the fortune of the ^aper, and were read with dtlight, not only in Ulster, but OTBr the rest of Ireland. The circulation of the ' Morning News' was enormously in. creased, and for some years Wilson's clever firose satires on local celebrities and humorous yrics proved the most popular literature in the north. To the ' Ulster Weekly News' and other journals, under ihe signatures of 'Young Ireland,' ' Erin Oge,'and 'Jonathan AUman,' he contributed racy poems in northern dialect, many of which are still familiar to Ulster men. His eccentricities and irregularities, however, prevpnted him from doing any enduring work, and his ten- dency to drink became more and more pro- nounced as he grew older, and finally led to his death. W'hile on a visit to Dublin during the ffConnell centenary celebrations in 18T5, he drank more than usual, and on 10 Aug. was found dead in his mom. His body was removed to Belfast, and buriul, in the presence of a vast number of people, in the Borough cemetery, where a monument lias been erected to bis memory by public subscription. Some of his poems are admi- rable — all are racy of Ulster. A small se- lection from them was published in Dublin and Belfast, lrt94, under the title of ' Reliques of Barney Maglone.' The volume, which was edited by F. J. Bigger and J. S. Crone, Wilson portrait and ■ biag:^hical intro- ducrion by tbepresentwriter. Theonlywork issued by Wil»oa himself was a hosDorous 'Almeynack Cir all Ireland, an' whoever else wants it,' London, 1*71. [O'Donnghut's Poels at Irf Und : BolfaM Mnroin); News, ll-IA Ang. 187a; infarmutjan from Mr. John WilkiQwiii, Fulftragh. en. Dnat- eal.] D. J. OD. WILSON. Sir ROBERT THOMAS (1777-1849), general and governor of Gi- braltar, fourth child and tliinJ son of the por- trait painter Benjamin Wilson [q-v.], wag bom in Great linssell Street, Bloomsbnry, London, on 17 Aug. 1777. Ha was educated at Westminster school, and also under Dr. Joseph Warton at Winchester. After the deatli of his father and mother, bis elder sister, Frances, married early in 1793 Colonel Bosville of the Coldstream guards, who was killed on 15 Aug. 1793 at l£e battle of Lin- celles ; with her assistance Wilson joined the Duke of York in the foUowing year at Courtra^, furnished with a letter of recom- mendation from the king, lie was at once enrolled asacornet of the ISthlighldrogoons. He took part in the storm and capture of Prfmont on 17 April 1791 and the action of the 18th. Oq the 24th he was one of eight officers with the two squadrons of the 16th light dragoons who, with two squadrons of Leoiiold'a hussars, mustering altogether under three hundred sabres, attacked and routed a very superior French force at Vil- liers-en-Couche. This action prevented the capture of the emperor Francis II, whom the French were endeavouring to intercept on his journey from Valenciennes to Catillon, and had already cut off by their patrols. The resultsof ihis magnificent charge, undertaken with thefullknowiedgeofthe'danger incurred and of the obieet to be attained, were twelve hundred of the enemy killed and wounded, three pieces of cannon captured, and the with- drawal of all French posts from the Setle, with the consequent safety of the empwror. Wilson's horse was wounded under him. Four years later the emperor caused nine commemorative gold medals to be struck— the only impressions — one to be depowted in the imperial cabinet, and the others to be bestowed upon the eight British officere of the 15th light dragoons. George III gaye Carmission for them t* be worn 'as an onorary badge of their bravery in the field* {London Gaj^tfc, 9 June 1798). In 1800 the emperor conferred upon the same officers the cross of the order of Maria Theresa, which George III on '2 June 1801 permitted them to accept, with the rank of baron of ihe holy Roman cm]>ire and of knighthood attached. Two dBTS after tlie affair of VillierB-en- Cuucli^, Wilson was en^foged niCh hie reei- ment inthe action atCateau(26 April). He also tooh part in the battle of Toumaj, or the Marque, on 10 May; in the capture of Lsnno7,lloubaix,andMoufeauxon the 17th; in the disaetroua retreat on the 18tL to Templeuve, when he commanded the rear- suaril, and when the light carftlrr. accord- lag to an eje-witne*", ' jierformed wonders of valour ' (Bbovn, •/ouraa/); at the battle of Pout h Chin on 22 May ; and at the action of DutTel on 16 July. lie greatly Uiatin- guifibed himself in September at Boitel-on- the-Dommel, when, with Captain Calcraft and the patrol, hu penetrated to the French beadquart^rs, captured an aide-de-camp of General Vaudamme and two gendarmes, mounted them on the general's horses, and, notwithstanding that a regiment of red huesara and a regiment of dragoons pursued for iix milea by Beparale roads to cut him off, mode good his retreat with the captivusj and on the game evening fulling in with a f»rtT of French infantry cut it to pieces, be British army having retreated into Ger- many, Wilson returned to England at the end of 17B5, and joined the depot at Croydon in February ITOti. He waa promoted to be lieutenant, by furchase, on 31 Uct. 1794, and on 21 Sept. 796 he purchased bi« troop. He married in 1797, and in Afav 1798 accompanied HAJor-general St. John to Irelanil, and a«rved aa brigade-major on his staff, and •A«rwards as aide-de-camp during the re- bellion of 1798, He rejoined his regiment in 179d, and accompanied it to the Helder; in tliia campaign the Ifith light dragoons weregTBatlydiatin^iishedat Egmont-op-Zee on 3 Oct. Wilson alao took part in the netiema of 6 and 10 Oct., and returned with the regiment to England in November. On 38 June 1800 he purchased a majority in Hompesch's mounted riflemen, then serv- mder Sir Ralph Abercromhy Mediterranean, a a the n travelled to Lord ALinto, by whom he was sent to the Aiutrian army in Italy. Having communi- cated with General Jlelle^arde and Lord William B«ntinck, he proceeded to join Abercroiaby. He landed at Aboukir Bay on 7 March 1801 , and took part in the actiou of The 13th and in the batt/le of Alexandria on the 21n. when Abercromhy fell and was succeeded by Moj or-genera l(afterwardaLord) Hutchinson; the Inl tor employed Wilann on several missions. In July be entered Cairo with Hutchinson, was at the siege of Aleron4Sept. HavingrBatisfactoriiy eompleled all the afiairs entrusted to him, and Teoeived the thanks of I.iston and of Lnrd Cathcut, British nmbnssador at St. Pelers- bius, he proceedi^d on the 15th, accompanied bj niB aide-de-camp, Baron Brinken, and by Lord Tyrconnel, to Join the HusHian army ' Krasnoi Pakra, near Moscow, as British cor misaioner, with instructions to keep both Lord Cathcart and Liston informed of the proeKSS of events. Wilson took part in the Biiccessful attnck OD Murat at W iiikowo on 18 Oct., in the battles of Malo^aroHlawitz on the !24th, of WiaAma on 3 Nov., of Krasnoi on 17 Nov., «ad in all the affaire to the cesuition of the pumiit of the French. Jle exchanged into the 32nd light dragoons on 10 Dec. 1812. Earl; in 1813 be marched across Poland to Kalisb, and thence to Berlin, where he ar- rived on SI March. On 8 April Le proceeded hy Dessau and Leipiig to Dresden. On S May he took a prominent part in the battle of Liitien, where, aided by Colonel Camp- bell, he rallied th« Prussians, carried ttie t3- bige of Gtos Gorachen, which he held until night, and Buhjequenlly drove the enemy back on LUtzen. He further distinguished himself at the battle of Bautzen on 20 and SI May, and at the action of Reichenbach on the 22nd, During a review of the troops near Jauer on the 27th the emperor of Russia decorated Wilson in front otthe im- perial guard with the cross of the third class or knight commander of the order of St. George, taking it from his own neck and making a most complimentary Sffeech, in which he stated his desire to mark hjs esteem fin* Wilson's courage, zcat, talent, and fidelity tilTOUKhout the war. Wilson was promoted lo be major-general C7:Dr:oii ^aru ruei to c^m- rhi* v^r.iipAr.on *.t* V-nna ■»Jir'-7 ^rx F-^brxary. oen^art* jnai ror 'iie L^sa. ii ixt^ "vu prr^ra"" ir riie La rxeir.im 'it* pr»neaciT* .:t rlie crown to ar.r.i.n .ii 'iii* r^p" nan a ;f "iie Mlaci-. '.'ti i:dm:» aaj ii&CKr T-.rai:ii* cao^e. The r^>- 2?? \r.im:i ill* x-nr Vj Et:ii".irM. ■arher^ iie 31»»t: vemmrtn:. ■:':iinniixir :ienx3elT.is to cie aaefr- I-nri W J,l^ai R*»at»nr.i£ laii M irrir. T-.th. rii.iLj :l 3r*nirir:T^. -iaailT de:Va:«=d :h* whi-.Tx he 'ir,mnir-ru>ii a»»^ir.Jir.-.n2». Via 3it:r:i:ii, fa I?:::! WII*ja w'm.z to Spain to ahflifVirif'.n -t" Bu'^mipar:^ piit in -Miii *: hid Mkrf parr La 'he ▼irirK La Galiciaani thra mL.4Hi«:a. in-i La J i.ie he 'er I-oIt :";r Pin*, it Citiiz. H-* ttm uoia r^r-am.*ii to perlia- *)n 10 Jin, Irl'J W.ji-.n wu La*tri- aienr :or '*i:i;-hTir!c La i?:2»?. when "Lt ptjll raer.-A*, La '.cnj ia«!r"«:n ^Lrh 3(l(!hjel Brice laar^i six far*, aaii he de£earis«i Edwari aziri Cipr-iin J: an Pf-rLr-FI :ri:aLa.';n.-.iijhmor* . :a 'he il".:nia:i:na :a I:i I«ec. -ra the pclLcTof aiding e*H:ap#- ^r-^m Pir.* r.c '>.«in* Lat i>crr». ▼ho. P:r'.ijil'3rhen Lnndiid bv Spaia-'which wis haT.r*7h»rt*n ''ir.n.-:eaini»*i~o irarh. ha«i-*aoap^i pnhL^iieii wpanrelT. £l^ was aa actire frini pri^-.n. bj -:hanx-nj' irrs.«* -^-.r'li h--* w:5*. pi^LirioLda. aaii t.'ok a promlaen*: part in the WL j«",a pa.aaed "he harrier? in a -?abrL- let :':raLit.i:a :c "he Caoain^ miaist rr i <«« w ; • h f ji 7 iLer r .5 iliiTx '..^» l* i B rl: i*h *: r£t:»»r . W ; Lff4: y. Ci?i .7/ iy ' « ^ /« iniAtmti'j .1 .• ' ^ a r- ani oonT-j-»r»y jrr., '^V*. •?iLr*i by the Rev.* Herbert I'r-rprln'rd ia fr-nf. .Ifi*;. 1^L»5 . whLch -wu fLia«i:Lph. l??-. ?rO'. He was a^aia re- in r..rr:i-p'"'*3athw.-irk in 1S30. 13 J in. Thi "iir^e EnjilAh2i»*n Trrr» tr-ri «l»n "he a^ctr*ai-a cc WiHIaai IV W'il«n in PirLi on i* -\prli and »enTrni»i :n "he "wu rrinirjtrrd La the arsiT with rhe rank :i4':h :■■> 'riree m'vnrh*' imprlv/nment . r^te :t '.L-'reaiat-renenl. :o Jk^e froni -7 Mav A.'>nu/tl R^Jit^r, ItsI^;.. «'jn lo >lajr a irj-i Ln d..n O-ts^rt^^irl JiiLj I'KX^y. Th^ sr-n-nl ordt-r wm iinird bv rh-i L»^ike of Ke::mi B.I1 wii LaTrdaced fatheHouse of \'tr\i, r.-.-^inianier-Ln-chL-f. rTpT»««inz 'h-r C-jtamorj ra I March 1S31. Wilkin re- prL.r.r.*: r-jr-r.''? hirh ■iL.-pl-a.Tir'^ 1: "he ci;n- rariei Lt a.* * rhe laLtLatorv mea*-are of a d;:", f W;i4,-jn 1- i If ;*o'..:n«.r.. rvp I'l^caatrra: :: rrvrramen:.' and in con- Ir. l*'.r WLli-.n p :hlL4h-ii ■ .V >"A-r".:h :f smj irn'W. La spLre of ^7«at pr««iir»r, refii«^d Th- M.LiMrj ar.i P-.lL"::aI Vy^rT 'i ilrissLa.' to vre wL'h :Li-» c>"-rraiaent and resyrn*-.! w:.;j:i T^rn" thr- ;rh — v-rni - il-L-.n.-. a-i hi* *r:i*. IsLnr for a tL=:e rhecjl^nelcvof a w^- -:•- -r-> a""a.?k-ni hy th- • Qiir-rLj li— r*^,r=:e=.t and ill :rp.:rt .laitira of aiefal em- v.r^" 'T-,.. x:x.. .'v-r^ rmr.^-r Ir.- . In i?.^ p. vm-nt. \V.>. r. -•-i.ir-: irr.*^ i-zi-m-^-T -i.iTLiin-rnt « '- iV D.:. Kr-'-vT. i.-.i '-iTi •hi* 'O;^*: r: h- r-p'..ri "■■ r»n -^J N:r. 1-^1 h-e wa< pr^>moted to bf t:.- \":\::'< r,: 'h-r * i^ :.ir-rrl7 li-v.-'R' * Ln r-n-rril. and in l'?4-* he was app-»inteil *A [^■■•••r Vj hL- r'.r.-r>i;- r.r- ir. Kr-r*:M*L n .rjv-emor ani o.-nxmander-in-ohief at Gi- r: \* : :. i -/-r f I .- '! - - pi' *-r.:r.z i Fa ! i - 1 1 rp- ; rt bral tar. 1 1 - ha i nlv rw^irntl v ret umed hon;e f.f H. V . - ' ■ . r.- t > ^ h r r' '.^[1 T..1 r. Ir r- : r.- ■ h ! - 1 <"' f wh r n h -r d : ei I S'^d d-al v on Mav 1 . -:li ir. I'?*''.*.' Marshall Tt:onipi?.in's hotel, Oxford Street, Jn irJ'j :.-: "wv- arilr* r-.* .rr.-l for ??oi-h- Lonlon. H- was buried on 15 May beside wM-zi. -i-'ri'.Lr.^ r'ir Th -niii T :rr'»n. his wif- in th-* north aisle near the western t/ ."T. Car j! r.«r ■ 17''"'-1 ^L'l > ij. v.', who entrance "f W-stminsrer Abbev. and a fine ).j : V- ■:. fr;-r: lly :o \V:I--..n ;ini ♦ 1 wh -m mrmorial brass, n-.-xt to the frrave of John ). - •!:•■■* -'jTi wv- «r-j i-rr;.-. di- i on 7 Auj. H ;i::»rr. mark* the vault vfiVr his will cf. l-j). \V.;i,n &'*«;nd-'l rh- f:n-ril on the I'll est EB, Weftifiiniti^r Abbey He^^ister, y, I >••.. •'. . -. '.n Tr.^iiTi'-r ro-Jic pl.ioe b-twr^n ol3». rhv }. > i- ;.'/'! '^■fiv^lrv arid th*.- mob at I'um- Wils-n married Jemima (1777-1>23^, l>'r;ftr.'! 'f -.r-, Ifvd : Park", ."^hot* '.vr re tired, daujhtrr of Colonel AVilliam IWforJ of ari'l \\';.- /fj in'rry/ii-d to pr^rv-nt blxnlih-d. Ilarbledown, Kent, eldest son of General II*: "■■■■'. por'-rnpr-cily di-mji-ed from thv William Belford "n. v.] of the royal artil- armv m. ].', .S-p*. wlrho-it any r».as m 1^- ler\-. She was coheiress with her sister, in;? ft" :';:'d, ^r .':ny oyip>rtnn.*y of ^-xpla- Mr*. Christopher Carleton, of their uncle, naii'iii a;riri-'J. Jlavi:i^' puruhav.-d all but .*?Lr Adam Williamson ^q. v.] Both Wilson W'ilsi Wilson and MiM Belford were w&rds of chancerf and under age, and the marriage ceremony, with the consent of bolh families, took place on 8 Julj 1797 at Gretna Green and again on 10 March 1796 at St. Geoi^re's, Hanover Square, London. They had a family of seven sons andsli daugtiturB. Of the latter, Jemima married, as his second wife, Admiral Sir Prove WUiiam Parry Wallis fq. v.] There are several engraved portraits of Wilson ; one hy Ward, from a paintinfc by PicVera^l, represents him in uniform with all Ilia order* ; another is by Cooper after Wivell. A miniature wm painted hy Cos- way and engraved hy William Uoll, and ia reproduced for the frontispiece of Randolph's 'Life.' He also figures in the well-known painting of the death of Abercromby. The following aro works by Wilson not mentioned above: I. 'An Account of the Campaign in 1801 between the French -\nny of the East and the English and Turkisn Forces in Egypt," tranalaled by Wilson from the French of General Regnier, with obser- TBtions, London, 1803, 8vo. 2. ' Narrative of Events during the Invasion of Russia hy Napoleon Bonaparte and the Retreat of the French Army,' 1&12, edited hy Wilson's nephew and son-in-law the Rev. Herbert Bsndolph, London, 18<10, 8vo. The intro- duction gives a brief memoir of Wilson up to 1814 : 2nd edit, the aame year. 3. ' Pri- TftteDiary of Travels, Personal Services, and Public Events during Missions and Employ- ment with the European Armies in theCam- nigna of 1612, 1613, and 1614, from the _. InvHsion of Russia to the Captun? of Paris,' L«d]tedby the same, London, 1861, 2 vols. " — . 4, 'Life from Autobiographical Me- . IS, Journals, Narratives, Correspondence,' C, edited hy the same, London. 18fl3, 2 vols. 8vo. This work was never completed, and •tops at the end of 1807. [BeiidB tbe maiotinls for a biography «np- pli*d by Wilton himaelF ia his works, nii'l in election and other pamphlets, see especially A Latter in reply to Wilson's Enqnirj, J 804 ; Foi^ea's Ouerre de Rasais m IS12, 1H61 ; Dnpin'a Proems drs trois Anglais, IS16 : Night- iDgslft'a Trial of Sir R. Wilson, fzc. IB16 ; a«a alao War Office Records ; Despntchc*; Alison's History of Europe (frequent alltuiioDs} ; Aliaou's IdTM of Loid Caatlereagh and Sir Charles Stswait (frequent allusions) ; Quarterly Re- view, vols. V. niii. ivi. irii. and lix. ; Gent. Hag. ISie. 1812, and 1819^ Ana. Reg. ISI6, 1832, 1830, IS49 : Blackwood's Mng. vols. viii. xiv. ivi, ni. iiii. nnd Etviii.; Hall's Allnatic Monthly, April 18(15: Mayne'slfarraliveoflhe Canpaians of the Loynl Lusitsnian Lc^nn under Sir R. Wilson, Ac. 1312, 8to : Public Cliaraclers. 180S-7, vol. ii, ; Barke's Colebrnlcd Navnl and L. Military Trials ; Royal M tli tary Calendar, 1 820 ; Royal MiliMry Cbronicla, vols. iii. and v.; Notes and Queries, 4th aar. vols, viii. and ix. 6th ser. vols. i. ii, iii. and v.; Tait's Edinburgh Mag. 1849 (obituary notice); Lavalette's Mi- moires et SoQvenim; Loudon Times, 10 May 1849; Cathcart's Commentaries on the War in Russia and Oerninny, 18)2-13; Londoarleny's Narrati.ve of the War in Germany aud Francs. 1S13-U; Odie ban's Campaign in Saxony, 1813, translaied by Kempe ; Phillippart's Koithera Campaign, 1813-13; Porter's Campaign in Rnsain in 1812; Walsh's Camiwign in Efeypt, I«OI ; Andoraon's JournnI of Iha Kipgdition to Egypt, 1801 ; Gleig'a Leipsie Campuign.] R. H. T. WILSON, ROttXAXD (IfilS-lflfiO), Sarliamentarian, bom in 1(113, aud descended ■om a family established at Qresegart.h in the parish of Kendal, Westmorland, was son of Rowland Wilson {d. 16 May 1654) of Gresegatth and I.*ndon, bv Mary, daughter of John Tiffin of London ( Figitatian q/io«- mmons in giving him leave to serve declared that they would regard it as ' an acceptable service to the Commonwealth if he took the office' {Common^ Journals, vL 259). Wilson died on 19 Feb. 1650, and was buried on 5 March (Smtth, Obituary, p. 28). ' lie was a gentleman of excellent parts and great piety, of a solid sober t-emper and judg- ment, and very honest and just in all his actions. He was beloved both in the house, city, and army' (Whitblockb, iii. 158). Wilson married, in January 1634, Mary, daughter of Bigley Carleton of London, grocer (Chester, London Marriage Licences, col. 1484). In the contemporary notes appended to the ' List of Officers of the London rrained Bands ' he is erroneously described as son- in-law to Alderman Wright. His widow became the third wife of Bulstrode Wliite- locke [q.v.l (R. Whitelocxe, Memoirs of Bulstrode Whitelocke, 1860, p. 284). [Noble's Lives of the Regicides, ii. 332 ; W hi telocke*8 Memorials, 1853; other authori- ties mentioned in the article.] C. H. F. WILSON, THOMAS (1525 .»-l 581), secretary of state and scholar, bom about 1525, was son of Thomas W^ilson of Strubby, Lincolnshire, by his wife Anne, daughter and heiress of Roger Cumberworth of Cum- berworth in the same county (cf. Ilarl. MS, 6164, f. 42 b). He was educated at Eton, whence in 1541 he was elected scholar of King's College, Cambridge, graduating B.A. in 1(345-6 and M. A. in 1549. Sir John Cheke Sq.v.] was elected provost of King's on 1 April 548, and Wilson came under the influence of the revival of the study of Greek led by Cheke, Sir Thomas Smith (1513-1577) [q. v.], and others, through whom he be- came intimate with Roger Ascham. His Ijincolnshire neighbours Katherine Wil- loughbv, ducht'ss of Suffolk, Sir Edward Dymock, and Cecil also furthered his ad- vance, and the Duchess of Suffolk appointed him tutor to her two sons, Henry and (^harles Brandon (successivelv dukes of Suffolk), who divided their time between Cambridge and Ilolbeach's episcopal palace atBugden (Afldit. MS. 5815. f. 41). On their death Wilson collaborated with Walter Haddon [({, v.], another Etonian, in produc- ing ' Vita et Obitus Duoram Fratrum Suf- folciensium, Henrici et Carol! Brandoni . . . duabus epistolis explicata,' London, 1551, 4to. Wilson wrote the dedication to Henry Grey, created Duke of Suffolk on 11 Oct. in that year, the first epistle, and several of the copies of verses at the end of the volume. It was published bv Richard Graf- ton [q. v.], who had helped Wilson at Cam- bridge, and suggested to him his treatise ' The Rule of Reason, conteinynge the Artd of Logique set forth in EngUshe . . . ' which was also published by Grafton in the sam^ year (London, 8vo) and dedicated to Ed-, ward VI. The first edition is very rare, and the copy in the British Museum has manu- script notes by Sir Thomas Smith ; a second edition appeared in 1652, a third in 1653, and others m 1667 and 1580 ; it con- tains a passage from Nicholas Udaira ' Ralph Roister Doister,' which is reprinted in Wood's *Athen»' (ed. Bliss, 1. 213-14). W^ilson also wrote in 1662 a dedication to Warwick, the Duke of Northumberland's eldest son, of Haddon*s ^Exhortatio ad Literas.' According to John Gough Nichols, Wil- son's * Arte of Rhetorique ' was published at the same time as, and uniform w^ith, the ' Rule of Reason,' but the earliest edition of which any copy is known to be extant is dated ' mense Januarii 1663.' It is entitled ' The Arte of Rhetorique, for the use of all suche as are studious of eloquence, sette forthe in Englishe by Thomas Wilson,' London, 4to; it bears no printer's name. Wilson describes it as being written when he was 'having in my country this last summer a quiet time of vacation with Sir Edward Dymock.' The copy of the first edition in the British Museum was given to George Steevens [q.v.] by Dr. Johnson. A second edition appeared in 1662 (London, 4to ; prologue dated 7 Dec. 1660), and sub- sequent editions in 1667,1680, 1684, and 1685, all in quarto. Warton describes it as ' the first system of criticism in our language/ though in the common use of the word it is not criticism at all, but a system of rhetoric without much claim to originality, the rules being mainly drawn from Aristotle, Cicero, and Quint ilian. Wilson, however, did good service by his denunciation of pedantry, 'strange inkhorn terms,' and the use of French and * Italianated' idiom, which * coun- terfeited the kinges Englishe ' (Hallah, Lit, of Europe^ ii. 193, 209; Bbtdges, Censura Lit. i. 339, ii. 2). In this way Wilson may have stimulated the development of English prose, and it has been maintained that Shake- speare himself owes something, including Wilson Wilson bints for Diigberry's ch»raeter, to a study of Wilson's book (DR.tKB, fSkakempeare and hi* TinK,\. WO A, i72-i). The ' Arte of RheCoriqite ' was dedicftted toNortbutaberland'aeldest son, John Dudley, earl of Warwick, and from this time WiUoD bec»mt! H staunch adherent of the Uudlej family. Ills especial patron in later veara being the Earl of Leicester. On Northiim- . bertand's fell he sought safety on the con- tinent ; in l<>65be was with Chekuat Padua, where on 21 Sept. 1566 ha delivered, in St. Anthony's Church, an oration on the death of Edward Courtenay, earl of Devoii, which is printed in Strype'a 'Memorials' (toI. iii. App. p. Ivii), Thence he seems to have proceedsd to Kome before December lfi57, when be was implicated in some in- trigue at the papul court against Cardinal Pole (Cat. State Paperi. For. 1553-8, pp. a46. 374, 880), On 17 March 1557-8 Philip and Mary wrote commanding him to return Iiome and appear before the privy council before lo June following (ifi. Dom. 15-17-80, p. 100). The English ambassador, Sir Ed- ward Came, delivered liim this letter in April, but Wilson paid no attention; and it was possibly at Mary'ii instigalion that be was arrested and charged before the in- flaiaition with haviog written the books on logic and rhetoric, and with being a here- tic. He is said to have been put to torture, 1 he owed liis escape to a riot which ike ont on the news of Paul IV's death ii 18 Aug. 1559, when the nob, enraged at "ties of the inquisition, broke open IB and released suspected heretics 1558-9, No. 1287; WltsOH, The L^|lrl« litioal signiticanco. Wilson's are others in Cotton. MS. Galba C. v. ff. 51- translation is notablo as the earliest Eng- 216, and Hart. MS. 6991). While at Brus- lish version of Domost hones, and attains a sels he is said to have insti^ted a plot for high lovol of scholarship ; no second edition, seizing Don John and handing him over to however, appi^ars to have bet»n called for, the insurgents {Cal. Simancas MSS. 1568- though a Latin \'ersion by Nicholas Carr 1579, pp. 543-4). lie remained in the Low iq. v.i, who died in 15(v8, was published in Countries until 27 March 1575, when he .o71. At the same :inio Wilson was en- sailed from Dunkirk (Act P. C. 1571-5, p. gngi>d upon his * Disi'ourso uj»p«.m usurye by 361). His second embassy to the Nether- WAvo ot Dialogue and Oracions,' which he lands followed in the autumn of 1576 ; he dtHlioattHl to Loicostor. The pn^face is dated left London on 25 Oct. (Camden Soc. Misc. 20 July 156l>, but the book was not pub- iv. 28), and spent nearly nine months in lishod until 1572 (London, 8vo; 2nd edit. Flanders, mainly at Brussels, Bruges, Ant- 1584). It was one of the numerous six- werp, or Ghent. His despatches are printed toonth-century attacks up^m interest based in *Kelat ions Politiques* (ix. 1-414; see also mainly on biblical texts which proved abso- Cat. State Papers, For. 1575-77 ; Hatfield lutoly unavailing against the ea>nomie ten- MSS. vol. ii. passim; Cotton. MS. Gralba C. doncios of the time, but it is of some value v. ff. 272-358; Harl. MSS 36 art, 34, and as illustrating various phases of contempo- 6992 arts. 36, 37 ; and Lansd. MSS. civ. art. rary opinion on the subject (^Ashley, Econ. 67). The ostensible purpose of his mission Hist. li. 467-9) ; Jewel bt^stowed up^m it his was to negotiate some modus vivendihet'ween warm commendation, and on Jewel's death Don John, with whom he had various inter- WiUou contributtxl a v.\>py of verses to the views (e.g. on 1 May 1577, Cotton. MS GUbn collection published in his memory (^London, C. v. f. 306), and the Dutch insurgents; but 157;^ 4to). " he soon came to the conclusion that such Loss congenial work occupieil Wilson schemes were impracticable, and urged a during the autumn of 1571; on 7 Sept. he complete understanding between England convoyed tho Duke of Norfolk to the Tower, and William of Orange (Hatfield MSS. ii. and for the next few weeks he did * nothing 150-4 ; cf. PnyAM, William tKe Silent, ii. else but examine prisoners' (Cal. Siman- 172-212). He also took part in the negotia- cas MSS. 1568-79, p. 339). On the 15th he tions for a marriage between Elizabeth and During his absence Wilson S3 April lo77 nominated a commit ft special nBitalion of Oiford University, but he VM d-iBtined for more itnportftut work. In September the Spanieb ambaaeador ■, and Matthew Wilson w»s one (Cal. Sinanea» MSS. 1568- tSTO, p. MO). WiUoD does not, however, " privy council I ur until 13 Nov., |Taacce«»ion to ^ir Thomaa Smith (AcU P. C ed. Duent, iri77-8, p. S5). From thretdat^ lie wu conatant in atteodance on thu coun- cil, but he was somewhat overshadowed by tbe superior ability of hia colleague in the secretariate. Sir Francis Walsin^Lam Iq. v. J, ojid the nature of his political inSuence is not easy to distinffuish, more particularly as he tempered kia adherence to Leicester with '^m* firm desire to stand well with Ilur^hley. ^KBe was, however, the principal authority on ^^VonugueEe afTairs, and was the main eup- Hnorter of Don Antonio's ambassadors in Lon- ■■loii (Cal. S.'monws MSH. l-^SO-fi, p. 183). In 1560 he became one of Eliinbuth s lay deoas, beinff installed dean of Durham un 6 Feb. 1679-80, a prsferment for which he ■was a candidate in 1503, when William Whittinj^ham [q. v.] waa appointed (Lb Nbvk, Fiut!, iii. 29it>. Ralph Lever [q.v.l protested against Wilson's election (Cal. StaU Paper; Dom. 1547-80, p. 644), and ~'' lamination of a layman to the deanery a rude assertion of the royal suprBroaey it those who had cavilled at Wilaon'a «ssor on the (rround of his invalid or- ation (cf, Add. MS. 23235, f. 5). I Wilson's last attendance nt the council ' Ud was on 3 May 1681. Ho died at St. therine's Hnapit^ on 16 June followine, I buried there on the 17th. He in his will that he should be buried 'vilhoat charge or pomp,' and no trace of Us monument, if there was one, remains. A poitrwt of Wilson, dated 1575 but re- L J*!**^ in 1777, representing him in a black t'ttro and dark furred dress, belonged in 1806 Od Sir Thomas Maryou Wilson, bart. (OK, gJVrH Loan Krm. ^o. 2)4, where Wilson is Roneoualy styled ' Sir Thomas^). Another, n old copy of an anonymous painting, was K 1879 transferred from the British Museum ..O the National Portrait Gallery, London. tAcopy of his will, dated 19 Mav 1581, is t'^vserwed at Hatlield (,Cal. HatfUtd MSS. pjd. 391). He left hia housu at Edmonton to " 9 overseers of hb will. Sir Francis Wal- siiigbam Smith, t dred marks to his daughter Mary o marriage or coming of Bge, and a like sum t< liis daughter Lucrece ; his son Nicholas wa to be sole executor. No successor was ap pointed to Wilson, Walsinghom acting ua sole secretary until Davison's eelection on 30 Sept. 15b6. His death waa the occasion nf various poetical laments (cf. Uitt. MSS. C'omm. 2nd Kep. App. p. 97, ith Rep. App. pp. a.i2^). Wilson was twice married : first, to Jane, daughter of Sir Richard Empson [u. v.l, and widow of John Pinchou of Writtle, Essex {Baker, Norihamptotuhire, ii. 141). By her Wilson appears to have had no issue ; and he married, secondly, Agnes, daughter of John Winter of Lidney, (Jlouceatersbire, sister of Sir William Winter, the admiral, and widow of William Brooke ( Vitit. GloucetUr- shire, 1823, p. 374); of her three children, the only son, Nicholas, settled at Sheepwash, Lincolnshire (see pedigree in Coll. of Amu MS. U. 23); Mary married, first, llobert Bur- dett (d. 1603) of Bramcole, by whom she was mother of Sir Tbomaa Burdett, first baronet.ancestor of Sir Francis Burdett[q. v.] and of the nnroacss Burdelt-Ooutls ; and, Christopher Lowther of Low- ther, Westmorland. She was buried in the ciioir of Penrith parish church {Lantd. MS. "'"'"' f. 2), Wilson's second daughter, Lu- , married Sir George Belgrave of Bel- grave, Leiceaterehire. Wilson has generally been confused with e or more cont^mporariea of the same me ; a confusion of him with Sir Thomaa Wil»oni'lSflOP-1629)[a.T.]h»a led to his beiug frequently styleii a knight. Other contemporaries were Thomas Wilson {d. 158ti), a fellow of St. John's College, Cam- bridge, who took refuge at Frankfurt during Mary's reign, was elected dean of Worcester in 1571, and died on 20 July 1580 (Coopek, Athena Cantabr. ii. 5~ti) ; Thomas Wilson (d. 1616), canon of Wind8or(Bee£oJMd. AfS. 983, f. 147); and Thomas Wilson (1508- 1622)[q,v.j [A miiHB of Wilson's correspondence remains in the Record Oliicci, prinnpnllj amung the foreigD state pupers, and in the British Musfam; the portions tlmt hnve lieen primed or caleo- dured are indiistcd in tli« t«2t. Ree also Cat. Cotton., Harleian, Liuiaduwne. and Add. MSS. ; Cut, State PuporSi Dum., Forrign, and Spanish tarion; Acta of the Privy ConQcil, od. DaaHDt; Hnyaes and Murdin's Burghley Stats Papers ; Cal. HatSell MSS. voU. i. and ii. ; Collins's Letters Slid Memorials of StnU; UigKBa'a Com- pleat AmbiiBsador, 18SS; Kervyn da Lelten- J Wilson 136 Wilson hora'e Rel. F0I. dee Puts-Bos at d'Angleterre, 1882-1801. vols. xi-x. : WrishtV Quaen Eliw- 'belli and hcF Timet; Kam's Lifu of Burghley, 3 toIb.. Hume's Qrpal Lord Burghtrj. 1898 ; f roodd'a Hist, of Enflliiad ; CuIb'b Atheiue . In July lr>86 he was appointed rector of ISt. Oeore^ the .Xartyr at Canti'rburj' through the influence of Henry Robinson (155SP-1C16) [q. v.], provost of Queen's College and afterwards bishop of Carlisle, to whom WiUon also owed his col- lege education (cf. the epistle dedicatory 10 the Christian Dictionarie). He remained at Canterbury for tUe rest of his life, preaching three or four sermons every week, and win- ning the affections of the puritan section of his people, although more than once com- ploiiied of by others to Archbishop Abbot for nonconformity. He was acting as chaplain to Thomas, second lord Wotton, in 1611. Wilson died at Canlerbury in January 1621-'2, and was buried in his own church- J'ard, outside the chancel, on the 35th. A uneral sermon was preached ( London, 1 Q2'2, 4to) by William Swift of St. Andrew's, Can- terbury, great -grandfather of Dean Sivift. His portrait, engraved by Cross, prefixed to the ' Commcntnrie,' shows him to lie a lean, sbarp-visaged man ; he was married and left a large family. Wilson's chief work was liis 'Chrislinn Dictiouarie ' (London, 1612, 4lo), one of the earliest attempts made at a concordance of the Bible in English. Its usefulness was soon recognised, an. No confirmation of thb relationship has been traced, and the younger Wilson la not men- tioned in the elder's will. Possiblv he was the ■ Thomas Wilson of Willey, Ilertford- shire, son and heir of Wilson of the same, Snt.,' who was admitted Etudent of Oray's n on 11 Feb. I59i-5. He was educated apparently at Stamford grammar school, and matriculated from St. John's College, Cambridge, on 26 Nov. 157fi. In 1583 he waa elected on BuT^hley's nomination to a scholarship on the foundress's foundation at St. John's (Burghley in Lansd. AfS. 77, f. 20; St. John's Coll. Begister, per Mr. U. F. Scott). He graduated B.A. in 1583 from St. John's College, but migrated to Trinity Hall, whence he graduated M.A. in 1667. For fifteen years, according to his own account, he studied civil law at Cambridge. In 16SU he procured a letter from Burghley r and Wilson betook himself to foreign travel. In 1596, while sojourning in Italy and Ger- many, Wilson translated from the Spanish Gorge de Montemayor's ' Diana,' a romance, from which the story of 'Two Gentlemen of Verona' was partly drawn (Lgb, Shale- tpeare,^. 63); it was dedicated to Shake- I L'q>ean;'s frieiii), t!io Karl of SoutlmmptoD, ' 'then upon ihu Spanish vaiage vrith mj Lord of Ee»ex.' Tho origin&l translation does not appear to be eitont, but about 1617 Wilson nitide A <^'^PT< extant in British Museum Ad- ditional MS. 18038, which he dedicated to Fulke Orei-ille, cLancellor of the exch( f. 20 ; Harl. MS. 7000, f. 34 ; Hist. MSS, Comm. 2nd Rep. App. pp. 55, 283, 284, 9th Rep. App. ii. 373 ; Winwood's Memorials, ii. 45 ; Nichols's Prrgr. of James I, i. 188, 246, 475, iii. 487; Brewer's Court and Times of James I ; Sped- ding's Bacon ; St. John, Edwards, Oayley, Steb- hing, and Humes Li ves of Ralegh ; Gardiner's Hist, of England, ii. 143; authorities cited in text] A. F. P. I I I Wilson )N, THOMAS (16ti;i-175.i), bishop and Mun, Eixth of seven childrea of Nalhaniel [d. 29 May 1702) and Alice (d. 16 Aug. 1708) WilBon, was bora at Burton. Cheshire, on 20 Dec. 1663. Jlta mother was a sister of Richard Sherlock [q. v.] From the King's school, Chester, under Francis Harpur tCRinrWBiL ; hut a local tradition identifies his master witli Edward Unipiir of the grammar school, Frodsham) he entered Trinity College, Dub- lin, as a sizar on i'9 Mny ISS3, his tutor being John Barton, afterwards dean of Ar- dagh. Swift entered in the previous month ; other contemporariea were Peter Browne S.V.] and Edward Chandler fq. v.] He was ectedscho!aron4Junel683. InFebruary 1686 he graduated B.A. The inQuence of Uichael Ilewetson Id. 1709} turned his thoughts from medicine to the church. was ordained deacon before attaining the canonical age by William Moreton [n. v.], bishopofliildare.on St. Peter's day (29 Ji ' 1686, He left Irelnnd to become cui (10 Feb. 1687) to his uncle Sherlock, in obapelryof NewchurchKenyon,nowa sepa- rate parish, then in the parish of Winwick, Lancashire. He was ordained priest by Nicholas Stratford [q. v,] on 20 Oct. 1689, and remained in ctiarge of Newchurcb till the end of August 1692. He was then ep- Kiintod domestic chaplain to William George ichanl Stanley, ninth earl of Derby {d. 1702), and tutor to his only son, James, lord Strange (1680-1699), with a salary of 30/. Eftrly in 1693 he was appointed master of the almshouse at Latham, yielding 201. more. At Eaater he mnde a vow to set apart n fifth of his slender income for pious uses. especiiiUy for the poor. In .June he was offered by Lord Derby the valuable rectory of Bads- worth, West Hiding of Yorkshire, but re- fused it, having made a resolution against non-renidence. He graduated M.A, in 1696 (Cat. tif Graduates Unit: of DubUrx, 1669; Btubbs says 1693). On 27 Nov. 169? Lord Derby offered him the bishopric of .Sodor and Man, vacant since the death of Baptist Leviuz [q. v.], and in- sisted on his taking it, On lU Jan. 1698 he was created LL.D. by Archbishop Teniaon {his own statement ; Foster aava the entry is of ' John' Wilson). On 16 Jan. 1698 he was cflDsecrated at the Savoy (Lb Neve, Fatti, ed. Ilardv, 1864, iii. '328 ; Stubbs, ltegi*trvmSaerumAnglicanum.\^7,'p.VM). On 26 Jan. the rectory of Badsworth was again offered to him in eommendam, and again refused, though the see of Man was vorth no more than SOO/. a year. His first business was to recover the arrears of royal 139 Wil: son bounty (an annuity of HXll. granted 1675). On 6 April he landed at Derby Haven in ihe Isle of Man, and wosetulledon 11 April in the ruins of St, German's Cathedral, Peel, and at once took up his residence at Bishop's Court, Kirk Michael. He found it also in a ruinous condition, and set about rebuilding tlie greater part of it, at a coat of 1,400/.. irf which all but 200/. came from hisown pocket. He soon became 'a very energetic planter' of fruit and forest trees, turning ' the bare slopes' into ' a richly wooded glen.' He was on equally zealous farmer and miller, doing much by his example to develop the re- sources of the island. For some time he was ' the only physician in the island ; ' he set up a drug-shop, giving advice and medicine Sraiis to the poor (UEUTTWEtL. p. ici), He ad not been two months in the island when he had before him the petition of Christopher Hampton of Kirk Braddon, whose wife had been condemned to eeven years' penal servi- tude for lamb stealing, and who asked the bishop's license for a second marriage in consideration of his ' motherless children.' Wilson gave him (26 May 1098) ' liberty to make such a choice as may be most for yo' support and comfort.' Yet his views of marriage were usually strii^t { marriage witli a deceased wife's sister be regarded as incest. The building of new churches (beginning with the Castletown chapel, 1698) was one of his earliest cares, and in 1699 he took up the scheme of Thomas Bray (1656-1T30) [q. v.], and began the eatabtisument of paro- chial libraries in his diocese. This led to provision in the Manx language for the neada of his people. The printing of 'prayers for the poor families' is projected in a memo- randum of Whil-Sunday 1699, but was not carried out till 30 May 1707, the date of issue of bis ' Principles and Duties of Chris- tianity ... in EngHsh and blanks . , . with short and plain directions and prayers,' 1707, 2 parts, Hvo. This was the first book pub- li8liedinMani,ftnd is often styled the 'Manx Catechism ' It was followed by ' A Further Instruction;' 'A Short, and Plain Instruc- tion. , .for the Lord's Supper,' 1733; and ' The Gospel of St, Matthew,' 1748 (trans- lated, with the help of his vicars-general, ia 1722). The remaining Gosiiels and the Acts were also translated into Manx under hii supervision, but not published (MoOKE, p. 218). lie freely issued occasional ordersfor special services, with new prayers, the Uni- formity Act not specifying the Isle of Man. A public library was established by him at Castletown in 1706, and from that jrear, by help of the trustees of the ' academic fund.' and by benefactions from Lady Elizabeth 1 Wilson 140 Wilson Hastings [q. v.], he did much to increase the efficiency ot the gprammar schools and parish schools in the island. He was createa D.D. at Oxford on 3 April 1707, and incorporated at Cambridge on 11 June. In 1724 he founded, and in 1732 endowed, a school at Burton, his birthplace. The restoration of ecclesiastical discipline was, from the first, an object which Wilson had at heart. Scandalous cases, frequently involving the morals of the clergy, gave him much trouble. The 'spiritual statutes' of the island (valid, where not superseded by the Anglican canons of 1603) were of native growth, and often uncouth in their pro- visions. Without attempting to disturb these (with the single exception oi abolishing com- mutation of penance by fine), Wilson drew up his famous ' Ecclesiastical Constitutions,' ten in number, .which were subscribed by the clergy in a convocation at Bishop's Court on 3 Feb. 1704, ratified by the governor and council on 4 Feb., confirmed by James Stanley, tenth earl of Derby (d, 1736), and publicly proclaimed on the Tinwald Hill on 6 June. Of these constitutions it was said by Sir Peter King, first lord King [q. v.], that * if the ancient discipline of the church were lost, it might be found in all its purity in the Isle of Man.' The discipline worked smoothly till 1713, * when it came into collision with the official class' (MooRE, p. 192), owing to an appre- hended reduction of revenue through Wil- son's practice of mitigating fines in the spi- ritual court. Robert Mawdesley {d. 1732), governor from 1 703, had been in harmony with Wilson; his successor in 1713, Alex- ander Home, became Wilson's determined opponent. The first direct conflict began in 1716. Mary Henricks, a married woman, was excommunicated {22 Oct.) for adultery, and condemned to penance and prison. She appealed (20 Dec.) to the lord of the isle, and Home allowed the appeal; Wilson, rightly maintaining that there was no appeal except to the archbishop of York, did not appear at the hearing (23 Dec. 1717, in London), and was fined (19 Feb. 1719) in 10/.; the fine was remitted (20 Aug.) The episcopal registrar, John Woods of Kirk Malew, was twice imprisoned (1720 and 1721) for re- fusing to act without the bishop's direction. The governor's wife (Jane Home) was or- dered (19 Dec. 1721) to ask forgiveness (in mitigation of penance) for slanderous state- ments. For admitting her to communion and for false doctrine Archdeacon Robert Horrobin, the governor's chaplain, was sus- ]>ended (17 May 1722). Retusing to recall * ' ^s, Wilson was fined (26 June) 50/., and his vicars-general 20/. apiece, and in default were imprisoned in Castle Rushen (29 June). Wilson appealed to the crown (19 July); they were released on 31 Aug., but the fines were paid through Thomas Corlett. The dampness of the prison had so affected Wilson's right hand that he was henceforth unable to movd his fingers in writing. In 1724 the bishopric of Exeter was offered to Wilson as a means of reim- bursement. On his declining, G^rge I pro- mised to meet his expenses from the privy purse, a pledge which the king's death leit unfulfilled. Part of Horrobin's false doctrine was his approval of a book which Wilsoij had cen- sured. On 19 Jan. 1722 John Stevenson, a layman of Balladoole, forwarded to Wilson a copy of the 'Independent W^hig,' 1721, 8vo [see Gordon, Thomas, d. 1750, and Trenchard, John, 1602-1723], which had been circulated in the island and sent to Stevenson by Richard W^orthington for the public library. Wilson issued (27 Jan.) a pastoral letter to his clergy, bidding them excommunicate the * agents and abettors' of ' such-like blasphemous books.* For sup- pressing the book Stevenson was imprisoned in Castle Rushen by Home, who required Wilson to deliver up the volume as a con- dition of Stevenson s release. This he did (21 Feb.) under protest. When the book reached William Ross, the librarian, he said ' he would as soon take poison as receive that book into the library upon any other terms or conditions than immediately to bum it.' Horrobin, on the other hand, affirmed (De- cember 1722) that the work 'had rules and directions in it sufficient to bring us to heaven, if we could observe them ' (cf. Letter to the publisher, by W^[alter] A[wbery], prefixed to Independent Whig, 6th edit. li^32). Home was superseded in 1723. Floyd, his successor, was generally unpopular. W' ith the appointment of Thomas Ilorton in 1725, began a new conflict between civil and eccle- siastical authority. Lord Derby now claimed (5 Oct. 1725) that the act of Henry VHI, placing Man in the province of York, abro- gated all insular laws in matters spiritual. The immediate result was that Horton re- fused to carry out a recent decision of the House of Keys, granting soldiers to execute orders of the ecclesiastical court. A revision of the 'spiritual statutes' was proposed by the House of Keys, with Wilson's concur- rence. Horton took the step of suspending the whole code till * amended and revised.' He further deprived the sumner-general and appointed another. Unavailing petitions for rearess were sent to Lord Derby ; the House of Wilson I- Keys appenled (6 Nov. 1728) to tlie king in eouocU, but nothing came of it. On the death ll F^b. 1T36) of the t«ntb lord Derby, the lordship of Man passed to Jnmes Murray, second duke of Atholl (_d. 1764). The revision of statutes proposed in IT25 was at once carried through, with the result of ' a marked absence of disputes between the civil and eccleaiaatical courts' (MooRB, p. 207). The intricate suit about impropriations (to all of which Atholl had a legal claim) jeopardised for a time the tem^ poralitiea of the church, and was not finally settled till {7 July 17o7) after Wilson'H death ; but with the aid of Sir Joseph Jekyll [q. v.] Wilson and his son were able to recover (1737) certain deeds securing to the clentv au eaulvalenl for their tithe. Between d Atholl (and thegovemorsof his appoiDtment)there seems nevertohsTebeen any personal friction, lender the reviBed ecclesiastical law presentments for moral offences were less frequent, procedure being less Hummary. But, while health lasted, Wilson was sedulous in administering the discipline through the spiritual courts, and there WOE an incruuse of clerical cases(MoosE:, p. 207). Tbee.Ttreme difficulty of obtaining suitable candidates for the miserably poor benefices led Wilson to get leave from the orchbishop of Vork to ordain before the canonical age. W'ilson was not by nature an intolerant nan, nor were his sympathies limited to the Ai^Iican fold. It is said that Cardinal Fleuiy (d. 23 Jan. 1743) wrote to liim, ' as they were the two oldest bishops, and, he believed, the poorest in Europe,' invited him o France, and was so pleased with his reply that he got an order prohibiting French privateers from ravaging the Isle of Man. Roman cathoLcs ' not unfrequently at- tended ' his services. He allowed dissenters 'to Bit or stand' at the communion; not being compelled to kneel, they did so. The qiukers ' loved and respected him' (Crfit- WBLL,p.xcii). Int73dhemet JamesEdwtird Oglethorpe |q.v.] in London, and this was the banning ofnis practical interest in foreign missions, though he was an early advo- < cst« of the Society for the Propagation j of the GoHpel, and still earlier of the So- < ciety for promoting Christian Knowledge. His ' Essay towards an Instructioa for the Indians. . . in . . . Dialof^ues,' 1740, 8vo, wos begun at Oglethorpe's infltance,and dedi- cated to the Georgia trustees. Wilson's son was entrusted witli its revision for the press, I and he submitted the manuscript to Issdc B Watts. It must he remembered that most I of theOeorgiii trustees were dissenters. Since Wilson I I I I 1738 Wilson had been interested In Zinten- dorf, through friends who had met him at Oxford and London in 1787. Ha corre- sponded ( 1 739) with Henry Cossart, author of a ' Short Account of the Moravian Churches,' and received from Zinzendorf and his coad- jutors a copy of the Moravian catechism, with a latter (28 July 1740). Zinzendorf was again in London in 1749, holding there a synod (11 to 30 Sept.) News come of the death (23 Sept.) of Cochius of Berlin, 'ar- tistes' of the 'reformed tropus' (one of three) in the Moravian church. The vacant and somewhat sLadowy office was tendered to Wilson (with liberty to employ his son as substitute), Zinzendorf sending him a seal- ring, On 18 Dec. Wilson wrote bis ac- ceptance. From 1760, his eighty-aixth year, Wilson wasburduned with gout. He died at Bishop's Court on 7 March 1765, the fiftieth anni- versary of his wife's death. His cofBn was made from an elm tree planted by himself, and made into planks for that purpose some years before hia death (ib. p. ici). He had a strong objection, mentioned in his will, to interments within churches, and was buried (II March) at the east end of Kirk Michael ch urchyard .whereasquaremarble monum ent marks his grave, Philip Moore preached the funerol sermon. Hia will (21 Dec. 1740 ; codicil, 1 June 1748^ is printed by Keble. Ti . — . , :_..,j ... '■'«"'=" „as engraved ^d, 1819, by black skull-cap and hair flowing and silvery.' For his shoes ho used 'leathern thongs inntead of buckles' (HojfE, p. 240). On 27 Oct. 1898 he waa married at W"inwick to Mary (6. 16 July 1674 ; d. 7 March 1705), daughter of Thomas Patten. By her he had four children, of whom Thomas (see below) survived him. Wilson's rare unselfishness gives lustre to a life of fearless devotion to duty and wise and thrifty beneficence. The fame of his ecclesiastical discipline is rather due to ths singularity of its exercise by an Anglican diocesan than to anything special either in its character or its fruits. "The details fur- nished by Keble, with nauseous particu- larity from year to year, may be paralleled from the contemporary records of many a ?resbyterian court or anabaptist meeting. hat W'ilson acted with the single aim of the moral and religious improvement of hit peoplewasrecoenised by them, and his strict- ness, joined with his transparent purity, his uniform sweetness of temper, anu his self- denying charities, drew to him ihe affectionate veneration of those to whom he dedicated his life. Hisportrait (painted in I7.^2P) was (17a5) by Vertue (reproduced, : Sievier). It shows his black skul I I I ll I Wilson Wilson's 'Works' were collectad (under hil Mn's direction) by Clement Cruttwell [q. v.l, 1781, '2 vols. 4to, includior a 'Life' (repnnted 1786, 3 vols. 8to), and bv John Kebla [q.v.], wiib additions, in tlie 'Librarj ofAnglo^atliolicTheolofty/lftl7-63, 7vol«, 8vo, preceded by a ' Life,' 18C3, 2 vols, 8vo (ot partt"), to which Keble had de- voted sixteen jeare' labour. Besides warkc noted above, many sermons and devotional pieces, he pnhlished: 1. ' I^re,' prefixed to the "Practical Christian,' 1713. 8vo, by Richard Sherlock. S. ' History of the Isla of Man' in Gibsons (3ndl edit, of Camden's ' Britannia,' 1722, fol. vol, ii. 3. ' Observa- tions' included in ' Abatracloftbe Elistorical Part of the Old Testament,' 1735, 8vo (his ' Notes' are in an edition of the Bible, 178.>. 4lo). PosthnmouB were : 4, 'Sacra PrJvata,' first published in Cruttwell, 1781, vol. i. (the Oxford edition, 1838, has a preface by Cardinal Newman; the original manuscript of the 'Sacra Privata' waa exhibited, by the president and fellows of Sion College, in the loan collectiou at the liondon church congress, 1890). 5. 'Afaxims of Piety and Christianity ' (ditto). Many devotional manuals have been framed, by extraction and adaplalion. from Wilson's worts. Of his writing Cardinal Newman says (1838) ; 'There is nolbinR in him but what is plain, direct, homely, for the most port prosaic ; all is sober, unstrained, rational, severely chastened in style and language.' His son, Thomas Wilsos (17ft*J-1784>, divine, was bom at Bishop's Court on 24 Aug. 1703. He was the second son of the name, a previoiia Thomas having died an infant in 1701. His father taught him till he waa sixteen, when he was placed with Clerk at tlie grammar school of Kirk Leathoin , North Bidmg of Yorkshire. He matricu- lated at Christ Church, Oxford, on 20 April 1721, was elected student on 8 Julv 1734, and graduated B.A.on 17 Dec. 1724 (Keblb, p. 660); M.A. 16 Dec. 1727, B.D. and D.D. 10 May 1739. He waa ordained deacon (1729), and priest (1731) by John Potter (1674?-1747) [q.v.], then bishop of Oxford. From Christmas 1739 to September 1731 he assisted his father in the Isle of Man, and is etid to have suggested the ' cle^y, widow, and orphans' fund ' (Cruttwell), One re*- aon Bssiffntd for his leaving the island is that he did not know Mam (Keblb, |i. 739), He declined (November 1732) an invitation to the Georgia mission. In June 1737 he was made one of the king's chaplains. Oa 6 Dec. 1737 he was presented lo the rectoiy of St. Stephen's, Walbrock, and held this preferment till death. He was made pre- bendary of Westmins:er on 11 April 1743, and held the rectory of St. Margaret's, Westminster, from 17o3. During the Manx famineand pestilence (1739-43) be petitioned the kii^for a grant of breadcomfor the island. In 1743 and 1750 he visited his father in the IsIeofMon. With John Leland (1091-1766) [q.T.] he correisponded from 1742, inviting his criticisms on his father's manuals of religion. He suggested to Leland that he should answer Dodwell (as he did in 1744), and Bolin^broke(l7S3); and Letand'schief work, 'A View of the principal DeisUcal Writers' (1754-6), was written as letters to Wilson, and published at his expense. He rebuilt (1776) the chancel of Kirk Michael churiji. Till her second marria0^ (1778') he was a great admirer of Cathsnne Hacaulay fq. v.], having placed (1774) his residence, Alfred House, Bath, at her disposal, and having erected (8 Sept. 1777) a marble statue of her, by J. F. Moore, within the altar-rails of St, Stephen's, Walbrook.which he afterwards boarded up. He wosa man of much benevo- lence, a considerable book collector, in poli- tics a follower of ^^'ilkes, and in religion anxious for the union of ' jl proteisianis.' He died at Alfred House, Bath, on 15 April 1784; his bady was brought to London 'in Cnd funeral procession, with ' near two idred fiambeaux,' and buried (37 April) in St. Slephen'fi, Walbrook. He married (4 Feb. 1734) his cousin Marv, daughter of WilliamPatteu,aud widow of William Hay- ward, of Stoke Nevringlon, and had one son, who died in infancy. He left his property to bis relative, Thomas Patten, father of John Wilson-Patlen, baron Winmarleigh [q. v.] He wrote ' A Beview of the Project for . . , a new Square at Westminster ... By a Suf- ferer,' 1757, 8vo J and an introduction to ' The Ornaments of Churches . . . with a . . , view to the late decoration of St. Margaret, West- minster," 1761,4to(by William Hole). [Life by CmtiweU. 'iTSI; Lifa by Stnvell, 1B19; Lifa by Hone, in Lives of EmiDent Chm- tiana,1833,p. 161; Life by Keble. 1863, very fall and ciinrt, and Bmbodyiog a large qaaDlitvof previously UDpnblished material; tienl. ^ng. 1784, i. .117, S79 ; Butler's Memoin of Hitdesley, 1799 : Sinbbs's Hil^ of Univ. of Dnblia, 1889. pp.143. 347; Foster's Alamni Oiod.; Moan's Sodor and Man, 1893. pp. 1S6 sq.] A. O. WILSON, THOMAS (1747-1813), master of Clitheroe grammar school, son of William and Isabella Wilson, was bom at Priest Hutton, in the parish of Warton, near Lancaster, on 3 Dec. 1747. and educated at the grammar schools of Warton and Sed- bergh. At the latter school he was an assistant under Dr, Wynne Batemen from 1768 to 1771. He WM ordainud di "Westminster on 13 Jnn. 1771, and priest at Chester on 2 Xa^. 177'2. In the following June he was licensed as headmaster of Slaidbum grammar school, and in June 1775 became master of the Clitheroe pprammar school, Lancashire, and incumbent of the parochial chapel of ihe town. In 1779 ha entered himself of Trinity College, Cam- bridge, and looli the degree of B.D. there in 1794, under a statute now abolished, In 1807 he was appointed rector of Claughton, near Lancaster. Towarda the end of the eighteenth century he formed an intimat« ■oquaintanee with' Thomas Dunham Whita- Iter [q. t.], and joined a literary club formed by him. He was a successful schoolmaster, a ready TersiHer, and a social favourite on account of his amiability, genial wit, and copious fund of anecdote. His besettiug wt^aknesa was punning. He died on 3 March 1813, and was buried in ihechaneel of Boiton-bj-Howland church, where a tablet was afterwards erected with a Latin inscription by W'hitaker, copied from a monument erected by Wilson's pupils •in Clithetoe church. He married, on 29 April 17i5, Susannah Tetlow of Skirden, widow of Ilenn' N'owell, rector of Bolton-by-Bow- lAnd. She was forty-four, and he only twenty-eiffht. A portraitof Wilson. painted by J. Alien, is engraved in the Chelham Society's volume. Another portrait bji the aam<) artist was engraved by W', Ward in Wilson's lifetime : and a third poitrait. came out as a Utbograph. His onlv literarr publication, in addition to two assiie sermons {1789 and 1804), was an ' Archieoloaical Dictionary, or Classical Antiquities of Jews. Greeks, and Romans,' 1783,6vo, dedicated to Dr. Samuel Johnson ; but his ' Lancashire Bouquet ' and other oc- casional verses were circulated in manu- script, and were collected and printed, along with his correspondence, bjr Canon F, U. Haines for the Clietham Society iu 1857. [Haines's Memoir, profiled to Wilson 'i- Mia- celianiss; Gent. Mag. 18IB, i. 391.] C. W. H. WILSON, THOMAS (I764-18-W1. non- conformist benefactor, seventh child of Thomas Wilson (i, 3 Jan, 1731 ; d. 31 March 1794) by Mary (1729-1816), daughter of John Remington of Coventry, was bom in Wood Street, Cheapside, London, on 11 Nov. 1704, and baptised on 3 Dec, by Thomas Gibbons [q. v.] His mother was a dissenter; his fatlier became one on his marriage, and ibsequently built a chapel at Derby (1784), beeidea assisting in opening several closed bapels iu the Midlands. He was at school ington Green under Cock bum, but bad classical education, and never acquired any literary tastes. In 1778 he was apprenticed lo hia father, a manufacturer of ribbons and gnuies, and in 1760 was taken into partner- ship. He left busino^ at Michnelmns 1798, having attained a moderate fortune, to which he received a considerable accession on the death (26 March 1813; of his mother's only brother, John Itemington. In 1794 he huc- ceeded his father as treasurer of Hoston Academy, and held this post till bis death; when the academy was removed to High- bury he kid the first stone (28 June 1825) of the college building. His first experiment in chapel building was in 1799, when he erected a new chapel at Hoxton (opened 24 April 1800). From this time he devoted himself for some years to the repairing or re- buildin^t of dilapidated anc^ closed chapels, e.g. at Brentwood, Harwich, Iteigate, Lynn, Guildford, Dartmouth, Liakeard, and else- where. Most of these buildings had for- merly ranked as presbyterian ; Wilson's llbrts introduced into their management the congregational system. From 1804 he occasionally acted as a lay preacher. To meet the needs of a growing population he aet himself to procure the erection of new chapels in the outskirts of London, among others at Kentiah Town (1807), Tonbridge Place, Euston Road (1810), Maryleboue Ruad, Paddington (18l3),Claremont Chapel, Pentonville (1819). Craven Chapel, Regent Street (1822), the last three built at bis sole cost. Ilesides giving largely towards the purchase or building of chapels in all parts of the country, he erected at his own ex- pense chapels at Ipswich (1829), Northamp- ton (1829), Richmond, Surrey (1830). and Dover (1838). In Januory 1837 he was chairman of a meeting which formed tlia ' Metropolis Chapel Fimd Association ' for the provision of further buildings. His inumflcence went also in other directions; there were few, if any, aocietiea connect«d with his own body, or with the cause of evangelical religion generally, which did not benefit by his aid. He was one of the first directors (23 Sept, 1795) of the London Missionary Society. He was also one of the originators of the London University (now University College), and was elected(19 Dec. 1826) a member oflta first council. In the HewW case [see Hewlby, Saiuh] he was one of the relators in the action (begun 18 June 1830) against the unitarian trustees, He died at Highbury Place on 17 June 1843, and was buried in Abney Park cemeteir, where is a monument to UJs memory. He I I 1 Wilson 144 Wilson married (31 March 1701) ElUabeth, voiin^er ' and made himself actjaaiated with eveiy daughter oCArthur Clegg, timber merchant, aspect of mJainK life and chancier. ' The of Manchester, who survived him with Pitnisn's Pay,' his chief lit«rary work, ap aeveral children. Daniel W ikon (ir7tJ-lf*58) peared on^nsUv in Mitchell's • Newcastl [q.TJ, bishop of Calcutta, was his firstcousin. Maguine ' in the yean 1826, 1828, and 183a His eon, Joshpa Wilso.v (179.5-1874), It was reprinted by G.Wat«.n of Gateshead, barrister of the Inner Temple, was bom in but this mconvct edition wvi soon out of London on 27 Oct. 1795,anddiedat4XeTill print. Other poems ware contributed to Park, TunbridKe Wells, on 14 Aug. 1874. the 'TjTie Mercury," and some of them He married (18;i71 Mary W.iod.onlydaugh- were reissued with notes by John Sykes, ter of Thomas BuUey of Teignmouth, and compiler of ' Local Records.' A. collective left sons, Thomas and John Kemlngton. In edition of Wilson's works, entitled * Ths connection with the litigation of which the Pitman's Par, and other Poems,' was issued Hewleycnse wasaBample.hedevotedmiich in 1843, and reprinted in lei72. Thesecond time to the investigation of early dissenting edition contains some additional poems and history. His fine collection of puritan divi- notes by the author, with a portrait and me- nity uid biography is at the Memorial Hall, moir. ' The Pitman's Pay ' is a metrical Forringdon btreet, London. He published, description, much of it in mining patois, of besidessome religious tractates (one of them the incidents and conversations of the colliers ■igned ' Biblicus ) : 1. 'An Historical In- on their fortnightly Friday pay nights. The J mry concerning , . . English Presbyterians,' poem enjoys a wide popularity in the north 835, 8vo; 3nded. 1836, 8vo. 2. 'English of England. Some of Wilson's compositions Presbyterian Chapels ... Orthodoi Founda- show him to have made a clow study of tions, 1814, 8vo. 3. ' Calumnies confuted Bums, and the poem entitled ' On seeing a , , , in Answer to the Quarterly Keview mouse run across the road in January ia on the Bicentenary Celebration,' 1863, 8vo. 1 a highly creditable Imitation. In the 4. 'AMemoirof . . . Thomas Wilson,' 1846, I 'Tippling Dominie' Wilson is perhaps seen 8vo. at his best. [Leifchild'i Faoersi Sermon Tor Thomas Wil- Wilson died at his home, Fell-house, BOD, 1813; WiUoa'i Memoir of Tbomas Wiison, j Gateshead, on 9 May 1858. lie was buried IMS {portrait) ; MoOree's Thomas Wilson ths . in the family vault at Si. John's, Glateshead Silkman, 1879; ComwaU's Funeral Sernion for Joshua Wilwra, 1874; Timai'.aiAog. i87<.90ct. 187*;Halley,iBCongregiilioiialist, 1875, p. 9^9 ; information froni T. Wilson, esq., Harpenden.] A. Q. WILSDN, THOMAS (1773-1858), Tyneside poet, was bom at Gateshead Low Fell on 14 Nov. 1773, the eldest son of George and Mary Wilson. The father was a miner, and both parents were devout Wes- leyans. He received very little education, and was early sent to work in the mines. After devoting his scanty leisure to study, and making two efforts t« establish hlmsulf as a schoolmaster, he was from 1799 to 1803 employed in the office of John Head. aNew- castle merchant and underwriter. In 1803 he entered the counting-house of Losh, Lub- bin, & Co. (afterwards Losh, Wilson, & Bell) of Newcastle. Within two years he becaine a partner, and remained in the business till near the end of his life. In 183o he was elected one of the first town councillors of Gateshead, to which he returned after a resi- dence of some years in Newcastle. Through- out his life W'ilson devoted as much time as he could spare to intellectual pursuits, and collected an excellent library, which was especially rich in chapbooks. He contri- buted to the local ' Diaries ' for sixty years, Fell, the mayor and town council attending his funeral. He married, in 1810, Mrs. Mary Fell, who died in 1839. A bust by Dunbar is in the large room of the Gateshead Fell public rooms. IGenl. Mag. 1838, i. 887-9 ; Ann. Beg. App, to Chron. p. 410; Mamoir preSiol to ths Pitman's Pay, 1872.] G. La Q. S. WIiaON, WALTER (1781-1847), non- conformist biographer, was bom about 1781. Originally intended for the law, he became a bookseller, with Maiwell of Bell Yard, Temple Bar, l»ndon. In 18CKI he t«ak tho bookshop at the Mewegate, Charing Ctoss, vacated by Thomas Payne the younger [q. v.] llie perusal of the ' Memoira' of Daniel Neol [q.v.], prefixed by Joshua Toulmin [q.v.] to ins edition (1793-7) of Neal'a 'History of the Puritans,' had led 'fl'iUon to coUect notices of dissenting divines, and examine manuscript sources of information. He pro- jected a biographical account of the dissent- ing conBTegations of London and the vicinity. Soon after beginning the work he became possessed of a considerable income, and en- tered at the Inner Temple, but does not appear to have practised at the bar. For his projected worlt he obtained scarcely three hundred subscribers. He published an in- i I AtalmeDt of ' The History and Aotiqalties o eluding' the Lives of their Ministi S voIb. 8vo. He wb9 then living at Camden Town, from which he removed to Dorset, nnd again to Burnet, near Bath, where he did some fannioK- Here he had a congenial neighbour in Joseph Hunter [q.v.]; they ei- «liBitged copies of collections relative to dis- •enting antiqiiitieB. A third volume of hia 'Dissenting Churches' appeared in 1810; a ■iburthinlSU.with a preface (1 May 18 U) Lflliowing his personal interest in the older ie of nonconformity. The later volumes is work exhibit a more softened attitude towards the free-thinkers of dissent than is ftppBrent in the earlier ones; his facta are always given with scrupulous fairness. By 1SI8 be WM readv to publish a. fifth and com- pleting volume if Hve hundred subscribers «Ould have been obtained; but it never ap- d a life of Daniel Defoe [q. r-], of whose publications he had made a much larger collection than had pre- viously been brought together. His ■ Me- moirs of the Life and Times of Daniel Defoe,' 1830, 3 vols. 8to, is heavy, but allowed by Hacaulay to be 'eieelleut' {Edinb. Ret: October 1&15). He had projected a supple- roentiuy work dealing with Defoe's literary Antagonists. About 1834 be moved from Burnet to Pulteney Street, Bath. During the progre«s of the Hewley suit [see Hew- tBT, Sabah], Wilson's judgment went en- tirely with the defendants, and his religious views, probably under Hunter's influence, underwent a considerable change in the uni- tarian direction. Wilson died on 21 Fob. 1847. At the time of bis death he was one of the eight registered proprietors of the ' Times.' He ■was twice married, and left a non, Henry Walter Wilson of the Inner Temple, and A daughter, married to ^'orman Oarstin, colonial chaplain at Ceylon. His library -wu sold {5-17 July) bv Leigh, Sothebv, ii Wilkinson; the 3,438 lots reallsi^ 1,993/. 3f. 6d., the Defoe collection going to America for oOl. His coins and jirints (sold 2« July) produced S70;. 15». and 19/. 14jr. 6d. IMDectirely. He bequeathed his manuscript collections for the history of dissent to Dr. Williams's Library (now in Gordon Square, London). A complete list of these, by the then librarian, Ricbard Cogan, is printed in the 'Christian I(eformer'^(lB4r, p. 758). The most important articles are the notes in an interleaved copy of Iiia ' Dissenting Churches,' and (separately) a complete topo- g:raphical index to the i lating to dissenting churches; a folio of dissenting records; two folios and six quartos of biographical collections. Several of his, manuscripts are transcripts from originals also preserved in Dr. Williams's Library. [Gent. Mag. 1847, ii. 438; Christlin Re- former, 1847. pp. 371, oOB, 758,] A. G, WILSON, WILLtAM (1090-1741), Scots divine, born at Glasgow on 19 Nov. 1090, was the son of Gilbert W'iUon (rf. 1 June 1711), proprietor of a small estate near East Kilbride, who underwent religious persecution and the loss of his lands during the reign of Charles II. His mother, Jm- bella id. 1705), daughter of llamsay of Shielhill in Forfarshire, was disowned by her father for becoming a iiresbyterian. William, wbo was named after William III, was educated at Glasgow University. He was laureated on 27 June 1707, and was licensed to preach by the preshvtary of Dunfermline on 33 Sept. 1713. On 21 Aug. 1716 lie was unanimously called to the new or west church at Perth, and on 1 Nov. be was ordained. He soon obtained great in- fluence in the town by the disini crested nesa of bis conduct, refusing to contest at lawhis claim to his grandfather's estate, and declin- ing to receive bis stipend because the town council desired to pay it out of money placed in their hands for charitable purposes. On the commencement of the ' marrow contro- versy ' [see B08T0!f, Thomas, 1077-1732] in 1717 he sympathised with the ultra-Cal- viniatic views of Boston and Ebeneier Erskine [o. v.], concurring with these mini- sters on 11 May 1721 in the 'rcOTesentation' T.inst the condemnation of 'The Marrow Modem Divinitie ' by the general aaeem- bly. In 1733 a further cause of difference ftioae. The general assembly passed an act ordaining that when the right of pres( was not exercised bythe patron, tnei should be elected by the heritors and elders, and not by the congregation. This displeased Erskine, Wilson, and others, who regarded the congregational right as sauretl, and Erskine preached a vehement si subject, lor which he was censured by the synod of Perth and Stirling, The censure was confirmed by the general assembly, and on 14 May 17.^1 Wilson joined with Alexan- der Moncrieff and James Fisher [q. v.^ ' protest. The assembly, indignant i terms of the protest, required a retractation, and failing to obtain it, the standing com- mission suspended ^\'ilson and his three associates on B Aug. 1733, refused to hear a representation offered by Wilson and Mon- crieff juBtifving thfir conduct, and 12 Kov. declared them no longer mi iiisterH of the Scottisli church. On 16 Nov. Ihe four mlnUters put their namea to a formal act of seceHBion, and on 6 Dec. they constiluted themselves an ' associate presbytery.' 14 May 1734, however, the assembly, re- penting their action, empowered the syaods to reinstate the four ministers. Wilson was anxioufl for reconciliation, but further dif- ferencea had arisen, especially through the support afforded by the assembly to patrons against the congregational veto. On S Nov. 1736 the associate presbytery appointed Wilson their professor of divinity, and on 15 May 1740 the secedera, now eight in number, were finally deposed. Wilson en- joyed the support of a large part of the people of Perch, who built a church for him &Dd thronged to hear him. He was, however, deeply affected by the controversy and broken in health by his labours. He died at Penh on 8 Nov. 1741, and was buried at Perth, in tireyfriars' cemetery, where a monument was erecled to his memo^ with an epitaph byRalphEr8kine[q. v.] Wilson mamed, on aO Juno 1721, Margaret (i. 1742), daughter of George Alexander {d. l7IS), an advocate, of Pepper Mill, Edinburgh. By her he had a son John, and two daughters, Isabella and Mary, who reached maturity. Besides single sermona, Williams nuh- liahed 'A Defence of the Reformation Prin- riples of the Church of Scotland,' Edinburgh, 1739, 6vo i new ed. Glasgow, 17B9. 8vo, and several collections of sermons: 1. 'The Day of the Sinner's believing in Christ a most remarkable Day,' Edinburgh, 1742, 12mo. 3. 'The Father's Promise to the Son, a clear bow in the Church's darkest Cloud,' Edin- burgh, 1747, 8vo. 3. 'The Lamb's retinue attending him whithersoever he govth,' Edinburgh, 1747, 8vo ; 2 and 3, with a few single sermons, were rebound in a iargft collection, (4). ' Sermons,' Edinburgh, 1748, flvo. [Wilson's Works; Scott's Fasti Ecc\ea. Scoti- eanie, ii. 11. 617.18; Mutes and Queries, 2ad asr. xiL 233; New Stat. Act. of Scotland,!. Ill; FeirierB Meiaoira of Wiiaon, 1830; Endia's Lite of Wilson in United Presbyterian Fathers, 1840; Wilsons Presbytery of Perth. 1860, pp. 211-14; Brown's Hiat. Account ot the RiBO and Progress of the Secession, 17Q3; The Ri^pre- EBD tat ions of Ebencaer Rrskine and Jan« jribher HPd of WillMm Wilson and AUiartder MoDoriefflo the Commission of the late Reaeral AMembly, 1733; A Reviow of the Narmlivo and Stats of the Proceedinizs of the JuJifntories agiuDst Erskiae. Wilson. MoucriefT, and Pishep. I I'8* ; Piliilic Spleneticle : or, a IJiugh from a true blue Presbyterian, 1738 ; X. Y.'s Obsorva- | tions apon Church Aflaira, 1734; Uuuimenla OlaBguoD. (Mnitland Club), iii. 43; S[rullter''s Hint, of Seolland fnun [heCnion to 17*8; Gib's Present Truth : a Display of the SeeessioQ Teslimony, 177*-] E. I. C. W1I.30N, WILLIAM (1801-1860), poet and publisher, bom in Perthshire on 25 Dec. 1801 . WB* the son of Thomas WUson, by hiawife, Agneslloss. Atoneorlyage he was imbued with a passionate love of poetiy derived from his mother, who sang with great beauty the Jacobite songs and ballads of Scotland. While a schoolboy he lost his father, so that WiUon'e early life was accom- panied by many privations, including the completion of hia education. At twenty- two he became the editor of the Dundee 'Literary Olio,' a large proportion of which, both in prose ond verse, was from his pen. In I83tt he removed to Edinburgh, where he established himself in buainese. flis con- tributions were welcomed in tbe' Edinburgh Literary Journal,' thirty-two of his poems appearing in its columns in the course of three years. At this period the young poet was well known to the leadiug literary men of the day, including his kinsman Professor John Wilson (' Christopher North '), and he was a constant visitor at the bouse of Mrs. Grant of Lftggan, who possessed his portrait by Sir John Watson Gordon, now owned by his son, General Wilson. In 1833 he re- moved to the United States and settled at Poughkeepsie, on the Hudson, where he en- gaged in bookselling and publishing, which he continued till his death. Wilson was the lifelong friend and correspondent of Bobert Chambers (1802-1871) [q. v.], and he was one of the few persons in the secret of the au- thorship of the ' Vestiges of Creation.' lie died on 25 Aug. 1860. He was twice mar- ried : first, to Jane Mackenzie, and, secondlv, in 1830, to the uiece of James Sibbald (1745- 1803) Tq. V.J In the hew World W ilsoa occasionally contributfd in prose and ve«e to American periodicala, and sometimes sent a contribu- tion lo ' Blackwood's,' 'Chambers'sJoumal,' and ' Eraser's Magazine.' Selections of hia poems appeared in the 'Cabinet,' 'Modem Scotliah Minstrel,' Longfellow's 'Poems of Places,' and hia eon's ' Poets and Poetty ofScotlnnd ; ' but he never issued them in a volume nor even collected them, and it was nntil 1809 that a portion of his poetical tings was published, with a memoir by Benson J. Loseing. A second edition wiib additional poems and a portrait appeared in 1875, and a third in 18S1. Willis pro- L Bt^Ie that be bad ever met with ;' and Bryant I. Mud that ' the song in wbieb tlie writer per- I sonHtes Richard t.lie Lion-hearted during y Lis impriaonnient is more spirited than «nj- I of tbe Dallsds of Ajtoiin.' [Bogen's Modern Scottish Minxlrsl ; Wilson's I PmM and Poetry of Scotland, vol. ii. ; MBiaoira I of Wiltiam and Itobort Cbnmben ; Appletoc's [ Cyelojwdis of American Biogmphy.] J. G. W. WILSON, WILLIAM (1799-18n), botanist, second eon of Thomas Wilson, ■ drugfrisf, was bom at Warrington or 7 June 1790. He was educated at Prest- buiy gRunmar »:hDot and under Dr. Rej- noIoB at the Disaeutera' Academy, I.eaf Square, Mancbester, and was then articled to a firm of solicitors in Mancheater; but intenee application to the study of con- T^fancins brought on headaches which were followed by serious illness. This led to hia taking much outdoor exercise, in the coarse of which he acquired hia love of botany, and nltimatelv, when he was about five-and- twenty, his mother gave him a small allowance so that he could devote himself entirely to this pursuit. As early ae 1621 tie had discovered the CotoAeatter on Qn>Bt Orme's Head. This brought him into cor- respondence with Sir Jaraes Edward Smith [q. V,], who encouraged bim to devote him- self to botany. In 1827 Professor John Stevens Ilensiow [n. vj introduced bim to PnofeBBor (afterww^s Sir William Jsckson) Hooker [a. v.], and at the invitation of the latter ha joined a five days' excursion of tJie Glasgow botanical students in the Breadalbane IUIIh. lie afterwards spent nearly two years in Ireland, where, no doubt under HooKer's influence, be attai^hed bim- •elf to the study of mosses, which from 1830 L'ttigroased his whole attention. From 1839 Annward he is frequently quoted in Hooker's B^British Flora ; ' and, becoming well known I a bryologist, he entered into corre- Mndsnce with such specialists as Lindberg I Helsingfors and Schimper of Strnabitffr, i entrusted with the description of sses collected in the voyages of the rebus and Terror and the Herald, before tno publication of his mngniimoptiJi. This orfc, Ihs 'Bryologia Britannica,' intended » a third edition of the ' Muscologia Bri- a ' (first isaued in 1918) of (Sir) W. J. Mker and Thomas Taylor {d. 1848) [q. v.], Hbut Rubetantially a new work of the highest ^Derit ' (JACSfioif, Oidde to the Literature of jBoftwyiP. 241), was published in 1855 (Lon- ■don, 8vo), and was pronounced by Lindl>erg ifone of the most exact works in botany.' Jleverthelees over a hundred new species of Britieh mosses were adde'l to the list be- tween its publication and his death, and he is reporied to have said that 'the only thing he wished to live for was to bring out a revised edition,' which, however, he was unable to do. Wilson died at Paddinpton, two miles from Warrington, on 3 April 1871, and was buried In (be nonconformist burial-ground, Hill Cliff. Warrington. Ha married in 1838 a widowed cousin, Mrs. Lane. Besides the Cotoneatter, Wilson added a new species of rose, a fern, and many mosses to tbe British list, the rose Boaa Wittora being named after him by William Borrer, and theKillarney filmy fern named .flyniFno- phyllum Jf.*/mnibjSirW. J.Hooker. Wil- son described many new species of exotic mosses in the ' Journal of Botany,' his papers being enumerated in the Royal Societv's 'Catalogue' (vi. 389, viii. 1249). and his herbarium and botanical correspondence pre- served at the Natural History Museum. [Cash's Where there's a Will there's a Way, 1873, p. 145.] G. S. B. WILSON, WILLL\M (1783P-1873), canon of Winchester, bom in 1782 or 1783, was the son of John Wilson of Kendal in Westmorland. He matriculated from Queen's College, Oxford, on 15 July 1801, and graduated B.A. on 30 May 1805, M.A. on 17 Dec, 1808, B.D. in 1820, ond U.D, in 1824. He was a fellow of the college from 11 May 1816 to 162C, and filled the offices ofdean and bursar in 1823. In 1829 be was senior proctor. He was ordained deacon in 1805 and priest in 1800, and in 1608 was curatp of Colne Engaine in EsseK. He was appointed headmaster of St. Bees ^ammar school on 5 Jan, 1811, and during hi8l«niire of this ollice discovered grave abuses in the affairs of (he school, especially in regard to the lease of the coat royalty in 1742. His efforts to obtain redress rendered his position untenable, and he was driven by the persecution of the governors !o resign bis i)oeton20May 1816; but he had a large share in calling Lord Brougham's attention to tbe mismauagemeut of educational cliuri- ties, and thus in bringingabout their reform. lu regard to the miningroyalty. Sir William Lowther, second earl of Lonsdale, the repre- sentative of the original grantee, was ordered ■ 1827, by a decree of the lord chancellor, to pay into court fi.OOOi. for the benefit of the school. On 38 July 1824 Wilson was instituted, on the presentation of Queen's College, I o the vicarage of Holy Rood, Southampton, a benefice which he retained till bis death. I On 3 Feb. IR32 he was collated To this BBCoaJ Htatl in Winchester CBthedr»l. As canon liu gave very effectual aBsiatanee to John Bird Sumner fq. v.] in tho work of the diocese. In IBSO hu published ■ The Bible Student's Guide to the more correct under- BtAnding of the Old Testament bj reference to the Original Hebrew '(London, 4to), a second edition of which anpeared in 18f)6 under the title 'An Engliah, Hebrew, and Chaldeo Lexicon and Concordance tothemore correct \ was a considerable llebrew schoUr, and hi 'work luu not yet been superseded. He died on 22 Aug. 1873 in The Close, Win- chester, and WHS buried on 27 Aug. at Preston Candover. In February 1830, at Godftlming, Surrey, he married Maria (1794- 1834), daughter of Robert Sumner, near of Kenil worth, and sister of John Bird Sumner, archbishop of Canterbury, and Charles Ri- chard Sumner [q. v.], bishop of Winchesler (ffCT!(. Mag. 1830, i. 266), By her he had a son, Sumner Wilson, now vicar of I'rcston Candover. Besides the work mentioned he published ; 1. ' D. J. Juvenalis Satiroj, cum notis Anglicis, expurgatiF,' London, 1815, 12mo. 2. ' The Thirty-nine Articles of the Church of Enffland, illuBtraled hy copious Extracts horn the Liturgy, Homilies, Nowell'a Cate- chism, and Jewell's Apology, and confirmed by numerous Passages of Scripture,' Oxford, 1821, 8to; enlarged ed, Oxford, 1840, 8vo. S. ' Parochial Sermons,' Oxford, 1826, 8vo. 4. 'The Attributes of God,' selections from Ohamock, Goodwin, Bates, and Wishatt, London, 1835, 8vo; republished 1836 in 'The Christian Family Library,' vol. xv. B. ' The Book of Psalms, with an Exposition Erangelical, Typical, and I'rophetical of the Christian Dispensation,' London, 1860,2 vols. 8vo. He edited the 'Christianffi Pielatis Institutio' of Alexander Nowell, London, 1817, 12mo. ppformation kindly given by the Prorost of Queen's College, Oxford; Jacksun's Papers itad FiuligroeB mainly rotating to Cambertand and Westnioiland, 1892. ii. 217-21; Gonrdiati. 27 Aug. 1BT3; HampBliiro CbwniclB, 23 and 30 Aug. 1873; Sumner's Life of Cbarlai Richnrd Biimner, ie76.p. I : Foster's Alumni Oion.lTlfi- 1886; Fonter'ti Indei Eceles.; Allibono's Diet. of Engl. Lit,] E. I. 0. WILSON, W'lLLIAM (1808-1888), Scots divine, was bom in ISOSat Blawearie, Bossendean, in Berwickshire. He was edu- cated at the parish school, and in 1825 en- tered the university of Edinburgh, where he took the arts and theolofpcal closeas, study- ing under Chalmers, David Welsh [q.T.], and Alexander Brunton. Licensed by the pms- bytery of Dumfries on 2 March 1830, Wilson was early recognised as a powerful preacher. Till 1837 he acted as a parochial missionary in Olasgow, and from 1836 to 1837 he was editor of the ' Scottish Guardian.' On 22 Sept. 1837 he was ordained minister of Carmyllie, Forfarshire. In the conflict which ended in the disruption, Wilson tookan active part. Ilejoined the freechurch and preached in a wooden building till 1848, when he was called to the mariners' church, Dundee, where heofflciated till 1877. He was elected mode- rator of the free^hurch assembly on 24 May 1866, junior principal clerk of assembly in 1868, and senior clerk in 1883. On 20 April 1870 he received the decree of D.D. from Edinburgh University. In 1877 he was ap- pointed secretary of the sustentation fund committee. He also held the oBieeof Chal- mers lecturer. Hediedonl4.Tan.l688,sur' vived by one son and live daughters. Hia remains were accorded a public funeral in Dundee. In 1840 Wilson married Eliia, daught er of A le xander WhiteofDrimmieter- mont, near Forfar. She died in February 1860. Wilson wrote: 1. 'Statement of the Scriptural Argument against Patronage,' Edinburgh, 1842, 8vo. 2. 'The Kingdom of our Lord Jesus Christ,' Edinburgh, 1859, Svo. 3. ' Christ setting his Face towards Jerusalem,' Dundee, 1878, 8vo. 4. ' Me- morials of R. S. Candlish, D.D.,' Edinburgh, 1880, 8vo. Wilson also edited with a pre- face and notes Daniel Defoe's 'Memoirs of the Church of Scotland,' 1844, and contri- buted a preface to Sir James Stewart and James Stirlinft's'Surveyof Naphtnly,' 1845. He wrote the history ofthe parish o f Carmy Ilia for the 'New Statistical Account of Scot- land,' and contributed to the ' Free Church I'ulpit." [Scott's Fosli, in. ii. I&i; .T. M. McBnin'g Eminent ArbroaCbians, 1897 : Scalsmnn, 16 JttU. 188B; Smilh'sSi.'al. Clergy, vol. iii.; Brit. Uu. Cat.] O. S-B. WILSON, Sib WILLIAM JAMES ERASMUS (1809-1884). surgeon, generally known as Sir Erasmus Wilson, was son of William Wilson, a native of Aberdeen, wLo had been a naval surgeon, and afterwarda settled as a parish surgeon at Dartford and Greenhithe in Kent. Erasmus was born on 25 Nov. 1809 in High Street, Marylebone, at the house of his maternal grand&ther, Eras- mus Branadotph, a Norwegian. He was edu- cated at Dartford grammar school, and after- wards at Swonscombe in Kent, but he wu Wilson I. . won called upon to help in tUo practice of bis father. At the age of sixteen he Lccame a resident pupil with George Langstaif, sur- geoa to the Cripple, however, miicli Bought ofler for bust« 1 monuments, tUougli by fur his best work ■nlky in the chimney pieces and decorative Msolpture which ha executed, in conjunctiun witJi Cipriani, to adorn the architectural isof Sir Williftm Chambers. Among it penoDB of whom he modelled busts were Lord-chancellor Bacon, Lord Camden, Admiral Holmes, Sir Isaac New- ton, Dean i^wift, the Earl of Chesterfield, Qeueral Wolfe, and the Earl of Chatham. The much~criticised moniuDsnt to General Wolfe in Westminster Abbey was designed and modelled by Wilton, and there are other monumente by him in the some building. Wilton WB9 less succeasful with the statues modelled by him, and two in London — those or George 111 at the Royal Exchange and of ibe same king in Berkeley Sqtiare, executed under Wilton h direction — had subsequently to he removed and superseded. After thirty jears, as the taste for ornamental and monu- mental Bculpturu began to decline, Wilton ■old his premises and property by auction in 1766, and retired into private life. He accepted, however, the poet of keeper of the Boyal Academy, and held it from 1790 until hie death, which look place in bis apartments as beeper on 2i> Nov. 1803. He was buried at Wanstead in Essex. Wilton tvae a noted and popular h^re in artistic and intellectual society, and his large private means enabled tumUiplay aleadingpartinsociety. Among bis personal friends was John Francis lli- gand [q. v.l, who executed a. tine portrait ffioup ol Wilton, Sir W. Chambers, and Hir Joahua Reynolds, which is now in the Na- tional Portrait Gallery. Wilton had an only daughter of great personal charm, who in 1774 married Sir Robert CbDmbers [q. v.], chief justice of Bengal. A bust of Wilton by Roubillac was presented by Lady Cham- faen to the Royal Academy. [Redgrave's Diet, of Artists; Smith's Kolle- _ ten and his Times ; Sandbj-'aHist. of tlio Rojnl , ; Genl. Miig. 1803, ii. 1099 ; CulaloguoB fftbe Society of Alti«lsaud the Royal Aoudemy.] LC. WILTON, WILLL4.M de (d. 1264), ge, had tines levied before him in 1247, sct«d as justice itinerant in 1348, 1249, and 1350, again in 1253, 1255, and 1259-61. In the intervals his name does not appear in the lists of justices. He seems to have been chief justice on II Dee. 1^61, as be received tha pay of that otiice, lOOl. He was pro- bably chief justice of the king's bench. He *n be tracea tn the execution of the functions i the office till November 1263 (Bxceryt. e Sot. .ffoi. ii. 407). [ According to Kishanger (p. 28) he was slain at the battle of Lewes on the king's side (14 May 1264). [Foss's Judges of EogUud, and authorities cited in text.] W. E. R. WILTSHrRE, Earlb of. [See Scbope, William le, 1351 'r'-lSUO; Bdtlbk, Jambs, 1420-1461.] WIMBLEDON, Viscocirr. [See Cecil, Sir Edwahd, 1572-1638.] WINCH, SiK HUMPHREY (1556?- 1625), judge, bom in 1554 or 15^, was the younger son of John Winch (d. 1682) of Northill in Bedfordshire. He entered Lin- coln's Inn on 19 July 1673 {lUcordi of Lincoln' B Inn, Ifi'M, i. 80), and was called to Ihe bar on 26 July 15S1. In 1506 he became a bencher, and in August 1598 acted as autumn reader. lu 1593 he repre- sented the borough of Bedford in parlia- ment, retaining his seat until his appoint- ment to the office of chief boron of the exchequer in Ireland on 8 Nov. 1806. To qualify him for this appointment he was in liie same year made a Beneanl>at-lBw, and on 10 Nov. be was knighted {Cnl. State i'oyera,Dom,1603-10,p.334), On8Dec.l608 he succeeded Sir James Ley (afterwards first Earl of Marlborough) [c], v.] as lord chief justice of the king's bench in Ireland, with a salary of SOOi. a year. While fol- lowing this office he earned the commenda- tion of Bacon by his ' quickness, industrv, and despatch ' (Bacok, Workt, ed. Spea- ding, Ellis, and Heath, xiii. 205). On 7 Nov. 1611 be was transferred to England and appointed a judge of the common pleas, a post which ha held till his death. In August 1613 he and three others were nominated on a commission to examine into the popular complaints in Ireland. In 1616 he and Sir Randolph Crewe Fq. t.] fell into deserved disgrace for conaemn- ing and executing nine women as witchea at Ihe Bummer assizes at Leicester, on the evidence of a boy who pretended that he bad been tormented by them. The king, while visiting the town a month later, examined the boy and detected th» imposture (Nichols, Progrma of Janieg Z, iii. 192; Cal. State FaperK, 1610-18, p. 398). In 1616, on the death of Sir Augus- tine Nicolls [q. T.], he was appointed a referee of the patent for innkeepers' licenses, and on 6 Aug. 1623 he was appointed a member of the council of Wales, the hing judging it 'fit that the justices of the four shires should belong thereto ' (ib. 1623-5, p. 46). He was seised with apoplexy while in his robes, and died in Chancery Lane on ^m Winch 154 6 Feb, 1624-5. He was buried in the '8 of Pembroke Ilnll, Cambridge, and aaenX wiib erectc-d to his memor; at Evurton in Bedfordshire, where hia fiimilv resided forsereral eenerationa. Bj bis wita Cicely, daughter of Kiehsrd Onslow (1538- , 1571) [q. v.], be left a son Onslow and a , dBU);bter Dorotbj. married to Oeoree Scott of Hawkhurst in Kent. His msle Une t^r- ' minaCed about 1701! on the death of Sir Humphrej Winch, created a baronet ia 1660. Two legal compilations b_v Winch were published after bis death. The first, which appeared in 1657, was ' The Keporta of Sir lluraphrv "Winch, sometimes one of the Judges of the Court of Common I'teas, con- taining many choice cases in the foure last jears of King James, faithfully trans- lated out of an exact french Oople,' Lon- ' dcm, 4to. The orlgianl manuscript is iu ' the Cambridge Universitv Library {Cat. i Cambr. MSS. Hi. 491). The second and more voluminous treatise appeared in 1680. j entitled ' Le Beaii-l'ledeur. A Book of Eatrius, containing Declarations, Informa- tions, and other Select and Approved Plead- ings,' London, 4to. [Fom's Judges of Enaland, 1867, ti. 21)1-2; Harl. Sdp. Pabl. lii. ISB; Smyth'i lavOffieira of Irelnod, 1839, pp. 8S. 140; BedfonUhiro Notes uad QuariaB, i. i>6. 3ie, 243, 2G6, iii. 26S-7 ; Baoju's Works, ed. Spedding, Ellis, and Heath, tiii. 8S, xir. 187, BlnydM's Qeneol. Bedford, 1S9U. pp. 3UB, 350, 360. 420, 439; , Hist. MSS. Caiani, (Bep, on Buw!aurh MS.S. I, i 250); O'Byrue's IteprescutDtire History. 184B, , p. 7*; Hatl, MS. 6121. f 65,] E. I. C, WINCH, NATHANIEL JOHN (1T69?- 183S), botatilal, was bom about 1763, \ He was throughout his life devoted to ' the study of plants, especially those of North umberlana, Cumberland, and Durham, and was one of the earliest writers to take philosophical views of geographical distribu- tion. He studied cryptogams, especially mosses, as well as flowering planla, and accumalated an berberium of some twelve thousand epeciea. He was elected a fellow of the Linne an Society in 1^03 and an asso- ciate in 1821. For more than twenty years he acted as secretary to the Newcastle In- firmary. He died at his residence, Ridley Haoe,Newca8tle-upon-Tyne,on SMay 1838, aged 68. His manuscripts, library, and herbarium were bequeathed to the Linneon Society, but the greater part of them was TObaequently handed over to the Natural History Rociety of Northumberland and Durham. Ills name was commemorated principal publications were: I. 'The Bola- niat's Guide through . . . North umberland and Durham,' lfl05-7, 3 vols. 8vo, written in conjunction with John Thomhill and Itichard Waugh, arranged according to (he Linneaa Bvetem and including cryptogams. 2, 'Observations on the Geology of North- umberland and Durham,' 1814, 4to. S. ' Es- say on the Geographical Distribution of Plants through . . . Northumberland, Cum- berland, and Durham,' 1819, 8vo; 2nd ed. 1825. 4, ' Remarks on the Flora of Cumber- land,' 1825, 8vo, contributed to the ' New- castle Magasine ' during the preceding year, and reprinted as 'Contributions to the Flora of Cumberland,' 1833, 4to, 5. • Flora of Northumberland and Durham,' 1831, 4tO{ reprinted from the ' TmnBRCtiona ' of the Natural History Sociely of Northiunbei^ land, Durham, and Newcastle, to which addenda were issued in 1836. ^ G. a B. I WINCHOOMBE, aliat Snalwoodg, JOHN ((f. 1520), clothier, popularly known as Jacs of Newacbt, describes himself ia his will as 'John Smalewoode the elder, aiiai John Wynchcombe, of the i>arishe of Seynt Nicholas in Newberry.' He is said by Herbert to have been descended from a Simon de Wincbcombe, a rich drapi Candlawyk Street, London, who ' of London in 1379 {Livery 894, 401 ; Man. Francucana, ii. 157). was, however, associated with Newbury his earliest years, was there apprenticed lio was Bheri£^^_ 157). E^^l prenticed to i^^H De CandoUe i the genus HVncAin. Winchs clothier, and subsequently acquired great wealth through bis successlul pursuit of that trade. The chapbook stories of his having led 100 or 2ii0 men, equipped at his own expense, to the battle of Flodden Field; of his having entertained Henry Vlll and Catherine of Aragon and refused a knight- hood; of the doings of William Sommers[q.T.] and other courtiers at Winchcombe'a house, are unsupported by contemporary evident, and are probably as apiicryphal as the logendswhichgalWed round Richard Whit- tington [q. v.] There is, however, no doubt that WinchEombo was a pioneer of tha clothing manufacture, and possibly h« was, as Fuller stales, the ' most considerabU clothier England ever beheld.' He ia said to have kept five hundred men at work, and ' Winchcombe's kerseys' were long con- sidered the finest of their kind (BtrBia.GT, Jfut. of It'ool and Wool-combing, p. 69). He is said in an ejutaph in Newbury pariui church, for tha ' edification ' of which he left a large bequest, to have died on IQ Feb. nchcombe 15s Winchelsea t 1619-[30]. He was buried in the chuticel of tlie chorcb with bis lirst vriiv, Alice, and a bnu effigy with luscriptian is fiied to the east wall of the north lisle. lie wa^ sur- Tired ly his eecoQil wife, Joan, and apparently on only eon. His will, dat«d 4 Jan., was proved on 24 March 1519-r:i0] {Brit. M>u. Aiidit.MS.mS3, f.i6; Hittoryuf Newbury, liS3J>, p. 78). His son, John Wischcombb (1489 P- 150S ?), carried un his father's trade, but took more part in politics. In October 1 536 he was onu of those to whom littters were Addressed for aid in view of the northern rebellions. In February 1538-9 Miles Co- verdale [q. v.], when at Newbury, employed lum Its B means of communication with Cromwell, who in the sume month gave Winehcombe an order for a thousand kerseys (CovBsniLB, lUmaim, Parker Soc. pp. COO, 602; Letters and Paperi of Henrii VIII, xrr.t.396). In December following he was ODS of the ' squires ' appointed to receive Anne of Clevea, and on 12 Feb. 1539-10 be -was granted Buchlebury and Tbatcham, be- sides some lands in Reading, all previously the property of St. Mary's Abbey there ; on 4 Feb. 1540-1 he was placed on tlie com- mission of the peace for Berkshire. In March 1541 he was leader of a movement among dotbiers to protest against the provisions of tbestatnte of 1535 dealing: with the manu- fccti«eofoblh('27Henrjr\lII,c.lL»). The couocil stayed the execution of the statute. and directed Sir Thomas Dresham and others who had procured it to prepare far its tle- teoee (Nicosia, Actt P. C. vii, 158 ; Letters and i%«-», xvi. 625). On 20 Jan. 1544-5 ' John Winehcombe, gent., of Newbury,' was returned to parliament for West Bedwin, Wiltshire. In 1 549 he was granted a coat of arms, and on S Feb. 1552-3 was returned to parliament for Reading. Three portraits of the younger John Winehcombe, all dated 1550,were exhibited at the Tudor Exhibition io 1^7. An original portrait, erroneously ascribed to Uolbein, belongs to Mrs. Webley Parry, a copy to Mrs. Dent of Sudeley, and •notoer original portrait to Mr. Walter Money (,Cat. Tudor Kchib. Nog. «8, 201, 218). It was probably his son who, as ' John Wiochcombe, jun.,' represented Ludgersball in 155S-^ and 15.S5 with Dr. John Story [q. v.], was directed in the latter year to maintain order at Iteading fair {Acta P. C. 1554-6, p. ItiS), and in Elixahelh's relgu wu suggested by Parker as a commiEisioner in Berl^fiire to prevent the scarcity of com (Stbtfb, i^ntcr, iii. 121). Ills descendant, Sr Henry Winohcotube, was created a baro- net in IG61, and died in 1867, leaving a son Henry, on whose death in 1703 the baro- netcy became Kxtiuct, The estates passed to his eldest daughter, Frances, who was married in 1700 to Henry St. John, the great viscount Bolingbroko [q. v.] The cult of the legendary ' Jack of New- bury' began before that of Whitiington. Wood mentions {Addit. MS. 603a, f. 46 i) having bought from a pedlar in Warwick- shire the ' Life and Tihests of Jack of New- bury ' printed in black letter, of which no copy now appears to be extant. Late in the siiteenth century Thomas Deloney [q. v.] published his ' Pleasant History of John Wincbcomb, in his younger yeares called Jacks of Newberie, the famous and worthy clothier of England.' The earliest edition extant appears to be the eighth, published in 1630 : a copy in the Douce collection in the Bodleian Library contains a note by Douce to the effect tlint the first edition was published about 1697, and on his flyleaf ia ' a sketch of Jack of Newbury's house from recollection, made by Flaxman for F. Douce.' A ninth edition appeared in 1633 (London, 4to), a fourteenth about lfi80, and a fifteenth about 1700 (both London, 4 to). A shortened version of the story, ornamented with rough woodcuts and entitled ' The History of Jack of Newbury,' was published about 1760 (Loudon, 12mo; another edit. London, 1775? 13mo), and another version, entitled 'The History of Mr. J. W.,' ap-^ peured at Newbury (1780? 8vo). [Letters and Ripera of Henry VIII. ed. Gaird- ner ; Acta of ths Privy Council, cd. Nicolsa and Uaai-nt; Brit. Mus. Addit. MS. SSSO; Official Returns of Members of Parliament; Celooey's and other Hisluriea ia Brit. Has. Libr, ; Fuller's Worthies, ed. IBll. i. 66; Barry's Berkshire Genealogies, p. UB; AshmoU'e Antiquities of IterkHhtre, ii. 289, iii. SOU; Lysona's Hsgna Britaania, 1S06, i. 329; tliat. and Antig. of Kewbury, 1639, pp. 77-SO ; Burke's Extinct Baronetciea : Kirby'a Winchester 3ah(ilan, p. 136 i Ashley's Economic History, i. 229, 236, 25A 1 Conninghani'a Growth of English Indastry and Commoroc, 1896, i. filfi. 533; Notes and Quelle, 2nd Eer. viii. 31)4 ; authorities cited.] A. F. P. WINCHELSEA, ROBERT pb (rf. 1313), archbishop of Canterbury, derived bis name from Old Winchelsea in Kent, where be was probably bom. He studied arts at Paris, where he look bis master's de(free, becoming rector of tlie university before 7 July 1367 {Dbkiflg and Ckatb- i,AIN, Cartii/rtrium Unu-ereitatui ParmeniU, i. -168). He afterwards studied theology Oxford, where he proceeded D.D., and w I I I I J Win Chelsea is6 chwjcellor in 1288 (Wood, Fatti Oxon. p. 16, ed. Gutch). A confuBioa of him with & namesAke, John Winclielaea, has led to the improbabla Rssertion that he w&g a fellow of Merton Colle^ (Beodeick, Me- morialt of Merton Coll. pp. 197-8, Oxford Hist. Soc.) He enjoyed a great reputation as scholar and administrator both at Paris and Oxford (BiBCHiRaTON in Anglia Sacra, i. 12). He was appointed prubundary of Leighton Manor in Lincoln Cathedral, but hii rights there were contested by the litigious Almeric of Montfort [q. v.] {Feck- fiam't Letters, \. 90). Winchelaea gained the Buit, and held the prebend until he be- came archbishop (Lb Nbtb, Fa>li Feel. Angl. ii. 170, ed. Hardy). About 1283 Win- chelsea was appointed archdeacon of Essex and prebendary of Uxgate in St. Paul's {ib. ii. 333-4, 420; Nbwcodkt, ii-yertonum Eeeheituticum Londin. i. 71, 190). He resided constantly and diligently visited hia archdeaconry. He preached frequently and resumed the delivei^ of thuological lecturer in St, Paul's (BiECtitnoTOir, p. 12). PeckhamdiadonBDec. 1292. Thepapacy was vacant, and for once there wu a chance of a canonical election to Canlerburv. On 22 Dec. Henry (rf. 1331 )[q,v.] of Eaatr^, prior of Christ Church, sought license to elect, and tvo of his tnonks visited Edward at New- castle, whence they were sent back on 6 Jan. 1203 with the necessary permission. The election took place on 13 Feb., and was 'per vinm compromissi,' a committee of seven being entrusted with making the appoint- ment on behalf of the whole chapter ( vVlI.- Kl»9, Concilia, ii. 189-90). Throi^h Eaatn^'s influence, and probably with Edward I's goodwill, Winchelsea was unanimouslv elected. The king gave hia consent aflsr three dnrs (Bircrihoidv, p. 12), whereupon Winchelsea at once prepared to start off for Home (cf, Cat. Pat. Soils. 1292-1301, f. 7). He reached Rome on ^Tiit-Sunday, 7 May. The papacy being still vacant, be was delayed at the curia more than a year before he could obtain confirmation and ci secmtion. He made bo good an impress! on the cardinals that it was believed — "■ land that he was thought of pope (BiRcHraoTOK, p. 12). At election of Celestine V terminated the long vacancy on fi July 1294. The new pope thought BO well of Winchelfica that he offered htm a cardiualale, which Winchelsea refused. Despite the opposition of the Franciscans (Wonfgtfr Ann. p.518),Celpstineconfim>ed Winchelsea's election. On 12 Sept. he GOnwcrated bishop at Aquila, where the papal ' — Tt then was (Wilkimb, Concilia, ii. " ~' a possible t last thi ing. i He left Rome on 5 Oct,, and travelled home by way of Germany, Brabant, and Holland, (o avoid Ihe terrilories of Philip the Fair, with whom Edward I was thi^n at war. He reached Yarmouth on 1 Jan. 129i5 { Wnnvtler Ann. p. 618). Besides the sura ofU2i. 19#. expended in England, his out- lay at Rome hod amouolcd to the huge Bum cf2,5U0 marks (BovSEB, .^ii/iy. of Cant. Appendix M Supplement, pp. 18-19). The troctors of the chapter had spent fllf as much besides. Edward I waa in North Wales suppi ing the revolt of Modog ab Llywelvn .^ Madoq], Winchelsea at once repaired to royal camp at Conway, where on 4 Feb. order for the restoration of Ins temporalitii was issued (Cat. Pat. BoiU, 1292-1301, p. 129). On 6 Feb. Winchelsea excommunicated Madog (OiNci/iR, ii. 20S), and on 18 March he made nissoleninentryintoCauterbury, where he received the pallium. He was enthroned on Sunday, 2 Oct., in the presence of the king, Edward's brother and son, and a ercat gaihi ing of clerks and mapnatea, Thedetailsoff ceremony were carefully recorded ('Fonnftl. thronizationis archiepiscopi Yl Non. Oct., Henrico priore,' kc, in Somneb, J, 57-8). A secular priest, canonically elected by an English chapter, Winchelsea was anxious from the beginning not to fall short of his two mendicant predec6ssors(Ki!wardbyand Peckham), whom the papacy had forced upon the English king and courch. In personal holiness he was in no wise inferior to them, and he was probably their superior in ability. He continued to be assiduous in preaching. He attended the canonical hours as recutarty as a monk. lie freijuently shut himself up for prayer and meditation, and, as his intimates suspected, for severe corporal discipline. His charity atid almsgiving were magnificent. Many poor scholars partook of hia bounty, and he was careful to reserve many of his best benefices for needy masters and bachelors of divinity. Hewasbountiful to the mendi- cant friars, though be sought to restrain them from exercising paBtoral functions without the consent of the local cler^ ^ Worcester Ann. p. 540; cf. however Condlia, ii. 257-84). He constantly distributed his rich garments to the poor, and never kept more than two robes for himself. He partook sparingly or not at all of the costly meats set before bim, and habitually gave them away to the poor and sick, much to the disgust of bis servants, who tliought that coarser food would have sulticed for pauper needs. Vet he seldom gave way to the escesses of asceticism. He was cheerful in temperament, corpulent in body, a hard worker, and a good man of Win Chelsea 157 Winchelsea I faoaineM. He was tenocioua of bis precedence and ]>ersonal dignity on public occwions, but associated on ttirms of friendly equality with hia clergy. He was affable, kind, and jocular. He hated flatterers, traitors, and prodigals. He rarely spoke to ■women save in conf'ea- eion (BiBCHisoTOH, pp. 12-14 collects, per- haps with too much desire for edilication, his personal characteristics ; cf. also Florn Hist. lii. 1.55, CAron. de MeUa, ii. 338; Monk of Malmeabury in Chron. Edv). I and Edir. II, ii. l9L'-3). WincheUea was an uncompromising cliurchmao and a zealous upholder of the papal authority. Yet his love of power and loniience was so great that it brought bim into conflict with his clergy, his eunrogans, many of the nobles, the king, and sometimes «Ten wilh the pope. With longer English experience than Peckham, and the wider outlook of a secular priest, Winchelsea did not limit his interests so strictly to the ecclesiastical side of things as his predecessor. He thought it his business to protect nation and church alike. The growing dil&culties in which Edward I's too arabiiious policy bad involved him enabled '\^'inchel8ea lo combine with the purely ecclesiastical an- tBgoniam inherited Dy him from I'eckham a atrong political opposition to the king's policy. Even before his enthronement Winchelsea hadtokenuphisline. He summoned a council of his suffragans to meet on 15 July 1295 at theNewTemple(CoTTOS,pp.293-4ift)iJciVJa, ii. 215), and the proceedings of this body seemed to be a menace to the king. At the autumn parliament in London Edward on 38 Nov. personally pleaded with the clergy for a large war subsidy. Winchelsea offered him a tenth, which Edward rejected SB inade- onate. Strong pressure was brought to bear, out the archbiBliop made a merit of offering the tenth for a second year if the war still continued ( Woretitfr Ann, p. 534). Neit jear Edward's embarrassments grew worse, while Winehelsea's posit ion was strengthened by Boniface VIII issuing the bull clrridt laieoi, on 24 Feb. 1396, by which the clergy ime forbidden to pay taxes to the secular authority. In November parliument met Bury St. EWmund's, and tfie laily ([ranted litMral subsidy. Next day VVinchelaea luurangued the clerical estate in the chapter- house of the abbey. Admitting the realitv ofthedanger from France, he urged the pupal prohibition and the impoverishment ot the clergy through former exactionif, and denied that the clei^ bad promised any fresh tax (COTTOir.pp. 314-1.^). At last he persuaded Edwaid to wait until January 1297 for the final answer, tfeanwhile parlii up, and Winchelsea summoned convocation for 13 Jan. at St. I'aiiVs, which took up the business that the clerical estate had evaded. Before this met on 5 Jan. Win- chelsea by papal order published the bull clericis laicos in every deanery in England {C«wHiScn»(or(w, u. 2004-5, who is bitterly hostile to Winchel- sea). The pope played Winchelsea even a worse trick when in 1297 he exempted the bishop of Winchester for life from all his archiepiscopal jurisdiction (Cat, Papal Let- ten, i. 569). Winchelsea strove to increase the number of monks and improve the dis- cipline even in the faithful convent of Christ Church {Uut. MSS. Comm. 5th liep. i. 446). m Winchelsea 159 Winchelsea 1 episcopal oleeiionB, lot always aiiBtaincd He frequently objected but his obJectioDSwere on appeal toKome. U holder of the melropolitnn'a rights of tion. He began in 1299 of the diiicese of ChichcBter, and in 1300 ™*8odontothQtofWorce8ter. In 1300 he and an unseemly dispute with St. Albans Abbey (Oata Abbatum S. Albani, ii. 47-8, Rolls Ser.) In tho same year he extracted a tax of 4r^. in the mark from all his clergy to ueiet the execution of his numerous plans of refomifttion ( Woneaier Ann. p. 547). On 8 Sept. l:2&9 Winchelsea officiated in his own cathedral at the king's second marriage (is. p. bii). He was in 1300 entrusted by ■ Boniface VIII with the delivery of the * npoatolic mandate to withdraw from attack- I Ing the Scots, whotn the pope bad taken under his protection. A letter of Winchel- sea to Boniface (Ann. Landin. pp. 104-8) relates in detail his long journey to Carlisle, bis diiGculty in reaching the king, his perils from the sea and the Scots, and bis final interriew with Edward at Sweetheart Abbey on 27 Aug. The king refused the pops any final answer until he had consulted the magnates. Butitseemedtobeinobedience to the mandate that he now withdrew from Bcotland. Winchelsea returned southward. He traversed slowly the province of York, ostentatiously bearing his cross erect before him even when close by the city of York. In September he was in Lincolnshire. In October be was back at Otford in bis own At the parliament of Lincoln of January 1301 the troubles between Winchelsea and Edward were renewed in a more violent form. On Winehelsea's adTice the barons presented through Henry of Keigliley, knight of the shire for Lancashire, a bill of twelve articles, demanding an immediate •ettlement of the forests question and certain other outstandicig grievances. The in- fluence of the primate is almost certainly to be traced in the bishops' fresh declaration, with the assent of the barons, tliut ihoy could not agree to any clerical ta.i eon- trarv to ihe pope's prohibition, and in the de- mand for the removal of Winehelsea's enemy, Walter Langton [q. v.], bishop of Lich- field, from the treasury. Edward yielded to tho pressure, but never forgave Win- chelsea, whom he looked upon as the real instigator of the movement. Even in this porlinment he managed to isolate the arch- bishop from his baronial allies. The barons' famous letter of protest addressed to Boni- face was a repudiation of WincheUca as well as of the pope. Edward made the split more emphatic by rejecting Winehel- sea's addition to the articles of the borons limiting clerical taxation without papal con- sent. Another cause of quarrel soon arose between Winchelsea and Edward. Burinr the vacancy ut Canterbury the king had presented Theobald, brotherof Edward s own son-in-law, the count of Bar, to the Itving of Pagham in Sussex, of which the orcU- bishop was patron. lu 1298 Winchelsea de- prived Theobald on Ihe ground of an infoi^ malily, and conferred Pagham on Itolph of Mailing. Before this, in 1^97, Edward had induced Boniface to reappoint Theobald by papal provision (Cat. Papal Lftteii, i. 572), VVincuelsea paid no heed to the papal action, whereupon Boniface on 15 Jan. 1300 renewed the grant of Pagham {Cal. Papnt Zettert, p. 591). The abbot of St. Michael's, in the diocese of Verdun, was sent to England to secure for Theobald the eiectition of tho papal provision. As Winchelsea still resisted (he appointment of a non-residenl pluralist in sutMleaeon'a orders, he was on 15 Oct. solemnly excommunicated by tbe abbot. Unly after Winehelsea's submission was tho sentence removed, in 1S02. During this lime Winchelsea revenge- fully continued his attack on Langton. Hig Kome supported the monstrous I February i: . _ Boniface put Winchelsea in a difficult posi- tion by associating him with the provincials of the Franciscans and Dominicans on a commissionappointedtoinvestigate the accu- sations. Winchelsea was forced to report to Rome that Langton was innocent, and in June 1303 Boniface formally acquitted the archbishop'sgreat enemy (C(i/.Pi/^(i;l^«?r», i. 810). The collapaa of the papacy after tho fall of Boniface VIII removed Winehelsea's best support against his sovereign, for Boni- face, if sometimes hostile, might be relied upon to uphold all who maintained the cleri- cal against the civil power. Sleanwhila Winclielseo was busy visiting his province and constantly giving fresh causes of irrita- lion. Uo olfended Edward once more by exercising through an unworthy stratagem tbe right of visiting the king's free chapel within Hastings Castle, and by visiting almost by force the king's hospital of St. Gi I es-with out- London {Oil. Patent Ralls, 1301-7, pp. 189. 397). widespread slant claim, ... _ Canterbury mob broke open his palace while he was residing there, and brutally ma1< treated the dean of Oepringe at Selling fop no other offence than serving the orcbbishop'i astle, and by visiting I king's hospital of St. m (Oil. Patent Ralh. IT). He liad incurred ^H nrity through his con- ^^| uliction. In 1S03 th« ^H [e open his palace while ^H ere, and brutally ma1< ^H Ospriuge at Selling for ^H serving the orcbbishop'a ^H Winchelsea 1 60 Winchelsea citations {ii. p. 1D7). He was ouarrelling with the archbishop of York on tUc oncifnt question of therij^ht of the northern primate to have hia cross home erect hefore him in the Bouthem province, and it is signiticant that Edward wrote to the curia upholding the archbishop of York's claim. Bnt Win* cheUea still controlled the clerical estate, and won his Inst triumph when he induced the clergy to reject, the law proposed by Ed- ward in the parliament of April 1305 for- biddingtheexportofspeciefromalieDpriories. In Sovetober 1305 the election of Kd- Tcard's vassal and dependent, Bertrand de Ooth, fts Clement V, gave the signal fnr Edward's long-deferred att-ack on Winchel- Bea. Among the special ambassadors sent to the new pope's coronation on 14 Nov, 1305 wBre Bishop Langt«n and the Earl of Lincoln, who very effectively poisoned the pope's mind against Winehelaea. By ab- solving Edward from his oath to the forest charters Clement destroyed the result of Winclielsea's most bard-won victory, while by decreeing that Edward should not be excommunicated or censured without papal permi^ion he deprived Winchelsea of hia most effective weapon. In Januair 1306 W'iachelsea sent Walter Thorp, dean of arches, to Lyons to counteract Langton's machinations (^iin. Xontli'n. p.l44). But on 12 Feb. Clement suspended Winchelsea from his spiritual and temporal functions, and cited bim to the curia within two months. On 24 Feb. the envoys came back to London. Neit day Winchelsea also arrived, having terminated a visitation of the diocese of Winchester that he had eagerly undertaken on the death ofthe exempt biBbop. lie was now unable to resist Archbishop Greenfield bearing hiscrosB erect through London streets (Ann. Londin. p. 144; cf. Lit. Cantmr. i. 30-31). Winchelsea received intelligence of his deprivation on 25 March, and at once visited the king to beg for his intercession. A stormy scene ensued. Winchelsea showed some confusion and craved the king's beno- diction, just as if bis sovereign were his «cclesiaaticiil superior, Edward overwhelmed him with reproaches, accusing bim of pride, treason, and pitilessness, and declaring that either he or the archbishop must leave the realm. On d April Edwud declared to tlie pope that Winclielsea's presence threatened the peace of the land. Winchelsea went idown to Dover priory, where on 18 May the citation to the curia wns delivered to bim (Ann. Lnndin. pp. 144-5). Early next day ue took ship for the continent. lie remained in exile for the rest of Edward's life. Winchelsea found the papa! court esta- blished at Bordeaux, ao that even in his banishment he did not iiuit Edward's domi- nions. The worry and fatigues in which he had been involved culminated in a stroke of paralysis, from which lie never wholly re- covered. He scornfully rejected the pro- posal to resign his archbishopric or to accept translation to another see. He felt that be wag hut treadingmore completely in the footsteps of St, Thomas (Birchikbton', i. 16). His reputation for sanctity became greater, and it was believed that the death of bis enemy, Edward 1, was revealed to bim at Bordeaux in a vision IFloret But. iii. 328). Winchelses's suspension was so much & political measure that, the accession of Ed- ward II and the disgrace of his arch enemy Langton removed the only obslBcles to liis reinstatement. On 16 Dec. 1307 the new king urged Clement to restore Winchelsea, and on 22 Jan. 1306 the pope issued from Poitiers letters removing his suspension (iiV. Canttiar. iii. 386-6 ; Cal. Papal Letten, ii. 33). On the same day Clement, at Win- cbelsea's request, revoked a former nomina- tion of a commission of English bishops to crown Edward, on the ground thai the right of coronation belonged exclusively to Can- terbury. On 28 Jan. Winchelsea appointed the bishop of Winchester to act on his behalf, as he was unable through ill-health to be back in time to olficiate in person. This punctiliousness necessitated the postpone- ment of the coronation from 18 Feb. to 25 Feb. The archbishop returned to Eng- land inMarchor April (CtsuN OP BRiDLiKa- TOiT,p.33; Ann. Paul. p. 263). On 14 Ajiril he made a long-deferred composition with the Count of Boulogne, who hsd been irri- tated by not obtaining his usual dues from a new archbishop, through Winchelsea not having passed through bis territories on bis earlier journeys to the continent (Lit. Can- luar. ii'i. 388). Within a few weeks of Winchelses's re- turn Piers GBveaton [q. v.] was hnnisbed. The archbishop headed his suffragans in threatening excommunication to the fa- vourite if he disobeyed the baronial edict (Ann. Londin. p. 156). He thus renewed from the first his relations with the opposi- tion, and was soon more hostile to Ed- ward II than to his father. His goods were not restored until November, but during hia absence William Testa, tlie papal admini- strator, had taken such care of his estates that he was now 'a richer man than ever he had been before ' (MpKiimTH, p. 13 ; cf. Anglia Sacra, \. 61). At the parbanent of Winchelsea i6i Winchester April 1309 be refused to attend until the KTclibisbop of York, disguBled at not being kilowed to bear bis cross, went back to the north. In his teal for clerical privile)^ WinchelBea had even taken up the cause of his old enemy Langton, who was still im- ?irisoned bj royal authority alone. He re- useil to have any dealings with the king as long' OS Langton was uulawfully detained (MtTKlMiTH, p. 14). In March 1310 Wiu- cbeleea was on« of the lords ordninera, though in April Edward was still lupnc him to persuade convocation to make tresh grants iroin its spiritualities. After the first dnftof the ordinances was issued in August 1310, Winchelsea on 1 Nov. published in St. Paul's a solemn excommunication of all who ahould itapede their execution or publish to the world the secrets of the ordainers. When Edward broke the ordinances by recalling Gaveston in January 1312, Winchelsea at once eicommunicaieu Piers and his abettors. Langton was released and restored to the treasury in March, despite Winchelsea's strenuous opposition. But in April the or- dainers turned him out of bis post, and Win- chelsea eicommuninatedhim for toking office against the provisions of the ordinances. On umgton going to the papal court to remon- strate against the sentence, Winchelsea des- patched thither his clerk, Adam Murimutb, the chronicler, to represent his interests against the bishop (Muriudth, p. 16). Winchelsea'a weak health makes hin poli- tical activity the more remarkable. He did not, however, neglect the more spiritual tide of lua office during these years. He was much involved in the proceeding for the suppreesion of the templars (Cnl. Papal Lettrm, ii, 48, 49), though he took no per- sonal part in the council that he summoned for 2» Nov. 130B to St. Paul's. He was associated with the papal commissioners Knt to investigate the charges affainst them, but again he did not act. ifowevcr, on 29 Dec. 1809 he opened anothersynod at St. Paul's by preaching a sermon. Ill-health preventea him from attending its later pro- ceeding. He showed himself anxious to check toe exceSBive leal of the enemies of the order, and absolved by commission all the templars who profcassd penitence and ac- cepted the declaration mamlnininB' their oi^ IhodoKV {Flores HUt. iii. 14o). He died at Otford on II May 1313. and was buried on 16 May at Canterbury, in the south part of the choir, near the sltar of St. Gregory, a^iost the south wall. The tomb has noW diBftppaared, In his will Winchelsea left his books and nan; rich vestmeuts to the monks of bia \0L. LXU. cathedral and some legacies to \BJi\& {Ilitt. MSS. CWm. 5thli There was, however, much delay in carrying out his testament, and in 1325 Prior Easlry urgently entreated Archbishop Reynolds to suUer (he administration to be completed on account of the scandal caused by the delay {Lit. Cantuar, i.44, 64, 134). 'fhis si ' ' WBB all the greater since popular veneration had already made Winchelsea an object of worship. The wounds discovered on his body had been attributed to self (BiRCHiNOTON, p. 13). Many n been worked at his tomb, and hi the ordainers, pressed strongly for bia ei sation. In 1319Thoma8of Lancaatersent a report of his miracles to Avignon, and Rey- nolds ordered the bishops of London and CLichester to investigate their authenticity. John XXII a the deliberate nature of the procedure such matters, and nothing rthe have been done in Thomas, lifetime. After the fall of Edward II the agitation was renewed, and in March 1327 FCeynolds sent the pope a long schedule of miracles worked by him (Lit. Cantuar. iii. 3(W-40i, gives the correspondence ; cf. SoHKBR, App. i. 56; Cal. JPapal Letteri, 1 306-42, p. ii2). Nothing, however, came of the elibrt to make him a saint. [Wharton's Anglia Sacra, espeoiallv Birch- ington in i. 11~1T. Annalea Monoalici (Osney, Wykea, Dunstaple. sod Worcester], Chron. Edw. I and Edr. II (Ann. Londin. and St. Paul's, null Canon of Bridlington), Cont. Osrross of Canterbury, nortbnlamvw Cotton, Risbanger, Lmgtoft. Murimath, Flares Hist., Chrua. da Mtilsa. LiteriE Cantuarienses (all in Bolls 8»r.) ; Hemingburgh (Engl. Hist. Soc,) ; Thorn in Twjsden's Dscem Scriptores; Chron. delAner> cost(BaDnotyiieC!ub); Rymer's Fiedera; Hist. MSS. Comm, fitb and Bth R»p.; Pari. Writs; Rolls of Pari. vol. i. ; Cal. of Fnpol Letters. vols. i. and ii. ; Cal. of Patent and Close Bulls, Edw. I and Ed«. II ; La Nave's Fasti Eccl. Angl. ad. Hard^: Godwin. DePrsaulibus, 1743 : Son ner's Antiqoities of Canterbury. The best mod er accoaniB are in Stnbbs's Const. Hist. voL ii. and prefaces to the ChroD. of Edw. 1 and Edv. II (Bolls Ser,); Hook'sLifo in ArohbiBhope of Can- terbury (iii. 309-454), though elaborate, is care- leas in details and onhtslorlcal in tone; many eitrncts from Winchelsea's register, stIU at Lambeth, are given in Wilhins's Concilia, ii. 185^23 : tbe whole nelldeservasralendanngoi publishing.] T. F. T. WINCHESrER, Katwimses op. [See PiCLBT, WiLLiiM, I485P-1573, first Mab- qitih; PiCLET, William, 1536 P-150S, third Marqdis ; Paclct, John, 1598-1675, fifth MABaciH.I Winchester WIHOBBSTEB, Eablb i>p. [See DE, d. 1219; Dbspessek, M, 12^-1326.] WINCHESTER. GODFREY of id. 1107), Lnlia poet. [See Godfrey.] WINCHESTER, GREGOKY op {Jt. 1270), hiatorian. [See Gbegoki.] WINCHESTER, JOHN, or Johs of (rf. 1460 'f), bishop of MorBj, la said to hsTS be«n an EngliehmaD who came into Scot- land in the retinue of James I on his return from Eagland in 1424. His name (ihougb there are contemporary instances of it as a Bumame in Scotland) suggests that he ma; have been spriest of the household of Cardi- nal Beaufort^bifiliopof Winchester, who was the UDcie of James's queen and eolemnised their marriage. From the beginning of James's actual reign Winchester appears ae his trustud friend, and ia constantly in attendance at court. In the church he is chaplain to tho king, prebendary of Dunkeid, canon of Gl««- Kw (1428),and provost of Lincluden(14So). the same year he ia bishop-elect of Horaj, and receives certain pavmente for ^omoting the king's affairs at tho court of Rome. His eleclioo wai confirmed by the pope in 1436, and next year he was con- secrated at Cambuskennetli. He held the aee for twenty-three years (not thirteen, as Spottiswoode nays), and obtained for it certain valuable privileges. His men were not to be distrained for ' wapinschaw or hosting ' by either of his powerful neigh- bours, the eaHs of Moray and Huntly, but were to rise and pass with bis own Wlies, as other barons' men (1445). His town of Spvniu was erected Into a burgh of barony, and the churcb-lands of his diocese (which were in six coimties — Elgin, BanH', .Aber- deen, Inverness, Ross, and Sutherland) were erected into one regality (1451), the latter being given him (says James II) in (tratitude for ' a multitude of services ren- dered to our late father, of cherished memorv, and faithfully continued to our- selves.'' The records teem with notices of these services, rendered in the household, the ex- chequer, as lord-register, and as lord-trea- aurer,and ranging from payments ' pr«£ucure I gingibero ad usum regis' to ' ' ' (which he visited along with James I 1434). Stirling (1434). Urquhart (on Loch Ness), and Inverness (1458); andinthede- molishing of the Douglases' island fortress of Lochiudorb (14oS) his deputy at the latter place, Calder of that Ilk, carried the gre&t iron door of Lochindorb to his seat, Cawdor Castle, where it may tttiU be seen. The 8t nsngt li I' ning and demolishing of tt)e«e casti es respectively formed part of the policy of James I and James II, and Winchester was their adiiser in regard ta that policy, as well as ia the acts by which it was carried out. From July 1457 to April 1468 Jamw II spent his time mostly in the bishop's diocese, and Winchester entertained him at his palace of Spynie. On the king's return to the south, Winchester complained that the Earl of Huntly had aeiied his lands and was draw- ing his rents. Winchester died on 1 April 14o9 or 1460, and was buried in his csthedisl at El^in, in St. Mary's Isle, where his effigy renuuns. There are still in the north of Scotland families of the name who claim descent &Dni him ; thev spring more probably from mem- bers of his household, who, following a northern custom, had, as his 'baron's men,' assumed his surname. He is said to have been a bachelor of the canon law. Spottis- woode, who, like Shaw and Keith, is in error in regard to the dates of his life, describes him as ' a man of good parts.' [ExeheqDcr RoIU : Oront Seal Rr^st^: Hegistmin UorsrieDS« ; Eeitfa'i Cataloipie of Srultish Bishops; Q rub's Ecclesiastical History: Shaw's Hiftory of Moray ; Yonng's Aanili rf Elgin.] J. C. WTNCHHjSEA. EiBW OF. [SeeFiNOH, Hexbaue, d. 1689, second Eabl; Fiscii, DisiEL, I&i7-1730, siith Eakl; Fisob- HiTTON, Gbohoe Willuk, 1791-1868, EvRt OF WiscttiLsEi ASD NomsattAM.] WINCHILSEA. CocKTESs oy. [See F1.VCFI, AssF-,rf. 17i'0.] WINDEBANK, SiE FRANCIS (1582- 1646), secretary of stale, bom in 1563, was the only son of Sir Thomas Wlndehank and his wile Frances, younger datighler of Sir Edward Dymoko of Scrivelsny, Lincoln- shire (METCiiFK, Vint, of Lincolnihirt, p. 42; Lome, ScnrfUbv, 1893. p. 71). His grandfather. Sir Richard Windebank, was aen-ing at Calais in 1533 (CSren. qf Calaii, p. 137; Lfitfri and Paprn, sv. 750), at Guisnes in 1541, and was knighted in 1644. He acquired lands at Hougham, Lincolnshire {A. XV. 831 [IS]), and in 1547 was one of tho council at Boulogne ; he was deputy of Guisnes at the end of Edward's reign, and procUmad Mary on 24 July icr,3. He was in 1656 GHnted an annuity of a hundred marks foe 9' age and long service,' but was still acting as deputy of Ouisnes in 1660. His wife Mar- garet, daughter of Griffith ap Henry, was Windebank 163 Windebank buried in St. Edmund's, Lombard Street, on 10 Dec. 1558 (Steype, Eccl. Mem. in. i. 22, jL 174, AitnaU, i. 4fl ; CoU4 : for th»* articles see Lanjtd. MS. 493, pig of a Henry VIN ' Later on, in August f. I'^S. ffarl. MS. 1219 art. 29, 1327 art. 34, 1039, he talked to Rossf;tti, Panzani's .sue- and 176'j art. 3). cessor, Mike a zealous catholic/ and offered Windebank's flight was the subject of to give him any information of which he snme contemporary- satire. In the * Stage- stoofl in need. .players Complaint' Quick refers to 'the Meanwhile, in 103^», Juxon vainly en- times when my tongue have ranne as fast deavoured to eflect a n.-conciliation between upon the scaene as a Windebankes pen over Laud and Windebank, and in July of the the ocean '( J>Ve^ and Queries^ 4th ser. iii. same year the s<.'cretary was in temporary 01 ) : and in a print by Glover to illustrate disgrar.'e. He was confined to his house in *Four fugitives meeting, or a Discourse August for issuing an order for the convey- amongst my lord Finch, fcir Francis Winde- ance of .Sijanisli money to pay the Spani.-rh banke, sir John Sucklin, and Doctor Roane' army in the Netherland.s, but was soon at < London, lt>41, 4to, Brit. Mus.V Winde- liberty. In 1037 Charles sent him to the bank is represented with a pen behind his Spanish ambassador r)nute to propose one ear. He was coupled with I^ud in popular mop; secret and abortive treaty for the hatred, and in a ballad against the pair is settlement of the palatinate difficulty, and described as *the subtle whirly Windebank' in tlie &ame year ho was engaged in an {ib. 2nd ser. x. 110; cf. Cat, Brit. Mut. equally ineffectual attempt to induce Dutch Satin'c Pn'/ifi). fishermen to take out English licenses to From Calais Windebank wrote an elo- ^'^ "^'arrow Seas. In July 1638 he , quent appeal for compassion to Christopher, first lord Hiilton [q. v.] He dt'fended hira- selT from the charge of having been bribed bT the Rom&niete to introduce popety into England, dechired that he held the English church to be ' not oiily a, true and orthodox «bnrch, but the most pure and neere the primitive of any in tlie Christian world,' And thnt he had not added one foot of land to the fire hundred pounds' worth left bim by his father — a poor return for their eighty jears spent in the service of the state l^Addit. MS. 59569, ff. 336^7). He wrote in a similar strain to Robert Devereux, third earl of Essex [q. v.] ; but at Paris, where he amred early In January 1S40-1, his be- L ibsTiour belied the pitiful tone of his letters. K'^fie ia as merry us if he were the con- ■4teitedest man living,' wrote Ayleabun to P Bfde; and the lettersof introduction whiah, m spit* of his hastv llight, be Imd obtained from Charles land Henrietta Maria smoothed his way in the French capital, whore he was not likely to be popular on account nf his Spanish sympathies. Probably with a view to increB.sing his difficulties, parliament in 1643 published an account of an alleged plot hatched by Windebank against the life of Louis XIII and Richelieu because they 1 aid lo the royalists (Neie aiplottfl in France, Mng the Project fFindt and Windebntik . . ,,' London, 4to). ealso appears to have had a hand with ' 'end Walter Montagu [ii. t.] iti a I for rescuing Strafloril from the r {Marl MS. 379, f. 88 ; Letferi of I. Lit. Mm, p. 369). r In spite of the dangers on which Winde- tank ifiUted to bis son (Addit. MS. 27383, tK 239-44) he remained in Paris till his P^nth, with the exception of a visit to Eng- land in the autumn of 1643, when he was refiued access to the king at Oxford. He -wu back at Paris in July 1643 (cf. Cal. ClarendoH St4iU Papers, i. 243), and died V on 1 Sept. 1046, having shortly before 1 received into the Roman catholic porch ('Mem. of the Capuchin Mission' Wud Cciurt and Timet of Charles I, ii. jDO-1 ; DoDD, Church Silt. iii. 59). By his wife, whose name has not been ■certsined, Windebank hod a large family. _i,ADd referred in 1630 to bis ' many sons ' jKSi/. fflate Papert.Voro. 1629-31, p. 297). Be h»d five at least, and four survived him. The eldest, Thomas, bom about 1612, was intended to follow in bis father's footsteps. Ha matriculated from St. John's College, Oxford, on IS Nov. 1629, aged 17, but did not graduate. In 1631 his father secured tot him the reversion of a clerkship of the vgnet, and Boon afterwards he entered the sertiee of the earl marshal. In 1635-6 ha was travelling in Spain and Italy, whence he returned to Take up his duties as clerk of the signet, He was M.P. for Wootton Basset in the Short parliament of 104U, sided with the king in the civil war, and was created a barottet on 25 Nov. 1645. He compounded on the Oaford articles (Cal. Comm. for Camp. p. 1465), and left a son Francis, on whose death in 1719 Che ba- ronetcy became extinct (BcHKE). The Becond son, Francis, was admitted a student of Lincoln's Inn on 19 March 1032-3 (Seg. 1896, i. 220), entered the service of Thomas Wentworth, first earl of Straflbrd {Strafford Lctterg, i. 256, 301-2, 369, 410), was made usher of the chamber to Prince Charles (I'fi. ii. 167), became a colonel in the royalist army, and was appointed governor of Itletch- ingdon House, near Oxford. This he sur- rendered at the first summons to the par- liamentary forces in April 1645, and was consequently tried by a royalist court-martial and shot. He wss married, and left a daugh- ter Frances (Cabtb, Original Zettert, i. 84; DoDD, iii. 69; Nota and Queries, 8th ser. i. 150; Cal. State Papr-rt, Horn. 1661-2, p. 631). Another son, Christopher, bom in. 1S15, was a demy of Msgdalen College, Oxford, from 1630 to 1635 (BLOSiM, I(eg. v. 124-7). He was than sent to Madrid' to un- derstand that court,' and lived for a time with the English ambassador. Sir Arthur Hopton [q. v.] In 1638 he made an imprudent marriage, which cost bim hia post, and on 5 Aug. 1639 Hopton aug- gested that his wife should be placed in a convent. Subsequently, being 'a per- fect Spaniard and on honest man,' be was found useful as a guide and interpreter by English ambassadors at Madrid (Clarbrvon, Rebellion, ed. Macray, bk. xii. § 103 note). The fifth son, John, baptised at St. Mar- garet's, Westminster, on II June 1618, waa br Laud's iutluence admitted a scholar of VV'incheater in 1630 (KiBBy, p. 174; Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1629-31, p, 297). He matriculated from New College, Oxford, on 23 Sept. 1634, graduated B.A. on 5 April 103SandM.A. on 22 Jan. 1641-2. Ke waa fellow from 1630 to 1643, when apparently hewent abroad. He compounded on9Aug. 1649, being fined only 10«., and was created M.D. on 21 June 1654 on Cromwell's letters as chancellor. In these letters it was stated that he had spent some time in foreign parts in the study of physic, end had practised for some years with much credit and reputa- tion. He practised at Oiiildford, and was admitted honorary fellow of the Royal Col- lege of Physicians on 30 Sept. 1680. He Windele 'WBsbmied in Westminster Abtwjoii IGAiiz. 1704 (Foster, Alumni Oj.-i714) [q. v.], preeident of Corpus Cliriati, Oxford, and of Francis Turner [q. v.], bishop of Ely; Franew married, on 12 July 1689 (CHBSTEa, Marr. Lie. col. 605), Sir Edward Hales, titular lord Tent«rdon [q. v,]; one died unmacried at Parie about 1650, and two became nuns of the Calvary at the Marttis du Temple, Paris, [The principal authority for Windebank's biography is his owuTolumiaoDacomMpondBnce in chB Record Office, of whiBb only the DoniPstic pcRioa has been calendared. See alao Bnt. Hub. Uarleian HSS. 2S6 art. ITS, 1216 artii. 29, 107, 1327 art. 34, IfiSl, f. 87. 1768 art. S. 4713 art. 12fi, 7001 art. DO; Laosd. MS.493.art.3e; Addit. MSS. 273S2 ff. 339^4, 1^669 S. 333-7; Bodldao U3S. Bavlinaon A. 148 passim, B. 224, f. 40 (notes of dates in hii life), f. 41 (' daily derotioDs ei autOKiaplio ') ; Tanner MS. Uv. f, 224. liTi. f. 104. and ccie. t. 58 : Cal. Clarendon StalB Pnpeis, ed. Macray, yoX. \. ; Rushworth'a Colioction of State Papers; Wiu- VQoJ's Memorinla; liiud's Works, vols, iii-rii. passim; D'Ewes'H Aulobiograpby ; CoDtmnng' JournaU ; Clarendon's Hist, of the Great fie- bellion; Court and Times of Jamas I and of Charles I ; Anthony Weldon, Arthur WiUon, and Sir WiUism Sandpnoa'a Histories ; Pan- lani's Memoirs, ed. Berington, 1703. pp. 190, 337, 241-S. and the Panuni traascripts iD the Hecoid Office; Dodd'a Church History ; Deve- Mox's Eirla of Eseex, i. 489 ; Wood's Fasti, ed. Bliss; Foster's Alumni Oion. 1500-1714 ; Off, Ret. Members of Pari, ; Moison's Hilton ; Gardiner's History of Englnnd, vols, vii-ii.; Notes and auerics, Ist ser. iii. 373, 2Dd ser. i. lia,4thBDr. ii. 394, 494, and 8th ser. i. 123, IGU; tracts catalogued e.v. 'Wiodebank' in Brit. Has. Libr.] A. F. P. WINDELE, JOHN (1801-1865), Irish antiquary, was bom at Cork in 1801. Earij in Hie heahowed a strong love of antiquarian {ursuits, and made an especial study of rJsh antiquities. lie became a contributor to ' Bolster's (juurterly Magatine,' an aatl- quarian journal published at Cork, and tliua bitcame aequainted with a number of Irbh archteologists and literary men, including Abraham Abell, William Willea, Matthew H org-an ,audFrancisSylvesterMahoay[q.v.], better known as ' Father Prout.' With these antiquariesj Windele made many excursions, examining and sketching ruins and natural curiosities. His favourite pursuit wassearch- iag for the primitive records engraved on stone known as Ogham inscriptions, and be saved many of them from ^struction by removing theiu to his own home, where they formed what he termed his megalithic Windele also devoted much time txi the study of ancient Irish literature. He was himself a good Erse scholar, and made a large collection of manuscripts in that lan- guage. In 1839 he published an antiquarian work entitled ' Historical and Descriptive Notices of the Citv of Cork and its Vicinity ' (Cork, 12ina), which in 1^9 was abridged and published as a ' Guide la Cork' (Cork, 12mo). Windeie died at his residence, Blair'a Hill, Cork, on 28 Aug. 1865. Besides the work mentioned, Windele wrote ' A Guide to Killarney,' and frequently contributed to the ' Dublin Fenny Journal ' and to the 'Proceedings' of the Kilkenny Archtoological Society, of which he was a member from it« foundation in 1849. He also edited Matthew Horgan's ' Cahir Conri,' an Irish metrical legend, with a translation into English verse by Edward Vaugban Hyd* Kenealj [q. v.] (Cork, 1860, 8vo). He left a collection of manuscripts extending to 130 volumes, which were purchased by the Royal Irish Academy in 1865. They in- cluded copies of many ancient Irish manu- scripts. Selections from a manuscript joui- nal of hia archfeotogical expeditions which was found amongthem were published in tha 'Journal of the Cork Historical and Archso- lo^calSociety'beCweenUayl897and March 1898. [Gent. Mag. 186S, ii. S19; Allibone'e Diet. of Engl. Lit. ; Proceediogs of the Boyal Irish Academy. 1804-6. is. 308. 381.] B. L C, WINDER, HENRY (1693-1762), di*. aenting divine and chronologiat, son of Ilenry Winder (iJ. 1733), farmer, by a daughter of Adam Bird of Penruddock, was bom at Hutton John, parish of Greystoke, Cumber- land, on 16 May 1693. His grandfather, Henry W"inder, farmer, who lived to be over a hundred (he was living in 1714), was falsely charged with murdering his flrst-bom son. The accusa- tion was supported by two of his wife's sisters, and the case attained some celebrity (see Winder, Spirit of Quaktrunn, ICltS, l6mo, and Penitent Old Uitdple. 1699, I6ma; XfniLA.SB,^irit of Quakerism Clovenfooled, 1707, 4to, drawn up by Henry Winder se- cunduB, and prefaced by Thomas Dixon, M.D. [q. v.]; on the other side, Coole, Quaker* Cleared, 1696, 16moj Cuiit, Old ApoataU, 1698, 16mo, Truth premilinff vritk HeoMn, 1706, 16mo, and Lying-Tongue Beproved, 1708, 16mo). Winder Windet through tlio I'^nruildouk grsmmiir Ifider John Atkinson, entered (1708) the Wbilebaven Academy under Tbomas Dixon, where Caleb Kotheram [q, v.] aad Jolm T»ylora6&4-1761)[q.v.], th. ■mong his fellow atudei hebra For two years i713-l4) be studied at Dublin under Jo«epb [q. v.] In Dublin he was licensed to In 1714 he succeeded Edward ^hwell [q. v.] as minister of the inde- pendent congregation at Tnnley, Lancashire, and was ordained at St. Helen's on 11 Sept. 17 16, Christopher Bassnett [q. v.] preiehing on tbe occasioD. In 1718 (liia first, sacra- ment wb« 16 Not.) he was appointed mini- ster of Castle IIbv congregation, Liverpool. Tbe first entry in the extant minutes of the WHTington classis (33 April 1719) records liis admission to that body, ' upon his maldag an acknowledgment of his break- big in upon the rules of it, in tbe way & manner of his coming to Lirerpoole.' A Htrong advocate of non-subscription in the CODtroverey tbeu pending both in England Bud in Ireland, he brought round biscongn;- gtktion to that view. His niinistry was successful; a new chapel was built for him in Benn's Gardi^n, lied Cross Street, and opened in July 1727. From 1732 he corre- opoDded with the London dissenters, with a Tiew to the repeal of the Test and Corporation He married the widow of William Shawe of Lirerpool, and educated her son William Shawe, afterwards of Preston, On taking him in 1740 to study at GImbow, he re- ceived tbe diploma of D.D. For young Suwe's use he had drawn up ("about 1733), but did not publish, 'a short general system of chronology ' on ' the Newtonian plan^' Hub was the germ of his bulky work, the leealt of twelve ywira'labcur, " A Critical and Ohronological History of the Rise, Progress, Declennon, and lievival of Knowledge, chiefly Religious. In two Periods. I. , . . Tndilion, from Adam to iVloses. II. . . . Letters, from Moses to Christ,' 1745, -2 vols. era (dedication to William Shawe). Ke pmfen Moses to all secular historians, as Mrlier and more authentic. In vol. ii. chap. zxi, S 8, is an animated eulogy of British Ubeniea, with evident reference to the vrents of 1746, during which Winder had •iert«d himself in helping to raise a ment for the defence of Liverpool. -work did not sell, and was reissued us a ■eeond edition in 1756, with new titie-page, ■ud 'Memoirs' of the author by Ueorgc Benson [q. v.1 In September 1746 he had a stroke of 'S paralysis, and never agiun entered the pulpil though he preached twice from the reading- desk in January 1747, and occasionally assisted at the sacrament in that year. John Henderson (J. 4 July 1779), who tnok Anglican orders in 1763, and was tbe first incumbent of 8t. Paul's, Liverpool (see Memoin of Gilbert Wakejitld, 1804, i. 204), became his assiatant and successor. Winder's faculties failed, and ha died on Sunday 9 Aug. 1762. He was buried on the south side of the churchyard of St. Peter's, Liver- pool (now the cathedral); the memorial stone was earthed over when tbe church- yard was laid out as a garden. Henderson preiicbed his funeral sermon. No portrait of Winder is known; he outlived bis wife, and left no isene. His library (n remark- able one, with a valuable collection of tracts) and manuscripts were bequeathed to bis congregation. The library was transferred to Renshaw Street chapel, to which the congregation removed in 1811 ; ofthemanu- Hcri[itB, a, catalogue with excerpts was drawn up by the present writ-er in 1669i between 187:^ and 1864 the papers were scattered and the bulk of them lost. A very important letter (now lost) giving an account (6 Aug. 1723) of the non-eubscrip- tion debates in the Belfast sub-synod, which W^inder had attended as a visitor, was Kinted in the ' Christian Moderator,' Octo- r 1827 (p. 274), from a copy by John Porter (1800-1S74), then minister at Tox- teth Park chapel, Liverpool. [Memoirs by Benson, 17SI1; Thorn'* Liver- pool Churches aad Chapels, ISSt. p. 67; Hal- ley's LaTicHshire, 1869. ii, 323; Nigbci a gale's LiiQcasliire Nonconformity [1892] iv. 28. 1863 vi. 112; Addison's Oradiiiiios of the Univarsity of OIhiuiow. 1S9S, p. 056 ; Winder's nuianacripls in KbdbLiiw Streut thapal library, Liverpool.] A. Q. WINDET, JAMES (rf. 1664), physician, is erroneoualy said to have been originally of Queen's Collie, Usford (FosTEB). He graduated M.D. at Leyden on -26 June 1666, and was incorporated at Oxford on 27 March 1656. He became candidal* or member of the College of Physicians of London on 25 June 1660. He at first practised at Yar- mouih, but after 1660 in London. In 1660 he published in London two Latin poems, Ad majestatem Caroli secundl Sylvreduie.' Tbe first begins with the word ' occidimus,' ind is on tlie eieeution of Charles I j the «cond begins with the word ■ vivimus,' and B on the Restoration. In 1663 he published De vitafunctorum statu,' a long Latin letter, vith numerous passages in Greek, Hebrew, and Arabic, addressed to Dr. Samuel Hall, in I I I Windeyer i68 Windeyer reply to a letter from him. It begins with a general discussion of the word ' Tartarus * and of the Greek and Hebrew words and phrases used in describing the state of man after death, and goes on to consider the Greek and Hebrew views on the state and place of the good, on a middle state, and on the place of the wicked with related subjects. A second edition was published at Rotterdam in 1693. lie was a friend of Sir Thomas Browne [q. v.], and Simon Wilkin [q. v.], who had examined Windet's letters to Browne, states that they are un- interesting and pedantic. He died in Milk Street, London, on 20 Nov. 1604 (Smyth, Obituary, p. 62). "Wood (Fasti Oavn, ii. 790) states that he left a quarto manuscript of Latin poems. [Munk*8 Coll. of Phys. i. 273 ; Works ; Wil- kin's Sir Thomas Browne's Works, vol. i.] N. M. WINDEYER, CHARLES (1780-1855), first recognised reporter in the House of Lords and Australian magistrate, son of Walter Windeyer, descended from the Swiss family of Wingeyer, canton of Berne, was bom m Staffordshire in 1780. He was law reporter to the *Law Chronicle,' and also connected with the * Times.' Even after the House of Commons recognised the press gallery, the lords professed to ignore the presence of reporters, who wert^ debarred the use of paper and pencil. Charles Win- deyer was the first reporter * who had the courage to rest his notebook on their lord- ships' bar.' Lord Eldon, who had strenuously opposed verbatim reporting, * proceeding to the bar to receive a deputation from his majesty's faithful commons, caught Mr. Windeyer*s notebook with his robe, and it fell within the bar ' {Phonetic Journal^ 19 Dec. 1885). The great tory chancellor picked up the scattered leaves (knowing full well what they contained) and courteously returned them with a smile to the young reporter. From that time forth the pre- sence of the press was virtually recognised by the peers. When Benjamin Disraeli was busy launch- ing the ill-iated * Representative,' he in- formed John Murray, the publisher, that he 'had engaged S. C. Hall and a Mr. Win- dyer (?), sen., both of whom we shall find excellent reporters and men of business ; the latter has been on the " Times " ' (Memoir of John Murray, ii. 206). Charles Windeyer emigrated to New South Wales in 1828, with the intention of taking up land and becoming a settler ; but, owing to the lack of oflicials with legal training and experience, was induced to ac- cept the office of clerk of petty aessiona, and afterwards became police magistrate for Sydney. His affairs suffered in the financial crash following 1&42 ; but aa a magistrate he was universally esteemed ; he converted what was mere chaos into an orderly system, and the cause of public justice in Sydney was greatly advanced by his patient unre- mitting efforts. On his retirement the legis- lative council, in recommending a super- annuation allowance, passed a vote advert- ing in high terms to his long and useful career. Windeyer died in 1856. He married Ann Mary {d, 1864), daughter of Richard Rudd, on 8 Aug. 1805, by whom he had a son, Richard Windeyer [q. v.], the Australian politician. A bust of Charles Windeyer was placed in the central police office, Sydney, as a mark of public esteem. [The Three Windeyers, Reporters, in Phonetic Journal, 19 Dec. 1885; Henniker-Heatoa's Diet, of Australian Dates; private sources.] A. P. M. WINDEYER, RICHARD (1806-1847), Australian reformer and statesman, son of Charles Windeyer [q. v.], was bom in Lon- don on 10 Aug. 1806. He was educated partly in France, became writer and parlia- mentary reporter for the * Morning Chronicle,' the *Sun,' and *The Times.* He is said to have helped to originate Dod's * Parliamentary Companion ' (Ueaton). He was intimatelv associated with Thomas Perronet Thompson [q. v.], with whom he co- operated as one of the first secretaries of the Anti-Comlaw League, was called to the bar at the Middle Temple in 1834, and occupied 2 Pump Court until he emigrated to Aus- tnilia in the following year, arriving in Sydney on 28 Nov. 1835, where, after the retirement of William Charles Wentworth [q. v.], he became a leader of the bar. In August 1843 he was elected for the county of Durham to the first representative legislative council, and in conjunction with Wentworth, and afterwards with Robert Lowe (Viscount Sherbrooke) [q. v.], took a most prominent part as one of the popular leaders against the bureaucratic government of Sir Geoiye Gipps [q. v.], who feared his uncompromisingly raaical opposition more than that of anv other member of the coun- cil. * There is a barrister,* wrote Mrs. Ro- bert Lowe, before her husband had definitely decided to join the opposition, * a Mr. Win- deyer, an undoubtedly clever man, who has a strong party opposed to the government — and the home government also ; this man is a popular [elected] member ; to oppose him and to conquer if possible is to be Robertas I I K the nuia point ' (lAfe and Lftteri of Lord Shfr- Arooke, i. 189). At this time New South Wttles, will province, Port Phillip (now the colony of Victoria), was in a. state of financial depres- uon oioouatine BlmosC to general bank- ruptcy; and Windeyer brought forward his monetary confidence bill, based on the port of hia select committee, which rec mendt^d the Pruitsian Pfandhriefe Bysti the bill was earned ia the council but vetoed by I he governor. By his never-ceasing criticism and par- flistent attaclcs on the public expenditure ' earned the flobriquet of lUe ' Joseph Hi of the council.' His reforming zeal was as unselfish as it was thorough ; and, in pur- of this policy of economy, he voted Against the salary of bis own lather, then police magistrate of Sydney, He held that Sir George tiipps's assessment for quit-rents VBS illegal, and refiuing to meet the demand, an execution was put into his house, and his newly imported wine-vat seized. Acting on the advice of Lowe, he entered into an Action against the gorernment for trCFpaas, but lost It. lie originated the present jury act as well as the libel act of Now South Wales. Throughout his public career he was an earnest supporterof public education, and a consistent advocate for the introduc- tion intoNewSoulh Wales of representative institutions and responsible government. Aa a colonist Windeyer was one of the agricultural pioneers on the Hunter, and de- voted much time and money to scientific farming and the draininff of his land at Tomago. He was one of the first settlers in Aiistmlia to embark in the wine industry, and to import German and other foreign viff«fron». He also introduced the first rea^ng-machines. Hewaaalways much tie- loved by the 'emancipist' class, and never bad the slightest difficulty with his convict 'asiigned servants;' while he was one of the very few pioneer settlers who displayed 'A sjtnpatlietic interest in the well-being of ■flie aboriginal race. Windeyer's broad huma- Ility in this respect is commended by an kble writer who is altogether hostile to his political creed. ' One of the hardest worked men in the colony took up the cause of the weak. Richard Windeyer, a barriater over- -whelmed withbriel's,wh]chhe conscien t iously '-toiled at by da^ or by night, was at all iJbourB in the legislative council as unfiinch- ' ing as in the supreme court. In the course of the session of 1845 he obtained a select committee of eight members to consider the undition of the aborigines ' (llcsDEir, Hist. ^AuOraUa, ii, 217-8). Despite his great practical ability and unremitting industry (though doubtless partly due to his devotion to public affairs), Windeyer's estate never recovered from the financial depression of 1S42 and the two or three succeeding years. Uis health entirely broke down, and he was compelled to leave Sydney and relinquish his public work and private affairs. He died at the residence of his brother-in-law, Wil- liam Henty, near Launceston, Tasmania, on Ij Dec. 1847. After hia death his estate was compulaorilv sequestrated, andhis father was also compelled to go through the insolvent court ; but the legislative council showed their practical respect for his memory by sub- scribing a sum for the benefit of the family, while the Tomago property was secured by the sac ritice of his widow 'a inheritance. When the news of his death reached Wentworth, he declared that 'he had lost his right hand.' Hicbard Windeyer was married at Speld- hurst church to JIarion (rf, 1&T8), daugh- ter of William Camfield of Groombridge Place and Burswood, Kent, on 26 April 1^32. His only son. Sir William Charles Windeyer, is separately noticed. [Personal information, kindly supplied by the Into Sir William Wiudeyer, and reiiear<.-hes mads spocially by Mr. Edward A. Fethsrick. Also UuiideD's Hist, of Austmlio. rol. ii. ; Patchett Marlin'a Lifa and Letters of Lord Sherbrooke, Tul. i.; Burke's Colonial Uentry.] A. P. M. WINDEYER, Sir WILLIAM CHARLES (1834-1897), Australian legis- lator and judge, only eon of Richard Win- deyer [q. v.], bom in Westminster on 29 Sept. 1834, and taken by his parents the following year to New South Wales. On the death i« his fiither in 1847, which left the family in embarrassed circumstances, his mother was advised by Robert Lowe (Viscount Sher- brooke) to give bim a classical and profes- aional education, in which he undertook to assist her. lu a letter of condolence to Lady Sherbrooke on her husband'sdealh, Windeyer wrote (Sydney, 15 Aug. 1892): 'After my father's death, when my mother was lere very badlv oil', he proved himself a most generous friend, and to hlj kindness it waa owing that my interrupted education wai continued. ... It was he who ui^d me to go to the bar ss soon aa I was old enough; the act which enables Australians to go to the bar of the colony having been passed by bim ' (Life aitd Letters of Lord SAerbrookt, ii. 477). Educated at King's school. Paramatta, he entered the university of Sydney on its first opening [see Wentwobth, Williah CHAiiLi:8],where, after adiatinguished career, be became the first Australian graduate (M. A. I I Windeyer Windham with honours in 185!)). Admittt^il to tbe bar in ISriT, he at first fuDowed in the foot- BtepB of his father and grandfather, and be- came law reporter on the staff of (Sir) Henry Parkes's journal, 'The Empire.' Heentered ywliament M a liberal for ihel^ower Hunter in Aurust 1853, and on the diiteolulion is the following jear was relumed for West S;dnej, for which he aat from 1860 to 1862 andfrom 1866 to 1872. In 18ti0 he initiated thevolunteermovenient in New South Wales, beiug ^luetted major in I8G8. Uariog' on aix occasiona declined oiBce, Windejer became solicJtor-KBueral, under Sir James Martin [q.v.l on 16 Dec. 1870. Ho ■was elected first mewoer for the universiw of Sydney on 8 Sept. 1876, and occupied this seat until his retirement from politics. Ha wftBaltomey-generiil from 1877 to 1879. He introduced the act enabling Australiun bac- risters to become judges, the Married Women's Property Act (1879), and the Copyright Act. (1879). He originated the Discharged Prisoners' Aid Society (1874), and he took a very active part in scholastic institutions and the public charities, and was chairman of the College for Women in the Sydney University, of which institution ho became Tics' chancellor in 1883, and chan- ceUor in 1895. From 1878 Windeyer was judge of the divorce and matrimonial causes court, and deputy judge of the vice-admiralty court. Great public commotion arose in New South Wales in connection with his verdicts in what oreknowD aa the 'Mount Kennie' and the ' Deane ' cases, during which the judge was exposed to much adverse newspaper criti- cism and not a little unmerited abuse. In 1891 he was knighted. He resigned his New South WaJes government desirini; hi elevation to the judicial committ«e of the privy council : but, ia deference to the pub- lic opinion of the other colonies, Chief-justice Samuel James Way of South Austraua was appointed. At the desire of Mr. Chamberiain, secre- tary of state for the colonies, Windeyer con- sented to act as temporary judge of the supreme court of Newfoundland to try a Hpeciol case of conspiracy, but he died sud- denly at Bologna from paralysis of the heart on 11 Sept. 1897. Windeyer was an hono- rary JJ,,D. of Cambridge. Ho married, on 31 Dec. 1857, Mary Eluabeth, daughter of the Kev. B. T. Bolton, vicar of Padbury, Buckinghamshire, who survives him, and by whom he leaves seTeral children. [Fersonnl kuoTlsdgp, nnd datji snpplisd by Lady Wiudoyer aud Jlisg Bullon, Sir Henry Pirkes's Fifty Years in the Making of Anatra- littO Hijiury; IlcHtoD'a lliot. of Australiim Dntea : Meunetl's Did. uf Australaann graphy ; Burki-'B Coloiiiot Gentry.] A. P. WINDHAM. [See also Wikdhax. WINDHAM, Sib CHARLES Al (1810-1870), lieutenant-gensral, bom at Fel- briggonSOct. 1810, was fourth son of Ad- miml WilUam Windham of Felbrigg Hall. Norfolk, and a greai^nephew of X\'iiliam Windham [q. v.] Ha was educated at the Uoyal Military College, Sandhurst, and en- tered the Coldstream guards at the age of sixteen. His regimental commissions bore the following dates: ensign and lienteuaat 3D Dec. 1836, lieutenant and captain 31 May I833,captain and lieutenant-colonel 29 Dec. l&4(i. Windham accompiinied the 'Jnd bat- talion of the Coldstream guards to Canada in January 18S8, and served with them in that country during Fapineau'e rebellion, returning to Eugland in theaulumn of 1842. On -22 June 1849 he retired on half-pay. On the outbreak of the Crimean war Windham was still on half-pay, but, having on 30 June 1854 been promoted to the rank of colonel, he was appointed assistant qusTtermaster^geoerul of the 4th division of ilie army of the east, and accompanied his divisional commander, Lieutenant-genurnl Sir George Cathcart [q. v.], to Constantinople and thence to the Crimea. Windham landed with the 4th division on 14 Sept. 1864, and immediately attracted notice by his energetic performance of hia duties, Ue was present at the battle of the Alma on 20 Sept., but the 4th division, being iureserTe.was very slightly engaged. During the hazardous march of the ulied armies from the valley of the Belbek to the position south of Sebostopol, Windham was sent by Cathcart to inform the senior naval officer on the Katcha station of the change of base to Balaclava, a service involving considerabli; risk. The 4th division was slightly eng^ed at the battle of Balaclava (25 Oct. 1854), occupying two of the redoubts from which the Turkish infantry had been driven. Wind- ham highly distinguished himself at the battle ot InkenDan(5Nov. 1854), and, owing to tbe death of Catbcart and to tbe death of one brigadier of the division and the disable- ment of the other, he succeeded at an early period of the battle to tbe command of the 4thdiviMon. Aftertheengagement he wrote the official report of the proceedings of the divisiou during tbe battle. Throughout the terrible winter of 1864 Windham exerted himself U> the utmost to alleviate the sufferings of his own division Windham 171 Windham I I nnd of the anoj generally. Never absent I fromilutj', he devoted Ills apare time to making daily personal visits to the base at Balaclava, with the object of obtaining supplies for ' ' starving and froxen division. At the sa time be iacesssntlj plied both his Immediate superiors and the headquarter BtaiT of the armj vrith advice and suggestions. In July 1866 he was made a companion of the order of the Bath, and in the following month he was given command of the 2nd brigade of the 2nd divieiuii, but did not receive the rank of hrigadier^neral. Windham was selected to lead the storm- ing party of the 3nd division at the assault ontheRedanonSSopt, 1865. Although the assault &i!ed, the gallantry of WiniUiam's oonduet earned the warm commendation of General (Sir) James Simpson [q. v.], who bad ■uoceeded Lord Raglan in thH command of the army in the Crimea, Extraordinary anthusiasm was aroused when the descrip- tions of the assault, -written by the special eorrespondents of the ' Times ' and other naperB, were published in England, and Windham became, in a moment, the best known and most popular man in his antive ooontry. On i! Oct. 1655 he was promoted to the rank of major-general ' for his dis- ^guished conduct.' On tile day following the fall of Sebastopol bo was appointed com- mandant of the portion of that town which wa« allotted lo our armv ; and on the news of his ipromotiou to roa|or-gener(il reaching the Crimea he was given command of Che 4tb division. A month later ihe command of the army was resigned by General Simp- •on, who waa succeeded by Sir William John CodrinKlon [q.v.], with Windham as bia chief of the staff. He exerted himself inde- btigably to fulfil the duties of hia post and to render the Crimean army ethcient and mobile. On his return from the Crimea he was Mceived with great honour, particularly in his native county of Norfolk. The gift of a ■word of honour and the freedom of the city of Norwich were followed by hie return to parliament as one of the two liberal repre- •ent«tive«QfE(ifitNorfolk(6Aprill867). His parliamentary cBreer,however, was short. On thaoutbre&kof the Indian mutiny he offered bit eerrices, and almost immediately was directed to proceed to Calcutta, where he •niv«d on 20 Sept. 1857, shortly after the capture of Delhi. Finding that Sir Colin CMnpbell [q. v-], the recently appointed com- mandei^-in-chief in India, destined him for the command of the Sirhind di via ion, far from the •cene of action, Windham volunteered to keep t^en the lines of communication if given the oma of the disiirmed regiments of the Bengal army. This oiler was declined; but while proceeding to Umballn to join his division, Windham was placed by Sir Colin Campbell in command of the troops at Cawn- pore. Sir Colin was about to move from this base to carry out the operations known generally as the second relief of Lucknow ; and, considering it necessary that his force should be strengthened as rapidly as poasiblc, lio left Windham little freedom of action. Windfaem'a force consisted at the time of the commander-in-chief 'b departure (9 Nov. 11*67) of no more than live hundred mixed troops ; but five days later, when it became dear that Cawnpore would be attacked by the Gwalior army before Sir Colin could return from Lueknow, Windham was autho- rised by the chief of the staff, Sir William Mansfield, to detain troops that arrived from down country. Thus it waa that on 26 Nov., when Windham fought his lirst action aa an independent commander, his forces consisted of abotit fourteen hundred of all arms, to- gether with three hundred men left to gar- rison the Cawnpore entrenched position. ^'indhom hod been directed by the com- mander-in-chief to jilacB his troopa within the unl renched position, and not to attack the tnemy unless by so doing he could prevent a bombardment of the entrenchment. But on completing his arrangements for defence, he found that he would inevitably be bom- barded if he awaited the attack of the enemy in the entrenchments, and that the only course that would enable him to preserve the bridge over the Ganges would be to take up a more advanced line of defence. ITje loss of this bridge would have rendered Sir Colin Campbell's position la Oude one of the utmost peril. Windham asked (on 10 Nov.) permission to hold a line outside the town of Cawn- pore, and the reply of the ohief of the staff, written on the following day, clearly autho- rised him to do so, provided that he could secure hia retreat from the advanced posi- tion to tlve entrenchment. On IQNov.alt communication with Luck- now suddenly ceoeed, and Windham dis- covered that the Gwalior contingent was rapidly ap|>roaching Cawnpore in three di- visions. So reply reached him to several letters in which he begged for pennission to Bttuck the advancing enemy in detail, and thua it was that he decided at last to do go resposibility, aeeingin this action his only chance of holding the tov^n, bridge, and entrenchment of Cawnpore against the - -erwhelmin^ force that was about to attack m. On24Nuv. he marched sixmiles to the I I I J Windham 172 Windham south-west of Cawnpore, and two days later he there fought a successful action against the centre division of the Gwalior troops under Tantia Topi, three thousand men, with six heavy ^uns, three of which were captured. After this successful action Windham marched back and took up a position from which he hoped to be able to cover Cawn- pore against the attack of tlie combined forces of the three bodies of the Gwalior troops. Two days of severe fighting fol- lowed, in which he was forced back through the town of Cawnpore and lost his baggage, but held safelv the bridge and entrenchment. The reason wfiy he was not successful in pro- tecting the town has never been generally known. It lies in the circumstance that one of his subordinate commanders seriously failed in his duty. Windham treated the oflender with remarkable generosity, and it was not until several davs later that the circumstance came to the knowledge of Sir Colin Campbell, who had meanwhile omitted all mention of Windham and his troops in his despatch of 2 Dec. 1 857 describing the opera- tions. This omission was repaired to a certain extent by a private letter from Sir Colin Campbell toli.U.II. the Duke of Cambridge (published in *The Crimean Diary and Let- ters of Sir Charles Windham ') ; but the public slight wasnever publicly withdrawn, nor was Windham again entrusted with a command in the field. On the termination of the operations about Cawnpore, Windham was directed to leave the field army and to assume command of the Lahore division, to which he had been transferred. lie remained in command at Lahore until March 1861, when he returned to England. In June 1801 Windham was appointed colonel of the 4(5th regiment, and on 5 Feb. 186:J he became a lieutenant-general. In 18()5 he received the honour of K.C.B., and on 3 Oct. 1867 was appointed to the command of the forces in Canada, which appointment he held until his death at Jacksonville in Florida on 4 Feb. 1870. Windham married, first, in 1849, Marianne Catherine Emily, daughter of Admiral Sir John Beresford; and secondly, in 1866, Charlotte Jane, sister of Sir Charles Des V(jeux, bart. His eldest surviving son is Captain Charles Windham, R.N. [Tho Crimean Diary and Letters of Sir Charles 'Windham, od. Pearse, 1897; Official Kecords and Despatches ; Adye's Cawnpore ; ShadweU'fi Life of Clyde, 1887, ii. 24-30 ; Ix)rd Roberts's Forty- one Years in India, 1897. i. 361-9, 377-80; Times, war correspondence (Sir W. H.Russell).] H. W. P. WINDHAM, JOSEPH (1789-1810), antiquary, bom at Twickenham on 21 Aug. 1739, at a house which was afterwards the residence of liichard Owen Cambridge [ci-^0» was related to the Windham family of j^or- folk. He was educated at Eton, proceeding to Christ's College, Cambridge, but did not graduate. In 1769 he returned from a pro- longed tour through France, Italy, Istria, and Switzerland, lie had a strong interest in matters connected with art, was well read in classical and mediseval writers, and made numerous drawings both of natural objects and of antiquities. He was also an ex- cellent Italian scholar. While residing in Rome he made many sketches and plans of the baths, which he presented to Charles Cameron, by whom they were published in 1772 in his work on the 'Eiaths of tho Romans ' (London, fol.) Windham contri- buted a considerable part of the letterpress of the work as well as most of the letter- press of the second volume of 'Antiquities of Ionia,' published in 1797 by the Society of Dilettanti. He also assisted James Stuart (1713-1788) [({. v.l in the second volume of his * Antiquities of Athens.' Windham was elected a fellow of the Society of Anti- quaries on 6 April 1775, and of the Royal Society on 8 Nov. 1781. He was also elected a member of the Society of Dilettanti in 1779. He possessed some knowledge of natural history, and acquired one of the best antiquarian libraries in the country. He died at Earsham House, Norfolk, on '21 Sept. 1810. He married , i n 1 769, Charlotte, daugh- ter of Sir William de Grey, first baron Wal- singham [q.v.] Windham's only publication in his own name was * Observations upon a Passage in Pliny's Natural History, relating to the Temple of Diana at Ephesus,' which appeared in * ArchoDologia ' (vol. vi.) [Gent. Mag. 1810, ii. 390, 488-90; Hist. Notices of the Soc. of Dilettanti, 1855; Gust's Uistory of the Society of Dilettanti, 1898, passim.] E. I. C. WINDHAM, \\^LLIAM (17oO-1810), statesman, came of an old Norfolk family settled at Felbrigg, near Cromer, since the fifteenth century, whose name was the same originally as that of the town of Wymond- ham. His father. Colonel William Wixdham (1717-1761), son of Ash Windham, M.P. for Sudbury and for Aldeburgh between 1721 and 1727, was a man of distinguished military talent. Disputes with his father had caused him to live much on the continent. He travelled with Richard Pococke [q. v.] in Switzerland in 1741, and his * Letter from Windham ^3 Windham I English Gentleman to Mr. Arland, eiv- 5 an Account of a Journev to the Glacierea Ice Alps of Savoy ' (1744), is one of the earliest printed accounts of Chamonix and Mont Blanc (eee Cokk, Life of Stillingfiat ; C. E. MiTHBWS, AnnaU of Mont Blanc ; C. DUBIEB, Le Mont Blanc. 1897, pp. 60-63 ; Th. Dufoijb, WilHam Windham et Pierre Marid, Geniee, 1879). He also visited Hungarj, and for gome time was an officer in one of Queen Maria Theresa's liussar regimente. Returning to England, he vigo- rously supported Pitt's scheme for a national militia in 175Q, and helped the Marifuis Townshend to form the Norfolk militia re^ment in 1757. He published in 1700 a ' Plan of Discipline ' in quarto, with plates, which came into general use, and he sat in parliament for Aldeburgh in 1754 and Ilel- ston in 1766. He married Ssrah Hicks, vidow of Bobert Lukin of Dunmow, Essex, and died of consumption on 30 Oct. 1761 at the age of forty-four. William, the only son, was bom on 3 May (0. 8.) 1750 at No. 6 Golden Square, Soho. From 1762 to 1766 he was at Eton, where be was a contemporary of Foi, and was then placed with Dr. Anderson, profesaor of natural philoaophjintheuniversityofGlasgow. He attended the lectures of Robe rf. SLniBon [q. v.], professor of mathematics, and pursued the itudy in later life, even composing three mathematical treatises, which, however, he never publiahed. On 10 Sept. 1767 ha entered Univaraity College, Oxford, as a eentlenan commoner, and became a pupil of Jtobert Chambers. He was created M.A. on 7 Oct. 1783, and on 3 July 1793 he be- came an hoDoraij D.C.L. Hoth at school and at college he was quick andindustriouB, hut as a young man be was completely in- (tifferant to public affairs, though distin- guished both as a scholar and a man of fashion. Accordingly he re fused Lord To wus- hend's offer of the secretaryship to the lord- lieutenant of Ireland, made while he was Still at college, and left Oxford in 1771. IVo years later he started with Commodore Conetantine John I'hipps (afterwards second Iwron Mulgrave [q. v.]) upon a voyoge of pcilftr exploration, but was I'OmpelledbvBea- atckneas to land in Norway and make his way home. He afterwards spent some time with the Norfolk militia, in which he at- tained the rank of major, and passed a couple of years abroad, chietlj in Switzerland and Italy. He ahio became known to Johnson and Burke. He was Johnson's favoured friend, attended him assiduously in his last days, and was a palUbearer at his funeral, Huj attachment to Barke was such that he became his political pupU. He joined the Lilerary Club and attended its meetings almost till lie died, and was also a member of the Essex Head Club. Meantime he was gradually drawing to- wards a public career. He made his first public speech on 28 Jan. 1778 at a publio meeting colled to raise a subscription to- wards the cost of the American war, and opposed the project. He won some local repute b^ personal courage and nromptitude ill quelling a mutiny at Norwich, when the Norfolk militia refused to march into Suf- folk, and in September 1780 he unsuccess- fully contested Norwich. In 1781 he was a member of the Westminster committee, and came very near standing for West- minster in 1782. He, however, gradually drifted away from his earlier reforming opinions into a fixed antipathy to any con- stitutional change. In 1783 be became chief secretary to Nortbington, lord lieu- tenant of Ireland in the Portland admini- stration, but resigned the post in August, nominally owinj^ to ill-health, but in reality because he desired to ^ive Irish posts to Irishmen, a policy not in favour with bis suporiora. After the dissolution ia March 1784 he was one of the few coalition candi- dates who were successful, and was elected at Norwich on 5 April. ~ time he acted steadily with the opposition, and Burke chose liim in June to second his motion on the state of the nation. He spoke in 1786 on the shop tax and the Westminster scrutiny ; he strongly supported the right of the Prince of Wales to be regent without restrictions in 1788, and in 1790 killed Flood's reform bill by the happy phrase that ' no one would select the hurricane season iu which to begin repairing his house.' Hewas also one of the members charged with the impeaclimentof Warren Hastings, and under- took that part of the case which dealt with the breach of the treaty of 1774 with Faiiulla Khan. He was re-elected at Norwich in 1790, and in February 1791 supported Mit- ford's catholic relief bill for England. Fol- , lowing Burke, by whom he continued to he largely guided, he took alarm at the French revolution, and in 1792 and 1793 was one of the most ardent supporters of the govern- ment's repressive legislation'. . He supported the proclamation against seditious meetings and the aliens bill, bad a plan for raising ft troop of cavalry in Norfolk, and on II July 1794, on Burke's advice, he somewhat re- luctantly consented to take office under Pitt, with the Duke of Port land, Lord Fitjewilli and Lord Spencer (Priok, Life of Burke, ii. 264), A secretaryship of state was at first I I I I i Windham 174 Windham ■Ugf^ed for him, but eventually he became eeatetary for war, with n seat in the cabinet. This yits the first time that the cabinet was opened to the holder of the geeret&rjehip at war. Ills cbang-e of front waa somewhat resented at Norwich, bat ba necured re- election, and from August to October was with the Duke of York a army in Flanders, lie held that the royal istsinthewestof France deserved aseistonce, and was the person most responsible for the Quiberon eipedxtion in July 1795. Vigorously supporling the con- tinuance of war, and ateadily opposing pro- jects of reform, he only after a sharp figbt saved his seat at Norwich, 26 May 1796. He held office till February 1801, when be resigned with Pitt. To the Irish union he hod been at first opposed altogether, but consented to it in consideration of the pro- mise that catholic disabilities should be removed. lie had by no means always ap- proved of Rtt's war policy, and had held that, as the war was fought for the restora- tion of the Bourbons, more efforts should have been mode to e«aist the royalists la France. Much was done under his admini- stration to increase the comfort of the troops. Their pay was raised, pensions were esta- blished, and the Koysl Military Asylum was fonnded. Windham's chance ia opposition soon come. He had a rooted distnut of Napoleon, and strongly opposed the peace of 1802, lie assisted Cobbett, whom he greatly admired, to found the ' Political Kegister,' and tho- roughly agreed with its attacks on Addin^- ton. He spoke against the peace prelimi- naries on 4 Nov. mOl, and moved an address I against the peace on 13 Alay Grenville family tho borough of St. Mawes in Cornwall, where he was elected on 7 July. This seat he held till November 1806, when lie was elected for New Itomney , and later in the some month for the county of Norfolk. This latter election was afterwards declared void, upon a petition alleging breaches of the , Treating Act, and, Windham being thus in- eligible for re-election for the same seat, hia friend Sir Jacob Astlev was returned at the naw election on 4 March 1807. He took refuge at Higham Ferrers, where he was elected on S May 1SU7, and held that seat till bis death. Windham welcomed the renewal of hos- tilities with France, lie had never sup- Ert«d a policv of fortifications or of large id forces, and when in office bad considered the erection of mnrtello tnweis a sufficient defence for the coast, bis chief reliance being upon the fleet. He doubted too the value of volunteers, and made somewhat savage attacksupon them, but tookportinlbegeneral movement in 1803, and raised a volunteer force at Felbrigg, and became its coloneL He now became leader of the Grenville party in the House of Commons, and en^^ged in the attack on Addington, but declined to join Pitt again in May 1604, owing to the kinor's objection to the admission of Fox to the mmblry. He then found himself once more acting with Foi and opposing Pitt, and at the time of Pitt's death ho incurred some hostility in consequence. He accepted the war and colonial office in I,ord Greaville'a administration, and on 3 April 1800 intro- duced a plan for improvine the condition of the military forces, and making the army an attractive profession. With thia object he passed bills for reducing the term of service and for increasing the soldiers' pay. He had begun the arrangements for the South Ame- rican expedition when, with the rest of tlia ministry, he was dismissed in March 1W7. In the previous year he had refused the o9'er of a peerage, preferring a career in the House of Ciommons, and he continued to devote himself to the conduct of the war and to criticism of the policy of his successor Caatle- reagh. On general policy, however, he held aloof from debale, and, from growing dislike of London, lived much in the country. His only conspicuous speeches in the later yeais of fiia life on civil topics were (14 May 1805) in favour of the Roman catholic claims, to which subject he returned in 1810, and on Curwen'sbillfor preventingthe sale of seats in May 1809, As Castlereagh's proposals with regard to the militia ran counter to his own plan of 1606, he opposed the local militia biU in 1808, and, as he was adverse to a policy of scattered and, as be thought, aimless expeditions, he spoke against the Copenhagen expedition in 1807, and the Scheldt expedition in January 1810. On the other hand, he was a very warm supporter of the Spanish cause, and even began to learn Spanish with a view to a personal visit to Spain. In his view, however, the objective of the English force should have been the passes of the Pyrenees, and uot Portugal, so as to cut off the French from Spain, and he thought that Moore ought to have been sent with a much larger force to the north of Spain, and there could and should have held hisground. ThePeninsularwar.oncebMiin, was to be pressed with vigour, and such an expedition as that to Antwerp did not seem to Windham consistent with the succeasful Windham 175 Windsor prosecution of tbe Spanish war. He con- I UDued to eipreaa these views energetically, but, by Hupporting a. proposal made early in ISIO for the excluaion ot reporters from the House of Commons, he provoKed the hostility of the press, which for some time refused to leport hia speeches. Windham's last speech was made on 11 Mot 1810. In July of the previous year he had ii^ured his hip by his eSbrta in re- moving the bouka of his friend the Hon. Frederick North (afterwards fifth Earl of Gailford) fq.v.l out of reach of a Brt'. On — " y 1810 Cline operated ui I him for 17 May the removal of a tumour, but «OTered&omtbefihocli,anddiedat bis house in Pall Mall on i June, and was huried at Felbrigg. He married, on 10 July 1798, Cecilia, third daughter of Commodore Arthur Farrest [q.v.], but bad no children. Windham'spersonal ad vantages were many. 1 He was ricli, and had an income of 6,000^ a year. He was tall and well built, graceful and dignified in manner, a tborougli aporta- man, and in his youtli, like his father, was very athletic and a practised pugilist. He hada good memory, and was widelv and well informed i he was an ardent Greeli and Latin scholar, and fluent in French and Italian. Though his voice was defective and sbrill, he was, when at his best, a most elo- quent orator, and was always a clear speaker and a keen debater ; but his speeches were marred by occasional indiscretions of temper and want of reticence. He waa pious, clii- yalrous, and disinterested, and his brilliant social qualities made him one of the finest gentlemen as well as one of the soundest sportsmen of his time. His diary, published in 1866, shows him to have been Tacillaling and hypochondriacal in private, but beseems to have relieved his feelings by this habit of private confession ; and in public, (hough somewhat changeable, he was not irresolute. In an age of great men bis character stood high, and although his conduct on two occa- ■ions in his pobtical Ufe led t.o charges of inconsistency, and earned for him tbe nick- name of ' Weathercock Windham,' his per- sonal integrity was unimpugned. Tbe army nndoubtedly owed much to his labours in improvingitaefficiency andcondition. Pane- gyrica were pronounced upon him in the House of Lords by Lord Grey on 6 June 1810, aad in the House of Commons by Lord Milton the following day, and Brougham paints him in laudatory terms in bis ' His- toricalSketcheeof British Statesmeu'(i.219). A portrait of him by Hoppner was placed in thepublic hall, Norwich, and there is another, by sir Thomas Lawrence, at Univeraity College.Oxford ( Cat. GuelpkEihib. No, 150). A priut from the portrait by Hoppner was engraved by Say, and was publishecf. Thero are also a portrait of him by Sir Joshua Reynolds and a second by Lawrence, both in the National Portrait Gallery, London, and a bust by Nollekens. [WiBdlism'x SpoecbBB, with Momoir hy bta secretarj, Thomas Ainjot (3 vole. 1808); Wind- ham 'b Diary, 1784-1810, ed. Mm. Hoiiry BdriBg, 186S; Malone's Memoir of WiDdbnm, 1810, re- printed from Gent. Mag. 1810. i. 688 (rf. ib. n6B) \ M^moires dn Comte Joseph de Pnisayo; Lccky's llial. of Englaad in the Eighteenth Cent.; Hardy's Lord Charlemont. ii. 82, 88; Colbura's Nav Monthly MHg.xnii. 565; Edin* burgh Itevtew, cxxiii, £57; Bomilly's life; Bluohopo's Life of Pitt; Boswell's Lifeof Joha- eoQ, ed. Hill ; Cooke's Hist, of Party, iii. 4S3 ; Harris's Bodicol Party in Parliament.] J. A.H. WINDSOR, ALICE bb (d. 1400), mi»- treas of Edward 111. [See PBEKEKS.] WINDSOR, formerly Hickhas, THO- MAS waNDSOR, seventh Bahon Wibmok or Stanweli. and first 'Elrl of PLTMonra (1627 P-1687), bom about IBli' and baptised under the name of Tliomaa Windsor, waa eon and heir of Dixie Hickman of Kew, Surrey, by his wife Elizabeth, eldest sister and coheir of Thomas Windsor, sisth baron Windsor of Stanwell. No connection has been traced between the Windsors of Stanwell and Sir William de Windsor, baron Windsor [i\, v.], the husband of Alice Perrers. The Stanwell family claim desceot from Walter Fitz- Other (fl. 1087), who held that manor at the time of Domesday and was warder of Wiud- soi Castle, whence he derived the name Windsor. His third son, Gerald ob WiHDsoK { /!. 1116), was constable of Pem- broke Castle (/(in. Kambria, pp, 89, 91), and steward to Amulf, earl of I'embroke [see under RoofiR se Muntsouebt, d, 1093?], in whose service he saw much flght- ing in Pembroke. He waa sent to king Mur- tagh in Ireland to ask his daughters hand I for Amulf, married Nest or Nesta fq, v.], I mistress of Henry I, and was father ot Wif- , liam FitEgerald, Slaurice Fitzgerald Ui. 117«) [q, v.], David id. 1176) [q. T.J, bishop (J I St. David's, and Angharad, mother of Oiral- ' duB Cumbrensis fq. v.J, the historian ; he was thua the reputed ancestor of the numerous Oeraldine families (see, besides tba articles referred to, Freeuak, Norman Conquett, v, id »'iV/tnmifij/iM,ii. 96-7, 101,108- I I I Windsor 176 Windsor descent. That manor remained in the handg of the family until Henry VHI compelled Andruw Windsor (1474 f-l'>43), whom be had in 1529 summoned to parliuiuent as first Baron Windsor of Stanwell, and made keeper of his wardrobe (see Letferi and Pajirre of Henry VIII, vols, i-xvi. pasi * ~ to exchange it for Bordeslev Abbey, T , _. ceatershire. By his wife Eliiabeth', eldest sister of Edward Blount, second lord Mounts joy, he was father of William Windsor, second bnroa (1499?-1(>69), whose widow married George Putlenham [q. v.], and pes- tered the council for many years with suits against him for maintenance {AcU P. C. voIb. xii-xvi. passim) ; William's son Ed- ward, third baron (1532-1575), was father of Fredericlt, fourth baron (1569-1585), and of Henry, fifth baron (1602-1616). The latter's son, Thomas, sixth baron (1590-1 64 1 ), Tfas created K.B. in June IfllO, and was rear-admiral of the fleet sent to fetch Prince Charles from Spain in 1623; he marrifd Oalheriue, youngest daughter of Edward Somerset, fourth earl of Worcester [q- v.], but died without issue. The barony thus fell into abeyance between the heirs of his two sistem, while the estates passed to his nephew, Thomas Windsor Hickman, who assumed the surname Windsor in lieu of Hickman, and was commonly known as Lord Windsor (ef. Cai. State Papfr», Dom. 1649-50, p. 70; Cal. Comm.for Compounii- inff.-p. 1260). Though tittle more than fifteen at the outbre^ of the civil war, Windsor is said to have been capUin of a troon of horse in the rovalist army in lft42, and lieutenants colonel in May 1645 ; these commissions do not appear in Peacock's 'Army Lists,' but possibly he was the Windsor serring ifl Bard's regiment of foot who was captured at Naseby on U June 1645 (I'mcocK, 2nd edit. p. 98). He compounded for his 'delin.- 3uency in arms' on 30 April 1646, and was escribed as having been 'concerned in' the articles for the surrender of Hartlebury Castle, Worcestershire (Cal. Comm. for Gtmpoundinff, ^. 1360). His fine, fixed at a sixth of his estate, was 1,100/,, which aeems to have been paid. On 4 April 1649 he was reported to have gone to Flanders 'upon challenge sent him by an English l^ntleman named Griffith ' ( Cai. S/afePapem, Dom. 1649-50, p. 380). According to Sir Kenelm Digby, who gives the challenger'H name as Griffin, the latter's letters to Wind- sor caused mucjimerriment among the exiles at Calais (16. p. 380), and the council of state requested the Spanish ambassador to preveal the duel. On IB May 1G6I he was summoned before the council of state and required to give a bond of 4,000/. with two sureties of 3,000/. to appear when called upon and ' not to do anything prejudicial to the present Kovemment'(i6. 1651, p. 207). On 2 Aug. 1653 ho was Gjanied a pau to go beyond seas, but for the raoat part he lived quietly in England, absorbed in & fruitless scheme to render the river Salwarpe navi- gable by means of locia, for the benefit of the salt trade at Droitwicb. On 13 May 1666 he married at St. Qeorge's-in-the- Fields, I^ndon, Anne, sister of George Savile (afterwards Marquis of Halifax) [q. T.] After the Hestoration "Windsor received on 16 June 1660 a declaratory patent deter- mining in his favour the abeyance into which the barony of Windsor o'f Stanwell had fallen (G. E. C[oKiTVR], Complete Peerage, vi. 257 ; EgeHon MS. 2551, f. 27). He took his seat as seventh Baron Windsor in the House of Lords two days later, and in the sameyearwas made lord lieutenant of Wot^ cesCershire. On 20 July 1661 he was ap- pointed governor of Jamaica, with a salary of 2,000/. a year, though his commission was dated only from 2 Aug. followinK. He did not set out till the middle of Aprill662 (Pepis, Diary, ed. Braybrooke, i. 342), but during- the interval seems to have developed some fairly enlightened views upon the govern- ment of colonies (Egerton MS. 2395, ff. 301 - 303). He arrived at Barbados on II Julv, and there published his proclamations for tfie encouraeement of settlers in Jamaica. Lands were to be freely granted ; no one was to b» imposed npon in point of religion, provided he conformed to the civil govemmenC; trade with foreigners was to be free ; and all handi- crafts and tradesmen were to be encouraged ( Cn/.A/ni* PapKr», America andWest Indies, 1661-8, Nos. 324, 3.35). He left on 1 Aug. for Jamaica, where he acted b« governor (or little more than ten weeks, part of which was occupied by an expedition to Cuba and the seieure of a'Spanish fort there called St. Jago. But during this brief period Windsor claimed to have establishea an admiralty r, disbanded the roundhead army in Ja- a and remodelled its forces, called in immiaaions to buccaneeis and 'reduced them to certain orderly rules, giving tham nieaiona to take Spaniards and bring them into Jamaica ' (lA. No, 379 ; cf. arts. Mobt- FOBD, Sib James and Sib Thouas; Moboait, Sir Henry). 'Being verie sick and un- easie,' he embarked for England on 20 Oct, 1662, leaving Sir Charles Lyttelton (1629- 1716) [q. v.] as his deputy governor (Presmf State of Jamaica, 1688, p. 39). His com- Windsor Windsor ■nas revoked on 15 Feb. 166^-4, Sir lomas Modjford bein|; Appointed hia siic- isor(Ca/. 6'(afffi(/Jer»,AtDericft and West Indies, 1661-S, No», 656, 735). Windaoc's snddea retura provoked from I'ep^a the re- muk that ' these young lords are not fit tu do any service abro&d,' and Itu wae sceptical aa to the reality of Windsor's scliievementa (Diary, ed, Braybrooke, ii. 109, 11", 131). Windsor himself pleaded ill-health, and his eUtement that he came back 2,000/. worse off than he went out supplies a further ex- ^anation {Hattm Cormipondmier, i. 4ti). On 9 July 1(W6 Windsor was commia- aicmed captain of a troop of sixty horse SiLTOH, Arm}/ Luti, i. 76; Cat. State pert, Dom. 11565-6, p. 490) ; it was, how- ever, only a miiitia force, and was disbanded soon afterwards (Sadie Correip, p. 15). In June 1671, in return for a chnllentre which be believed John Berki;Iey, lord Berkeley of Stratton [q. v.l, the lord lieutenant uf Ire- land, had sent tiim, Windsor challenged him at Kidderminster on his nay to London (Berwick, JtatcdoH Paper*, 1819, pp. ^50-1 ; C'al. State Papen, Dom. 1671, pp. 346,387). Berkeley declined the challenge and informed the king, who sent Windsor to the Tower. He was 'mightily complimented by viaitts from all the towne, and stayed there, I think, about a fortnight, and then, relensed, came to Windsore and kissed the king's hand there. The councill would heare nothing in favour of lum. They looked upon his challenge to a person in the employment of h' of Ireland U iucb an affront to ye king aa nothing should have made him presume to resent it [«t that rale ' (^Uiittim Oorreep. i. 68). In 1676 Windsor was appointed master of horse to the Duke of York, and on 4 July 1681 was made governor of I'orts- moutb (LuTTRBi-t, i. lOtt). On U Nov. ie»a he was made governor of Hull, and on « Dec. following was created Earl of Ply- month, takin|[ his seat on 19 May 1685. On 80 Oct. I6S5 he was sworn of the privy eouncil (I'A. i. 3(12), a few daya after the ex- pulsion of his brother-in-law, the Marrguis of Halifax, with whom he can have hod but Bt^ sympathv {FoiCBOlT, Li/e of Halifax, ■489). Hedi^un3NoT.1687(^drff(..«S. ~se»,f. 180), and was buried on the 10th Tanlebigg, Worcestershire. louth's first wife, Anne Savile, died March 1606-7, and was buried at Tardeingg on I April following. He msr- ried, secondly, at Kensington on i> April lees, Ursula, daughter of Sir Thomaa Wid- drington [q, v.l, with the consent of her guardian, John" Rush worth (1612P-1690) [q. v.] She was bom on 1 1 Nov. HH7, and died on 22 April 1717. Bv her Plymouth had issue (1) Thomas {d. 1738), who seri'ed in tfae war in rianders, waa on 19 June 1699 created Viscount Windsor in the peerage of Ireland, and on 31 Dec. 1711 Baron Montjoy in the peerage of the United Kingdom, and left a don, Herbert, on whose death in 1758 these peerages became extinct; (2) Dixie {1075-1743), who was scholar of Westrain- 8ter, fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, member for that university in six successive parliaments, ond brother-in-law of (Sir) \^'illiam Shippen [q. v.] (Welch, Queen'* SeAolart, V. ^'Ji) ; (3) Ursula, who married in 1703 Thomas Johnson of Walthamstow ; and (4) Etiiabeth, who married Sir Francis Dashwood, hart. By his first wife Plymouth had issue a daughter, Elirabetb, and a son. Other Wind- sor, styled Lord Windsor from 1682 till his death on 1 1 Nov. 1684 ; his aon Other (1679- 1727) succeeded his grandfather as eighth Baron Windsor and secotid Earl of Ply- mouth (cf. LuTTRBLL, Bri^f Relation, passim ; BCKNET, Chen Time, 1766, iii. 376). His grandson, Other Lewis, fourth earl (1731- 1777), maintained a voluminous correspon- dence with Newcastle, extant in British Mu- seum Additional MSS. 32724-983. The earldom became extinct on the death of llenry.eighth earl, on 8 Dee. 1843. The ba- rony eventually passed to Harriet, daughter of the si.xth earl, who married Robert Henry, grandson of liobert, first lord CHve [q. v.] j her grandson is the present Baron Windsor. [Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1650-72, America and West laAifa. 1691-8, pouim ; Brit. Mus. Lnasd. MS. cclv. 112; Addit. MSS. fiSO't f. lOG, HSiO f. 82. 6707 f.55, 12614, 39SfiO-61,paisini: Hiot. MSS. Comm. lit Rep. App. pp. 37. AS. 2nd Rep. App. p. 1A; Lords' and Coromana' Jonraata ; Hatton Corresp. and Snrile Corresp. (Camden Soc.),pa9siiu : Luttrell'ti lirirf Relation; Pepys's snd EtoIjd'b DiarioB ; Pcncock'a Army Lilts ; Dnllon's Army Lists, i. 76, 298 : Chiistar'a London Marr. Liconcea. col. 1*88; History of Jnmuica, 1771, 3 vols. 4to ; Tracts rotating lo Jamaica, ISnO. 4Io ; Nosh's Woreeslershire ; Tii-ksll's History of Hull ; J. M. Woodward's Hist, of Bordosley Abbey ; Foicroft's Lifo of Uiilifai, pa-isim ; Lodge's Poerago of Irclond. ed. Arcbdall ; Burke'i Peeraga uiid Eitini pHprni^ ; Doylf's Oflii^iHl BarnaspH ; Q. ] G[okiivne]'8 Complete Peerage, s.vv. ' Plymouth ' anil ' Windsor.'] A. F. P. WINDSOR, Sir WILLIAM i>b, B*bos ■Windsor (rf. 1384), deputy of Ireland, was tlie son of Sir Alexander de Windsor of Ciravrigg, Westmorland, and of Eliaibeth {d. 1349), his wife. No connection has been proved between this family and that of tha I J Windsor 178 Windsor Windsors of Stanwell (G. E. CTokatxeTs Complete Peerage, viii. 183-4; SiB G. T. DuCKETT, Duchetianay gives a full account of the descent of the Windsor family). William was of full af e in 1349, and served in the French wars of Edward III. Before 1369 Windsor had held a command in Ireland under Lionel of Antwerp, and claimed lands in Kinsale, Inchiquin, and Youghal {King's Council in Ireland, p. 326). In tnat year he was appointed the king's lieutenant in Ireland, ana had a grant of a thousand marks a year (Dugdalb, Baronage, i. 509). He at once set to work to reduce the Dublin border clans, but in 1370 had to leave them in order to attempt the rescue of the Earl of Desmond, who had been taken prisoner by the O'Briens (Gilbert, Viceroys of Ireland, p. 230). To secure even partial order Windsor had been compelled to adopt measures of doubtful legality ; at a parlia- ment of 1369, failing to induce its members to promise new customs to the king, he ex- torted from the prelates, who met separately, a grant for three years, and afterwards had enrolment made in the chancery records that they were given in perpetuity to the crown. The colonists appealed to Edward III, and, in answer to their petition, the king on 10 Sept. 1371 forbade Windsor, who haa re- turned to England in March, to levy the sums for which he had exacted grants, ordered the enrolment to be erased, and on 20 Oct. formally rebuked him for his extortions, which he bade him make good {Fcedera, vol. iii. pt. ii. pp. 922, 924, 928, 942). The mayor of Drogheda, arrested by Windsor's command, was released {ib. p. 930), and on 20 March 1373 an inquisition was held at Drogheda into Windsor's extortions in Meath and Uriel {ib. pp. 977, 978, 979). Alice Ferrers, who afterwards became Windsor's wife, had in 1369, when he first became viceroy, received from him the amount destined for the ex- penses of his expedition and the payment of his men (for date of her marriage with Windsor, see art. Perreils, Alice). Oil Windsor's withdrawal from Ireland anarchy broke out. Accordingly on 20 Sept. V'VI'.j Edward reappointed him to the vice- royalty {Fadera, vol. iii. pt. ii. p. 990). He was commanded to levy the grants formerly promised at Baldoyle and Kilkenny, and to co-operate with Sir Nicholas Dagworth [cf. art. Tekrers, Alice]. In 1374, on the re- fusal of a parliament at Kilkenny to make a grant at Dagworth's request, Windsor issued writs bidding clergy and laity to elect repre- sentatives, finance them, and send them to England to consult Edward on an aid to be taken from Ireland [cf. art. Sweetkan, MiLol Meanwhile Newcastle, on the frontier of W icklow, was taken by the Irish. The ^vemment sent help by sea to the garrison in the castle of Wicklow, but the council, meeting at Naas, forbade Windsor to move further south because it left the north in Eeril. W^indsor could carry on the war only y levying forced subsidies of money and provisions. Early in 1376 Windsor gave up his vice- royalty, and was summon^ to England to consult with the king. On 29 Sept. 1376 he was granted 100/. a year for life from the issues of the county of York. On 14 Dec pardon was granted him 'for having har- boured Alice Ferrers, who was banished in 1377, and license granted for her to remain in the realm as long as she and her husband please.' On 23 Oct. 1379 Sir John Harles- ton was directed to deliver up to Windsor the custody of Cherbourg (Walsinoham, Hist. Angl, i. 427 ; Chron. Anglia, p. 265 ; Fadera, iv. 73). In the same vear Windsor was sent on the eicpedition to help the Duke of Brittany against France ^Walsinghaji, ffist, Angl, i. 134), receiving large grants of land, most of which had been forfeited by Alice Ferrers (Dugdale, Baronage, i. 609 ; CaL Pat. BolU, 1377-81, p. 603 ; Bot. Pari. iii. 130 a). In 1381-2, 1382-3, 1383-4, Windsor had summons to parliament as a baron (Dugdale, 1. 509). In 1381 and 1382 he took a leading part in putting down the peasants' revolt, especially in the counties of Cambridge and Huntingdon, being granted special autnority with this object, and made a special justice and commissary of the peace in Cambridge. On 13 March 1383 he was referred to as a * banneret.' Further grants, previouslv made to Alice Ferrers, were in 1381, 1383, and 1384 extended to him. Windsor died at Heversham in AVestmor- land on 15 Sept. 1384, heavily in debt to the crown. The oarony became extinct. His will was dated Haversham, 15 Sept., and proved on 12 Oct. 1684. He left no legitimate issue. His nephew, John de Windsor, who was one of his executors, seized most of his estates, and had many disputes with his widow [see Fbrrebs, AliceJ. He left cer- tain lands to William of Wykeham [q. v.], which the bishop eventually appropriated to the use of his great foundation at Win- chester {Cal. Pat. Bolls, 1381-2, p. 577). In Ireland John de Windsor did not succeed in obtaining his uncle's lands; for William's estates in Waterford were adjud^d to his two sisters — Christiana, wife of Sir William de Moriers of Elvington, Yorkshire ; and Margaret, wife of John Duket, 'his nearest Wind us Wing Ii^is u>d of full ege' (King'x Council in Ire- land, p. 3^). [BjniDr's Fixdera, vol. iii. (Rcwrd edit.); King's Coancil in Ireland, Walsinghuni's Uesta AbboCum S. AlbuDi and Hist. AngL i. (a!l nbove inBoUs Ser.]: Cal. Fat. KolU. 1377-Bl and 1381-5 ; Eot. Pari. ii. iii. ; Nieolnis TpBtomonln Vetusta; Du^le'a Baroan^e, i. aOB ; G. E. C[oka;nej'e CompleUi Peeftgo, Tiii. 183-4 ; Gil- liert'aVioerojB of Ireland; LuckBlt'sDuchetiana, pp. 38S-83; Ouckon'B 'Manorbeer Custle and lU Early Owaerf' in Archiealogia CambrenBia, 4th ser. xi. 137-4S ; Nulee and Queries, Tth esr. ToI.TiL] M. T. "WINDUS, JOIIN iJ. 1735). aiithorof 'A. Journey to Moquinei,' was tlie historian of ft nitsian despulched bj George 1 in 1720 under Commodore Charles Stewart, with a Bmall «quadron and the powers of a pieni- poWntiary, to treat for a puate with the emperor of Morocco. The squadroii sailed on 'Ji Sept. 1T:K), and in the following May a conference was held between the ambas- Eador*a party and the Bosha Hauet Ben All Ben Abdallah at Tetuan. A treaty of peace, by which pirucy -kss prohibited and tbe tnglish prisooerB released, v/m signed at Ceuta in January 1721, and Windus there- upon returned to England in Stewart's flag- ship, the Dover, Windus utilised tbe four months he spent on land iu ' Barbary ' to collect mntenals for an account of the Moors, and in 172Q, with a dedication to 'James, eail of Berkley, vice-admiral of England,' he published ' A Journey to Meqiiinez, the n^dence of the present Emperor of Fez and Morocco' (Albumazer Muley Ishmaet), Lon- . don, for Jacob Tonson, 17:25, 8vo. I No work on Morocco had hitherto ap- I peared in English, with the exception of the •omewbat meagre 'West Barbary' (1*171) of Ifftncelot Addison [a. v.], and much inte- rest was excited bv Windus's hook. An influential list of subscribers was obtained, •ad the volume rapidly went through several , editions, and was pirated in Dublin. The ■uathoT was assisted in his task by M. Cor- ■'biirv, who had at one time resided at t)ie r-Sfooriah court, and the work was iliuatrated Ikkf engravings by Fourdrinier, tlio plates Kbring dedicntedto William Piillaney, Lord BGobbom, the Duke of Argyll, and other dis- Ftinguished persons. It was reprinted in the ^ ' Collection of Voyages ' of 1T07, in the ' "World Displayed ' (1774, vol. xvii. 12mo), aad in Pinkerton's ' Collection of Voyages ' (1808, vol. 'cv-'t'o). It was drawn u*]ion to A lafge extent bv Thomas Pellew [q. vj in his 'History anS Adventure in South Bar- bary,' written in 1739, and to some extent klfio ID Thomas Shaw's ' Travels or Ubserva- tiona relating to several parts of Barbary and the Levant ' (1738, folio). The descrip- tion of the manners of the people and the methods of the government renders the book ' a curiosity,' as it was pronounced by James Boawell and by Slevensoa {Cat. of Voyagri and Travel), No. fiSB), [Windus's Journey to Miquinei; Blackiraod's Magiuioe. xxti. 205 ; Budgett Msakin's Moorish Empire. 1899; Plajfiiir'a Bihliograpljy of Mo- rocco. 1S02; an intrreetiug lapplsmenl lo Win- dus is supplied iu JoIiq ^ruithwalte's History of tbe Rocolutiona in tbe Empire of Morocco, 172B.] T. S. 1 -WTNEFRrDE (Welsh, Gicenfrewi) is the name of a legendary saint supposed to have lived in the seventh centurv. She is said Co have been the daughter of Teuytli or land to St. Beino, and put his daughter under his teaching, A chief tain, Caradoc ap Alaric j or Alan, cut off the maiden's head, and when ' it touched the ground a spring appenred, ' namely, St. Wiaefride'a Well or Holyw {d. 1605) and grandfather of Sir Anthony office ; his name appears on the roll in 1514, i (d, 1638), first baronet; another son, Richard, and he served as sheriff* from November i was father of Anthony Wingfield (1550 P~ 1515 to November 1516. He accompanied \ 1615.^) [q. v.] and of Sir John Wingfield {d. Henry VIII to the Field of the Cloth of Gold and to his subsequent meetings with Charles V in 1620 and 1522. He served 1596) fq.v.], and a third, Anthony (d. 1593), was usher to Queen Elizabeth. [Letters and Papers off Henry VIII, vols. under his cousin, Charles Brandon, duke of ! i-xri. ; State Papers, Henry VIII, 11 vols.; Suffolk, in the campaign in France in 1523, ■ Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1547-80 ; Addit. MSS. approved of Henry's religious changes, 26114 ffl 333. 344, 346. 27447 f. 77; Cotton, and officiated at the coronation of Anne and Ha^l. MSS. passim ; Nicolas s Proc. Privy Boleyn. He represented Suffolk in the * Re- Council, vol. vii.; Dasent's Acts P. C. vols, formation' parliament from 1529 to 1535, l;."'-! ^^- ?f™- °*LJ^r*^ ^t^^u*'''^^! but on 15 Dec. 1544 was returned for Hors- ^'^^) ^ ^®*^'?i ^f; ^^f"' f |^^ • J p^°- ^^ ham. He again served under Suff-olk during ^*^^%^A P?! ^2^ ?Vu ^^' *^. K^^^land Papers. 4.1 -4.1, --? u IT c ico^ J ** PP- 32, 37. Wriothesleys Chron. ii. 27, 33, the northern rebellions of 1536, and was a ^^^^^^j^g connected with^the Prnyer-Book, edl commissioner for the dissolution of the p^cock. passim (all these in Camden Soc.); monasteries in Suffolk, receiving in 153/ Strvpe^s Works (General index) ; Goujsh's Index grants from the lands of Campsie Priory and, to Parker Soc. Publ. ; Davy's Suffolk Collec- in 1539, the priories of AVoodbridge and tions; Ellisj's Original Letters; Notes and Letheringham. In the latter year he be- Queries, 1st ser. passim ; Barkers Extinct Baro- came vice-chomberlain, captain of the guard, nets; Lodge's Irish Peerage, ed. Archdall; and and member of the privy council, at which Powerscourt'sWingfield Muniments, 1894, which, he was a constant attendant for the rest of though *fiated* as correct by the College of his life. He was elected K.G. in April 1541. -Arms, con tains various errors.] A. F. P. His capacity as vice-chamberlain necessi- WINGFIELD, ANTHONY (1550?- tated his presence at the court functions of 1615 ?), reader in Greek to Queen Elizabeth, the time, and as captain of the guard he bom probably in or soon after 1550, was the arrested Cromwell at the council-board in third son of Richard Wing^field of Wantis- August 1540, and conducted Surrey to the den, Suffolk, by his wife Marv, younger Tower on 12 Dec. 1546. Henry VIII made sister of the famous * Bess of ilardwick,* him an assistant-executor of his will, and countess of Shrewsburv [see Talbot, Eliza- left him 1^00/. betuJ. SirAnthonyWingfield(1485?-1552) Under Edward VI he represented Suffolk [q. v.] was his grandfather, and Sir John in parliament from 26 Sept. 1547 till his Wingfield (d, 1596) [q. v.] was his brother, death, arrested Gardiner on 30 June 1548, He matriculated as a pensioner of Trinity joined in Warwick's conspiracy against College, Cambridge, in 1569, appears to have Somerset, and was despatched by the coun- been entered as a student of Gray's Inn in cil on 10 Oct. 1549 to arrest the Protector 1572, and was elected scholar of Trinity in at Windsor. This he effected on the morn- 1573. He graduated B.A. in 1573-4, was ing of the 11th, conveying Somerset to the elected fellow of his college in 1576, and Tower three days later. He was rewarded commenced M. A. in 1577. Possibly through by being promoted comptroller of the house- the influence of his uncle Anthony (52, and was buried in great state panied Peregrine Bertie, lord Willoughby Wingfield 1S3 Wingfield de Erasbjr [q. v.], on Lis embaasy to Denmark, but in October of the sumo year lie was up- pomteil proctor at Cambridga. On il M&rcii 1568-9 he wa-s granted leave of absence by his university on going abroad in tiie queens aervice, and on condition that lie supplied n deputj public orator; tbie post he rei^igned on 25 Sept. 1589. On 19 Jan. 1592-3 the archbishop of York wrote to the Earl of Shrewtburv promiBing- to ' take care that Anthony Wingfield «hall be returned a bur- gess for one of the towns belonging to the atxi' {Talbot MSS.I, fol. lo«), and in the fol- lowing month he was elected for liipon. Wingfield's relationship to Bess of tlard- wick makes it probable that he was ihe cor- respondent of the earls of Shrewsbury, whose •cripts in the Col legeof Arms (cf. MUt. MSS. Otanin. 13th Hep.^pp. ii. 21) ; and he n have been the Anthony Wing^eld who 3S Jan. 1C94-5 became joint lessee of the prebends of Sutton, Bucldnf^ham, Uorton, and ICorley, all in Lincoln Cathedral (Cal. State Paprrt, Dom. 1595-7, p. 6). About (he end of Elizabeth's reign, through the in- finence ot the Countess of Shrewsbury or of her Bt«pson, William Cavendish (afterwards Bret Earl of Devonshire), to whom ^^'ing- field was related on his father's side, he was Bimointad tutor to Cavendish's two sons, WiUiiim (allerwards second Karl of Deron- ■hire fq.v.J) and (Sir) Charles, the mathe- mAlicuin. About 160H Thomas llobbea[q. v.], the philosopher, succeeded to this position, and Wingfield drops out of notice, though he is mentioned in the 'Talbot Papers 'm 1611 (Xedition ta 1J)89 against Spain, of which he wrote an account (printed in HiKLTJYT, Voiages, 1599, 11. ii. 134-55, where he is styled ' colonel '), probably he- longed to a diiTerent branch of the family, the Wingfields of Portsmouth (cC AeU P. C. vol. xvi-xii. passim; Cal. State Piipers,Uoni, 1591^, p. 405), [Davy's Suffolk CoUwtions, n.r. • Wingfield of CrowHold," io Brit. Mua, Addit. MS. 10156; Talbot MSS. in thn CoUege of Arms, H. f. 167, I. {. IflB, L. ff. 364, 398, O. f. IU6, P. r. 1016; Coopar'a Athens Cantubr, 13.448,656; I^o'a IlluBtralions : Foster's Alumni Oxen. 1S0(I-17H; PawBracourt's Wiaglieli! MudI- mFDtH, 1804.1 A. F. P. WINGFIELD, EDWARD MARIA (A 1600), colonist, bom about 1560, was the son of Thomas-Maria Wingfield of Stone- ley, IIuTilingdonahire, who married a lady named Kerrye of a Yorkshire family. He was grandson of Sir Richard Wingfield (1469P-1525) [q. v.] of Kimbolton Castle, lord deputy of Calais. Thomas was the son of Sir Ricuard Wingfield, and was godson of Cardinal Pole and Queen Mary, whence the second christian name, Maria, which sur- vived in the family for several genemtions. Bdwsrd served in Ireland and in the Low Oountries, and was one of those to whom the original patent of Virginia was granted on 10 April 1606. He alone among those patentees whose names are mentioned in the instrument sailed with the first party of colonists on New Year's dov 1607 [see Smith, Johh, 1580-1631]. The' list of the council was sealed up, to be opened aftar landing, Wingfield was among its members, and on 13 May was elected president. On 27 May, while leading an eiploring parly, WinEDeld was ' shot clean through hia heard ' by an Indian, but escaped unhurt. He soon fell out with his colleagues, and o lOSept. 1607 was deposed. Soon after thi I J Wingfield 184 Wingfield he was sued by John Smith and another of • was appointed a oommissioner to treat with the party for slander, the case was tried by | the French ambassadors at Amiens. He the council and Wingfield was cast in heavy { died on 10 May 1481. His wife*s will, dated damages. Althouflrh a good soldier and an j 14 July 1497, was proved on 22 Dec 1500. honourable man, Wingfield seems to have i Humphrey was educated at Gray's Inn, been wholly unfitted for his poet. He was where he was elected Lent reader in 1517. evidently self-confident, pompous, and pufied ; He had been on the commission of the peace up by a sense of his own superior birth and both for Essex and Suffolk since 1609 at position, unable to co-operate with common least. Charles Brandon, duke of Suffolk men and unfit to rule them. Moreover, as rq. v.], was a cousin of the Wingfields [see the Spanish government was known to be Wingfield, Sib Richard], Humphrey being bitterly hostUe to the colony and to be one of his trustees; and probably through plotting against it, those interested in the his influence Wingfield was introduced at undertaking were naturally distrustful of a court. In 1515 he was appointed chamber- Roman catholic. In April ItJOd Wingfield lain to Suffolk's wife Mary, queen of France, returned to England, lie appears to have and was apparently resident in her house, been living, unmarried, at Stoneley in On 28 May 1517 he was nominated upon' the Huntingdonshire in 1613. royal commission for inouiring into illegal Win^eld wrote a pamphlet entitled ' A inclosures in Suffolk (see Leadax, Domesday Discourse of Virginia/ This was a complete of InciomreSf 1897, i. 3). He appears to account of the proceedings of the colonists have acted in 1518, together with his eldest in Virginia from June 1607 till Wingfield s brother. Sir John Wingfield [see under departure. It is in the form of a journal, Wingfield, Sib Anthoxt], as a financial but is in all probability an amplification of agent between the government and the a rough diary kept at the time. Though Duke of Suffolk. On 6 Nov. 1520 he was cited by Purehas in the second edition of pricked high sheriff of Norfolk and Suffolk, his ' Piipimes* (1614, p. 757), the work re- and on 14 Nov. was appointed a commis- mained in manuscript till it was discovered sioner of gaol delivery for Essex. In 1523 in the Lambeth Library by the Rev. James and 1524 he was a commissioner of subsidy Anderson, author of the ' History of the for Suffolk and for the town of Ipswich. Church of England in the Colonies.* The On 26 June 1525 he was appointed a corn- discovery was made between the publication missioner of assize for Suffolk. On 5 Feb. of the first edition of Anderson's 'Ilistorv' 1526 he was a legal member of the king's in 1845 and that of the second in lSoi\. The council. He is mentioned in a letter dated manuscript was then edited by Dr. Charles 25 March 1527 as *in great favour with the Deane, the New England antiquary, and cardinal ; * and he took an active part in the published in the ' Archieologia Americana* establishment of the 'cardinal's college' at (1860, iv. 67-163\ a hundrt'd copies being Ipswich in September 1528. On 11. June also issued separately on large paper. . 1529 he was nominated by Wolsey one of a [WingPeld pedigree in the ViMtation of commission of twenty-one lawvers presided Huntingdonshire, ed. Ellis (Camd. See.) 1849, over by John Taylor (d. 15^) (q. v.] to hear p. 112; Lord Powerseimrt's Muniments of the cases in chancery, and on the following Ancient Family of Wingfield, 1894. pp, 5, 7 : 3 Nov. he was returned to parliament for Wingfield's own Discourse ; Smith's History of Great Yarmouth. Virginia; Cal. Sta?e Papers, Colonial, Amer.. ■ In 1530 the fall of Wolsey brought with ^"^P* 'J ^' ^' ^' exemption of the college from the penalties WINGFIELD, Sir HUMPHREY (d. , of Wolsey's praemunire. On the other hand, 1545), speaker of the House of Commons, he was nominated by the crown on 14 Julv was the twelfth son of Sir John Wingfield of Letheringham, Suffolk, by Elizabeth, daugh- ter of Sir John FitzLewis of West Homdon, 1530 a commissioner to inquire into Wolsey *s possessions in Suffolk. In this capacity he, sitting with three other commissioners at Essex. Sir John Wingfield, the father of \ Woodbridge, Suffolk, returned a verdict on four daughters and twelve sons, of whom 1 19 Sept. that the college and its lands were Sir Richard (1469P-1525) and Sir llobert are j forfeited to the king. He was at the same noticed separately, had been sheriff of Norfolk and Suffolk in 1443-4 and again in 14()1. He was knighted by Edward IV in 1461, and made a privy councillor. In 1477 he time high steward of St. Mar}- Mettingham, another Suffolk college, and under-steward in Suffolk of the estates of St. Osyth, Essex. On 9 Feb. 1533 the commons presented Wingfield Wingfield I Wingiield to the king- om their speaker. Ac- cording to C'bapuvf, tlie kiiiR 'conferred on him the order olkuiglithciod' on this occnsion. He ie stjied ' Sir ' in a petition of this feur, and frequentlj aftemards, (bough, HCCor36. On tbe outbreak of the northern rebellion in 1636 Wingiield vks one of the SuDblk rtry upon whom tbe govemmenl relied aid. He justified CromweU's opinion of him by his leal to suppress the seditious in-j cit^menta of the friars and other disafl'ected ecclesiaatics. He was nominated in 103<^ a commissioner for the valuation of Ibe lands and goods of religious bouaes in Norfolk and Suffolk. For these services he was rewarded by a grant in tail mate, dnt^ed '29 June 1537, of tbe manors ofNetherhall andOverball in Dedbam, Essex, and all the lands in Ded- jungball in Slutton, SuBblk, and all lands there belonging to tbe late prioiy of Colne Comitis (Earls Ckilne) in Essex. According to a. letterwritten by him to Cromwell soon after Iliis grant he would, but for it, ' have lia^ to begin tbe world again,' having 'lost half his living by his wife's death.' On 4 July lfiS8 he was nominated upon a special OODunission of oyer and terminer fortreasona in sis of the eastern counties. He was also commisaioned to survey the defensive points of the coast when in 1639 tbera were appre- ItenaioitH of an invasion. He was among tbi Imighta appointed to receive Anne of Olevei in January 1540. After tbe conviction o the Marquis of Eieter he received a grant of a lease of bis lands in Lalford Savs, Arde- legh, Colchester, and Mile- End, in tlssex and Suffolk. Wingfield died on 23 Oct. I.'i45 (Inij.poit tiwrtem, lA Jan. 15J(t), He married between 1603 and 1513 Anne, daughter and heiress of SirJohn Wiseman of Essex, and widow of Gregory Adgore, Edgore, or Edgar, serjeant- at-law. His son and heir. Robert, married Bridget, daughter of Sir Thomas Partiffer, lent,, alderman and lord mavor of Ixindon in 1530. His daughter Anne married Sir Alex- ander Newton. Wingfield's arms are still 1 side of ^H Itorg and ^H I the fourth window on the north side of Gray's Inn Hall, [Brewer and Gairdner's Cal. of Leitorg and Papocs. For. sad Dom. Hen, VUI, vola. i-ivi, ; Metcalfs's Vioitation nf Saffblk (1882), ISSl p. 80. 1612 p. 176: Visltntioa uf HDatiDgdonahirG, iai3 (Cxmdeu Soo. 1849) ; Anslis's Register of the Qanoc (1724). ii. Z30; Ludgoj Paerago of Ireland, ed. Arcbdall, 1789, v. 26S; ManDiog'a Lives of the 3poiikera (18511), pp. 177-82 ; Dou- thwaitfl's Uniy'a Idq (1886). pp. 47. 1:27. 131 ; Official Belum Momb. Pari,; PowerscoHrl'B WiDgGelJ MusiBiiintB.] I. S. L. WINGFIELD, Sib JOHN (rf. IBM), soldier, was the third son of Richard Wing- field of Wantisden in SuffiDlk, and Mary, daughter and coheiress of John Hardwick of Derby, sister of Eliiabelh (Talbot), (^rand- countess of Shrewsbury [<]. v.] (Visiiatin'i of Huntingdon, Camd, Soc. p. 120). His brother Anthony, reader in Greek to Queen. Elizabeth, is separately noticed. Having apparently for aome time previously served ae a volunteer against the Spaniards in Holland, be was appointed captain of foot in tbe expedition conducted thither by the Earl of Leicester in December 1685 {Cal. IMfiftd MSS. v. 2J0), and, being wounded in the action before Zutpben on 22 Sept. 11)86 (i£. vi. 570), he was for his bravery (ai' J that occasion knighted by Leicester (Stow, I Amialt, p. 739). lie was one of the twelve " knigbts ' of his kindred and friends' that walked at the funeral of Sir Philip Sidney on 16 Feb. 1587, and, returning to ibe Netherlands, was appointed governor of Gertruydenberg. His position, owing to the jealousies existing between tbe English auxiliaries and tbe States, and the mutinous condition of the garrison for want of pay, was neither an easy nor an agreeable one. Nevertheless, with the assistance furnished bim by his brother-in-law. Peregrine Bertie, lord Willougbby de Eresby [q.v.], he managed to hold out successfully during 1588, and even to assist materially in forcing Parma to raise the siege of Bergen in November. But a rumour early in tbe following year that he intended to band over the place to the Spaniards bronght Maurice of Nassau before tbe town with a demand for its surrender. Wingfield indignantly denied the intended treason imputed to bim, offering to prove its falsehood with his sword against unv man and in any place whatever. Nevertheless, either because he bad not tbe will or tbe power to prevent it, Gertruydenberg was on 10 April 1'j89 delivered up to the Spaniards (Motlbt, United Netherlandt, ii, 389, 517, iii, 97 ; MAKKIiAJf, FigAtiPff FfrMj'.l pp. 138-40). ■ Wingfield Wingfield Returning to England witli his wife and newly born child, Wiii|rtield served as mast tr Qf Ihe ordnance under Sir Jolin Norria (1547C-1697) [q. V,] in Brittany against the forces of tne league in 1691, and the following year he is mentioned as being in charge of the storehouse at Dieppe {Vat. Stale Paperi, Dom. 1591-4, pp. 57. -JIB). He was one of the committee appointed in 1593 for conference touching the relief of poor maimed soldiers and mariners ( Hatfirld MSS. iv. 295) ; and in June 1506 be sailed on board the Vanguard, as camp-master with the ranlc of colonel, in the eipediiion under the Earl of Essex against CadiJi. After thu attadc on the Spanish fleet, in which be bore his share (Mabsiiam, Fiyhtiig Vfret, p. 327), he was oae of the first to enter the town ; but despising the warning of Sir Francis V'ere not to expose himself reck- lessly without his armour, hu was struck down by a shot in the market-place just when all resistance ceased (Cat. State Fapern, Dom. 1595-7, pp. 191, 249, 272; MotLEI, fniCret Nrtherlandi, iu. 364). He was buried with military honours in the frincipal church in Cadix (Cshdbx, AanaU, S15, ii. 119), and the folhiwing year tho ?ueen pantud his widow an annuity of 00/. (Cal. State Paprrx, Dom. 1595-7, p. 454). Wingfield married, about lnS:i, Susan, sister of Peregrine Bertie, lord Wil- loughby de Eresby, and widow of Reginald Orey, fourth earl of Kent, bv whom he had one son, Petcgrine, born in Ilotlaud. [Authorities quoted ; Powrrscourt's Wingfield Munimeats, p. 30.] B. D. WINGFIELD, LEWIS STRANGE (1842-1891), IraveUer, actor, writer, and painter, tliird and youngest son of Richard Wingfield, sixth vIrco lint Power»court,bv his wife, lAdy Elizabeth Frances Charlotte, eldest daughter of Robert Jocelvn, second earl of Roden, was bom on 25 Feb. 1842, and educated at Eton and Bonn. He was intended for the army, which he relinquished only at the re(|uest of his mother, sub- sequently Marchioness of Londonderry, who knew the delicacy of his constitution and feared the risks of the profession. Of a re- markably adventurous disposition and vola- tile nature, he engaged in a strange and varied succession of pursuits, few of which were prosecuted long. On 21 Ang. 1865 he was at the Uaymarket Theatre Roderigo to the Othello of Ira Aldridge. (he lago of ; "Walter Montgomery, and the Deademona of ^ Madge Itoberlson (Mrs, Kendal). Hehadpre- i vioualy played in burlesque. Resides making many whimsical experiments, such as going lo the Derby as a negro minstrel, spending nights in workhouses end pauper lodgings, becoming attendant in a madhouse and in a prison, be travelled in rarioua parts of the east, and was one of the first Englishmen to journey in the interior of China. His first published work was ' Under the Palms in Algeria and Tunis,' 1868, 2 vols. During the Franco-German war he went to Puis, where he stayed through the aiege, attend- ing the wounded and qualifying as a surgeon. During the siege he communicated by balloon and otherwise with the ' Times,' the ' Daily Telegraph,' and other newspapers. After re- turning to London he went back to Paris immediately on hearing of the trouble with the commune, and remained there until its suppression bylheVersaiUestrwxps. Having taken a house. No. 8 Maida \'ale, with a large studio attached, he devoted himself to fainting, and became a member of the Royal libemian Academy, Between 1869 and 1875 he exhibited Tour domestic scenes at the Royal Academy, and one at the Suffolk Street Gallery. He arranged during lus stay in Paris for a panorama of the siege tn bo exhibited in London, and forwarded to Eng- land designs executed by various French artists. The failure of an American financier brought the scheme to nothing. Afterabandoning painting, Wingfield took lo designing costumes for the theatres, and was responsible for the dressing of many Shakespearean revivals, including ' Romeo and JiUiet' at the Lyceum for Miss Mary Anderson, and 'Antony and Cleopatra' at (he Princess's for Mrs. Laugtry. For a time W'ingfield contributed theatrical criticisms to the 'Globe' newspaper, under the title ' Whyte Ty^he." For Madame Modjeska he adapted Schiller's ' Mary St uart,' produced at the Court on 9 Oct. 1880. He also wrote some unacted dramas. He tempted fortune in many other forms of literature. ' Slippery Ground,' a novel in 3yols„ followed in 1878 ; 'Lady Griztle: an Impression of a mo- mentous Epoch,' 1878, 3 vols. ; • My Lords of Strogue; a Chronicle of Ireland from the Convention to the Union,' 1879, 3 vols, i 'For Good or Evil ' appeared in ' Eros ; Four Tales,' vol. i. 1880; 'In Her Majesty's Keeping.' 1880, 3vols.: 'Gehenna, orHavensof Unrest," 1882, 3 vols.; '.\bigail Kowe: a Chrooiclu of the Itegency,' 1883, 3 vols. ; ' Notes on Civil Costume in England,' 1884, 1 vol.4to: ' Barbara Philpot : a Study of Manners.' l8Se,8vols. ; ' Lovely Wang: aBitofChina,' 1867, 12roo; 'The Curse of Koshia: a Ro- mance,' 1888, 8yo; 'Wanderingsof a Globe- trotter in the Far East," 1 889. &i-o ; and ' The Maid of Honour : aTale of the Dork Days of Wingfield 187 Wingfield Fmnc«,' 1891, 3 voU. Som« of the foregoing works Teacherl second editiona, Wingfield is also respODBible for ' Her English Dksb,' leetiirea issued bv the latemationnl Health Exhibition, 1881.' la the course of his travels he brought home many curios, the most im- Krtant ueing a life-size figure of a tnountetl pani^se soldier in armour, said to be imiqua in tHurope. WingSeld delighted in military- service, and whenever war seemed imminent applied to be attached ns war correspondent to the Btftfli a privile^ more than once granted him. After loining the English anny in the Soudan in 18&4, he was long in hospital in Egypt. From this illness Le never quite re- covered, lie look, for his bealtli, a voyage to Awstralio, from which he returned, as it teemed, fortified. He died, however, at 14 Montague Place, London (whither he bad moved from Mecklenburgh Square), on 12 Nov. 1891, and was buried in Kensal Green cemetery. He married, on IG June ISes.CeciliaEmraa.fourthdaujiliter and fifth child of John Wilson J'it^patrick, first baron Castletown. In everything hut his friendships Wing- field was eaprii:iDU9 and unstable, turning from one pursuit to another, and wearjing of everything, eicept writing, so soon as ha had mastered its dilticultLes. His work iioder the conditions is creditable, and though it was never held to show his bwt, probably did 10. His life was a sustained romance. In appearance be was slim anddelicalc-look- in^, and possessed a clenr complexion and a tiun and feminine but musical voice. [Persona! kaowledgs and coTHmuniFnteil m- fonnation; Timoe, 14 Nov. 1891; AtlmniEiiui, SI Nov. 1801 ; Grnvos'* Diet, of Arlisla. 1H06; Saott and Honard's Rlsnchord.] J. K. WINGFIELD, Sir mCHARD(146B?- 1535), soldier and diplomatist, bom about 1469, is vnti OH si V given as the tenth, eleventh, twelfth.and thirteenth eon of Sir John Wing- field of Letheringham, Suffolk, by Elizabeth, daaghter of Sir John FitiLewis of West Homdon, Essex [see Wingfield, Sir Uv«- rRHET]. Sir Robert Wingfield [q, v.] was bis elder brother. Cooper states that be was edu- cated at the university of Cambridge, though ■t what college does not appear. A parage in a letter of 10 July 1516 suggests thai he sl^erwanls proceeded to the university of Ferrara. After the universitv he probably Studied law at Gray's Inn, in tlie windows of which hall his arms were in Dugdale's time twice blazoned (Oriff. Juriil. pp. 300. 307). According to Polydore Vergil lie was one of the commanders against the Cornish rebels in 1497. He was an esquire of the body ). apparently adiploi at the meetingof Ilenrv VII with the Arch- duke Piiilip in IfiOO. On 10 March 1005 he arrived at Itomc on a pilgrimage, accom- panied by an illegitimate brother, Richard TIrry < Collect. Top. v. 68). Before 14 Nov. 15II he was a knight, bein)^ on that data appointed marshal of Calais, i. ut' the castle there. His first app< ^ WHS on 20 Dec. 151^ as junior with Sir Edward Poynings, John Yonge, master of the rolls, and Sir Thomas Boleyn, to arrange a holy league between The pope, England, Arnigon and Castille, Maxijallian.^ Prince Charles, and Margaret of Savoy. WingSeid with Poynings was despatched to the Netherlands [see PoTNiNos, Sib Edward]. From February to April I0I3 he resided at Malines, keeping' Wolsay informed from time to time of the state of the military preparations. The treaty providing for a joint invasion of France was eigned by the four commissioners at Valines on S April 1513. Wingfield then returned to hia post at Calais, and was appointed knight-marshal there. Un 16 May he was at Brussels, to which place he was probably despatched to further the suit of Charles Brandon, duke of Sufiolk [n. T.], for the hand of Margaret of Savoy (cl. Cotton. MS. Titus, B. 1 ; CAron. of Caktin, pp. 68-76). From Brussels he hastened back to report his mission to Henry, He was again at Brussels on 4 June, when he left for Antwerp to arrange for the passage of German mercensnes to Calais. These arrived on 18 June, probably under his com- □land (C4ro». 0/ Calaii.-p. 13^. His services were recognised byhis promotion to bejoint- deputv, or, as it had formerly been styled, captain of Calais, with Sir Gilbert Talbot on 6 Aug. 1613 (ib. p. xx-iviii ; cf. art, WlKo- FiKLB, Sir Robert). The pay of the deputy- ship was 'JOil, per annum, and the deputy exercised general military jurisdiction excejM: over the coslle. On 19 Feb. 1514 he was one of the commiesiouern appointed ' to levy men for the king's army in the dominions of the emperor and the Prince of Castille.' But ho WHS soon entrusted with a more delicate mis- sion, beingsent in June to Margaret of Savoy with the ostensible object of concludinp arrangements for the marriage of the king% sister Mary with Prince Charles (afterwanls Charles V). Overtures for the hand of the English princess had, however, already been made by Lauis XII. By 27 June the rumour bad reached the Netherlands. Un 11 Sept. Henry sent his excuses, but Margoret's vexa- tion made Wingfield's situation intolerable, and he sent urgent requests for recall. desire was not granted until on 14 Jan. 1616. I I Is II 1 Wingfield Wingfield t«mi Awgndited wiili the Duke of Suffolk ■Sd NWImIM Wesl [q.v.] on B Hpecial em- buiyto n«lUMto coDgratulnte Francia I on his ftocesaion. It was on tbia occoaion that Suffolk marrirf the French qiiesn (widow of Louis XII), but that step was known to neither of bis brother envoys. Wingfield sccompanied Maty of France jiom CalftiB to England on 2 May (Lelten and Paperi, iii, 4406; Chron. o/'Calau,^. IT), perhaps to press his claim to exemption from the act just passed resuming rojal grants. The claim was not allowed, but he remained at Calua, apparently discharging his former duties, and sppnars to have been the ' master deputy ' instructed to report on the French naval preparations in August 1515. About the same time he wssiiistructed by Henry, in a despatch addressed to him as ' deputy of Calais,' toproceed on a fresh mis- aion to Francis I. He was directed among other matters to advance the project of an interview between the two sovereigns, and to pave the way for overtures for the surren- der of Toumay. He was back at Calais in September. Hewasbvnomeansasubservient o&cial, for he more than once refused to exe- cute orders he judged prejudicial to Calais until after reconsideration by the king. In June 1516 Wingfield, with Cuthbert Titnatall [q. v.], was again accredited to the court of Tlrussela. Charlea had on S3 Jan. succeeded to the crown of CastiUe, and Henry was aniious to secure his friendshiji, Win^ field was commissioned to invite him to visit EDgland on his way from the Netherlands to Spain, and to ofier him a loan of 20,000 marks (13,333/. Bt. 8if.) towards his expenses. The offer was declined, and on 1 Sept. Wing- field returned to Calais, resuming his functions 05 deputy and as continental intelligencer to Wolsey. On 3S Aug, he was appointed com- missioner to sit at Calais on 1 Sept. 1617 and adjudicate the disputes between English and French merchants. On 5 May and again on 6 Nov. 1518 Wingfield was nominated, to- gether with the treasurer and secretary of Calais, to receive payment of instalments of 50,000 francs each due to Henry under the convention with Louis XII on his marriage with the Princess Mary. On 4 March 1519 Wingfield received a gmnt in tail male of the reversion of the manors of Donyngton, Cre- iTngham, Olopton Halle, and Ilkettyshall, :^iif)oUt,upon the death of Elixnbeth, countess of Oxford. Before 15 Sloy he resigned his post as deputy of Calais, receiving a grant of 200/. a year 'for life. On the 25th he left Calais ' most honourably spoken of by all there,' amid the ' weeping eyes' of the in- habitants. He proceeded to Montreiul, pro- bably t confer with the French commis- to the meeting of the two kings. Un Ills return to England he was one of chs^ four 'sad and ancient knights 'placed by tl council in the king's privy chamber with ll duly of checking his extravagance (Hall,b J398). Ha was also appointed, with a Edward Belknap and Str John Cutte, an h spector of ordnance. Wingfield's high favour with the i who designated him one of his ' trusty m near faradiars,' led to bis appointment eu in 1520 as successor to Sir Thomas Bolejj the English amhai>sador at the court < France. His salarywas fixed at l/.aday. B-_ left England on 4 Feb. Hia despafch to Wolsey, giving an account of his reception by Francis I at Cognac, is datedSMarcu. The arrangements for the projected interview be- tween Henry and Francia were incorporatad in a treaty which Wingfield negotiated by means of constant personal interviews with Francis. At the Field of the Cloth of Gold (7 June) Wingfield rode as a knight of the king's chamber. When Francis grew sus- picioiiB of the purport of the subsequent in- l«rview between Henry and the emperor at Oravelines (5 July), Wingfield employed all his diplomacy to keep him in good humour, protesting on his knees by his bedside for a& hour at a time the devotion of Henry and Wolsey to his person and his interest. Frknoia, who had vainly hoped to be admitted totiar> ticipate in the meeting, rivalled Wingfield in the extravagance of his assurances. Id August Wingfield received permission to re- turn home on privateaffairs, but before doing so was instructed, together with Jemingham, hia successor, to communicate to Francis Henry's version of the overtures made by Chievres at Gravelines to detach him from the French alliance. Ho was now employed, as before, in the inspection of militarystores. On 10 Jan. 1521 he and Sir Weston Browne reported on the armament of the king's great ship, the Henry Grace h Dieii. In the spring of 1521 Wingfield was se- lected to act as Henry VIH's representative in mediating between Francis and Charles V. His instructions were to urge on Charles the impolicy of war and the advantages of Eng- land's mediation. Wingfield ortived at Worms at the close of ^lay, and obtained the emperor's consent to Henry's mediation. But on 1 June he wrot« from Sloyence Ihat Charles had just heard of the invasion of Navarre by the French, and demanded ' such aid as was secured by the treaties between' Henry and himself. At the end of a foit^ night Charles's passion on account of tbrifl French invasion had had time to cool, andoi' Wingfield Wingfield 1-5 June Wio^Geld wrote from Brussels that Charles TCciuld ni^cept mediatinu proviiled n^ eticutionweremnde. On'2J June the eraveror requestedWingHeld torelumtoEnKlainlauJ preeenttoH.enrj'a memorial of Ills case ngainul Frsncis. It is apparent from the enpt^ror'a Languare IhatWiuffHeld had tngraliateJ htm- RelfVim him m successfully as he had done with Francis I and Louise of France. He ]eh Brunaela on 22 June. But a few days ■ftei his return to England two envoys from the emperor STTived with the intelligence that Charles had reverted to his first mind and daiined Henrj'a aid in active hostilities •ninst the French. Wolsey remarked that ' Wingfield'* despatch disagreed with their diarge,' and resolved to send Wingfield bach again to persuade Charles to a more paciGc tomper. wingfield arrived at Antwerp on 10 Julj 1521, accompanied by the emperor's two envoys, and found Charles still bent on •n InraMon of France, and still insisting on the active aid of England. By 2ii July Wing- &ldseemslohavebecomeaivarethat Wolsey 's >t intention was to cajole Francis, and prepare to act with the emperor. Towards the end of October Wolsey sent Sir Thomas Botevn and Sir Thomas Docwra to Charles to ■olicit him to enter into a truce with France ; they were instructed to take Win gfi eld's ad- vice on the method of executing their mission. The three ambassadors followed the emperor to Courtrai on 24 Oct. In the same month Knight was appointed to succeed ^^'inglleld, but the latter still remained at Oudenarde with his two colleagues, wrestling with the emperor'a obstinate refusals of truce, and ■writing almost dailv despatches to Wolsey, Trho was determined not to let him go until some conclusion was brought to the negotia- tions. About 16 Dec. Wingfield and Spinelly, , who acted as his colleague after the departure of Boleyn and Docwra on 17 Nov., accom- rnied the emperor to Ghent. At last, on Jan. 1523, the emperor himself requested Wingfield to leave at once for England upon a diplomatic mission. Wingfield replied, as Ite bad done on the similar occasion in the previous June, that for him to leave his post withontHenry's permission would bea breach of rule ; but, as before, he consented, Charles explaining to Henry the circumstances of the case. Charles further requested Wolsey to lestow the Garter upon Wingfield, and announced his intention of pensioning him. Wingfield's promotion to the Garter took place in the following year (Akbtis, ii. 232). He returned toAntwerp on 4 May 1632, with instruct ions to persuade the emperor to accept fVolsey's offer of mediation. He was also to ■arrange for the emperor's visit to England on bis wnytoSpain, Wingfieldprobnblyaccon fanied Charles, who reached l»overon i'6 May ^■2->. His services were now emploved by Henry upon a commission under the Earl of Surrey, lord hijjb admiral, for recruiting the royal navy by imprenaing ships of the mer- chant service and certain Venetian vessels to act as convoy for the emperor's voyage to Spain. Ho also accompained the fleet which burnt Morlaix and the English army on ita incursion into France. At the end of 1523 Wingfield probably returned to England with Sufi'olk and the principal military o Wingfield utilised the opportunity of his return to claim and receive rewards for his services. On 20 Nov. 15*2 he was granted the castle and manor of Kimbolton, and on 1 Sept. 1623 the neighbouring manor of Swyneshede, lands in Swyneshede and Tyl- brook.Huntingdonshire, the manor of Harde- wyke.and lands inHBrdewyke,Overdene, and Netherdene, Bedfordshire, also forming part of the late Duke of Buckingham's forfeitwl estates. At Kimbolton he built ' new fair lodgings and galleries ' (Lblakd, Itla. v. 2). I.)n 14 April lr>:J4 he was made chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster. In the course of the years 1523-4 he was nominated upon the commission of the peace for no fewer than twenty-five southern and midland counties. Wingfield had, according to his friend Hugh Latimer, 'a regard for literary men.' Ontta death (25 May 1524) of Sir Thomas LoveU rq.v.],hiBrhsteward of the university of Cam- bridge, Wingfield solicited Henry's influence to procure him thepost. The university had Eromised it to Sir Thomas More, but at the ing's instance More withdrew his candida- t ure and Wingfield was appointed. ' Who,' wrote Latimer to Dr. Grene, master of St, Catharine's, ' has more influence with the king thon Wingfield F" On 24 Feb. 1525 Francis I was defeated and captured at the battle of Pavia, At the end of March Wingfield and Tunslall were despatched by Henry to Spain [see under Tithstall, CuthbestI. During this embassy Wingfield died at Toledo on 22july 1626 (/nj, pott mortem), and was buried by his own request at the church of the friars obseri-ants, San Juan de los Heyes. Win^eld married, as her third husband, Kathenne, daughter of Kichard Woodviie, earl Rivers [q^, v.], widow of Henry Sf afibrd, duke of Buckmgbam [q. v.], and afterwarda of Jasper Tudor, duke of Bedford [q. t,1 This double connection with the king accounts for the confidence reposed in him. The marriage also supported bis claims to share in the forfeited Buckingham estates. I i Wingfield 190 Wingfield The duchess died some time before 1 Wingfleld's second wife was Bridget, daugh- ter and heiress of Sir John VViltBuira, comp- troller of Calais. He hsid no children hj the ducheea; by hie second wife be left four SODS luid four dougbterB. The ' In^uisitiones post mortem ' found th&t at the time of Sir , Iticbard's death his eldest eon Charles was twelve years old ; he obtained livery of bis lands on U July 1535. Sir Richard's will is preserved in the prerogative routt of Can- terbury, and is dated G April !6^5. His coat of arms ia engraved in Atistis (ii. 235). At the time of his death ho must have been at least Hfty-six years of age (see Hall, CAnm. 5. 699). His widow married Sir Nicholas iervey (Collins, ed. BryJges, iv. 145). [Slate Papers (11 vols. 1 830-62). vols. i. ri. ; Brewer's Cal. of Lattsrs aud Papers, Foreign and Domettio, Henry VIII, vdIb. i-lv. ; Oiirt!- Qer's Letters and lepers of Richard III and Hanry VII, 1863. 2 vols. (KolU 8er.) ; Anetii'a Begiator of the GaHar, 172J, ii. 230-i; HaU'a Chron. IS'JS; Visitation of HuntingdoDshire , ttB. I, iv. 470), and on 1 Feb. Ifil9 Mtent 10 Feb.) he wbb created viscount Werscourt. In feference to tbia dignity iwaberlfuu wrote to Carleton on 6 Feb. : Sir llichai^lWinirfield, though eighty-eight MIS old and chitdleas, has given Lord Hod- ingloa S,000/. foron Irish viicountC7'(Ca/. t4iterapfn, Dom. 1619-23, p. 11). Pro- •lilj ei(!ht-«ight is a miBtalie for sixty- ight, otfaervira Wingfield muet have lived D the age of a hundred and three. On OSepl. 1319 he was appointed a commi»- iener for the plantittion of London! and Qy O'Carroll, and was ngnin lord justice on be retirement of Lord Urandi»oti in May 822 (Cal. Stale Papen, Icel. Jas. I, v. 360). Win^eld died on 9 Sept. 16S4, and bav- ag no issue by hia -wife Elizabeth, widow I Edward, lord Cromwell of Oakham in Jutland, was succeeded in the estate (the itia becoming extinct) by hia coiuin. Sir Hwsrd Wingfield, son of Hichai .nofQe. W:^. third w I of Lodovic. Portraits of Wingiield and hU wife, by lomelius JaTiasen(P), are preserved at hwerscourt, That of Wingfield represents lim wearing a scarf, in connection with rhich there la a family tradition bow on re- nming to England in 159S, and being asked ly Queen EHzabethwhat he expected as his ard, he replied, 'The scarf which your i^esty wears round your neck will be suf- ' It reward for me. ILodge's PwragB, ed. Archdall, v. 288-72; hTsrscovrt'a^'iiigGetdMuiiiinauts.pp. :t8-9(not Iwaja accnlats), and a^th^^ili'■a qnotod. There t a nnmber bf WingllBld's lellurs in the Cecil Imspondeaee preserved at Batfield Houm. and fcer refrrcnecs itre Webb'sCompMidiuni of Irish feftrapby; Meehan's Pnte and Forlunfs of thd bIs of Tyrouo nnd Tyrconnat : Hist. MS9. Bmm. Tth Rep. p. 6aa, 8th Rep. p. 397.] R. D. WINGFIELD, SiK KOBERT (1464?- W9), diplomatist, born about l-ll}4,was the TentJison of Sir JohnWinfifield of Lelher- (hatn, SuSblk. Hi? brothers Sir Humphrey d Sir Richard (1409.''-iri26) are separately ^_ticed. He was broufrht iip by Anne, idy Scrope,. his stepmother (Blomspield, n^A^i, 1. 321). lie first rose to favour ~ * r ETeoiy VIl, to whose aid he came, her vrilb bis brother Richard, against i Comiah rebels in 1497 (Obaptoh, CArvn. f SrS; PoLTBORB VEKOIt, p. 760). On 'HanJi IftOS be arrived at Rome on a piU nage (CclUct. Top. v. 66). He was em- loyed by Heorv VII on a mission to the Imperor Maiimilian before 1508, in January if which year he is mentioned aa returning lo England (BBBNiRD Akub. p. 108). On 2 July 1509 he is mentioned as a knight, the occasion being a graut to him by Henry VIII of a rent of 20/. from the castle and town of Orford and the manor of Orford, and of the patronage of the being part of the of the August in forloi' styled fallowed, and o 'councillor and knight of the body.' In the same month Wingfield was Aaa- patched again on n mission to Jlasimilian, and in August following he and Silvester de Giglis [q. v.], bishop of Worcester, were nominated ambassadors to a council con- voked by Julius II at the Lateran. The ultimate intention of the pope was to form a 'holy league' against France, to which Henry signified his adhesion on 17 Nov. The council was not actually opened till May 1513(CRBi8HroN,iv.l50). Wingfield remained with the emperor at Brussels and elsewhere, and does not appear to have at- tended its sittings. On SO Sept. Maximilian, hearing: that Julius U was ill, appointed Wingfield and the bishop of Gurk his envoys to support the candidature of his nominee at Rome i but, eiasperaled at being left without means, Wiugfield unceremoniously disap- peared from the court of Brussels, ostensibly ^ on a pilgrimaffe, but in reality to join bis brother Sir Uicuard at Calais. Meanwhile he had been ordered to repair to the emperor, then in Germany, and on 9 March 1618 he I waa at the imperial court at Worms. On 18 April 1-^13 he was agsiu at Brussels, whence he was on that day despatched back to the emperor at Augsburg to secure his adhesion to Kenry VIII's scheme of a generol confederacy against France. Aa a reward for his services be had already (14 July) received a joint grant in survivor- ship with his brother Sir Richard of the office of marshal of the town and marches of CaloiH. During the early autumn of 1613 he paid a brief visit to England, but in May Idl4 be was at \'ienna, whence be despatched re- peated hut generally vain appeals for money and for Jiis recall. The success of the French arms in Italy in 1515 had, however, aroused the jealous resentment of Henry, who became yet more eager to unite Maxi- milian in a confederacy against France. Maximilian on his part was ready to sell himself to the highest bidder, whiloWing- field, with whom hatred of the French was a master passion, was always persuaded that the emperor was devoted to the English in- terest. \\'olaey, perceiving that the ambas- sador was duped by Maximilian, sent Ri- chard I'ftce [q. v.] to act aa a check upon _fc l_ Wingfield 191 Wingfield ■WingfielU's credalous indigcrelion. An acTirooniouH oorrespoudence ensued between Wolser and Wingneld. Pace, too, ridiculed SvingBeld'! credulity, n circuniMtnce which Wingfield discovered by opening Pace's cor- re«pondeni« during tbc> latt^fg illnit»g. He &1m feigned Pace's signature and neal to arc- ceipt lor money Bent to Pace, by which devicn Ue obtained «ole control of its distri- bution. He was perhaps reckoning for con- donation of this audacious act on a splendid ofier whicb the euperur commissioned him to lay before Ilenrv. This was the crea- '' 1 of Henry as fiuke of Milan and the to plunder the Pace's insight resignation of tb« empire Maximilian's real intention Bupplies from Henry and ducUy of Milan in bis name. frevented Henry falling lenry in reply refused to provide any more money, and expressed his diajdeasiire with Wingfield for naming advanced sixty thou- sand llorins to the emperor on his own re- sponsibility. In the summer of 1516 Henry himself wrote to Wingfield an extraordinary letter of censure upon his credulous coaK- dence in the emperor and his ' envy and malice ' towards Pace, wbom bo had accust-d of betraying the secret of Maximilian's oO'er. A treaty was, however, drawn up between Henry and the emperor, dated 20 Oct. 1516, providing, inter alia, for the advance of forty thousand crowns bj" Henry, in return for the offer of the imperial crown, to be formally made by Wingfield and the cardinal of Sion. Wingtield received the emperor's oath on 8 Dec. 1516 with much self-gratulation on his success. Yet the ink was scarcely dir when Wingfield heard rumours that Maxi- milian had secretly subscribed to the ob- noxious treaty of Noyon. Wolsey, however, continued to employ Wingfield, and despatched him, together with Tuustall and the Earl of Worcester, to Brvissels to negotiate with Charles (after- wards Charlei V) a policy favourable to English interesta. The mission succeeded in obtaining from Charles on 11 May 1617 a raliScation of Henry's treaty with the em- Eror of the previous October. Winglield 't Brussels on 16 March to return to the imperial court, then in the Netherlands. On 5 June, having received instructions from Henry to follow Maximilian back to Ger- many, WingHeld wrote to the king a point- blauK refusal. He was unpaid, his servants refused to remain with him, and be was under vows to make pilgrimages in England. ^ On 18 Aug. he n-ns at Wenhara Hall, Suffolk. Exasperation and gout bad made him reck- less. ' Infamy,' ho wrote to Wolsey, ' would hang over' the king and cardinal if a merchant who had adraneed money on his guarantee as ambassador were not satislied. The arrears of Wingfield'a salary, amounting to 224/. for seven weeks, were paid in the following December. During the next two and a half year* Wing+ield appears to have remained in re- tirement in bngland. The first sign of tha king's returning favour is a grant, in which he is recited to be ' a king's councillor,' of an annuity of a hundred marks out of the tonnage and poundage in the port of Lnn- don, on 14 Aug. ISIH. In November 16M , he vacated his post of joint-deputy of Calais ( CAroa. uf Calaii, p. iixviii), and apparentlv in December 1 521 was appointed ambassador at Charles V's court. He was now not only a king's councillor but ' of the privy council ' and vice-chamberlain. He arrived at Brussels on 8 Feb. 1521-2. He ap- parently accompanied Charles to England m July. But on 11 .\ng. he again crossed the Channel as an ambassador, on this oc- casion to the court of Margaret of ^voy at Brussels. His instructions were to induce Margaret to lend active assistance to the pro- jected operations of Charles and Henry against France. He returned to England in May 1523, but in August was appointed to a command in the Uuke of SuftblV^ armv for the invasion of France. He seems to have taken no part in the campaign, re- maining apparently in Calais, of the castle of which lie was appointed lieutenant by the infiuence of Wolsev. After the battle of Pavia (33 Feb. ISSS) preparations were made by Henry for an invasion of France. Wingfield was nomi- nated (11 April) upon the council of -war under the Duke of Norfolk, and was at the despatched, together witi Sir zwlltiam, to the court of Briiuels to concert measures with the regent of the Netherlands. Aseries of evasive negotiations followed, and when Henry's projects of a joint invasion of France had given place to on alliance wiih that power (30 Aug.), it fell to Wingfield to extenuate the change of policy by dilating on the necessity of in- ternational peace for the extirpation of Lutheranism, the spread of which gave him great concern. In May 1526 he returned to Calais, of which place he was appointed deputy on 1 tJct. 1526. He appears to have remodelled the municipality by introducing into it, as the tepresentatives of the crown, the military officers who supervised its de- fences ; this oligarchical ch,.uge was rnadu on instructions from home, and subsequentlv led to much dissatisfaction, into whicK Willia. Wingfield 193 Wiiigham "WiDgfield ysoi in 1533 oue of the rioners appointed to inquire. In the nuti ftml winter of 1S30~1 lie largely added to defences. Hia Biicceseor, Lord ilemerfi, •ppoinled deputy of Calais on S7 Mnrch 1531 upon lue t-erms that he should pny Wingfield a hundred marks yearly during his I«i)ure of office. He continued to residi in Calsin, of which he became mayor ii 1534. He had a valuable property in thi outskirts of the town, four thouGand acre* in extent, which he hud rented of the crowc ■ince 1530 for 20/. per annum. It imd been & marsh, which Wingfield drained, thereby impuring the defences of the town. Upon the adverse report of a commission on the nutter, the houses WioKfieid had built were destroyed and the sea let in. Wingfleld's grievance ngninst Lord Lisle, who had suc- ceeded Bemera as deputy, culminated in a quarrel in December 1535 as to the rela- tive nglits of the mayor and deputy. The king stipported Lislf, and Wingfield was threat«ned with expulsion from the council. This was followed iu July 153S by the intro- duction of a hill into parliament for the re- vocation ofWingfield's(frant. The bill passed the commons, but with difficulty, and was withdrawn, Wingfield heiiifj persuaded to mirrendcr bis patent to the king on 25 July. In return for this, and as a very inadeouate oompeosation for his losses, Wingfield re- ceived a grant on 1 Feb. 1537 of lands in the ', BeigbbourbDodof Giiisnes of theyearly rental ■•nlue of 56/. Wingfield, however, now K'teought an action at Guisnes ngaiust the Kudnor officials concerned in the destruction ■■of his property. Lisle stayed the proceed- B^faga, and Wingfield retaliated by procuring nbe election of Lisle s enemy. Lord Edmund rBoward, as mayor of Calais. Howard was, ho«evBr,displacBd,and Wingfield in January 1638 renewed his action before the courts at Wentminster. Wingfield died on 18 Mar^^h 1539. His will, dated 25 Marcli 1538, was proved on L 13 Nov. 1»39. Its provisions are set out in fcftjistis (ii. 229). He married Joan, widow tS Thomas Clinton, lord Clinton and Say, who survived him, hut left no issue. WinKfield's credulity, pedantry, pride, and *oiitenl4oiiane&8 ere grapnically described by He was, like his brothers, a man of Inperior education and proficient in Prencli tn well as in Oemian. He is lai J by Anstis I to have caused to be printed at Louvain about ^1613 a book entitled ' Difieeptatio super Tligniiate et magnitudine Regaorum Britan- nici etOallici liMiita ab utriuaqLieOratoribuB -A Legatis in Concilio Constantiensi.' He was patron of the college of Ifushworth or VOL. LXll. Rush ford, Norfolk. In 1520he was specially admitted at Lincoln's Inn {llegi»ter>, \. 39). During the greater part of his life he was a strenuous opponent of Lutheranism, but on 25 Feb. 1539, shortly before his death, lie wrote Henry a letter eitolling his ecclesioati- cdI policy and lamenting his own 'former ignorance.' [Brewr and GHtrdnor's Cal. of Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domeaiio, contains Lnndreds of despatclieB ta and from WiogSeld nnd other references to him. See ftlso Cat. State Papers, SpaoiBh and VBactian aeries ; OraflDD's Chroa., ed. H. EUis, 18I3i Chron. of Cakis (Cuindsn Soe.), 1846; Beraardl AiidretBADnalsBHsn. VII (Rolls Sfr.}, 18S8. Folydore Vergil s Uislarin AiiglJcie(LBydeQ). ISfil; AihmolD's Institatiuu of the QiiTter, 1672; Analis's Kegiater of the Garter, 172i, 2 vols. ; Lodge's PMnwe of Ira- Und, ed. Anhdnlt, 1789. vul. v.; Collectanea Topogniptiir*, 1837 Vol. ir,. 1838 vol. v.; Viai- tation of lIiiBtingdoDshire(CatadeQ8(H;,), IB49 ; State Papa™ of Henry VUI (18.10-S2). vols. i. ii. vii. viii. ; Brewer's Roign of Ilenry VIII. 1884. ■i vols. ; Creighton's Hist, of thfl Pspacy, 1887, vol, iv. ; PowordcODrt's Wingfield Muniuninla.] I. S. L. WINDHAM or WENGHAM, HENRY DE (li, 1^62), bishop of London, was born sC Wingbam in Kent. He was probably at first a clerk in the exchequer, as !^00/. was entrusted to him in 1241-2 to be expended in the king's service, and in 1245-6 he and John de Orey, justice of Chester, were as- signed to assess the talla^ of that city. Re was then one of the king's eecheatora (Ri-c«rpt. e Sot. Fin. i. 458-64, ii. 4-86). lie was appointed chamberlain of Ooscony, and in 1252 he was sent to inquire i the complaints of the Gascons egainst gDvemment of Simon de Montfort, The g seems lo liave suspected him of being favourable to the Gascons, for he sent another commission lo moke renewed [uiry (MiTT. PiRls, v. 277, 288-9; iMOHT, Siman de Monl/ort, p. 339). Wing- ham was also employed on two embassies into France, As early as 3 July 1253 he was probably connected with the chan- cery, and on 5 Jan. 1255 the great seal was delivered into hia custody (_Madi Matt, Pakis, v. 485). When, on 10 May 1256, the election of Hugh de Belisttle to the bishopric of Ely was quashed by the efibrts of the king and the archbishop of Canterbury, Wingham wus recommended by Henry without hia consent, He dissuaded tne king from pressing the matter (Matt. Pauis, t. 689, 63o), lie received, however, in 1267 the chancel lorahip of Exeter, and soon after- Wini wards wna promoted to the deaner; of St. Martin's. lie was one of llie twelva nomi- luted on tha king's side to draw up the provisions of Oxford in June 1258, and was continued in his office on swearing not to put the seal to any writ which had not the approbstioa of the couacil as well as tLe king. On the flight of Ethelmar ie Lusignan, bishop of WLncheater, the king's half- brother, in 1269, the monks elected Wing- ham his Buccessor. Anxious not to offend the king, he at first refused the honour, but afte wards prevailed on the king to accept him if Ethelmar did not succeed in obtaining consecration from the pope (MlTT, Pabis, t. 731). Ha soon afterwards, howeTer, accepted the bishopric of London. He was elected on 29 June 126fl, received back the temporalities on 11 July, was consecrated on 16 Feb. 1260, and on 18 Oct. retired from the chancery. The king allowed him to keep bis deanery and ten valuable prebends and rcctorias. He died on 13 July 1262, and was buried in his own cathedral. Another Henry de Wing- ham was prebendary of Newingt on and arch- deacon of Middlesei in 1287, when he died (LENBVE.ii. 327,417). [Godwin. 1>B Pcaaulibua Angliaj (1818), p. 241 ; HennesBj'a Nov. lUp. Eccl. Londin. ; Le Neve's Fasti, ed. Hardy iBAmont'sRjJloaGascuns; Beran's Issues from the Exfheq\i«r ; Madoi's Hist, of the EicheqHor ; Fogs's Judgos of Eng- land, and authorities cited in tait.] W. E. R. ■WIHI (d. 675?), bishop of London, wm an Engtisbman, and probably a West-Saxon by birth, though consecrated by bishops of Oaul. He waa made bishop of the wr-' — yortion of the West-iSaxons, with bin j Winchester, by Cenwalh [ci. v.], king of the Weat-Saxons, thoiigh A^ilberC already held the West-Saxon bishopric, having his see at Dorchester in Oxfordshire. Offended by tbis intrusion, Agilbert left bis diocese, and Wini became aole bishop of the Weat- Saxons (Bbdb, Hitt. Eccl. iii. 7). Wini'i intrusion is given by the chronicler undei 660, but he says that Wini held the see foi three years : he was certainly holding it in 665, and Florence of Worcester dates his expulsion 686 ; Dr. Bright adopts the cbro- nider's date 660. Bishop Stubbs suggests 663, which is apparently with good reason maintained by Mr. Flummer. When, pro- bably in 666, 'Ceadda or Chad [q.v.] came tc him for consecration dnringa vacancy of the see of Canterbury, Wini performed the rite with the assistance of two British bishops, whom he invited to join him in spite of the! holding to the Celtic Easter (ib. c. 28). II was expelled from his bishopric bv Cenwalh in 066, for what reason is not known ; b^ went to Wulfbere, king of the Merdans, and bought from him the see of London. He was not present at the synod of Hertford held by Theodore in 673. Kudbome pKservee a legend that repenting of his simony he retired to ^^'incbester, and lived there in Senitence for the last three yeaiH of his fe (An^lia Sacra, i. 192). This is ex- ceedingly doubtful, for Bede says that be ramaiuea bishop of London until his death, which is supposed to have taken place in 675, the year of the consecration of his iccessor, Erkenwald [q. v.] [Bade, as quoted, ed. Plammer. see notfain voL ii. 146-7; A.-S. Chron. ana. G60, 064; Flor. Wig. ann. 660. 666, 67fi (EdbI. Hisl. Bot.) ; Briglit's Early English Church Hist. pp. "-" 10. 341, 24fi, 247, 275. sd. 1897 ; Slablis's . Sacr. Angl. p. 5, ei. ISST; HodrUa and SlubWe Councils, &c.. iii. 121 «.] W. H. WINKWORTH, CATHERINE 11827- 1878), author, was born in London at 20 Ely Pkce, Holbom, on 13 Sept. 1827. She was the fourth daughter of Henry Wink- worth, a. silk merchaut, the youngest son of William Winkworth, an evangelical clergy- man and a member of a Berkshire family. Her mother, Susanna Dickenson, was daugb- ter of a Kentish yeoman farmer. In 1829 the Winkworths removed to Manchester, and there Catherine's education was chieBv car- ried on by governesses at home ; she studied also under the Rev. William Qaskell and Dr. James Martineau. The family was alwavB on intimate terms with the Gasliells, and Catherine declared that she owed to Mr. Gaskell her knowledge of English literature and her appreciation of style. On 21 April 1K41 her mother died, and inl64o heifatJier married, as bis second wife, Miss Leybum. In the spring of that year Catherine went to Dresden to join an aunt who was living there in order to educate her daughters, and her residence there (she stayed until Julv 1846) gave an impetus to her study of Ger- man. In 1650 her father built himself a bouse at Alderley Edge, about fifteen miles from Manchester, where the family lived for about twelve years. In 1853 Catherine published the first aeries of her 'I^ra Ge rm an ica,' translations made by herself^ of German hjmna in com- mon use. The first edition was soon sold out, and by 1857 the book was in a fifth. There have been twentjr-three editions since. In 1858 a second aenee was published, and that volume has bad twelve editions. A selection appeared in )e&9. Catherine Wintworth'a translations of German hymns am very Wink worth 195 Winkworth tridelj used, and hare done more to influence " e modem use in Englund of German Iijn an any other version. Thetranslationti tlways faithful, and at the same time Bpoetical. ■ Ztaron Bimaen sus^sted that llie Germoi ■liyiiiii-tunes should be given, and in 1862 aiv jed 'The Chorale Book for England, ,h music arranged bj (Sir) William ^t«rii' e Bennett [q. v.] and Otto Goldschmidt. II. supplement to the 'Chorale Book' 'published in 1865. Iq consequence of pecuniary losses the WinkwortUs in 1863 removed to Clifton, trhere Catherine, in addition to literary work, tkraw herself heart and soul into the mi ■Bent for tbe promotion of the higher edi tion of women. She joined the commi formed for that object in 1868, and in 1870 became its secretary. Tier main business was I to find suitable lecturers, and here she had mminent success. Among those who gave EliiacoarEes during her term of office were f j. A. Symonda, Prnfessor Nichol, F. W. ityera, Dr. Creighton, and Professor Bo- uuny Price. Classes were established to wd women who were preparing for the Cambridge higher local eicatninBtion, and they haa likewise a great success. The as- sociation took a large part in assisting the establishment of Bristol Univursity College, and at Catherine Winkworth's death her [ucnds raised a sum with which they founded O her memory two scholarships for women It the college. She was likewise governor tfihe Ked Maids' school, Bristol, one of the Bnmoters of the Clifton High school for Iprle, and from 1875 until her death a mem- srof the council of Cheltenham Ladies' Col- On 15 May I8C9 her father died, In [672 she went with her sister Susanna to Dannstodt, accompanving Miss Carpenter nd Miss Florence Hill as delegates to tbe lerman conference on women's work, pre- , ted over by the Prince.ss Alice. Miss Winkworth ilied suddenly of heart iisease on 1 July 1678 at Monnetier (near I Cleneva) in Savoy, whither she had gone to ^teka charge of an invalid nephew. She was rluried there. A monument to her memory f vas erected in Bristol Cathedral, I Other works by Catherine Winkworth |(ire: 1. 'Life of Amelia WiUielmina Siere- gfrom the Germftn'(the first half was [islated by Miss Winkworth, who revised e whole ; the second by a lady unnamed), 163. 2. 'The Principles of Charitable ^ork a« set forth in the '\\'ritiugB of A. W. wveking,' 1863. 3. ■ Tbe Christian Singers .' Germany,' 1866 : 1869. 4. ' Life of Utor Fliedner, the Founder of the Kaisers- werlh Sisterhood of Protestant Deaconesses, trans In ted from the German,' 1867. 6. ' Prayers from the Collection of Boron Bun- aen,' 1871. Her eldest sister, Stjsaska. Winkwobtk (1820-1884), translator, was bom in Lon- don on 13 Aug. 1820, and received much the same education as her sister Catherine. About 1850 Susanna told Mrs. Gaskell that she would like to translate tbe life of Nie- buhr. Mrs. Gaskell mentioned this to Bun- sen, who encouraged the idea. A meeting with Bunaen followed at Bonn, where Su- sanna stayed from August 1860 until May 1851. The acquaintance so begun influenced the literary work of both Susanna and Catherine. At one time indeed Susanna worked as a sort of Lterary secretary to Bunsen. Regarding tbe biography of Nie- bubr,it was at first intended merely to trans- late Mme. Hensler's memoir, and to incor- porate from her collection of his letters and essays those that seemed suitable. But so muui fresh information was gained at Bonn tbnt Susanna's book is, to all intents and pur- Kies, an original work. It was refused by ngnian and Murray, but was finally pub- lished in 1852 by Chapman & Hall in three volumes. The first edition sold rapidly. The second edition, published in 1853, incor- porates the miscellaneous essays. In 1654 rSusanna published her translation of the ' Theologia Germanica,' which takes its place beside the ' Imitation ' in the literature of deyotion. The treatise had been first dis- covered by Luther, and was published by him in 1516. The translation was made at the suggestion of Bunsen, whose letter to tie translator is prefixed to the volume (cf. BcNBSK, Memoir, li. 342-6). Charles Kings- ley provided a preface (cf. Kimoslbt, Lrtters an(iiW«noria!, 1.423-7), andbewrote in 1856, 'Your "Theologia" is being valued by every one to whom I have recommended it' (ii. i. 498). A third edition appeared in 1859, and it hus been since republished. In 1856 Miss Winkworth completed the ' Life of Luther' commenced by Archdeacon Hare. The volume really consists of e»plnnatory matter to Gustav Koenig's historical engravings. AH following section xiv. is Miss WinV worth's work. There was a second edition in 1868, Inl8.56Misa Winkworth translated Bunsen's ' Signs of the Times,' and received ISO/, for the work. Again, at Bunsen's suggestion she translated in 1867 Tauler's ' Sermons.' Bunsen wrote on 14 Sept. 1869 that Miss Winkworth sacrificed her health her labours over Touler. ' Her historical ;ft(ment of the subject (he said) is admi- jle ; she had, one may suy, I s good as n 3 J Winmarleigh 196 Winniffe forerunner' (Bunsen, Metnoir, ii. 610). In 1858 Bhe published a little book entitled * German Love from the Papers of an Alien/ The author was l*rofessor Max Miiller, who refused at that time to allow his name to appear. Her translation of Bunsen's ' God in History' was published in three volumes, 18(ki-70. ^ Miss Wink worth was a philanthropist as well as author and translator. She worked amon^ the poor of Bristol, and in her district visiting was struck by the difficulty poor people found in getting decent lodgings. She therefore rented several houses in tne poorest part of the town, put them into proper repair, and let them out in tenements, ohe was thus the first in Bristol to make efforts for the better housing of the poor. In 1874 she formed the company which built Jacob's AVells industrial dwellings, managing them herself till the time of her death. She took also a great interest in the education of women, and in 1878 succeeded her sister Catherine as governor of the Red Maids' school, and member of the council of Chelten- ham Ladies' College. Susanna was for some Tears a unitarian, but returned to the iilnglish church in 1861. who disputed in moral philoeop^ before James I, his queen, and Prince Henry on the occasion of their visit to Oxford (Nichols, Progrenes of James /, i. 636). lie is said to have been subsequently chap-> lain to Prince Henry, though his name does not appear in Birch's list of the prince*9 chaplains. On 6 May 1608 he was aamitted to tne rectory of Willingale-Doe, Essex, and on 15 June u)llowing to that of Lamboume in the same county, and on 30 June 1609 he resigned his fellowship at Exeter, baring livings above the statutable value. After Prince Henry's death Winniffe be- came chaplain to Prince Charles, but on 7 April 1622, when the Spaniards were overrunning the Palatinate, he gave offence by a sermon denoimcing Gondomar, and comparing Spinola with the devil (Bikch,. Court of James /, ii. 304 ; CaL State Papers, Dom. 1619-23, p. 376). He was sent to the Tower, but repented and appealed to the Spanish and imperial ambassadors, at whose intercession he was released a few days later. On 17 Sept. 1624 he was nominated dean of Gloucester, being installed on lOXov. following. He remained chaplain to Charles after his accession, and on 8 April 1631 was Susanna Winkworth died at 21 Victoria nominated dean of St. PauVs in succession Square, Clifton, on 25 Nov. 1884, and was buried there in the churchyard of St. John's Church. Among the friends and correspondents of the two sisters other than those alreadv men- tioned w«»n» Harriet Martineau, the ^ares, F. I). Maurice, Mazzini, IVofessor Max Miiller, Carlvle, Jenny Lind, Miss Cobbe, and Alex- ander Ewing, bishop of Argj'll. [AUihone's Diet, of Enpl. Lit. with Supple- in«'nt ; Julian's Diet, of Hyninologj', p. 1 287; Men ot tlie Roicrn, od. Wuni ; Letti'n« and Memorials of Catliorino Winkworth, od. Susanna Wink- vorth, privately priutevi, 1883; private infor- mation.] E. L. WINMARLEIGH. Barox (1802-1892). [See Wilsox-Pattex, Johx.] WINNIFFE, TIK^MAS (1576-ia')4), bishop ot* Lincoln. Ix^m and baptised at Sber- bornt', Porsot, in I.*>7H. was son of John Winnitle ( lolO : -1(UK0, who was buried on 2S St'pt. \\VM) in I^anibourne church, Essex {A^fnif. MS. ri»>»U. f. lsr>/y). Tie matri- culatod from Exetor (^llloJre, O.vford, on 1»-J Ktb. l.Vja-4, and was eWted fellow in l.'iO.^: ho irraduatcd IV A. on 12 Julv ir)98, M.A. on 17 Mav ItH)!. B.D. on 27'March 1610. and n.D. on 5 July 1010, being incor- porated in that dejrr»*e at Cambridge in ^ ugust lOl>.j he was one of those to Dr. John Donne (1673-1631) [q. v.], who bequeathed him 'the picture called the "Skeleton," which hangs in the hall;' he was also one of the three to whom Donne is said to have left his ' religious MSS. ' (G08SE, Life of Donne, 1899, ii. 295, 298, 360). Winniffe was elected dean of St. PauFs on 18 April, receiving at the same time tlie prebend of Mora in that cathedral. On 15 March 1633-4 he took the oath as an ecclesiastical commissioner. to succeed him. The nomination is said to have been intended to gratify parliament on the ground of Winniffe's alleged puritan ten- dencies ; but on 30 Dec. Francis Rous [q.v.] moved in the House of Commons for the postponement of Winniffe's consecration * till a set t led government in religion be established in this kingdom ' {Speech of Francuf Rowse, London, lb42,4to), and Winniffe's house in Westminster is said to have been destroyed by a mob, whose leader, Sir Richard Wise- man, was killed. He was elected on 5 Jan. 1641-2, and was consecrated on 6 Feb.; be retained the deanery of St. Pauls, but re- signed his livings in Essex. The outbreak of the civil war, however, did not leave him long in possession of his see, though according to his own account he innington '97 Winnington I always a.t hia bouse at Buckden, p&rllameDtttrj quarters, and submitted Ul Che ordinances, and was never charged with delinqueucj ' {C'al, State I'apere, Dom. 1654, {I. 56). In Navember 1646 all bishops' uida were vested in trusteea for the benefit of the commonwealth, and WiBniffe retired to Lamboume. Early inl654, on hiapetitian to Cromwell, his arrears were paid up to Noramber 1646 ; during his retirement he ive assistance to Brinn Walton pq. V-] in t^e prepamtion of the ' Polyglot Bible.' He died at Lamboume on 29 St^pt. 1654, and waa buried within the altar-raila nf the church (the inscription on a mural tablet is riven in Laiud. iVS. 985, f. 212, Addit. MS. 5&40 p. 431, and 5994 f. 186, uid in Willis's Cathedralt. ii. 69 ; accord- ing toSntiB.'iObiCuary he died on SO Sept.) Araordinff to Bishop Gauden ' nothing waa more mild, modest, and humhk, yet luarued, eloquent, and honest than Bishop Wiuniffe ' (_Sutpiria Ea^l. Angl. 1659, p. 614). lie -was unmarried, and gave the advow^on of Laubourne, which he had purchase)!, to his nephew, Peter Mews [q. v.], who was edu- cated at Winuifie's expense, and was after- ward* bifihop of Winchester. rAoUiQriliea cited ; Wood's .\then» Oion. od. Blisa. il. Ill, .Md, iii. 29S, 434, 4«9. iv. 818. 820; Posler'a Alumni Oxud. 150U-t7M. b.t. ■Wyonjff;' Bobsh's Reg. Coll. KiOQ. p[i. civ, 45, 80, 370 ; La Nev«'9 Fnsti EcpI. AuijI. bU. Hiudy ; Hennewj'* Not. Eap. Ei'Cl. Londin, 18B8 ; NotM aad Queries, Gth ser. yi. 241 ; ' StnbbH'g Beg. Sacr, Aogl. ed. 1897 ; Itiai. MS3. ' Oomm. 13th Hap. App. ii. 121 (Duke of fort- Untl'a HSS.), and Bacoleucb and Queens- 1 berr; HSS. i. 291 ; Walker's Sufieriugs of ihe CUigy; Hutchms's Dorsat, iy. 211-12, ■ 28:1; OarSaor's HisL ir. 305; Camilun's An- | tulea. s.a. 1 b'i'i, and Brever's Court and Times of James I and Chsrlea I.] A. F. P. WIMNINQTON, Sik FRANCIS (1634- 1700), biwyer, lineally descended frooi Robert Winnington, lord of the manor of Winning- ' ton, Cheshire, and only eon of Francis or John Winnington, who settled at Powick, neat Worcester, was horn in Worcealer eily on 7 Nov. 1634. He was admitted commoner at Trinity College, Oxford, in 1655, and on Sa Nov. 1656 was entered at the Middle Temple. On 9 Feb. 1600 he was called to the bar p.r gratia, chosen bencher on 24 June 1072, autumn reader 1675, ond treasurer on 29 Oct. 1675. Winnington went the Qjtford Circuit, his family liaviiig considerable in- fluence in the M. No. 933). He WHS famed until the age of sixty-four for hia skill in riding and for hia lov9 of sport. Lord Somers was his pupil in the law, and had the run of his chambers, W'innington's success in pleading is coupled by Garth with that of South and Onely iu preaching {Dispfiuari/, canto v.) A letter from him is in Warner's ' Epistolary Cu- riosities-Cist aer. pp. 103^), [Burke's Peerage ; Nash's Worcestershire, i. 388-0; Murrsy's Worcostershire Hiindbook ; Notes and Queries, 3nd ser. vii. 65 ; Lottrell's Hist. Relation, i. 6, 522; La Nave's Kaigbta, I I I i Wilmington 198 Winnington p. 282; Williams's Pari. Hist, of Gloucestershire, ' "Winnington led a life of gallantry, and pp. 244-5, and Worcestershire, p. 09 ; Cooksey's Lord Somers, p. 25.] W. P. C. in mature life loved expense. Audrey, lady Townshendy was one of his friends, and her wishes often guided his action. He was WINNINGTON, THOMAS(1690-1746), possessed of a very strong constitution, and politician, bom on 31 Dec. 1696, was the j seemed destined for a great position in grandson of Sir Francis AVinnington [q. v.], politics ; but he died prematurely on 23 April and second son of Salwey Winnington, 1746, through the erroneous treatment of his many years member of parliament for Bewd- ' medical attendant, Thomas Thomson, M.D. ley, who married on 24 July 1690 Anne, I Towards the end of March he had been second daughter of Thomas lolev of Great ill with a cold, and on his return from the Whitley, and sister of Thomas, lord Foley ■ country on 6 April was suffering from fever, [see under Foley, Thomas], He was edu- lie was then subjected to excessive purgings cated at Westminster school and at Christ . and bleedings. The notoriety of the case pro- Church, Oxford, where he matriculated on duced pamphlets from Thomson, J. Camp- So April 1713. In 1714 he was admitted bell, M.D., William Douglas, M.D., and student at the Middle Temple. He was from an anonymous hand in tiie * Genuine said, while at Christ Church, to have been ; Trval of Dr. Nosmoth.' called * Penny * Winnington, from his mean- ; \Vinnington married, on 6 Aug. 1719, ness of disposition ; a name so printed occurs Love, daughter of Sir James Reade, bart., among the subscribers to Bishop Smalridge's of Brocket Hall, Hertfordshire. She died 'Sixty Sermons* (1724). 'on 26 June 1745, and their only child, At a by-election on 31 Jan. 1726-6 . Francis Reade Winnington, was bom and Winnington was returned to parliament for ' died in 1720. On the death of her only the borough of Droitwich, and represented brother in 1712 the family estates were it continuously until 1741. He was then partitioned among the sisters, and the estate elected both for it and the city of Worcester, ; of Brocket fell to her share. At Winning- and preferred to sit for the latter consti- | ton's death it was divided between his two tueucy, which he represented until his death. \ sisters. It afterwards became celebrated as Though * bred a tory,* he soon became a , the residence of Lord Melbourne and Lord zealous whig, and one of Waljwle's chief Palmerston. Winnington was buried in supporters, being rewarded for the change ' Stanford church, and a marble monument by appointment to high office. He was . by lloubiliac was erected to his memory by lord of the admiralty from Mav 1730, and '■ Sir Charles Hanbury Williams [q. v.], his in 1735 Lord Ilervey pressed \Valpole to friend, and Sir Edward Winnington, his heir, put him into the treasury as * from his party | The lines on it were by Williams, in whose knowledge and application of infinite use . works are many references to Winnington. in the House of Commons ; ' but he was then . In sending the news of his death to Mann, not liked by either king or queen, and I Horace Walpole spoke of Winnington as Walpole, much to Winnington*s resentment, j * one of the first men in England from his would not promote him on that occasion. ; parts and from his employment,' without an From May 1736 to 1741 he served at the equal in public life, and as marked out to treasury, he was cofferer of the household | be the prime minister of England. His wit from April 1741 to 1743, and paymaster- | was 'ready and quick as it was constant general of the forces from December 1743 i and unmeditated,' but he lost reputation at to 1746. On 27 April 1741 he was created times through affecting to laugh at his own a privy councillor. In August 1743, on j want of prmciple. After his death there Pelham's appointment as prime minister, appeared * An Apology for the Conduct of Walpole, then Lord Orford, wrote to him, ' a late celebrated Second-rate Minister from * Winnington must be had.' When the king 1729 to 1746. Written by himself and found endeavoured in 1746 to form an admin istra- . among his papers,' the object of which was tion under Lords Bath and Carteret, he ' to prove tnat Winnington acted in the relied on Winnington being chancellor of interest of the Jacobites. His executors the exchequer and leading the House of thought it necessary to advertise the spurious- Commons, but Winnington at his interview ness of this tract, and it was formally with George II thrice declined to accept | answered by several writers, including * the the post. Next day the king told him that author of the "Jacobite's Journal, i.e. as the honestest man in his service he should . Henry Fielding. have the honour of making the reconciliation Winnington s portrait by Van Loo is in between the sovereign and the Pelhams the Guildhall, Worcester ; he is depicted in 11, i. 93, 111, 197, 288, 291). | his robes as recorder of the city j a portrait I I mram 199 'ir ennmel by Zincte is in tlis Nationnl "■ortMJt Gallery, London. A print of him, from tin original at Pontjpool Park, we^ pnblishedonlFeb, ISaiXCoXB.JIfonmoiiWi- cAire, p. 240). lie is one of the six persona ia Hogartb's portrait proupbelonginf^ to tbo Earl of Uchester (Ri-hib. of Old Matters, 188», No. 143). [Null's WorfMlBrshiro. i. 368-70; Nalss ud Queries. 4th »ep. V.3I7. 370, 4(18; FraWr's Alamni Oxod.; Willjiinis's Purl. Rep. of Woi- eesteirahire, pp. 103. 131; Wnlpole'n George II (18*6 ed.), i. 174; Walpolu'a Lellere, i. pafsim, u. 7-8, 19-aO; Gsnl, Mhc. 1745 p. 332, 1748 656; Baltaaljna's Carterrt. p. 304; Herrej's Bni'iirs(1884e.lit.).ii.ld8-64; New FouDilliiig Boip. for Wit, l\. 146-7; Almon's Anccdutes, fa. 398-5.] W. P. C. ■WINIL4M, GEORGE, Lobb Libbbr- TOTTS (rf. 1650), Scottiali judge, son of Jamea "Winrnin of Liberton in Midlothian, waa admitteJ adyocate'oa 20 Deo. 1620. He was a friend of James Hamilton, third mar- quis (fifierwanls firat Duke) of Himilton fq.v.], and after the abolition of episcopacy Dy the general nsaembly in 1638 he under- took the dangerous ta«k of presenting the Assembly's petition to the king in London. On receiving the petition Charles replied bitterly, ' 'ft'nen they have broken m^ head, they will put on my cowl.' During his ■lay in England Winram waa active in the ctnae of the covenant. His public lettera, which were liable t-o be opened, ' v of great feores and English braggs faia secret communications be made the Beats •equBinted with the king's real weakness fJLLIE, Letten and JoamaU, i. 115, 187). waa one of the commissioners for Mid- lothian in the parliamenta of 1643 and 1649, KUd was a member of numerous parlia- mentary committees. On 26 Aug. Iu43 he woe nominated colonel of one of the regi- men ta to be raised in Midlothian for the Eng- lish war {Aels of Scottish Pari. vi. i. 52), uaA on the same day he was appointed a member of the committee to whieb i' entroeled to put the country in a poati defence (iA. vi. i. 57). He was a member of liie various committees appointed to carry on the war and to administer the functions of the executive. He was also selected bj the general assembly as one of their repre- sentatives at the Westminster assembly of divines, and on 23 Feb. 1647 he received an allowance from parliament in that capacity, which on 25 March was ordered to be dis- continued when the Earl of Lauderdale reachedI./)ndon(». VI. i. T04, 813). In Fe- bruary 1649, when the eiecut ion of Charles I rendered a breach with England probable, Winram ^^* ram was again nominated colonel of of the regiments to be raised in Mid- lothian (ift. VI. ii. 186, 187, 317, 411). In year eight of the ordinary lords of ere removed, and Winrom was one of those Bppoinled in their stead on 8 March (ift. VI. ii. 288 ; Balfofr, AnnaU, iiL 390). In the meantime profound dissatisfaction wasfett in Scotland at the course of events in England. Parliament, under the influence of Hamiltoa, resolved to attempt to open, negotiations with Charles II, whom already on 6 Feb. they hod conditionally proclaimed at Edinbutg h. On 6 March winram was chosen one of the commissi oners to treat with Charles. The conditions proffered, however, were so severe that Charles, who had hopes in Ireland, declined to accede to them, and the deputation returned in June without sue- cesa (Baillib, iii. 86-8, 610-21 ; Acta of Sailtish Pari. Yi. ii. 232 ; BAUom, Annalt, iii. 408). In the course of the summer, however, Charles made new overtures to Argyll, and on 7 Aug. Winram was op- pointed to reopen negotiations. When,how- ever.his instructions came to be drawn, tbey proved so unbending in the matter of the covenant that he refused to undertake tha mission (Aett of Scottiitk Pari. vi. ii. 538, 739, 740; BiLTOUR, iii. 417; Baii.lib, iii. 90), He waa finally induced to set out in October when the news of Cromwell's snc- cess in Ireland raised hopes that Charles would prove lesa obdurate. Winram's reluc- tance to undertake the mission is not aur- Sising, for 8ir John Berkeley in a letter to yde remarks : ' 1 believe Libbertoun will think he bath made n good voyage if he escape with a broken pate. The gallants in Jersey talkt of throwing him over the wall.' He soiled from Leith on 11 Oct., possed through Holland, where he held con- ferences with the English presbyterian exiles, and, accompanied by their agent, Silius Titus [a. v.], found Charles in Jersey. Charles was ueairoua of uniting the cove- nanters, engagers, and royalists in Scotland in one common movement, and, feeling that his presence would greatly assist au(£ a project, he showed himself less obdurate than formerly on the matter of conditions. Winram returned to Edinburgh on 2 Feb. 1649-50, with the intpllif[ence that Charles would receive commissioners for further treaty BtBreda(BALF0i7R, iv. 3, 5). In con- junction with John Kennedy, sixth earl of Casailis [q. v.], and the other delegatea, he took part In the conferences at Breda, and, although hindered by the presence of such a «ealot as John Livingstone [S2t, Scottish reformer, descended from the Winrams or Winrahams of Kirkneas or Rat ho, Fifeshire, was born about 14ft;. Entering the college of St. Leonard's, St. .\ndn13, be graduated B.\. 17 March 151.'). As parlj St lentit Bs 1528 he was an inmat<- of the AuguBtinian monastery of Si. ,\ndn'ws, of whicli he became third print in l.i^tl and Bub-priorin lr>3t), the prior beini; l^rd Jamos Stewart (afterwards l^arl of Miira_\ ), who WHS then in hid minority. At the trial of GeorRe Wishart (ISIS:-- 1<>47) [q.v.] in 1546 \\'inrani jiniiched the opening aermon, the subject being 'Heresy,' MMiirh he verv sal'elv defined a.'i ' a false opinion defended witti pertinacitte, cleirlve repugning to the word of God' (summary in reality thesermonconioinwlnolhingto which Wishiirt himself would not have been will- ing to iiubacribe, and the general and coloui^ less character of its propositions indicated at least n tendency towanis toleration. That Wishart Iwlieved lheiiul>-prior to be favour- ably dispojvd townnls him uiav be inferred from the fact that while waiting in the castle of St, Andrews before execution it was for him he sent in order to muke hia confe^ion. ' Go, fetch me," he said, ' vonder man that preached Ihia day, and I will mnke my confession unto liim' (Ksox, i. Ul8i, Knox is unable 'to show' what Wislinrt aaid 'in this confojisinn.'but l.iiidsav allirins that Winram informed Beaton that S\'ishsrt had dw' — ' hia innocence and asked the consent of Beaton that he should ' hare the communion,' which was refused (CAroNKfa, p. 4-6). In regard to Knox, Winram adopted a similarly impartial attitude. He was pre- sent at Knox's first sermon preached in the chapel of the c&stle of St. Andrews in 1547, and, after the sermon, called him before a convention of the grey and black friart in tbe yard of St. Leonard's, not ' to hear as judge, but only familiarly to talk.' After arguing with Knox in a very half-hearted fashion, Winram left further discussion ia the hands of Arbuckle, the grey friar; but Knox represents his own triumph in the argument as complete; and although the friars resolved that, as an antidote to Knox's teaching, every learned man in the city, beginning with the sub-prior, should preach I a series of sermons in the parish kirk, the sermons, according to Knox, were ' penned so as to offend no roan' ( Works, i. 193-:;01). Winram was present at the meeting of the I provincial council held in Edinbui^h in November 1549, at which special resolu- I tions were passed for reforming the liies of the clergy (IEobertboji, Stat. Ecelet. Snot. ii. ^'2~^ ) ; and by some be is supposed to have been the author of the catechism, known generally as Archbishop Hamilton's, , flpprovea by a provincial council held at Edinburgh in January l59, Winram cast in his lot with I the reformers as soon as their cause seemed lihelv to pre\-ail ; and, being nominated by the lords superintendent of Fife, 9 July 156(1. lie was aws 13 April 15(11. He is sometimes included amonp those to whom was entrusted the compilation of the first confession of faith ; but, on the contrary, it was to him and Wil- liam Maitland ofLethinglon tliat the confes- sion wa.' submitted for revision, and they mitigated ' the aiisteritie of maynie words and sentences which seemed to proceed rather of some eril-conceived opinion than of anv sound judgment' (Randolph to Cecil, 7 Sept. l.%0, in KsoK, vi. 120). He was pre^'Ut at ihe parliament at which it was ratilied. and spoke in its support (Randolph to Cecil, 19 Aug. ih. vi. 118), and, after the ratification, was appointed one of a commis- sion to draw up the 'Book of Discipline' (li. ii. U'P). Winram is described by Qnentln Kennedy as ' wonderfuUie leamit baith in the Xew Testament, Auld Testament, and mehle mair [much more] ' (' Ane Compendious Reasoning,' in ib. vi. 167), and it is very L was pn f i'7 Jul eleRr tliat be was more of a scholar tbna a fewiali«t. He sepins not to bave be«n specially euamoiirt'il of tho puritanic O&lTiniBm of the leading Scot lint reformers, and in his final adherence to the Reforma- tion he was probably influenced mainly by eonslderations of expediency. At nitarly every general assembly from 16fl!i to 1570 complaint was made against hira m super- intendent for elaclineBs in visitation and [rresching ; and his ' immersion in worldly affaira' also gave olTence to the more ceu- Aa prior of Portmoali W sent at the Perth convent 1569 {Reg. P. C. Scotl. ii. attended the convenCion held at Leith January 1573, at which the creation of the 'tulchan' bishops was authorised; and under the new arrangement he was made arch- deacon of the diocese, resigning the superin- tendentship of Fife to the new archbishop, uid bein^ designated instead superinten- dent of Stratlieiini. When Knox declined lo inaugumle the new archbishop of St. Aitdrews, Winram, at the conclusion of Knox's sermon, undertook that duty (Cal- BHBWoon, iii. 208-7). On the death of the mrchbiahop in 1574 he resumed the superin- tendentsfaip of Fife. As prior of Portmoak he attended a conveutionat Uolyrood House, 6 Mareh 1574, and on 29 July 'l58D he con- TOTed the priory of Portmoak to St, Leonard's College, St. Andrews. He died 28 8ept,1582. Winram was married, 12 July 1564, lo Mar- garet Stewart, relict of Ayton of Kinaldy. {Historic by Knoi, Buchannn, Leslie, nnd CaldfiTwood; Rep. P. C. a^otl. toIb. ii-iii.; Wftdrow'sBioHrnphicrtl Collections; llewScotfB Pa«i EooIbs. Scot. ii. 822-B.] T. F. IL WINSLOW, EDWARD (1595-16r)5), governor of Plymouth colony, bom at Droit- wich, near Worcester, on la Oct. 1695. tgnuidson of Kenelm Winelnw (d. 1007) of Kempscy, was the son of Edward Winelow (1560-1630 P). who married as his second wife, at St. Bride's, i«ndon, on 4 Nov. 1594, Magdalene Ollyver. In 1617 young Edward Winslow 'left his salt-bo'iling ' sad went to Leyden, attracted posaihly by the fame of the university there. He soon JMned the English church (Brown, Pilgrim Fat/ierg, 1895. p. 131), and at Leyden on 18May 1613 he was married by John Kobin- son (1570 ?-1635) [q. v.], the pastor of the Engliah congregation, to Elizabeth Barker kof Ohetsutn. In July 1620. with his wife and three sen'nnts, he sailed from Delft H»v* I cost in his lot with the pilgrims to the new world. Hutchinson states that he was a fentleman of the best family of any of the lymouth nlanters {Jlixt. of Miusadntietts, i. 172), and this statement is home out by the prefix of ' Mr. ' to his name in the ' Cove- nant' drawn up by the settlers in November 1 020 before their disembarkal ion at Cape Cod, His wife died on 24 March 1320-1, and on IS May following he married Susannah (whose maiden name was Fuller), widow of William While, and mother of Peregrine White (d. 1704), the first English child bom in New England. In the summer of 1621 and the springofthefoUowingyear Winslow wan one of the two colonists selected to visit the sachem, Maseasoit, at Pokanoket, on a diplo- matic errand. On a second visit to this sachem at Sowaros, though his knowledge of therapeutics was of the slenderest, he man- aged tocureMassasoitof adis(emiier(,March 1023), and so to gain his goodwill towards the colonists. On 10 Sept. 1623 Winslow sailed for England in the Ann as agent for the colony, and while in London published a narrative of the settlement and a history at , its transactions from December 1621, undeE ' the title ' Good News from New Engli oraTrueRelationof Things very remarkable at the Plantation of Plirooth in New Eng^ laud' (1024, pp. 66, sm. 4to). In it ha significantly warns idlers, beggars, and per- sons with ' a dainty tooth ' from attempting to join the colony. In March 1624 ha re- turned in the Charity from England, taking with other necessaries three heifers and a bull, the first neat cattle exported from the old country to the new. In the summer of 1624 he revisited England to represent the transactions and the needs of the colony to the adventurers. During his absence, at the annual election of 1624 Oovemor Wil- liam Bradford (1590-1 657) [q. v. 1 having pre- vailed on the people of Plymouth to increase the numberof assistants to live, Winslow was first elected to this otHce, in which he was continued by successive appointments until 1647, with the exception of 1033, 1636, and 1644, when he was chosen governor. In 1635 he undertook another naency to Eng- land for the two colonies nf Plymouth and Slasaachusetls.partly to obtninmorol support I'or the New England plantations against the threatened intrusion of the French on the east and the Dutch on the west, and partly complaints which had been pre- ferred against the colony of Massachusetts ~— 1 agamst Winslow in prticular by Tho- H Morton, a disalfectea colonist I \ r the Speedwell toSouthompton, and j returned to England and obtained the ear ■ the Mayflower, having decided to | of Laud (see HiuDFORii, Hut. ap. iv. Maua- Winslow 202 Winslow chusetts Hift. Coll. iii.; cf. Doyle, English in : London *( 1047), and Winslow, who held the America y\.\i\\\ The sptK^ial charges brought ' pen of an able controversialist, retorted in against Winslow were that he, not being in his pungent 'New England's Salamander' holy orders but a mere layman, had taught (1647, pp. 29, 8vo). publicly in church and had celebrated mar- In the meantime Winslow had attended riages. He admitted his occupation of the ! several meetings of the commissioners for pulpit 'for the edification of tlie brethren,* - the affairs of New England. In answer to but pleadeay the expenses of his own medical education, and dicl so by acting as a reporter for the * Tinies ' in the gallery of the ilouse of Commons, and by writing small manuals for students on osteology, and on practical midwifery. In 1830 he publishea anony- mously * Physic and Physicians,' in two volumes, a collection of miscellaneous anec- dotes about physicians and surgeons; and in 1840 * The Anatomy of Suicide,* an en- deavour to demonstrate that most suicides are not criminal, but are victims of mental disease. This was followed in 184.'^ by * The Plea of Insanity in Criminal Castas,' and in 1845 bv * The Incubation of Insanity.' He was now regardtnl by the public as an au- thoritv in cases of insanity, and in 1847 opened two private lunatic asylums at Ham- mersmith, where he employed the humane method of treating lunatics which is now universal, but was then regarded as on its trial. He founded the * Quarterly Journal of Psychological Medicine' in 1848, and con- tinued it for sixteen years. AVhen the Earl of Derby was installed as chancellor of the university of Oxford, the honorary degree of D.C.L. was conferred on Winslowon 9 June 1S53. He continued to write numerous papers on insanity and on its relation to the laws, and in l8tK.) published * On the C)bscure Diseases of the Hrain and Mind,' a work containing many interesting cases. In 18(»5. after n.»covering from a serious illness, he wrote * Light and its Influence ' and a short essay *On I'ncontrollable Drunkenness.' He was examined before a commit tee of t he House of Commons in X^T'J on this subject. The fnM|Uent establishment of the plea of insanity in crinnnal oases was largely due to his in- iluen('e,and he was called as a witness in manv celebrated trials. He died at Drighton on 3 March 1^74, and was buried at Epping. The ' Medical Circular' for 1(3 March 1S")3 contains his portrait, engraved fn^m a daguerreotype. One of his sons, Lyttelton Stewart Winslow, graduated in medicine and pursued the same studies. [l?riti>li Mrdical .Tonrnal. 1874, vol. i. ; Medi- cal Circular, IS.).*?, vol. ii. ; I^-inoot. 14 3Iirv*h 1874 : Journal of l\voholv Ji. S. Winslow, M.I).; Works.] N'. M. WINSOR, FHEDEIUCK ALBERT (1703- ISW), one of the pioneers of gas- lighting, son of Friedrioh Albrecht AVinzer, was born in Brunswick in 17(.i3. There is some reason to suj^pose that he was educattxl in Hamburg, where he early acquired Eng- lish, and he seems to have resided in England before 1799. He appears to have been pri- marily a company-promoting 'expert,' but he was specially interested in the question of economic fuel, and in 1802, being then in Frankfort, he made a visit to Paris ex- pressly to investigate the thermo-lamps which Philippe Lebon {d, 1804) had first exhibited in 1786, and for which he had obtained a brevet in 1799. AVilliam Mordock [q. v.] had been working in England upon some- what similar lines (traced in the first in- stance, he admits, * by Dr. John Clayton, as far back as 1739'), and his experiments first yielded gas as a practical illuminant between 1792 and 1798, when he erected gasworks at the well-known Soho manufactory of Boulton & Watt, near Birmingham. A like project had been entertained by Archibald Cochrane, ninth earl of Dundonald [q. v.], in 1782-3 ; but, except in the case of Mur- dock and Lebon, experiments in gas-lighting had not progressed further than 'philoso- phical fireworks,' such as were exhibited by a German named Diller (rf. 1789) in London. Diller appears to have taken his ' fireworks ' to Paris and exhibited them to the Acad^mie desSciences (see Jotimalde PJiusiguffSef tern" berl787). Similar' fireworks were exhibited by Cartwright at the Lyceum Theatre in May 1800( Iwies, 17 May). The inhabitants of London were, nevertheless, extremely sceptical as to the feasibility of gas-lighting when Winsor returned to England at the close of 1803 and commenced a series of lectures at the Lyceum Theatre (for an advertisement of the lectures see Times, 21 Sept. 1804). He kept secret as a profound mystery his method of procuring and puri- fying the gas ; but he showed the method of conveying it to the difierent rooms of a house. He exhibited a chandelier 'in the form of a long fiexible tube suspended from the ceiling communicating at the end with a burner, designed with much taste, 1)eiug acupid grasping a torch with one hand and holding the tube with the other.' He ex- plaineu how the form of the flame could be modified, and demonstrated that the flame was not liable to be extinguished by wind or rain, that it produced no smoke, and did not scatter dangerous sparks. His perse- verance and sanguine temper are said to have been of the greatest senice in making the matter known to the public, but he was deficient both in chemical knowledge and in mechanical skill. He obtained a hold over the mind of a retired coach-maker named Kenzie, who lived in Queen Street, Hyde Park, and this patron lent him his premises for gasworks. Winsor a. On 18 May 1**04. bein^ then ' of Cheap- side, mercbAiit,' Winsor obtained a pateut (No. 2764) for an 'improved oven, stove, or apparatus for the purpose of extracting in- Daramable air, oil, pitch, lar, and neids, and reducing into coke and charcoal all kinds of fuel' {Ann. Reg. 18(M, p. 825). TowardB tb« close of 1806 Winwr removed his exhibi- tion to 97 I'ftll Mall, where early in 1807 he ' lighted up a part of one side of tlie street, which was the first instance of this kind of light being- applied to such a pur- pose in London' (Matthew, Hist. Skflchof Ga»-Lighting, 1827). His gas was sneered at as offensive, dangerous, expensive, and immaDAgeable, but Winsor was not deterred Sroia his purpose. Besides a number of bombastic pamphlets and advertisements, he issued at tne close of 1807 a flaming pro- apoctus of ' The New I'atriotic Imperial and National Light and Heat Companj.' He calculated that if ihe operations which be proposed were properly conducted the net annual profits would amount to over a39,000,tKK);., and that after giving over nine-tenths of that sum towards the re- demption of the National Debt, there would etill remain a total profit of 670/. to be paid to the subscribers tor every 5/. of deposit.' Winsor is said to have raised nearly 60,000/. bj subscription, but, large an was the amount, he was not enriched by it, for the whole was expended upon his projects. The retort in which he distilled was ' an iron ■vessel, similar to a pot with a lid, well fitted and luted to the top of it. To the centre of the lid a pipe was lixed to convey the gas to his condensing vessel, which was a circular cistern, mode of a conical form, broader at the bottom than at the top j it was divided into two or three separate com- partments, and the plates that farmed the division were perforated with a ereat num- ber of holes, in order to spread the gas as it passed through them, to purify it from the eulphuretted hydrogen and ammonia.' But this operation was very imperfectly per- formed, and the gas, being burnt in an ex- tremely impure state, emitteil a pungent smell. To improve this he had recourse to lime aM apuriSer, with moderately success- , ful results. His pipes were mostly of lead, only those parts which connected them with the burners being made of copper, and his burners were argands, jets, end bats- wings. On 20 Feb. 1807 ^'inaor obtained a second patent (No. 3016) for a new gas furnace and purilier; his Inter patents (^os. taH3 and 3200) for refining the gas so aa to deprive it of all disagreeable odour during combustion are dated" a March 1808 and I •5 Winsor T Feb. 18U9. On 3 Aug. 1809 he obtained a patent (No. 82-'>3) for ' a fixed and move- able telegraphic lighthouse, for signals of intelligence in rain, storm, and darkness.' In 1609, aft«r having moderated the terms of his prospectus, Winsor supported the Light and Heat Company's application to parliament for a charter. The application was opposed by William Murdock and James Watt the younger. Henry Brougham on their behalf launched the shafts of his ridi- cule against the financial side of the scheme as expounded in Winsor's advertisements, and Walter Scott wrote that he must be a madman who proposed to light London with smoke. The bill was thrown out, but the ' Westminster Gas Light and Coke Com- pany,' as the corporation now termed them- selves, obtained their net on » June 1810. They were henceforth advised, not by Win- sor, but by Samuel Clegg [q. v.], an old dis- ciple of Murdock. Winsor proceeded to Paris in 1816, hiB 'brevet d'Importation' being dated 1 Dec. 1815, and he set to work at once to found a gas-lighting cotntiany In that city. In order to conciliate French opinion, hestated that in 1802 he had been one of the first to render tribute to Lebon as the original in- ventor of the gas oven (Journal det Dibalt, 9 July 1823). In January 1817 he lit up the Passage des Panoramas with gas, which he applied next to the Luxembourg and the Od^n arcade, but his company made small Srogress and was liquidated in 1819. Little irtner advance seems 1o have been made in Paris until the formation of the Manby- Wilson company about 1828. With this firm Winsor is not known to have been connected. Ho died at Paris on 11 May 1830 (Timf». 17 May), and was buried in the cemetery of P^re la Chaise. A cenotaph, was erected to his memory in Keusal Qreen cemetery with the inscription, ' At evening- lime it shall be light. — Zach. xlv. 7.' A son, Frbdehick Albebt Wirbob, 'junior'(1797-l874),ofShooter'8Hlll,bom at Vienna in 1797, married. In June 1819, Catherine Hunter of Brunswick Square, London {Mmthly Stag, xlvii. 6641. He was called to the bar from the Middle Tem- ple on 31 Jan. 1840, and obtained a patent (No. 9600) for the 'production of light ' as late as January 1843. An excellent linguist, he was for many years director andsecretaiy of the French Protestant Hoapltal. He died on7Junel874,aged77(inw7'M7iM,18July). Winjor's publications include; 1. 'De- scription of the Thermo-lamp invented by I.ehon of Paris, published with remarks by F. A. W of London,' in parnUal I I I i Winstanley Winstanley columna of Eni^lish, I'retich, and Oerman, Brunswick. 1802, 4ta ; dedicated to Chnrles \\'iltiam KerditiiiDd, dulte of Brunswick. Tkia WSB reissued in English ntone with some additiooiin 1801 >s 'Account uT the most in^aious and important Nationol Discovery tor some Ajfes. '2. ' The Supe- riority of the Now Patent Coke over the usel of Coals in Eamily Concerns, dis- played every Evening, at the Large Theatre, Lyceum, fitrand, hv the New Imperial Patent LightStovett'. A, Winaor, paten tee),' [1808]. 3. ' Analogy between Animal and Vef[etable Life. Demonstrating the hene- ficial application of the PatHnt Llftht Stoves to all Green and Hot Houses," 1807. Wio- sor here calls himself ' Inventor and patentee of the gas lights.' 4. ' National Deposit Bank; or the Bulwark of British Security, Credit, and Commerce, in nil times of Dif- ficulty, Changes, and lie volutions,' 1807, 5. ' Mr. W. Nicholson's Attack in his "Philo- sophical Journal" on Mr. Winsor and the National Light and Heat Comjiany, with Mr. Winsor's Defence ; also a shoft His- tory nf Borne Piratical Attempts to infringi his Patent Itiglit,' 1807. Some further pamphlets of minor importance are • meratiid in the Patent Office Library cata- [Malth««g's Hlstoricnl Sketch of the Origin, Froi^iiB, and Preneat Statu of UaB-Lightiog, 1837, ehnp. W. and Apneod'x; Annual Biogr. and Oliilmiry, laal.p.fiOS; Ocnl. Map. 1830. ii. 89 ; Tha Ileport of Jas. Lai). Grant and trustSBB ufthe fund for asHistiD(r Mc. Winsor in bis ex- perirocnlB, May IBUS; John Taylor's Memoirs uf my Lifx, 1832, i. 41 ; Croft'* Eensal Crten Cometei?, p. 20 ; Smilos's Invention aod In- dustry, pp. 143-3 : A Lotler to a Mombir "f Parliament from Mr. William Mnrdock, 1S09, rd. Prosscr, 18Q2 ; Snmnol Clegf^'s Coal 0ns, 1841, iatrodnction ; Oas Joiunal, 1883, ilii. 489 sq.; Nicholson's Joamal. I Jan. 1807. p. 73 ; Ann. Keg. 1804 p. 825, 1807 p. 8,M, 18118 ii. 134: Chamben's Book of Days, i. 178; Notes and Querios, 6tll sor. i. 200, xii. 494. 8th trr. ii, 8S: London Mugaiino, Deci'mb«r 1837 ; All the Year Round, 6 Oct. 1867 : New York En- gineering MaKatine, vi. 223 ; Bees's Cydopndia, 1819, art. 'Gns;' Penny Cydopeilia. ii. 88; Qmnde Encyclop^ie. art. 'Eclairage;' notes kindly furaishal by B.B. Proseer, esq.] T. S. WINSTiNLEY.OERRARD (^. 1648- IG62), 'digifer' or 'leveller,' was a Lonca- abire man, hut hie parentage aud birthplace have not bn^n identified. Jlucameintonolice in April 1649 as the leader, with William Everard, of a small partv of men who began cultivating some waste land at St. Qeorffe's Hill, Walton-ou-TUamus, Surrey, asserting that it, w^ 'an uudeuiable equity that the I people ought to dig, plow, plant, and dwell upon the commons, without hiring them or paying rent to any.' The diggers being removed by the authorities, Winstanley wrote ' A Letter lo the Lord Fairfax and his Councell of War, with divers Questions to the Lawyers and Ministers,' 1(U9, 4t4>i reprinted in ' Harleian Miscellany ' (ed. Park, viii. 686). Everard, in conjunction with Wiiiatanlev and others, wrote a pam- phlet, ' The True Levellers Standard,' 1 W», in defence of these proceedings, and was afterwards imprisoned at Kingston. Win- stanley, along with John Barker and Thomas Star, was also arrested, and he was sentenced lo pay 01. lis. Iff. for fine and cost*. The three men then addressed an ' Appeal to the House of Commons, desiring their .Answer: whether the Common People shall have the n' t enjoyment of the Commons and Waste d, or whether they shall be under the will of Lords of the Slannor still,' 1849. Winstanlev also published the following tracts on the same matter: 1. 'A Vindi- cation of those wliose Endeavours is only to make the Earth a Common TreasuT)', called Difrgers.' 1649. 3. ' A Watchword to I he City of London and the Armie,' 1049. 3. "A Declaration from the Poor Oppressed People of Engknd,' ll>49. 4. ' A New Yeers Gift to the Parliament and Armie : shewing what the Kingly Power is, and that the Cause of those they call the Diggers is the Life and Morrow of that Cause the Parliament hath declared for and the Army fought for,' 1650. 5. ' An Appeal to all Englishmen to judge between Bondage and Freedome,' 1650. 0. ■ Tlie Law of Free- dom in a Platform, or True Magistrocv Re- stored. Humbly presented to Oliver Orom- well . . . wherein is declared, what isKinglv (lovemmenl, and what is Common wealth's Government,' 1652. An interesting memo- rial to the council of state was presented by Winstanley and John Palmer in vindication of the diggers in 1619 (wrongly dated in Oi/. State Papers, Dom. 1653-4. p. 338). A atirring ' Digger's Song,' probably written by Winstanley, is printed in the ' Clarke Papers' (ii, 231). His writings mentioned above ahow him to bare been an absoluta socialist. In the scheme which he gravelv 5ut before Cromwell in the ' I^aw of Free- om ' there were to be no lords of manor, lawyers, landlords, or tilbe-supportedcletyri nor was theuse of money to be allowed. Mr. G. P. Goocb, in hie 'English Democratic '3eas in the Seventeenth Century' (ISHS. p. 206-26), shows that Winstanley i _ 'ten a clear-headed teacher of communistittv principles, then strange but now familiar. Winstanley In the following religi pressed his views ogoloaC tiie old and then exl«ting BVBtems of Christian belief and ec- elesiMlical ^vernmeul. He was a univer- ■aliet, and hia works ore perhapa the eorlitat in English in which that doctrine is en- forced : I. 'The Bteaking of the Dbv of God; 1648; Home ediliomi 1649. 2. '"Tha HjiBterie of God eonceming ihe whole Crea- tion, Hankinde,' &c., 1648 ; another edit. It>49. 3. 'The Saints Paradise, or the Fathers Teaching the only ^tUfBCtion la Waiting Souls,' 1649. 4. ' Truth lifting up his Head above Scandals, wherein is declared what Ood, Christ, Father, Sonne, Holy Ghost, Scriptures, CioBpel, Prayer, Ordinances of God, sie,' 1649 and 1660. 5. -The New Law of ItightBonsness Budding Forth, in nstoring the whole Creation fram the Bond- age of the Curse," 1649. The above five tracts were collected and published tojfether in December 1649. 6. ■ Fire iu the Bush, The Spirit Burning, not Consuming, but Purging Mankinde,' 1050. In the dedica- tion, to his ' Countryman of the county of I/HDCSSter,' prefixed to the' Mysterie of Ood,' lie describes himself m not a learned man. Thomas Comber, after wards dean of Durham, in hia ' Christianity no Enthusiasm,' 1678, attempted to show thnt ^^'inBtanlHy and his associates were the real founders of the quakttr sect. [Artiela by W. A. Alimm in Palatino Note- book, ill. 104, IT. BA: Wfaitelotke's Memnrials, Beast, iefi6, p. 2ST ; CuFlyle's Cromwell, pt. r.. 'The Levellers;' Clarke Pftpeis, ed. Firth (Camden Soe.). ii. 211, 217; Oardiner's Com- iDonvMltb nad Protectorate, 1891-7, t. 47, ii. 6 t Haztitt's CoUectiotis and Notrs, ii. 6o2, iii. 287; KuBseU Smith's Cat. of Topogr, TraclB, 1B78, p. 376; Notei and Queries, Sth ser. lii. 186 ; Brit. Mm. Cat. ; Co-operntive Nbws. 13 April 1S9S, p. Sei; notes kindly supplied by the Hev. A. Gordon.] C. W. S. "WTRSTANLEY, HAMLET (1698- [ 1756), painter and engraver, the second eon r of William Winstanley, a reputable trndes- WorriiifTlon, Lancashire, ' who brought up all his children to good school learning." was born at Warrington in 1698. In 1707 he was placed imder the tuition of Samuel Shaw, rector of the parish and master of the Boteler free grammar school of hia native town. The remarkable talent •hown by the young Hamlet iu rough draw- ings which he made with crayons attracted H the notice of John Finch, rector of Wiuwick K Andbrotherof theEarl of Nottingham, He ^1 gave the boy free access to his collection of t paiutings nud every encouragement to pursue the career of an artist, finally smoothing the way for him to study in London at the aca- demy of painting, founded in 1711, in Great Queen St.reet, Lincoln's Inn Fields, uudei the auapices of Sir Godfrey Ejieller. He re- mained in London three years, deriving great benefit, as he always tully acknowledged, from the persoual supervision of Kneller, and returned to W'arrington in 17^1 upon an ex- press commission to paint the portrait of Sir Edward Stanley. Tile success of this por- trait led to his introduction to James Stan- ley, tenth earl of Derby, and the earl was so pleased with Winstanley's work that he ordered him to come and paint for him at hia aeatatKnowsIey. Duringthenext two years he painted several landscapes and portraits, including one of the earl, and, says a con- temporary memoir written either by himself or by his brother, Peter Winstanley, ' he merited esteem so much that hia lordship advised him and gave him noble exceeding good encouragement to gq to llome in 1T23, as he did, to compleat his study in paiuting, as perfect as possible to be attained. And in order thereto his lordship got tetters of credit, and recommendation for Mr. Win- stanley to a certain cardinal at liome, to whom his lordship sent a present of a large whole piece of the very best black brad cloth that London could produce, with a prospect to introduce Sir. Winatanley into what favours he bad occasion for, to view all the ciinous pictures (that could not lie purchas'd for money) which Lord Derby hod a desire of, and he employed him while he stayed at Home and at Venice awhile, in all about two years, for he came home in 1725,' While at Home he beard of the death of Kneller, whom he re- ferred to as 'a particular friend, his great master.' The sketches of Rome and studies of antique figures drawn by Winstanley, ■while hearing very distinctly the impress nf the taste of the period, exhibit some mosterly qualities. The British Museum purchased two fine examples of pen and wash drawings by Winstanley in 1870. He executed large copies of the 'Graces,' by Kaphael, in the Fornesina Palace at Home, ana of the 'Tii- umph of Bacchus,' by Caraoci, iu theFamese. Ilia etchings from pictures by old masters (including Ribera, Itembranilt, Vandyck, Carlo Dolci, Tintoretto, Titian, Rubens, Sny- ders, and Salvator Rosa), in the poasession of the Earl of Derby, fully entitle him to the high place assigned him in Walpole's ' Catalogue ' of early eneraverB in England. These etchings, erecutud for the most part I I Winstanley 208 Winstanley during 1728-9, were bound together in a the king's service, and became clerk of the portfolio known as the 'Knowslej Gallery/ worksthereand at Newmarket (Bbitbbooke, with an obsequious dedication to the Earl . Audleu End, pp. 89-266). Winstanley en- of Derby. A\ alpole does not seem to have graved and published a set of twenty-four known Winstanley as a portrait-painter, plansandviewsofAudley End, one of which but the portraits he executed of the Stan- bears date 1676. The completed aet were leys, of John Blackbume, of Samuel Peploe, dedicated in 1688 to James II, the Earl of bishop of Chester, and Jonathan Patten of Suifolk (former owner), and Sir Christopher Manchester, are said to be most faithful Wren. The original issue (18| in. by 14 in.) likenesses. Several of his portraits have was followed by a smaller set in quarto been etched ' " ^ ' - - '-- Derby was Gucht to Edward A\ addington 'q. v.j, Disnop oi uni- » msianieyoDtainea a cercam notoriety from Chester, painted in 1/30, was engraved in the whimsical mechanisms witii which he mezzotint by Faber; and that of Francis embellished or encumbered his house at Smith, the architect, by A. N. Haecken Littlebury in Essex ; he was also the in- (DoDD, Manuscript Memoirs of English En- vent or and proprietor of a place of entertain- pravers). A few of his landscape and other ment known as the Water Theatre at the subjects are at Knowsley, and Winstanley also * lower end of Piccadilly.' made etchings ofSir James Thomhiirs paint- ' Either on the stren^h of this reputation ings in the dome of St. Paul's Cathedral. He or at his own suggestion, he was permitted spent his later years at Warrington, where in 1690 to furnish the authorities of Trinity he built Stanley Street, and named it after House with a design for a lighthouse to be of William & Ellen Winstanley, an eminent ftnd fourteen feet in diameter, was, after portrait- painter, 20 May 1756, aged 61.' His ' two years' work, increased to a diameter collections of copper-plates and prints are of sixteen feet, and the superstructure was stated by Walpole to have been sold by erected to a total height of eighty feet from auction at Essex House on 18 March 1762. rock to vane. At tnis stage the building A three-quarter-length portrait of Hamlet is said to have been drawn on the spot by Painting,* 1888, iii. 2;3r> (cf. J. C. Smith, privateer, and the work destroyed. Early Brit. Mezzo, Portraits, p. 445). in July, owing to the admiralty's interven- TBiopraphical Memoranila. made in 1776 bv I ^i^"' ^*^ was exchanged (LuTTRELL, Brief PtUT Wins*tttiilfv, an.l contributed to Notes and Be/atwn,iy. 24t>, 24/, 2ol). In the fourth Queries (5th 8er* viii. 40O with some comments 7^^^ of the work the solid base was increased by (Sir) George Soharf (thts«* j^jirticulars are ^o a. diameter of twenty-four feet, and its wrongly assigut^ iu the index to ' Herbert ' height raised to nearly twenty feet. In the Winstanley); Addit. MS. 33407. f. 159; Ry- same year (17(X)) the superstructure of the lands's Local Gleanings. 1877, p. 637; Memoir lighthouse appears to have been complettnl , , -, „,. , , - . ^ being was tlH. son ot IKnry \N instanley. the enginocr copper or iron. The engraving of the com- and engraver.] f. .s - pletod building as given bvSmeaton is Mrawn WINSTANLEY, HENRY {d. 1703), orthographicalv 'from a ver>' rare perspective engineer and enimiver, was probably a native view made by Nvinstanley himself The en- of Sallron AValden and brother of AVilliam tire structure was swept away on the night AVinstanlov l^q.v/ In U'xm he was a* porter' of :?6 Nov. 1703, carrying with it the un- in Uu' s(T\ ice of James Ilownnl, thin! earl fortunate designer, who had gone out to of SutVolk q.v/ He was employed on iSuf- superintend some repairs. John Smea ton folk's biiildinjrs at Andloy Knd, and when, Tq. v.] suggests that an insufficient know- early in IGtitj, Suffolk sold the jdace to letljre of cements was one cause of Winstan- Charles II Winstanlov was trunsterred to lev's failure. Win Stan ley Winstanley I As late as 1713 the house at Liltlebury and llie ' VVater Theaire ' were aaintiiined as «howK by Winstanlej's widow, and eiliibiled &l a charge of Iwelvepunce a head {Xotes and Qiurieg, Sih aer. ii. 466-7 ; Esef.r RevMe, 1893, ii. 63). [Arch. PnLl. Society's Diolionary ; Smearon'a Edyalone Li^hthouBe ; Wucth's Historv of Fly- mouth, 1B9U, pp. 146-7.] 'p. W. WINSTANLEY. JOHN {16-8P-ir50), Terse-writer, aeems to have been an Iriab- man, and vrna bom about 1678 (be himself States that lie was si-xty-seren years of age in 1745; Poetiit, 1751). Nothing is known of bis career beyond the fact that he died in 1760, aa stated in the preface to the second seriea of hia poems, published under the edi- torship of his eon in Dublin in 17Jil. He m described on (he title-paRes of bis volumes A9 a fellow of Trinity College, Dublin, but he is not mentioned in Todds 'List of Ora- diiates.' Hia verse, which is often amus- ing and clever, seems to bave escaped the at- tention of writers upon the eighteenth-cen- tury Irish wriCtira. There is s fine engraved portraitof Winstanley prefixed to his 'Poems ■written occasionally,' Dublin, 1743, 8vo; among the subaaribera wer« Swift, the Karl of Roscommon, Pope, and Colley Gibber, [O'DonoghiiDi. Piieis of Ireland), pp. 2fl^-3 ; CDonoRliues Humour of Ireland.] D. J. O'D. WINSTAlfLEY, THOMAS (1749- 1833), scholar, bom in 1749 at Witistanley !in the parish of Wigan, Lancashire, was the son of John Winstanley of Winstanley. He entered Manchester graraniar school on 25 June 1765, and matriculated from Brase- nose College, Oxford, on 24 March 1708, graduatinpr B.A. on 10 Oct. 1771, M.A. on 17 June 1774, B,D.on6Dec 1798, and D.D. on 11 Dec. of the aame year, lie was elected a fellow of Hertford College, and on the death of Thomas Warton (1728-1790) [5. v.] he was elected Camden professor of .1BI017 in 1790. In Ihesameyear he woapre- sented by Sir John Honeywood to the living of Steyning in Sussex, which he resigned in 1792. On 17 May 1704 he was collated to the prebendnl stall of Caddington Major in St. Paul's Cathedral, which he resigned in 1810, and in 1797 he was elected principel of St. Alban Hall, Oxford, on the death of Francis lUndolpfa. On 8 April 1813 he was , iDSlituted vicar of the united parishes of St. I Hicholos and St. Clement's, Rochester, and I in 1814 he waa chosen Laudian professor of ( Arabic. Winstanley vras a distingaished I acholar and well versed in modem lan- Kfuagea. Id 1780he publiahod attheClaren- TOL. IXII. don Press ' 'Apo-TorAoiit TTtpi noujru^t: Aris- totelis de Poetica LJber ' (Oiford, 8vo),with a Latin version, various readings, an iudi and notes. This edition, which was based the version published in 1623 by Theodore Goulstou [q.v.], long remained a text-book in the university, Winstanley « the works of Daniel Webb [q. v.], title of ' Miscellanies ' (London, 1802, 4to). Nearly the whole edition waa destroyed by fire on 8 Feb. 1808. Winstanlev died on 2 Sept. 1823. He had four sona~: Thomas, Henry, Frederick, and William. His por- trait in oils is in possession of his descen- [Gent. Mag. 1823, ii. 613; 8attou's Lancaehirs AiiihoTB, 1876; 1* Neve's FuBti Epcle*. Angl,. ed. Htudy ; Foaler's Alumni Oxoa. 171&-lH8fl; Allibooe's Diet, of Engl. Lit.; AdmiBsloD Ksg. of Manchetiter School (Chetham Soc.), i. t34-fi, ii. 277; Henneray'a Novum liepcrt. Ecclsl. Landin.; Foster's Index EcvUa.] E. L C. WINSTANLEY, WILLIAM (1628?- 1690?), compiler, bom about 16:;8, was re- lated to the family of the name which waa settled at Saflron Watden, and was possibly brother of Henry Winstanley [q. vO He was for a time a barber in London (Wood, Athma Oxon. ed. Bliss, iv. 763), but he soon relinquished the razor for the pen. ' The scissors, however, he retained, for he bor- rowed without stint, and without aclcnow- ledgmenC also, from his predecessors.' Much of his literary work commemorates hi.^ con- nection with Essex. He published under hia own name a poem called ' Walden Baccha- nals,' and he wrote an elegy on Anne, wife of Samuel Oibs of Newman Iiall, l£itsex(^u«r<' Cabinet). There is little doubt that most of the almanacs and chapbooks issued from 1662 onwards under the pseudonym of 'Poor Robin'came from his pen. lie was a staunch rovalist after the Itestoralion, although i 1659 he wrote a fairly impartial notice < Oliver Cromwell (cf, England's Worlhie*). ' He is a fantastical writer, and of the lower elass of our biographers; but we are obliged to him for many notices of persons and tilings which are recorded only in his works ' (Obuigbr, Biogr. Hist, of En^l. (ith ed. v. 271). His verse is usually boi8l. *Eng- ! 1687. land's Worthies: select lives of most eminent j The earliest volume published under the pnersons ' [includinfl: Flavins Julius (?onstan- pseudonym of *■ Poor Robin ' was an almanac tine and Cromwell], 1600, 8vo, 'principally ; 'calculated from the meridian of Saffiron stolen from Lloyd,* although free from signs W'alden,* which is said to have been origi- of a partisan spirit (Bbtdgbs) ; :2nd ed., nally issued in 1661 or 1062. No copy with the omission of the lives of the parlia- earlier than 1063 now survives. It was mentarians and substitution of others, 1684. taken over by the Stationers* Company, and 3. * The Loy all Martyrologv, '1662, 8 vo; 1605, it was continued annually by various hands 8vo ; an appendix is entitled ' The Dregs of till 1776. The identity of its original Treachery? The work is dedicated to Sir author has been disputed, but there is little John Robinson, lieutenant of the Tower of doubt that he was William Winstanley. London. Besides forty-one * loyal mart vrs,' i A claim put forward in behalf of the poet beginning with the Earl of StraflTord, there Robert flerrick is unworthy of serious at- are noticed * Loyal persons slain,' * Loyal ' tent ion. The discovery in the parish regi- Confessors,' * Kings* Judges,' * Accessory Re- sters of Saffron Walden of the entry of the ficides,' and * Tray tors executed since His birth of one Robert Winstanley in 1646 [ajesty's return.' 4. * The Honour of the ' (brother of Henry AMnstanley [q. v.l) has Merchant Taylors, wherein is set forth the led to the assumption that he, rather than Noble Acts, Valiant Deeds, and Heroic Per- ' his kinsman William Winstanley, was the formance of Merchant-Taylors in former writer of * Poor Robin's ' works, but it is A^s,' 1608, 8vo, with woodcuts (another very improbable that the almanacs, which edition, 1687, 4to). 5. * New Help to Dis- | date from 1662, were devised by a boy of course; or Wit and Mirth intermixt with < sixteen; and apart from the resemblance be- more serious Matters, by W. W.,' London, ' tween the names of Robin and Robert, there 2nd edit. 1672, and reissued 1680; 3rd edit. ' is no ground for associating Robert Win- 1084, 12mo; 4th edit. 1696; 8th edit. 1721; | Stanley with the * Poor Robin' literature. 9th edit. 1733 (cf. Notffanfl Queries, 8th ser. On the other hand, William Winstanlev is ix. 489, X. 55). 6. 'Histories and ()bst»r- : known to have assumed in other works tban vations, Domestick or Foreign ; or a Miscel- the almanac the pseudonym of * Poor Robin,' lany of Historical Rarities/ 1083, 8vo, dedi- ■ and the verse with which the early issues of cated to Sir Thomas Middleton ; with new j * Poor Robin's Almanacs ' are interspersed title, * Historical Rarities and Curious ()b?ei> ' renders it probable on internal grounds that vat ions, Domestick and Foreign/ 1084. 8vo : he was the inventor of that series. In 16C7 a verj' miscellaneous collection of essays, in- a portrait of William Winstanley was sub- eluding such topics as * Memorials of Thomas scribed * Poor Robin,' with verses by Francis Coriat ' and * Mount Etna in 10()9.' 7. * Lives ' Kirkman, in a volume called * Poor Robin's of the most famous English lV>ets/ lGv*^7, 8vo, ' Jests, or the Compleat Jester' {Huth Library dedicated to Francis liradbury. The epistle Cat.^ This work, the most popular of * Poor to the reader shows some sympathy with ' Robin's 'productions apart from the almanac, poets and poetry, but Winstanley allowed was constantly reprinted. In an amended his royalist prejudices to pervert his judg- shape it was called * Itlngland's Witty and ment so completely with repinl to Milton Ingenious Jester, or the Merry Citizen an«l that he wrote of him * that his fame is gone Jocular Countryman's Delightful Companion, out like a candle in a snutrand his memory In IVo Parts. . . . By W. W., Gent. (17th will always stink '(p. 1J>5). Kdward Phillips, edit. 1718). * W. W., Gent.,' are cleark from whose 'Theatrum Poetariim ' Winstan- William Winstanlev's initials. An equallv lev freely borrowed without acknowledg- interesting volume in verse by * Poor Robin,' m«.nt, is the subject of one memoir. Two in which the tone of John Taylor the water- hundred memoirs are supplied, the latest " poft is closely followed, was called * Poor bein-r SirlJog'er L'Estranire. A co]»y in the Robin's Perambulation from Saffron Walden British Museum has notes by Philip Bliss, to London performed this Month of July inehnlinfr some transcribed from the man u- 1678 ' (London, 1678, AXo); the doggi^rel script of l^iishop Percy. | poem deals largely with the alehouses on An enfrraved portrait of Winstanley in an the road, and maybe assigned to William oval constructed of vines and barlev was Winstanley. prefixed to later editions of his * ]x\vall ' Other works purporting to be by * Poor Winston Winston I itiobia' Bud attributable to Winsttinky : ' I'oor Robin's I'at.liway to Knowledge' (1063, 1685, 1688); 'Poor Robin's Character of France,' 1666; 'The ProteHtAnt. Almanack,' Oom bridge (1669 and following ,veara] ; ' Speculum Papiami ' (1669) ; ' Poor Robin'8 Obgervntions upon mit8unHolidaTs'(l8"0); 'Poor Robin's Parley witli Dr. Wilde,' 1672, eheet in verse (Huth Library) ; ' Poor I^obin's Chamcter of a Dulchman,' 1672; ' Poor Robin's Col- lection of Ancient Prophecies,' 16r3; ' Poor Robin's Dreams, commonly called Poor Charity ' 1674 (aheet with cuts) ; ' Poor RoIhr 1677, or a Yea and Nay Almanac,' » burlesque on the quakers (annuolly con- tinued till 1680) ; ' Poor Robin's Visions,' 1677 i ' Poor Robin'a Answer to Mr, Thomas Danson/ 1677; 'Poor Robin'a Intelligence ReviT'd,' 1678; 'Four for a Penny,' 1678; 'A Scourge for Poor Robin,' 1678; 'Poor Robin's Prophecy,' 1678 (Brit, Mus.) ; ' Poor Robin's Dream , . . dialogue between . , . Dr. Tfonge] and Capt. B[ed!oe],' 1681 ; ■ The f. Pemale Ramblers,' 1683 ; ' Poor Robin'a Hue f And C^ after good Housekeeping,' 1687 ; \ • Poor Robin's True Character of a Scold,' '- 1688 (reprinted at Totham Hall presa, 1848); ■ 'Curious Enquiries,' 1688; 'A Hue and Ciy after Money,' 1689 (prose and verne); ' Hierofflyphia Sacra Oxoniensis,' 1702. a burlesque on the frontispiece to the Oiford almanac ; ' New High Church turned Old Presbyterian,' 1709: 'The Merrie Exploits of Poor Robin, the Merrie Sadler of Walden,' n.d. (Pepysian Collection; reprinted Edin- burgb,l«20, and Falkirk, 1822); 'PoorRo- ^K bin^ Creed,' n.d. H [WioBlanlej-s Worka ; W. C. HiuHtfs Biblio- ^H jrapbical CoUecLioDa ; Noua nod Queries, 6tb ^Kmt. Tii. 320-1, a full liiblioiirapliv of Poor ^■Kobio b; fi. Ecrnyd Smith ; Huth Libr. Cut. ; ^BSrit. Mas. Cat. ; authorities citud.] S. L. B WINSTON, CHARLES (1814-1864), ^^ -writer on glaas-paintine, horn on 10 March 18U at Lymington, Hiimpshire, was the eldest son of Benjamin Winston, rector of Famingham,Kent,by hiswife Helen, daufiih- tw of Sir Thomas Reid, first baronet. Hia father, whose original name was Sandford, assumed thatof Winston in accordance wilh a provision in the will of his maternal grand- father, Charles Winston, sometime attorney- general of Dominica. Having been edu- cated at Famingham by his father ond Wee- don Butler, he becnme a student of the Inner Tample at the ago of twenty, at first leading in the chambers of Samuel Warren called to the bar [q. v.] He practised several Special jileader, and in 1845, after which he went the home circuit. He was much employed in arbi' trations and drawing epeci'li cations of patents, his knowledge of machinery being much valued. He frequently acted as deputy county-court judge, particularly in Staffordshire for Serjeant Clarke. Notwithstanding his large practice, Win- ston devoted mudi time to the study of the fine arts, more especially architecture nnd gloss- pain ting. On the latter subject ho became the leading English authority. Having in his youth mode the acquaintance of Miller, the profeaeional glass-painter, he applied the knowledge acquired Jrom him in designing and assisting to construct a email coloured window in the chancel of Pamingham church. He continued through- cut his life to occupy himself with paintme on glass in all its branches, theoretical and practical. The numerous tracings which ha mode of interestingand curious ancient glasa were admitted by experts to have caught with ^eat fidelity both the design and the CKilounng of the originals, and he was con- sulted in reference to the windows which -were made for Glasgow Cathedral and St. Paul's. Towards the end of hia life he gave himself up chietty to the scientific side of his Bubject. Ho made numerous and elaborate chemical experiments with the assistance of hia friend Charles llarwood Clarke, which led to a great improvement id the manu- facture of coloured glass. He claimed also to have discovered the secret, of the me- dinval processes. At the same time he was strongly opposed to a servile imitation of tnediiBval models. A somewhat severe criti- cism of his opinions is contained in an ar- ticle in the' Edinburgh Review 'for January 1867. Winston was one of the earliest membcra of the Arclueological Institute. His first published essay, an article on jm,int«d glaaa, app*ired in volume i. of its loumaL The nucleus of his firat considerable work was a small manuscript circulated privately in 18S8, in which he attempted to treat tlie subject of glass-painting by arranging it on the nietliod of Thomas Rickmon'a' Oothie Archi- tecture.' In 1847, when further materials had been collected, he was persuaded by Parker to publish his results under the title of ' An Inquiry into the Difierences of Stylo observable in Ancient Glass Paintings es- pecially in England, with Hints on Glass Painting.' The second part of the work con- aists of plates executed by Philip Delamotte from Winston's own drawings. The work was reissued in 1867 with additional plates, Winston's next publication was ' An In- p a I I I J Winston troduction to tlie Study of Painted Glasa,' 1849. 8vo. His last work, issued posthu- mously in 1865, was ' Memoirs illustrative of the Art of Glass -P«nting.' It is pre- ceded by a biographicsl memoir with por- trait, to which Winston's correspondence ■with ChHrles Heath Wilson [q. v.] between ISm and 1864 is appended, ^\' inaton died suddenly at his chambers In Harcourt Buildings, in the Temple, on 3 Oct. 1864. He had married, in the preceding May, Maria, youngest daughter of Philip Raoul Letnpriere of Roiol Manor, Jersev. His collection of drawings was presented by his widow to the British Museum, after Laving- been exliibited al the Arundel Society's rooms in 1865. [Winntoa'a Worka ; Qenl. Mag. 1864, ii. 658- 660 ; CHtatogue oF Drawings from Ancieit Lrliiss P.iinlinRs bv Churles Winston, with brief Memoir by J. B. Waring. 1965.] O. Lb G. N. WINSTON, TnOMA8(157&-166o),pliy- sician. son of Thomas Winston, a carpenter, of Pninswick, Gloucestershire, and his wife Judith, daughter of Roger Lancaster of Hertfordshire, was bom in 1576. He gra- duated M,A. at Clare Hall, Cambridge, in 1602, and continued a fellow of that college till 1617. He then studied medicine at PaduB, where he attended the lectures of Fahricius ab Aquapendente, and at Basle, -where be became a pupil of the celebrated Caspar Bauhin. He graduated M.D. at Padua, and was incorporated M.D. at Cam- bridge in 1608. He was admitted a licen- tiate of the College of Physicianii in London on 9 March 1610, a candidate or member on 10 Sept. 1813, and was elected a fellow on 20 March 1615. He was ten times censor between 1622 and lfl!i7. He was an active member of the Vi[^inia Company, regularly of ' A Declaration of the State of the Colonie and Affaires in Virginia,' published in 1820, He was elected professorof physic at Uresham College on 25 Oct. 1615, and hold office till 1643. He then went suddenly to France, but returned in 1653. The speaker of the House of Commons, William iJenthall (|q.T.], wrote to the Uresham committee on his be- half, and on 20 Aug. 1652 he was restored to his prnfessorship, which he held till bis death. He had a large practice as a phy- sician, and always kept an apothecary, who followed him humbly. Meric Casaubon praises his learning {Notei on Afarci Antonii Mfditath})f>,\6Si,u. .33). Hedied on24 Oct. 1655, and after his death his ' Anatomy Lec- tures ' were published in London in 1659 and 1664. They are well expressed, and show much anatomical reading as well as a prac- tical acquaintance with the anatomvof man and of animals. He made no original dis- coveries, held the old erroneous opinion that there are openings in the septum betwe^i thu ventricles, showed no acquaintance with llarvev's demonstration of the circulation, and believed that the arteries transmit vital spirit elaborated in the left ventricle as welt as blood. He made no parade of learning, but was obviously well read in Galen and in Latin literature. [Works; WBrd'sGrBshamProfesBore; Muok'a Col!, of Phys. vol. i. ; Brown's Genrsis of the United St&tea.] N. H. WINT, PETER DB 0784-1849), Und- scaps-painter. [See Db Wist.] WINTER, Sib EDWARD (1622 P-1686), agent at Fort St. George (Madras), was the son of WilliamWinterand great-grandson of Admiral Sir William Winter [q. v.] He was horn in 1622 or 1623, and went to India about 1630, probably under the charge of an elder brolher,Tbomas, who was chief of the Masu- lipntam factory in 1647. In 1655 Edward Winterwas appointed to the same post, but three years later he was dismissed, whereupon he returned to England, reaching London in the summer of 166U. He had amasfed a con- siderable fortune, and. as he brought home his wife and family, he probably had no in- tention of going again to the east. The East India Company, however, in reorganising their affairs upon the grant of their new charter (1061), needed the services of an energetic man Tersed in the affairs of the Coromandel coast, and wore willing to forget their former grievances against his private trading. Accordinglv, by a commission dated 20 Feb. 1661^2, Winter (who had been knighted at Whitehall on the 13th of that month) was appointed agent at Fort St. George, on an agreement to serve for three years from the date of his arrival (22 Sept. 1863). Before long, however, he -was involved in a violent quarrel with his council, while BeriousaccusBlionsoffraudweremade against him in the letters sent home. The result was seen in the appearance (June 1665) of a new agent, in the person of George Foicroft, who had been instructed to take over the administration at once, and to inquire into the charges brought against Winter and others. !■ oxcroft appears to have been a weak man, wholly unfitted for such a task; but under the influence of Jeremy Sambrooke, ony of the members of his council, he com- menced with some show of vigour. The I brokers, wlio weru accused of com- plicity lu the frauds, were arrested aud im- prisoned; while, ali.bouj(h Winter WHS treated with exceptional reaped, there were rumours of ut iulention to Buim him and send Uim to England for trial. Always a headstrong aud pHBsionate man. Winter was eaBily induced 10 use hie personal popularity for the purpose of delivering & coumter-etroke. A pretext WW found in some ineautious expressions used at tahle il month previousSj ; and on 14 Sept. the chaplain, Simon Sniythes (who I had married a kinewomaa of Winter), pre- I lorred a charge of treason against ihe agent land hie son, and demanded their arrest. I "Winter appeared in euppori, and claimed I tluit, as second in council (the rank assigned I lum by the company until the expiry of his COveDBnt), Ihe direction of affairs had lapsed ' to bim. Both charge and claim were i dignanlly scouted, and, on attempting luimngue the garrison, Winter was confin in tbe fort. Mutters being thus brought to ft crisis, Winter, with another member of tbe counciland the chaplain, signed a warrant for the arrest of the two Foxcrofls, and early next morning they were seized by tbe com- mander of the soldiers, though not without A scuifle, in which one of the members of council was mortally wounded. Winter was now released and assumed the direction of affaire, and for nearly three years Madras, the head settlement on tbe eastern side of India, passed entirely from the control of the ooiapany. It was not until January 1666-7 that the news of what had taken place reached London, together with a rumour that "Winter intended, if hard pressed, to make Ot'er the fort to the Dutch. An application was at once made to the king for an order to Winter to surrender the ibrt; but the latter bad active friends at court, and it vas Dot until April, after an Investigation b; a committee of the privy council, that a letter to the desired effect was signed by Charles It. It was now too lat« for a ahiji to be despatched to Madras that year, and all that could be done was to send the docu- ments overland from Surat to Masulipatam. This course was taken, but without avail, aa Winter refused to acknowledge the au- thenticity of the papers forwarded to him. Thus matters remamed till the following year, when the company despatched six TesseU armed with the royal authority to nse force if necessary to enect the reduction of the fort. ^ladras was reached on 21 May 166S, and Winter, realising that further resistance was hopeless, surrendered on the following day, on a guarantee that the lives and property of himself and his adherents should be respected. Foxcroft was now released and reinstated In the government. By special order I'rou the privy council Winter was permitted to remain for a time at Madras to settle his estate; and it was not until the beginning of 1672 that he em- barked for England. Upon his arrival a long wrangle commenced with the company, large sums being claimed on both sides. Eventually the question was referred to the arbitration of Lord Shaftesbury, who in June IB74 awarded Winter 6,000/. Later in the year Winter applied for permission to return to India to collect certain debts; but heavy a security Winter now settled down quietly at Vork Kouse, Batteraea. lie appears to have Eurchased some plantations in Jamaica, and n also possessed property at Porlsea. He I died on 2 March 1680-6, and was buried In the parish church, where a handsome monu' ment to his memory is still to be seen. The inncription is given (incorrectly) in Seymour's ' Survey of London/ 1735, ojid the monu- ment itself is ligured in Smith's ' Antiqui- , ties of Londoa,'^179L A bust of Winter, which Burmouuta the memorial, is the only likeness known. In his commission as agent W'inter is styled knight and baronet, and he constantly used the double title during the period of his admiu is t ration at Madras. Ue seems, however, to have had no right to the higlier title, and it is not claimed in the in- scription on hilt tomb. lie was twice married. The name of his first wife (whom he married in the East Indies) has not been traced; his second wife, whom he married on 20 Sept, 1682, was Emma Withe or Wyeth, widow (Ches- TBR,L(mdonMai-riai/eLicencet,li^l),aangh- terof Richard Howe of Norfolk. His will (Somerset House, Lloyd, 51) mentions a son Edward and two daughters, married In the Enst Indies, who apparently predeceased [India Offira RHOids, especially the Court MiDutee of llio East ladiit ComiiUDy and the uorruBponilsDCQ vitli Madras ; East IndiL's eeries in Romrd OEoe. vol. vii. ; Bcnco'sAnoaJs of the EnHt ludla Compaay, vol. ii, ; Dinry of Willinm Hedges (Huktuyt Suciety), vols. ii. and iii. ; Wilsou's Eiirl; AnnalB artheEaglish in Bangs], i, 37-14 ; Winter's manunieut at Battersea and that ofhJB brother in Fulham church.] W. F. WINTER, Sir JOHN (1600?-1673f) secretary to Queen Henrietta Maria, bom probably about 11500, was son and heir of Sir Edward Winter of Lydney, Gloucester- sbire, by his wife Anne, daugliter of Edward Winter 214 Winter Somerset, fourth earl of Worcester [g. v.], whom he married on II Aug, \696 ( Fi>tYa- tion of Gloucestershire f Ilarl. Soc. p. 279 ; cf. Uatjield MSS. v. 379-80). Sir William Winter [q. v.],the admiral, was his grand- father, and Thomas Winter [q. v.], the * gun- powder-plot ' conspirator, was a relative. John's career was dominated by the in- fluence of his first cousin, Edward Somerset, second marquis of Worcester [q. v.], whose addiction to lioman catholic ideas and me- chanical experiments he shared; he seems to have been a ward of the king (^CaL State Papersy Dom. 1019-23, p. 169). In June 1624 the government was informed of a great store of powder and ammunition kept at Kaglan Castle (belonging to the Earl of W'orcester) by John Winter and other papists (lb. 1023-6, p. 288). No importance was apparently attached to the report, for Winter was knighted on 7 Aug. following. lie was mainly occupied in managing the ironworks and forestry in the Forest of Dean which he, like his father, leased from the king. They were evidently a source of great wealth, for during his eleven years* rule without parliamentary supplies Charles borrowed largely of Winter, who was also involved in prolonged litigation with his co- lessees (cf. ih. 1033-4 p. 570, 1(535 p. 309, ia'J5-0 pp. 23-4, 77; Iltst. MSS. Coinm. 4th Uep. App. pp. 20, 45, 71, 74, 80, 89, 5th Kep. App. pp. 09, 71). Ilis position brought him iilto contact with the riots at Skimming- ton in 1031 against the king's enclosures in the Forest of l)ean, and as a reward for his suppression of the movement he was made deputy-lieut^'nant (ib. 1030-7, p. 208). Finally, on 21 March 1(540, he was granted eighteen thousand acres in the forest on consideration of paying 10,(XX)/. at once, 10,000/. annually for six years, and a per- manent fee-farm rent of 1,950/. 12*. 8' mo- tive in parting with these lands, whicli, be- sides containing the ironworks, were also the principal source of timber for the navy. Meanwhile, in 1033, W^ inter had become an adventurer in, and member of the council of, the Fishing Company, which was part of Charles's attempt to enforce his supremacy in the Narrow Seas aijainst the Dutch. In May 1038 ho was, although *a man never thought, of,' u])pointed secretary to Queen Ileiiriotta Afaria {Strajford Letter^f ii. 1(>0), his nomination being taken as a ])roof that Charles had yielded to the queen's demand for Itomaii catholic servants, lie was also made ma>ttT of requests to the queen with a salary of 2(X)/., double that of an ordinarv master; his function was probably not to decide matters in litigation, but to * inyesti- gate petitions for personal Batisfaction ' (Lead AM, Court of Requests^ 1897, p. 11). Winter was one of the group, including Sir Kenelm Digby [q. v.] and Walter Montagu [q. v.], whose zeal for their faith was at least equal to their l^alty. During the troubles in the Forest of Dean his Boman Catholicism had been charged against him, and Charles had in 1037 ordered that no in- dictment should be brought against him or his wife on account of their recusancy. In No- vember 1(340 in a popular squib his relation- ship to the gunpowder plotters was pointed out, and he was accused of having written for aid to the pope in the previous August {Cat. State Papers, Dom. 1040-1, pp. I2G-7, cf. ib. 1039-40, p. 240). On 27 Jan. I640-I the House of Commons required his attend- ance to give an account of the money col- lected from Roman catholics for the war of 1039 (Commons' Journals, ii. 74; Gabdiner, ix. 209), and on 10 March following petitioned for his removal from court. Charles paid no heed, and on 20 May a committee of the commons was appointed to administer to him the oaths 01 allegiance and supremacy (Journals, ii. 100, 158). On 15 Feb. 1641-2 his removal from court was voted, he being ' of evil fame and disaffected to the public peace and prosperity of the kingdom ' (ib. ii. 433; Clarendon, Bebellion, bk. iv. § 222). On 10 March the house declared him un6t by reason of his recusancy to ' hold his bargain in the Forest of l>ean, and ap])ointed a com- mittee to examine his accounts ; it failed to collect sufficient evidence for his indictment (Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1041-3, p. 353), but on 22 July required his attendance at the painted chamber. In that month, however. Winter appears to have joined Hertford and Sir Kalph (after- wards Lord) Ilopton [(j. v.] in Somerset, and accompanied them during their campaign in the west, lie, 1 lopton, and Sir John Stawell [q. v.] are said to have been arrested at Fal- mouth, brought to the commons' bar on 14 Oct., declared delinquents, and committed to the Towt'T (The Kvajninatioyi of Sir Ralph Hop- ton, Sir Johfi Winter, and Sir John Stowell, London, 1042, 4to). The commons' journals do not confirm this statement, nor is it cle^r how Winter obtained his liberty, for early in 1043 he was lieutenant-colonel of the Welsh force raised by the Marquis of Wor- cester to oppose the parliamentarians in Gloucestershire. He strongly fortified his house at Lvdnev, and ^nimble in inferior businesses, and delighted rather in petty and cunning contrivances than in gallantry, he * maintained his den as the plague of the I forest and a. goad in the side of tliia [the ' Glouceater] garriHon' {Corbet, JKi7i'(o/y Ga- vemmimt of Gtoucater, 1646, pp. 20, ^, 59, GO). Hi* ' iron mills ttnd furnatfls were the main stren^h of his eslate and garrison '(i6. p,B9), andl'or more than two yciirs he carriitd un with varying success this guerilla war- fare. Un 15 Oct, 1644 be was dereated at Tldenham, and 'forceddown' a clifl'Cwo hun- dred feet high lo the river, where he escaped inasmallboitt i subsequent legends declared that he leaped the whole diaCance, and the spot became known as ' Winter's Leap ' (iS. pp. 113-17; Atktns, Oloticenterthire, p. 282i HcDDBB, p. 763). Eventually he was so hard pressed by {.Sir) Edward Mosaey [q. v.] that in April 1645 he fired Ida house at Lydney and retired to Chepitflw, of which be was for a time govenior with three bundred men under hia command (Kyuosds, Diary, p. i06; Cat. Slnfe Papen, Dom. I844-B, pp. 42, 112, 301, 332; CoBiinr, pwsim'). iQence he made hia way to Charles I at Oxford, aud waa by him acut to Henrietta Uaria at St. Germaina, where he had arrived in NoT«tiber {Cat. Clarenrhn M&S. i. 287). Winter returned to England probably in 1646, and on 7 Nov. 1648 waa excluded fiwm pardon by the House of Commons. The lords, however, disagreed (Common*' jMimo^, vi. 71, 76, 78), and in February 1648-9, after Charles r ivoy to the I idea of e I MtholicB with the idea of extending some lation to them and thua preventing their " alliance with the royalists in Ireland (GA.B- DurBB, Commonwealth mid Fnttectorote, i. fll, 93; Cabte, Original Letteri, i. 2^4; Col. Clarendon State Papers, ii. 8). The project came to nothing, and on IQ March the commona ordered Winter's banishmsnt ttad the confiacation of his estates, which were given to Massey (Joitrnalu, r'l. 164-5). Jle was allowed reasonable time to leave ibe country, but, failing to do so, he waa arreated on 31 Aug. and committed to the Tower (rt. vi. 189; Cal. State Paprrt, Dom. 16W-60, p. 295; Gabdineh, i. 192). On 6 May 1651 he was allowed the liberty of tthe Tower, and was olfered leave to go Abroad if he would make hia submission to parliament. He refused, and on 17 Dec. 1652 was sent back to the Tower. Gra- dually, however, his conlinement was re- laxed, and on 14 Oct. 1653 he wns allowed to reside anywhere within thirty miles of London, lie employed his liberty and H ' leisure in making experiracntH ' to char sea ^t-C(Wl,' and Evelyn saw his works at Green- ■'Vich ferry in 1666 (Dini-y, i. 316, iii. 17). ^^^om the description he gives, Winter's idea was merely the production of coke, which, though profltable as a bv-product of gas, can scarcely have been lucrative to Winter, who, however, set great store by it, and after the Uestoration procured a mono- poly for the invention. In June 1660 he went to France to pre- pare for the queen dowager's return, and he retained hia office as her secretary till her death in 1669. His remaining years were cliielly spent on his ironworks and forestry in Gloucestershire, and in litigation and other proceedings relating to them. His Crision of timber for the navy brought into frequent contact with Pepys, who thought him ' a man of fine parts {JUary, ed. Braybrooke, i. 372, ii. 18, 176,445, iu. 4;.'8, iv. 30). He is said to have been a. 'great depredator' of the Forest of Dean, but as a. colliery manager he waa apparently suc- cessful. On 24 Feb. 1671-2 one of William sou's correspondents wrote: 'The famous coal delfe near this city [Coventry], where so . many thousands of pounda have been buried and so many tindertakers ruined, ia now by Sir John Winter's management brought into very hopeful condition, they Ktting coals in plenty ' ^^Cal. State Paper), jm.1671.-2, pp. 159, 181). Winter died about 1673, leaving, by his wife Mary, several children, of whom the eldest, Sir Cliarlffl (i/. 1698), succeeded him at Lydney. He was author of ' A True Narrative concerning the Woods and Iron- works of the Forest of Deane' (see Wash- hod rne, £ii/. Glouceair. p. cxxviii}, and of 'Observations on the Oath of Supremacy,' published posthumously (London, 1676, 4to), in which he maintained that taking the oatli was compatible with Roman catholic orthodoxy. He also waa to aome extent a patron of literature, and John Tatham [q. \.\ in dedicating his 'Fancies Theater' in 1640, describes him as ' the most worthy Mk- cenaa ' (cf. Brtdoes, Cenaura Lit. ix. 360). [Cut. State Pupars, Dom. 1633-72, pxasini ; Hist. MSS. Comm. 4th Kep. App. possTui, Sth Rep. App. pasBim, 7tll Kep. App, p. 486. 8th Hep. App. p. 124, 9th Bup, App. pp. 296, 297, lOth Rep. App. i.fiS, l2thRfp.App.i.294,474, ii.231, 27a, 3Uj;, 13tb Hep. App. II. 240; Buc- olench MSS. i. 479 ; Strafford Letlera, ii. 166 ; Bnt. Mils. Addit. MSS. 57161. II. 1891 ff. 3D6, 398, 324 : Journals of the House of Lords apd House uf Commans, pasBini ; Col. Clarendan State Papfira. i. 38T, 306, ii. 8 ; Thorloe'a Stats pKperB ; Corbet's Mjlituiy O-or. of GloaeMter, 1S46; Wiiahbourne'a Bibl. Qloucoatr. paawm ; Dr. Gflorna Lejhurn'a SlEmoirs, 1722 ; Sander- ■on's Hist, uf Ciiarles I ; Dodd's Church Hist. iii. 69 ; Dircks'a Life of tile Mnrqnii of WorcfS- tor, pp, 63-4; Uetcolfs Book of Eaighis; I i Winter 3> Off. Ret. MBtnboTB of Pnrl.; Atlyns's Gloucos- tersbire. p. Q,S'i; Rudders mouceBtarahire, pp, fi27. 782 ; Camdon Soc. Misc. vol, viii. ; H. a. NiehallB'a P(-r»DDalitiea of the FonhI of Dena, 18S3,pp. 112-27; Webb. Ci ril War in Here- fardsbire, 1879, ptsi^im: J. R. FhilUpH'i Civil Warin Waloa, 1874, i*. 267,270. ii. 139; tmcta by, and rulnline to, Winter in Brit. Uus. Libr.] A. F. P. WINTER, SAMUEL, D.D. (1603-1666), provost of Trlnilj College, Dublin, eon of Christopher Winter, a yeoman from Oxford- ehire, was bom at Temple Balaall, a chapelry in tba parish of Hamrton-ln-Arden, War- ■wicltshire, in 1608. He early receivfcd reli- llious impressions from the preaching of Sliider, a puritan divine for whom his father had obtained the neighbouring chapel of Knowle. Ilia mind being bent on the minis- try, his father sent him in 1617 to King Henry VIII's achool, Coventry, where Dug- dale was his contemporary under Jnmes Cran ford [sea under Cranfobd, James]. He iroceeded to Queens' College, Cambridge, utor being John Preston, D.D. J^q. v. j Aft«r pTftduating M.A.,'he placed himnelr under John Cotton (159.'>-1652), vicar of BoBton, Lincolnshire, with a view to pre- pamtion for the ministry. Cotton found nim a rich wife, and made him, in ecclesiastical theory, an independent. Recovering from a dangerous fever, he became perpetual curate of Woodborough, Nottinghamshire, deve- loping there a considerable gift of preaching. He obtained a lectureship at \ork. but, owing to the civil war, lett it in 1&42 for the vicarage of Cottingbam, East Riding, ivorth 400/. a year. Here he orfranised a church on the congreirationBl model. With the leave of his church tUswicK, p. 67; the Lifr, 1671, erroneously says that he resigned his living), he went to Ireland as chaplain to the four parliamentary com- missioners. Thev paid hira 100/. n vear, afterwardaiocreasedtoSOO;. Hewrent about the country with them, preaching when in Dublin at (Christ Chiirch Cathedral, and add- ing a morning lecture at St. Nicholas's, to which he attracted the poor by a distribu- tion of 'white loaves' after sermon. On or before -S Sept. 1661 the commis- sionera appointed him provost of Trinity College, in succession to Anthony Martin, bi»hop of Meath, who died of the plague in 1650. On 18 Nov. 1651 he performed the acts for B.D. On 3 June 1652 his appoint- ment as. provost was colifirmed by Oliver Cromwell. The degree of D.D. was conferred upon him by special gmce on 17 Aug. 1654, Honry Jones ( lflO&-1682) [q. v.], bishop of Ologher, be! ng vice-ch anceilor.Wmter looked 5 Winter ^^^" carefully after the college estates, making distant journeys for the purpose ; he secured the appointment (24 Nov. lUAti) of a lecturer in Hebrew, John Sterne or Steame (1624- 1669) [q. v.] ; he made Greet and Hebrew imperative subjects (14 June 1659) for the B.A. degree, and he imported men of learn- ing Irom England as fellows. Re remitted none of hts preaching engagements, adding a voluntary lecture every three weeks at May- nooth. Baxter's friend, John Bridges, in- duced him in 165Stotakethe lead informing e. clerical association In which independents, preabyteriana, and episcopalians could meut in amity (Hrliguut! B divinity lecturer. But on 29 March 1660 of the scholars,'! :e the charter of the titken, and this circumstance et to have beun used by the ' general n as a means of setting him aside, the real ground being his polilics as an independent (Caktb, Ormonde, 1736, ii. 200). The date at which Winter left Ireland is not certain. The college was in hia debt, and the money he had advanced was never fully repaid. The government of the cotlc^ was entrusted (6 Nov.) to Thomas Seele, a senior feUow, who was admitted provost on 10 Jan. 1661. The independent church whichhe had formed at St. Nicholas's was ministered to brSarauel JUather [q. v.], and is the church to the ministry of which James Martineau was or- dained in 1628. Henceforth Winter had no fised abode, spending bis time with friends at Chester and Coventn, and with his wife's relatives in Hertfordshire and Rutland. He fell ill on a fast day (13 Oct. 16C6) in Rutland. preached privately the next Sunday, and then took to his bed, dying on 24 Oct. 1666, He was buried at South LtiffeDlmm, Rutland. He left 'a plentiful estate,' due to the good management of his second wife. Ilis first wife was Aiine Beealon (or Bestoe), by whom he hod five sons. Three years after her death at Cottingham he married (before IB-MJ) Elisabeth, daughter of Christopher Weaver, a woman of some property, and with strong anabaptist lean- ings. He published ' The Summe of Diverse Sermons preached in Dublin,' Dublin, 1056, Svo (in favour of infant baptism). He wair one of several joint authorsof the life (1667) of John Murcot [q. v.] (Life. 1671, by J. W. (probably his brothnr. in-l»w. Wflftver); reprodncnd in great part in Clarke's Lirea of EmioeDC Persons, inucll ttbridgod in CaUDiy's Afcon . . ,» ,„., „™v^".^.... - 644; Caliiroy'«Continuaiion,l727.ii.72l; also garding his share ii propose to Philip III nn invaaion of Enff- laud in the following epring. The details of this negotiation are imperfectly bnoi A full statement written by Wtnl I abridged in Middloton's Biogrnphin Evungelica, 17S4, ill. 387 (with addilions), and in ColTiie'- Wortbiw of Warwidtshire, iS70, p. 831; Re liquiie Baxterianie, iC98 ; Armstrong's App. to "■■ '"y" " -■ • " J'-ilInn Hi.rtrti'r. IH'JO n 7ft- 1 reSm extant ; and tha ID form at Ion extorted from Fawkes wis eecoud hand. Winter, with Catesbir iwd , . had discUB«ed the miaaion with Falher Henry Gamet[Q.r.;[ at While Webbo, Murtineai PishfiyTIioiDpBon'BHi»t.DfBostoo,1856,p.7S4; - r — j ;l-i-- -i— ; ■-----, Itcjd'i Hist, of Presbyteriun Church in Irolanci a favourite resort of the Jesuits, ten miles (Killen), 1871,p. flS6iStubhB'BHiet,otUni», of north of London! hut Garnet, while he con- DubliD, 1B89, pp. 89 sq.: Urwick's Early Hist, fessed to having written of the busineei to of Trin. Coll. Dublin, 1802, pp. 47 »q.] A. G. Father Joseph Dresswell [q. v.J In Spoin, de- clared that he then believed its object was WINTER or WINTOUB. THOMAS aimply to obUin money for disIreBBedcntho- (IsrS-lBOtt), conspirator, bom in 1572, was lies, winterwas accompanied on his journey » younger brolherof Robert Winlerof Hud- by Father Oswald Greeuwny or Teaiinond dington, Worcestershire. They were de- [q. v.] He spent some months at the Spanish BCended from Wintor, the castellan of Car- court,butthepohtical negotiations entrusted nnrvon, their name being originally (iwyn- ■ to him seem to have passed into the hunda tour, and their crest a falcon mounted on a of Cresswell, who professed to be the repre- -white tower. The family settled at Wych in se n tali ve of English catholics in Spa in. Cress- the reign of Edward I, and there remained well in the winter of 1602-3 urgently and till Roger Wintor in the reign of Henry VI persistently pressed upon the SjMuiish king mBrriea the coheiress of Huddington atid the net'd of immediate interrenlion by arms Gassy (Nabh, WorceeterMre, i. 691), George to prevent theaccession of James on the death Winter, the father of liobert and Thomas of Eliiabetli, which might take place at any by his first wife, Jane Inglehy, waa the son moment. The plan of the Anglo-Spanjsli of Robert Winler of Cave well, Gloucester- faction at that time (i.e. since July ICOOl shire, by Catherine, daughter of Sir George was to adopt as candidate for the Englisli Throckmorton of Coughtan, Warwickshire throne the infcnta, with her husband the (Foley, Record*, vi. 573). The two brothers Archduke Albert, sovereigns of the Nether- were thus relat^ed to both Robert Catesby lands. Cresswell was kept 'wmting three [q. v.] and Francis Tresham [a. vj Thoir months for his answer, when, on the adviea Bister married John Grant of Norbrook, of the Count Olivsrea {2 March 1603), it Warwickshire, another of the gunpowder ' was resolved to drop the infanta as im- ploTters. j prticticable and to suggest to the English *"' I short man, hut 'strong and ■ culliolics that they should elect from their comely, and very valiant,' says hi: temporary. Father Gerard, who adds that he nod spent bis youth well, was ' very devout and cealous in his faith, and careful to come often to the sacraments' (GeRAKD, Jfurrntiir, p. 58). For several years he served in the Netherlands, fighting in the army of the estates against Spain ; but he hod apparently quitted this fervice from relipouB scruples. He afterwards became secretary or agent of William Parker, fourth lord Monteacle [q-v.] He was an able man, I uiaccomplishedlmguist, and was acquainted I irith foreign diplomatists. He was an in- separable mend of Gatesby. A few weeks before Christmas 1600 he visited Rome for 1 thcjubilee. A Mr. Wintorfrom Worcester- shire is entered in the ' I'ilgrima' Book ' of the English College at Rome as havi ng lodged there thirteen days from '2i Feb. 1601. In January 1602 Lord Monteagle and Catesby Arranged that be should go into Spain to , ididate whom Spain would, conditions, support (Martik HiTMB, &■(> Walter Haltgh, 1897, pp. 235-9). ' '^'inter hud returned to England before this decision had been formally announced. Sir E. Coke declared (on the evidence of Fawke8)tbatWintercBm« 'laden with hopes' and with the promise of the Spaniahking to send an army into Milford Haven and to contribute to the enterprise 100,000 crowns. But such report as Winter could give of the drift of Spanish policy may rather have added to the disappointment of his friends. He told Garnet, however, that Philip de- sired to have immediate information of the death of the queen. Meanwhile Garnet had shown to Wmter, as well as to Cuteshy, Percy, nnd Father Oldcome, the two briefs from Rome bidding catholics to withstand the succession of any one not a zealoi catholic. W'ith this on his mind, Catesby, after the accession of James, conceived the I I I I Winter 2 gunpowder plot, and on All SainW 1R03 sent for TbomBa Wiuter, who was tbtrn ■with bis brother at lluddington. Winter, however, was not able to meet hie friend till JanuBTj 1604, when he found him in tile company of John Wright. It was then that Catesby propounded to Winter, aad prolwbly to Wright, his plan ' at one in- Hlant to deliver us from all our bonds ■yrithout any foreign help." On Winter making diCBcuUiee, Catesliy suggesti'd his going aver to Flanders to see Juan de V'elaaeo, the constable of Castile, who had arrived at Brussels about the middle of January to negotiate peace wiih England. Winler was to learn what the constable could or could not do to obtain toleration for catholics, and was to bring Fawkes over to England. Winier visited tie constable with Ilugh Owen, and, being convinced that no help could be expected from Spain, was introduced bv Sir William Stanley (ir>48-1630) [q. v.] to Fawkes, whom he took back with him to l/ondun about Eos- teF'time. The oath of secrecy waa then taken by the three men, tugelher with Percy and Wright, and the details of the plot communicated to them by Calesby. Winter took a prominent part )n the working of the mine under the parliament house, and afterwards tn introducing powder into the cellar. The news of the Mouteagle letter and the probable discovery of tlie plot reached him on Sunday, 27 Oct, lfiO&. He at once went to White Webbs, whither several of his confederates had retired, and tried in vain to persuade Catesby to save himself by flight. On the Slat he returned to London. On 4 Nov. Catesby rode away towards the appointed meeting-place at Dunchurch. Winterhimselfcourageouslyre- mained behind till, ou the morning of the fith, fully satisfied that all was discovered, he followed hia friends, overtaking Catesbv at lluddington on Wednesday night, G Nov. The next aveniug the companv of conspira- tors went to Stephen Littleton sat Ilolbeclie, and there, on the morning of the 8th, pre- pared to resist the sheriff's officers who were in pursuit. In the encounter which followed Winter was the first struck, being shot by an arrow from a crossbow, which deprived him of the use of his arm : while Cateaby, crying out, ' Stand by me, Tom, and we will die together I ' fell mortally wounded. Win- ter waa seized and carried prisoner to the Tower. He waa the ouly one of the five original workers in the mine, besides Fawkes, who was in the hands of the government. There is no evidence that Winter was Bubjected to torture. But on 21 Nov. Sir 8 Winter William Waad [q. v.], lieutenant of the Tower, wrote to Saliabury that ' Thomas Winter doth find his hand so strong, as after dinner he will settle himsetf to write that lie hath verbally declared to your lordahip, adding what he shall remember.' The confession which Winter actually made (extant at Hat- field and tmnacribed in lirit. Mia. AddOJ MS. 61T8) appears to have been origii written and dated on the 23rd, was perl exhibited before the commissioners, and I confirmed by Winter two days later, when' [ it waa endorsed by the attorney -general as ' delivered by Thomas Winter, afi. written with his own hand, Nov. 25, 1605.' On the 26tb Waad reported moreover that'Thonuu) Winter hath set down in writing of his own band the whole course of his employment with Spain, which I send to your lordahip herein enclosed ' |cf. Brit. Mus. Addit. MH, 6178, pp. 681, 601). This last documeut.as has been said, bus unfortunately disappeared, though a trace of it remains in tbeBUapeof a memorandum or note, dated the 2fith, men- tioning that Monteagle, Catesby, and Tres- ham were the projectora of this Spanish mission. Winter, with seven other con- spirators, including his brother Robert, was put upon his trial on 27 Jan. 1600. On his condemnation he only begged that he might be hanged both for his brother and for him- self. Ue was executed on Friday, 31 Jan. The genuioenesa of Winter's confession has recently been disputed by Father tie- rord, S.J., in his several ingenious attempts to throw doubt ou the whole traditional story of the plot. The main features of tba plot, indeed, rest upon evidence independent! of that of Winter, but his conbission, a lOQff, and important document of eight ch ' ' written folio pages, contains a connc narrative of the whole courae of the COO*! epiracy,withnany picturesque incidents found elsewhere. It would be out of plaosv to enter into a detailed discus^on of dis question here. Father Gerard's principal arguments are that the confession is signed * Winter,' not ' Winiour,' as in aU other ac- knowledged signatures; that the handwriting is auspiciously Eimilar to that of Winter be- fore, but not after, the injury to his arm; and that the numerous corrections and era- Bure.1 indicate the work of a forger copying a draft submitted to him. On the other hand, the diiKculties in supposing suuh a Ibr- gcry on the part of the government are over- whelming. Not only would Waad, Sir E. Coke, and Salisbury be implicated, but all ■ se names are set down I cfttliolirs or I'ciendly to catlio- lica. Tbijre is iio reasoniLble motive to he aBsigned for such a Buperfluous and dan- gerous crime. There wiis avidence eiioua'li to bang the conBpiiatora without it. The confeaston cootaiiia statemeiila which ttie govemmeDt would not think of putting into their mouths ; and, on the other hand, :L cou- tains nothing of what the government most keenly desiderated — evidence to incriminate the priests. There was, moreover, no object in forging Winter's handwriting, seeing that no use was to be made of the original. The king himself was shown only a copy. The corrections and erasures referred to, besides beinjj t'lianicteristic of Winter's writing, are in this cue clearly those of an author, not of a copyist or forger. Indeed the one striking msiance of apparent parablepey, or skipping, adduced by Father Uerard — vii. that of writing inadvertently and afterwards erasing the word ' reasona ' (which would make no sense as it stands, but occurs in its t roper place, about the space of a line's ;ngth lurther on) — is rather a proof of genuineness. The word is plainly not 'rea- sons ' but ' tearms,' which the writer erased to substitute ' oath.' The single unexplained diRiculty is the unusual spelling of the aignature, a ditliculty which is far trom being lessened by attributing It to an ejtpert. forger, who would certainly have before him speci- mens of Winter's usual eignslure. RoBEBT WlNIEB (rf. lOOti), married to Gertrude , daughter of John TalbotofGrafton, is, as might be expected, nut mentionErd In connectionwithtUe conspiracy in hiabrotlter's confession, lie was, however, admitted to the plot, together with his brother-in-law, Joba Grant, at Oxford by Thomas Winter and Cateeby early in 1005, when the in- creasing coat of the undertaking required the aid of more wealthy confederates. lie did not work at the mine, and the chief in- terest of hia career lies in the adventures and hardshipa which he underwent after his flight from iTolbeche (' A true historicall re- lation,' Harl. MS. 360; extracts in Jar- dike, ii. 80). On 6 Nov. the conspirators had spent some time at his house at Hud- dington. They thence rodo to Ilolbeche, where Robert, less resolute than his younger brother, stole away before the encounter with the sheriir'a men. In company with . Littleton, he hid for two months I boma and poor bousea in ^^'o^ceater9hi^e, and was finally run to earth at Hogley, the house of Humphrey Littleton. A procLamntion had been issued for bis cap- ture on 18 Nov. lie wns in 'he Tower and ^ letter to the commisaionera (printed by .TiliJuNE, ii. 147} relating hia share in (he conspiracy. He was executed on 30 Jan., the day before his brother Thomas. Both brothers are depicted in Pass's engraving ad vivtim of the gunpowder plot conspirators, now in the Natiunkl Por- trait Gallery, London. John Winter, eon of George, by his a6— cond wife, Eliiabelh Bourne (Foley, tft.), was arraigned and condemned for conspiraoT-' with his two half-brothers, hut was executed ' at Worcester with Father Uldcome and others on 7 April 1606. [Bi'sidBS Jardina's NarratiTe and other booka already rafsrred to, see Tiemey'a Itudd. iv. 7-U, 3S-6a,lii~liv; Condition of Cntbolicain the Bxign of Jameii I, cootaJDing Fsther Gurard'a Nam- tiTB, edited by Father Morris. S.J., 1871; tho Life of a Conapinittii, being a biography of Sir Everord Dighy, by oae ol hia DeacendHnls, 1895 (n carefully writtan and ini[K)r(ant boot) ; Tra- ditioarU History and the Spanish Treason of 1601-3, by tho Ror. John Gomrd (reprinted from the Month), IS9S; What was the Gun- poodor Plot? The traditional atory teat^'bjr critical eTiitoDTO, ly John Oerard, 3.J., 189TJ What the Oanpovder Plot vaa (an ansver to the preceding), by 8. B, Gariliner. 1897; Thf Gunpowder PI'it and Guup the Quiipowder Plot (with facsimiles), by tho Bittnp ; Lcttere in the AthenB^m on Winter's Confession, by S. R. Gardiuec, 26 Nov, 1897 irnd 10 Sept. 1898.] T. 0. L, WINTER, THOMAS : IIkxnessy, ^Vo/'. Kep. Ikvles. Loud in. passim). [Cal. Patt'nt Kolls, 1202-1307. passim ; Ry- nicr's Fn^dera (Rcoonl ctlit.); Walsinaham's lli^t. Aiiirl. i. lO.'). aii'l Kishanger's Cliron. pp. 221, 227 (Kollr* .Sir.) ; Trivet's Chron. pp. 404- 40(5 (Hnj^l. Iliht. Soc.V, Ijela^d's Ct»lleotanea ; Bale, iv. 80; Pits, p. 389; Fuller's Worthies, e0, M.A. Ift24. lie EulTered from sleeplessness and melancholia, and consulted the regius profes- sor o( physic. Dr. John Collins, who advised him to give up mathematics, at which he waa then working, and to Mudy medicine, and assured him be might thus erase from bis mind the recollection of past ills. > I did,' Miys Winterton, 'as he advised, and what be foretold took place ' (Preface to Aphnrunm). In 1636 he was a candidate for the professor- I i^liip of Qreek, when Bnbert Creighton [(].t.], ■'who bad for some time been deputy, was ■ •elected. He petitioned the visitor of King's PCoIlege in May Iti^, and on 20 Aug. was ' accordingly formally diverted to tba study of physic, which he had already pursued for more than four years. lie received the iiDiveniity license to practise medicine in l11,and on 16 Sept. in that year petitioned King's College to grant him tbe degree of M.D, under its ststnte?. His request wag refused.but was urged by John Hacketfq.r.], writing from Buckden on 2!} Jan. V)&->, on Iwbalf of tlie bishop of Lincoln, and bv Oichop John Williams (I682-I6r>0} [q. v.^ himself on 38 June 1632, as well as by the E«rlofHolIaadonS8Nov.ie33,but all with- out effect. Some conduct in ball on 15 Dec. van and on 7 Aug. 1633 wbicb may perhaps lin\'e been of the nature of acrid theological VOL. uai. discussion seems to have been tbe ground for thege refusals. A letter in which, on 12 Dec. |IJ33, W. Bray writes by Aroh- bishop Laud's direction to Samuel Collius, provost of Kiuff's, signifies to the provost ' not bia grace's pleasure but big desire that the provost would speedily and with- out any wayes of delay grant to Mr. Win- terton his degree in the bouse.' It was granted within a fortnight. In 1637 Winterton translated John Ger- hard's ' Meditations,' in which he waseucou- raged by John Bowie, afterwards bishop of Uochester, and they were printed at Cam- bridge in 1631, and reached a (ifth edition in 1038. His brother Francia was one of six hun- dred volunteers, commanded by the Marquis of Hamilton, who went to serve und?r Gua- tavus Adolphus, and his death at Cn-ttrin in Silesia in 1631 depressed Winterton so inuob that he sought relief by translating tbe 'Con- siderations of Dreselius upon Etemitie,' which was publiahed at the Cambridge University press in 1636, and of wbicb subsequent editions appeared in 16^0 and le-jS, 167o, 16S4, 1703, ITte, and 1716. In 1H32 be also translated and printed at Cam- bridge ' A Golden Chaino of Divine Aplio- riames'of John Gerhard of Heidelbero. It contains commeadalory verses in English by Edward Benlowes of St. John's ColTeje, and by four fellows uf his own college, Dore Williamson, Robert Newman, Henry Whigton, and Thomas Paffe, In 1633 he published at Cambridge an edit ion uf Terence, and an edition of the Greek poem of Dio- nvsius • De Situ Orbis,' with a dedication in Greek verse to Sir Henry Wollon fq. v.], provost of Eton. He bad written a Greek metrical ver»on of the first books of the aphorisms of Hippocrates in 1631, and early in 1633 published at Cambridge, with a dedi- cation to William Laud, then bishop of Lon- don, ' Hlppocratis Magni Aphorismi Soluti et Metrici. Each aphorism is given in the original with the Latin version of John Heurnius of Utrecht, and is rendered into Latin versa and Greek verse. Tlie Latin verses are by John Fryer (d. 1563) [q.v.], president of the College of Physicians in 1549, whose name appears on the tille-pago (Epi'fframmala, p. 38). The seven hooka of apborismg are followed by epigrams in Latin or Greek in praise of Winterton'a work by the regius professors of medi- cine at Cambriilge and Oitford ; by tbe president and seventeen fellows of tba Unllege of Physicians, of whom fourteen ore Cantabrigians and three Usonians ; by Francis Glissou [q. v.], afterwards pro- fessor of physic i by members of every Winterton 226 Winthrop college at Cambridge but one ; by the pro- fessor of astronomy and members of several colleges at Oxford, concluding with twenty epigrams by members of King's College. Laudatory opinions in prose by the masters of Peterhouse, Christ's, and Trinity, and the president of Queens', and by two pro- fessors of divinity are prefixed, so that no medical work at Cambridge has ever received so high a degree of academical commendation. It led to AVinterton's appointment as regius professor of physic in 163o, in which vear the three regius professors at Cambria^ — divinity, law, and physic — were all of King's College. Winterton discharged the duties of his professorship with great care. The course for the M.D. degree was then twelve years, and improper efforts were often made to ob- tain incorporation after graduation in other universities. These ho put a stop to, as he announces in a letter, dated 25 Aug. 1635, to Dr. Simeon Foxe, then president of the College of l*hysicians (Goodall). While preparing the Greek aphorisms he also worked at an edition of the * Poetae minores Gneci,' based upon those of Henry Stephen (1560) and Crispin (1600), with observa- tions of his own on Hesiod. He intended to have extended these, but was prevented by his appointment as professor. The book was published at Cambridge in 1635, w\jth a dedication to Arclibishop I^aud, and sub- sequent editions appeared in 1652, 1661, 1671, 1677, 16S4, 1700, and 1712. He published at Cambridge in 1631 Greek verses at the end of William Buckley's * Arithmetica Memorativa,' and in liiSo verses in * Carmen Natalitium,' and in * Genet hliacum Academite.' Winterton made his will on 25 Aug. 1036, leaving beauests to his father, mother, brothers John, IJenr}-, and William, and sisters Mary, Barbara, Fenton, and Ruth. To his brother John, who was a student of medicine at Clirist's College, and who wrote verses in * Carmen Natalitium,' he gave the medicul works of Daniel Sennortus in six volumes, and of Martin Rulandus and the surjj^cry of William Clowes the younger [q.v.j, and his anatomy instruments. lie died on 13 Sept. 1636 at Cambridge, and was buried at the east end of King's Col- lege chapel. [Works; Extracts from records of King's College, Cambridge, kindly sent by Dr. M. R. James and Mr. F. L. Ciarke; Extracts from records at Eton by II. E. Luxmoore; Letter from Rev J. 1). B. Mayor; GoodaU's Royal College of Physicians of London, 1684, p. 443.] N. M. 1 WINTERTON, THOMAS (/. 1391), theological writer, was a native of Winter- ton, Lincolnshire, and an Auf ostinian hermit of Stamford. He took the degree of doctor of theolo^ at Oxford, and was in his youth a friend of \Vycliffe, but afterwards he wrote against him. He became provincial of his order in 1389, and was re-elected in 139L He wrote 'Absolutio super confessions Joannis Wyclif de corpore Uhristi in Sacra- mento altaris,' of which several manuscripts are extant. It is the same work as ' De £u- charistise assertione* which Leland saw at St. Paul's (DuGDALB, St. PauTs, p. 283 ; see Harl MS. 31, and BibL Reg, MS. 7 B. iii. 6). The treatise was included by Thomas Netter fq. v.j in his * Fasciculi Zizaniorum Johannis Wyclif,* and is printed in Shirley's edition of that work (Rolls Ser. 1858, pp. 181-238). [Tanner 8 Bibliotheca.] M. B. WINTHROP, JOHN (1588-1649), go- vemor of Massachusetts, was bom at Ed- wardston, Sutlblk, on 12 Jan. 1587-8. His Erandfather, Adam Winthrop (1498-1562) of avenham in Suffolk, a substantial clothier, who founded the fortunes of the family, was panted the freedom of the city of London in 1520, and was inscribed * armiger' in 1548. He obtained bv a grant of 1544 the manor of Groton, Suffolk, formerly belonging to the monastery of Bury St. Edmunds. He died on 9 Nov. 1562, aged 64, and was buried in Groton church (his will is in P. C. C. Chayre 2). A fine contemporary portrait of the worthy merchant and reformer is pre- served in New York, and has been engraved by Jackman {Life of Winthrop, 1804, i. 20). By his wives Alice (Ilunne) and Agnes (Sharpe) he left seven children. I lis third son, Adam Winthrop (1548-1623), the even tual owner of Groton Manor, was trained to the law, and was from 1594 to 1609 auditor of St. John's and Trinity colleges at Cam- bridge. He married, first, on 16 Dec. 1574, Alice (d. 1577), daughter of William Still of Grantham, and sister of Bishop John Still [q. v.] He married, secondly, on 20 Feb. 1579, Anne {d. 1629), daughter of Henry Browne of Edwardston, clothier, and by her had, with four daughters (one of whom "mar- ried Emmanuel Downing, and was mother of Sir George Downing (1623.^-1684) [a. v.]), an only son John, the future * Moses of New England.* Some verses by Adam to his sister, * the Lady Mildmay at the birth of her son Henery,* are preserved in a manuj^cript songbook of the sixteenth century (Ilarl. MS. 1598; they are printed by Joseph Hunter in Mass. Hist. Coll. 3rd ser. x. 152-4). Lady Mildmay gave her brother a serviceable Winthrop Winthrop I poHset-pot, which is still preserved ns family heirloom. This flame Adam was a ^ypiuat Wintlirop, a ililigetit inditer of letters ana diaries (quatnt fragments of which evince ^ood ECDse and riffht feeling), and a great encourager of prophesying. He informa us that at Groton and the two neigbbouring parishee ot Boxford and Edwardston he managed within the limitA of a single jear to hear as manj as tliirtj-three different John Winthrop was admitted at Trinitji Ooll^, Cambridge, on 2 Due. 1003, but his academic course was intcrruptod when he was tittle over seventeen bv his betrothal and marciage, on 16 April 1005, to Mary (IB83- 1615), daughter and heiress of John Forth of Great Stanbridge. Essei, in which place he settled and abode for some years. His eldest son, John, was bom there on 12 Feb. 1W6, and be had issue two more sons and two daughters by liis first wife, with whom his sympathy appeara to have been at times impe'rfeet. She died and was buried at Gro- ton on 26 June 1015. The religious impres- eions which so deeply imbued hia whole life vere derived by Wmthrop during this period ^m Eiekiel Culverwell. His early piety, of the self-accusing puritanic tvpe, was re- nurkable. The workings of his conscience were often curious. He was extremely fond of wild-fowl shooting with a gun, but con- ceiving from the fact that he was a very bad shot that the practice was sinful, he ' cove- nanted with the Lord' to give over shooting, except upon rare and secret occasions. He had no doubts as to the depraving effects of the 'creature tobacco' or tbeprnct ice of drink- ing healths, and be combated both these in- firmities in a more uncomijromising fashion. He married, within six months of his first ■wife's death, Thomasine, daughter of Wil- liam CJIopton of Castleins Manor, near Groton (hermarriagesettlementsare printed in 'Evi- dences of the Winthrops,' 1896, p. 22). She ^ed on 7 Dec. 1610, iust a year after mar- riage, and was buried in Grot-on church on II Dec. A detailed and powerful, ifsome- what morbid, account of her deathbed is S'ven by Winthrop in an autobiographical i^ent (cited in Life, i. 79-89). After a period of great Uepreasinn and diffidence, he married, thirdly, on 29 April 1618, at Great Maplested, Margaret (d. 1647), daughter of Sir John Tyndal, kt. Under her influence the tendency to undue religious introspec- tion was gradually subdued, and Wintlirop ^ined that moral ascendency among his puritan neighbours to which the depth of his character justly entitled him. A cQarm- ing letter from Ub father to this fianc6c, and n number of his love-letters to hie third wife (^nearlyallwrittenafler marri age),areprinted in the 'Life,' and the series was edited in 1893 by J. H. Twichell us ' Some Old Puri- tan Love-letters'). For e by his father's advice and by his newly found married happiness, ils began taking & more active part in his duties as a justice of the peace and lord of Groton JItlanor, and in 1626 he was appointed an attorney of the court of wards and liveries, of which Sir Bobert Naunton [q.v.] had become master in 1623. He appears to have been admitted ofthelnner Templein November 1628(^801- liera of Innrr Temple, p. 252), a fact which seems to indicate that hia emigration was not the result of long previous deliberation. John Winthrop had not joined any of the colonial companies as an adventurer, and the earliest intimation of his leaving the old world for the new is conveyed in a letter of 16 May 1829, in whicli he says : 'My deate wife, I am veryiye persuaded God will bring some heavye affliction upon this lande, and that speedjlye ... if the Lord seeth it will be ^od for us, be will provide a. shelter and a hiding-place for us and others, as a Zoar for Lott.' The dissolution of parliament in 1029 was the moving cause of his discon- tent, and his deciaiou to cast in hia lot with S38t. lie saw everything now through arkened glasses. The land seemed to hitn to be grown ' weary of her inhabitants. The growth of luxury and extravagance, Ilie increased expenae.s of education, and the dif- ficulty of providing for children in the liberal arts and professions are all reflected upon in hie correspondence at this time. ■ Evil times,' he concluded, 'are coming, when the church murt fly to the wilderness.' InJuneorJuly 1629 be was carefully preparioK a etaiement of (he ' Rea^iuns to be considered for juatifye- ing the undertakera of the intended Planta- tion in New England, and for incouraginge such whose bartes God shall move tojoyne with them in it.' In July he appears to have Kid a visit to Isaac Jonnson at Sempring- m, and the matter was discussed in all its bearingsbetweenthem. His 'Keaaons' would seem to havebeenshown to Sir John Eliot and other prominent leaders of puritan feeling. The emigration movement wna greatly facilitated by the decision of theOld England proprietors to convert the Massachuaettd plantation into a self-goveming community, as the prospering Plymouth colony bad virtually been from the commencement. I 02 ^1 1 Winthrop Winthrop TLe company of Massacbuaettswua original ly designed to be, like that, of Virginia, a cor- poration established in England admini^tar- ing Uie aQairs of an Ameri' genealogist James Savage, under the title ' Tlie History of New England. By John Winthrop, first Governor of the Colony of the Massachusetts Bay.' A second edition with few alterations appeared at Boston in " '1.1853. Some severe but not altogether undeserved strictures upcm the editing n passed in ' A Heview of Winlhrop's " Joni- nal," as edited by James Savoge.' 'The ' Jour- nal,' to give it its origiiial and appropriate title, is an invaluable document, no lesi for its historical detail than as a revelation of puritanmodesof thought and administration. [R. C. Winthrop'a Life and L«tt<-r» of Jotm Winilirop, vol. 1. 18«*, vol, ii. 1807 ; A Short Winthrop 231 Winthrop Accounl of lie Winlhtop Fninily, CnmbriiigB, 1887; Whilmort'ti Nouis on the Winthrop Funilv, AlbBQj, I8B-1; HnnterB SnEfolk Emi- erents (np. Mius. Hiet. Cull. 3rd rar. rbl. i.) ; Winthrap Papers in Mau. Biat. Callpclions, ' Jrd ser. roL Tii,, ilh got. vol. vi., 6th aer. ml. «iii. ; UuBkett's Suffolk Manorial Fumili Data's Suffolk CoUectionB in Brit. Mus. Ad MS. 191S6; Cotton Mnthnc's Hitgnnltit : Win- ■or's Homorial Hist, of Boston (1683). vol. i. ; Win»or'« Hist. o( Aiasricii, vol. iii. ; Pslfrej's HUbiiy of Npw England ; Goodwin's Pilgrim Rrpnblie, 1888, pasaiiD ; Adums's MnnachnsettB, its Historians and lis Historj, 1804, pasiiinii Doyle's English in AcncriBa: the Puritan Colo- nies ; The Fifth Half Cenlurj of the Arrival of iJoba Winthrop (ComniBni. Eiarti-es of the Asex Institati!), Satcm. 1S8I>; Lowell luetitute X.*clUT0S. I8Se : Qardinir'a Blstor; of Englnnd. vol. vii. ; Broolu Adams's EmancipntioD of Honachasetts, Boston, 1887; BsD^rofi's History «f the United States, »ol. i. ; Tyler's History of Americsn Literature, i. 128-3S; Blochwood's ■ag, Aogast 1867; Atlantic Monthly. Janunry 180*.] T.S. WiNTHttOP, JOHK, the younger <1606-lBrfl), eovemor of Connecticut, the eldest son of .nihn'Winllirop[q. v.], governor of MasBBchuaetts, bvhis first wife, was horn *t Groton Manor. Suffolk, on 12 Feb. 1605-6. tla was educated at the gmmmnr achool, Buiy St, Edmunda, and was admitted ft student at Trinity College, Dublin, hut his me does not appear upon the roll of iJuatea (which commenees in 1591). In Hovember 1624 he was admitted of the ~ met Temple (Lut of Studentt Admitted, ,S47-1660, p. 241), but he found tbe law ittle to tiis taste. In the summer of 1H27 B joined the ill-fated expedition to the ^ of RhG under tiie Duke of Buckingham. rl«r this he Iruvulled for aome tima in I itaiy and the Levant, and was at Con- ■tnnlinople in 1628. In Novuiuber 1Q31 be joined UiB father in New England. In 1634 Be was chosen one of the Bssiatanta, and held this office in 1635, in 1640 and 1641, and again from 1644 to 1649. In 1033 ■Winthrop took a leading part in the esta- faliahment of a new township at Agawam, afterwards celled Ipswich. In tbe folloiv- ing year Lord Saye and Sele, Lord Brooke, Lor^ Uich, Richard Saltonstall, and eight Other leading men of the puritan party, having obtained a large tract of land by ft patent from Lord Warwick and the New Bngland Company, dated 19 March 1031-2, established a settlement on the river Pon- neclicut, and appointed Winthrop governor. But the projected settlement was little more than a factoiy protected by a fort, and wlien euugronta &om Massachusetts founded the I colony of Connecticut the earlier settle- ment was absorbed in it. It is not clear how long A' inthrop's connection with the aettle- ment lasted, but it waa evidently at an end iul639,Bincetbepatenteesba(I another agent acting for them; nor does Winthrop seem , to have lived there. In 1641 Winthrop was I in England. Two ^ears later he started ironworks in Connecticut, which, however, came to nothing. In 1646 he began planting ' at I'equot (afterwards known as New Lon- I don), and he moved his principal residence I thither in 1650. In 1651 he was chosen 1 one of the magistrates of Connecticnt. In ' 1659 Winthrop was elected deputy-governor of Connecticut, and in the following year fovemor, a post which he retained till Is death in 1676; his salary was fixed in 1671 at 150/. per annum. In 1062 Winthrop came to England bearing with him a loj'ul address from the government of Connecticut to the king, and a petition for a charter. Winthrop made himself accept- able at court. Ilis taste for natural science secured his nomination as a fellow of the Royal Society (August 1662), and brought him into contact with influential men, and to this was largely due his success in obtaining a favourable charter (sealed on 10 May 1662) for Connecticut. He was «1«) able to secure the incorporation of N«whaven with Connecticut. He con- tributed two papers to the ' Philosophical Transactions ' — one on ' Some Natural Curio- sities from New England ' (v. 1151), an" second on 'The Description, Culture, i Use of Maiie " (lii. 1065), At the close of 1B75 he went to Boston as one of the cc miasioners of tbe united colonies of New England. Winthrop died on 5 Ajiri! 1676 at Boston, where he was buried in the same tomb with his father. He married, on 8 Feb. 1631, his first cousin, Martha Fones. ^ died in 1634, and he married, in 1636, while in Eacland, Elixabetb, daughter of Ed- mund Read of VVickford, Essex, a colonel in the parliamentary army. By his first wife he had no children ; by his second wife (shediudat Hartford,Connfcticut,on24Xov. 1672) he had two sons and live daughters. The eldest son, Fita John, bom on 14 March 1638, served under Monck in Scotland, but returned to New England and was governor of Connecticut from 1698 till his death in ir07. The other son, Waitstill, born on 27 Feb. 1641-2, returned to Massachu setts, and became chief justice of that colony. He died at Boston on 7 Nov, 1717. ^I^ch ot thecorreBpondencB between John Winthrop tbe younger and his two sons is published 1 I Winton Wintringham in ihe ' Maasttchusetla Ilitlorical Collec- liou,' 4lh ser. vols, vi, and vii., 5tb set. vol. rill. A portrait is in ihe ([allery of ttie Uaasuchusetts Hislorical Society; it is re- produced in ' Winthrop Papers ' (vol. vi.)i m Bowen'fl ' Boundary Disputes of Connec- ticut/ in Winsors ' History' (iii. 331 J, and elsewhere. [MiBBachnsells Hist. Sue- CollectioDB (e»p. 8piI iDt. Tola. ii. and i.) ; Winthrop'B IIi«I. of Saw England ; Life and Lettera of John Win- throp by Robert C. Winthrop; Bmjamin TrambuU'i Hist, of Connecticut, 1797. i. 363; J. H. Trumbuir* Pul-li« Records of thn Colony of Connecticut, iaflO-2, Tols. i.nndii, ; Palfrey'* Hi»L of fitrw Englund ; Evidence! ot the Wio- tbrons of OroioD. ISSe. p. 37 ; ThomHia'i Hi»t. of the Royal Soe. ; Brit. Mns. AdiJit. MS. I915fl, t. 2».] J. A. D. WIirrON, Easls of. [See Sbtob. Obobue, third earl, 1584-1650; SrroN, Gbobqe. fifth enrl, d. 1749; Mohtgojieklb, AncinaALB William, 1812-18(31.] WINTON, ANDREW op (Jl. 1416), Scolti.''b poet. [See WyhtOCK.] WINTOUE. [See also Wtntbh.] WINTOUIl. JOHN CRAWFORD (]H2o-lSti2), landsMpe-paititer, was bom Wright's Houses, Edinburgh, in October 1S26. His father, William Wintour, wts a working currier; his mother, Margaret Crew- ford, a fanner's daughter. At on early age Wintour exhibited a talent for drawing, and, entering the Trustees' Academy, be made rapid progress and became a favourite with his master, Sir William Allan (q.v,^ From the time he was seventeen he maintained himself by miniature and portrait painting, and by making anatomical diagrams for the university professors. He also painted a few figure pictures, notably one or two of fairy eubjects, which, although immature in many ways, are remarkable for l)eauty of colour aod grace of composition. About IS&O, how- ever, he turned his attention to landscape, in which he found his real vocation. At first bis londacnpes were somewhat flimsy and auperficial, but during the next few years he ■eema to have come under the influence of John Constable (1776-1837) [q^. v.], and bis work gained in strength and evinced a closer study of nature. In 18o9Wintourwa8elected an associate of the Royal Scottish Academy, and two years later he spent the autumn in Warwickshire. From this date his pictures became more personal in feeling, Droader and more expressive in handling, and richer in colour and composition. Wiutoiic*s art occupies a distinct place in Scottish landscapepointing. B^noingwitli 'lis own feeling for namre, he received an mpulse from Constable, which resulted in iftects similar in kind to those of the French Yimantiea of 1830. who had also been in- fluenced by the English painter'* work. Perhaps his finest period was about ISTO, when be puinied the ' Moonlight ' at Killie- tn^nkie and the ' Border Castle ; ' but, while .ateat pictures were often careless in draughtsmanship and handling, his special Sualities of colour and design culminated in le ' Gloamin on the Eye,' painted two years before his death. For a number of years his health had been failing, his self-control was not what it might have been, his aasociates were not of the best, and when, on 39 July 1882, he died, medical examination revealed a tumour on the brain. An exhibition of uearlv l.'iOof his pictures and drawings was held In Edinburgh in 1888. The catalogue contains a portrait of Wintour. reproduced frum B photograph, and a critical and bio- graphical note by P. McOmish Pott. Wintour was married to Charlotte R(»s, but had no family. His widow survived him a few months. [CnUlogUB of Ljan Exhibition of Wiutonrs Works, 1888 ; Scottish Art lierle*. Jalj 1SS8 ; Academy, 16 Jane 1S88 ; Blackwood's UnguiDe, Hnrchl89fl, iafonaation from relutivej.] J. L.C. WINTRINGHAM, CLIFTflN (1689- 174t^), physician, baptised at East Retford inNottinghamshireon 11 April 1689, was the SOD of WiUiam Wintringham, vicar of East Retford, by his wife Gertrude, daughter of Clifton Rodes of Sturton, son of Sir Fnncis Rodes. bart., of Barlborough, and great- ffrandson of the judgK, Francis Rodes iq. v.] He was educated at Jesus College, Cam- bridge, and on 3 July 1711 was admitted an extra licentiate of t^e College of Physicians, settling at York, where he practised with great success for more than thirty-five years. In 174tl he was appointed one of the phy- sicians in the York county hospital. He died at York on 13 March 1747-8, and waa buried at St. Michael-le-Belfry in that citv three davs later. He was twice marriei}. Bv bis first wife, Elizabeth, daughter of Richard Nettleton of Earls Heaton in York- shire, he had a son, Sir Clifton Wintring- hara. bart., who is separately noticed. ^^'intringham was the author of several medical worsts ' full of good sen.^ and prac- tical information' (."Ucxk): 1. 'Tractatu* de Podagra, in quode ultimis vasiset liquidia et succo nutritio Iractatur,' York, 1714, Svo. L*. 'A Treatise of Endemic Diseases.' York, 1718, 8vo, 3. "An Essay on Contagioua Wintringham Win wood pBrlicularlf IX, Measles, Putrid, Maliau leotial Fevers,' York, 1721, sorvations on Dr. Freind'f Physiok,"' LundoD, 172G, St John]. S. ' Commeutarium morboB ejiidemicoa et oiirifl arb« lilboracenBi lacisque vie MQOS gr&^Bantee complecl 17a7, 8vo; 2iid edit, by hLa J752 his ' Works,' eollected from tlie ginal tnaauHCripts b; his son Ulif^n, were published in two octavo volumes with large additions and numerous emendBtions. [Munk's Coll. of Phya. ii. 3*; Gent. Mag. 17« p. 139, 17<9 p. 46.] E. I. C. ) per decern 9,' London, 1, 1733, ■WTNTRINOttAM. (17iO-17a4),bttrt.,pliy«i< 1710.1 ^"■ CLIFTON !i at York in 'of^ Cliftou Wintrineham &T.1 He was educated at Trinity CoUege, mSridge, gradunling M.B in 1734. and M.D. inl749. Soon after grsdustinjfM.B. he entered the army medical service. lu 1749 lie was appointed physician to the Duke of Cumberland, whom he attended in his Ia«t illness. In 17^>tf he was nominated jointlj ■with (Sir) John I'riii^le [q.v.], phyt ' ' ' ' < hospital for thest :e of the 1 is of Great In 178^ he was gazetted physician jn ordinary to George III. Ha was knighted in the same year on 1 1 Feb., and on 25 June 17S3 was admitted a fellow of the CoUege of Physicians. In 1770 he served the office of censor, and on 7 Nov. 1774 he was created a, baronet. Un 5 Dec. 17S6 he was nomi- nated physician-Reneral to the forces. On S3 Dec. 1792 he was elected a fellow of the Royal Society, and he was also a member of the SDci£t£ lioyale de Sled£cine de France. Wintringham died at his house in the Upper Mall, flammersraith, on 10 Jan. 1704. By his wife Anna he left no issue. Wintringham was tbu author of; 1. 'An Experimental Enijuiryconceniing some Parts of the Animal Structure,' London, 1740, 8vo. 2. ' An Enquiry into the Exility of the Human Body,' London, 1743, Uvo. 3. ' Notationes et Observationes in Kichardi Mead Mouita et Prsece^ta Medica,' Paris, 1773, 8vo. 4. ' De Morbis ijuibusdam Oom- ineatarii,' vol. i. 1782, vol. ii. 17UI, London, 8yo. H« also edited ' The Works of the late Clifton Wintringham, physician, at York' (London, 1752, 2 vols. 8vo). Two autograph letters from Wintj-jugltam to the Duke of Newcastle are preserved in the Bntisli Museum (Addit. MS. SiidSa, fi*. 375, Oko*. Mate. 1794, i. Burke's Eitinec Baro- Bt. uf the Royal Soe. ,liii; Ann. Rep. I79, 'at Lord Essex's command,' he was nominated secretary to Sir Henry Neville [q.v.], ambassador to France. Neville was much in England, and as a partisan of Essex was dismissed from hia post in 1601. Winwood, who performed mostof the duties of the embassy in Neville's absence, was appointed bis succossor. Ha was chleHy occupied in reporting the pro- gress of the quarrel between Henry IV and the Due de Bouillon, but he found time to correspond with Sir Henry Savile respecting his projected edition of Chrysostom's ' Com- mentanes.' In June 1602 he was superseded by Sir Thomas Parry, bnt at the wish of Sir Hobert Cecil, the oueeu's secretary, who had a ' good conceit of him and his services,' he remained till the end of the year in Paris in order to instruct Parry in the business of the embassy. In February 1602-3 he waafinally recalled, andsoon afterwards was nominated English agent to the Slates-General of Hol- land. He arrived at The Hague in Jnly 1603, and, in accordance with old treaty arrange- J Aa ft Kannch pn>f«si»al, Wiawood ■;»- fAtUted with the political and relisiou prift- ciplca of the Dalch republic. He loathed Spain aad the boiue of Austria, and he aoqgfet aa fax aa hia itwtroctioiu pennitted Un to aoppost the rKpaUic and the phnees of (he OCTBun onion in their policj of hos- tilil; to Spain. He strong-I j ui)^ the states to R&ae penmMion to catholics to dweQ within their jniifidictioD. ■ Let thereligion be taught andpTEached in ita purity throogh- ontTiMriRmiiicea without I he least miilure.* md Sir Ralph Winwood in the name of bis •ovenign. ' Thoee who are willing lo tale~ nl« an J religion whati^VHric ntBT b.-, and try to make ;oil belieie that Uberlr for both ia Decesaarj ia roiir commoii wealth, are piving- the WSJ towards atheism' (UotLET, Unitf^ SrIherlandM, Iv. 491-^1. n'inwood revisited England in 1607, and oo 28 Jurie of that year was knighted by the king at Richmond. He return^ to Tb« Hague in Aogost, together with Sir Richard Spencer, in order to irprcsent England at the conferences which were to arrange a treaty between Holland and England, and ma of peace between Holland ir a itrife of forty years. Prince toTsed to Tba Hague to cnliM fMT U ~ ' " to fgbt afaioM the rished. InAunstlflOe 3 the Basemh^ of the s r» and hia ■nd Spain after: Knnrwe had Uttle faith amfaasaadotB' protestations of good will to the republic, and Winwood and his colleague were warned by the English goierameiit to enooonge the slates to renew the war in Spain. if they should find that they were resolute agaiait peace (commission to Winwood and ^ncer,10Aug.,RTMBB,xv).662: instruc- ' tbns, WtXwooD, ii. 339). Finally a general . paeificatioD was arranged, and the treaty of , the Mates with Englaiid was sisned by Win- wood andSpenceron 26 June 1008. 'it was j atipulat«d that the debt of the sUtes to Eng- land, then amounting to $18,408/. sterling, should be settled bv annual payments of 60,OOOJL Winwood did not expect to remain ahroAd longer. His London agent, John More, took a hotise for him at Westminster, and he entered into n^otiationa for the hire of a country houK,soss to be near his Iriend Sir Henry Xeville. Bat threatening move- ments In Germany, where war between the protestant and catholic princes was immi- nent, led to the imposition on Winwood of new duties on the continent. Thenicceasion lo the duchies of Juliers and Cleres was hotly disputed. In the autumn of lew Winwood was sent to Diisseldorf, in order to join the French ambassador, Bussiaaa, in mediatico betweeo the pratestaat piinc«a • ran pTofenor^ip of theofagj at Lqnlea of Caa- rad Toiatina, a champion of Aimmiawiai and ArianisB. Little atlwitJon waa paid to hai ptoccet at the iiMiiniiii! f1n!nw[maillj liTin- wood was £i«etcd to negotiate adoeer nnion betwiecn James and the pratealaBt pciaceeof Jaanea rs daaghter Etnabeth. To ahow that something mon tWnhnMrdj family aUtanee was intemled, Jamea directed Winwood to attend a meeting of the German pniteatants at Wesel in the k^inning of 1612, and to assent to a treeryby which the king of Eng- land and the princes of the union agreed npLin the succoun which they were mutually to aflbrd to one aitother incase of need (SS Much ; Rfmeb, ivL 7U>- The death in 1613 td ^e 'EmA of Salis- bury, with whom Winwood's rdations had growD unsatijfactory of Ut«, opened to him the prospect of emntoyment at home. In July h>^ was in England, and was emplored by James in writing letters fiir him, llie fnends who sympathised with his cdtgioiu and his polit Icsl views deemed it dwrnble that he should become Jamea's aeentaiy. But at the eud of July he was ordM( wholly untried in parGamentary liie, and not of the cunciliatorj temperament -which ensures success in it. The cliief ques- tion that exercised the House of Commons was James reclaim to levy imposition e with- out theirossent. On 1 1 April 16U Winwood moved a grant of supplies, and read over the lift of concessions which the king was pre- pared to make; but the grant was postponed. On 21 May 1614 Winwood spoke m support of the theory that the power of making im- positions belonged to htredilary, although not to elective, monarchs. Parliament was soon afterwards dissolved without any settle- ment with the opposition beini reached ; i' did not meet again in Winwooc's lifetime. The king's want of money embarrassed hi ministers. His debts amounted to 700,000/., and Winwood next year urged on him the wisdom of making some concession to tlie parliamentary o^posiLiou, On 25-28 Sept. lt(16 the council debated the question of obtaining a liberal grant from a parliament to be summoned anew for the purpose. Winwood expressed a wish that a special committee might examine the impositions, &ttd suggested that assurance should be given to the parliament that whatever supplies it miffht grant should be employed upon the publicservice,andinno other way. Uutthe proposal was not accepted. On24 Jan. Itil5- 1616 Winwood'sresponsibilities were reduced by the appointmsnt of Sir Thomas Lake to ahare with him the post of secretary. Thence- forth less sat isfoclorv means of raising money wore adopted, and by them Winwood per- •onally benefited. In 1616 the need for pro- viding Lord Hay with funds for his mission to Paris was met by the sale of peerages. The sum obtained by the first sale — to Sir John Roper — was handed to Hay. The pro- rv in 1577 instituted Winiet sbbot of the Benedictine monastery of St. James at llatisbon, the duties of which he began on 9 Au§r. He revived this ancient decayed seminary of learning, and by intro- ducing the old Scots method of instruction •oon restored its celebrity. There he pub- liabed in 1581 'In D. raulum Commen- ' Flagetlum Sectariorum ' ftod' Velitatio inGeorgiumBuGhanBnum,'the latter being a reply to Buchanan's ' De Jure Begni apud Scolos;' and probably at the Ame time a translation of the Catechism of 'anisius. Wimet died on 21 Sept. 1W2, and was I buried in the monastery, where in the eknrcb (Kirche dea Schotten-Klosters sa 8. Jakob) his effigy and epitaph are pre- •erved. Hia more important works are mentioned above ; a fuller list is given in the Scottish Teit Society's reprint of the -* Certain Tractates,' vol. i. pref. p. Ixxv. [Ziegelbaucr's Histurin, nt eupm : Mackeniie's Lives and ChanieterB, ut supm ; Corlune Tmc- txtU. &c.. b; Nininne WinzBt (Maltland Club npriot. 183fi}. with Life bv John BWk Gracie; IrriDft'sLiTeBof Scotish Wnteni. 1839; Balles- haim's Oeachicbte der knthDlischen Kimlie in ■SchotUiiDd, 1833, vol, ii. (tranHlaled byD. 0. H. Blair. 1887); Certain Tractntes, fie., liy Nininn WinMt, tdiH-d for SdOUish Text Society, with Ufa, by J. King Hevisim. 1888, 18110, 2 vols, and authorities there cited.] J. K. H. ._ ,, NIGEL (/. 1190), satirist. [See NuGL.] WIRLEY. WILLIAM (d. 1618), See Wyulet.I t), herald. ^| I WISDOM, ROBERT (rf. 156S), arch- deacon of Ely, probably belonged to the family of that name settled at Hurford, Ox- ford, where one Simon Wisdom wti* a great benefactor and reputed founder of the free grammar school. Another Simon Wisdom (d. 1(323) of Burford, au alumnus of Glou- cester IIbU, Oxford, was author of varioue religious tracla, and of 'An Abridgement of the Holy History of the Old Testament,' I.«ndon, 1694, 8vo (Wood, Athmir, ed. Bliss, ii. 337). A Gregory Wisdom wa» Bent to the Tower on 21 May 1663 for apreading reports about Edward Vl'a health (Acli P. C. ed. Dasent, 1652-4, p. 275). llobert, -who is claimed as one of the four eminent writers produced by St. Martin's, Oxford, is said (Coopek) to hove been edu- cated at Cambridge, though no details of hia Hcademicel career are forthcoming, except that he was B.D. of some universitv, and he would more naturally be assumed to have been at Oxford, where he was one of the earliest preachers of the Reformation and was on that account compelled to leave the city. Tanner says that he became rector of Stisted in Ewex; but his name does not ap[>ear in the list of rectors, and probably he was only curate. About 1638 hia religious opinions brought him into collision with Htokesley, bishop of London, and in 1540 he WHS accused of heresy before Stokesley's successor, Bonner ; be was committpd by the council to the Lollards' Tower, whence ha wrote an answer to the thirteen articles laid to bis charge (extant in Rarl. MS. J25, art. 3, and printed in Stbype'b EcclfHattical MemoriaU, i. ii. 670-1). Foxe makes him parish priest of St. Margaret's, Loth- bury, and Strype of St. Catherines (me), Lotbbury, in 1541, when he is aaid to have been forced to recant at St. Paul's Cross ; the date is apparently an error for 1643, on 14 July of which year his recantation took place (Wriotheslbt, Ckron. i. l42;FoX8, ed. Townsend, v. 4^6. and app. No. xii.) Ho was then curate to Edward Crome [n, v.] at St. Mary's Aldermary, and there is no record of his having held any benefice in London (cf. Hennbbsi, Nur. Mrp. EkI. 1898). Wisdom's companion in misfortune waa Thomas Becon [o, v.], and with Becon ha retired into Staffordsbire, where thev wera hospitably received by John (Bbcow, WorA-j, vol. i. pref, pp. v ii. pp. 423-3 ; Strtpb, CroTimfT, i. 307-8). He continued to preach Reformation doo I 00- ^H trinm, chieQ; in the south of En^Imnd, aad Ui lueceM again brought him ander the notice of the privy council. On 24 Maj 1548 two veemen of the chamber were seat to aneet tim, with what sncceNt doe* not appear (Act, P. C. ed. Dattnt, 1542-7, p. 4£i}. In ■ny ca«e, the accescion of Edward VI aoon rciftored him to libertj, and during his reizn lu< ntA aptH^nt«d vicar of .Setlring-- lon in Yorkshire. He wa« one of the can- didate* iuggrated b; Cranmer on 2a A.ag. 1562 for the archbishopric of Armagli (CusxBB, Work*, it. 438 ; Lit. Remains ct9 earned him the ri(]i Jiilin Uenham, Sir Thomas Overbury, h'ir Jotm Birk-'olwatl. aiul Saimd Bntler fWiBrns. But. Eofl. Pttetry, iu. 149. 150; BXTVQEt. Cemi. lit. i. \-i\ wkBa Bishop Coitnt aAdrascs hia (Amm, ed. GUchrist, p. 2S8) u Thna Doee a bodj, now hat nr. Aicbbotcbfr of a [—Tin or pnyiff, Pnm Cwfu coiaa. HiUi Ritinti'i Ifibl. Aaglo-Poctica ; Goa^'a Ggnersl Index to Parker Sue. PabL; Strrpali worki iGenerat Index) -. Fuxa's Aet(« and Mba. ed. TovDwad ; Flstcher't BUt. of St. SbjtnX Oxford, pp. dS-a -, Rawlidmn M% C 21 C lU; Xote* sad Qoerius, 2nd ser. vii. H, 3rd ur. ii. 89.) A. F. P. WISE, FRANCIS (1695-1767), airlueo- logist, son of Francis Wise, mercer, of Ox- ford, was bom in the parish of All Saints, Oxford, on 3 June I69o. He was educated at New Collie school and at Trinity Col- lege, Oxford, being admitted commoner on 3 Jan. 1710-11. He became scholarof hU college on 31 Slay 1711. probationer fellow on 12 June 1716, and full fellow a year later. He graduated B..\.1714,M.A. 1717, and B.D. 1727. In December 1719 he was appointed under-keeper of the Bodleian Li- brary, and about this time he collated a was ordained deacon by the b'ishop rdat Cuddesdonon3Sept. 1721, wad Wis. of Oxford at Cuddesdon on 3 Sept. 1 priest at the public ordination at Oxfoi^ on 24Sept. 1721. He took pupils at Ihistime,and among them was Francis North (afterwards Baron aiid Eorl of Guilford^, who eonferrwd on him in 1723 the curacyofWroiton in Ox- fordshire, and bestowed on him early in 17S6 the small donative of Elstield, about three roiled from Oxford, where he much improved the residence sod laid out the grounds in a &ntBstic manner. A view of the place is given in the tailpiece of the preface to hi* work on coins (1750). Later in 1726 the same patron ppsented him to the vicarage of Harlow in Essex, but after a few months he resigned the living, as he preferred to dwell at Oxford, where he had been ap- pointed in April 1726 to the post of keeper of the archives. On 2 Dec. 1729 Wise stood for the librarianahip at the Bodleian Library, but after a party contest, in which he was the whig candidate, was dented by Gf)«en votes (Ael. Rramiana, 1857 edit. JL 711- 713). His connection with the library did not tbereupotL cease, for so late as 1746 special payments were made to him for woTk dooe ti lUhedin 1"3«'A Letter to "Dr. Mend c eemine eono Antiquities in Berkshire, jiar- ticularly sliewing tlmt the White Ilofse ia a HoQutaent of the West Saxons.' This wm ftnawered hy ' Fhilntetbes Rueticus' (some- timea said to ba \{ev, William A^plin, at other times a layman called liumnsLed) in 1740 in A tract called 'The Impertinence ■nd ImpostiiTO of Modem Atiti<|uarieB dis- Slay'd,' in which ho attributed to Wise a esign to alter the arms of the rnjal family, sneered at hie eulogies of Alfred, and pointed out that he had omitted to praise the rei^n- iae monarch. Wise resented these attacks, believing that they might damage bis chance of future preferment. An anonymous de- fence of him, 'An Answer to a Scandalous Libel iuiituled " The Impertinence and Im- ■poBture, &c.' " (1741 ), was nublisbed by the Rbt. George North, and he himself issued in 1742 ' Further Obsen-ationa upon the White Horse and other Antiquities in Berkshire.' Wise was appointed by his colleBe to the loctory of Rotherlield Greys, near Henley- on-Thames, ou 7 Aug. 1745, thus vacating hia fellowship in 1746. From 10 May 1748 liB was Radcliffe librarian at Oxford. 'These preferments he retained,with that of Elsfield, until Ilia deatb. He was elected F.^.A. on ' 6 April 1749, and collected an excellent library, particularly rich in works of northern ; lit«rature. In 1754 Thomas Warton and Johnson, who liiied his society, paid him j several visits at Elafidd, and Wise took i much interest in obtaining for Johnson from | his uniTersity the degree by diploma ofi M:.A. (Wooll, JoK^h Warton, p. 228). He , being buried in the churchyard, but without ■tone or monument. He gai'e during his lifetime many coins to the ^dleian Library, mod alter hia death his sifter gave to tfie Bodcliffe Library ' a large and valuable cabinet of his meditls.' The other works of Wise comprised : 1. 'Annales rerum gostarum .'Klfredi Magni suetore Aaserin Menevenei,' 1722. A copy, with many notes, supposed to be by William Iluddesford [q. v.], is in Goueh's ' Uiford- ahire ' (67) at the Bodleian Library. The editing is ' unusually careful,' but the su- ihenticitytif the original has often been ques- tioned {.^afc-r, 1^1 March 1899, pp. 313-14). 3. ■ EpLstola ad Joannem Mosson de nummo ' Abgari regis,' 1730, 3. ' Nummorum anti- Siorum Serin iia Bodleianis reconditorum atalogU8,'1760; dedicated to Lord Guilford. 4, ' Some Enquiries on the First Inhabitants, Language, Religion, Learning, and Letters of Europe, by u Member of the Society of Antiquaries In London,' 1758 ; signed at end 'F.W.R.L.' 5. ■ History and Chronology of the Fabulous .\ges,' 1704; also anonymous and similarly signed. This bad been drawn up for some years, having been read to Johnson and Warton lo their amusement. Printed letters to aud from him are in Nichols's 'Literary Anecdotes' (v. 452, ix. 617), Nichols's ' Literary Illustrations' (iii. 632-7, iv. 206-7, 226-6, 433-56, e68-9); two of his manuscript letters are in Cough's ' Berkshire ' (5, Bodl. Libr.) Wise assisted Warton in his 'Life of Dr. Bathurst.' The passages stated by Thomas Warton in his 'Life of Sir Thomas Pope' (1st and 2nd edits, pre f.) to have been copied by Wise from other manuscripts are for^ cerles by some one (Blakiaton \n Engl. Hist. £ev. xi. 282-SOO). In reference to them Mr. Btakiston calls Wise ' a competent, perhaps too competent, arclueologist. [FonCar's Alanmi Oxon. ; Gent. Mag. 17S7, p. 624 T Nichols's Lit. Anecd. ii. S12, v. 621-9; Lit. niuBtr. iv. 47)>-Sa; Boiwell's Johnson, ed. Hill, i. 273-82, 322; Msdnn's Western MSS. (Bodl. Libr.) iv. 189, 2fi9: Macrny's BodL Libr. 2ad Bd. pp. 34, 190, 2n7. 221, 372, 481; Blakiston'n Trio. Coll, pp. 194. IBS ; information From Rev. H. E. D. Blakiuton of Trinity Col- lege.] W. P. 0. WISE, HENBY (1053-1738), gardener to William III, .\nne, and George I, was born in 1653, and claimed descent from Itichard Wise of Cadiaton, Warwickshire. He studied horticulture under George Lon- don, and during the reign of James II was admitted as sole partner in London's lucra- tive nursery at Brompton, the largest at that time near London. Shortly after William Ill's accession W'ise was appointed denuty-ranger of Hyde Park and superintendent of the royal gardens at Ilnmpton Court, Kensing- ton, and eleewUere. In April 1694 Evelyn speaks of the methodical manner in whiuh the ' noble nursery' at Brompton was culti- ■vated.aud he describes another visit to Wise'a plantations and gardens on 2 Sept. 1701. Besides Che royal gardens, London and Wise directed most of the great gardens of Eng- land, including Blenheim, Wanstead, Edger, and Melbourne in Derbyshire. Tliis last waa a splendid example of the French style of formal garden handed down to London by Ills master Rose, who bad studied under Andr6 Le Notre, the French gardener of Charles II. The Melbourne gardens were remodelled from designs by Wise between 1704 and 1711, including a bosquet after the Versailles pattern, aud ' a water-piece,' I I I i e of Wise in prulersncp to London, hsd the mortification of seeing ihe demoli- tion of all tha box-work which he had dn- Bi^ed at Hampton Court in conformity with the Dutch taele. In 1700 London and Wise Iftid out a town garden at Nottingham for Count Tallsrd, the French general who bnd fallen into Marlborough's hands nl Ihe battle of Blenheim. A description of this garden was appended to London and Wise's ' Tlie Retir'd Uard'ner. being a translation of "1/e Jardinier Solitaire"" [from the French of the IHieur Louis Liger], or rather a cnmbinntion of two French maDuala on gardening, with a small admixture of original matter (for Jacob Tonson, a vols. 8vo, 1"00), ' hie papers in the ' Spectator,' ridiculing the newlj introduced opera, Addison writes S March 1711 : ' I hear there is a treaty on foot with Ijondon and \\'isa (who will he appointed Gardeners of the Plaj-house) furnish the Opera of "Rinaldo and Arinida" with an Orange Qrove; and that the next time it is acted, the Singing Birds will be personated by Tom-Tits.' In the same journal, on 6 Sept. 1712, Addison describes the partners as 'the heroic poets' of garden- ing, citing tha upper garden at Keosington as a signal example of their skill. Bj this time tlie famous nursery at Drnmpton had passed into the hands of'^ a g'ardener named Qwinhoe; but Wise had not .vet definitely ijiiitted his profession, for in 1711 he w>s reappointed head-gardener to George L In 1709 Wise had bought the estate and mansion of the Priory, Warwick, where he spent his declining vears. He died at Warwick on IB Dec. 17'38, being then 'worth SOO.OOOi.,' and was buried in St. Mary's Church. By his wife. Patience Banks, he had issue Mat- thew (rf. 13 Sept. 1776), llenrr, and John, Horace Walpole visited the Priory, and de- clares that he unintentionally offended one of the sons by asking him if lie had planted much, A portrait of the ganlener ia in tha possession of the Wise family of Woodcote in Warwickshire. Elwin nipres^nts Pope's 'Fourth Moral I'^say' on false taste as especially directed against Wise; lint Wise was less a typical representslireoftho formal Dutch style than his predecessors and teachers, though he was nne of the last upholders of the old French trtdition against the innovations of Bridge- man and Kent. In addition to the ' Retir'd flard'ner' WiM collaborated with London in •The Onnpleat Oard'ner, or Directions for ...•-• — ., ^ right ordering of Fruit Oar- n Gardens,' abridged and im- I I HI, proved from John Evelyn's translation from ) the the French of J. de La Quintinye (London, 1699, 1704, ITIO, 17^>5, enlargiid). [Geot. Mng. 1738 p. 660, I8IB ii. 392; Eist. Rt^. 1738 (Chron. Diary); Burke's L»ndoJ Olintry; Cokile's Warwi.kshire Wonbia: Swittser'B Iitbnugmphia Rixtini, 1718.- Beeva- relJ'sLesDilicude la Grande Urslagne, Lvydeo, 1717: Johnsan's Hist, of English OnnleaiiU!. l»29,pp. 121, I4S, 146: Si'dding'tGnrdru Craft, p 102; QuzliU's Gleanings in Uld Garden Ll, 1887 : Uaxliti's CoUeciious anri Moim : Smith's , Ilist R»col lections of Hyde Park, p. iC; Ixw'a I HiimptnnOuttrti Btomfipldaod'ThiiBiu'sFornMl I Garvlen in England, 1892. pp. 65. T^. till. 1S3. M-inning and Bniy's Surrey, ii. 191; Walpule'* I CorrmpondBncB, vi. 442, vii. 337 ; Pope'i Works. ed. Elvin Hod Counhope, iii. ISO, v. 183, ii. 118; Delany's Corresp. i. 146, M8, 1»(>. 202, 472i Evelyn's Works, ii. 341, 370.] T, S. WISE, JOHN RICHARD de CAPEL (1831-1890), author and ornithologist, bora in 1831, was eldest son of John Itobert Wise( 1792- 1842), British consul- general in Sweden, by his wife Jane, daughter of Ri- chard Ellison of Sudbrooke. The eldest branch of the Wise familv has been long seated at Clayton Hall, Staftordshire. John Wise(1751-I807), the author's grandfather, was a younger son ; he was recorder of Tot nea, and married Elitabeth, sUterof Robert Hur- rell Fronde, archdearon of Totnes, the father of James Anthony Froude the historian. After attending Grantham grammar school. Wise proceeded to Lincoln College, Oifnrd, whence be matriculated on 15 March 1849 at the age of eighteen. He took no degree, and left the university to travel abroad. Deeply interested in ornithology, he began at an early age to collect birds' eggs, and he devoted much energy through life to perfecting his collection. At the same time all aspects of nature attracted him, and wherever he wandered he studied carefully Ihe (oology, botany, and scenery of the dis- trict. Nor did he neglect the dialect of the inhabitants. He was also a devoted student of literature, and wrote both prose and verse with directness and feeling. On returning to England he wandered through country districts, frequently chan- ging his residence and maintaining little communication with his friends. In 1865 he published a pamphlet of poems called 'Robin Hood,' and in 1857 a lecture on 'The Beautiasof Shakespeare,' which he delivered at Stratford-on-Avon. In 1860 he issued ■ novel in two volumes called 'The Cousin'i Courtship;' but it achieved little success. Repeated visits to the neighbourhood of Shakespeare's birthplace suggested a d)ff»- ■lent bind of literary work — a dpscription of \tbe loctil ecenery, Ihe nntiiral liistory, the r literarr BSSociationB and dialect of Stratford- on-Avon. Wise's wide reading' in Shalte- qieare'e works, his powers of observation, and his skill ae a naturalist, gave genuine ebarm to liia volume on ' Shaksitere : bis Birthplace and its Neighbourhood ' (18131), which was published in December ISUO. I I I Ther graved by W. J. tinton, glossary of words to be found in Shakeepeare vhicb were peculiar to Warwickabire dis- ^cCa. Thia book Wise foUowt^ up next yeai in a volume in the same vein called 'The New Forest: its History and its jMneiy; with siity-two Views by Walter Crane '^ (December 1862, am. 4to; Ihid ed. 1863 : 3rd ed. ie«7; and 4tb ed. 18ft3, with twelve additional etchings by Hevwood Bnmner). Wisewalked through the district with Mr. Crane, then a lad of sixteen, and the young artist's illuBtrntions of the sylvan scenery are excellent. The book, which in- cludes u glossary of local words, is admirable also from the naturalist's point of remains a standard work. Wisi George Henry Lewes favourably it, on its appearance, in the ' Cornhill Maga- sine' (December 1862). Wise, who held advanced views on re- union and politics, came to know Dr. John Chapman, editor of the 'Westminster Re- view." For many years he wrote the section on ' Belles-Lettres ' in that magiiiiuei but withdrew suddenly owing to ]>olitical dif- ferences with Chapman. His relations with the 'Westminster' brought him the no- quaintanco of George ifenry Lewes and ueorge Eliot. Subsequently be waa a con- tributor to the 'Reader,' a weekly periodical which also advocated advanced views. To tlie 'Cornhill Magazine' Wise contributed in July 1866 an admirable paper on ' The Poet^ of Provincialism a,' It IS said that in 1870 he went out as a newapaper correspondent to the Franco- Oerman war, and met with many stirring adventures. Subsenuenlly he resumed bis wanderings in England. In 1875 he was settled at Sandsend, near Whitby. Some years later he had migrated to Edwinstow, Nottinerhamabire, whence he explored Sher- wood Forest, with the apparent intention, which he abandoned, of writing on it in the eame manner ae he had written on the New Forest. In 1881 he came into some nro- Krty by the death of his mother's brother, enry Ellison, author (under the pseudo- nym of Henry Browne) of ' Stones from a Quarry' (1876). A part of hb newly acquired wealth he expended in the product io elaborate volume called ' The First of May : a fairy Masque,' which he dedicsttid to Charles Darwin (1881, oblong folio). The text, a collection of lyrics from Wise's pen, was elaborately illustrated by Mr. Walter Crane, Mr. Crane's fifty-two designs, of which B transcription of the author's text by the artist formed part, were (inely reproduced in photogravure. Wise's name did nut ap- pear in the volume, which was financially unsuccessful. Uia latest years were passed at Lyndhurst in Hampshire, and there he died, unmarried, on 1 April 1890, aged 59. He was buried in Lyndhurst cemetery. [Private iaforniation.] S. L. WISE, MICHAEL (Iftl6Me87), mu- sician and composer, was bom in Wiltshire not earlier than ItMO, if he was, as generally stated, one of the finit aet of the children of the Chapel Royal in 1660, and in 1663 lay-clerk of St. George's, Windsor. On 6 April 1668 he waa appointed organist and master of the choristers of Salisbury Cathe- dral ; on 6 Jan. 1675-6 be was admitted gentleman of the Chapel Royal, and entered ae a counter-tenor from Salisbury. When attending Charles II on his progresses. Wise was said to have claimed the privilege of f (laying the ormn in any churcli visited by lis majesty. The charge against Wise of active participation in the schemes of the countiy party (ItiSO) cannot stand after a careful examination of the 'Wiltshire Bal- lad ' {Bagford Balladt, p. 741). and that con- temporary rumour gave Wise the credit of being a loyal abborrer is evident from tha tory preacher's approval of the musician's ready wit (cf. Modtm Fanattck, 1710, p. 60). Ilis absence from the coronation procession of 1685 has f(iven rise to the belief that social or political misconduct had led to his dismissal ; but in a great representative cere- mony it was inevitable that a singer holding appointments at Westminster and the Chapel Hoyal should abandon one or the other choir, and no fewer than twelve singers were thus represented by subsl itutea (SiNDFORD, Cun- nation of Jamet 11, p. 70J. Oo 37 Jan. 1686-7 Wise wm appointed almoner and master of the boys at St. Pnul's Cathedral. Wise's character for conviviality and un- certain temper (Ebswobth) ia best supported by the manner of bis end. He quarrelled one night with bis wife, and rushed out of his house nt Salisbury only to stumble upon a watchman, who returned hie assaults by n blow from a bill, fracturing Wise's skull. He died on 24 Aug. 11187, and was buried near the great west door of Salisbury I Ofttliedral (BuMFtis). Hie first wife, Jane, the (laugbter of Kobart Hamard, died on 10 Julj 1682, aged 30, and waa buried id the chuTchjard, The adminiHtratioii grant of Wise'a Boods, of 28 Sept. 1687, gives the names Jane and Flarward as those of two elder children, while his joungeBt girl bears the name of a second and surviving wife, Barbara, and not Margaret, as erroneoualj stated by Hoare. She reoounced probate, and the children, all minors, were placed under the guardianship of John Uoplflna Dr. Aldrich is said to have composed the second part of the anthem, ' Thy beauty, Israel," on the death of Wise (BUMPUs). Wise, Blow, and Humphrey, who were all trained together by Henry CooVe, form a transition school of English church music, and constitute a link between the foreign style which, encouraged by the king, strug- gled for mastery after the Restoration, and the original genius of Henry Purcell, for whose bold new harmonies and modulations they paved the way. Among publisbed music bv Wise are : 1. "Old Chiron thus preached. 2. Catches in the 'Musical Companion,' 1067. 3. 'I charge you, Daughters,' in Dering's ' Gsm- tico Sacra,' 1674. 4. ' New Ayres and Dia- logues,' 1678. 6. ' I will sing,' in Langdon's ' Divine Harmony,' 1774. 6. Six Anthems in Boyce's 'Cathedral Music,' 1849, vis, ' Prepare ye the way,' a 4 ; ' Awake, put on,' a 3 ; ' The Ways of Sion,' a 3 : ' Thy Beauty, O Israel,' n 4 ; Awake up, my Glory,' a 3 ; ' Blessed is he,' a 3. Several of these an- thems have also been republished in No- Tello'a ■ Collections.' The following remain in manuscript : 1. In Tudway's' Collections:' 'OpraiseGod,' a 3j 'Behold how good,' a 3; ' I will sing a new Song,'a4; 'How are the Mighty fallen!' Morning and Evening Service inD {ffarl. MSS. 7338, 7339). 2. 'Open me the Gales,' n 3 ; ' Comfort ye ' (ascrilwd to W ise or Aldrich) (Aiidit. MS. 17840); 3. Bass part: ■ Have Fityon me;" By the Waters;' 'Thy Strength, Sion' (i*. 17784). 4. Alto part: 'Christ risinjt again' (i6. 17S20i. 0. Organ part: 'Anse, O Loiii;' 'I will arise ;' 'The Lord is my Shepherd,' a 2 (I'i. 30932). 6. 'Cafflhes' (i». 1/481, 22099). 7. Song, with Chorus, ' Justly now let's tribute pay' {«. 83234). 8. Service in E flat, at Christ Church Cathedral, Dublin. 8. ' Gloria in escebis,' and ten Anthems, besides those published by Boyce, at Ely Cathedral. 10. Anthems in the Gloucester Cathedral Library. 11, 'Christ beingrlsen,' composed by Wise for Easter, and for a long time in use instead of ' Venite' at Salishurv Cathedral. Other volumes of hie churcli music are in the British Museum Addi- tional KLSS. 30933, 31314-5, 31404, and 31460; and of secular music in Additional MSS. 30362 and 31462. tHftwkiliB's Hist, of Mosio, Znd adit. ii. 719; Barney's Hist, of Music, iii, 4S1; Grace's Dirt. of ISwK. iv. 331, 471 ; Old Chfqa»-U>ok of th» Chapel Rojal, pp. 18, I2&, 218; Bnrapua's Or- ganists and CDmrHwers. p. 270 ; Honre'a VTilt- Bhire, Ti. 634; Harris's Salisbury EpiUphs; P. C. C. Admun. Gmnts ; Begisters □( Salisbury Cathedrftl, through the courtesy of the Rev. Pre- ceotor Ciirpeat«r.] L. M. M. WISE, WILLIAM FtJBLONG (1784- 1644), rear-admiral, sou of George Furlong Wise of Woolaton, Devonshire, by Jane, sister of Vice-admiral James Hichard Dacres (1749-I810)and of Vice-admiral Sir Richard Dacrea (1761-1837), waa bom at Woolston on 21 Aug. 1784. He entered the navy in February 1797 on board the Astnea frigate with his uncle Richard Dacrea, and served, for the most part, with him, or with James Richard Dacres, on the home station, the coast of France, and in the West Indies, till promoted to be lieutenant of the Franchise at Jamaica on 1 May 1804. He continued in the Theseus and afterwards in the Her- cule, flagships of James Richard Dacres, commander-in-chief at Jamaica, till pro- moted (1 Nov. 1806, confirmed 22 Feb. 1806) to be commander of the Drake, from which he waa moved in April to the Elk ; on 18 May 1806 he was posted to the Mediator, and invaUded from her in July 1807. In November 1813 he commissioned the Gn- nicus of thirty-sis guns, which after neatly three years on the home station and the coast of Portugal was one of the ships with Lord Exmouth at the bombardment of t Algiers on 27 Aog. 1816 [see Pellew, E»- / WAKD, VisrocifT Eimoutr], in which aba took a part beyond what was expected from a frigate, and sustained a loss of Miteen killed and forty-two wounded. On 21 Sept. 1816 Wise waa nominated a G.B. In Jonn- arv 1818 he was appointed to the Spartan, wbich he commanded on the home station and In the West Indies till 1821. He had no further service, but became a rear-admiral on 23 Nov. 1841, and died at his residence in Plymouth, after a week's illness, on 2»Aprill8U. Hemarried,onl6.TuneI810, Fanny, only daughter of William QrenfelL [MarBhairB Boy. Nar. Biogr- t, (suppL pt. i.) ISI : Oeat. Mag, 1810 i. 386. 1814 i). 208, 338; Service book in the Public Record Office.] J.K.L. a, \ Wiseman Wiseman the WISEMAN, NICHOLAS PATRICK BTEPIIEN (1802-1865), cardmBl-nrch- bishop of Westminster, bom at Seville on 2 Aug. 1802, was jounger of the two eons hv b Becond marriage of James Wise- man, an Irish catholic who had settled hs a merchant in Spain. The family claimed descent from Capel Wiseman, protestant bishop of Dromore, third eon of Sir William Wiseman, bart., and great-grandson of Sir John Wiseman, one of the auditors of the exchequer in the reign of Henry VIII. Tlie family baronetcy is now represented by Sir William Wiseman of Lynton in Bedford- shire. The cardinal's father married, first, Mariana Dunphy, the dauehter of a Spanish general ; by her he had three daughters, of -whom Marianne married Thomas Tuclier, and their only child became the wife of Wil- liam Burke of KnocknagTir, and mother of ~' B present Sir Theobald Burke, and of Lomas Henry Burke [q-v.], Under-Secretary state for Ireland. The cardinal's father while on a visit to London married, in the church of SS. Mary and Michael in the Com- mercial Road,Loudon, on 18 April ISOI), his second wife, Xaviera, daughter of Peter Strange of Aylwardston Caslle, co, Kil- kenny. Two sous and a daughter were the result of the union. The elder son was named James, and Ihe younger was the cardinal. Frances, the youngest child, married Count Andrea Oahrielli,ofFano, councillor of state itnder the papal government; she was mother of Count Randal Gahrielli. The cardinal's mother lived for many years at Fano, where the poet Browning met her in 1848. Wiseman's parents returned from London ^, Seville early in 1803. On 3 Aug. in Ahat year, the day after his birth, he was iptised at the church of Santa Oruz in that His paternal uncle, Patrick Wise- man, was his sponsor; 3 Aug. was com- raemorative of St. Stephen, whence his names Patrick and Stephen. While he was ftill an infant his mother laid him on one the altars of Seville Cathedral, where was solemnly consecrated to the service the church. His father died suddenly of »t Seville in 1804. The young :th her three children, left Spain 1805for Waterford. There they remamed years, during which the hoys received instruction at a local boarding-school. On S3 March ISlONicbolas and hiseldur brother entered St. Cuthbert's College at Ushaw,near Durham, Thomas Eyre (1748-lfilO) [q.v.], the president, died just two months after the boys' arrival. His post was tempo- rarily filled for a year by the vice-presi- dent, John Lingard the liietorian. Despite the disparity in years, Wiseman and Lingard 'hen laid the foundation of a lifelong friend- ship. dent of Ushaw. Wiseman describes himself as appearing 'dull and stupid' to his com- panions when not in class, as never having 'eoidawitty or clever thing white at college,' but he was always readingand thinking wlii la others played, 'No pastime,' as Cardinal Manning said of him at his funeral, was ' so sweet as a book.' It was only in his last year at St. Cuthbert's that his name appeared at the top of his class. Before leaving St. Cuthbert's Nicholas made up his mind to become a priest. A cottage not far from the college on the road to Durham is still pointed out as that in which ha took shelter from a terrific thunder- storm, in the course of which he is said to have received his religious vocation. Before quitting St. Cuthbert's, on 28 Sept. 1818, at the age of sixteen, Nicholas received the four minor orders. He was to complete his edu- cation at the English College at Kome. Embarking at Liverpool on 2 Oct. for Italy with five other clerical students from llsbaw. Wiseman reached Rome on 18 Dec. 1818. Si^ days afterwards the six youths were admitted to an audience at the Qnirinal by Piua VII, to whom they were presented by Robert O red well Rl- v.], rector of the newly reconstituted English. College in the Via di Monserrato. At his own wish, Nicholas began at an early date to study at the Sapienia the Syriac and other oriental languages. Already in 1820 ha was infer parei lor the second priie in schola physico-matbematica, and also ob- tained the second prixe ' in schola physico- chimicB.' In 1822 be gained first priie in dogmatic theology, and the second pri«e in scholastic theology. Again, in l(j23, he took the first pritu in dogmatic and was 'laudatus ' in scholastic thetitogy, winning also the first prize in Hebrew, On 27 July 1823 Wiseman in a public discussion undertook to answer twelve objections, and to maintain as many ofl four hundred pro- positions. Cardinal Capetlari (afterwards tiregory XVI) and the Abb£ de Lamennais were among the auditors. In 1824 he was created doctor in divinity 'cum pnemio.' On 18 Dec. of that year he was ordained subdeacon, on 23 Jan. in Ihe following year deacon, and on 19 March 182-j priest. By a special rescript of Leo Sn, Wise- man was appointed assistant to the Abbate Molza, who was compiling aSjriac grammar, anthology, and lexicon, with the encourage- ro«Dt of the pope. In 1828 the result of b3 I i Wiseman Wiseman Wiaemnn's res^archea appeared under tile title 'Horie Sjrittcie, Beu Commentationes et AnecdotB res-vel Litteraa Sjriacas spec- t&nti&, tnmus i.,' and it at once won him a ^European reputation among oriental Ecliolsre, although hia interpretation of some ^yriac texts were controverted bv Samuel L.e« (1783-1862) [q^ v,] In this work he first uescribed tue Sjriac version known as the Karkaphensian Codex of the Old Testa- ment, which was praseTred in the VaticBn library. At the time that he was engaged in these researches he suffered the onl; tempta- tion, according to Uis own account, of his lifti, from * venomous suggestions of a fiend- like in&delitj,' but the trial proved temporary and never recurred. In October of the year in which Wise- man's ' Horni Syriacffi ' was published, Leo XII nominated him pruf3). Later in 1635 Wiseman returned to Enf^ I land. He had arranged to exchange duties for a twelvemonth with the Abbale Biilda- couui of the Sardinian embassy chapel in 1 Lincoln's Inn Fields. In December 1835 he began a course of ' I-ectures on the Principal Doctrines and Practices of the Catholic Church ' at the Sardinian embassy chapel, which he repeated at the request of Bisbop Bramaton in the Advent and Lent of the following year at St. Mary's, Moorfields. These lectures were published in 183Q, and excited much public attention, not only in England but in France and America. Lord Brougham was conspicuous among Wise- man's hearers when they were first delivered. In May 1836, in aasociation with Daniel O'Connell and Michael Joseph Quin [q. v.], Wiseman founded under his own directions catholic quarterly magazine, with the title of the ' Dublin Review,' Quin was the first editor. Outside catholic circles Wiseman's ilerary abilities were fully recognised, and viled t the catholic church tn the ' Penny CyclopH^dia.' In October la36Wisemau returned to the English College in Rome. During the fol- lowing Lent he published 'Four L«;tures on the Oflices and Ceremonies of Holy Week, as performed in the Papal Chapels, and de- livered at the college ' Eight Lectures on the Bodv and Blood of Our I,ord in the Blessed Eucharist,' London, 1836,8vo, Thomas Tup. ton [q.v,] assailed Wiseman's treatment of the last subject, and Wiseman retorted to him and other critics in a published ' Replv' (1839). By Wiseman's advice Gregory XVI in- creased the number of vicars-apostolic is England in 1839, and in the following sum- mer Wiseman was appointed coadjutor to Dr.Walsh,the vicar-apostolic of the Midland district, but was almost immediately trans- ferred to the newly created central district. On 8 June 1840 he was consecrated the bishop of MelipotamuB in partibut by Car- dinal Fransoni in the chapel of the English College at Rome, and was olso appointed S resident ofOscott College. He took up his utiea there on 16 Sept. 1840. The Oxford movement was at the lime in full pn^ress, and Wiseman's writings and actions largely influenced its development. Hia article in the ' Dublin Review ' on "St. Augustine and the Donatists'was pronounced bv Newman 'ih* first real hit from Romanism, Preaching at Derby. Wiseman argued tliat ' there is a natural growth in every institution,' and de- fined the position of the Roman church in much the some manner as Newman in his ' Esaay on Development.' In February 1841 ' Tract XC ' was published. Later in the year U'iseman addressed a published * Letter ' to Newman.besides contributing several papers on the illogical position of the traclarians to the 'Dublin Review;' these were collected Wiseman 245 Wiseman into a volume called ' High Church Claims * (1S41). In 1840 Pius IX was elected supreme pontiff, and he inaugurated his reign by a general amnesty and a complete reform of the pontifical government. W iseman visited him in Rome next year. He returned to England as Pio Nono*s diplomatic envoy to Viscount Palmerston in the year of revolu- tion (1848). At his instance Lord Palmers- ton sent Lord Minto to Italy. In the same year Wiseman became pro-vicar-apostolic of the London district, and next year succeeded to the vicarial e-apostolic on the death of his superior, Dr. Walsh. Already a re-establish- ment by the pope of the Uoman catholic hierarchy in England was talked of, but events were delayed by reason of the revolu- tions of 1848. Wiseman sought to prepare the way for the new rdgime by fusing the old and unchanging with the new and progressive elements in English Catholicism. In the spring of 1850 tne news came that he was to be made a cardinal. On 6 Aug. he was summoned by the pope to Home, and there learned quite unexpectedly that the hie- rarchy in England was to be restoredwithout further delay. On 29 Sept. the pope issued an apostolic letter to that effect, as well as a papal briefelevating Wiseman to the dignity of archbishop of Westminster. Next day, in a private consistory, the new archbishop was created a cardinal, with the title of St. Pudentiana. The announcement of the pope*s act was made to English catholics bv Wise- man in a published * Pastoral appointed to be read ... in the Archdiocese of West- minster and the Diocese of Southwark.' He further explained his new position in * Three Lectures on the Catholic Hierarchy, delivered in St. George's, Southwark* (1850). The news of the pope's action excited through- out the protestants of Great Britain a frenzy of indignation which Wiseman's first pas- toral failed to allay. In August 1851 parlia- ment identified itself with the popular out- cry against 'papal aggression,' and passed into law the * ecclesiastical titles bill,' which prohibited the catholics from assum- ing the title of bishops under a penalty of 100/. The statute, however, remained a dead letter, and was repealed in 1872. Wiseman issued a powerful * appeal to the reason and good feeling* of the English people, and the antagonism which he, in the capacity of reviver of the Roman catholic hierarchy, had provoked gradually subsided. For fourteen years he ruled the province of Westminster benignly, and lived down the events which marked the inauguration of his archiepiscopate. Wiseman still found time for literature. In 1854 he published ' Fabiola, or the Church of the Catacombs,' a charming story of the third century, which was widely read. The archbishop of Milan wittily said of it that ' it was the first good book that had had the success of a bad one.' The book was written as Wiseman slowly journeyed towards Rome during illness. It was popular in Italy, where no fewer than seven translations (one of them by the author) were published. It was translated besides into most of the European languages, and into many of the Asiatic. It has taken its place as a classic of Catholi- cism. In 1858 Wiseman issued another popular work, called ' Recollections of the last Four Popes' (Pius VII, Leo XII, Pius Vin, and Gregory XVI). An adverse * Answer ' to the book appeared in a volume from the pen of Alessandro Gavazzi in the same year. Soon afterwards Wiseman pro- duced a drama in , two acts, called ' The Hidden Gem,' written for the jubilee of his old college of St. Cuthbert's. After its publication, in 1858, it was acted in a Liver- pool theatre during the following year. In the autumn of 1858 the cardinal made a public tour through Ireland, where he was received with enthusiasm. A volume of sermons, lectures, and speeches delivered on the occasion appeared in 1859. Mean- while he gained wide repute as an admirable lecturer on social, artistic, and literary topics. * The Highways of Peaceful Commerce have been the Highways of Art,' a lecture de- livered to Liverpool merchants, and a lecture *0n the Connection between the Arts of Design and the Arts of Production,' ad- dressed to Manchester artisans, were pub- lished in a single volume in 1854. On 30 Jan. 1863 he lectured at the Royal In- stitution in London on * Points of Contact between Science and Art ' (London, 1863, 8vo), and subsequently at the same place on Shakespeare. A fragment of the last lecture, edited by his successor. Cardinal Manning, was published posthumously in 1866 (Ger- man transl. Cologne, 1865). A lecture de- livered in 1864 at the South Kensington Museum on * Prospects of Good Architecture in London,' and another on * Self-Culture' delivered at Southampton in 1863, were also published soon after their delivery. In 1866 George Errington [q. v.l, a man of iron will, was translated from Plymouth to become coadjutor to the archbishop of Westminster ; but Wiseman and his coad- jutor were of different temperaments, and the pope in 1862 severed Errington's connection with the Westminster archdiocese. Wiseman died at his town house, 8 York Wiseman 346 Wiseman Place, Portman Squure, on 15 Feb. 1865. On Tuesday the 21st the bodywiiH conveyed to ito pro-CBthedral at Moorfields — new (1000) in coitrse of damoUtioo — where Henry Edward Manning, Wiseman's successor in the uchbiahopric, preached the funeral oi'a- tion in the presence of the princiiml catholic ambouadors of Europe and the dignitaries of the catholic church in Oreal Britain and Ireland. The interment took place in Ken- eal Green cemetery, amid an extraordinary demonstration of public mourning. In 1868 it was resolved to build in AV'iseman'a me- mory a catholic cathedral in Westminster. Land was aojuired, but building operatiuns were not begun until after Cardinal Vaughan became archbishop of Westminster in 1892. The street at Seville to which Wiseman was bom was renamed on hia death, by order of the town council, ' Collo del Cardenal Wise- Beaides the works mentioned and nume- rous separate sermons, lectures, and jiastorsla, Wiseman published ' Essays on Various Sub- ject*,' chiefly from the ' Dublin Review '( 1 853, 3 vols. 8vo, and with biographical introduc- tion by J Murphy, 1888), and ' Sermons on our Lord Jeaus Christ,' Dublin, 1864, 8vo. Wiseman'sreputfllion was worldwide. He was conspicuouH for rare intellect and abili- ties, for ' the general justice of his mind,' for the suavity of his demeanour, and the wide range of his literary and artistic knowledge and sympathies. As alingujet and scholar he was especially distinguished. Ue was often called the English Meziofanti. Speaking of bis linguistic facility to the present writ«r, he once said that, if he were allowed to choose hia own path westwards, he could talk all the way from the most eastern point of the coast of Asia to the most western Kint of the coast of Europe. The poet owning attempted an unfavourable in- terpretation of Wiseman's character in his ' Bishop_ Blougram's Apology ' (first pub- lished in Browning's 'Men and Women,' 1865); 'Sylvester Blougrara,' Browning's bi- shop, was undoubtedly intended for Wiseman, but Blougram's worldly and aelf-iodulsent justification of his successful pursuit of the clerical career in the Roman catholic church, although dramatically most effective, cannot be accepted as a serious description of Wiseman's aims in life or conduct. Ac- cordiuK to Father Prout, Wiseman in 'The BambUr' temperately reviewed 'Men and Women'on its publication, and favourably noticed 'Bishop Blougram's Apology' as a masterly intellectual achievement, although lie regarded it as an b^msuU on the ground- worka of religion. AViseman woe in youth tall, thin, and comely. Mscaulay described him in middle age as ' a ruddy, strapping ecclesiastic,' in a certain sense resembling the famous roaster of Trinity, William Whewell [q. t.] Three portraits are reproduced in Mr. WilfKd Ward's'Biography.'vii. afull-lengtb walet- colour picture of bira as Monsignor Wise- man ; an etigmving from the painting by J. R, Uerberl ; and a photograph taken of the cardinal in 1802. A magnificent gold medal, bearing Wiseman's portrait, was pre- sented to bim in 1830, in commemoration of his visit to England when rector of the English College at Rome. [A full blogFnphy of the cardinal was Qadri^ taken, on Ca^ioal Vaughan'a Beleclion, by Mr. Wilfrid Ward tbirtj-t«o ycui after the car- dinal's di>ttlh. aad was pubUsbed in IBST in two volumes. PBrwinnl recollections of the writer of tba present memoir; Brady's Episcopal Siuv CFusiou. 1877. iii. SfiS-Sl ; White's Life of Cardinal Wiwmin ; Lord Houghton's Hono- gntphs, 1873. pp. 30-61 ; Cauon Moirii's Last IllDeas of Cardinal Wiseman ; Men of thn TimR, Stb edit. 1S62 ; Anu.Reg. 18S£, ii. 217.1 C. K, WISEMAN, RICHARD (1622 P-I6T8), suigeoo, bom in London between 1621 and 1 623, was possibly the illegitimate son of Sir Itichard Wiseman, bort. ((f. 164S), of Thun- dersley Hall in Essex. AboutJanuary 1637 he was apprenticed at the Barber-Surgeons' Uall to Richard Smith, surgeon. His master was probably a naval surgeon, for as soon as Wiseman's apprenliceship wasended, but be- fore he was admitted to the freedom of the company, he. seems to have entered the Dutch naval service at a time when that nation was engaged in war with Spwn. Here he saw much active service, but in 1643, or early in 1644, he joined the royalist army of the west, then under tbe nominal command of the Prince of Wales. He was present at the surprise of the Weymouth forts on 9 Feb. lau~5. He remained in Weymouth during the8iege,andsubso(iuently seems to have nccomponied the troops intji Somerset and Cornwall, for he was present at the siege at Taunton, and took part in tbe fighting of Truro. The army was then under the general command of Lord Hopton, and Wiseman seems to have been espraiially at- tached to the guards, for he describes how they were beaten, and how be himself ran away in May 1645. After the rout at Truro, he says that he was the only surgeon who continuously attended Prince Charles from tbe west of England to Scilly, and afterwards to Jersey, France, Holland, and Scotland. He waa at first merely attached to the Wiseman Wiseman Q Btteudanca upon tbe princo, but 1 Surgeon Pyle relumed to England Jersey, jierhaps upou n political I nission. Lord Uopton Beems to have re- I ODmniended Wiseman aa a proper person to r become the prince's immediate medical at- tendant. Wisemnn therefore accompanied Prince Charles from Jersey to France, and bam France to The Hague, vhere news arrived in February 1649 of the execution of Charlea I. From The ilague Wiseman ae- compuiied Charles II to Breda, thence to Flanders and back to France, sn-iring at St. Gennains iu Au^st 1649. He tlien went to Jersey again, and when Charles left Hol- land in June 1650 Wiseman accompanied him to Scotland. He waa taken prisoner at Worcester (3 Sept. 1651) and marcbed to Chester. He was kept in captivity for many weeks, though he was occaaion ally per- mitted by the governor to exercise his pro- fesKiona! skill. Having procured a pass, lie arrived in London about February 1661-2, and at once made himself free of the Barber-Surgeons' Company. His admission to the freedom was ' per servicium,' and it is dated 23 March lOQl'^. He then acted for a time aa assis- tant to Edward Molines of St. Thomas's Hospital, but soon set up in practice for him- self, living in the Old Bailey at the sign of the Kings Head, where he was much fre- Sueniedby the royalists from all parts of the ingdom. Early in 1654 he was rearreeted on a charge of assisting Read, one of his patients, to escape from the Tower, and in March 1664 he was sent a prisoner to Lam- beth House (now Lambeth Palace). It appear* that during bis imprisonment he was oermitted to practise, and tliat he owed his liberty to the intercession of his friends. There seems Ui be some ground for sup- ing that Wiseman spent apart of his time HI the Spanish navy between the perim) of Itw release from Ijambeth and the eve of the Bestoration. His writings, however, show that he did not leave London for at least two £!ars after his imprisonment, and he wan in ngland again at some time in 1657. Yet he says that he served for three years in the aervice of the Spanish king, a part of the time being spent in the tropics and Bome part at Dunkirk, then held by the Spaniards, Early in 16SU he seems to have returned to his house in the Old Bailey, where be was living at the time of tlie return of Charles if; but shortly after the He- Btoration he moved westward to Co vent Oarden, then recently built, and forming an I ontskirt of London. Ten days after the ■irival of Oharles II in London, on 8 June i _, Ebei ■_ Tl imO, Wiseman wos made ■Bur^( nary for the person.' The appoint; made at the instance of the king himself, for it was supernumerary to the regular esta- blishment, and it was not until 5 Aug. 1661 that VN'iseman waa formally appointed sur- geon by royal warrant at the usual salary of iOI. 0, year. He waa promoted to the grade of principal EUrgBon and aeijeant-Burgeon to the king on 15 Feb. 1671-2, and on 20 March he was duly sworn ini'D office. In June 1661 a grant of an annuity or pension of loU/. a year bad been confeireduponhim.anditwas renewed in February 1674-5, with the stnte- luent that it was a pension for life, and that it was to commence from 25 March 1671-:^. He was elected a member of the Barber- Sui^eons' court of assistenta in 1064, and in the following year was appointed master of the company, though he had never filled the subordinate otBcea of warden. He died suddenly at Bath about 20 Aug. 1676, but was buried at the upper end of the church of St. Paul in Coveut Garden, London, on 29 Aug. Wiseman'e first wife, named Dorothy, died on 23 Feb. 1674, and was buried in the chaneelof St. Paul's Church, Covent Garden { his second wife was MbiTi daughter of Sir Kichard Mauleverer of Allerton Mauleverer in Yorkshire, and granddaughter of Sir Tho- mas Mauleverer [q. v.] the regicide. His only child was a posthumous son, who waa buried near his lather in November 1678. His widow married Thomas Harrison of Gray's Inn, the lawyer who settled her hus- band's affairs, ond died in February 1678. Wiseman deserves notice as the first of the really great surgeons who lifted the sur- gical profession from its state of subordina- tion to the physicians. His work was con- tinued hj Samuel Sharp (1700 P~1778)[q. v.], by Percivoll Pott [q. v.], and by John Hunter (1726-1798) [q. 'J, until the social position of a surgeon waa sufficiently high to enable the sovereign to confer hereditary rank upon him as in the case of Sir Astley Paston Cooper and Sir Beniomin Brodle. Wiseman was professionally the descendant of the great surgeons of the reign of Eliza- liefh, Clowes, Gale, and perhaps Read and f lalle. Like them, he was essentially a cli- nical observer ; unlike them, it ia possible to find in his writings some trace of a scien- tific spirit. His cases are clearly described, and their treatment is carried out to a suc- cessful issue upon a rational plan. A fervent royalist, he believed in the royal touch for the cure of scrofulaeven when it was ?■""'■■"' through BO degenerate a hand as that master. He believed too in the miracles I lied m Wishart 2 wTOuglit by l.lie blood of Cbarles 1, yet he nuLrrmd the grnnddHugliler of n regicide. A minifiture in waterco lours, duled 1660, by Samuel Cooper, is at IJelToLr Caatle in the possession of tlie Uuke of Rutland, Hud is the picture of a m&o aged about forty years. A life-gixe holf-kngth in oval at- tributed to air Bftlthiwar Gerbier (l^Ol- 1667) is in the secretary's office at tlie Koyal College of Surgeons of England in Lincoln's Inn Fields. It represents Wiseman about ten years older than Gerhier's portrait, and ob- vioufily in delicate health. Wiseman's works are written in so plain and simple a style tlint they were selected by Dr. Johnson, in the compilation of his dictionary, as a mine of good snrgical no- menclalure. They are; 1. 'A Treatise of Wounds,' London, 1672, 8td (printed by Richard Rovston). S. 'SeveiallChirurgical Treatises,' London, 1676, fol. (Royslon and Took) ! 3nd edit. 1086 i 3rd edit. Ifiafl ; 4th edit. 1705; 6ih edit. 1719; 0th edit. 1734. A pirated edition was published by Samuel Clement at the Swan m St. Paul's Church- vardiDl6D2. It is called the second edition, but it seems to have been made by printing a new title-page and inserting it into copies of the lti76 and 1686 editions. [LoDgmore's Biographical Study of liichurd Wiseman, Loudon, 1B91 ; maDasiM'iptacmnatby tb« late JnniN Uiion ; contributioDK tiiwards a meraoir of ItiL'bnnl WisBman, Medical Times and OaEelte, 1S72, ii. 441 ; ABclepiad, 18X6, iii. S3I- 2fiS : Wispmnn'a Works.] D'A. P. WISHART. GEOKOE (1513?-1646), Scottish reformer, was a cadet of the family of Wiahart of I'ittarrow, near Montrose [cf. Wishart, Rohebt], but whether he was a younger son of Jaraes Wishart of Fittarrow, who was Justice clerk between 1513 atid 15'iO, or his nephew, both of which conjec- tures have been made, is uncertain. The supposed date of his birth is taken from the inscription ' 1.143 ffitotis suk 30 ' on a por- trait which belonged to Archibald Wishart, W.S., Edinburgh, who died in 1850, and is now in the National Portrait Gallery, Edin- bui^h. It ia believed by good judges to be genuine, though its ascription to flolbein.who died in I5J3, is very improbable. Wishart first appears on record as witness to acliarter by John Erskine (1509-1591) [q.v.] of Dim on m March 1535 ( Great Seat litffufer, No. 146:2), in which he is styled ' Master G. Wishart;' and, as he is unlikely to have acted as witness under the age of twenty- one, His birth can scarcely have bt-en later than 1514. and so corroborates the date on the portrait. Ithasbeenuonjeclured that he iras ediM»tpdand graduated in arts at King's f8 Wishart ^^^^ College, Aberdeen ; his designation on the above portrait as m&ster appears to show he had taken a degree in arts. Alexander I'etrie [q. v.], in his 'Compendious Church History, 1662, snya he heard when young, ' from very antient men,' that Wishart ' had hyena schoolmaster at Montrose, and there did teach his disciples the New Testament iuGreek.' Ifao,itwasnodoubtatthegram- mar school of that town, whither Erskine of Dun bad brought in 1534 a Frenuhman, Marailier, to teach Greek, the first introduc- tion of that language into the schools of Scotland. Wishart probably acted as assis- tant after learning the language from Mar- silier. Richard, the father of James MetvUlo [q. v.], is said in his son's diary to have been one of Wisbart's companions at Montrose. Petrie also relates tliat in 1538 Wiahart was summoned on a charge of heresy by John Hepburn, bishop of Brechin, for teaching the Greek New 'Testament, and Red the coun- try, but after six years returned ' with more knowledge of the truth and more zeal.' In 1538, or more probably in 1539, a Scotsman, ^^'ishart, is mentioned in two English documents as lecturing in Bristol, at that date in the diocese of Worcester, of which Hugh Latimer [(). v.] was then bishop. He was accused of heresy by John Keme, dean of Worcester, and sent to the arch- bishop of Canterbury, hy whom, the bishops of Bath, Norwich, and Chichester, and other doctors, he was convicted and condemned; he bore his fagot (i.e. recanted his here«y) on 15 July in the church of St. Nicholas, and on 30 July in Christ Church (Ric4KT, Kati^dar, Camden Soc, p. 55; cf. Letlen and Papen iff Heary Fill, Sir. i, 184, 1095). It has been doubled by Dr. Grub (Ecclesiatiicat HUtury of Saitlaiui^vhel^ei these documents refer to George Wishart; but as they name George ' Wischarde,' a Scotsman born (the difference in spelling the name meaning nothing at that date), and corre«pond precisely to the time when ha fled from Scotland, where also be had been accused of heresy, the inference ia strong that thev do. Dr. McCrie, in his 'Lifa of Knox,' through the miswriting of tbe word ' nouiher ' as ' mother ' in the copy sent him of the Bristol entry, was misled into the belief that Wishart s heresy was a denial, not of the merit of Christ, but of the Virgin Mary ; but Dr. Lorimer (Seottuh IlfformU' tioH, 1800) corrected this by inspection of the original record, which has been alsn correctly printed in Seyer's ' Mentoirs of Bris- tol.' It may be doubted, however, whether the denial of tbe merit of Christ attributed to Wiahart was not the misrepresentation of Wishart 249 Wishart his accusers. No similar charge was brought against him in Scotland either before or after his visit to Bristol. Either in 1539 or in 1640 Wishart left England and visited probably both Germany and Switzerland. After his return he trans- lated from the Latin the * Confession of Faith of the Church and Congregation of Switzerland/ called the * Helvetic Confes- sion.' It was not printed till after his death, probably in 1648 ; it was reprinted in 1844 by David Laing in the * Wodrow Miscellany ' (i. 11), from a copy belonging to William Henrv Miller of Craigentinny, which is be- lieved to be unique. About 1543 Wishart returned to England and became a member of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge. One of his pupils, Emery Tylney, has left a graphic portrait of his person, habits, and character. * Master George Wishart, commonly called Master George, of Benet's College, who was a man of tall stature, polled headed, and on the same a round French cap of the best, judged to be of melancholy complexion from his physiognomy, black-haired, long-bearded, comely of personage, well spoken after his country of Scotland, courteous, lovely, glad to teach, desirous to learn, and was well travelled; having on him for his habit a clothing never but a mantle or frieze gown to the shoes, a black Millian fustian doublet and plain black hosen, coarse new canvas for his shirts and white falling bands and cuffs at the hands, all the which apparel he gave to the poor, some monthly, some quarterly, as he liked saving his French cap, which he kept the year of my being with him. He was a man modest, temperate, fearing God, hating covetousness, for his charity had never end night, hour, nor day ; he forbore one meal in three one day in four for the most part except something to comfort nature ; he lay hard upon a puff of straw, coarse new canvas sheets which, when he changed, he gave away. . . . He loved me tenderly and I him for my age as effectually.* He went into Scotland, Tylney adds, ' with divers of the nobility that came for a treaty to King Henry VIII,* probably in July 1643. The Scottish reformer has often been identified, even by Tytler and Burton, with the Wishart who was concerned in the plot to murder Cardinal Beaton (cf. Stat^ Papers, Henry VIII, v. 377; Haynes, Burc/hley State Papers, i. 32-3 ; Hamilton Papers^ ii. 344 ; art. Wishart, Sib John). This Wis- hart had relations with Cricliton, laird of Brunston in Midlothian, who was un- doubtedly willing to engage in a plot to murder Beaton, and who became in 1546 an active supporter of the reformer when he made a preaching tour in that county. Froude (iv. 28) argues that, whether this was so or not, the murder of such a prelate as Beaton would not have been alien to the temper of such reformers as Wishart or Knox; and Bellesheim and Canon Dixon naturally adopt 'the identification (Hist, Church of England, 3rd ed. ii. 389-90). The evidence, however, is inadequate to identify the two Wisharts, and it has been shown not only that the name was common, but even that there was a George Wishart, merchant and baillie, of Dundee, who had allied himself with the plotters against the cardinaFs life (Laing*s edition of Knox's History 0/ the He/ormation, App. ix. p. 536 ; Maxwell, Old Dundee, p. 92). Such a part as the Wishart who came from the laird of Brunston in April 1544 played is, in spite of Froude's opinion, out of keeping with the character of George Wishart. There is no evidence that he returned to England in 1544. Nothing came of the Brunston plot, and the burning of Wishart preceded the assassination of the cardinal. Petrie, who had private information, men- tions that Wishart * came home * in 1544, and this agrees with Knox. It is possible that by * home ' Petrie means Montrose, and not merely Scotland, whither Wishart seems to have returned about July 1543, for he goes on to say, *He preached first in Montrose within a private house next to the church except one,* which had evidently been pointed out to Petrie. If he went to Mont- rose and began preaching there in 1544, it is extremely unlikely that he went back to England from East Lothian in the spring of the same year. He is credited by tradition with painting some frescoes in the house of Pittarrow, now destroyed, one of which showed a procession at Rome of the pope and cardinals, and had satirical verses written under it. From this point till his death the life of Wishart has been told by John Knox, his disciple and intimate friend. Knox*s vivid narrative may be relied on for facts within his personal knowledge or communicated to him by Wishart himself, or, as regards his trial and execution, by eye-witnesses, but must be received with caution when it con- tains inferences against Cardinal Beaton or prophecies attributed to Wishart. In 1545 Wishart went from Montrose to Dundee, where he preached on the epistle to the Komans, till Kobert Myll, one of the prin- cipal men of the town, inhibited him in the name of Mary of Guise and the governor Arran. He came down from the pulpit into Wishart Wishart the klrli, but not beftire he had threatened bis adveraories with God's veneea nee hy Sre and flword for interfering with His mea- senger. The earl marshnl and oiher noble- men entreated hiin to slay. He declined and pasBed ' with bU expedition' to AyrBhire, anotner centre of the reformers, where th« lollarde of Kyle had eown seed which had never beeawtoUy rooted out bypereecmion. He waa driven from Ayr bv Dunbar, the biahop of Glasgow, who took possession of the church and preached against him, though the Earl of Olencaim and the gentlemen of Kyle supported him. Before ieaviug he preached at the market cross ' so notable a sernion that the very enemies themselves were confounded.' In Kyle he remained some time, preaching commonly at the kirk of Galflton, residing aC the house of liockhart of Barrs in that parish. In sum- mer he preached at Mauchhn, and being de- barred mim using the kirk by Campbell of Mongaawood and other catholic gentlemen, he preached from a dyke on the Muir, near Mauchhn, saying to his supporter Campbell of Kiniieancleiicb, afterwards the devoted friend of Knox, that Chriet is ' as potent in the field as in the kirk.' News haying come that Dundee was suffering from the plague, he returned thither probably in August, and preached at the head of the East I'ort, the eick sitting or standing outside the port, from the t«xt, ' He sent his word and heated them,' Psalm cvii. Not content with 'lie was his special office, fue-stricken and aided poor. A desperate priest, Sir John Wighton,was,accordingtoKDOi, sentby the cardinal to murder him. Wishart, suspecting hia design, drew the whinger out of biaband, but aaved Wighlon from the vengeance of his followers. He remained in Dundee till the plague ceased, and then passed to Montrose, where the cardinal, by a forged letter pretending to be an invitation from Wishan'a friend John Kinnear of that ilk in Fife, tried to draw him into an ambuscade laid for him within a mile and a half from Montrose. Suspecting the plot, Wishart declined to go until his followers had exa- mined the road and discovered the ambush, Wishart, when told, exclaimed, according to Knox, ' I know I shall finish this my life by this bloodthirsty man's hands, but it will not be in this manner,' Uaving trysted the Egntleman of the west to meet him at Edin- urgh, be returned to Dundee and stayed a night at Invergowrie with ' a faithful brother,' James Watson, where also he pro- phesied his own early death and the tri- umph of the Iteformation, Next day lie preaching, though thia v he visited the plague-, the poor. A aesperai went to I'erth, and so by the Fife ferry crossed the Forth to Edinburgh. On Sun- day, 10 Dec., he preached at Leitb from the parable of the Bowers. Continuously E reaching in various parishes in the neigh- Durhood, he passed after Chriatmai to Haddington, where hia audience, which had been lai^e at his other semons, diminished through the influence of Patrick Hepburn, third earl of Bothwell [q. v.] He stayed at the house of David Forres (afterwards general of the mint), and at Lethingtan with Sir Richard Maitland [q. v.1, who was ' eTer civil albeit not persuaded in religion.' Next day he received a note that the gentle- men who promised to come from Kyle lo him could not come, and he told John Knox, then acting as tutor at Longniddry, who had been with him since be came to Lothian, that ' he wearied of the world,' He had again few hearers, and in his sermon he inveighed against their absence. Like Knox, be had full assurance of bis own mission, and never spared the denunciation of his opponents. The same day, before midnight, he was aeiKed by Bothwell in the house of Ormiston, to which he bad been taken by Cockbum, its laird, Sandilands the younger of Calder, and Crichton of Bninston. He had refused the company of Knox, who attended him since he came to Lothian with a two-handed sword, saying to him, ' Be- tum to your bairns, and God blesse you: one is sufficient for one sacrifice.' After supper he had spoken of the death of Ood's chosen children, asked his host and fellow guests to join in singingthe fifty- first Psalm in Scots metre, and gone earlier than his wont to bed, praying ' God grant qwyet rest.' His rest was broken by Bothwell, who declared that opposition was vain, as the governor and cardinal, who wore at El- Ehinston Tower, were coming after him. In a promise being given by £ilhwell that he would preserve him from violence and not deliver him to the will of the governor or the cardinal, he surrendered. Botbwetl took Wishattto Edinburgh, and thenbrouglit hira hack to his own house of Hales. There, soon after 19 Jan. 1545-6, on a warrant of the privycouncil, he delivered Wishart, who was transported to Edinburgh Castle. At the end of January the governor gave him up to the cardinal, who took him to the Sea Tower in hia castle of St. Andrews, where he remained in strict confinement. On 38 Feb. be was tried by a convocation of bishops and other clergy. Knox and Pitscottie both give a full ac- count of the trial and articles of accusation brought forward by J ohn Lauder, archdeacon of Teviotdale, and Andrew Oliiiliant, with ■Wisliart's answers from a tracl (irintBd by John Duye, &nd embodied in tbe tiHt edition of Foxe's ' Book of &Iartyrs,' printed at BobIs in 1550, with many affect log particulars of thelaat. day of Wishart'slife. The substance of Wishsrt's defence was an appeal to scrip- ture from the leading doctrines of the catho- lic chufck on the mass, auricular confession, purgatory, the celibacy of the clei^y, and the authority of the church, than which there could be in the eyes of his judges no more damning herefiy. How far tbe narrative of the trial is nccurate it would be hard tosaj. It was certainly em beltislied by Fo\e and Knoi with Wishart's prophecy of the cardi- nal's speedy death, which Pitscottie also gives : ' God forgive that yon man that lies HO glorious on yon wall head ; but within B few days he shall lye as sbnmeful as he lyea glorious now.' Wisburt was convicted of heresy, and burnt ou I March 1545-6 on the ground at the foot of the castle wynd opposite the castle gate. His last words given by Knox were spoht when be was come kissed his cheek, and said, " Lo, here is a token that I forgive thee. My hart«, do thine office."' Lindsay of Htscotlie (Scottish Text So- ciety's edit. ii. 5-1, 66) mentions that the caralnal sent Co ibe governor for a criminal judge to ' give doom on Master George if tbe clergy found him guilty,' and the go- o tbe CI cose until they had spoken together, hut if he would not, that ' his own blood would be on his own head.' If this is true, Beaton accepted the responsibility. He seems cer- tAinly to have been present at the burning, Tralcliing it witli the other bishops from tlie tower near the gate, nor is ihere any record of a sentence by a temporal j udge. Beaton's m urder was avowedly in re venge for W i shart 'b death, though some of tbe actors had other grievances. Besides tbe portrait above referred to, there are portraits profesKing to be ofGeor^ Wishart in the college of Olnsffow, and in the Roman catholic college of Blairs, Aber- deenshire, which are of doubtful authen- ticity. Wiahart's only known writing is the translation of the ' Helvetic Confession ' ftboTB referred to. It has been conjectured that he may have had some share in an ' Order for Burial of the Dead ' used at Mont- rose, also printed in the ' Wodrow Society Miscellany.' (Tjlnej'a NarrativB in Foia's Book of Miirtjrs, £dux'b nceoant of Wisbari ia bin HiBtory of the Iterarmation, und Pitai'ottie'n Chroijivles are tlie primury aad cuniempDniry uuthorilieB; Laiog'i tiotis!! are. bb always, ioauuctive. There is, OD- fonumttely.nDaci^ouatofWiE^hurtonthecatholiii side, except ihxt of X-mloy in his History, vtaieh is very brief. Petrie, in his CompfDilioUH History of the Church (Tbe Hague. 1tIS2}, adds a few particuUra. By modtra writers more than one conlroverBy hns Wi-D raisod over Wiahart's life, ■wUich of couttB could not be poawd over by ■uiy church biiloriaa. GrubU's Eccleaisstical History is the aiost impartisl. The bite Pro- fessor Weir's article in Che North British Review, 186B,audProfesiedition of the 6ude and Oodlis Bullatea (Scottish Text Society. 1 897) i Rngers's Memoir of OeoiBe Wis- hart, 18TS ; Hay FJeming's Marlyre anil Con- fipfisorB of St. Andrews; The Truth nboQt Georga Wishart. by W. CmmDnd, 1898.] JE. M. WISHART, GEORGE (1699-1671), bishop of Edinliurgh, was the younger son of Jofin Wishart of Logie- Wishart, Forfar- shire, and grandson of Sir John Wishart of that ilk. IIiB father did not succeed to the property till 1629, and had settled in East Lolnian, where George was born in 1699 (not 1 609, OS stated by Chambers). He is said to have studied at Edinburgh University, but his name does not appear in the roll of graduates. In 1612 a George Wishart matriculated at St. I^alvator's College, St. Andrews, graduating in 1613, and it has been conjectured from this unusual circum- stance that this was the future bishop, who had begun his course at Edinburgn and Cdunted at St. Andrews, though then onlj rteea vears old, It is supposed that ha afterwards travelled on the continent, and acted as secretary to Archlnshop John Spottiswood (lii65-1637) [q. v.] According to Hew 8cott {f'ruti, iii. i24) he was pre- sented by James VI to the parish of Moni' fieth, Forfarshire, on 28 Aug. 1624. Mur- doch and Simpson (Deedt of Montrote,'fni, p. viii) suggest that this is a clerical error for 162-5 ; but as James VI died on 27 March 1626, Scott is probubiy correct, otherwise Charles I must nave made the jiresentatioa. "W'iahart was ordained at Dairsie by Spottis- wood in September 1626, and then entered on his charge at Monitietb. Be continued there till 10 April 1626, when he was trans- ferred to the second charge in St. Andrews, as colleague to Ale^cander Gledstaues, then minister of the first chaige. In the following year the Marquis of Mont- rose entered St. Andrews University, and there is evidence that Wisbart then formed an acquaintance with him that Iiad en important influence upon his career. He received the degree of II. D. from St. Andrews prior to October 1634, as he is so described in the I I I VVishart 'S' Wishart n appointed for the main- ten&nca of church discipline. When the presbTterians obtained the ascendencj, Archbiahnp Spottiawood and several of the bishops fled t^i England, and Wiehart and others joined them at Morpeth. Tlience Wishart weat with Spottiawood to New- caetle, and prohablv 'o London. The ^neraL aasemblv of 1638 deposed the bishopa, and in December 1638 the case of Wisliart was before the assembly, aa the congregation complained that he ' had deserted them. aboTe eight months,' hut expressed willing- ness to have him back arain. The uiatter was continued; but at length, in 1639, Wishart was deposed hy the general asseoi- blj, having been absent for eig'hteen months. He returned with Spottlswood early in 1639 to Newcastle, and on 19 Oct. of that year ha was appointed to a lectureship there in All Saints. ScQlt (fKrfi, ii. 3i}-l) states that in 1640 Wishart also held an afternoon lecture- ehip at St. Nicholas, Newcastle, in conjunc- tion with Ilia other appointment. When the covenanters under Leslie besieged the town, Wishart was forced to flee; biit after the departure of the S^'ots arm; on 35 Sept. 1B41, he returned to Newcastle. From tlie journal of the House of Commons for 18 June 1642 it appears that he was ' dis- missed from his prefemjent as a frequenter of taverns,' thoiish ihia order seems to have heen disregarded. On I'J May 1643, accord- ing to Brand's ' History of Newcastle,' Wishart was appointed (or reappointed) to the lectureship at St. Nicholas, He was certainly in Newcaslle during the second siege of that place by Leslie from February to October 1644, for a manuscript volume of sermons written by him at that time is in the possession of the Rev. W. D. Macray of the Bodleian Library (Hut. MSS. Comm. 13th Kep. iv. 60"). "Newcastle fell into the hands of Leslie on 19 Oct., and 'S^'ishart was sent to Edinburgh with other captives, and imprisoned in the Thieves' Hnh, the worst part of the Tolbooth. Wiahart's house at Newcastle had been plundered, and his wife and 6ve survivors ot hie nine chil- dren had been turned adrift. For nearly twelve months (October- August) he was confined in Edinburgh Tolbooth. On S3 Jan. 1645 he petitioned the Scottish par- liament for 'some reasonable maintenance'' for himself and family, which apparently was granted, Montrosri won the victory at Kilsyth on 15 Aug. 1645, and immediately sent orders for the release of the prisoners nt Edin- burgh. Wishart joined the royalist army at BothwelL. and was appointed chaplain to Montrose, then governor-general of Scotland. From this time Wishart was constantly with the army, and his narrative of the cam- paign is that of an eve-witness. After the decisive battle of Pliiliphaugh be accom- panied the remnantof the troope, and shared in the dangers of Montrose's flight. On 3 .Sept. 1646 Montrose, with Wishart and a few faithful companions, sailed from Iha harhourof Montrose and set out for Norv Wishart remained with Montrose dm his wanderings in Europe, and at li reached The Hague, where the story' the campaign of 1644-6 was written Wishart. The dedication of this wc dated 1 Oct. 1647, and it has been jectured, in default of precise informaliou from the hook itself, that the first edition was printed at The Hague, Shortly after this date Wishart obtained the chaplaincy of a regiment of Scots soldiers in the pav of the Prince of Orange. In I6S0 he WM minister to the Scots congregation at Schie- dam, and he was in that office in 165:!. It has been said, on slight evidence, that Wishart woe chaplain to Elizabeth, queen of Bohemia, though it is more reasonahle to suppose that she only extended her favour and protection to him, After the Restora- tion Wishart returned to England, and in September 1660 he was appointed lecturer at St. Andrews, ^Newcastle, but he seems to have at once passed to the more important charge of St. Nicholas, where he had for^ merl^ been lecturer. In April 1661 he applied to the Scots parliament for Boms assistance out of the vacant stlpemls in their Sift, and he received a grant of 300/, On June 16G2 Wishart was consecrated bishop of Edinburgh. This position he retained till his death on 26 {?) July 1671. He was buried ' wiibinthe kirk of Holyrood bouse' on S9 July, and a Latin epitaph on a mural tablet beside his grave is still legible. Ha married, in early life, Margaret OgilTy,snr'' posed to be connected with the Aitl family, and had two sons. Estimates of Wiahart's character according to the religious convictlc different writers. Wodrow, with charac- taristic prejudice against prelacy, wrote: ' This man could not refrain from profana swearing, even upon the streets of Edin- burgh ; and he was a known drunkard. Ha published somewhat in divinity ; but then, as I find it remarked by a very good hand, his lascivious poems, which, compared with the most luscious parts of Ovid, " De Arte Amandi," are modest, gave scandal to all the world.' Keith, on the other band, describes irway . lu^^^H m Ha Wishart "Wishsrl M ' a person of great religion,' who 'held in grest veneration for his un- r tied loyally ;' and lie relates that after aining the bishopric Wiithart'B benevolent iBpirtt led him to remember and relieve the wonts of prcsbyterian prisoners, being miod- fiil of his own Bufferings. All the known works by Wishart are his Xatin account of the catnpaigns of Montrose i(l&17^, which passed into a third edition Vithin four months ; his Latin ' Anniversary Poem' on the death of Montrose (I60I); iUid the manuscript sermoas delivered at Mewcastla in 1644. A passage in this manuscript refers to some work which the Uithor bad written on the question of the original language of St. Matthew's gospel ; lut this work is not known, though it may be the book referred to by Wodrow as 'aomewhat in divinity.' The 'lascivioiiB poems' which Wodrow mentions are quite [Thr latest and best aathorlty is Murdoch Bnd SimpooTi'ii Deeds of Montruie (1393), which contains Wishart'ii Lntin tut. no Enelish ti^ns- InlioD. and a full bibliotfrsphy, togelh('Api<'i-'s Memoirs of Moatri»e.| A. H. M. WIBHAET, Sir JA5IES (rf. 1729), ad- ; miral, is first mentioned on 4 July 1689 as appointed captain of the Pearl. In 16i)0-l lie commanded the Mary galley, employed 1 convoying the trade to and from the Baltic ; and in 160:2 the GO-gun ship Ox- ford at the battle of Barlleur. In 1095 be rst captain to Sir George Itooke [q, v.] n the Queen ; and in 1696-7 commanded the Dorsetshire of eighty guns, one of the grand Heet under John, ford Berkeley of Btrattou (1663-1697) [q. v.], and, after his .'death, under Rooke. In 1699 he was cap- tain of the Mary, in 1700 of the Windsor, in 1791 of the Expedition, and later in the Tear of the Dartmouth. These seem all to lave been guard ships during the peace; in 170*2 he commnndea the EbkIs in the tieet «ff Cadiz and at Vigo under Kooke ; in 1703 is again Kooke's first captain in the Channel fleet. In the following January, 'When Captain William Whetstone [q. v!], ,nrho was a few days junior to Wishart on ^thepoBt list, was promoted to be renr-udm irul \fd the blue, Rooke took the matter up very T»Brm!y ae an injustice to Wishart and a ^Teflectionon himself (Crarsocx, ii. 301-3; Journal of Sir Geurgr liooke. pp. 2IJ8-62), Snd practically compelled Prince George, the lord high admiral, to promote Wishart, antedating nis commission to 8 Jan., to restiiru his seniority ; at the same time Wishart was knighted, apparently out of compliment to Rooke, with whom he continued through 1704 ae first captain, or, as it is now called, captain of tha fleet. On 20 June 1708 Wishart was ap- pointed one of the prince's council, an office which came to an end on the prince's death on 3!it Oct. On 20 Dec. 1708 he was promoted to be admiral of the blue. This revived the old Snestion of his relative seniority, and Sir ohn Jennings [q. v.] and Sir John Norris (1660?-i;49) [q, v.], who were both senior to him on the post list, and John Baker (1661-1716) [q. v.] and Sir Edward Whi- taker [q. v.], who, though junior, had hoisted their Hags as vice-admirals, were antedated to 17, 18, and 20 Dec, with special minutes that they took post before Wishart. By an order from the queen signified by Lord Bnlingbroke on 8 Dec. 1713, these minutes were carefully obliterated, and can now only be read with great ditficulty. On 20 Dec. 1710 Wishart, who had identified himsi'lf with the tories, was appointed one of the lords of the admiralty, and in February 1711-13 he was sent to Holland as commissioner to regulate the relative strength of the Dutch contingent of the fleet. (In 8 Dec. 1713, the date of the obliterations, he was pro to be admiral of the white pqua^t, appointed commander-in-chief in the Medi- terranean, On the accession of George I, however, he paid the penalty for dabblingin politics, lie was summarily superseded from his command and had no further em- Eloyment. His later years seem to have een passed at an estate which be had pur- chased with his own and his wife's money, near Bedale in Yorkshire, and there he died in ]72it. [Charroik's Biogr. Nav. ii. 299 ; Official Ut- ters Hnd muiioisoioD and warrant boots in tbo Public Record Office.] J. K. L. WISHART, Sib JOHN (d. 1570), Scot- tish judge, wns the eldest son of Jamea Wishart of Caimbeg in the parish of For- doun,KincardtueHhire,and grandson of Jamea Wishart of Pittarrow in the same parish, clerk of the justiciary court and king's advo- cate. He succeeded his uncle, John Wishart, in the lands and barony of Pittarrow. Wishart, like his grandfather, studied law at Edinburgh. It is conjectured with some probability that he was identical with the Wishart employed as an envoy to the English court in the conspiracy against Cardinal I Wishart '54 Wishart Beaton, John waa (.■onnected by marriage ■witb Jnmes Learmont of Balcomie, the car- dinal's avowed enemy, and it issuroilfiedthat while at Edinburgh he became ncquainled with Alesander Crichton of Bruneton, Nor- man Leslie [q. v.], and olhers who were engaged in the plot. The whole question of the iUeutity of the enyov, however, la in- volved in doubt [see WlSHAEr, Qboboe, 1513P-1547]. After succeeding to hia pater- nal estates in 1545 he took no great sliftre in Tublic affairs for the next twelve years. On i March 1550-7 he joined Archibald Camp- bell, fourth earl of Argyll [q.v.], Alexander Cunningham, fifth earl of Qlencaim [q.v.]. Lord James Stewart (afterwards Earl oiMar and Earl of Morav) fq.v.l and John Erskine ofDun (1509-1591) [q.vr], in signingalelter to John Knox, who was then at Geneva, in- viting him to return to Scotland (KnOX, MUtory, 1846, i. 287-74). Knoi accepted the invitation, hut on reaching Dieppe In October he learned that the zeal of tte re- formers had considerably abated, lie re- Bolved to return to Geneva, but before leav- ing Dieppe he addressed letters of exhorta- tion lo the leading reformers and private epistles to Wishart and Erskine. On the receipt of these letters the two men called ttiguther the heads of the reforming party and urged them to immediate action. In consequence the reformers on S Dec. 1557 signed the ' band.' or first covenant, and con- federated themselves under the name of the congregation for the destruction of the Ro- man catholic church in Scotland (cf. Sari. MS. 289, f. 7 a). During the next few years Wishart con- tinued one of the leading members of the congregation. When, on^ May 1659, they met at Perth to concert resistance to the aueen regent, Wishart and Erskine were eputed to assure the royal envoys that, while the members of the congregation cherished no disloyal intentions, they would firmly aasert their privileges. On 4 June Wisiiart and Erskine bad a conference ot St. Andrews with Argyll and Lord Jamos Stewart, who had been suspected of lean- ings towards the regent's party since the spoiling of the monasteries by the rabble in May. The rrault was favourable to the re- formers, and Knox commenced an open on- slaught, on Catholicism at St. Andrews, which was immediately followed by renewed icono- olastic outbrealra. Soon afterwards ^'ishMt and William Cunningham of Cunningham- head were appointed to negotiate with the queen regent, Mary of Goisa, on the subject of liberty of worship. A second deputation, of which Wishart wss one, failed to obtain more than vague promises, and Ib*^ proceeded to demand the banishment of her French sap- porters from the kingdom. Finding it impos- sible to gain aatisfactaty assurances from her, the protestant lords met at Edinburgh in October and elected a council of authority, to which Wishttrt was chosen (Cal. Stale Pnpcra,Scottish,l547-63,p,2S5). Themem- bera of this body drew up and Bubscribi:d a manifesto in which, in return for her duplicity, it was declared that Mary had forfeited the office of regent. In Fe&ruary 1559-60 he attended its commissioner the convention of Berwick, where the Duke of Norfolk, on behalf of Queen Elizabeth, agreed Co support the congregation against the power of France, and terma of treaty were arranged (ib. pp, 313, 324). In April the English army reached Edinburgh, and W'ishart was prominent in welcoming it and promising cordial co-operation {id. p. 'AVi). On 11 April he took part in a conference with the English envoys (ib, p. 357). Wishart was named one of the com- missioners of burghs in the parliament held at Edinburgh on I Aug. 1560 (Act* tif Scoitiiih Pari. ii. 026), and on 10 Aug. lis was chosen a temporal lord of the articles (Cal. State Paperi, Scottish, 1547-63, p. 458). This parliament ratiSed the confee- sion of faith. The government of the state in the interval between the death of the queen regent and the arrival of Mary Stuart was entrusted to a body of fourteen chosen from twenty-four persons nominated by par- liament, of whom air, including Wislmrt, were selected by the nobility, and eight by Mary. On 24 Jan. 15CI-2 he was appoiuteil a commissioner to value ecclesiastical pro- perty, with a view to compelling the Roman catholic clergy to surrender a third of their revenues. On 8 Feb. 1561-2 he was knighted on the occasion of the roarriogE of the Earl of Mur, and on I March ho was appointed comptroller and collector- general of teinds, in which capacity he became a member of the privy council (Keff. Scall. iViiy founciV, ed. Burton, 164.5-69, p. 21), where, however, he had sat as early as 6 Dec. 1660 iib. Addends, 1545-1625, p. 3001. In this capacity hebecame paymaster of the re- formed clergy, many of whom resented the scantinesa of their stipends. According to Knox, the saying was current, ' The good laird of Pittarro was aue earnest profeasour of Christ; but the mekle Devill receave the comptrollar' (Khox, Ifi*t. ii. 311). W ishnrt distinguished himself at the battle of Corrichie, near Aberdeen, on 5 Nov. 1562, bv his services against the followers of the Eorlof Huntly [see GoBMii, Wishart Wishart I Gbobsb, fourth Earl]. In the parliament held at Edinbui^h on 5 June 1S63 be was one of ihoee appointed to detenoine who should be included in the act of oblivion for offences comniitied between 6 March IS-Wand lSept.l5m(ActiiofSculti«AParl. ii. fiSflV While thus employed in state aSain Wishart did not neglect his private in- terests. Between 1557 and li)65 be obtained liberal grants of lands in Kincardineshire and Aberdeenshire. But hi« fortunes met with a Budilen reverse. According; to Knox, the queen bated him 'because ha flattered her not in her dancing and other thinifs.' In August 1565 he joined the Earl of Moray in opposing Mary's marriage with Lord i Denuev, waa denounced as a rebel, and compeited to fly to England, where he remained until the assassination of David ' Rizzioon 9 March 156o-6 and the alienation of Mary from Damlej enabled him to return. He received a royal pardon on 31 March, but he did Dot recover the office of comptroller, which was held bv BJr William Murray {d. 1583) [q. v.] In'l5fl7 he joined the con- federacy a^inst the Earl of Bothwell, and on 25 July subscribed the articles in the general assembly. On 19 Nov. he was appointed an extraordinary lord of session, and in October IMS accompanied the regent Morav to York to support his cbar^jea against Maty (Memoirt of Sir Janir» Melville, Bannatyne Club, 15^7, p. 205). IleprBserved his loyalty during the Earl of Iluntly's rebellion in 1A66 [see Gobdox, Gbobob, fifth Eirl], and was appointed an arbitrator in regard to the compensation to be made to those who had suffered by it (Rfff. Sfott, Priry Counal, JH5-69 pp. Wo, BG.'i, 667, 1569- 1578 p, 9). Before Moray's assassination in 1570, however, he had left hi.H parly, and attached himself to that of the Duke of ChitelherauU [see Hamilton, Jambs]. In 1570 he was protected from debts incurred during his term of office as comptroller by nn act of the privy council (li. Add. 1545- 1625, p. 320). in February 1572-3 he was S)pflint«d in the pacification between hStelhernult and the Earl of Morton [see DouQLAB, Jamss, fourth Earl] one of the Bibitrators to see that the conditions were Carried out north of the Tay (i6. 1669-78, f. 195). He joined Sir William Kirkcaldy q. v.] in Eilinburgh Castle, and became constattle of the fortress. He was one of the eight persons by whose assistance Kirkcaldy undert«)k to hold the castle Bsainst all assailants, and on the capitula- tion to Morton in May 15T3 he became a prisoner (Spottibwoode, Hiit. of Church of Scotland, Bannatyne Club, ii. 193). On 11 June he was denounced as a rebel, and his lands and goods conferred on his nephew John Wishart, ' son to Mr. Jamea Wishart of Balfeeth.' He was also deprived of lus judicial office, but on 18 Jan. 1573^ he was reappointed an extraordinary lord of session, and on 20 March took his seat ii the privy council (Reg. Priiy Council, 1B69- 1578, p. SIB). Wishart died without issut on a5 Sept. 1576. He married Janet, aistei of Sir AleKander Falconer of Halkertou ir Kincardineshire. He was succeeded in his estates by hjs nephew John Wishart, eldest son of Jamea Wishart of Balfeith. In 1573 John Davidson(l549?-I603)[q, v.] dedicated to Wishart hia poem on Knox, ' Ana Brief IJomraendatio™ of Vprichtnes.' The English ambassador, Thomas Randolph (1523-1590) [q. v.], had a very high opinion of Wishart) whom he described as ' a man men-ileos wyse, discryte, and godly, withowte spotte or wryncle" (Cn/.S(/r(e fo;)eM, Scottish, 1547- 1563, p. 513). Wishart was one of those wittily portrayed in Thomas Maitlnnd's squib representing a conference of the lords with the regent Moray [see under Maitlakp, Sir RicHABs, Lord LbthikstonI. [Bogers'B Life of George Wiehnrt. 1879, pp. 82-8 ; ReKister of the Saottish Privy Council, ed. Burton, 1.546-78: Cormsp. of Randolph in Cal. Suta Papcrv, Srottish, Ifit?.- IfiSS, ed. Hnin; McCris's Lifa of Knai, 1855, pp. 99, 185. -107, 180, 148 ; Knoi'a Works, ed. Luing, 1848, vula. i. ii. ; Koith's Hist, of Soot- Uad, 1734. pp. 96. 117-19.316; Bannstyne'i Men>oriiilf3(BHnDntyneClub},pp. 011,149, 308; Calderwood^s Hisl. of Scotland (Wodro* Soe.), vols, i-iii. ; BruntoD and Haig'a Senators of the Collie of JuBtico, 1832, pp. 137-8.] B. L C. WISHART, ROBERT (rf. 1316), bishop of Glasgow, belonged to the family of Wia- bart or Wiseheart of Pittnrrow, Forfarshire, and was either nephew or cousin of William Wishart, bishop of St. Andrews and chan- cellor of Scotland. Williari Wishart was bishop-elect of Glasgow in 1270, but before he was installed he was tronsferred to the b ishopricof St. Andrews, and Robert Wishart, then archdeacon of St. Andrews, was pre- ferred to the see of Glasgow. No record exists of his early career, and his name first appears as bishopof Glasgow, in which office he was consecrated at Aberdeen in 1372 ( CAnm. Melroie). Wishart rapidly achieved a. leading position among the prelates who directed affairs of slate during the reign of Alexander III, andafler that monarch'adealh on 10 March 1285-6 he was appointed one of the six guardians of the realm, the govern- ment of the land south of the Forth bebg I J Wishart Wissing committed to Wishart, John Comyn, lord of Badenoch. and Jsnms, high stewanl of Scot- land, TLu succeasion to the crown had been settled upon M&rgnret, the Maid of Korwaj, gnuiddauE-hter of Alexander III, and daugh- ter of Eric, Iting of Norway, who was then only three years old. SofaraBcanbejud^d, WisilDit remained true to her intereetB, and when Eric sent plenipotentiaries to England to consult with her grand-uncle. Edward t,as to the settlement of Scottish aiTairB, Wishart was invited by Edward to meet these com- miMioneni at Salisbury, The treaty drawn up in 1280-90 left it in the power of Edward to detain ths Maid in England until he was satisfied that Scotland was in a stale of tranquillity. Meanwhile Edward had ob- tained a dispensation from the pope to enable his son Edward to marry the Scottish queen, OS they were within the prohibited degreea ; and when this project was announced to the Scottish parliament at Brighara, it was accepted readily, and Wiabart appended his signature to a letter from the four surviving guardians informing Eric of their consent to the proposal iFcedera, ii. 471). Wishart, bishop of Glasgow, and Eraser, bishop of St. Andrews, were thus won over to the support of Edward I ; but James, the high steward, favoured the claims of Bruce, while Comyn was himself a claimant. When news was brought to Scotland that Margaret of Norway had died in September 1290 on her way to assume the crown, Ed- ward as lord-paramount placed John Baliol on the throne with the concurrence of Wiahartjwho swore fealty to Edward during luB triumphal progress through Scotland in 1296. lie was high in favour with the king in 1298, but the encroachments of Edward upon the liberties of Scotland, which had been apparently secured by the treaty of Salisbury, at length provoked Wishart to re- volt, and he earnestly took up and prosecuted the cause of Rol*rt Bruce. So active was Wishart's bostilitv to Edward that when he was captured in 1301 and thrown into prison he was not released until he had once more sworn fealty to Edward. His patriotism or love of intrigue soon ledhimtooisregard this «aeredobligation,and Edward wrotespecially to Boniface VIII asking to have Wishart de- prived of his see. To this the pope would not consent, but he directed a special missive to Wishart commanding him to desist from I his opposition to Edward, and denouncing him as 'the priine mover and instigator of •11 the tumult and dissension which has arisen between bis deareet son in Christ, Edward, king of England, and the Scots.' This remonstrance had no deterrent effect upon Wishart. He joined the little hand of patriots uuder Wallace, and the animosity with which Edward regarded him is shown by the exclusion of W'ishart from the fairly generotis terms offered to the defeBt«d Scots at Strathord in Februarv 1303-1. Wishart next appears prominently in histonf as offi- ciating at the coronation of Robert Bruceat Scone on 27 March 1^06, when he supplied robes for the king from his own wardrobe. He shared the misfortunes of Bruce during that eventful year. After the battle of Methven, Wishart fled to the castle of Cupar in Fife, where he was captureoru in June 1823, his father £dwud Witchell of Nymphsfield, Ulouces- terskire, being a yeoman of good standing. The boy showed an aptitude for stiid^v, and vae placed at the age of thirteen in the «ffiCB of a solicitor of Stroad, named Paris, to whom he was afterwards articled, and to whose practice he succeeded in 1847. 'Though fond of out door sports, and especially of hunting, Witchell gradually devoted more id more lime to geology, perhaps incited lereto by George Julius Poulett Scrope '[q. ».], M. P. for Stroud, for whom he acted _M confidential agent for many years. From 1684 he suffered at times from angina pectoris, Iiut he continued to work at bis profession ■nd at science till be died suddenly on a KMlogical excursion at Swift's Hill, near ■^roitd, on 20 Aug. 1887, . He was elected F.G.S. in 1861, com- miinicBting papers to that society and to "the ' Proceedings ' of the Cotleswold Club (of which he was treasurer), about ten lu all, and published a Kmall book on the geology of Stroud ^1862). He formed a TOL, LXIt. good collection of fo.'isils, which delineated by his own hand, energetic promoter of science in liis neigh- bourhood, where ho won universal respect. [Obilunrj notices in Quart. .lour. Geol. Sue vol. xlii. Proaedings, p. 41, ia Geol. Ung. 1887, p. *7B (from the Stroud News), and Royal So- ciety's Cutalogus of ScioDtific Papers.) ■r. G. B. WITHALS or WHITHALS, JOHN (Jl, looti), lonicographer, probably a school- master, was author of an Euglisli-Liatin vo- cabuhiry for children. The English words, with tbeir Latin equivalents aBixed, were classified under suchheadingsas'skie/'four- footed beostes,' ' the partes of housinge,' 'clothinge and apparell,' ■ instrumentes of ■nusicbe,' and the like. A list of adjectives in alphabetical order is given at the end. The words reach a total of six thousand — a small number when compared with the nine- teen thousand in Palsgrave's ' LesclarciasB- ineut de la Langue P'rancoysa ' (^1630), an English -French dictionary, or with the twenty-six thousand in liichard Huloet's 'AbecedariumAnglo-Latiuum,' I6o2,orwith the nine thousand in Peter Levina's English- Latin ' Manipulue Vocabulorum ' (167U). According to Herbert's edition of Ames'a 'Typographical Antiquities,' the work was first printed by Wynkyn de Worde ' in the late house of William Cnxton ' about 1510, and was reissued in 1554 by Thomas Ber- thelet. No copies of these dates have been met with, and it seems doubtful if the book was sent to press before 1556. In that year the earliest edition now discoverable was published under the title; ' A Short Dic- tionarie for Yonge Beginners, gathered of good authours, specially of Columell[a1, Gra- pald[i] and Plini. Anno 1656.' Thecot'ophon ran: 'Thus endelh this Dictionarie veryne- cessarie for children. Compiled by Jhon Whithalg. Imprinted at London bv Jhon Kington for Jhon Waley and Abraham Vele, 1656 ' (4lo, Brit. Mus.) The author claimed no personal acquaintance with his patron, Sir Tliumaa Chalouer the elder [q, v.], to whom the work was dedicated, but Cha- loner was invited to aid in ' the finishing of this little book' 'after the mnnnerof Sir 'I'homaa Etyote.' The aim of the book was to ' induce children to the Latin tongue ' and familiarise them in adult years' botfieindis- piitacion' and familiar cuurersation with ' the proper and naturatl woord.' Withals's ' :^hDrt Dictionarie standard school book. After being reissued by Wykes in 136'i and 1.56'', it m'ss reprinted for the first of many times by Thomas I'ur- foot in 1572 with an appendix of phrases by I I Wiiham ==> Witham I>:Tr> Ertr.i iT I'Ti \\'^\ T:^t:I;:=;t r^r::r^^i ::• P&n&. and was crested D.D. at n'T V.-rr -.lir' :.-l:rtt:-ii^ :n 14 Anc^. 166&. He taught zz^'j^. z.r:±ZL'.'.r ::? Y.:^ &fr-lij>rr5. -i-r : ie: I :tT i: I*: hit fr:»m Ite'* to 1092. After *^:r.-z ir. rjz^-z :-: TTrr.^z. ti. i t^*=.-T- t-ri -«--:l srrr.z^ : - : Ir Enr^isb mission at Newcastle- c.T^rse P^ir*.*'* !.- i :"i-=:r t":_^r^t^ -'=^^r^■sl^■.•^ :--Ttt.t l-e irras fcppointed vicar-general fci;-: : tT I^-»-r4 Z^ir^*.' Etlt^ zz.irz Bisirp J&!ne« ^mitli in the northern fciir^-.5r-5 & i'?-:l54-::-:*i:ie£ Er-rlisi vl.::ar«-fcp?.*tolic until 1703, when he wi:h a g^-^-.ni tjT-rr.iii. It AtrtLin P.— wl* r:::n:i:A:*ri vicar- apostolic of the mid- mizLz 'c-T.'. .f • n:rr "iiz jii Lini>-i rrl- It- i £.«■ rlc: ■:•: England, beinsr con.secrated mi^il: T-:r*.ea. wL^r^f zlist br pr: ur rtlkl. a: M:nrr-£iiC"ni to the see of Marcopolia ta hftVL*: h*:rrt'::Vrr f:-:ni in >:*.£* a■::h:^l^§ tni j-jrTiyij inruie^ium. In 1715 he was trans- orhrrvjme n-turr 'Orfrr* :ii* ::=:* *^nr- t ItT-ri ::• the rionhrm district. He died at read in th- LA::r.-r T:r.z--r. a« hi'iinr their CLifV liili ?n 16 April 1725, and was buried orljrinali zraor in Er.rlian.' Thrrs- -ara* aif-e-i a: rh-r parish church of Mantield. to ETui«a dr^:ca"i:n :? Le:m. James 11. he came to London and discharged Purfoot's press in l-j^i^ and 1602. In 1«5<> the duiirs of his office until the Revolution, a new edition, print r:t. He wa5 created a Doctor of the Sorbonne on supplied a fur her appendix by William 25 April 1692, was superior of St. Gregory's Clerk. In 101*j a riris^ue. which received seminarv from 1699 to 1717, and died at final additions from an anonymous pen. bDre Dunkirk on JS Jan. 1728. He wrote * A the title, 'A Dictionarie in Enzlish and Short Discourse upon the Life and Death of Latine deuised for the capacity of children Mr. George Throclnnorton,' n'tift loco^ 1706, and youn;? Beginners. At first set foorth by li'mo. pp. 120. and a volume of manuscript M. Withals, wiih Phrases b^-jth Khythmical sermons now in the possession of Mr. Joseph and Prouerbial : r^-coznis^d by I>r. Euans : Ciillow. who has prepared it for publication. afr*fr by Abr FWminr.and then by William rB«,a^'5^pi5^^p,^15^^.^ji<,n •- 54^. q^^^ Clerk. And now at this ltL*t impression \\S Mts'. and Review (Birmingham. Januarr- enlarged with an encrease of ^^ ords. Sen- Auju*: 1833\iii. 73, 98; Notes .-md Qofries. tence-i. Phrases Epiaram*. Histories. P->eti- Ist ser. vii. 243, 390.] T. C. call Fiction^, and Alphabetical! l^roverbs: with a Comp.ndious NomencUtor newly WITHAM, ROBERT (d, 173S), biblical adderoceeded to tlie Hfiininary of St. Gn*.gory at Paris to take the tlwologifuil d«»gn*(!H. I laving graduated B.D. lit, tlu^ SorboniH*, he taught philosophy at IJouay in the vacations of 1684 and 16(55. He brethren. Ljwn the decease of Edward Past on ^q. v. ., president of Douay College, he was promoted to that dignity in 1714. Resuming his studies, he delivered lectures on divinitv and was created doctor in that facultv by the universitvof Doiiavon 8 July 1092. lie built a handsome church and erect eU6) [q.v.], after- ■wards bishop of Rochester, ila took no -degree, and aoout 1610 settled in London in idy law. In liondon the grealer long life was spent. After join- ing a minor inn of court lie was entered at Lincoln's Inn in 1015, Almost as soon as Wither settled in liOn- don be devoted his best energies to litera- ture, and proved himself the master not onl; of a lyric vein of very rare quality, but also of a satiric temper which could often express itself in finely pointed verse. His friends soon ineludeJ the most notable writers of the day. William Browne (1591-H14S?) [q.y.l seems to have been his enrliest literary associate, and through Browne he appears to have made the acquaintance of Michael Drayton. The earliest volume in the title- page of which his name figured was ' Prince Henries Obseouies or ftfournefull Elegies upou his Death: with A supposed Inter- locution Iwtweene the Qbost of prince Henrie and Great Brittnine. By George Wyther' (London, printed by Ed. Allde, for Arthur Johnson, 1612, 4to; reprinted in 1617, and with the 'Juvenilia' of 1022 and 1033). This was dedicated in a metrical epistle to Sir Robert. Sidney (afterwards Earl of Lei- cester) [q.v,] The elegies are in fort.y-five Blantas, each forming a sonnet, end the literary promise is high throughout. Next vear Wither celebrated the marriage of the IPrincess Eliiabeth with the elector palatine in a volume of ' Epithalamia : or Nuptiall Poems ' (London, for HJdward Marchant, 1613-13, 4to, 1620, 1622; London, 1633, Svo). The poem pleased the l*rincesa Eliza- beth, whom Wither thenceforth reckoned Lis most powerfal patron. Less agreeable consequences attended snother literary effort of the period. In Iflll he first, according to his own account^ - took notice of 'public crimes' ( WamiTti/ Piece to London, 1662), and gave proof of his quality as a satirist. No publication by Wither dated in 1611 is known, but in 1013 appeared his ' Abuses slript and whipt. Or SatiricnllEsaayes by George Wyther. Divided into two Bookea' (London, printed by G. Eld for Francis Burton. 1613, 8vo). The dedi- cation ran : ' To Him-selfe G. W. wisbeth alt happiness,' The satires are succeeded by a jHDem called ' The Scourge,' and a series of epigrams to patrons and friends, including his father, mother, cousin William Wither, and friend Thomas Cranley, A portrait by William Hole or Holle [q.v.] is dated 1611, and erroneously gives Wither'sagc as twenly- one. The book was popular (there were four editions in 1613, and others followed in ieU,1615,nnd 1617, the last -reviewed and enlarged '), but it gave on its first appear- ance serious olFonco to the authr--'— ■ '" I Wither " renmna that are not apparent. Each of the tweuty satiree disclosea Ihe evils lurking in abBtrautioDS lllie lievonge, Ambition, Lust, Weaknesa, and the like, and, altbough some of tha anecdotal digresBionti may have Lad SBCBona! appUcntion, the clue ia lost. Wither eclared that lie had, ' as opportunity was offered, glanced in j^eneral tearmea at tLe reproofe of a few thingea of such nature as I feared might disparage or prejudice ibe Commonwealth . . . [but] I unhapniiy fell into the displeasure of the state ; and all my apparent good ititpntions were »o mistaken by the aggrauutionB of ionie yll affected tu- wards my indeauours, that I was shutt up from the society of mankind ' ( The Schollera Puryatuty, Spenser Soc. pp. 2-3). Wither was committed to the Marshalaaa prison, but the Princeis Elizabeth is reported lo have intervened on bis beUall', and her interven- tion, supported by a poetic appeal to Ihe king from Wither himself, procured his re- leaae after a few months. The poet's appeal was entitled 'A Satyre : Dedicated to His Moat Excellent Maiestie' (London, printed by Thomas Snodhara for George Norton, 1615, sm. 8vo; in some copies ' written' is found for 'dedicated'). Wither shed an unaccustomed lustre on the Marshalsea b^ penning some of liis beat Ctry while a prisoner there. He had some id in William Browne's pastoral poeme. In the first eclogue of Browne's ' Shepherd's Pipe ' (IflH) he was introduced oa an inter- locutor under the name of ' Itoget,' and to the same volume Wither contributed the second and fourth eclogues which were ap- pended to Browne'a work. In one of theae Wither introduced his friends Christopher Brooke and Browne under the names of 'Cuttie' and 'Willy;' the other he dedicated ' to hia truly loving and worthy friend Mr, W. Browne.' Fired by Browne's example. Wither straightway continued the 'Sliep- herd's Pipe' in a similar poem wholly of his own composition, which he entitled 'The Shepherd's Hunting.' This was published in 1615, and was described on the title-page as consisting of * certjiine eglogues, written during the time of the author's imprisoa- ment in the Marsbalsey ' (London, printed by W. White for George Norton, 161fi, 8vo ; reprinted in the * Workea,' 16^0, and in •Juvenilia,' 1622 and 1833). It was dedi- cated to the ' visitants ' to his prison cell. The interlocutors were Browne, under the name of Willie, and lUe poot Uimsolf, under the name of Itoget, a designation which he altered in e! Browne lauded Wither, in company with John Davies of Hereford, in the second song of the second book of •Britannia's I'aatflrala' (11. 323-6); to this volume Wither contributed commendatory ' The Shepherd's Hunting ' was succeeded by another tittle volume of charming ver>e entitled ' Fidelia,'a poetical lament tn episto- lary form from a desolate maiden forsaken by her lover. It seems to have been first printed in small octavo in 1617 for private circulation. No copy of the private edition is now known. The earliest that is extant was published for sale under the title ' Fidelia, written by O. W. of Lineolna Inne, Gentleman ' (Iiondon, printed by Nicholas Okes, I6I7, 12mo). In an edition ' newly corrected and augmented,' dated in 1619, there were added ^r the first time two songs, one of them the matchless lyric ' Shall I wasting in despair ' (a new edition of 1620 was printed bv John Beale for Walk- ley, and it reappeared in the 'Juvenilia'). Of literary interest, although of far smaller literary value than ' Fidelia, was the poem called ' Wither's Motto. Nee habeo, nee careo, nee euro' (London, printed for John Marriott, 1621, 8vo), which at once reached a second edition and achieved an eiti^ ordinary popularity. There is an engraved frontispiece with a whole-length figure of the author looking towards heaven. \\'ither, who confusingly dates its first appearance in 1818, says that about thirty thousand copies were printed and published Within a few months (Fragmenta Prophefica, p. 47). It is a fluent series of egotistical reflections on the conduct of life, intermingled with some spirited sarcasm at the expense of the mean and vicious. Its sound morality re- comtnended it to the serious-minded, and on the strength of it John Winthrop fq. v.l took a hopeful view of ' our modern spirit of poetry' { Wisthrop, Life and Lettrre. ISftl, p, 3(16). Some persons in high station deemed the poem a reflection on current politics and politicians, and Wither was for a second time ordered to the Marshalsea ( Court and Tima of Jnmei I, \\. 260). In the course of his examination he denied the charge of libel, and declared that Drayton had approved lbs ?oem in manuscript ( Cal. State Papert, Dom. 619-23, pp. 263, 274-.'>). It was admitted that the Stationers* Company had refused » license for the first edition, but that the se~ cond was licensed after some passages Lad been struck out. Wither was liberated with- Wither 261 Wither out undergoing formal trial. The * Motto ' had been defiantly dedicated * To anybody/ and, falling under the notice of John Taylor (1580-16o§) [q. V.J the water-poet, was good- humouredly satirised by that rhymester in * Et habeo, et careo, et euro * (* I have, I want, I care *) ; it was also unimpressively criticised in *An Answer to "Withers Motto," by T.G.* [perhaps Thomas Gainsford, q. v.] Oxford, 1625. Ofequally admirable literary quality with ' Fidelia * was another love poem which was probably written at the same period. This was called * Faire-Virtve, the Mistresse of Phil* Arete. Written by himself, Geo. Wither' (London, printed for John Grismond, 1622, 8vo; reprinted in 1633 with the * Juvenilia' of that year). According to the prefatory epistle of John Marriott the stationer, this was one of Wither's earliest performances; imper- fect copies had already gone abroad, and Wither had permitted the publication on con- dition that no author*s name appeared. The poem is a rapturous panegyric (mainly in heptosyllabic rhyme) of a half-imaginarj' beauty. * Faire Virtue ' was Wither's final contri- bution to pure literature, and few of his later works fulfil hisearlierpoeticpromise. Thence- forth his writings consist of pious exercises and political diatribes. Like his greater con- temporary Milton, 'he became a convinced puritan, and he made it a point of conscience to devote his ready pen solely to the advance- ment of the political and religious causes with which he had identified himself. In the volume of pious poems called *IIalelujah' (1641) his old power seemed to revive, but nowhere else in the wide range of his religious verse did his thought or diction reach a genuinely poetic level. Tlie long series of his religious works opened with a learned prose treatise in folio, entitled *A Preparation to the Psalter' (London, printed by Nicholas Okes, 1619, folio, with the title-page engraved by Dela- ram, and a portrait of Wither from the same hand, which is now rarely found with the book ; dedicated to Charles, prince of Wales). There quickly followed * Exercises Vpon the first Psalme. Both in Prose and Verse * (London, printed by Edward Griflin for John IIarrij*on, 1620, 8vo ; dedicated to Sir John Smith, knt., son of Sir Thomas Smith, governor of the East India Company). A more ambitious venture of the same charac- ter bore the title * The Songs of the Old Testament. Translated into English Mea- sures: preserving the Naturall Phrase and genuine sense of the Holy Text : and with as little circumlocution as in most prose Translations. To every song is added a new and easie Tune, and a short Prologue also * (London, printed by T. S. 1621, 8vo; dedi- cated to the archbishop of Canterbury, Abbot). Wither's reputation was now assured. Secular and reli^ous critics were equally enthusiastic in his praises, and in 1620 his popularity was paid a very equivocal com- pliment. A collection of his compositions was surreptitiously issued under the title : * The Workes of Master George Wither, of Lincolns-Inne, Gentleman, Containing Satyrs, Epigrammes, Eclogues, Sonnets and Poems. Whereunto is annexed a Para- phrase on the Creed, and the Lords Prayer ' (London, printed by John Beale for Thomas Walkley, 1620, 8vo). Wither retorted by issuing an authentic collection of his finest works, called * Jvvenilia. A collection of those Poemes which were heretofore imprinted, and written by George Witlier ' (London, printed for John Budge, 1622, 8vo, with an engraved title). There was a reissue of 1626 (*for Kobert Allot *). A new edition of 1633 in- cluded * Faire V'irtue.' It is mainly on the contents of this volume that Wither's posi- tion as a poet depends. Anxious to secure the full profits of his growing literary work. Wither sought an exceptional mode of guaranteeing his rights in his next volume. The book was called * The Ilymnes and Songs of the Church,' and Orlando Gibbons supplied ' the musick.' The volume was divided into two parts— the first consisting of 'Canonicall Ilymnes,' adapted from scripture and other sources, and the second consisting of original * Spiri- tuall Songs' for various seasons and festi- vals. Wither asserts that he was engaged on the work for three years, and he ob- tained by letters patent on 17 Feb. 1623 for a period of fifty-one years, not only a grant of monopoly or full copyright in the work, but also a compulsory order directing its * inser- tion ' and * addition ' to every copy of the au- thorised * Psalm-book in meeter which the Stationers' Company enjoyed the privilege under earlier patents of publishing (Arber, iv. 12, seq. ; cf. Pymer, Acta Ptiblica, xvii. 454). The volume first appeared in 1623, in at least four forms. There was a 16mo im- pression * printed for George Wither ; ' another in quarto, * printed by the assignes of George Witlier . . . cum Privilegio llegis Regali ; ' athirdin 8vo, * printed by the assignes of George Wither, 1623, cum Privilegio Regis Regali ; ' and a fourth in folio * printed by the assignes of George Wither.' The Sta- tioners' Company regarded Wither's patent and independent method of business as a serious infringement of their privileges. Book- ■ Wither j< sellers refused to bind up copies with the autliOTiaed psalter or to sell it in anj stiape, aud warned their cuatomecs that it was an incompetent performance. Wither pro- tested wnniily, but with little nroil. Un- fortunately lie did not carry with him the sympathy of all his fellow- craftsmen. ££e was still the friend of William Browne, of Itichard Brathwaite, who applied to him the epithet 'lovely 'in 1015, and of Drayton, to whose ' Folyolbiim ' (pt. ii.) he contri- buted in 1622aiientbusi8sticcommendatioii. But his auccoaaeB were viewed with jealousy by Ben Jonson and his hand of disciptea. Alexander Gill the elder [q. v.] had quoie-d Wither's work with approval in hia ' Logo- nomia An^lica ' (1619), and Jonson bad quarrelled in oonaenuence with Oil], whose son retorted with violence. .lonson revenged himMelf by caricaturing Wither under the title 'Chronomastix' (tlmt. ia, satirist of time) in the masquecalled' Time Vindicated,' which was pre»entedat court on Twelfth niffht lti23-4. Much sarcasm was here expended on Withers quarrel with hia printers, and finally Fame was represented aa disowning him, despite the outcry of friends who deify Wither vigorously slated his grievances against tlie booksellers in & highly interest- ing prose tract which he entitled 'TheSchul- lers Purgatory, discouered In the Stationers Commonwealth. . . . Imprinted for tliu Honest Stationers,' 12mo. Tliere is no men- tion of date or place of publication. It was Srobably print^ abroad about 1624. In the )rm of an address to the archbishop of Can- terbury and the bishops assembled in convo- cation. Wither narrated with spirit the long series cif wrongs which be and other authors of his day suffered at the hands of their pub- lishers. The stationers sought to stop the publication. They moved tlie court of high commission to institute an inquiry. Wither was called npon to explain why he issued the volume without a license, lie admitted tlint parts had been printed under his direction Ojr George Wood, and boasted that the edi- tion consinted of three thousand copies {Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1823-5, p. 143). Wither was in London during the plague of 1025, and, despite the di«tmctions of pei^ sonal controversy, penned two accounts of it. One be called' The Hiatorie of the Pestilence or the proceedini^of Juaticeond Mercv mani- fested an [>k] the Great Assizes holden about London in the yeare 162J>.' This remains in a folio manuscript in the author's autograpli in the Pepysian Collection at Magdalene Col- lege, Cambridge. At the same time he pub- liiited * eeeund treatise on the subject, as Wither ' Britaius Remembrancer; Containing a Nar- rative of the Plague lately pest ; a Declara- tion of the Mischiefs present ; and a Predic- tion of Judgments to come (if Repentance preventnot),'1026, 12mo. lie was still under the stationers' ban. No license was obtain- able for this book, and he caused it to be printed 'for Great Briiaine' at Lis own risk, and, it is said, with lus own band (Court and Timet u/CAarte* I, i.S67). John Orismond undertook to sell copies. The im- ?re8BiDn consisted of four thousand copies. here is a long preliminary address to the king in verse and a ' premonition ' in prose. The voluminous poem is itself in eight cantos of heroic rhjines. Vivid descriptions of the plague are mterspersed with much wild de- nunciation of the impiety of the nation and anticipation of future trouble. Mindful of Jonson's onslaught, he refwred to the ' drunken conclave ' at which Jonson had de- nied him the title of poet. He claimed with much self-satisfaction in later years to have clearly foretold in this volume all the future misfortunes that the country witnessed in his lifetime. A visit to the continent seems to Lbtb r appears to have been by his early patroness, the Princess Elizabeth, now the exiled 3uecn of Bohemia. To ber he gratefully de- icated his next puhlication,''nie Psalms of David, translated in to Lyrick verse occordine to the Scope of the Original, and illustr&t«a with a short Argument and a briefe Prayer or Meditation before and after every Psulme.' This was printed in the Netherlands by Cor- nelius Oerriis van Breughel in 1632, and formed a thick square octavo. As early as April 1(126 he had visited Cambridge in order to find a printer for the work, but bad met with none to undertake it (cf. i6. i. IS). Subsequently, in January 1633-4, Wither, in continuance of the warfare with the Lon- don stationers, summoned all or most of them before the council to answer for a ' con- tempt of the great seal ' in their continued defiance of his patent of 1623. The judg- ment of the court disallowed that part of Wither's patent which directed that his ' Ilymnes should be bound up with ibe authorised ' Psalter ' (rt. ii. 23i!), Immedi- ately afterwards he made bis peace with the publiabera and his relations with them were thenceforth amicable. Thi! plates wbicli were originally engraved by Crispin Pass for the ' Emblems' of Itol- lenhagius, and bad appeared with moltnee in Greek, Utin, or Italian (Cologne, 1613: and Amheim. 1616), were purchased in 10.14 by Henry Taunton, a London publisher, with a reissue. Wither was employed [ ty him to write illuatntiTe verses in Eng- " 'i. The volume appeared as -A Collec- tion of Emblemes, Ancient and Modeme quickened with Metrical 111 uBtrat ions, botli Mnralland Divine,' London, printed b; A.M. for Henry Taunton, 1835, fol. (tlie only per- fect copy known is in tko British Museum). About 1036 Wither retired to what he calls 'his rustic babitiitioa,' n cottage under the Beacon lUU at Farnham (Nature of Man, 16SQ), and there devoted himself to thecongenial study of theolo^. In 1036 he issued 'The Nature of Slan. A ieamed and useful tract, written in Greek by iN'eme- Bius, aumamed the Philosopher . . . one of the most ancient Fathers of the Oliurch.' ' The translation was not made from the I Greek of Nemesius, but from two Latin Tersioas. It waa inscribed bj Wither to his ' most learned and much honoured friend John Selden, esq.' Thepolitical crisis of the foUon- tug years drew Wither into public life. In 103!) he served as captain of horse in the expedition of Charles I against the Scottish covenanters. In 1641 he was sufficiently at leisure to pro- duce his best work as a religious poet — the interesting collection of ^73 ' hymiis,' en- titled 'Ilalelujah: or Britans Second Re- membrancer, brining to remcnibrance (in ornisefulland pcenitentiall Hymns, Spirit uitU Bongs, and Morall Odes) Meditations ad- ■vancin^ the Glory of God, in (be practise ofpietie and virtue '(London, 1641, l:Jmo). ' iGlelujah ■ is one of the scarcest of all Wither's publications; only four copies are known, of which one is in the British Mu- aeum, and a second belongs to Mr. Huth. At the same date Wither repeated his old waminj^ of the nation's impending peril in ' A Prophesie written long since for this year 1B41,' London, n.d., 8vo (a reprint of the eiehthcanto of 'Britain's Remembrancer' of 1628). In 1642 he sold such estate as he pos- sessed and raised a troop of horse for tho parliament. He placed on his colours the motto ' Pro rege, lege, grege ' {cf. Campo- M%ita, frontispiece). Uo 1-1 Oct. 1642 be was appointed, by a parliamentary com- mittee, eantain and commander of Farnham Castle, and of such foot as should be put ittto his hands by Sir Richard Onslow [q.v.|and Richard Stoughtou, for the defence of the king, parliament, and kingdom. But his go- Tflmmeot was of short duration. Wither knew little of military procedure, and under the advice, he declared, of his superiors he soon quitted the castle and drew away his men. lie was eubaequently captured by a troop of royalists, and owed his life to the intercessionof Sir John Den hnm, who pleaded that 'so long as Wither lived he [Denham] would not be accounted the worst poet in England.' Wither thenceforth regarded Den- ham with very bitter feelings. Farnham Castle was soon reoccupied (on I Dec.) by tlieparliainentarygeneral,Sir William Wal- ler. Wither retained his position in the parliamentary army, became a justice of the j>eace for Surrey, and was promoted to the rftukofmajor,but it is doubtful it he saw fur- ther active service. Ilis chief energies were thenceforth devoted to procuring a liveli- hood. On9Feb.l643-3,ii,000/.«aspranted him on his petition towards the repair of his plundered estate. Other payments were subsequently ordered by the parliament, but Meanwhile he was busier than ever with his pen. In 1643 he published three tracts, allofwhicbattractedattention. Tbeearliest was 'Mercurius Uusticus: or a Countrey Messenger. Informing divers things worthy to he taken notice of, for the furtberauce of those proceedings which conceme the pub- lique peace and safety ; ' this was in opposition to a royalist periodical, similarly named, by Brunohjves[q.v.] Wither's second literary labour 011643 was the poetic ' Campo-Muste, or the Field-musings of Captain George Wi- ther; touching his Military Ingagement for the King and Parliament, the Justnesse of the same, and tho present distractions of these Islands' (London, 1643, Svo; 1644, two editions; 1661); this woa dedicated to the parliamentary commander, the Earl of Essex ; in it Wither claimed to reconcile the king and parliament, while he narrated his personal dilficultles. In 'Aqua Muss' Wituer'a old opponent, John 'Taylor the water-poet, denounced the ambiguity of his attitude, describing him as a 'juggling rebel I.' Taylor affirmed that he had loved and re- spected Wither for thirty-five years, ' be- cause I thought him simply honest ; but now his hypocrisy is by himself discovered, I am bold to take my leave of him.' Further as- persions on his conduct drew from Wither (also in 1643) his prost- tract 'SeDefendcndo: a Shield and a Shaft against Detraction. Opposed and drawn by Cspt. Geo. Wither; by occasion of scandalous rumours, touching Ins desertion of Famham-Castle ; and some other malicious aspersions.' Next year Wither experienced new em- barrassments. Ho charged Sir Richard Onslow, whom he held responsible for his misfortunes at Farnham. wit h sending money Srivately to the king. Onslow retorted by epriving Wither of the nominal command I J ^ Wither s( whicb he still held of tlie militia in tbe poet and middle diritilon of the countj, and con- trived his removnl from the commission of the peace (^August 1044). Witlier denounced Onslow with virulence in hia ' JiiBticiariua Jugtificalu9,'aud complaint was made to the House of Commons. The book was referred for examination to a committee on 10 April 164G,and on 7 Aug. it was voted to be 'false and scandalous.' Wither was directed to pnj a fine of 500/., and the book was burned at Uuildford b; Cbe hangman ( Whiteixicke, p, 218> SubsBquenlly, Wither states, the houae discharged him ' botli from the said fine and imprisonment without hie petition- ing or mediation for it ' {Hint. MSS. Oomin. 14th Kej). pt. ii., Onslow Papers, pp. 476-7). Wither pursued hia literarv labours un- dismayed. In a flood of furtlier tracts and poems he warned the Mouse of Commons or the nation of cominKdaneer in the Casaandm- like spirit of his 'Britain's Remembrancer' (cf. Zttterg of Adi-ice to the Elivton, lU-i, prose; Some Adi^ertUemeiitt for the Neic Elec- tion of Burgesies ; Speech vrithout Doors, 9 July 1644; Vox Padfica, a long poem in four cantos, 1645, with a woodcut map of England, Scotland, and Ireland as fronti- spiece ; ^ercA U'lVAoufDoora Z><-/nufr(l, 164t>i Opobalmmum Anylkimum, 1646; Mryor Withei's Dinplaimer : being a Ditanowment of a late Paper, entitulfd ' The Dtnibtfiill Almanack'' [priue], lately pMUhed in the name of the mid Major Wither, 1616, 4to, prose; What Peace lo the Wltkedf lftl6,4to,* poem in short rhyming couplets, printed in double column, denouncing the clergy for the dissensions of 1645). AJl his old prophecies of calamity were repeated in his tedious poem, ' Prosopopceia Britanica: Britain's Genius, or Guod-An^el, Personated; reasoning and aviasinK, touching the Games now playins, and the Adventures now at batard in these Islands ; and presa^ng also aome future things not unlikely to cnme to pa«se,' London, 1648, 6vo. This work and 'Britain's Remembrancer ' were the publica- tions which Wither regarded as of greatest value among all his publications (cf. Fides Attglicana, p. 53 ; Fiu'or Poetiau, p. 30). In 1647 he issued two poems in the in- terests of peace. Une was ' Carmen Ex- post ulatorium : or a timely Expostulation with those, both of the City of London and the present Armie, who nave either en- deavoured to engage these Kingdomes in a Second Warre, or neglected the prevention thereof.' The other was ' Amygdala Britaa- ' ; Almonds for Parrels : a dish of stone fruit: partly she Witber'a privi il'd and partly unshel'd. year more acute, and he often Tarinl hia com- ments on public events by \oug petitions to the House of Commons describing his pM- Bonal embarraasmenta. ' A Single Siqilis, And a quadruple Quere,' in verse [1^], which was presented to members of parUi- ment in their private copacitiea, opens with a reference to Cromwell's victory over the Scots at Preston on 17 Aug. 1648, hot it dealt mainly with its author's pec uniarv dis- tress. A like appeal, called ' The Tired >vU- tioner,' appeared about the same time, on a single sheet, as well as ' ^'erst>s presented to several Members of the House of Cummont, repairing thither the 23rd of December 1648 . , . witliaaimprinted petitioner lliertoan- neied.' His contemporary tracts, 'The true state of the case betwixt the King and Par- liament ;''TheProphet icalTrurapeterSound- ing an Allarum to Britaine ' (London, a.d., 8vo). 'Carmen Eucharislicon,' on Michael Jonee'svictory in Ireland (I649,4la). touched lees personal topics. Of somewhat ambiguous import was ' Vaticinium Votivuni, Or Pal«- mons Prophetick Prayer, lately Presented Privately to Bis now Majestic in a Latin Poem ; and here Published in English ; Tit- jecti. AnnoCaroli Martyris primo ' [1649], 8vo, with portrait of Charles II. After ilie king'sdeath Wither constituted himself the panegyrist of the new form of government. Some doubt exists as to hia responsibility for the sympathetic prose tract on recent political historv, called ' Respublica Anglicana,' lO/iO, 4tD, although assigned on the title-page to ' 0. W.' But he deacribed himself ' A faithful sen'ant to this llepnblik,' in ' A Timelie Cavtion, comprehended in thirty-seven Double Trimeters, occasioned by a late rumour of an intention suddenly to adjourn this Parliament, and supersctibed to those whome it most conccmes. Septem- ber lU, 1052.' In a postscript he not un- justly calls the publication ■ Wither'd leave* ■ — a play upon words which he frequently repeated. To a mystical tract in verse caUm ' 'The dark Lantern ' he added ' A Poem con- cerning a Perpetuall Parliament,' 16.J.3, 8vo. Other lucubrations of the time were of a more eKclusivelyreligioustemper(cf. 'Three 6rainsofSpiritualFrarikiiicease,']661,12mo, dedicated to President llradnhaw ; * A Letter to the Honourable Sir John Danvers, knighl,' at end of a ' Copy of a Petition from the Go- vernor and Company of the Sommer Islands,' 1651, 4to ; > The British Appeals, with Gods MeruifuU Replies,' printed for the author, 1651, 8vo, two editions). ' WestrowHeviv'd' (165S) was an elegy on Thnma« Westrow, » well-to-do neighbour to whom Wither had been under pecuniary obligations. Ibises Wither 265 Wither of Cromwell are the main theme of * The Modern States-man' (1653 and 1664); 'The Protector. A poem* (1656 and 1666, 8vo) ; * Vaticinium Causuale [sic] : a rapture occa- sioned by the late miraculous Deliverance of his Highnesse the Lord Protector from a des- perate danger/ a poem (1666, 14 Oct. 4to) ; * Boni Ominis Votum,* a congratulatory poem on the parliament of 1666 (28 July 1666) ; * A Cause allegorically stated,' 1667 ; ' A Sudden Flash ... by Britains Remem- brancer,' 1657, a long poem dedicated to the Protector ; and * A private Address to the said Oliver,' 1667-8. Wither's support of Cromwell's govern- ment did not go wholly without reward, although no substantial aid was afforded him. He had gained little hitherto by his political partisanship. From 1646 onwards he had occupied himself in * discovering' the estates of royalist delinquents, and was granted on paper much confiscated property in Surrey, but, owing to various accidents, he failed to secure permanent possession of any portion of it. Sir John I)enham's lands at East Horsley were for a short time under his con- trol, as well as the estate of Stanislaus Browne at Pirbright, but he gained little by the tem- porary seizure (cf. Cat. Committee for Ad- vance of Money f i. 616, ii. 872-3; CaL Com- mittee for Compounding, pp. 972-3, 1792 ; cf. Hist, MSS. Comjn.y Duke of Portland's MSS. i. 196). In * A Thankful lietribution ' il649, in verse) he expressed gratitude to a ew members of parliament who had vainly urged the bestowal on him of an office in the court of chancery. He seems to have been appointed later a commissioner for levying assessments in support of the army in the county of Surrey. In 1660, too, the commons, in reply to his numerous petitions, acknowledged that a sum approaching4,0(X)/. was due to him, and it was arranged that an annual income amounting to 8 per cent, on aportion of it should be secured to him (Co?n- jnoyis Journals, vi. 619). At the same time an order was made for settling 160/. a year upon him from Sir John Denham's lands ' m full satisfaction of all other demands.' But his financial position was not perma- nently improved, and he sought further offi- cial work. In 1653 he was employed as a commissioner for the sale of the king's goods {Cal, Clarendon Papers, ii. 171). In 1656 a clerkship in the statute office of the court of chancery was bestowed on him. But his needs were still unsatisfied, and he repeated hifl old grievances in a new series of printed petitions which only ceased with his life. On Cromwell's death Wither appealed to his son Kichard to carry on the traditions of his father's rule, as well as to relieve hig own sufferings (cf. Petition and Narrative of George Wither, Esq,, 1658 P; Epistolicum- Vagum-Prosa-Metricum, 1669). In * A Cor- dial of Confection ' (1659) he admitted the possibility of the restoration of Charles II under certain conditions. But when the Restoration was assured, he expressed his apprehensions with a frankness that gave him a new notoriety (cf. Salt upon Salt, a poem on Cromwell's death, 1659; Fides Anglicana, 1660; Furor Poeticus, 1660; Speculum Speculativum, 1660, three edi- tions, a long poem in verse dedicated to the king). In the last days of the Commonwealth he resided at Hambledon, Surrey, but he re- turned to London, to a house in the Savoy, in 1060. His attitude attracted the atten- tion of the authorities; his papers were searched, and an unpublished manuscript re- flecting on the reactionary temper of the House of Commons led to his prosecution by order of parliament. The paper, which was in verse, was entitled *\ox Vulgi. Being a welcome home from the Counties, Citties, and Burroughs, to their prevaricating Members : saving the honour of the House of Commons, and of every faithfull and dis- creet individual Member thereof.' * This was intended (he said) to have been offered to the private consideration of the Lord Chan- cellor [Earl of Clarendon] : but had been seized upon when unfinished, and its author taken into custody.' On his arrest in August 1000 Wither was committed to Newgate. He was brought before the House of Commons ; on 24 March 1061-2, and was then com- I mitted to the Tower to await impeach- ment (Duke of Somerset MSS., Hist. AfSS, Comm. 16th Rep. vii. 93). On 3 April 1062 i the king was thanked for his arrest. Six days later a petition was read on his behalf, ' and his wife was allowed access to him in order that he might be induced to recant (^Commojis Journals, 1602-3). Nofurtherpro- ceedings against him were taken. He re- mained a prisoner till 27 July 1603, when he was released on giving a bond for good behaviour. The offending poem, * Vox Vulgi,' was not printed at the time, and remained in manuscript among the Earl of Clarendon's papen in the Bodleian Library till 1880, when the Rev. W. D. Macray published it in * Anecdota Bodleiana ' (pt. ii.) During his imprisonment Wither's pen was never idle for a moment. lie explained the meaning of his * Vox Vulgi ' in a mis- cellaneous collection of verse entitled * An Improvement . . . evidenced in Crums and Scraps,' 1661 (cf. The Triple Paradox, printed for the author, 1661, moralisings in Wither s66 Wither verse ; The Primner'i Plea, 1062, pr.jse). , While still a prisoner ha hIho reEunied his , propliiitic mantle in hia medlej of prose , and terse called 'A rroclamatioD, in iha name of the Kin^ of Kings, Xa all the In- habitants of the Ulw (if Great Britain. . . . Whereto are added some Fragments of the same Author's omitted in the first impression of the booke intilled " Scraps and Crums " ' (1802, 8vi>). From Newgate on 8 March he dated, too, his prose ' ParaIellogTa.mniaton : an Epistle to the three Nations of England, Scotland, and Ireland. Whereby their sini being parallel'd with those of Judah and Israel, they are forewarned and ejliorted to a timelj; repentance ' (3 May 1663. Svo). ' Verses intended to the Kins's ilajesty. By Major GeorgB Wither, whist [«ic] he was prisoner in Newgate,' hore the date issued 'Tuha Pacifica: Seasonable PrEecau- tiooB, whereby is sounded forth a Retreat from the War intended between Englatid and the United Provinces of Lower Ger- many. . . . Imprinted for the Author, and are to be dis))osed of rather for Love than Money,' 1S64 (8vo, in verae). He remained in London during the great plague of 16G5, and drew from it many pious morals in his verse ' Memorandum to London occasioned by the Pestilence,' 1065, with a ■ Womiug piece to London,' 8vo. In 1665 there also appeared ' Meditations upon the Lord's ftayer, with a Preparatory Preamble to the ' iRight Understanding and True Use of this Pattern,' London, 8to ; and next year ' Three Private Meditations, for ihe most part, of Publick Concernment,' London, 1660, &vo (in verse). Once again be ventured into the political arena with a poem called ' Sigts lor the Pitchers: Breathed out in a Per- sonal Contribution to the National Humi- liation, the last day of May 1660, in the Cities of London and ^^'eBtmini1er, upon the near approaching engagement then ex- pected between the English and Dutch Navies;' there iaawaminnprefiiedofmany faults escaped in the printing owing to 'the author's absence;' a woodcut on the title presents two pitchers (England and Hol- land); there were two editions in 1& 6. The government viewed the pamphlet wit!i sus- piuiou, and warrants were issued lor the arrest of those who sold it(Ca(. Stale Fapere, 1665-6, p. o6B). The last work that Wither published was 'Ihefirstpiirt'of a series of extracts from his old prophetic books, which bore the general title 'I'ragnienta Poellca.' 'The first part' had the suljsidlury title 'Ecchoes from the Siiith Trumpet. Heverberated by a Review of Neglected Remembrances' (1666); a por- trait of the author at t be age of seventj-nine was prefixed. The volume, which supplies an account of Wither'e chief works, was twice reissued posthumously in 1669— fint with the new title 'Nil Vltra, or the Last Works of Captain George Wither ; ' and again with the title ' Fmgmenta Prophetica, or ihe Remains of George Wither, esq.' Wither died in his house in the precincis of the Savoy on 3 May 1667, afler living in London 'almost sixty years together;' he was hurled 'within the east door' at the church of the Savoy Hospital in the Strand. An ' epitaph composed by himself upon s common &me of his being dead and buried ' was published in his ' MetDoraudum to Lon- don,' 1665. He married Elizabeth, daughter of John Emerson or Emerton of South Lambeth. She sun-ived him ; lier will, dated Ifi May 167T, was proved 19 Jan. 1H82-3. 'Shews* a great wtt,' according (o Aubrey, * and would write in verse too.' Wither fre- quently refers to 'his dear Betty' in his poems in terms of deep devotion. By her he bad six children, only two of vrhom — a son and a daughter — seem to have survived the Set. The daughter Elizabeth married Adrian irry, citizen of London, and of Thame, Ox- fordshire, and died about 1708. She pre- pared for publication in 1888 her father's ' Divine I'oems by way of a paraphrase on the Ten Commandments ; ' she wrote under the initials ' E. B.,' and dedicated Ihe work to her father's friends. The poet's surviving son, Robert, was buried at Bentworth in 1077, and by hie wife Elizabeth, daughter of John Hunt of Fidding, left, with other issue, two sons — Hunt ^^^iber and Robert Wither (d. 1695)— and two daughters (cf. Shepherds Hunting, ed. Brydges, 1B14, pp. Besides the engraved portraits prefixed to 'Juvenilia,' 'The Emblems,' ' Fragmenla Poetica,' and other of his books, an original portrait of Wither, painted in oil by Cor- nelius Janseen, was sold at Dutch's sale in 1858. This is probably the picture from which the likeness by John Payne was en- gravedforWither's'Emb!emes'(1635). The head prefixed to the tliirty-first emblem in Thomas Jenncr's 'Soules Solace ' ^1631, 4to) is supposed to be intended for Wither. In bis ' Fides Anglicana' (1600) Wither enumerated eighty-six of hia works. Uis 'Ecchoes from the Sixth Trumpet' (1B66) gives a far briefer list. The full total of hta publications reached a hundred, and others remsiued in manuscript. Various reissuescf Wither 267 Wither books by him, as well as many new publi- cations that were doubtfully assigned t^> him, besides the * Divine Poems ' edited by his daughter in 1688, appeared before the end of the seventeenth century. Among these are : * Vox et LacrimsB Anglorum ' (London, 1668, 8vo); *Mr. George Wither lievived, or his l^ophesie of our present Calamity, and (except we repent) future Misery, written in the year 1628* (1683, fol. extracts from the eighth canto of * Britain's Remembrancer ') ; * Gemitus de Carcere Nat us, or Prison Signs and Supports, being a few broken Scraps and Crums of Comfort * (1684,4to); * The Grate- ful Acknowledgment of a late trimming Regulator, with a most Strange and won- derful Prophecy taken out of Britain's Genius, written by Captain George Wither' (1688, 4to, a selection from * Prosopopoeia Britan- nica ') ; * W^ither's prophecy of the downfal of Antichrist,* * a collection of many wonder- ful prophecies,* 1691, 4to); * A Strange and wonderful prophecy concerning the King- dom of England . . . taken out of an old manuscript by G. W^,' 1689, fol. In • Won- derful Prophecies relating of the English Nation * (1691, 4to) one of the prophecies is by Wither. * Wither Redivivus : in a small new years gift pro rege et grege. To his Royal High- ness the Prince of Orange,* 1689, 4to, is a medley in the manner of W^ither, but is probably not by Wither himself. Of other works doubtfully assigned the most interest- ing is * The Great Assizes holden in Par- nassus by Apollo* (1646), where Wither is introduced in the jury. Among the lost works which Wither claimed to have written are : * Iter Iliber- nicum of his Irish Voyage ; * * Iter Boreale ; * * Patrick's l*urgatory;' *Philaretes Com- plaint.' In Ashmolean MS. 38 are some un- printed verses by him, including * Mr. George Withers to the king when he was Prince of Wales ; ' * Uppon a gentlewoman that had foretold the time of her death ; * and * An Epitaph on the Ladie Scott.' Wither has verses, besides those already specified, before Smith's * Description of New England* (1616); Ilayman's *Quodlibets* (1629); WasteVs * Microbiblion * (1626); Butler's * Female Monarchv ' (1634) ; Blax- ton's* English Usurer '(1638); beneath the portrait of Lancelot Andrews prefixed to his * Moral Law Expounded ' (1642) ; Carters * Relation of the Expedition of Kent, Essex, and Colchester* (1650) ; and Payne Fisher's * Panegyric on the Protector' (I606). In Mercers * Angliae Speculum ' (1646, &c.) thfre are an anagram and epigram to the * famous Poet Captain George Withers.* Cockain's * Divine Blossoms * (1656) is dedi- cated to him. The largest collection of W^ither's works was in the library of Thomas Corser. Two earher collectors were Alexander Dalrymple and John Matthew Gutch, and many copies that belonged to them are now in the Bri- tish Museum. The history of Wither's reputation is curious. Ilis early reputation as a lyric poet died out in his lifetime ; he himself ad- mitted that it * withered.* For some years after his death his name was usually regarded as a synonym for a hack rhymester. Royalists ranked him with Robert Wild [q. v.], the presbyterian poet. Butler, in *IIudibras,' classed him with Prynne and Vicars. Phillips, in his * Theatrum Poetarum * (1675), more justly wrote : * George Wither, a most profuse pourer forth of English rhime, not without great pretence to a poetical zeal a^inst the vices of his times, in his " Motto," his " Remembrancer,*' and other such like satirical works. . . . But the most of poeti- cal fancy which I remember to have found in any of his writings is a little piece of nastoral poetry called " The Shepherd's Hunting.'* * luchard Baxter, in the prefa- tory address to his * Poetica Fragmenta * (1681), declared: * Honest George Withers, though a rustic poet, hath been very ac- ceptable ; as to some for his prophecies, so to others, for his plain country honesty.' Dryden declared : He fagotted his notions as they fell. And if they rhymed and rattled, all was well. Pope, in the * Dunciad ' (i. 126), expressed scorn for * wretched Withers.* Swift likened him to Bavins. Dr. Johnson and the edi- tors of the chief collections of English poetry did not mention him or his works. But towards the end of the eighteenth century his early poems were reprinted. Percy in- cluded his famous song, * Shall I wasting in despair,* and an extract from * Philarete,' in his * Reliques of Ancient Poetry.' Ellis quoted him in his * SiHicimens.* The result was that critics like Lamb, Coleridge, and Southey recognised his merit, and, ignoring the political and religious lucubrations of Wither's later years, by which alone he de- sired to be judged, gave his literary work unstinted praise. Southey declared that he had the * heart and soul ' of a poet. Lamb studied him with Quarles. In the * Annual Review ' (1807) Lamb wrote : * Quarles is a wittier writer, but Wither lays more hold of the heart. Quarles thinks of his audience when he lectures ; Wither soliloquises in company with a full heart.* In an essay on ' The Poelical Works of George Wither " (published inliBmlj'a'WorkB' in 1818) he ei- prusBed unbounded failh in his poetic Ei^at- ne«e. It is now universally recognisea thst Wither waa a poet of exquisite grace, li- tbough onlj for a short seaaon in hia long career. Had his last work been his ' Faire Virtue," he would have figured ia literary history in the single capacity of a fasciDBting lyric poot. He was one of the few masters in English of Che heptasyllabic couplet, and disclosed almost all its curious felicities. But hia fine gifts failed him after 1622, and during the lost forty-five yean of hia life Lis verse is oininly remarlvable fur its mass, fluidity, and flatness. It usually lacks any genuine literary quality and often sinks into imbecile doggerel. Ceasing to be a, poet, Wither became in middle life a garrulous and tedious preaclier, in platitudinous prose and Terse, of the political and religious creeds of the commonplace middle-class puritan. At times he enjoyed considerable influence ; but his political philosophy amounted only to an assertion that kings ought not to be tyran- nical nor parliaments exacting, and his reCi- gious views led merely to a self-complacent conviction of the sinfulness of his neigh* hours and of the ^leril to which their failings exposed the world, owing to the working of the vengeance of God. Extracts from 'Juvenilia' by Alexander Dalryuple (London, 178o, 8vo) formed the earliest attempt at a full reprint of Wilher's poems. Selections from Wither figured in a very thin volume called ' Select Lyrical Ballads, written about 1622,' which was printed by Sir 3. E, Brydgea {1816, 8vo). Brydges also printed 'Shepherds Hunting' <18U), 'Fair Virtue '{1815), and 'Fidelia' (1818) in separate volumes. In ISlOOutch reprinted a few specimens of Wither's early work, and sent to Lamb an early interleaved copy for corrections and suggestions. ' I could not forbear scribbling certain critiques in pencil on the blank leaves,' Lamb wrote to Gutch on 9 .\pril 1810. The book, with these pencilled notes, was afterwards sent to Dr. George Frederick Nott [q. v.], the editor of Surrey's and Wyatl's poems. Nott added emendations of his own, and the volume again found iti^way to Lamb, who amusingly recorded his low opinions of Nott's taste. The volume, with the triple set of annota- tions, was subseiittently acquired by Mr. Bwinburae, who humorouEty described it in the 'Nineteenth Century' in January 1885; Mr. Swinburne's esaav is reprinted in his 'Uiscellanies,']886. J.M. Gutch also edited the ' Juvenilia' and other works in 'Poems Wither,' without notea or intro- duction (Bristol, 1820, 3 vols.); this collec- tion was never completed; some copies ore divided into four volumes, and bear the date 1839. Sheets containing a life of Wither by Gutch, intended to accompany his edi- tion, were accidentally destroyed ; only one impression was preserved by Gutch (cf.^-ifAe- TUtum, 1858, i. 500). Stanford printed a few of Wither's poems in bis ' WoAis of British I'oeU' (1819, vol. V.) Southey included the ' Shepherd's Hunting' in his ' Select Works of English Poeta' (1831). Wither's ' Hale- lujah ' end' Hymnes and Songs of theChurch,* edited by Edward Farr, were reprinted in the ' Library of Old Authors,' 1857-8. The greater number of Wither's works were re- printed by the Spenser Society between 1870 and 1833 in twenty parts. A selection wu edited by Professor Henry Morley in his 'Companion Poets,' 1891. 'Fidelia' 'Faire Virtue' are included in Mr. Ai ' English Gamer.' fTliD genoral facts ore collected in W( Alhenie Oxon. ed. liliss, iii. 761-TS (a catOi bibliography); Aubny's Lives, ed. Andn* Clark.!. 221, ii.SDS-T; Huater'sCboros Vatum (Brit. Uus, Addit. MS. 21401, p. 49); Klaxon's Millun; Farts British Bibliographer, an elnbo- ; Wither's pohlicaljons in tbe reprint of ths Spenser Society, ecpeciiilly th* .SfboUe™ Pnrgatorj. 1B25, and Ecchoea from thB Sixth Trumpet, 16 6S. Some further iMographi- cn\ parlicutars may be gleaned from the follow* ing tracts, in which incideots in Wither's poll- ttciLl Had literary carefr are nd Tersely criticised: A letter to George Wither, touching his soi- dissnt Military Exploits in Kent, Surrey, Gton- cester, and Middlesex. Sold by the Cryen of ' New, new, nud true News,' iu all the streets of London, IG46. iu> ; A leiter to Qeotge Wither to prevGDt his future Psondograpby, London. 1648, 4to; Mr. Wither his Propbesie of oiir preSL-Dt Calamity and (ej:cept we repeat) futnra Mispry, written in the year IfliS, n.p. or d. 4la (two editioDS): Withers Remenibraacer : or Ex- tracts out of Master Withers his books called Biitnin'sBemembrancor. Worthyof the review and coDsideration of himaelfe, and nil other mm, 1643, 8vo: A letterto GwiTge Wither. Poetiot Licentia Ki>q., published for the bpller informA- tion of SBch wbo by bis perpetual Mribbling hats been screwed into an opinion of his wortli and good oflection to thepuhlick, Loudon. 1S4S, 4tD.| S. L. WITHEBLNG, WILLIAM (i; 17911), pliyaiciau, botanist, and minei .._ gist, was bom at Wellington, Shropehinj3 in March 1741, being tbe only son of Ed- mund Withering, a surgeon, and his wifn Sarah Hector, a kinswoman of Richard Ilurd Withering 269 Withering a, v.], bishop of Wori'eater. WithoringWM ucBted by Henry AVood of Ercftii until 1762, wliBQ ha enrered tlie UDivGriiily of Edinburgb.gradiwtinjT M,D. in 1766, He deroted bimflelf specially to the studv of chenUtry and anatoray, joined tbit Medical Society of Edinbttrgh, and became a free- mason, devoting' liis hours of leisure to the German flute and harpsichord. At Bdin- burgh he made the acquaintance of Bichard Palleney [q. v.], the historian of British botany. After a visit to Paris Withering settled down in practice at Stafford, where he remained from 1767 to 1775, actingduring most of that time as aole physician lo the county inWrmary. Here, too, he began to collect plants, doing so at first for the Udy patient who become liia wife. In 1775, on the death of Dr, Small, Withering removed to Birmingham, where he soon acquired a practice us lai^ and as lucrative as that «f any [iliysician out of London, and for thirteen veara acted as chief physician to the Birmingfiam General Hospital. In 1776, the year after his settling in Birmingham, Withering publbhed hia most important irorh, ' A Botanical Arrangement of all tlie Vegetables naturally growing in Great Britain, according to tlie System of the I celebrated Linnieus ; with an easy Intro- I Auction to the Study of Botany;' and about the same lime he evinced bia interest in Spain by; assisting (Sir) John Talbot Dillon Promoting tha Abolition of the Slave Trade «nd of the celebrated Lunar Society, in which he was associated with Joaepb Priest- ley [q. v.], Maltbow Boulton [a. v.], and James Watt [(]. v.], and was lor a time engaged in chemical researches to combat, ■s he save, 'that monster Phlogiston' — a subject wnich be, however, handed over to bia friend Priestlev. His attention being (or a time directed to mineralogy, be com- [ municated to the ' Pbilosophical Transac- tions ' of the Hoyal Society — ^of which hn ' was elected a fellow in 1784 — -analyses of Bowlej mgstone and loadstone in 1733, and experiments and observations on 'terra ponde- roBB,'orbarium carbonate (afterwards nomed Witherile in his honour), in 17K4, and in 1783 published a translation of Sir Torbern Beigmann's ' Scingntphia Itegni Mineralis,' witE notes bv himseir, under the (itle of 'Outlines of flinerology.' In 1786 Wither- ing moved to Edgbaaton Hall, until then tba residence of Sir Henry Gough Caltborpe, ■where be amused himself by breeding New- foundland doga and French cattle, and where he completed the second edition of the 'Botanical Arrangement,' for which work be constantly emplnved two profeS' sional pi ant^^MiI lectors. Withering was not himselt present at the dinner in July 1791 in commemoration of the French revolu- tion which gave rise to the riots in which Priestley's house was sacked ; but, the dis- turbance growing, he felt compelled to tl^, taking with him his books and specimens in wagons loaded up with bay, though the arrival of the military ultimately saved his house from destruction. In December 1792, after the publication of the third volume of the ' Botanical Arrangement,' which dealt in a most original manner -n-ilh the fungi and other cryptogams. Withering, who was long threatened with consumption, eailed for Lisbon, where be remained until the fol- lowing June. While there, at the request of the Portuguese court he analysed the hot mineral waters of Caldaa da Rainha, and on revisiting Lisbon in October 1793 pre- sented a memoir on the subject to the Ro^al AcademyofSciences,and was mode a foreign corresponding member of that body. Tha mt-moir was published both in the ' Trans- actions ' of the Academy and in the ' Philo- sophical Transactions.' As the result of his pt an t-collectingin Lisbon bedrewupa'Florte UlyasipponensiB Specimen,' which is included in his 'Miscellaneous Tracts,' collected by bis son in 1822. Withering came to the conclusion that the climate of Lisbon was of no service in cases of consumption, and, travelling througb the south of England on his return, decided that the Undercliff of the Isle of Wight would be far preferable. He then purchased from Priestley bis house, ' The Larches,' which had been sacked by the mob in 1791, and here he spent the five remaining years of his life, living mainly in bis library, which was maintained arti- ficially at a uniform temperature of 66° F. Hie eon, indeed, maintains in the memoir prefixed by him to his father's ■ Miscella- neous Tracts' that nothing showed his skill aa a physician more than the way in which he prolonged bis own frail existence. Among the distinguished men who visited him at Birmingham were Camper, Necker, Calonne, Iteinhold Forster, and Afxelius. The lost-mentioned botanist, demonstrator ill the university of Upsal, revised Wither- ing's herbarium in preparation for the third edition of the ' Botanical Arrangement,' which appeared in 1796; and Tbunberg, the successor of LinnS, sent him Swedish plants for the purposes of the same work, and lent bis sanction to Withi^rlng's modifica- tion of LiunC's clasbification by the merging I J Witherington 270 Witherow of tlte Oynandriai, MonicciB, Uiixcia, and I Polvgainia in the other clasBSS. Withering I died on U Oct. 1799, it \>eiag wittily eaid I during' his long iUnega th&t * the Bother of I pbyeicians ia indeed Wilbering.' He was buried at Edgbnston old church, where his monument bears a bust and ia ornamented with the foxglore, which he did muck to introduce into the pharmacopoeia, and witb Wittieringia, a genus of Solanace* dedi- cated to bis honour by L'Ufritier. The fine portrait of Withering painted by Charles Frederick von Breda in 1792 was engraved bv W. Bond aa n frontiBpiece to the ' MisceilaneouB Tracts,' as well as by lUdiey for Thornton's collection. Withering roarried, on 12Stipt. 1772, Helena, only cbild of George Cooke* of Stafford, by whom he had two children, who survived him — William (177a-18;i2) and Charlotte. Uis chief works, in addition to those already sufficiently described, were: 1. 'Dis- sertatio Inauguralis de Angina Oangnenosa,' Edinburgh, 1766. 3. 'A Botanical Arrange- ment of all the Vegetables naturally grow- ing in Great Britain,' London, 1776, i vols. 8to ; 2nd edit., much iraproTed by Dr. Jonatlian Stokes, Birmingham, S voU., vols, i. and ii. 1787, vol. lii. 1792; Srd edit.. Birminffham, 1796, 4 vols.; 4lh edit., en- larged by William Withering the younyer, London, 1801, 4 vols. : 6th edit,, 'corrected and considerably enlarged,' Birmingham, 1812, 4 vols.; 6th edit., London, 1818, 4 vols.! Tth edit,, London, 1830, 4 vols.; another edit., 'corrected and condensed' by William MacgillitTny, London, 1830, 4to (Srd edit, of this abbreviation, London, 18^5, 8vo); 8th edit., London, 1862, 8vo. 3. ' An Account of the Scarlet Fever and Sore Throat, or Scarlatina Anginosa,' 1778; ^'nd edit. 1793. 4. ' An Account of the Fox- glove and some of its Medical Uses,' 178.3, 8vo. [Momoir by his son prefiied to MiBCDllBunQUS Tnu.-U', I/)ndou, 1822, 8i-o ; Colvile'a Worthies of Warwickshire, 1870, 4to.] G, S. B. WITHEEINOTON. WILLIAM FRE- DERICK (1785-1866), londscape-painler, WHS bom in Goswell Street, Loudon, on 36 May 1786. At school and afterwards in business he cultivated a taste for drawing, and at length, in 1805, became a student at the Royal Academy, though he did not de- cide till some time later to become a painter by profession. In 1808 he exhibited hisSrat picture, ' Tintern Abbey,' at the British In- Btitulion, and made his first appearanca at the Royal Academy in 1811,with two views of Hart well, Buckinghatnshire. He re- mained a constant contributor to the Royal Academy exhibitions till the year of hit death, sending 138 pictures in all, in addi- tion to sixtv-two at the British Institution. He also exhibited for several years in aue- cession at the Birmingham Society of Arts, founded in 1821, His earlv pictures wera principally landscapes, but be varied thetn with such' subjects as ' Lavinia,' ' The Sol- dier's Wife,' 'Pancho Pan«n,' and "John Gilpin.' In 1880 he was elected an associate of the Hoyal Academy, He hod lived hitherto chiefly in London, but his health fuiled about this time, and he was compelled to spend several months of each year m the country, chiefly in Kent. In 1840 lie became an acodemieiitn. Henceforth he employed his renewed health and vigour in painting views in Devonshire, the lake country, Wales, and other parts of England, though Kent was still his favourito county. His pictures are simple unaffectoJ studies of English scenery, varied with inci- denta of country life, in which the figuiet are well painted. Two of his best known works, ''Hie Hop Garland," engraved by II, Bourne, and ' The Stepping Stones,' en- graved by E, Brandard, were presented to the National Gallery as part of the Vemnn collection in 1847, but they are among the pictures temporarily on loan to other gal- leries. 'The Hop Garden' (1834), one ot his best works, is in the Sheepshanks col- lection at the South Kensington Museum. 'Angling,' 'The Beggar's Petition,' and several other pictures have been engraved. There in a lithograph, ' The Young Anglers,' by Witherington himself. lit? died at Momington Crescent, London, on 10 April 1866. [BeilgraTe's Diet, of Artist.?: Exhibition Calalogues; Times, 15 April 1886.] C. », WITHEROW, THOMAS (183^1680), Irish divine and historian, was son of Hugh Witherow, a farmer at Ballycastle, nesf Limavady, Londonderry, by Elixnbeth Uu> (in, and was bom there on 29 May ISSI, He received his early education at a ' hedgt school,' from which he passed to the cam of James Bryce (1806-1877) [q. v.], and. later on, successively to the Academy and the Royal Academical Institution in BelfasL In 1838 he entered the collegiate department of the latter seminary, and here, with tfas exception of a session at Edinburgh, all hb college days were spent. In 18M he wu licensed to preach by the presbytery of Glca- dermot, and in 1845 ordained at Maghen, Londonderry, by the presbytery of .Maghera- felt as colleague to Charles liennedv. Bs proved himself B most able and fatthfid L clei^yniiin. In 1865, cm the opening of the r Uagee presbyterian college, Londonderry, he was appointEtd by the geDiira.1 assembly {in> feasorot church history and pasloral theoli^. The duties of this chair he aischarffed during the remainder of his life with much zeal and efficiency. In 1878 he was elected moderator Hof the general assembly, and in 1884 a eenator i of the royal university of Ireland. He died ^ on 25 Jan. 18SK) at Londonderry, and was buried in the city cemetery there. He married Cotharine.daughter of Thomas Milling, Maghera, by whom he had seren daughters and one son. Witherow was author of a number of valuable works, the chief of which are : 1. ' Three Prophets of our own,' 1 S56. 2. ' The Apoatolic Church— which is it ? ' ltW>6. 3. ' A Defence of the Apostolic Church," 1667. 4, 'Scriptural Baptism; its Mode and Sub- jects,' 1867. 5. ' Derry and Enniakilten in the year 1689,' 1873. 6. ' The Bopie and AgUrim,' 187i). 7. ' Hisiorical and Literary Uemorials of Presbyterianism in Ireland* (1623-1800), 2 vols. 1879. 8. 'Histonrof the Reformation ; a primer,' 1883. 9. ' Life of Kev. A. P. Gondy, D.D.' (commenced hv ThomasCtosliery [q.v.l, but loft unfinisbedj, 1887. 10. ' Two Diaries of Derry in 1689, being Richards's Diary of the Fleet and Ash's Journal of the Siege, with Introduction and Notes,'1888. ll.'TheFormoftheChriatian Temple/ 1889. He was a frequent contri- butor to the ' British and Foreign Evange- lical Review,' the Belfast ' Witnew,' and the Londonderry ' Standard,' and was one of the editors of the ' I'reabyterian Review.' lie . received the honorary degree of D.D. in 1883 [ tram ' the Presbyterian 'Theological Faculty, I Ireland.' [Porsonal knunledge; Minuto-i of General Assenilily of Preshyleriftn Clinrch in IrBland ; obitaaiy notice in Gelfast Witness; ioformatinn acppiiod by Rev. R. O. Milling, B.D., Bailyna- hiuch.] T. H. WITHERS, THOMAS (1769-1843), captain in the navy, son of Thomaa Withers, yeoman, of Knapton, North Walsham, Nor- folk, and Priscilla his wife, was baptised on 17 Sept. 1769. On 4 June 1779 he was admitted one of the nautical scholars of Christ's Hospital, where be continued for upwards of si x years, though for part of the time (14 July 1781-31 Jan. 1784) he was borne on the books of the Grana as servant of the purser, Joseph Withers, presumably his uncle. On 1 Dec. 1786 he was dis- oharged from Christ's Hospital and bound S prentice to Richard Harding, commander the East India Company's fillip Kent, for A term of seven years ' unless his majesty should require his last year's formation from Christ's Hospital per Mr. W. Lempriere). In May 1793 he entered on board the Agamemnon, then newly com- missioned by Captain Horatio (afterwards Viscount) Nelson [q. v.], to whom his North Walsham connection had probably inl duced him. In the Agamemnon Withers continued as midshipman. schoolmaster, and master's mate till Julv 1796, when be fol- lowed Nelson to the (Captain. During this rime he bad seen much exceptional service ; had been landed at Bastia andCalvi; had been wounded at Oneglia on 39 Aug. 1796, and been captured at \'ado in November (Nicolas, Affoon lieipatcket. ii. 77, 111). On the day after the battle of Cape St. Vincent he was made lieutenant into the pri«e-shipSalvadordelMundo(15Feb.l797, confirmed 22 March). FromFehruary 1798 to December 1800 he was serving in the Terrible in the Channel, with Sir Richard Uusse^ Bickerton[q. v.], as afterwards in the Kent in the Mediterranean and on the const of Egypt till August 1802. when he was made acting commander of the expedition. The commission was confirmed on 11 April 1803. Fora few months in the end of 1804 he commanded the Tariarus sloop in the Channel, and in 1805 was apjHiinted agent for transports to the Elbe and Weser. In this service he continued : in Sicily, the Ionian Islands, and Alexandria, 1806-7; Halifax and Martinique, 1808-10, During 1810-16 he was principal agent in the Mediterranean — coast of Spain and It-aly. He was made post-captain on 13 Mav 1809. After the war he had no service, ani lived in retirement at North Walahara till bis dtiathon4Ju1y 1843. [Marshall's Royal Naval Biogr. r.(Sappl. pt. ii.). 476; ScrriCB-booX in the Public Ke«jrd Office; Gent. Mag. IBt3, ii. 43A.] J. K. L. "WITHERSPOON, JOHN (1723-1794), presbyterian divine and statesman, bom on 5 Feb. \~-22-S in the paiinh of Veater in Had- dingtonshire, was the eldest sou of Jamea Witherspoon [d. 12 Aug. 1759), minister of that pariah, by his wife Anne, daughter of David Walker (d. 1787), minister of Temple in Midlothian. His mother's family claimed descent from John Knox and his son-in-law, John Welch, Witherspoon was educated al the grammar school at Haddington, where he was distinguished by his diligence and proficiency in the classics, and proceeded to Edinburgh University, where he was lau- reated on 8 May 1739. On 6 Sept. 1743 he was licensed to preach by the presbytery of Haddington, and, after assisting bis father J Witherspoon Withers! for It few months, he was presenteil in 1741 to the parish of Beith by Alexander Mont- gnmerie, tenth earl of Eglinton [q. v.], called on 24 Jan. l"44-(), and ordained on 11 April. Ou the outbreak of the rehellion in 1745 WitherBpoon, influenced hy loyalty, placed himself at the bead of a »mall body of volunCeersandmarchadtoGlasgow. Being ordered to return, he disobeyed, continued his advance, and was made priitoner by the rebels after the battle of Falkirk, in wliich, however, be look no part. Ub was coiifitieil in the caatle of Doune with other prisoners, until they managed to escape by a rope of knotted blankets. Witberspoon's fame as a preacher steadily increased, and on 16 June 1753 he attained (listinciion aa un author by bia 'Eccleains- tieal Characteristics, or the Arcana of Church Policy, be'ma an Attempt to open up the Mystery of Moderation ' (Glasgow, 8vo), written in a vein of delicate humour against the ' moderate' party in the Scottish church. The work was deservedly popular, tind reached a fifth edition in 1703 (Edin- hurgh, 8vo). It at flrsC appeared anony- mously, hut. it was followed in 1763 by n ' Serious Apology " for the ' Characleri sties,' in which WitEerspoon acknowledged the aulborahip (Edinburgh, 8vo). It also earned ibe praise of Warbiirton and of llowland lliU, and was lauded by the bishops of Lon- don and Oxford as an exquisite exposure of ' a party tbey were no Btrangera to in tile church of l'..n|(land.' In hia warfare with the moderates no had to encounter almost alone writers of the calibre of Hugh Blair [q.v.J, Alexander Gerard (1728-1795) [q. v.], and William Itobertsou the historian. In 1766 Witherspoon established bis repu- tation by his ' Essay on the Connection Ite' tween the Doctrine of Justification by the imputed Righteousness of Christ and Iloli- nessofLife' (Glasgow, lOmo), one of the ubitsi expositions of the Calvinistic doc- trine in any language. It hag been re- Kiatedly republished, lie Increased his popu- city by hie ' Serious Enquirv into the Nature and Elfect of the Stage' (Glasgow, Hvo). Jolin Home fq. v.^ had scandalised popular ideas of ministerial propriety by placing 'Douglas' on the Edinburgh stage in 1756, and Wilherspoon's grave and tem- perate rebuke came as a solace to outraged sentiment. It was reprinted in 1842 as the first ofa series of ' Reprints of Scarce Tmcls connected with the Church of Scotland' (Edinburgh, 8 vo), with an ironical preface by Alexander Colquhoun-Stirling-Slurrav- Dunlop [q. v,], directed against the ' mode- , '^fhis^c No I ) of the series appeared. A new edition by William Moffnt was published in 1S76 (Edinhurgli, 8vo). On H Dec. 1756 Witherspoon was called to the town church at Paisley, and on 1« June 1757 he was admitted. He con- tinued to publish pamphlets and aennonsfor some years, until in 1763adiBcours«>,entitled ' Sinners sitting in the Seat of the Scornful r Seasonable Advice to Young Persons,' in- volved bim in unexpected difficulties. In the preface he rebuked by name, and with some severity, some young men who had travestied the Lord's Supper on the night before its celebration at Paisley. In conse- ijuence he was prosecuted for libel and de- tumation, and, after proceedings extending over thirteen years, he was sentenced by the supreme court on ^8 Feb. 1776 lo pay damages to the extent of ISO/. Much sym- pathy was shown him, and on 28 June 1780 the university of St. Andrews hestovred on him the honorary degree of D,D. In 1765 Witherspoon published a delight- ful satire, ' The History of a Corporation of ServantH discovered a Few Yeajs Ago in the Interior Parts of South America ' (Glas- gow, 4to), in which, after tracing the growth of ecclesiosticlsm before and after the Refor- mation under the guise of the history oft guild of servants, he proceeded to hold up to ridicule the abuses prevalent in the Scottish church. In the meantime his fame was growing daily. lie declined invitations to become minister of a congregation in Dublin and of the Scottish church at Rotterdam. On 9 May 1768, however, having received two invitationa to become principal of Princeton College, New Jersey, he resigned his charge, and in July sailed for America. Ho was received in New England with Kreat enthusiasm, and hia jouruev from Philadelphia to Princeton was a triumphal procession. 11 is reputation was ereat enough to ensure Princeton a marked in- crease in prosperity after his arrival. He and his friends presented a large number of books to the college library, and he exertedhimselftoohtainiiecuniary aid fortbe college from the Nortli American colonies. He effected a revolution in the system of instruction by introducing the Scottith system of lectures, greatly extending the study of mathematical science, impmTinfc the course of instruction in natural pbilo- Aupby, and in 1773 introducing Hebrew and French to the curriculum. He himself lec- tured on eloquence, history, philosophy, and divinity, Under his auspices were educated many ministers and early patriots and legis- lators of the United States, among tliem James Madison. Witherspoon Witherspoon Oil the outbreak of the American revo- lation Witlienpoon's varied talenls na a preacher, dabster, poliliciun, and man ol' aSiiirs at laat found full room for action in the turmoil of the war of independence. He strongly supported the cause of tlie colonies, B,Dd in the Bpringof 1776 he took hi« sent in the convention for fnuninglhe first constitu- tion for New Jersey. His conduct in this aesembly established his capacity for affairs. After serving there during the deposition of WiUism Franklin, the royalist governor, on 21 June 1776, be was elected by the citizens of New Jersey as their represeotative in the general congress by which the constitution of the United States was framed. All his influence was exerted in farourof the deela- tstion of independence. Wheuamember of congress expressed a fear that they ' were not yet ripe for such a d ecla rat ion, 'Wither- spoon replied, 'In niy judgment, sir, we are not only ripe but rotting.' At his instance the Scottiafi soldiers were omitted from the list of mercenaries whom, according to the declaration of independence, England had employed against the colonists. He was among those who signed the declaration on 4 July, and, with the exception of a brief interval, he remained in congress until the virtual close of the revolution. His eru- dition gave him weight in an nasembl]' in loTe with theory, and his training in Scottish ecclesiastical polilica prepared him for the secular politics of .America. On 7 Oct. he was appointed a member of the member of the board of war, and on '27 Aug. 1778 was made a member of the committee of the Gnances. In 1781 he was one of the commissioners who brought about an accom- modation between congress and the muti- neers from Washington's army at Trenton {Ann. Sfg. 1781, i. 7). During the whole of thestrugKlehecontinually influenced public opinion Dy sermons, pamphlets, and ad- dresses, in which, white strenuous for inde- pendence, he showed the dangers of exces- ■ive decentralisation and urged the neces- sity of leaving sufficient strength to the executive. He also strongly deprecated an undue resort lo a paper currency, and urged the propriety of making loans and esta- blishing funds for the payment of interest. On the settlement of the question of American independence early in 1783, Witherspoon resumed his academic duties, and two years later he visited Great Britain to obtain subscriptions for the college, which lud sufiered severely during the war. He I found, however, that the feeling against the \ colonists was too strong to afford him much .. LXil. chance of success, and, after a brief finally returned ro the United StJites. 1785 he received the honorary degrei LL.D. from Yale College. Two his death he became blind, but, in spite of this infirmity, he continued to preach and to lecture until the end of his life. He died on 15 Nov, 1794, and was buried at Princeton. He waa twice married: first, in 1746, to Eliza- beth, daughter of Robert Montgomery of Craighouse; and secondly, in 1791, to Anne, widow ofDr. Dill of York Oounty,New York. B; the former be had three sons and two ilaughiers. The eldest son, James, became a major in the American army,aiid was killed at Oennantown. Of his daughters, Anne married Samuel Stanhope Smith, who suc- ceeded him as president of Princeton College; and Frances married David Ramsay, the historian. John Cabell Breckinridge, the confederate leader, was a descendant of Witherspoon (Notes and Querici, Srd ser. XL. 25). Witherspoon's portrait was en- graved from life by Trotter in 1785, and a. colossal status was erected to him on 30 Oct. 1676 in Fairmount Park, Philadelphia. He was brilliant in conversation, and was said to have a more imposing presence than any American leader, except Washington. Witherspoon, both from his attainments ■nd bis position, exercised a considitrablc in- fluence on theological development in the United States, and he has been credited with moulding presbyterian thought in New Etigland(cr. miiot/ifca Sacra, July 1863; Biblical jRepfrtory and Princeton Sevifv;, October 1863). Besides the works already mentioned, he was the author of ; 1. ' Seven Single Sermons,' Edinburgh, 1768, 8vo; Philadelphia, 1778, 8vo, -J. 'A Practical Treatise on Regeneration,' London, 1764, I^moj Tith ed. London, 1816, 12mo. 3. 'Eseava on Important SubjeclB,' London, 1704, 2 vols. ISmo, This collection included No. 2 as well aa ' Ecclesiastical Charoc I eristics.' 4. ' Dis- courses on Practical Subjects.'Qlasgow, 17118, 12mo ; Edinburgh, 18(M, limo. 5. ' Prac- tical Discourses on Leading Truths of the Gospel,' Edinbuiph, 1768, 12moi 1804, 12ino. 6. 'Considerations on the Nature and Extent of the Legislative Authority of the British Pariiament,' Philadelphia, 1774, 8vo; erroneously attributed to Ben- jamin Franklin. 7. 'The Dominion of I'rovidence over the Passions of Men,' a ser- mon, Philadelphia, 1776, Svo ; this discourse, a defence of revolutionary theories, was re- published in Glasgow in 1777, with severe annotations, in which he was styled a rebel and a traitor. To the American edition be added an ' Address to the Natives of Scot- I J land,' whicU appeared Beparalely in 1778, S. ' StfrmousOQ various 3ubJecta,not alreudy published . . . with tlie Hirtory of a Corpora- tion of Servants, and other Tracts,' Edin- burgb, I79S, 12mD. He also published nume- rous single sermons, lectures, and essays. A collective edition of his works, with a me- moir by Ilia son-in-law, Samuel Stanhoye , Smith, tvBS published in New York in four | volumes in 1800 and 1801, and a second edition in I'hiladelphia in 180t^. Nfiw edi- tions were published at New York in 1802 in four volumes, and at EdiobuTK-h in I804'6, and in 181G in nine volumes. His ' Miscel- laneous Works ' appeared at PhJladeluhia in 1803, Lis ' Select Works ' at London in 1804 (-2 rols. 8vo), and his ' Essays, Lectures, and Sermons' at Edinburgh in W2'i (6 vols, lijma). Several of his sermona are included in David Austin's 'American Preacher,' Elizabeth Town, 1793-4, 4 vols. 8\-o. Witherspoon edited the ' Sermons' of James Muir of Alexandria, United States of America, in 1787. To bim is also doubtfully ascribed ' A Letter from a Blacksmith to Iho Ministers and Elders of the Church of Scot- land, in wbicli the Manner of Public Wor- ship there is pointed out, the Inconveniences Bna Defects considered, and Methods for re- movin));' them humbly proposed,' Londnn, 1759, 8vo; Sth ed. Edinburgh. 1826, 8voi and with still less probability ' A Series of Letters on Education by a Blacksmith, edited by Isaac James,' Bristol, 1798, Sro ; Southampton, 1808, I2mo. Witbersponn was severely satirised by Jonathan Odell, the loyalist poet (see Loj/ali'et Poftry of tie Snvlution, pp. 17-18). [Sanderson's Biogr. nf Steers of rhe DecliLra- tion of liidependfccB. 1865. pp. 206-314; Tylar'e Litflrary History of iha Amurlciin Rsvolution, Sow York. 1897, li. 319-30 ; Spraeup's AiiiihIb. iii. 288-300 ; Chambers's Biogr. Diot. of Emi- nent Scotsmen, ISSaiScoU'ayastlEiTcIa". Scoti- eaiue. 1.1,304, ii.i. 160,203-6; Ailiboo«'s Diirt. of Engl. Lit. ; Notes and Queries. 3rd ser. >i. 35.6th ser. viii. 16; Ana. Itoi;. 1780. i. 366; The Fwibful Servant Howarded, fnnersl sermon by John Bodgors, 17S5; lislkett and Laing's Did. of Anon, and Fsendon. Lit. 188'i ; Life of WitberKpnon, preRiedto bis Worha, IMinbucg^h, 1804; Nev Statistical Annant.ii. it. I59-6U: Bromley's Cat. of Engr, Portraits, p. 372; Collw;- rions uf Hist Soe of New JerMv, ii. 182, iii, 1B3-6. 198; The Princeton BoDk,'l879, pp. 45- 47; Hendli-y's Chaplains and Clergy of IheRr- Tolution, 1884; Coi^hrane Corresp. (Maitknd riutO.p. 119.] E. I. C. WITHMAN(rf.l047f),BbbotofRem8ey, called also Leucander and Andrew, was n Germanbybirth(CAron..^A4. iin»K-».p. 121. Holla Ser,), one of those apparently whom Cnut gathered round him. Qreua, on what authority does not appear, places Withmsn amonf the royal chaplains who. under Cnut, were first organised fur administrative pur- poses (Conquest of England, pp. r>lf~5). Withmsn was promoted in lOItt to the great abbacy of Ramsey (Chnm. Abb. Haraes. App, p. 340). He was a hsrd student and a man of stem character, whose discipline involved him in serious disputes with his monks. Against the latter he appealed to the difr- cesan, /Etheric; but tne bishop, having visited the house, g»ve decision in favour of the monks, reminding the abbot of the breadth and tolerance of St. Benedict's great rule (id pp. 121-3). Withman thereupon set out on a piigrim^e to Jerusalem, whence he returned to find his successor in the abbacy appointed. The new ablwt, .i^tlielstan, at once oftered to resign, butWithman refused to allow him, and himself retired to a solitary spot near liamsey, called NorCheye. Here, with one companion and two servants, and supported fay the abbey, he lived over twenty- six years, dying probably about 10-17 (i6. pp. 125,340). Withman issaid to have emoyed the (Headship of Edward the Confessor, whom he persuaded to give certain lands to the abbey in 1047 (lA.pp. 160,a40). He wrote a life of the Persian bishop St. Ivo or St. Ives, whose remains were supposed lo be buried at llamsey. The original is appa- rently lost, but a revision by Qoscelin [q.v.l is printed in the ' Acta Sanctorum' (ii. 288 seq.JandiaMigne's* Pfttrologia'(clv. p, 80). Bale also attributes to Witliman a narra- tive of his journey to Jerusalem {^Ser^tt. llluttr. Brit, i, 151), of which, however, no- thing further seems to be known, [In addition to the chief authorities montionad in the text, sea Leiand's Couimenc de Scriptt. 160; Pila, 00 Illustr. Angl. Striptt. p. Lit. i. Sll-12; Frreman's Kor 79, 598.] A. M. C-H. WTTHBINGTON. [SeeWtDDRINGTOJI.] WITTLESEY, WILLIAM U. 1374), archUisliup of Canterbury. [See WHtrrtB- WIVELL, ABRAHAM {1760-I&I8), porlrait-painter, was boru on 9 July ITflS in the parish of St. Marylebone, London. He was tlie fourth child and only son of a tradesman who had left Launceston, Corn- wall, a year previously, and died soon aflw his sons birth, leaving his vridow very badly off. Young Wivell began to work fi« his living at the age of six as a farmer's boy. Ue returned to London two years later, and. yae-n. At the and of this term he set up for himself in the same trade, and advHrtise J hia Ekill in taking hkeneseea bj exhibiting minintitres among the wigs in bis ehop- window. He made the acqunintance of Joseph NoUekens and James Northcote [q. v.], who helped him to extend his practice I as tt pnrtrait'paiuter, though he could not yet anord to live by that alone. lie made some unaacces«ful experiments about this time in etching and mezzotint engraving. A meMOtint portrait by hiro, after John Smith, was published in Itodd'a ' Portraits to iltiuitrate Granger's Biographical History of England,' 1819. In ISUO he took portraits of Arthur 'Thistlewood [q. v.J and the othef Cnto k^treet conspirators in Gierke nvrell prison, and recei^'ed n commission from the fublisher Thomas Kelly of 17 Paternoster tow to draw them agnin during their trial at the Old Bailey. These pottrail-s met with great success. I^ter in the same year he took a sketcb of Queen Caroline as she appeared on a balcony to receive the greetings of the people on her return to London. The sketch was brought to the queen's notice, und she gave Wivell a sitting to enable him to linish the portrait. At the queen's trial in the House of Lords Wivell, who had gained a surreptitious entrance among the barristers, took rapid sketches of all the persons concerned, which were circulated at tbe time among the company present, and afterwards publLflhed. This was the starting- point of Wivell's career of prosperity. He eoon obtained abundant commissions from the royal family and the aristocracy, and painted portraits, which were afterwards engraved, of George IV, the Dukes of York, Gloucester, and Clarence, Prince Ge irpeai Princess Augusta of Cambridge as ch ddi Lord Holland, Sir Francis Burdett, Oeorgo Canning, Sir Astley Cooper, Lord John Russell, and many more of^the leading men of the day. He painted the portraits of nearly two hundred members of parliament for a view of the interior of the House of Commons which was published by Bowyer and Parkea, and received numerous commis- sions for theatrical portraits. He seldom exhibited at the Royal Academy or other galleries, and few of his portraits were painted in oils ; the majority were highly linislied pencil-drawings on a minidture Bcale. In 1825 he went to Stratford-on- Avon and made a drawing of the bust of Shakespeare in Stratford chureh, which was engraved by J. S. Agar. In 18?7 he pub- lished ' An Inquiry into tbe History, Auti ticity, and Characteristics of the Shakespeare Portraits,' and lost a large sum of manvy by the venture, since tbe sale of the book was not nearlvBufficient to coverthe expense of the plates. 'He waa relieved at this juncture by the death of his uncle, Abram Wivell of Camden Town, who left him his house and furniture and an annuity of 100/. for life. In IS'JS Wivell became interested in the subject of fire-escapes, in which he invented several improvements. In 1B39 a society waa formed which developed into the Hoyal Society for the Protection of Life from Fire, established in 1836. Wivell became super- intendent of fire-escapes to this societT, with a. salary of 100/., and held this post lU'l 1841, when he left London for Birmingham. There he resumed his practice as a portrait- painter and had sittings from many of the important residents. In 1847 he took portraits of railway celebrities for the ' Monthly Railway Record.* He died at Birmingham on L>9 March 1849. He was twice married, in 1810 and 1B21. Hia second wife and ten children survived him. His eldest son, Abraham, also became an artist, and paint«d a portrait of Sir Rowland Hill, which was engraved in mezzotint by W. 0. Gellerml848. A portrait of Wivell, drawn by himself, was engraved by William Holl. [Art Journal, 1849, p. 206.] C. D. WIX, SAMUEL (1771-1861), divine, bom in London on 9 Feb. 1771, was the second son of Edward Wii of St. Peter's, Coruhill. He was educated at the Charter- house under Samuel Berdmore [q. v.], and at Christ's College, Cambridge, where he was admitted pensioner on 8 Nov. 1791, and elected scholar on 6 Dec. 17Q2. He gra- duated B.A. in 1796 and M.A. in 1799. He was iipparentlyadmittedat the Inner Temple (16 Aug. 1783;, but was ordained deacon in 1798 and priest in IWO. After holdingcura- cies in Chelsea, Ealing, Eynsford, Kent, and Faulkboume, Essex, successively, be was pre- sented in 1802 to the living of In worth, Essex. Six yeara biter he was elected hospitaller and vicar of St. Bartholomew's the Less In Lon- don. He was also for a time president of Sion College. An adherent of the old high- church party, he cared more for devotion than polemics, yet he involved himself in controversy, His first publication was ' Scrip- tural niuatrations of tbe Thirty-nine Ar- ticles, with a practical Commentary on each . . . affectionately intended to promote Reli- gious P«ace and Unity,' 1808, 8vo. It waa followed in IB18 by a more ambitious ei- renicon, published originally in the ' Eclectic Wode 276 Wodehou; Review,' enlitW 'Reflecti( the Exnediency of a Council of the Church of England and the Church of Rome being holden, with n view to accoinmodste Kali- ipoua DiSerenceH.' This produced, among other nnswers, an aiigrv rejily from TboniBa TiurKess (1756-18^7) [q, v.], bishop of Si. DaTid'e. Wis wrote two temperate re- joiDders, Hia ' Reflections' attracled the attention of Jerome, comte de Salia, who beciune Wix's lifelong friend, and caused hia booli to be translated at hia own expense into aeveral foreign laiiatiaged. But Wix was opposed to granting Rom anista political Tight^.andinlSSj isBued a pamphlet in eiip- port of hia views. Wix, who wrote many similar pamphlets, was aman of singular simplicity of character and of vigorous intellect. He was a fellow of the lioyal Society and the Society of Anliijuaries. He died at the vicarage, St. BartUotoioew's, London, on 4 Sept. 1861, A tablet to his memory was erected in the church by ordtr of the govemora of St, Bartholnmew'a Hospital. By bis wife, a Miss Walford of the Essex family, he had several children. The eldest son, Edward Wii (.1802-1866), a graduate of Trinity Co11 summoned to parliament among tlie judgas untilNovemberl32S,whcnhe resigned orwaa removed, and became keeper of the wardrobe. He retained this office under Edward III (from 5 Sept. 1327 till 2 March 1328). Ha apparently held properly in Ireland whi^ ho administered by attorneys. In 1328Wo^ house became arcndeacon of Richmond, and on 16 April 1329 was appointed second baron of the exchequer. On 16 Sept. following ha was made treasurer of the exchequer. Ai treasurer he was brought into relations with the papal agents, for to him fell the duty of receiving from the papal nuncio, also a kjng'a clerk, the king's moiety of the flrst-fVuitSi on 8 June 1331 the king ratified hisappoint- ment by ^apal provision to the prebend of Colewich in Lincoln Cathedral. Some time befora this he had received the prebend of Northwell in St. Mary's, Southwell. On 28 Nov. isao Wodehouse gave up the Wodelarke Wodenote treesartnliip 1o William de Melton (d. 1340) fq. v.], archbisliop of Yorit, only to receive tBechiLncellorshipofCbeexchequeronlTDtic. The Iiittur office he held merely for a few months, possibly for Robert de Stratford fq. v.], who was abroftd part of the year: M'odeliotwe delivered up the seal to Strnlford (in 16 Oct, 1331. For a few years Wode- housQ appears only once in the rolls, and then merely in connection with the dutien of bis ftrchdeaconry. On 10 jSIareb 1333 be was ag'ain appointed treasurer of the ex- chequer, but delivered up the keys to "William la Zoiich [q. r.], from wboai he had received them, on 16 Dec. of the same year. On 3 May 1S40 he got license to ftlienate in mortmain certain lands for the support of two chaplains who were to per- form divine service for his good estate in life and in death. Ileprobably diedabout 134r>, ne his will was proved on 3 Feb. 1340 (Lb Keve, iii. 138). Wodehouse seems to have been a faithful if not an indispensable servant of kings, who held many arduous offices, but he waa un- doubtedly a notable pluralist. It is impro- babli' that the above list of his preferments is an exhaiutivu one (Le Neve, Faiti, i. 61)1 et passim), [TJie detHila of Wodebouae's biography are dr.iwn almost pjn^lusively from Ihn rewntlj pub- lished Calond'irs nf PHtcnt and Clou R.ilU. Ed- warJ I-Edw;.rtl III ; a^e also Le Neves F.isti ; Bot. R.rl, vol. ii.; BlomBlield's Norfolk; Foa»a Judges.] A. M. C-B. WODBLAKKE, ROBERT, D.D. (rf. 1470), founder of St. Catharine's College, Cambridge, was tbe son of Richard and Joan IVodelorke (/Je precibia statutes of the callef^). llu was one of the six ori^nal fellows of King's College, was the third ■surveyor of King's College chapel during its buildine, and superintended the works till Henry Vl's deposition in 1455. Henry had promised 1,000'. n year, and when this payment ceased Wodelarke paid the sum of 3l'8/. 10., W. out of his own means. He was provost of King's from 1452 to 1479, and did much to promote learning in the university. He bought a site on 10 Sept. 1459. and on St. Catharine's day, 25 Nov. 1473, he formally founded a college, or hall, or bouse, dedicated lo the Bleased Virgin tmd to St.Catharine of Ale.vandria, patroness of Christian learning. He intended to endow a master and ten fellows learned in philosophy and theology, hut the troubles of civil war obliged him to reduce his original scheme to a master and three fellows. lie built tbe college on two tenements in Mill Street, Cambridge, and endowed il with funds described in a memorandum drawn up by him and still preserved in the college (Philpott, Doeumfw^jf, p. 1). The college was to be called St. Catharine's Hall or Catharine Hall, a name which it retained till, on the general revision of collegiate statutes in 1860, with the other ancient collegiate foundations of Clare and Pem- broke, always before called halU, it waa a subordinate position. He drew up the original statutes {ih. p. 11), and obtained a charter from Edward IV on 16 Aug. 147S {ib. p. H). He obtjiined licenses for divine worship in the college chapel on 16 Jan. 1475 and 26Sept. 1478 (ifi. 11(1.30, 31). His sister Isatiel, wife first of William Bryan of Swyneshed, Lincolnshire, and afterwards of John Canterbury, added lo the endowment in 1479 {ib. p. 32). He gave tbe college a library of eighty-seven volumes of manu- script, including three books of Aristotle, ' Acero de olBciis,' one book on medicine, one on geometry, five histories, the 'Etymolo- gite' of Isidore, and all the standard works in theology. The college thus founded has ever since been pre-eminent for learning, and has produced, besides eminent men in most branches of knowledge, more than twenty bishops and three senior wranglerB. Wodelarke was chancellor of the university in 1459 and in 1462, and died in 1479. [Corria's Citnloguo of the Orij^nal Library of 3t. CarhariDo's Hull {Cambridge Antiqaariao Sociely), 1S4U: Philpntt's Documents reUtinf; to St. Catharine's Collrge, Cnmbridt'e, 1861: Wil- lis and Clark's ArchilKtursl Uibtory of ths University of Cambridge; Austin Leigh's His- iDrj of Kings College,] N. M. WODENOTE,THEOPHILUS(rf.l«62), royalist divine, boni at Linkinhorne. near Lannceston, Cornwall, was son of Thomas Wodenote, M.A,, fellow of King's College, Cambridge, and vicur of that pariah, who was descended from the Wodenolhs or Woodnoths of Cheshire [see Wobbnoth, Abthus]. His mother was Francisca, daughter of Henry Clifford of Boscombe, Wiitahire. He was educated at Eton school, and was elected in 1606 to King's Colle^, Cambridge, where he obtained a fellowship. He proceeded M.A. in due course, and was incorporated in that degree at Oxford on 13 July 1619 (Wood, Fatti Oion. ed. Blisa, i. 3!>0). He graduated B.D. at Cambridgo in 16:i3, and was c-reat.-d D.U. in 1630. He was vicar of Linkinhorne from 1619to 1 651 when he was sequestered from his bonefics on account of his adhemnce to the royalist Wodenoth Wodhull He 1 a reslored lo bia vicarage in iDoO, and was buried at Linkiiihorne ou 1 Oct. 1662. He married at Linkinhorne, in 1815, Mary, daughter of James Spioer of St. Gorran, ' wbo camit out of the East Countrey.' His eon TbeopbiluH was matriculated at Eieter Ool- lege, Oxford, in 1062, and, like bis father, furnished John Aubrey [q. v.] with no^es for his ' Brief Lives ' (ed. Clark, i. 139, 245, 281,308, ii. 203, 807). His principal works were: 1. 'Hermes Theologus; or a Divine Mercurie dispatdit with a grave Message of New DescaaiR upon Old Records,' London, 1649, 12nio, edited ■with a preface by the Rev. Edward Simmons. There is a portrait of Wodenote in the en- g'aved title-page. 2. ' Good Thoughts iu ad Times,' London, 1652 ? Wood says this manual was written at Broad Chalk, Wilt' shire, while the author 'absconded in the house of a near relation of his (vicar of that place), being then obnoxious to arrests.' 3. 'Eremicus Theologus; or a Sequestred Divine his Aphorisms or Greviats of Spe- culations,' London, 16.54, 8vo. [Brit. Mua.Addit. MS. Sfi2tf. 1664; Arbers Tteg. of Stalionem" Company, 187T. iv. 90 ; Boassand Conitnoy'a BibLCoraabisnsiB,- Cole's Hist, of King's Colt. Cambridge, iii. fil ; Viaila- tioB of Cornwall, 1 620 (HarL Sue.), p. 286; Life ofNichola8FiMnir(Mayor), pp. 179,365; Foatitr'a Alumni Oxoa. 1600-1714; Orangnr's Biogr. Hist, of EDglaDd, eth sdit. li. 73 ; HarTood's Alnmni Eton. pp. 177. 211; Praf, to HermBS Tlieologus; Kennett's Rcgiawr. p. 231 ; Walker's SufTerings, ii. 392.] T. C. WODENOTH or WOODNOTH, ARTHUR (1690?-1(}60?), colonial pioneer, born about loW, was doacended from the Wodenoths or Woodnotha of Savington, Cheshire {Two Ltvt* qf Ferrar, ed. Alayor, p. 33D; Vuitatian of CAeiktre, pp. 254-6; Addit.MSS.m2S{.7S,0O32t.l32; Okmb- KOD, CMriMrf, iii. 448, 483-4). He was second son of John Wodenoth of Savington, b^ bis second wife, Jane, daughter of John "Touehet of Whitley. Mary Wodunoth, the mother of Nicholas Ferrar [q. v.], was bis father's aisler ; and his father^ brother Tho- mas, who settled at Linkinhorne, Cornwall, and spelt the name Wodenote, was father of TheophiluH Wodenote [q. v.] {Srit. Mus. Addtt. MS. 5524, f. 157). At one time Arthur thought of taking holy orders, but was dissuaded by Ferrar, and returned to bis business, which' was that of a goldsmith in Fosler l.ane, London. His Intimacy with the Ferrars is shown by the numeroua letters to him from Ferrar a sister, Mrs. Collet, printed by Mayor; it ho who arranged the purchase o[ Littl« Gidding by Mrs. Ferrar, and supervised 1 be restoration of the Duigbourin^ church at Leighton, to which Ferrar's friend George Herbert fq. v.l had been presented in 162S; with Herbert Wodenoth became as intimate as he was with the FerraTs. He witnessed Mrs. Ferrar's will in 1628, was pres«nt at Herbert's death in I(t33, and wan executor orhiswiU(W*LTi>s,ii.«s,ed.l827,pp.2:i, 279, 281, 283, 287, 312-13). He was also well known to Izaak Walton fq. v.], whom he supplied with details of Herbert's lite (Hehbert, Cmnitry Parson, ed. Bceching, pp. lix-xxvi). It was probably through Ferrar and Mrs, Ferrar's second husband. Sir John Dsnvers [q. v.], that Wodenoth became interesttj in the Virginia Company. He was not s member till some time after 1612, but he took an active part in the aSalrs of the company till the revocation of its charter, siding, like Ferrar, with the party of Sir Edwin Sandys [q. v.] against that of Sit ThomasSmitb(1568?-lfi25)[q.v.] In 1641 he was deputy governor of the Somtn Islands Company, and before bis deatb he drew up B ' Short Collection of the most Remarkable Passages from the Originall tn the Dissolution of the Virginia Company,' London, 1651, 4to ; it is in the main a de- fence of Sandys, Ferrar, and Danvers, and ha* been often quoted liy the historians of Vir- ginia. Wodenoth was dead before the pub- lication, and in the preface by ' A. P.' is said to have been ' a true friend and servant to . . , the parliament interest.' He wis married, and had a son Ralph. [Two Lives of Ferrar. od. Mayor. pesBiio: Herl^rt'sCoontryPapson, od. Beeclung; buk Walton's Lives ; Br.)wn'e G«DS«is of the Unita] States ; authorities cited,] A. F. 1', WODHULL, MICHAEL (1740-1816), book-collector and transistor, son of Joba Wodhull (1678-1754) of Thenford, Nonh- amptonsliire, by bis second wife, Bebeceak (1702-1794), daughter of Charles Watkim of Aynhoe, Northamptonshire, was bom at Thenford on 16 Aug. 1740. He wu Mnl from a private school at Twyford to Winr chester College, where he was known il the ' long-legged Republican ' (WKlKSItlK, EnglUh Library, p. 520). On 13 Jan. 1758 ho matriculated from Braaenose CoUege,Ox- ford, but did not take a degree. Wodhull was possessed of a large fortune. His town house was in Berkeley Squtn, and about 1766 be built the existing mtaist- house (replacing an Elizabethan nunuoo) near the church at Thenford, a good view of Wodhull 279 Wodhull which is in Baker's * Northamptonshire.' His figurC; tall and handsome, with a military appearance, was familiar from 1764 at the chief book-sales of London. J. T. Smith describes him as *very thin, with a long nose and thick lips,' and clad in a coat which was tightly buttoned from under his chin. He sat the whole day long with great patience and was very rigid in his bids, not advancing a sixpenny-bit heyond his reserve {Book for a liainy Day, 1861, p. 100). "\Vodhull was a keen whig, ardent for the spread of civil and religious liberty, and his poems show sympathy with the views of Rousseau. He filled no public office save that of high sheriff for Northamptonshire in 1783. He deprecated the long war with France, and aft«r the treaty of Amiens visited Paris to make acquaintance with its libraries. For a time he was among the cUtenus of Napoleon, and he suffered so much from the dampness of the prison and the con- finement within its walls that he came back to England an invalid. His sight gradually failed and his voice became inaudible. Dibdin and lleber visited him in the winter of 1815 and found him in bad health. He died at Thenford on 10 Nov. 1816, and was buried in an altar-tomb under a fine yew-tree on the south side of the chancel. On 30 Nov. 1761 Wodhull married at Newbottle, near Banbury, Catherine Milcah, fourth daughter of the Kev. John Ingram of Wolford, War- wickshire. She died, leaving no issue, at Wolford on 28 May 1808, aged 64, and was buried at Thenford. A whole-length por- trait of her, painted by Zofiany, was in the south library at Thenford, and a mezzo- tint engraving of it, by Richard Houston, was published on 28 May 1772 (see also Smith, Mezzo Port rait s, ii. 692-3). By his will, dated 21 Aug. 1815, \yodhull devised Thenford, the library, and his other estates to Mary Ingram, his wife's sister, who died on 14 Dec. 1824, and left them to Samuel Amy Seveme. Wodhull was the first translator into Eng- lish verse of all the extant writings, the nineteen tragedies and fragments, of Euri- pides, lie advertised in February 1774 his intention of publishing this translation, and thought that one year would have sufficed for his task ; but the work was not com- pleted (in 4 vols.) until 1782; a new edition, • corrected throughout by the translator,' was published in 1809 (3 vols.) His translation of the * Medea' forms part of vol. Ixix. of Sir John Lubbock's * Hundred Books ; * five more of the plays in his translation are in Henry Morley's * Universal Library (vol. Iviii.), and * Hecuba,' with seven others of his rendering, is in vol. Ixi. His version is accurate, but not imbued with much poetic feeling. His other writings included 2. ' Ode to the Muses,' 1760. 3. ' A Poetical Epistle to xxxx xxxxxxx [John Cleaver] M.A., Stu- dent of Christ Church,' 1761 ; 2nd edit, corrected, 1762. 4. 'Two Odes,' 1703. 5. * Equality of Mankind, a Poem,' 1705; this, with the previous pieces, was included in his poems (1772 and 1804), and in Pearch's * Collection of Poetry ' (vol. iv.) ; it was also issued, * revised and corrected with addi- tions,' in 1798 and 1799. 6. * Poems,' 1772 ; a collection of the pieces published sepa- rately (150 copies only printed for presents). 7. * Poems,' revised eoit. 1804; prefixed is a portrait of Wodhull, painted by Gardiner in 1801 and engraved by E. Harding; it is re-, produced in Quaritch's 'Collectors.' Two of his poetical pieces are in the * Poetical Register' for 1806-7 (pp. 241-4 and 481-3). He suppressed his * Ode to Criticism,' which he wrote when very young, in satire of some peculiarities in Thomas Warton's poems ; but Warton inserted it in * The Oxford Sausage ' (1814, pp. 131-8). He helped in the fourth edition of Harwood's * View of the Classics ' (1790) and Hibdin's * Introduction to the Classics' (3rd edit.), and was a frequent correspondent of the * Gentleman's Maga- zine,* chiefly as *L.L.,' the terminating letters of his name. Some of the duplicates in W^odhull's library were sold in 1801 (a five days' sale), and more in 1803 (an eight days' sale). The rest of his collections, aoout four thousand volumes and many manuscripts, remained at Thenford, the property of the family of Severne, until 1886. The printed books were chiefly first editions of the classics and rare specimens of early printing in the fifteenth century, many being bound by Roger Payne in WodhuU's * favourite Russia leather ' with his arms on the cover. They also contained about fifteen hundred tracts of the seventeenth century, collected by Sir Mward Walker [q v.], and many poems and pamphlets of the eighteenth century. They were sold in January 1886 (a ten days* sale), and realised 11,972/. 14s. 6d, The sale of his manuscripts took place on 29 and 30 Nov. 1886. Wodhull not only bought but read his books. He was an admirable Greek scholar, and without an equal in his knowledge of French editions and printers in the sixteenth century. His portrait is reproduced in Dibdin's * Bibliographical De- cameron' (iii. 363-6), and he figures in the * Bibliomania' as Orlando (of. also Biblio^ mania, 1876, pp. 576-7). Wodrow Wodrow [Foster'* Alnroni Oson. ; Notes nnd ttat-rles, Tib HHr. i. iei-6; Book L>nj, iii. 76-82. CD- 103; Athunieum, 1888, i. 103. 13S. 187; Oonl. JUe. 181E, ii. 1B3-4, M*~6; Uunriu^b's Buuk Cs, lie was on 18 Jan. 1697 appointed university librarian, an otHce which lie held for four ;eara. After resigning the librarianship he went to reside in the house of a relative. Sir John Maxwell of Nether Pollock, lord of aeasion under the title of Lord Pollock; and while there he was, 6 Jan. 1703, licensed to preach by the pres- bytery of Poislej, with the view, probably, of qualifying him for presentation to the pariah of Eastwood, near Ulsagow, which was in the gift of Lord Pollock, and to which he was presented on the death of the incumbent in the following summer, the or- dination taking place on 28 Oct, Not- withBtandinf; calls from Glasgow in 1713, and from Stirling in 1717 and again in 1726, he preferred the quietude of Eastwood, and remained there till his death, 21 March 1TS4. lie was buried at Eoatwood. lie married, in 1708, Margaret, daughter of Patrick Warner, minisler of Irvine, and granddaughter of William Guthrie, minister of Fenwick : he had sixteen children, ten sons and six daughters, of whom Robert succeeded him at Eastwood, Patrick— the 'auld Wodrow' of Duma's 'Twa Ilerda' who 'lang has wrought miaciilof '^heoame minister of Tarbolton, and James became minister of Dunlop and afterward;) of Stevenstnn. Though specially devoted to historical and antiquarian studies, Wodrow not only enjoyed great popularity aa a preacher, but took au ardent interest in ecclesiastical rolitics. On the union of the kingdoms in 707 he waa nominated bj the Paisley pros- bytery one of a committee to consult with the assembly's commission at Edinburgh as to the methods to be adopted for (guarding the interests of the presbyterian kirk, and on the accession of George I in 1714 he took an active part in the fruitless endeavour lo obtain the abolition of the law of patronage. He, however, systematically discouraged everj attempt to avoid compliance with the law of patronage while it remained in force, and in I'UI he assisted Principal Iladowia drawing up the act of the assembly aaent the method of planting of vacant churches, the passing of which in (he following year gave rise lo the associate presbytery, which was lo develop into the secession church, ond latterly, after union with the rehef church, into the united presbyterian church. In 1721-2 Wodrow published, in two volumes, 'The History of the Sufferiagsef the Church of Scotland from the Restoratioa totbeRevolution'(Edinbiirgh,fol.'),of which a second edition, with a memoir bj Robert Bums, D.D., appeared at Glasgow in four volumes, 1828-30. It dispUys enormous la- bour, and contains a mostdtttailed and, con- sidering the immense difficulties of his task, a remarkably authentic, though not by any means an impartial or sufficient, account of the CO venantmg persecution. It was approved by the general assembly of the kirk, and de- dicated to George I, who recognised its semi-official character by, on 26 April 1725, Buthoriain^the payment out of the exchequer of 100 guineas to the author. In defence of the episcopal aide of the dispute, Alex- ander Bruce, a member of the faculty of advocates, projected a work to be entitled 'An Impartial History of the Affairs in Church and State in Scotland from the Re- formation to the Revolution.' IIehad,bow< ever, only begun to collect maleriaU for it when it was interrupted bv his death in 1734, and although it was undertaken by Biahop Robert Keith (,1681-1757) [q. v.], only the first volume, bringing the narrative down ta 1568, appeared. Wodrow was also the author of: 2. 'The Oath of Abnegation considered in a Letter to a Friend,' 1712. And he left in manuscript; 3. A ' Life' of his father, James Wodrow, pro- fessor of divinity in the university of oW- gow, which was published in 1^8. 4. A series of Memoirs of Reformers and Hint- sters of the Church of Scotland,' which is preserved in the library of the university of Glasgow, and of which two volumes were printed by the Maitland Club, 1831^6, under the title 'Collections upon the LivM of the Reformers and most eminent UinisCcn of the Church of Scotland,' and another volume, having special reference to ministers in the north-east of Scotland, by the New Spalding Club in 1890. 6. 'Analecta; or, Materials for a Ilistorv of remarkable Pro- vidences, mostly relating to Scotch Mini- sters and Christiana,' in the library of the faculty of advocatea, Edinburgh, and printed in four volumes by the Maitland Club, 1842-3, contaioiiig a good deal of intereat- Woffington Woffington KlDK go^ip B-oi anecdotes rclatiu)^ to tlie BAuthor's own time, but much of it by no 1 truBiworthy. 6. Twenty-four to- s of correspondence, partly preserved I in the Advocates' Ltbnry, Edinbiirgb, and Cly in tbo possession of the church of land, of which three voIumeB were published In 1842-3. In 1841 the Wodrow Society was eatablislied at Edinburgh for the publication of works of the early writers of the church of Scotland ; it was (tissolved in 1847 After publishing twelve works. [Lifa prefixed 'o the Bwond eilttion of Wod- rows History ; Hew Scolt'n Fasii Ewles, Scot.] T. F. H, WOFFINGTON, MARGARET (1714P- 1760),actress, the daughter of John Woffing- ton, a journeyman bricklayer, was bom, it la commonly said, on 18 Oct, 1718 in Dublin, but probably four or five years earlier. Her father, dying in 17^0, received a pauper's funeral, and left his wife, with two children, tn debt. An effort on the part of the widow to keep a huckster's shop on Urmonde Quav failed, and Mrs. Woffington earned a ' fimtill and precarious livtrlihoou by hawking fruit or watercress in the street. At this time Madame Violanle, a Frenchwoman, Lad opened, with a miscellaneous entertaiu- ment consistbg largely of rope-dancing, an edifice, partly theatre partly booth, con- Btructed in a house formerly occupied by Lord-cbief-justice Whitehead, fronting on Fawnes' Court, near Collie Green. One of her feats was to cross the stnge ou a tight- rope with a basket containing an inunt euspended to each foot. Among the children so carried was ' Peg' Woffington. When, after a season, the experiment failed, Peg look to her mother's occupation of selling fruit or vegetables in the street. When ten years gf age she was engaged afresh by Hadame Violante for a lilliputian company, and played Polly in the ' Beggar's Opera.' Subsequently she played Nell in the ' Devil to Pay,' and other ^art.a. Her performance attracted the attention of Thomas Elrington (1688-1732) [q. v.], who engaged her ot Aungier Street Theatre, where, besides danc- ing between the acts, she played elderl^V parts, ■ucb OS Mrs. Peachum and Mother Midnight in Farquhar's 'Twin Rivals.' For a time she Bct^ with Sparks, Barriogton, and others at the Rainsford Street theatre, a house on the outskirts of Dublin. Her first serious attempt was as Ophelia, which she played Buccessfiilly on 12 April 1737 at Smock Alley Theatre. She repeated her perform- KlMce of Polly Peachum, and played Mrs. ^^^ve's part of Miss Lucy in Fieldinjj^'s ' Old ^Bfan taught Wisdom, or the Virgin Un- ' ' Spanish masked.' Her name also stands to Female Ulhcer and to PhiUis in the ' Conscious Lovers.' In April 1740 she gave what to the end was considered her moai bewitching impersonation, that of Sir Harry Wildair in the ' Constant Couple.' The fame of this secured her an engajfo- ment from Rich for Covent Garden, at which house she appeared on 6 Nov. 1740 as Silvia in the ' Recruiting Officer.' She was then announced as ' Miss Woffington." When on the 8th she repeated the part, it was os Mrs. Woffington, which name she eubse- qitently bore. In this character slie had to masquerade as a boy, and immediately took llie town by storm. On 13 Nov. abe was Lady Sadlife in the ' Double Oallanl,' and on the Iflth Aura in Charles Johnson's 'Country Lasses,' On the 21si she appeared, by particular desire, as Sir Harry Wildair. She acted the character twenty nightsduring tbe season, ten of them being consecutive, and was so successful in the part that no male actor was thenceforth acceptabh ' '' On 5 Dec she was Elvira in the 'S Friar,' and was seen during the at lante In the ' Double Fafsehood,' Lietitia in tbe ' Old Bachelor,' Victoria in the ' Fatal Marriage,' some part (presumably Florelia) in ' Greenwich Park, Angelica in tbe 'Gamester.'Phillis, and Cherry in the' Heaui' Stratagem.' Next year she was engaged at Drury Lane, where she made, it is believed, I ber first appearance on 8 Sept. 1741 as ' Silvia, plaving Sir Harry Wildair on 4 Jan. 1742. Ruth in the 'Committee," Lady Brute in the ' Provoked Wife,' Neriasa in tbe ' Merchant of Venice,' Rosalind in ■ As you lilie il,' Helena in 'All's well that enda well' (in which, through illness, she broke down), Mrs. Sullen in the ' Beaux' Stratagem,' Clarinda in tbe ' Double Gallant," Berinthia in the ■ Relapse,' Belinda in ' Man of tha Mode,' Lady Betty Modish in the ' Careless Husband,' Clarissa in the ' Confederacy.' and Cordelia to the Lear of Garrick followed. In the summer she returned to Dublin, when she sprang to the heijjht of popularity. She reouj)eared at Drury Lane on 15 June 1742 as Sir Harry Wildair, and on the arrival of Garrick two days later she played Lady Anne to his Richard III. She also supported him as Angelina in < Love mBk«B a Mau, or the Fop's Fortune,' and other pnrts. She had her share in bringing about what was called the "Garrick fever' [see OABnicK,DiviDl,and when Garrick returned to London, she accompanieil bira, or followed immediately after him. They were known loverSpGarrick'a affection for her dating, it is thought, from a period before he ■ -' 1 Woffington 282 Woffineton aUge, and Ihey begun on iheir arrival a tri- partite domextii^arraniremeDtat 6 Bow Street, mwhic)iC]iarle8Mack1in[q. v.Jwastlietbiril. This impromisinK experiment speedily broke down, ttnd Mrs. WofflngWn and tiarrick re- tired to Southsmpton Screet, Strand [for the DBTticulare of tbia experiment, and for the lines in wUiehGarrickor H anbury- Williams berhymed ' lovely Peggy,' see Oa.RB[ck, UatidI. Mrs. Woffington was less seen at Drury Ijine (ban might have been eipected from her Dublin triumphs. She had to face, however, the Formidable rivalry of Mre. Clive and Mra.Pritchard. Sbeappeared as Quaen Anne for Che first time in England; epoku An epilogue to the ' Merchant of Venice ' on Sliakeapeare's n'onien characters ; played Lady Lurewell in the ' Constant Couple ' to the Sir Harry WildairofGarrick, which, after hei own, was a failure ; and was, IT Feb. 1743, the first OharlolCe in Fielding's ' Wed- ding Day.' In the following season sho was seen for the first lime in London as Ophelia, Mrs. Ford, Lndy Townley, Portia in ' Mer- chant of Venice,' and Millamant in the • Way of the World;' and was, 3 April 1744, (he first Lstitia in lialph's ' Astrologer,' an alteration of ' Albumaiar.' The season 1744-fi saw her as Mrs. Frail in ■ Love for Love,' Uriana in ■ The Inconstant,' Naccissa in ' Love's last Shift,' and Belinda in the 'Provoked Ilujiband;' and the following sea- son as Maria in the ' Nonjurors,' Florimel in ' Comical Lovers,' Constanlia in the ' She Gallants,' the scornful Lady, Penelope in the ' Lying Lover,' Mrs. Conqueal in the ' Lady's last iitake,' Isabella in ' Measure for Measure,' Viola in 'Twelfth Night,' Aminta in the ' Sea Voyage,' Female Officer in ' Humours of the Army,' and Mariana in the ' Miser.' On 18 Jan. 174(1 she was the original Lady Katherine Gordon in Macklin's ' Ilenry Vlf, or the Popish Impostor.' On 30 April of the previous year, for Mrs. "Woffinglon's benefit, the part of Cherry in the ' Beaux' Stratagem ' had been played by UisR M. Woffington, being her first ap- fiaranGe on any stage. This was her sister aty, who subsequently married Captmn (aftwwards the Hon. and Hev j George Cbol- mondelcy, second son of the Earl Cholman- delev, and a nephewof Horace Walpole,and flurvived Margaret over half a century. In the following season, 1746-7, when Garrick had become associaled with Lacy in the management of Drury Lane, Mrs. Woffington ' crealed' no ni-w part, but was seen far the first time as Charlotte in the ' Hefusal,' Lady Percy, Cleopatra in 'AH for Love,' Belinda in ' Artful Husband," Mrs, Lovett in'ManufthuModej'Silviain'Marry or do Worse,' and Ladv Bodomont in 'Fiae Lady's Airs.' On 13 I'eb. 1748 she wm the first Kosetta in Moore's ' Foundling,' and vu seen during the season as Sulpitia in * Alba- mniar,' Jaciniha in 'Suspicious Hitslianil,' liippolito in Dryden's alteration oflho ' Turn- pest,' Flora in ' She would and she would not,' and Jane Shore. In the next feaain. the busiest of her later career, she rv- appeured at Covent Garden, where she mi, 13 Jnn. 1749, the oricinal Veturia in Thom- son's ' Coriolanus,' Mrs. Woffington, accord- ing to the epilopue, painted with wrinkler h« beautiful face in order to play the cbaraeter. She was also Arabella, otherwise My Lady No, in ' London Cuckolds,' Helena in the ' Rover,' Portia in 'Julius Ciesar,' Ladv in ' Comus,' Elvira in ' I^ive makes a ^an,' Beliemante in ' Emperor of the Moon,' .\b- dromache in ' Distressed Mother.' Calisca in ' Fair Penitent,' Lady Touchwood in ' Doahln Dealer,' Leonora in ' Sir Courtly Nice,' and Queen Katharine in ' Heniy VIH.' In 1749-fiO shewasDe^emona,Ladr Macbeth. Clariuda in ' Suspicious Husband,' Aspasia in ' Tamerlane." Estifania in ' Rule a Wife and have a Wife,' Lady Jane Grey in piece BO named (a performance that added greatly to her reputation, high as this was), Anne Bullen in ' Virtue Betrayed,' and Queen Mary in ' Albion Queens.' The years 17S0 and 1761 added to the list Queen in ' Hamlet,' Hippolita in ' She would and she wonld not, Lady Fanciful in 'Provoked Wife,'Hi-t- mione in ' Distressed Mother," and Oonslauce in ' King John." During the three following seasons »lie was in Dublin. Hersuccess was even greater than before. Writing to the Countess of Orrery on 21 Oct. 1761, Victor, the histo- rian of the stage, says : 'Mrs. Woffington is the only theme either in or out of the theatre ^ber performances are in general admirable.' He compares her with Mrs. Otdfield and Mrs. Porter, Some tolerable verses signed by her name, asking for an annual repeti- tion of a kisa given her in 1746 by the Duke of Dorset, are in the ' Oentleman"3 Maga- zine' for Decemlier 1751, During ber stay she added to her repertory Zara in the ' Mourning Bride," Lothario, Widow Lackit in 'Oroonoko,' and Palmira in 'Mahomet.' By her performances in four stock plays she brought her management 4,000/,, a record quite unprecedented. Taking what proved to be a final farewell of Ireland, she re- turned with Sheridan, her manager, to Eng- land, and reappeared at Covent Oarden 22 Oct. 1754, as Maria in the ' Nonjuror," adding during the season to her repertory Ptucdra in ' Phiedra and Hippolitus,' I.adi} Woffington 283 Woffington Plyant in * Double Dealer/ Aurelia in * Twin Kivals/ Jocasta in 'CEdipus/ and Isabella in * Fatal Marriage/ Next season saw her as Angelica in ' Love for Love/ Lady Dainty in ' Double Gallant/ lloxana in * Rival Queens/ Penelope in * Ulysses/ and Violante in the * Wonder.* She was also, 23 March 1756, the first Melantha in * Frenchified Lady.' It was in this season that Mrs. Woffington, who was on bad terms with Mrs. Bellamy, while performing Roxana to her rival's Statira, drove her ofi^ the stage and stabbed her almost in sight of the audi- ence. In consequence of the quarrel Foot« wrote his * Green-room Squabble, or a Battle- Royal between the Queen of Babylon and the Daughter of Darius.' Even more bitter than this feud was that between Woflington and Mrs. Clive — * no two women ever hated each other more ' (Davies). In her last season on the stage Mrs. Woffington played Celia in the * Humourous Lieutenant,' Almeria in * Mourning Bride,' Queen in * Richard 111/ and Lothario, and was on 14 March 1757 the first Lady Randolph in Home's * Douglas.' On 3 May she played Rosalind in * As vou like it.' This was her last performance. She had been declining in health all the season. Tate Wilkinson, to whom she had shown her- self tyrannical and venomous, was standing by her when in the fifth act she complained of indisposition. He gave her his arm and took her away. She changed her dress and returned on the stage, saying she was ill. She got half through the epilogue when her voice broke. She strove vainly to recall her w^ords, screamed with terror, and tottered to the door, where she was caught. * The audi- ence, of course, applauded till she was out of sight, and then sunk into awful looks of astonishment at seeing a favourite actress struck so suddenly by the hand of death (for so it seemed) in such a situation of time and place, and in her prime of life. . . . She was that night given over, and for several days, but she afterwards so far recovered as to linger till 1760, but existed as a mere skele- ton ' ^Tate Wilkinson, A/6»7no/r/f, i. 118-19). She died on 28 March 1760 in Queen Square, Westminster, whither she had been removed from Teddington. In Teddington she was buried, and a tablet to her memory was placed on the east wall of the northern aisle of the church ; she is in the inscription called * spinster.* In the register she is de- scribed as * of London.' Mrs. W^offington is said to have been the handsomest woman that ever appeared on the stage, though Wilkinson, whom her sar- casms and persecution stung, awards a slight preference to Miss Farren, subsequently Coun- tess of Derby. ' A bold Irish-faced girl ' was the description of her by Conway, the correspondent of Horace Walpole. She had vivacity (as Walpole himself admitted, though he disliked her acting) and wit, and a rarer gift — conscientiousness towards the public, scarcely ever disappointing an audience even when really too ill to act. She was content also, while the entire range of characters in tragedy and comedy was assigned to her, to take secondary parts. Her society was sought by all ranks, and she was one of the most courted and caressed of women. Her amours were numerous. She frankly avowed that she preferred the society of men to that of women, and told concerning herself the story that, after acting Sir Harry Wildair amid thunders of applause, she said to James Quin [q.v.] in the green-room, * I have played the part so often that half the town believes me to be a real man,' receiving from Quin the rough retort, * Madam, the other half knows you to be a woman.' She was, when she died, under the protection of Colonel Caesar, and was held by some to be secretly married to him. Brought up as a Roman catholic, she changed her religion late in life, the reason, it is said, being the promise, subsequently fulfilled, of a legacy of 200/. a year Irom Owen MacSwinny [q. v.] Mrs. Woffington was seen to highest advan- tage in ladies of rank and elegance — Milla- mant, Lady Townley, Lady Betty Modish, Lady Plyant, Maria in the * Non-juror/ Angelica, and the like. She won also in tragedy high recognition, including that of so competent and prejudiced an observer as Wilkinson. Andromache and Calista were her most popular tragic ])arts. In breeches parts, ana notably in Sir Henry Wildair, she carried the town captive. Neither Garrick nor Woodward was equally wel- come in this character. Her voice was bad, and she was charged in tragedy with imitating the rather artificial method of Marie-Franco ise Dumesnil, the famous actress of the Com^die-FrauQaise. Camp- bell, who could not have seen her, says * she used to bark out the " Fair Penitent " with the most dissonant notes.' Both Cibber and Quick thought highly of her acting. The singular honour was accorded her in Dublin, during her last visit in 1753, of being elected president of the Beefsteak Club in that city. She assisted regularly at its meetings, being the only woman admitted. The privilege aroused some popular prejudice against her and her manager, Sheridan, and was partly the cause of her quitting Ireland. Innumerable stories, many of them apocry- phal bat some doubtless true, are told about her, sbowlnir her generally e good-lieartea woojaii wiih unequalled ji of fasciiifttion, but subject to ' tantri Oarrick bought the wedding-ring for thepur- — .-J esBentiallv feminii— , Uurphj' crediled her with the possession of every virtue, ' honour, truth, beneTolence, ADd charii;,' and with abundance o( wit. She took great care of her sister's educa- tion, allowed her mother through life, and eettltid on her, a pension, and built and en- dowed almshouses at Teddington. Shu lent her dresses to the beautiful Misses Gunning', facilitating thus their conquests. ■ A Monody on the Death of Mrs. Woffing- ton ' bj John Hoole [q. v.] appeared in 17tiU, and she has been commemorated in our own da; in the Eucce^wful drama 'Masks and Faces' (1852) by Tom Taylor aud Uharles Reode. In December I8i>2 Charles Iteade inscribed ' lo the memory of Margaret Wof- fington' the 'dramatic story' of which ehe is the heroine. Many fine portraits of Margaret Wolfing- ton are in existence. These show her gene- rally in her own hair, with a long and rather Sinsive face. Her portrait as Penelope, by evnolds, was tent by Iiord Sackville to the Onelph Exhibition. Portraits of her by Hogarth, Mercier, and Wilson are in the Mathews collection in the Garrick Club. She was also painted by Vanloo and bv ZofTany {Cat. Setvnd Loan Eihih. No. 378, Third'Loan, No. 745). Smith's 'Catalogue' mentions ten, and reproduces one by Pond (now in the National Portrait Gallery, London), engraved by Ardoll. Augustin Daly printed in aumptuoua form, and in a limited edition, a life of Woffinglon, in ■which he reproduced many portraits, includ- ing one by Hogarth as Sir Harry Wildair) one tVom the Kensington Qallery, and others as Pbebe (bv Van Bleeck, 1747), and as Mrs. Ford (by fidward Hnytley [q. v.], 17r.l, engraved by J. Fabt-r). A portrait by Hogarth is nt Bcwood. In Daly's bonk numerous references to lier in prose and verae are collected, and the whole, in spite nf some errors in printing, is a Sne and un- fortunatelv, as regards the general public, almost inaccessible tribute (cf. Saturday Seeieir. -2 June 1888), Mr. Austin Dobs™ contributed to the 'Magaiine of Art'fviii. 2B6) a paper on portraits of 'Peg' Wolfing- [The chiL'f BopiratB bingraphy ia Augu'tia Dale's Lifn of Pog W..tBn«l«n, Philadelphia. 1888, pritately prinlpd. Another modem com- pilation is the Lifa add AdventuriHi of Psg Wof- by J. Fitigorald Molloy, 1884, 'I Toll, ovu. vjpnest's Aivoant of iho English Slug* and Hi1';hi?ook. Tate Wilkiosoa in bis Memoirs snppliea many important partieg- lars, as do Ibe Lives of Garrick by D>vi«« and Murphy. Among other w.Tks whifh bars bean UoOBulled aro Walpalo'a Lstters, «d. Cunning- ham ; Uaabury-Willtama's Worts, 1S22, vol. ii. possifn ; Borweli's Life of Johnson, ed. Q. 6. Hill; Doran's Stage AddsIh, ed. Love; Chet' wood's History of tba Sl-ge ; Menoita of Lea Lewis; Wheatley and Cunningham's ' ' T horn a's Environs of Ijondun; Smith's i of Meraotinto Poftmils ; Msrshalfs Cat, ot% lional PortraiU; Clark Rugaell'i tUprwmtl Actors; Daviea's Uriunatic MiKellauJMi ilin'a English Stage ; Campbell's Life nf Siddo Boaden's Life of Jocdsn ; O'Kosffc's BiMolitv tioas; Victor's History of the Stage and Leiien; Fitzgerntd's History of tbe Stage ; Bellamy'B Apology; Lowu's Bibliography of the Stage; Notes aud Queries, 6th ser. vula. ri. vii.J J. K. WOOAN, ^SiB) CHARLES (leflfiP- 175^:-), Jacobite soldier of fortune, known as the Chevalier Wogan, bom about 1698, was the second son of William Wogan snd his wife, Anne Gaydon. His great-grand- father, William Wogan of lUthcoffev (1644- 1(116), was twelfth in descent from Sir John Wogan [q. v.], chief justice of Ireland. In 1715 Charles and hia younger brother Xi- cholas (see below) took service under Colonel Ileury Oifaurgh fq, vj, whose force ignominiously surrendered to deneral Wills at Preston on 14 Nov. In the following April the grand jury of Westminster found a. true bill against Wogan, and his trial for high treason was apiiointed to take place in Westminster Hall on 5 May 171C (cf. Bitt. llfff. Chnn. Diary, p, 221), At midnight on the eve of the trial Wogan took part in the successful escape from Newgale planned by Jlrigadier Mackinroth, He was one of the lucky seven (out of the fifteen) who made good tlim. p. 2SS; Hist. MK3. Comm. 10th KBp.App.vi, 2iaBq.; Swift's Works. «d. Scott, vols. xvii. iviii. ; Popn's Works, ©il. Elirio and Coiirthope, iv. 8, vii. 137 ; OHorl's Irish Pedi- grees; Stuart Papers. vol. i.; Lang's Compnnions of Pickle, 18eB,pp.20~S, 224; MacmillaDBMags- ziue, March 181)5; Jesse's Pretenders and thtir Adherents, 1S33, p.55; Ewald'» Life of Cbotles I Wogan \\ ogan EdvardSnart. pp. 3bc). ; Slunltops's Hist. 18S3, i. 33B ; Beott'i TnUs of a Qruadfuther, 1830. ii. 21 2, 1 A. L. WOOA2J, EDWARD (d. 1654), royaliat captain, vrna a j^ndson of David ^^'ogaIl of New Hall, CO. Kildiire, sod would appear to have been the third son of Nicholas Woga-n ((f. July 1636) of Blackhall, by Margaret, daughter of WiUiftm Holywood of Herberts- town, CO. Mealh (O'Hart, Iruh Pedi^rei^ti, "i, 447). He miiy almost cEitaiiuy be oA -nrllli tliD ' nnntnlTi IViunlTi ' nt ' Captni: identified -wilh the Okej's dragoons in the 'new model,' bb when in 1648 he descTted the parliament's service and wentover to Langdate we learn that the offence was seriously atrgravated by the faot that he took over 'his troop' with liicn (GiSDiSEB, CiVi Jfar. iv. »I). He marched safely to Scotland with this troop (Hrsn- troBTii, vii. 1021-4), his surrender being indignantly but vainly demanded by the parliament. Later, in 1648, he joined Ormonde in Ireland (Cartb, ii. 97). _0r- ford, in place of Captain Thomas Roche, who had begged for the transference of his responsibinty ; at the »anie time one hundred and twenty of Ormonde's ' life guard ' were sent to aid in the defence. Wogan made a brilliant sortie in the spring of 1U49(C«8TLE- HATEIT, Meinoin, 1680, p, 116), and held the fortress successfully against Ireton during the BUinmer, though both places were taken tinder Cromwell's immediate direction in the middle of December. Wogan himself had been captured by Colonel Sankey on 9 Dec. 164i), having previously sallied out of Dun- cannon to ibe assnult of I'ossage Fort, a costle some five miles out of Waterford. In February 1650 Wogan, ' that perfidious fellow,' corrupted the provost- marshal and escaped from his prison in Cork(WRiTB- T.OCEE, p. 420). Had ho not escaped, Crom- well intended to execute him as ' a renegade and a traitor,' who not only ' did betray his trust in Eniland, but counterfeited the general's hand (thereby to carry his men whom he bad eeduced into a foreign nation to invade England^, under whom he bad taken pay.' In December 1650 he soiled with Ormonde for Brittany, and he is next beard of at Worcester fight (3 Sept. 1651), rallying a troop of royalist horse, effectually covwing Charles's retreat, and joining him in the evening at Barbon'a Drii^ge, a&iut a mile out of fiie city (BoHciiicl Traci/i, ed. Hughes, 1857, p. 4.1) ; he then escaped into France. In the autumn of 1653, having with difficulty obtained the king'sconsent to bis enterprise, be boldly landed at Dots' wtllt seven or eifht companies, made hit arrangements in London, and enlisted over a score of meu (some account^; say as many as two hundrel) in the neighbourhood of Bamet for the ting's service. With ihwe be marched through England, gaining a few recruits on the way, giving out that his troopers were Commonwealth soldiers, and actually escaping detection imtil he arrived at Durham, where he bod a smart brush with some of Cromwell's horse, but got through ; and lome months later ( Januaij 1654) successfully joined the highland force of Middleton [see Middlbtok, Jokh, first Earl] at Dornoch in the south of Suther- landshire. A few weeks later he was run through the shoulder in a skirmiah; bis wound mortified and, no efficient aumca! aid being at band, proved fatal (4 Feb.) He was buried on 10 Feb. in the kirk of Kenmore, near Aberfeldy, The troop that he commanded was handed over to Robert Dungnn {Cat. Stale Papfn, Horn. 16oS, p. 225 ; Cat. Clarmdon State Papfr*, ii. 286)j several of bis comrades made Ibeir waj back to France. Clarendon gives an interesting, if not ver^ exact, sketch of Wogan's charnoter and of his adventurous journey to Scotland in his ' Histo^.' Scott, in the description which be gives of Captain Wogan in the twenty-ninth chapter of ' Waverlev ' (con- taining some verses by 'Flora Mac-Ivor* upon Captain Wogan's tomb), unaccount- ably gives 1649 as the date of his death. A portrait of Edward Wogan, whom Clarendon described in 1653 as ' a beautiful person of the age of three- or four-and- twenty ' (he was probably somewhat more than this), is in the possession of Lord Talbot de Alalahide. Wogaa briefly sketched his experiences as a Commonwealth soldier in 'The Pro- ceedings of the New-Moiilded Army from the time they were brought together in 16W till the King's going to the Isle of Wight in 1647;'^Carte printed half of this narra- tive, bringing down the sketch umtJI February 1646; the remainder is printed as Appendix A to the 'Clnrke Papers,' from the original in the Clarendon stat« papers (Bodleian, No, 2607). Cnptaiu Edward Wogan's younger brother Thomas, who must bo distinguished from Thomas Wogan [q. v.], is stated to have fought Bt ■VVor(«ster,and to have died shortly afterwards. His eldest brother. Williani, was sheriff of Kildare in 1687, and repre- sented the county in James ll's parliament of 1689. Wogan 287 Wogan ■ rO'H»«'« Irish Podigcea, 18S8. ii. 4*7; Lwlge'B Irish PeeragB, 178B, iii. aS8 ; Clnron- dun's Hi«'. of tbe Oreut Rebellion. 188H, r. 313-16; CsrljIe'B CroniKBll. ii. 328-9, v. 233, App. iri; Citrte'i Ormonde, ti. 97; CUrfce Papom (Canid. Sm.). i. HI ; Denis Mnrphjs Cromvetl in Irelund, 1883, pp. 1748q., IttT.^iSOi Hil. MemoiTBof Jobn GirvnDs. 1822, pp. ZiOsq.. 188; Cnrtes Collect, ot Originul Papers. 1739; WhitelocWa Memonals under dales 24 Jno. ■»ck Dyer of lioulston, and became the founder of that branch of the family which in tira< absorbed the Milton estate (pHiLUpfe Olamorgarahire Pediffreee, p. 41). According to another pedigree of Wogan" descendants, said to have been compiled ii 184U by Sir William Beetham, Ulster klng^ at-arma, his children arc eaid to have settl^ in Ireland. Thomas, who is described as i eldest son, is said to have succeeded father as justiciary of Ireland, but onfaili of hie issue the second son John became the bead of the familv and the founder of the Wogansof Rathco'tfey in Ireland. The ori- ginal grant of Rathcoffey to John de Wogan on 27 Aug. 1317 is found in the Exchequer Roil (9 Edward II, 'So._ 1200). The names of the other children in this pedigree are Walter (described as escheator of Ireland), Bartholomovr, Jane, and Eleanor. In spite of this discrepancy there is no doubt that both the Wogans of RathcoHey and the Pem- brokeshire families of that name were de- scended from Wogan the iusiiciary, but perhaps they represent the offspring of dif- [LsTfia Dwnn gives pedigrees showing tha ancestors and descendiintB of -Sir John Wngan, in his Heraltiic Visitations of Wales, i. 42. 90, 100, IDS (correcting an erroneous pedigree on p. 107) and 220, especially footnWe. ii. ftfl. The | chief sourcB nf informntion as to Wognn's ad- i miniatration in Irebnd is the Calondiira oF i QocnmeDlB relating to Ireland, vola. for 1293- 1301, and 1302-7. The aumeroas doeumanis ' here calaadared ore also snmmaritiad (and other i informalion added) in un article onthe Wogans j of Bathcoffey by the Rev. Denis Murphy, printed in tiie Proc. of the Itoyul Sue. of Autiqnnries of Ireland (18B0-1), Sth ser. i. 119 el h«j. (cf. p. 716), and in M^moire hiatorique et gdn^loglque Bur la Famille de Wogan ... par le Comte Alph. O'Kelly de Galway (Parin, 1899). There are otber docammts tmnmsrised in the ChI. of the Carew MSS. (Book of Howth), pp. 12S-7 (cf. p. 116). ^aalaoCox's Biberniii AngUcana (leBB). pp. 8,5-92 ; Fobb'h LIvbh of the JndKe* ; Funton's Pembrokeshire, pp. 333. 135, 27B, 3:11 ; Arch^ologis Cambreosis, 2nd lor. V. 33, 39. Sth ser. IV. 22a-37.] D. Lu T. WOGAN, THOMAS (jl I640-I6G6>, re- gicide, was a member of the Wogan family of Pern hroheeh ire. He waselectedaearNniiler to represent the borough of Cardigan in the Long parliament on -2i Aug. 1616. Be is said to have aerved in the parliameniary army as captain of drsgoona, though proba- bly this is a confusion with Edward Wogan [q. V,] On 23 Jan. 1647 he presented to a committee of the House of Lords a petition from the town of Cardigan for the establish- ment of a free school there. At the end of March 1648 he received the leave of the House of Commons to go to 'N\'ale« to en- deavour to restore peace in Pembrokeshire and the adjoining counties. He then semd under Colonel Thomas Horton [q. v.], and in June he was voted the sum of ;tOO/. as part □f the arrears due to him. Wogan waa one of the king's judges. He was present at the trial on 18, 22, 23, and 20 Jan. 1649. and was in Westminster Hall on the 29lh when sentence was pronounced. He signed the death-warrant. In April 1662 lands belonging to the Commonwealth of England were settled upon Wogan and his heirs in satisfaction of all arrears. He sat in the restored Kump parliament British Museum in 176-J. He was at tint tngBged in the natural histoiy section, but was afterwards transferred to tlie more congfenial department of ptinted bouks. Dr. Thoniii«SomeiTille[q,Tj, whiktn London in 1796 at work in tbe British Must-um. was 'under the dt^epcsL obligations' to Woide, whom he describes as ' the oriental secretary who had the charge of the Hebrew and Arabic manuscripts ' {Life and Timet, ^ p. SlO-11). He was at Ibis time engaged upon hiR noble fawimite edition of the 'Novum Teitunenlum Onecum,' from the ' Codex Atexandrinus' or 'Codex A,' at the British Museum. It was published by John Nichols iu 1T86, through the mumficencc of the trustees of the British Museum, and ~ copy the Tliere i i', ii. 497-8). about 450 copies on common paper at two guineas each, and Iwenty-Sve on fine psper at five ^ineas apiece. Ten were on vellum, but only six of tbtm had the notes and illustrations. lie added to it ' admirable prolegomena and notes.' An appendix to this work, bogiin by 'Wt)Jde and completed by Henry Ford, pro- ft>ssor of Arabic at Oxford, was published by thu' university in 1799. It contained the fragments of the New Testament, about a third in all, in the Sahidic diali-ct, mostly taken from manueeripta at Oxford, with a dissertntioR on the Eay^ian versions of the Bcripturea, and a collation of the "Vatican Codex.' On the publication of the ' Codex Alexandrians' in 1786 J. G. BurckhHrdt printed a thesis at Leipiig in justification of tUo reading 6toc in the manuscript in 1 Tim. iii. 16, and in 1788 O. L, Spohn pub- lished at the same place the 'notitin' of Woido, ' cum variisejus lectionibus omnibus.' Woide waa a D.D. of the university of Copenhagen. He was elected F.H.S. on 21 April 1785, created D.U.L. by the uni- versity of Oxford on 28 June 1786, and wne also a fellow of many foreign societies. A 6t of apoplexy seixed him at a conver- sazione in the house of Bir Joseph Banks on 6 May 1790, and on 9 May he died in his rooms at the British Museum. His wife had died on 12 Aug. 1T64, tearing two daughters. Woide supplied information to Frauclscus Perexius Bayerius for his book ' Dc Nuinmis Hebrieo-SiunaritaniB,' which was printed at Valentia in 1781, and several of his commu- nicHtions are in the appendix (pp. i-iii1. He contributed to the ' Archieolo|ciB ' (vi. 130-2) a paper on a ' Palmvrene Com," com- municated for the fourth edition of William , Bowyer's 'Crilieal ConjectBrcs on the New TestAment' (1812) the noles of Profomr Schultz, and revised the Oreek notes in the 1788 edition of Bishop Warburton'a woriu. Uis portrait was engraved byBartflloin [Forter'e Alunmi Oion. 171S-I886; Shep- perJ's St. Jamcs'i Pslaoc, ii. -2*1-7 ; GbdI. Itig. ITSi ii.638. 17B0 i. -178: Biogr. I^aiv. 1S28; Didoti KoDvells Biogr. O^D^rale ; KichoU'a Lit. Anm). Tj. 4SS. 803, is. U-U ; Nicholj's Lit. Blu.lr.»iii.**S.] W. I'.C. WOLCOT, JOHN (1738-1819), satinet and poet, under thp title of Peter Pindar, was the son and fourth child of Alexander Wolcot, by Mary Kyder. his wife. He yrn bom at Dodbrouke, nearKingsbridge.Devtm, and baptised on 9 May 1738 (Ilaptirmat lle- ffie/er, Dodbrooke). His father, who wu a country surgeon and son of a Burgeon, died on 14 June 1751, and the future poet fell under the care of his uncle, John Wolcot of Fowey. He waa educated at Kinrsbridge grammar school, and afterwards at Liakwd and Bodmin. In or about 1760 be was sent on his uncle's advice for twelre months to France to learn the language. He, however, acquired no love for the French, of whom hv afterwards wrote : (CoU. TForA*, i. 107). Medicine being deter- mined on as a profession, Wolcot went in 1763 to London for the purpose of stu^, and lodged with his uncle by marriage. Mi. Oiddy of Penzance. In 1764 he returned to bis uncle at Fowev, with whom he lived, acting as aA.^istBnt tiU 1767. On 6 Sept. d this vear he graduated M.D. at Aberdeen (A'ofu and Querieg, 6th ser. zi. 94). Wcdeot was well acqutunted and ^tantly connected with Sir William Trelan-ny of Trelawne, Fowey l^ee under Trelawitv, Edwabd], and, on Trel a wny's appointment as governor of Jamaica in 1767, wolcot was chosen to accompany him as physician, Handing, how- ever, that medical prospects in Jamaica vetv not encouraging, he returned home in 1769 for thepurpope of taking orders, with a view to securing the valuable living of St. Anne, which was in the gift of his patron, and tbsn apparently soon likely to become vacant He was without difficulty admitted bv tlis bishop of London deacon on '2i June 17Wi and priest on the following day (^Regiitrr af Bithopric of London). Thus equipped he re- turned toJamaica in March 1770, but found the hoped-for living was not vacant. Heww granted the ineuinbency of Vere, but lived most of bis time at the governor's hoiU«i Srfarmine Ilia olmoat noramal dutiea hj puly. Revertiog tohiaorigiual profeai ' }Ie lived OQ terms of (^lo^ friendship with the TrekwQy fnmilv, and ooe of the first of his poums publianed in London was an elegj on tha death of Miss Anne Trelnwn;, •the Nymph of Tfturis' (Anmtnl Register, 1773, p. 240). Oa llie death of Trelawnj he obtained leave ot nbst'uce from the new governor. Bailing, on 20 Feb. 1773, and re- turned to En);taud in company with I^ady Trelawny, whose death shortly afterwards possibly robbed him of a future wife (ItED- niNS, Recollectiont, Literal';/ and Pergonal, i. 258). Dropping his clerical profession very com- pletely. Wolcot now settled at Truro, where he entabliahed himself in a hoLue on the Green, with the view of practising as a doctor. His peculiar medicinal methoda, which consisted in encouraging his fever patients to drink cold water, and his opinion that a physioian could do Htile more than watch nature and ' ^ve her a shove on the hack if lie Bees her inclined to do right' (t'A. i. '26!i), involved him in disputes with bis profes- Bional brethren. He quarrelled alao with the corporation of Truro, and when that body attempted to revenge the lampoons he tad written upon their ill managenieat by Slanting a parish apprentice upon him, the octor removed to Helstone (November 3779), leaving behind a characteristic letter: ' Gen lie men, — Your blunderbuss has missed fire, — Yours, John Wolcot.' He remained At Helatone and E:teter for the next two years, but the succens of some songs set to music by Jackson of Bieter, and of a small number of poema, with a ' suppli- cating Epistle to the Reviewers,' pub- lishea in London in 1778, inclined him to Bbaodon medicine and remove to the metro- polis. Another reason waa his friendship with John Opie [ii. v.], whose developing eeniuswasnowreaujforlhe town, Wolcot first became acquamted with the young {winter at the house of Mr. Zankwell at lithian in 1776 (BoiaB, CoiUclnnen Comu- biemia), and instantly detected his abilities. He took him into his own house at Truro, provided all necessary material, and gave instruction and advice, and, when fully satis- fled with the genius of the artist, persuaded him to move to London in 1781. In the first instance there appears to hare been an BLgreement between the two to share equally all profits made by the painter, and for a time they lived together in London, but after a quarrel separat«d, and were never again cordially united. The origin of the quarrel ia Bometiuies attributed to Opie's frank criti- cism of Wolcot's paintiugs, but ia more likely to have arisen owing to the painter, on becoming fasbionable, refusing to carry out the orrangement as to proBts. There is, however, no doubt that Opie's immediate success in town waa due to Wolcot, who in- troduced him to Mrs. Boscawen, and extolled his geniua in verse. In 1782 appeared 'Lyric Odes to the Royal Academiciana by Heler Pindar, Esq., a distant relative of the Poet of Thebes and Laureat to the Academy.' The instant success of this amusing criticism on the academicians and Iheir works made Wolcot repeat the publication In 1763, I78r., and, with his 'Farewell Odes' on the same subject, in 1780, Benjamin West [q. T.j was tlie especial butt of^the poet's humour, which waa generally coarse, and not infre- quently proinne ; few of the academicians escaped punishment at Peter's hands. His highly e^tpressed appreciation of the land- scapes of Gainsborough and BIchard Wilson [q. v.] proved his discrimination. In the first instance the lyric od6s did not prove a source of profit, costing their au- thor some 401. (Tayior, Jiecordt of my Life, i. 228), but he soon discovered a more pay- ing enterprise in ridiculing the private life of the king. The first of the five cantos of the ' Lousiad, an heroi-comic poem,' ap- f eared in 1786, and the last in 1795. In 787 the poet pursued the same fruitful sub- ject in ' Ode upon Ode, or a Peep at St. James and Instructions to a celebrated Lau- reat, being a comic Account of the Visit of the Sovereign to Whitbreod'a Brewery.' In all these three productions, though the satire waa coarse, it was often extremoly humorous, and gTBat sales were effected. Peter Pindar ^^ was well supplied with Information us to the ^H doings of the royal hoasehold ( Jbksan, Auto- ^H biography, ii. 264), and he described with ^^| much point the king's plainni nind and bod^, his pride, his parsimony, and bis it nerisms of speech. On the other hand, the vices of thePrince of Wales were treated as virtues in tbe ' Expostulaton^ Odes' (ode iii,), and an obvious bid made for bis favour hv the poet. Whether or no ' the king as well OS the nation delighted in the bard ' (H«Z- LiTT, 8th Lecture, EngUth Comic Writera), the popular conception of royalty was doubt- less affected hv his writings. The queen seems by Peters confession to have checked his attentions by the action of her solicitor (ode ii:.,Erpo»tulaton/ OrfMj.and the govern- ment attempted to secure silence by the *■" stowal of a pension of 300/. ( Jebdan, v biography, li, 204). This appears to have o2 be- ^ tto- ^M ave ^^^^ m Wolcot 291 Wolcot been actiiallj settled, Yorke acting as inter- mediary (I'A.) But ibe BiTsngement came abruptly to on end, owing to a difference of opinion as to the amount in question and tte duties involved (Tat lor, Rfeords of my Life, i. 228), Whether from fear of prosecu- tion or promise of pension, he certainlj in I790conlined himself to smaller game, such as Sir Joseph Banks [q. v.], Sylvanus Urban, and James Bruce (1730-1794) [q. v.], the African trareller. The same year he vented his opinions on social matters in a. ' How land "" -."but he returned in 1792 to the time forward be contrived to make as offen- sive aa possible. In I7D3 he sold for an annuity of 250i. the copyright of liia existing works to J. Walker, the publisher, and it was St the same time stipulated that the refusal of his future work should rest with the same publisher. Disputes and eventually liti)^ tioQ arose with respect to the agreement, but the poet was completely successful, and the annuity was paid him to the end of bis hmg life. After running a free course for twenty years the satirist was, however, to meet with more tban bis match. In vol. iv, art. xxvi. of the ' Anti-Jacobin ' his ' Nil admirari. or a Smile at a Bishop,' was savagely considered, and a review of the authors life given, in which he woe termed 'this disgustful subject, the profligate reviler of his sovereign and impious blasphemer of his Uod.' Peter was S[uite unable to stand bis ground with Oif- ord, the savagery of whose ' Epistle to P. Pindar" (1800, 4to) was equalled only by its sought a personal encounter with the aulhor. The two met in Wright's shop in Piccadilly, 18 Aug. 1400, when a sculfle took place, in which Wolcot was the aggressor, and un- doubtedly got the worst of it (cf. The Batile of the Bardtby MaunHui Moonghine; Peter's M»op, a SI. Gile»'e Eclogue, &c.) The com- monplace oRensiveness of Peter's ' Cut at a Gobbler' fell flat. But Peter was by no means silenced. The resignation of Pitt gave him an opportunity of expressing his rejoic- ing in ' Out at Last ! or the Fallen Minister,' 1801. Canning also was specially singled out for abuse. The appreciation once exhibited by the Prince of Wales, who is said to hare had the poet's proof-sheet-s forwarded to him before publication (Jebdan, AtitobingrnpA)/, ii. 274), was not continued by the prince as regent, and the indignant Peter in 181 1 ex- presses his feelingB in being thus forsaken in ' Carlion House Pete, or the Disappointed Bard.' Tn 1807 a charge was made agiainst him by his landlady which appears to have been entirely groundless, as on his trill before Lord Ellenborough on 27 June 1807, the jury found for him without leaving tha box ( '/Via/ of Peter Pindar for Crim. Con. London, 1807). In Wolcot's later years h« wax atUicted by failure of sight, and in May 1811 was almost blind (Ckabb Kobisso!!, Diary, vol. i.); he, however, still continued to write and publish. His last work was an ' Epistle to the Emperor of China,' published in 1817 on the occasion of Lord AmherstV un- fortunate embassy. Wolcot died on 14 Jan. 1819 at Montgomery Cottage, SomersTown, and was buried on ^1 Jan. in St. Paul'i Church, Covent Garden, where by his own wish his coffin was placed touching that of Samuel Butler (1612-1 680) [q.v.], the author of ' Hudibras." In appearance Wolcot was ' a thick rauat man with a large dark and flat face, and no speculation in his eye.' He possessed con- siderable accoraplishmenlj>, being a fair artist and good musician, and, despite the character of his compositions, his friends described him as of a ' kind and hearty dis- Ksition.' He was probably influenced in • writings by no real animosity towards royalty (Mrs. Uobinson, Memoir*, 1801, vol. iv.), and himself confessed that 'the king had been a good subject to him, and ba a bad one to the king.' His writings, despit* their ephemeral interest, still furnish clock quotations. In London he frequently changed hi* place of residence, living in 1703 in South- ampton Itow, Covent Garden; in 1791 at 13 Tavistock Row, Coveut Garden; al 1 Chapel Street, Portland Place, in 1600; 8 Delany Place, Camden Town, in 1802; in 1807 be was at 94 Tottenham Court Road; and he moved to Somera Town in 1816. There are at least eijfht portraits of Wol- cot bv Opie, one of which is now in the Na- tional Portrait Gallery. London ; one was engraved by C. H. Hodges in 1787, and by G. Kearsleyin 1788. A miniature on ivory, nainted by W. E. I^thbridge, is now in the National Portrwt Gallery, London. Among other existing engravings maybe mentioned a bust in oval by Comer, in the ' European Magazine ' ( vol. xii.) ; half-length by Ridley, 1792, in the ' Gentleman's Magaiine;' bu»t as frontispiece to an edition of works in tlirM volumes (IT&4) ; and bust by K. Mackenue lo the fourth edition of ■ Tales of the Hoy," 1798, The following is a list of Wolcot's works : 1. < Poetical Epistle to Reviewers,' Londoa, 1778, 4to. 2. 'Poems on variotu SubjvctS)' London, 1778,4to. 3. 'TheNoMeCricketers,' 4to. 4. ' Lvric Odes to tbe Hojal Acade- jniciaasfor 1 7 83,' 1782, 4 to. fi. 'More Lyric Odea to the Royal Academicians for 1783,' 1783, 4to. 6. 'Lyric Odes for 178*j,' 1785, 4to. 7. 'The Lousiad; an Heroi-comic PoeminFiveCantos,'17S5-95,4to. 8. 'Fare- ' weUOdeatoAcBdeniiciimB,'1786,4to. 9.'A Congratulatory Epistle to Jamas Boawell,' J78e, 4to. 10. ■ Bojay and Piowii, or the British Biographers,' 1786, 4to; SIth edit. 1788. 11.' Ode upon Ud& or a Peep at St. James,' 1787, 4to. 12. ' Instructions to a Celebrated Laureat,' ]787, 4to. 13. 'An Apologetic Postscript to Ode upon Ode,' 1787, t4to. 14. ' Brother Peter to Brother Tom n.e. T. Warton],' 1788, 4to. 15. 'Peter's Pension: a Soleniu Epistle,' 1783, 4to. 16. * Sir Joseph Banks aud the Emperor of Horocco,' 17S8,4to. 17. "Peler's Prophecy, or the President and Poet,' 1788, 4lo. 18. ' Epistle to his Pretended Cousin Peter,' 3J88, 4to, 19. ■ Lvric Odes to the Acade- JmiciansandSubjecta for Puinters,' 1789, 4to. 50. ' A Poetical Epistle to a Palling Minister rW. Pitt],' 1789, 4lo, 21. ' Eipoatultttory Odes to a Great Duke and a Little Lord,' 1789, 4to. 23. ' A Benevolent Epistle to Sylvanus Urban,' 1790, 4to. 33. 'A Row- land for an Oliver,' 1790, 4to. 24. ' Advice to the Future Laureat," 1790, 4to. 25. 'A Letter to the Sloat Insolent Man Alive,' 1 790, 4to. 2(1. ' A ComplimentBry Letter to James Bruce, Esq., the Abyssinian Traveller,' 1790, 4to. 27. ' The Kights of Kings, or Loyal Odes to Disloyal Academicians,' 1791. 4to. 28. 'Odea to Mr. Paine, Author of " Rights of Man," ' 1791, 4to. 29. ' The Re- monatrance,' 1791, 4to. SO. 'A Commise- rating Epistle to James Lowther, Earl of Lon^ale,' 1791, 4to. 31. ' More Money, or 0- gefjiiently (1790J exchanged this seat for Jaraeatown.andm 1796 was returned for tlw city of Dublin and for Ardfert, but elected Ui sit for the city. In 1787, on ihi- promotion of Hugh Carleton [g. v.] to the bench, Wolfe was uppointed solicitor-general, and In 1789, on the elevation of John FittGibbon [q.v.Jto the Irish woolsack, he became attorney-^ne- ral and was sworn a member of the priw council in Ireland. Wolfe retained the posi- tion of chief law officer of the crown for nine years,digchargingitsimportant duties in Tery difficult times with much ability. Inr«co(f- nition of his distinguished services in this office Wolfe's wife was raised to thepeeran of Ireland as Baroness Kilwarden in 1795. In Julv 1796, on the death of John SooK, lord Clonmell [q, v.], he was aiipointed chief justice of Ihe kins's bench and was created u peer by the title of Baron Kilwarden of Newlands. In 1800, on the passing of the Act of Union, of which he was a convinced advocate, he was further odrnnced la the di^vtj of viscount, and created a pcet of Uw... Volfe 295 United Kingdom. On 23 July 1803, while dciviog with his daughter andanephew from his country residence to Dublin Castle on ihe night of the Emmet inaurrection, Wolfe's carriage was stopped in Thomaa Street by llie rebels, and the chief juallce and lus nephew were barbarously murdered. It was said that Wolfe was mistaken by his mur- derers for Oarleton, the chief juslica of the common pleas, a judge of much sterner cha- racter. Wolfe's tenure of his high judicial office was brief and unmarked by any ei- ceptional qualities, but his humanity and moderation were conspicuous. Ills conduct in relation to the trial and conviction of Wolfe Tone by court-martial is well known, and he displayed consistently tlie dignity and respect for law wliich breathe in his dying words, on hearing a desire eipressed for instant retribution on his assailants ; ' Murder must be punished ; but let no man Buffer for my death but by the laws of my country.' Wolfe married Ann, daughter of William Ruxton of Ardee, co. Louth. A portriiit of Wolfe is in the dining-hall of Trinity College, Dublin. He was elected a -vice- chancellor of Dublin University in 1803. [Webb's Cimiieodinm 1 Wilis's lUuiitrioiia Irishmen ; Haddvo's Uailed Irishmen ; Hai- woH's Irish Rebellion ; Barringion's Poisonid Sketebes; Wi>lf a Tone's Antobiograpbj, i. 121); Todd's Graduates of Dublin UnivEreity ; Burte's Extinct Peerages ; Smyth's Law Officers of Irc^Iand ; Oflicial lUturns of Members of pHrlin- mant, ii. flao, 6B4. BBS.] C. L, F. WOLFE, CHAliLES (1791-1823), poet, was born at BiackhaU, co. Kildore, on 14 Dec. 1701. He was one of a family of oleven children and the youngest of eight BODS of Theobald Wolfe of Blackball, first cousin to Arthur A^'olfe, first viscount Kil- worden [q, v.] Theobald Wolfe died when his son was but eight years old, and the poet was brought up in England by his motlier, Frances, daughter of Rev. Peter Lombard, and was educated first at Bath, and after- wards at the Abbey high school, Winches- ter, In i&yQ be matriculated at Trinity College, Dublin, wlieruheobtoinedascholar- ehip m 1612, and graduated li.A. in ISU; And it is within the eight years between his entnince at the university and bis ordination in 1817 that theperiod of hia poetical activity is almost exclusively comprised, He also attained great distinction In the college his- torical society. It was in competition for the medftlsofthissociety that Wolfe's talent for versification was first employed, and his poem on ' Patriotism,' and a more important one, ' Jugurtha,' written fur the vice-chan- Wolfe cellor's prixe, show considerable merit. Though his academic career was distin- guished, Wolfe declined to read for a fellow- ship, because he was unwilling to pledge himself to celibacy. In November 1817 he took orders, being ordained for the curacy of Ballvclog, CO. Tyrone, which after a few weeks he exchanged for the more important one of Donoughmore, in co. Down. Here he laboured assiduously and successfully for three years ; but the disappointment at the reiectiou of his addresses by the lady for whose sake he had abandoned the prospect of on academic career, acting on a constitu- tion never robust, quickly sowed the seeds of consumption. In 1821 he was compelled to abandon his work. After two years passed in a vain quest of health he removed to the Cove of Cork, where he died, aged 31, on 21 Feb. 1823. He was buried in the ruined church of Clonmel. Wolfe is remembered almost solely for his famous linesoD the burial of Sir John Moore. Their origin, and the many spurious claims put forward to their authorship, form an in- teresting chapter in literary history. Origi- nally published in the ' Newry 'Telegntpn ' on 19 April 1817, they had been for many- years forgotten when the praises bestowed on them by Byron in January 1822~>' such. an ode as only Campbell could have written,' aa reported by Medwininhis'Converaalions' (ed. 1824, pp. 164^6) — drew general atten- tion to t he elegy. Byron's regretful repudio- tion of their authorship, and Medwin's bints that the stanios were really by his hero, brought forward friends to justify Wolfe's title and tiBtablish his fame. It was clearly proved that the lines were written in 1816 iQ the rooms of Samuel O'SuUivan, a college friend, their suggestion being immediately due to Wolfe's perusal of Southey's account in the ' EdinbuKfh Annual Eepster ' of Sir John Moore's death. After being handed about among Wolfe's college friends the lines were, through the Rev. Mark Perrin, pub- lished in the ' NewTy Telegraph,' whence they were transferred to various journals, and printed in ' Blackwood's Magozini^' in June 1817 (i. 277). Notwithstanding O'SulUvan'a testimony, confirmed by that of other friends, several fictitious claims to the authorship of the poem were put forward. A curious ac- count of one of them, which ultimately proved to be ahoai, may be found in Richard- son's ' Borderer's Table Bonk,' 1841 the claim of one Macintosh, a parish achoolmaal«r, was put forward in the ' Edin- burgh Advertiser and strongly supported. On this occasion the indignant remonstrances of W'olfe'a friends wero twafcrewii \i^ "Omi diBCovHiy by ThomsB Lub^ [q, v.], late \\ce- provoBt of Truiity College, Uublin, atoung the papersof a (ieceased hrotlierwhohftd bt-eit a, ciillege iriead of Wolfe, of an auta^B.pli letter &>m Wolfe coataining a cop; of the stanzas. ThiBletterwumsdebyJohn Aneler [q. v.], who was a friend of the poet, the sub- ject of a communication to the liojal Irish Academy which set all diacuesion. as to the authenticity of Wolfe's ekim finally at rest. The poetical achievemente of Wolfe fill but a few pages in the memorial Tolumee, mainly cumpuaed of seruion«, published in 18:i5 by hU friend John RusbbU, archdeacon of Closer. Exclusive of some boyish pro- ductions, they number no more than fifteen piecea, all of them written almost »t random, without any ideBofpub1ication,andpreserved almost by accident. These, however, present the potentiala of a poet of no mean order. The testimony of many contemporaries, aftci^ wards eminent, confirms the impression which bis other lyrics convey, that the lines on the burial of Sir John Moore are not, as has been represented, a mere freak of in- tellect, hut the fruit of a temperament and genius essentially poetic. [RhebsU's KBrnains of the Rev. Charlw Wolfs, 2 vols. 1825, 13ma. 1th edit. IS29, with n por- trait engnved by B, Uej^or from a drnwinf; liy J. J, RdsbpII : Collega Recollections. IS26 (pub. lishttd anonymously, but Tritten bj tha Ruv. Samusl O'Sullirnd, and contaioinga rivid akBtcli of Wolfe under the name of ■ Waller") ; Taylor's History of ihe UaiTemit; of Dublin ; Brooke'a S«coIlections of the Iriiih Church. lE>t ser. ; TraUBnctionB of the Royal Irish AradsiiiT, vol. vii.,- letter published in New Zealand Tabl«t. March IS77. by the Rev. Mark Perrio ; article in New Ireland Review, May 1S9S, by C. Litton Fflllrincr; iMblin Univ. Mac. Novombn 1842, vol. XI. 1 Blackwood's Mag. March IflSS; Notes ood Qaeries. 7th and 8th ser. pasaim ; Burke's I*ndBl Goiilry.] C. L. F. WOLFE, DAVID (d. 1578 P), papal legate in Ireland, was born ia himerick. After seven years spent in Itome, under the SiLdance of Ignatius Loyola and Francis argia, he entered the order of the Jesuits about IfloO, was rector of Ihe college at Modeoa, and about August Ia60 returned to Ireland to superintend ecclesiastical aRoirs, endowed by the pope with the powers of an apostolic legate. He was instructed to regulate public worship, and to keep up communication with the catholic princes, He npeediiy attracted the attention of the English officials by his activity, and in 1561 Elizabeth stated to Pius IV, aa one of her chief reasons for not sending representa- tires to the council of Trent, that \\'olfu > had been sent from Ilome to Ireland to excite disaffection against her crown.' For several years he was unable to enter the pale, and on 7 Dec, 15ti3 he delegated hia juriadiction for Dublin and its viciniiv to Thady Newman, affirm ing that he fosrwl to visit the district on account of ths dangers besetting the joumev. In 15ft4 Pins V, hv a bull dated 31 ilay, "entrusted to Wolfe and to Itichard Creagh [q, v.], archbishop of Armagh, the erection of universities aad schools in Ireland (Mok^n, Spieileyam Ossor. i. 32-8). About 1560 Wolfe was arrested and im- prisoned in Dublin Castle, the influence of the nuncio at Madrid being exerted in his behalf in vain. In 157a he escaped ti> Spain { Oil. Stale Papers, Irish Ser. 1.509-78. pp. 472, 524), but in a short time returned again to Ireland. On 14 April 1577 Sir William Dcury [q. v.] informed Wnlsinghatn that Wolfe was to ba sent to tl^e Indies {ib. 1574-86, p. 112). On 24 Mawh 167S llrury informed the privy council that James Fitxmaurice had put to sea with Wolfe, and had captured an English ship, whose crew had been handed over to the inquisition (tb. p. 130), Un 28 June EverardMercurian.thegenerat of the Jesuits, wrote to James FittmnHrice Fitzgerald (i 1679)[q,v.], whose chaphiin Wolfe had been at one time, stating that he would ' be glad of any employment for old Darid Wolf (tl, p. 136), A priest named David Wolfe was shortly afttirwards residing in Portugal, but according to another ac4-ount he ended his days in Ireland, on the bordera of Oalwiv, about 1578. [O'Reilly's Lives of Irish Hortvr* and Cm- fsoBorB, 1878, pp. 32-B: Fuley's llist, of iha English Priv. vii. 85S, Appended Cutaloaueof Ihe Iriili Prorince, p, 2; Lenihnu'a Uiel. of Limerii^k, ISGS. pp. GS2.-4: Original Letun and Papers in illuBtratiou of the Hist. ottliB Church in Ireland, 1851, pp. 128-9. 171-2; Henehun's Collections ou Iriah Church V.M. laOJ, i. 184.] E,l. a i.) at the vicarage, WesCerham, Kent, \ laest son of Edward Wolfe, by Hen * whose portrait - IVolfc'B father there is no trace, but his grandfather IB said to have been Captain Geotge Wolfe. who was one of the lending defenders of Limerick in 1651, and who belonged to a family, originally Welsh, but long settled ia Ireland (_ Wright, p, 4), I Bom in 1885, Edward Wolfe waa com- miasioned il9 sucoDd lieutenant of marinufi on 10 Murch 1701-2. He served in ths NetLer- lande under Marlborough, and in Scotland during the rebellion of 1715. lie wag adju- tant^eneral in the expedition to Curtba- gena in 1740. On his return be was made inspector of marines. Ou 2.) April 1745 he was given the colonelcj of the 8th tbot, and on 4 June he waa promoted major-general. He was employed for a short time under Wade daring tberebellionof that year. He died, a lieutenant-general, on 26 March 1769, BiJt months beforeTiis aon. ' Extremely up- right and benevolent," be seems to have had no great force of character. The childhood of James Wolfe was spent at Wcsterham in a house now known as Quebec bouae, which his parents took soon after his birth, and there ha began a lifelong friendship with George Warde of Squerries Court. About 1737 his family removed to Greenwich, and he was sent to a achool there, kept by the Rev. Samuel Swindeii. In July 1740 he perauaded his father to let him go with him to the West Indies; but he fell ill before the expedition started, and was left behind. On 3 Nov. 1741 he waa given a commis- , sion as second lieutenant iu his father's re- iment of marines, then numbered the 44th Kit. From this he passed, on '27 March 1742, to an ensigncy iu the 12th foot (Durouru's), with which he embarked for Flanders a month afterwards. He was quartered at Ghent till February 1743, and then set out with the ormj on a long march to the Main. He soon found ' my slrengtb is not so great aal imagined i ' and he shared a horse with his brotuer Edward, an ensign in the same regi- Al the battle of Deltinffen on 27 June the regiment was in the middle of the first line, and was the one which suffered most. Wolfe wrote an excellent account of the battle to bis father as soon as he had re- covered from illness, brought on by fatigue. He waa acting adjutant, though only aii- teen, and his horse was shot ; ' so I was obliged to do the duty of an adjutant all that ajid the next day on foot, in a pair of heavy boots.' lie was commissioned as adjutant on 2 July, and promoted lieutenant on the 14th. He spent the winter of 1743—1 at Ostend with his regiment. On 3 June 1744 he ob- tained a company in the 4th foot (Barrel's), snd served with it in the futile campaign of ^ that year, under Wade. In October he lost I his brother, ' an honest and a good lad ; ' he H 'wtia now the only child of his parents. lie was in garrison at Ghent during the Eind his regiment did not join the ai tiller the battle of Fontenoy. On 12 June 1745 he waa appointed brigade-major, and for the next three years he served on the etas'. In September he accompanied the re- giments which were recalled to Endand, and sent to join Wade at Newcastle, to oppose the advunce of the young Pretender. After the retreat of the latter from Derby, AVade's army marched under Uawley upon Stirling, and was beaten at Falkirk. Wolfe was present, and afterwards went with the army to Aberdeen. During their stay there he was sent by Hawley to Mrs. Gordon, whose house Hawley was occupying, and she has left a vivid but not quite trustworthy account of his visits and of the plunder of her property (Zyoii in .Afourumy, ill. 18U, &c.) He was on the staff at Culloden, and de- scribed the battle in a letter next day, but Rftid nothing of his own share in it. His I regiment was the one which suffered most, i losing one-third of its men. According to I an often-repeated story, Wolfe was told by the Duke of Cumberland, after the battle, to ' ahoot a wounded highlonder, ' who seemed to smile defiance of them ; ' he refused, and from that day declined in the duke's favour I {Anli-JaoAin lUvifw, 1802, p. 12C). This ' last statement is certainly unfounded, and the rest perhaps equally so. Wolfe's name was not mentioned in the earliest version I Bishop Forbes. His authority for it : was told by the aogars.' The highlander was Charles Fraaer of Invemllochy m/on in Maumiiig, a. 305, iii. 56; Mackbxsie, Hiit. qf the Fnaere of Laiat, p. 516). Among the ' Cumberland Papers ' at ^^'indsor there are several letters to him, probably found on his body at Culloden. Wolfe went back to the Netherlands in Janimry 1746-7, and was brigade-major of Mordaunt's brigade in the campnign which followed. He was wounded at Laetfelt, and is said to have been personally thanked by the duke for his services, ile went home for the winter, but rejoined the army in March, and remained till the end of the year with the troops quartered near Breda t Ruard the Dutch frontier. On his return t' England he saw a good deal of Mis» Elixa- beth Lawson, the eldest daughter of Sir Wilfred Lawson, and the niece of General Mordaunt, his late brigadier. He formed & ' strong attachment for her, but bis parents idverae, and the lady herself refused mm. At the end of four years he gave up i' hope. She died unmarried in March 1759. On 6 Jnn. 1T48-9 be obtained a. mnjurity in the 20th foot ^Lord fteorge Snckville'a), and joined it at Stirling earlj ia FobTuaiy. The lieuien&nt-colonel, Cornnallis, went to Nova Scotia sooQ afterwards as governor, and Wolfa hod command of the regiment except when the colooel was presunt. This had its drawbocka ; ' My stay must be everlastiDg ; and thou know'at, Hal, how I hate compul- sion' (2 April 17491. The regimetit was sent to Glasguff in lUarch, and to I'ectb in November, Lord Bury became colonel of it there, and on 20 March 1749-50 Wolfe was given the lieutenant-cojonelcj. He felt his responsibility as ' a military parent' not yet twenty-threa, nnd was at great pains to set a good example, fiut the monotony soon iretted him ; ' The care of a regiment of foot is very heavv, exceeding troublesome, and not at all the thing I delight in ' (0 Nov. 1761). The climate tried him, for he needed sunshine for health ; and ' the change of conversation, the fear of becoming a mere Tulhan . ■ . proud, in8olent,and intolerable,' made liim wish to get away from the regi- ment from time to time. Besides this, he had astrongdeaire to make good the deficiencieaof his education. He took lessons in mathematics and Latin while he ws< at Glasgow, and he wanted to go abroad for a year or two to perfect himself in FrencU, and at the same time study artilk'ry and en- gineering. But the Duke of Cumberland refused him leave, saying, not unreasonably, that a lieutenant-colonel ought not to be absent from his regiment for any consider- able time. 'This is a dreadful mistake,' Wolfe wrote, ' and, if obstinately pursued, will disgust a number of good iutentiuns, and preserve that prevailing ignorance of military affairs that has been so fatal to us in all our undertakings' (9 June 1761). Baulked of his purpose, he spent the winter of 1760-1 in London dissi^tiona, which in- jured his health. He rejoined his regiment at Banflf in April. In September they went to Inverness, and in Ulaj- 1753 to Fort AugiisFus. Ho formed a friendship with Mrs. Forbes of Culloden, danced with the daughter of Macdonald of Keppoch, and tried to capture Macpherson of Uluny, who was Btill hiding in hi* own country (\\'EialiT, p, 310). lie made the best of his ' exile," taking plenty of exercise, for he was a keen Bportsman, nnd reading much, lie recom- mended 'L'Esprit des Lois' to his friend Bichson, and found'Tbucydides'(ina French mparahle book." .-!.? then in Noi . Scotia, and nhis foriisecing that much would happen there in the next war with Franca. For the desultory frontier warfare which was going on, he said ; ' I should imagine that two or three independent highlandcom- panies might be of use ; thay are hardy, in- trepid, accustomed to a rough country, and no great mischief if they fall ' (9 June 1751). In June 1752 he got leave of absence, and after paying a viait to his uncle, Major Walter Wolfe, in Dublin, he was aUowed to go to Paris in October. He remained there Till March 1753, taking dailv lessons in French, riding, fencing, and ^ncing, but seeing a good deal of the cotirt and society. He asked leave to attend a French camp of exerci^ in tlie summer, and hoped to eee something of the Prussians and Austrian^; but he was recalled to the regiment owing to the sudden death of the major. The summer was spent in road-making on Loch Lomond. In September the regiment left Scotland for Dover, and for the next four years it was quartered in the eouili of England. In the winter of 1754—5 it was at Exeter, and Wolfe wrote : ' I have danced the officers into the good graces of the Jaco- bite women hereabouts.' A. year later it was at Oanterburv, preporino; to take the field in case of invasion, and Wolfe issued his ad- mirable ' instructions for the l^Oth regiment (in case the French land)' on 16 Dee. 1736. lie was often aevere both on officers and men, but at this time he wrot« : ' We have . . . some incomparable battalions, the like of which cannot, I'll venture to say, be found in any army,' and his own was one of them. Men of rank who wished to learn soldiering elected to serve in it. Wolfe had introduced a system of mancBuvres which continued in use long after liis death (see p, 18 of JJa- nteurrfs for n Battalion nf Infantry, pub- lished in 17B6), and had a wide reputation as a regimental officer. It seems to have been in reply to some mention of this by hi* mother that he wrote to her: ■ I reckon it a very great misfortune to this country that I, your son, who have, I know, but a very moderate capacity, and some degree of dili- gence a little above the ordinary run, should be thought, as I genurally am, one of the best officers of my rank in the service '(8 Nov. 1766). But he did not strike others m diffident; 'the world could not expect mote from him than he thought himself ca|iabte of performing' (Walpolk, George II, ii. 240). He hud hopes of the colonelcy of the 20th when it became vacant in April 1766, but it was given to Philip Honeywood, and, when again vacant in May 1766, to William Kingsley. It was as ' Kingtley's ' ihM the regiment fought ut Minden. In Fcbruuj Wolfe 299 Wolfe 1757 Wolfe accepted the post of quarter- master-general in Ireland, which was usually held by a colonel, in the hope of obtaining that rank; but he was still judged too young. The appointment (which he resigned in January 1758) did not take him away from his regiment, to which a second battalion was added in the spring of 1757. It was then stationed in Dorset, and a few months before part of it had been sent to Gloucestershire under Wolfe, on account of riots. He shared the general discontent at the mismanagement of affairs at this time : * We are the most egregious blunderers in war that ever took the hatchet in hand* (17 July 1756) ; * this country is going fast upon its ruin by the paltry projects and more ridiculous execution of those who are entrusted ' (undated). He begged his mother ' to persuade the general (his father) to con- tribute all he can possibly afford towards the defence of the island — retrenching, if need be, his expenses, moderate as they are' (23 Feb. 1757). At the end of June 1757 Pitt entered on his great administration, and in September an expedition was sent against Rochefort at his instance. The troops were commanded by Wolfe's friend. Sir John Mordaunt [q. v.] Both battalions of the 20th went, and Wolfe was made quartermaster-general of the force. It arrived off the French coast on 20 Sept., and remained there ten days, effecting nothing except the occupation of the He d'Aix. Wolfe came home very in- dignant : * We blundered most egregiously on all sides — sea and land ' (24 Oct.) ; * the public could not do better than dismiss six or eight of us from the service. No zeal, no ardour, no care and concern for the good and honour of the count rv ' (17 Oct.) There was much to be said on the other side, and it is doubtful if a landing would have fared better than that of Tollemache in 1694 (see Report of the Court of Inquiry ^ 1758, Wolfe's evidence is given at pp. 28-31 and 46-8; cf. MSmoires de Litynes, xvi. 189, 201). Hut Wolfe held that in such cases ' the honour of our countrv is to have some weight, and that in particular circumstances and times the loss of a thousand men is rather an advantage to a nation than other- wise, seeing that gallant attempts raise its reputation and make it respectable; whereas the contrary appearances sink the credit of a country, rum the troops, and create in- finite uneasiness and discontent at home* (o Nov.) In the same letter he says : * I am not sorry that I went ; one may always pick up something useful from amongst the most fatal errors ; ' and he went on to develop the lessons he had learnt. He profited, too, in another wa^. His own zeal and ardour had been conspicuous, and the admiral. Sir Ed- ward Ilawke, gave the king a good opinion of him. He made him brevet colonel on 21 Oct. ; and afterwards said to Newcastle : ' Mad, is he P then I hope he will bite some others of my generals (Wright, p. 487). Above all, Pitt welcomed evidence that the failure of the expedition was due to faults of execution, not 01 conception, and he marked Wolfe as a man to be employed. He was, in fact, as Walpole said, * formed to execute the designs of such a master as Pitt.' On 7 Jan. 1758 he was summoned from Exeter to London, and made the journey, 170 miles, in thirty-two hours. He was offered the command of a brigade in the force which was to be sent against Louis- bourg, and he accepted; 'though I know the very passage threatens my life, and that my constitution must be utterly ruined and un- done' (12 Jan.) His letter of service as brigadier in America was dated 23 Jan. He embarked on 12 Feb. and reached Halifax, Nova Scotia, on 8 May. On the 28th the expedition left Halifax, the fieet commanded by Boscawen ; the land forces, consisting of more than eleven thousand regulars and five hundred provincials, by Jeffrey (afterwards Baron) Amherst [q. v.] Louisbourg was sighted on 1 June, but for a week the weather prevented a landing. On the 8th, at dawn, the boat« rowed for the shore of Qabarus Bay in three divisions, two of which were meant to distract the attention of the enemy. The third, under Wolfe, was to force a landing at Freshwater Cove, a cres- cent-shaped beach a quarter of a mile long, with rocks at each end. Wolfe had twelve companies of grenadiers, 550 light infantry, Eraser's regiment of Highlanders, and some New England rangers. The cove was guarded by nearly a thousand French troops, behind intrenchments and abatis, and eight guns in masked batteries swept the beach and the approaches. These guns opened fire upon the boats at close range, and with such enect that Wolfe signalled to retire ; but some of the boats that were less exposed kept on, and landed their men on the rocks at one end. Wolfe followed with the rest, and, climbing the cliff, stormed the nearest battery with the bayonet. One of the other divisions landed soon afterwards at the other end of the beach, and the French, fearing they would be cut off from their fortress, left their in- trenchments and fled. The British loss was only 109. The siege of Loiu8boiii%fc>\Xss^^^» "^^S^&a Wolfe 300 Wolfe WM MenI round the harboar with wel< hundred men 10 occup]' the Lightbou point, and ibero he m&de batteries which AnKl on the ibipa in the harbour, and ialind battery which guarded the eiitraDce. Uj tlie end uf a fortnight the island batteij wu iilencH^, and on the Mlh Wolfe re- Jojum] the main force in front of Louisbourg. Ila look the letLdinr part in the later Htages of the lieiiie. Walpole, though prejudiced against him, wrote (7 Feb. 1T59) that he had ' great merit, ipirit, and alacrity, and shone cxtremeij at Louisbourg.' On H6 July the garrieon, numbering 5637 soldierB and Bailors, euireodered. Tberewaa great joy in England, but Wolfe was ill- Mtisfled; 'Our attempt to land where we did wu rash and injudicious, our success unexpected (by me) and undeserved. ■ ■ ■ Our proceedings in other Teepects were &s alow and t«dicuH as this undertaking wlb ill-advised and desperate. . . . We lost time at the siege, still more after the siege, and blundered from the beginning to the end of the campaign ' (1 Dee. 1756). He pressed Amherst either to make an attempt on Que- bec, Iste as it vas, or to send help to Abei- crombie, who had been repulsed at Ticon- deroga : ' if nothing further is to be done, I must desire leave to quit the anny ' (8 Aug-) Amherst himself went to reinlorce Aber- crombie, and Wolfe was sent with three battalions to destroy the French fishing settlements in the Gulf of St. l^wrence. He then went home, as he considered Ligo- nier, the commander-in-chief, had authorised him t^ do at the end of the campaign. In a farewell letter to Amherst he strongly ad- vised ' an offensive daring kind of war, and added, ' if you will attempt to cut up New France by the roots, I will come back with pleasure to assist' (30 Sept.) Orders were sent out for him to remnin in America, but tbey came too late. He found them at Louisbourg on his return next year, and obsolete as Ihey then were, he sent a hot reply to the secretarr at war. He would liave had to spend the winter at Halifax under the orders of Charles l^awrence {d. 1700) [q. v.], who had beeniunior to him, but had been made colonel and brigadier a. month before him. -Though a very worthy man ' (and mauv year* older), yet rather than sub- mit to this, ' 1 should certainly have desired leave to resign my commission; for as I neither ask nor espectany favour, so I never intend to submit to any ill-usage whaLio- ■' (6 June 1769 ; Gent. Mag, February 3, p. 139). jt reached England on 1 Nov., andjoined I 2nd battalion of the 2Utli at Salis- bury. It had been made a separate fo- ment, the (i7tb, and the colonelcy of it laj been given to him on 21 April. He woulri have liked a cavalry command with the army in Germany — which would only have brought him the mortification of Mtndea— but bailing this, he wrote to Pitt offering hit services in America, ' particularly in iJie River St. Lawrence, if any operations are to be carried on there' (2i Nov.) By Christmas it was settled that he should command the force to be sent up the St. Lawrence against Quebec, while Amheret advanced on Montreal by way of Late Champlain, and Prideuui on Niagara. Ilia chief staff olficers were to be men of his own choice, Guy Carleton and Isaac Bbjt£ [ij. v.]; and he was given the rank of major-general in America on 12 Jan. 1769. Being " in ■ very bad condition, both with the gravel and rheumatism,' he spent some time at Bath, and became engaged to Katharine, daughter of Robert Lowthor, and sister of Sir Jsnie» LowtUer (afterwards first Earl of Lonsdale!. Before starting for America he dined with I'itt and Temple, and after dinner he is eaid to have drawn his sword and broken out 'into a strain of gasconade and bravado' which shocked them (Stanhope, iv. 153). He had not taken much wine, but (or siica a man Pitt was a powerful stimulant: and the temperament which made him write of himself six months later as ' a man that must necessarily be ruined '(30 Aug,) was sure to have its moments of iatoiication. Nelson, whom Wolfe resembled in so many points, was similarly tempted, as Welling- ton's account of their one interview shown. \ On 17 Feb. he left Spitheod in the flag- ship of Admiral Saunders, the new nnval commander-in-chief, and arrived at Halifax, Nova Scotis, on 30 April. In the beginn'mg of June the expedition left Louisbourg, nai.' on the :?7th the troops landed on the Isle of Orleans, which is four miles below Quebec Tbey numbered nearly nine thousand iflEu, and consisted of ten battalions, forming three brigades under Robert MonettonTq-v^ GeorgeTownsbeud (afterwards first Marquia Townshend)[(i,v.],andJamesM urra j ( 1 735 '- - 1791) fq. v.], three companies of grenadiers from the Louisbourg garrison, three eom- Siniee of light infantry, and six companiet of ew England ranrera. Quebec wasstronglt fortified, mounted more than a hundred guns, and had a garrison of two thou^nd men, while fourteen thousand more (besides a thousand Indians) were intrenched at 1 Beauport, on the left bank of the St. Law- I rence, immediately below the town. Bui of I the whole number only two thousand were ■■tegiilara ; and Wolfe wished ' for nolhing bo X- mufh as to fif^ht ' them on fairly equal On 30 June he occupied Point Levi, on the right bank of the St. Lawrence, with one brigade. This allowed the fleet to move lip into the baain of Quebec, and ou 12 Julj batteries near Point Levi began to bombard the town. On the 9lh Wolfe had trans- ferred his two other brigades from the I»le of Orleans to a camp on the right bank, sepftrated from the French camp only by the MoDtmorenci. Here his guns were able to enfilade some of their intrenchraents ; but but confined themselves to skirmishes and Indian warfare. (Jn his first arrival Wolfe had issued a manifesto informing the Cana- dian peasantry that they would be un- molested if they took no port in the contest, but finding that tliey helped to harass his troops, be retaliated by burning iheir settle- In the night of 18 July two English fri- aates and some smaller vessels passed the batteries of Quebec and ran up the St. Law- rence. Wolfe joined them and carefully reconnoitred the left bank above the town. He found it well guarded and very dilEculC to land on, and, as troops landed might be beaten before they could be supported from below, he thought the attempt too huardous. On 31 July he made an attack upon the east end of the camp at Beauport. It was begtin by troops brought over from Point I^vi and the Isle of Orleans, and was to be supported by those on the left bank, who were to cross the Montmorenci by a ford below the falls, A redoubt was tithen, but the grenadiers, who beitded the attack, hurried on in disorder ajrainst a stronger .poaition without waiting for their supports. They were repulsed ; and as the operation depended on tne tide, it had to be given up, with a loss of more than four hundred men. Wolfe blamed the grenadiers, who ' could not suppose that they alone could beat the French army; ' but he also blamed himself for putting too many men into boats, ' who migtit have been landed the day before and might have crossed the ford with certainty ' (30 Aug.) Immediately after this check Brigadier Murray was sent up the St. Lawrence with twelve hundred men, to asaisl in the de- struction of the French flotilla, and try to 's of Amherst. He learnt that Am- ) still at Crown Point, so that little help was to be had from him during I Che few weeks that the fleet could remain the St. Lawrence. By this time Wolfe's lessant activity, with anxiety and the heat of the weather, bad overtaxed 'a body u equal (as Burke said) to the vigorous and eaterprising soul that it lodg^;' in the latter part of August he was laid up with fever, and was suffering much. 'I know perfectly well,' he said to the doctor, ' you lot cure my complaint; but pray make ip so that I may be without pain for a davs, and able to do my duty ; that ia all I want' (Wright, p. rAS). Hitherto he had taken his own course, but he now thought it beat to consult his briga- diers. He suggested three different methods of attack upon the French camp, but the brigadiers were against them all, and were of opinion that ' the most probable method of striking an effectual blow is lo bring the troops to the south shore, and to carrv the operations above the town.' Wolfe ac- nuiesced. He wrote to the admiral, ' My ill stale of health hindersme from executing my own plan ; it is of too desperate a naturo to order others to execute ' (30 Aug.) ; and at once mode arrangements with him to carry out their recommendation. The Montmorenci comp was abandoned ; more ships were sent up the river, and 3,600 men were marched up the right bank, and were embarked in them on R Sept. The proposal of the brigadiers was that tbey should land on the left, bank, some- where above Cap Rouge, which is eight miles above Quebec, perhaps at two pointa simultaneously {Addit. MS. 3:.'895, fol. 91). On 8 Sept. orders were issued accord- ingly. Some of the vessels were to go to Point au Tremble, ten miles higher up, and make a feint there, while five battalions were to be thrown ashore nearer to Oap Houge. Bad weather caused the postpone- ment of this attempt, Wolfe was not hopeful of it, and wrote next day to Lord Holdemess : ' I am so far recovered as to do business, but my constitution ia entirely ruined, without the consolation of having done any considerable service to the BtBt«, OT without any prospect of it.' Montcalm, the French commander, had detached a corps of three thousand men \o Cap liouge to oppose a landing; and even if the landinf were accomplished, the Cap Rouge several miles of woody country would still Ite between the British and Quebec, end would give Montcalm time to bring up iciforcements. By the 10th Wolfe had formed a i plan, the very audacity of which had charm. He chose a landing-place, the ' Anse du Foulon,' now called Wolfe's Cove, till ^_ ind ^H :| Its ^H the ^^M I only a mile ntid a Lalf above Quebec, The ivooded clifi's were so high and steep that, as Moatcalm had said, ' it hundrpd men posted there would stop their whole armj ' (Parkhan, ii. 276) ; hut it was the more likely to be left ill-guarded, especiallj after Wolfe'8 demonstrations higher up, and it was a point on which he could quickly ci>n- centrate all hia troaps. 'This alteration of the plan of operations waa not, I believe, approved of by many beside himself. It bad been proposed to bim a month before, when the Hrst ships passed the town, and when it was entirely defenceless and unguarded, but Montmorency wna then bis favourite scheme, and he rujected it, He now laid hold of it when it was highly improbable be should succeed from every circumstance tbnt hud happened since ; ' so wrote Admiral Holmes, the commander of the up-stream squadron, on the 18th {Addit. MS. 32895, fol. 449). The admiral was not alone in his dispo- eition to find fault. Townshend had written to his wife on the 6th : ' I never served diiagreeable a campaign as this . . . General "Wolfs health is but very bad. Uis seneml- ship in my opinion is not abit better. Mur- ray wrote a month afterwards : ' llis orders throughout the campaign shows little sta~ bility, stratagem, or tixt resolution' (Hist. MSS. Comm. 11th Rep. pt. iv. pp. 309 and 316). ^\'hen Wolfe issued his final orders on the morning of 12 Sept., the tbr-ec brigadiers sent him a joint letter, requcet. ing ' as distinct orders as the nature ol the thine will admit of, particularly [as] to the place or places we are to attack. This circumstance (perhaps very decisive) we cannot learn from the public orders.' Such a step implies rather {^trained rela- tions. Wolfe wrote to Monckton in reply, telling him the place, which he had indicated ■" ' 'm the day before, ac ' " "' "' I usual thing to point orders the direct spot of our attack, any inferior officers not charged with a particular duty to ask instructions upon that point. I had the honour to inform you to-day that it is my duty to attack the French army. To the host of my knowledge and abilities I have fixed upon that spot where we can act with the most force, and are most likely to succeed. If I am mis- taken I am sorrv for it, and must be answer- able to bis mnfesty and the public for the consequences '(Ai^iV. M5. 32896, fol. 92>. Aiter dark seventeen hundred men entered the boats, and at 2 a.h., when the tide had turned, they dropped down the river to the point chosen. The light infantry climbed ih'^ drove away the guard, which was not on the alert ; the others quickly followed, Wolfe omong them. Tlie up- stream squadron had drifted down after Ihf bonis, and the troops that had been left on board were soon landed. Other troops had marched up the right bank from Point Leri. ond were ferried across. By daybrealc 4,500 men with two guns were on the heights above Bent an order to ibe reserve battalion to cut off tbu French retreat by the brides over the St. Cborles {Knox, ii. 79 ; cf. Notes and Queries, 6 Nor. III! hod had a preaentiment of his fate, irhich made him the night before take a miniature of Miaa Lomther from hia breaat, &nd band it over to bis old schoolfellow, Commander John Jervia (afterwards Lord Bt. Vincent), to be restored lo her. It was perhaps this feeling that prompted him to murmur the linca of Oray's ' Elegy ' as the boats dropped down the St. Lawrence, and to say, ' I would ratlier be the author of I that piece than take Quebec ' (Professor E. E. Morns in Engl. Hut. Rev. iv. 125-9 gives ason to Ihinh that this occurred earlier). A few lines of Sarpedon's speech to GlaiictiB (I'opB, Iliad, lii. 381, &c), 'written down from memory, were found in the pocket of liis coat. Montcalm survived him only a few hours, and Quebec surrendered on the 18t!i. As Honckton was wounded, Townshend was in temporary command. No sense of loas found ion in hia despatch and general Wolfe's doath was barely men- \. tiooed. But it was otherwise with the ' troops. Wolfe's illness bad caused 'the , greatest concern to the whole army,' and bis I recovery 'inconceivable joy;' and now Major "^ Enoi notes in his ' Diary ' (ii. 71) that ' our joy at this success ia ineEpressibly damped Dy the loss we sustained of one of the greatest heroes wbidi t hia or any other age can boast of.' In a masterly despatch, dated 2 Sept., Wolfe had described to I'itt the operations np to that time, and the obstacles which Stood in his way. This despatch arrived on 14 Oct. and caused general despondency, ' Mr. Pitt with reason gives it all over, and declares so publicly,' Newcastle wrote next .day. On the following night, the 16th, I .Pitt 'has the pleasure to send the Duke of . Newcastle the joyful nnws that Quebec is taken, after a signal and compleat victory over the French army. General Wolfe is killed. Brigadier Monckton wounded, but in a fair way. Brigadier Townshend per- ■ fectly well. Montcalm ia killed and about K fifteen hundred French ' {Addit. MS. 3'28S7. » Ibla. 86 and 1 15). ' The effect of so joyful I I news immediately on such a dejection, and 1 then the mininre of grief and pity which I attended the public congratulations and 1 applauseH, was very singular and affecting' I (Burke in Ann. Iteg. 1759. p. 43; Wolfe's despatch ia given at p, 241). ■The fleet brought home Wolfe's bod,, _. -was landed at Portsmouth with military honours on 17 Nov. 17/i9, and was buried iu the family vault at the patisli church, Green- wich, on the 20th, Next day Pitt moved an address for a public monument to Wolfe in a laboured speech, described by Walpole as ' perhaps the worst harangue he ever ut- tered ' ( Memoirs of George II, ii. 393). The monument, by Joseph Wilton, was uncovered on 4 Oct. 1773. It stands between the north ambulatory and St. John the Evangelist's chapel in ft'eslminsler Abbey. At \\'eHler- ham a tablet was put up to bim in the parish church, and a cenotaph at Squerries Court, on the spot where he received his tirst com- mission. A column marks the place where he fell ; and in the public garden at Quebec there is an obelisk, erected in ISSS by Cana- dians of French and English descent, to the joint memory of Wolfe and Montcalm. On It is inscribed, ' Mortem virtus, communem famam historia, monumentum posturitas de- dit.' The Society for the Promotion of Arts and Commerce struck a medal to com- I the I Eni/litA Medale, l>Jo. 603). There is a portrait of Wolfe, at about the s^e of sixteen, at Squerries Court. In the National Portrait Qallery, London, there is also a good three-quarter-length portrait of n young officer, beReved to be Wolfe. 'The artist is unknown (see also Century Maga- zine, January 1898). A profile sketch was made by his aide-de-camp, Captain Hervey Smith, at Quebec, and is now at the Royal United Service Institution; and an engravmg Ife's friend, be ' the most like thingever done of him' '{Addit. MS. 33929, foL 44). This sketch is supposed to have been used by Schaak for his picture, of which there is a half-length in the National Portrait Gallery, London (together with a facsimile of Smith's sketch). They give the same singular pro- file, ' like the flap of an envelope,' but there is a marked difierence of expression. Tho death of Wolfe was painted by West, Itoin- ney, and Penny. The former, in his well- known picture now at Grosvenor IIouw, sc a new example of realism in costume, but otherwise disregarded accuracy. West also painted a picture of Wolfe in 1777 {Cat. Third Loan Eihib. No. 767; cf. tklso No- 801). Wolfe w and wore liis red Lair undisguised. was B good son, a, ataiinch friend, a kindly though strict commanding officer. He owned ihot he was ' b whimsical sort of 1 writing ho expressionB that were 'arrogant and rain.' But he claimed ihat thia warmth of temper enabled him to hold hin own, and 'will find the way to n gloriona. or at least n tirm aud manly end when I am of no further lue to my frienda or eounlrv, or when I can be serviceable by oft'ering my life for either" (29 June 1753). As a soldier he was a rare mixture of daah and painstaking, of Condt, and 'the old Desaauer.' Beltevinghimaelf tohave inherited part of his lather's property, nearly 20,000/., Wolfe left luge legacies to bis friends. Uis mother naked for a pension to enable her to pay them without diminution of her life interest. It was not granted, but they were paid after Lerdeath, on 3« Sept. 1764. His lettera to his parents than passed into the posseeaion of General Warde of Sqiieiries Court, where thejjT are still preserved. His aword is in the United Service Museum, his cloak at the Tower of IjOndon. Miss Lowther married iho last Duke of Bolton in 1765, and died inOroBvenorSquareon-21MBrchl809. The interesting imaginaij portrait of Wolfe in Thackeray's 'Virginians' brings out the en- tbusiaitiesideof his character and its affinity to that of Nelson. [Thwo is HD oiOBlleal Ufa nf Wolfs V Ho- bsrt Wright, poblishod in 1864. giriag fall ntracts Irom his letters. The only separate life preriuuily was 'a fustian eitlogiam ' by J P , pnHiHhKl in 1700; but Oleiga British Hililnry Comniindeni (1831) contained a memoir of him. 'An Apology for the Life and ActioDB of General Wolfe.' by IsmBl Man- doit. 1765. is mainly bd miHrk an Cieneral Con- way in coniici^tlon with the Roehefort eipeJi- tioD. Oaneral Wolfe's Insrructinns to Young Of&eers (1768 a-ail IT8(J) is VHlaabte. being made np »f eitracts from bis reiiimsatal orders, induding those 'in case the French land' in 17fi6, and from his gsneral onlem in 17A9. The latter should ba compared with another cony printed in [ho fonrtb serifs of inanuscTJpts reUting Co the early history of Canada, by the Literary and nistorical Society of Qu-'boc. The Straatfeild iSSS. at the Biitish M[iMiimi> livery of the Stationers' Companv on Kaven^borff. he t-ntered the university at I July I5'.**i ARBEiuii. ^T-). lie iretjuently Tubingr^n in lr?l.'>, and by the liberality of clian^d Iiis re:?idence. In lo."»8 ue left Prini!ti Dalberir he wa.s enabled to study the Dic>tatf l^ne anil tk up hid <|uarters in orit^ntal lan:riiagt^s and theolofry for nemrlj thf Stationers' Hall. In l')J?0 he openetl "a twn years. He devoted himself chiefly to the little shup' in St. Paul's Cliurchyani. "over ori»^ural lan-rua^es, particularly Arabic and atrain^t thv> -jrear '•outh dot>r.* In loD'J he Persian, but he also acquired a knowledge renfL-l fjr a rinir a shop in Paul'.^ Chain, of ecclesiastical history and biblical exegesii and L-om 1.7.>^> until his death his shop wa-« uniler Prnfrssiirs Steudel, J^chnurrer, and in I'jpe'a Il^'atl Alley, Lombard Srreer, near Flatt. In l!?lt> he left Germany, visited thr* lioyal Exi-haiiiTe. He died ht-fore ti April Zsoh'»kke, Madame la Baronne de Krudener, IG' ) I, wlit^n his sh'ip pa.«sed to William Fi-r- and Pestalozzi in Switzerland, and sf^nt brand, and hi» press to Adam Islip. He some months with the Prussian ambassador, lef: Jt widow AUoe. whij was engaged in the Cmnr ^^'a^ib«.1lIrJ-TruL■hsess• and Madame iraiv ri^l i*JV'j. d*' Stael-II-Urein at Turin. He arrived in i Am -sV T.?p«',-r. \nth. M. Diidin : A Bit li-^ Horn" in rhe same year, and was introduced gr'p'.y of i*r:i;:in-r. e.!.* B::»'m'jre :iiid Wym:iD. to Pius VII by the Prussian ambassador. He 18«'3.'vm!. ill.: Srryjwj's E.ri!:»:>i.isri.;al Memorial-: was received on 5 Sept. 1^16 as a pupil of T^niit-r'^ Bi*/.. Brit.: Arler's Tr-n-joript Df tLo the Collefrio Romano and alterwards of the JSt,f;'^r.-:rrs*Coni;mny'=i Re^iater^i; Bri:. Mas Cat. C>ll'gi'.' 'li Propa^randa, but about twovears of U M«jks let'jT-: 1640.] i?. L. later, haviiij: publicly attacked the doctrine WOLFE, alias LiCEY, WILLIAM 1 1.-Vf4- ''[ ti^-t^^ljibiUty and assailed the teaching of ir,7;J ». j-suit. See Lacet.- l^*^ p^tess^.^rs. he was expeUed from the city "* - - lor errone'''.:s opinions. WOLFF, JOSEPH ( ITO-VInVJ), mis- Afrer a visit to Vienna he entered the sion;iry, the i*:^^ nf a Jewish rabbi of the monastery of the Uedemptorists at Val Saint e. trib"- K'i Levi named David, by his wife near Fri bo urg* ; but, disliking the system of Sar.L*:i. daughter of Isaac Lipchowitz of the m«Dn:istifry, he sh'?rtly after came to Br.-zt.i i, wa.s lK>m ar Woll»r-?-'j..^Iu near L«>ndjn to visi: Henry Drummond '<\. v.\ ForL':;i>_:m and Hiimberj, in 17J-3. H- or:- wli:<.sr.* ac juiintiince he had made at "iJonii?. jriiuilly li-.r-?. ao:ordin:3 t.> orit-ntdl o'i-:o:ii. He S'-r-c d^.-cLir^ni himself a member of the th/ -iiuU' name of Woltf, coniVrred in cir- chur;'.i <--f Kr.jlan.l, and at Cambridge rtr- c'irn:Ui m. bur on ba|it:-m her.vik rhe chri-- sunivil his sf.: iy of oriental languages under ti.in lur.u- I'f J "H^ph. and WohV l»rOdme his SaniLi-l L--:^ il7'^^j-l*'OLM "4. v." and of theo- Kurnam'.-. In th- y-ir '">f hi- birtli W..!::'*? l^jy -.Ln 1- r C":iAr'-?s Simeon "q". v.' He re- frtth-T rn:>v.;i to Ki-s:n;r'n :<> avni.l rl:-* s-.lv^lr.i \:-:: ra^rem lands "to prepan* tbt- Fn :;i *.i, i.: iT^mJ he pr.)c-H- l»^.l t.> ILillv. u:;.l w.iy i* r mls-i mi-rj- rnreq)rise'i amon-? thi? in 1 > J- .'.^'ain reTnov^d r- 1 I'llrel 1 in IVivarii. J-w*. M. -Iiasir.!'? ians. and Christians who in- \V!i":i i." was o'eveu hi..'^:r in oriental countries. taut lyoe-.:m at Stuttgr-rt, w!:-.r....- he aftrr- Hr-tw:-*.:; lS-1 a'^d l"^-*' hi* travelled asamis- war.K rcir. »vel ti^ Baml^r::. Whil- -rill a sioiiiry in E^rvp* and the Sinaitic penin&nla. v.Mirh Le ieurnt Latin. Ortjelv. :-.n i Il-ltrvw. and. jr- wvdinj to Jerusalem, was the first l.'M»;:i^ h^me on account ofCliri-tiLin syni- m>.i!:Tn mi«-sior.ari- to preach to the Jew* j»ii*i; '-, :'.!> -r nvany wan J-rinjs lie wa- cin- th-re. Hr afterwards w^nt to Aleppo, and v-.Tt • 1 t.) Cl;v:stianity in part rhr-niirh jw-r- sen* Gr-ekKn-s from Cyprus to be eaucated II Nil; J t!i- wrlrin:rs of .Tohann Michavl v.n in Kn^linl. He continued his travels in S:i:l r, J'i-h.^p -f Ke^ensbnrg. and li- w.i- M- - p ■* a '^ia. Persia. Till is, and the Crimea, lii;»*;- 1 :i !:• S,*pt. I^ilJ by Leopold Z/.ia. ret:::.!!:.- ti England through European uii!' <• .:" :"ie l»-.nvdictin*'S of Emaus, nv.ir Turk.y. While in England he met Ed wanl .I'li^'i . \\\ l^l;» he conini* rue 1 '• s'ady Irv::;:: q. v.". through whom he made the Ar.tli:..*. Svria.-, and Chalda-an. an I in th..: ;n>[iuti:L*anct: L-f histirst wile. About 1?28 an i V. ■ f di v.vinj vear he attrnd'.'d th>' 1 -- Wo!:V o.^:ir.2:»^nced another expedition in ^•i.. ti 1 ■ : iri.'^ in Vienna, whore he was ::> s.ari'li of rh- lost ten tribes. After .^ufferine Wolff 307 Wollaston stantinople, Armenia, and Kborassan, where he was made a slave but was rescued by Abbas Mirza. Undaunted, he traversed Bokhara, Balkh, and reached Kabul, emerj^- ing from Central Asia in a state of nudity after having been plundered and compelled to march six hundred miles without cloth- ing. From Ludiana he went to Calcutta in a palanquin, preaching at a hundred and thirty- stations on his way. At Simla Lady Wil- liam Bentinck told him that, though she had convinced the govemor-generars court, that he was not mad, she could not persuade them that he was not an enthusiast ; to which lie replied, * I hope I am an enthusiast drunk with the love of God.' After visiting Kash- mir he was seized with cholera near Madras. On his recovery he went to Pond icherry in a palanquin, visited the mission in Tinnevelli, and proceeded by Goa to Bombay. He re- turned westward by Egypt and Malta. In 1836 he journeyed to Abyssinia, where he found at Axum Samuel Gobat, afterwards bishop of Jerusalem. He conveyed Gobat, who was very ill, to Jiddah, ani then pro- ceeded to Sana in Yemen, where he visited the Kechabites and Wahabites. After visit- ing Bombay he went on to the United States, where he preached before congress and re- ceived the degree of D.D. at Annapolis in Marvland. In 1837 he was ordained deacon by the bishop of New Jersey, and in 1838 priest by the bishop of Dromore. In the same vear he was instituted rector of Lin- thwaite in Y'orkshire. In 1843 he made a se- cond journey to Bokhara in order to ascer- tain the fate of Lieutenant-colonel Charles Stoddart [q.v.] and of Captain Arthur Co- noUy [q.v.j^ He was sent out by a committee formed inXondon by Captain John Grover, which raised 500/. for his journey. His mis- sion involved him in the gravest peril, for Stoddart and Conolly had already been exe- cuted, and their executioner was sent to des- patch Wolff also. He escaped almost mira- culously, and brought to Lngland the first authentic news of the fate of the two officers. After his return, on 11 April 1845, he pub- lished in London and New York a * Narra- tive of a Mission to Bokhara to ascertain the Fate of Colonel Stoddart and Captain Co- nolly * (2 vols. 8vo), which reached a seventh edition in 1852 (Edinburgh, 8vo). Portions of his journal were published in the * Athe- naeum * between 1844 and 1845 during the expedition. In 1 845 he was presented to the vicarage of He Brewers in Somerset, where he died on 2 May 1862, while contemplating a new and wider missionary journey (cf. Dr, WolfTs New Mission^ 1800). He was twice married : first, on 6 Feb. 1827, to Georgiana Mary, sixth daughter of Horatio "Walpole, second earl of Orford (of the second creation). By her he had a son. Sir Henry Drummond Wolff, G.C.M.G., who was named after his earliest English friend. She died on 16 Jan. 1859, and on 14 May 1801 he married, secondly, Louisa Decima, youngest daughter of James King (1767-1842) of Staunton Court, Herefordshire, rector of St. Peter- le-Poer, London. Wolff was a singular personality. At home in any kind of society in £)urope or Asia, he fascinated rather than charmed by his extraordinary vitality and nervous energy. He signed himself * Apostle of our Lora Jesus Christ for Palestine, Persia, Bo- khara, and Balkh,' and styled himself the Protestant Xavier. Xavier, indeed, was his constant model, and he ' lamented that he had not altogether followed that missionary in the matter of celibacy, such was the sorrow that their separation, by his frequent wanderings, brought, on Lady Georgiana and himself (Smith, Life of Wilson, p. 124). Besides the work already mentioned, Wolff was the author of: 1. * Sketch of the Life and Journal of Joseph Wolff,' Norwich, 1827, 12rao. 2. * Missionary Journal and Memoir,' ed. John Bavford, London, 1824, 8vo ; 2nd edit. 1827-9, 3 vols. 8vo. 3. 'Jour- nal of Joseph Wolff for 1831,' London, 1832, 8vo. 4. ' liesearches and Missionary Labours among the Jews, Mohammedans, and other Sects between 1831 and 1834,' Malta, 1835, 8vo ; 2nd edit. London, 1835, 8vo. 5. ' Journal of Joseph Wolff, containing an Account of his Missionary Labours from 1827 to 1831, and from 1835 to 1838,' Lon- don, 1839, 8vo. 6. * Travels and Adventures of Joseph Wolff,' London, 1860, 2 vols. 8vo; 2nd edit. 1861 ; translated into German in 1863. [Wolff's Works ; Gent. Mag. 1862, ii. 107-9 ; Burke s Peerage, s.v. • Orford ; ' Burke's Landed Gentry, 8. V. ' King ; ' Joseph Leech's Church-goer, 1847, i. 233-41 ; Memoir of Bishop Gobat, 1884, pp. 177-80; Smith's Life of Wilson of Bombay, 1878, pp. 251-2.] E. I. C. WOLLASTON, FRANCIS (1731-1815), author, bom on 23 Nov. 1731, was the eldest son of Francis Wollaston (1694-1774) bv his wife Mary (1702-1773), eldest daughter of John Francis Fauquier, and sister of Francis Fauquier fq. v.], the writer on finance. William Wollaston [q. v.] was his grandfather. During his earlier years he re- ceived much friendly assistance in his studies from Daniel Wray [q.v.] (Nichols, Ilhistr. of Lit. Hist, i. 12). lie was educated at Sidney- Sussex College, Cambridge, matriculating in June 1748, and graduatine LL.B«vQLVl^b\.. tlh was intended for the Etudy of Inw, B.\ad enlpred Lincoln's Inn on 24 Nov. 1750; but, feeling some moral hesitancy in re^rd lo xn ttdvofate'n duties, he turned hia mind to the i^hurcb. lie was ordained deacon at the age of twenty-three, and priest in the followinff year. About Chrietm as 1766 he underlooE the morning preaching at St. Anne's, Soho. In ihtt Bummer of 1T6M be -was instituted to the reclory of Dengie in Essejc, on the [ire- sentotion of Simon Kanshawe. In 17S! he was presented to the rectory and vicarage of East Dereham in Norfolk, and in 17(10 to that of Chislehurit in Kent, resigning the vicarage of Dereham, In 1772, when a bill was promoted in parliament to relieve the clergy andsludentg at the univer»itieA from the necessity ofsub- Bcribing to the Thirty-nine articles, and t substitute B simple declaration of thei fsith in the acriptures, Wollaalon advocated the di-sign in ' An Address to the Clergy of the Church of England in particular, ' o all Christian.* in general' (London, 1! lief n which he proposed to apply • the bishops, and through thei for r influence the legislature. The attempt, however, wax unsuccessful, and the bill was rejected in the commons bv a large maiorit v. On 13 April 1769 Wollaaton was elected a fellow of the Roval Society ; on 3 April 1777 he was appointed precentor of St. David'a ; nnd in 1779 he was appointed rector of ihe united London parishes of St. VedoHt, Foster Lane, and St. Michael-le- Queme. lie retained all his preferments until bis death on 31 Oct. 1815 at the rectory, Chislehurst. On 11 May 1758 bo married Althea (1739-1798), fifth daughter of John Hyde of Charterhouse Square. By her be had ten daughters and seven sons, of whom Francis John Hyde WoUoslou and William Hyde Wollaston are separately noticed. Besides the work mentioned and some sprmons, Wollaston was the author of: L 'The State of Subscription to the Articles and Liturgy of the Church of E:igland,' London, 17(4, i^vo. 2. ' Queries relating lo the Book of Common I'rayer, with pro- red Amendments,' London, 1774, evo. ' A l*reface to a Specimen of a General Astronomical Catalogue,' London, 1789, 8vo. 4. ' Specimen of a General AEtronomical Catali^ue,' Ijoudon, 1789, fol. 6. ' Direc- tions for making an Univeraal Meridian DiaJ, cspable of being set to any Latitude,' Lon- don, 1793, 4 Co. B. 'Fasciculus Aslronomi- cus; containingObgervatianBof the Northern Circumsolar Region,' London, 1800, 4lo. ' B of the Heavens as they . appear to the Naked Eye,' in ten plates, London, 1811, fol, lie also published ten astronumical papers in ' Philosophical Transactions ' between 1769 and 1793. In 1793 he privately printed a few cojries of on autobiography entitled ' The Secret Hia- torv of a Private Man ' (London, 8vo}, which he distributed among bis frieuia. I There is a copy in the British Museum Li- ' brary. Several letters from Wollaaton, I chiefly to the Duke of Newcastle, are also (reserved in the British Museum (Addit. fSS. 3^887 f. 501, 32889 f. 198, 32892 f. 155, 3289a f. 360, 32902 f. 330). His youngest brother, Gborob Wollas- TOs (1738-1826), divine, was bom in 1738. He was educated at Charterhouse and at Sidney-Sussex College, Cambridge, gra- duating B.A. in 1768 as second wrangler, M.A. in 1761. and D.D. in 1774. He wis chosen mathematical lecturer for Sidney- Sussex, and while at Cambiidge he colla- borated with John Jehb (1736-1786) fq. v.) and Thorpe in editing ' Excerpts quicdaine Newtoni Principiis ' (Cambridge, 1766, 4to). He was contemporary at the univeraitj- with the poet Gray, Thomas Twining [q.v,^ Hichard Farmer [q. v.}, and William Palej, and with the three bishops, Beilby Pon*n» [q. v.], Samuel Ilallifax Iq, vA and Ricbatd Watson (1737-1816) [q. v.], with aU of whom he was intimate. In December 1763 he waa presented to the rectorv of Dengie in Essex, and in 1764 to that at Stratford in Sufiblk. In March 1774 he resigned Strat- ford, and was collated by the archbishop, Frederick Comwallis [q. v.], to the rectory of St. Mary Aldermary with ."^t. Thomas the Apostle in the city of London, which be resigned in 17B0. On 17 Feb. 17a3 he ww elected a fellow of the Royal Society. He died on 14 Feb.I826at bis houae.Greenside, Riiihmond, Surrey. On 16 June 17(S5 \» married Elixabeth (d. 24 April 1784), eliett daughter of Charles Palmer of Thumsooe Uall in Yorkshire. By faer be had one daughter, Elizabeth Palmer, married to James Cave, vicar of Suubury in Middlesex (ffmf.Jtfoy. 1826,1.270). [The Secret HistAry of a Prirule Mu; Burkp's Landed Gentry; Gent. Mag. 1)115 ii. 476. 18161. 215; BlDniefield's HUl. nf Notfolk, 1809.1. 210. 311; Davy's HatMk PeditmM in Addit. MS. lOlSe : Lincoln's Inn lUcorda, 18(1 i. 438 ; Heanessy's Niivum Rvperl. Ecdts. Lea- iluD. 1898, p. 300; Knuwledge. 1896. p. 301) WOLLASTON, PTIANCIS JOHN HYDE (1762-1823), natural philosopher. eldest son of Francis Wollnslon ^q.*.] tad brother of William Hyde "Wollealon ['|.v,], Wollaston 309 Wollaston wa« born in Charterhouse Square, London, on 13 April 1762, and educated at the Char- terhouse. On 6 May 1779 he was admitted a pensioner of Sidney-Sussex College, Cam- bridge, lie was elected to a scholarship in 1780, and proceeded B.A. in 1783, when he was senior wrangler. In the same year he was elected to the mathematical lectureship founded by Samuel Taylor in 1726, which he held until 10 Dec. 1785 ; and on 21 Oct. 1785 he accepted a fellowship at Trinity Iiall,where he was also tutor, lie graduated M. A. in 1780, B.D.inl795. In 1792 Wollaston succeeded Isaac Mil- ner [q. v.] as Jacksonian professor at Cam- bridge, polling 35 votes against 30 for Wil- liam Farish [q. v.] He began by lecturing alternately on chemistry and experimental philosophy, and is said to have exhibited * not less than three hundred experiments annually' {Cambr. CaL 1802, p. 32); but After 1796, when Samuel Vince [q. v.] was •elected Plumian professor, he lectured on chemistry only. He published ' A Plan of a Course of Chemical Lectures' in 1794, of w^hich a second edition appeared in I8O0. lie resigned his professorship in 1813. In 1793 Wollaston vacated his fellow- chip by marriage, and in 1794 the bishop of London instituted him to the vicarage of South Weald, Essex. On 6 July 1802 he was appointed to a stall in St. Paul's Cathe- in the winter of 1688-9, and resolved to lead a comfortable life. A wife was (he firet essential. He paid addresses to a Miss Ali«a Cobume, daughter of n wealthy brefrer, whii died of small-pox in May 168», on the day nf their intended marriage. Hecrectedamonu- Wollaston 3" Wollaston ment to her with a long inscription in the church of Stratford-le-Bow; and on 26 Nov. lf>89 married Catharine, daughter and coheir of Nicholas Charlton, a London merchant. i f e settled in Charterhouse Square, and never passed a night out of the house there until his death. Wollaston now led a retired life, and devoted himself to writing treatises on philological and ecclesiastical questions. He burnt many towards the end of his life; but thirteen fragmentary treatises which accidentally escaped are recorded in his life. He published the paraphrase of Eccle- siastes in 1691, but afterwards desired to suppress it. lie privately printed in 1703 a Latin grammar for the use of his family. Ilis one important work was the * Religion of Nature Delineated/ It was privately printed m 1722, and published in 1724 (when Franklin was employed as a compositor). Ten thousand copies were sold *in a few J ears,' and it wont through many editions. le left a few fragments in continuation. Ilis health had long been weak; and an accident hastened his death on 20 Oct. 1724. Ilis wife had died on 21 July 1720. Both were buried at Great Finborou^h, Suffolk, where he had an estate; and inscriptions written by himself were placed in the church. His eldest son, William, lived at Finborough, and represented Ipswich in the House of Commons in two parliaments (from January 1731 until 1741); and his grandson, a third William Wollaston, was elected for the same borough in 17(58, 1774, and 1780. Another grandson, Francis Wollaston, is noticed separately. W^ollaston was a valetudinarian and rather querulous, as appears by his autobiography. lie admits that * natural affection is a duty,' but thinks that he rather * overacted his part ' towards his brothers. Ilis relatives probably disagreed with this ; but he seems to have been a good husband and father, and is said to have been lively in conver- sation and willing to bo serviceable to his friends. He lived with strict regularity and became much of a recluse. The * Reli- gion of Nature * is a version of the * intel- lectual * theory of morality of which Samuel Clarke was the chief contemporary repre- sentative. One peculiarity is the paradoxical turn given to the doctrine by the deduction of all the virtues from truth. To treat a man as if he were a post is to tell a lie, and therefore wrong. In the main, however, it is an able illustration of the position, and Wol- laston had considerable authority as a mo- ralist during the century (see liuxr, Reli" gioua Thought in England, ii. 338 n.) He appears to have ceased to act as a clergyman, and his rationalism led to suspicions of his orthodoxy. He was occasionally confounded with the deist Thomas Woolston [q.v.], who was at the same college. Portraits of Wollaston are at Shenton and at the master's lodgings at Sidney-Sussex College. A miniature portrait of him (as a young man) is in the possession of the Rev. Henry Wollaston Hutton, Vicars* Court, Lincoln. In 1732 Queen Caroline placed a marble bust of Wollaston, along with those of Newton, Locke, and Clarke, in her her- mitage in the royal garden at Richmond. The bust itself has disappeared, but there exists a mezzotint engraving of it by J. Faber. [A Life of Wollaston was prefixed to the sixth edition of the Religion of Nature in 1738. It is founded upon an autobiogmphy written in 1/09, and published in Nichols's Leicestershire, vol. iv., where (pp. 541-2) there is a full genmlogy of the family; cf. Nichols's Illustrations of Litoni- ture, i. 169-210. 8ome additional facts are giren in Illustrations, i. 830-5. Watere's Genealo- gical Memoirs of the Chester Family (1878) gives an account of the Wollastons, including (pp. 565-7) William Wollaston.] L. S. WOLLASTON, WILLIAM IIYDK (1766-1828), physiologist, chemist, and phy- sicist, third son of Francis Wollaston [q. v.] and his wife, Althea Hyde, was bom at East Dereham, Norfolk, on 6 Aug. and baptised on 8 Aug. 1760. Francis John Hyde Wol- laston [q.v.] was his brother. lie went first to the private school of a Mr. Williams at Lewisham for two years, and then to Char- terhouse on 13 June 1774; was on the foundation, and left the school on 24 Juno 1778. On 6 July 1782 he was admitted a pensioner of Caius College, Cambridge, was a scholar from Michaelmas 1782 to Christmas 1787, proceeded M.B. in 1788 and M.D. in 1793. He was appointed a senior fellow at Christmas 1787, and retained his fellowship till his death ; he was also Tancred student, held the offices of Greek and Hebrew lec- turer, and was repeatedly appointed to make the Thruston speech. During his residence in Cambridge he became intimate with John Brinkley [o. v.], the astronomer royal for Ireland, and John Pond [q. v.], and studied astronomy with their assistunce. On 7 Feb. 1793 he was proposed, on 9 May 1793 elected, and on 6 March 1794 admitted F.R.S. His certificate was signed by his uncle, William Heberden the elder [q. v.], Hon. Henry Cavendish [q.v.], Sir William Herschel [q.v.], his father, and others. On leaving Cambridge he went as a phy- sician to Huntingdon in 1789 (liecord of tJke Wollaston Wollaston Bai/al Soeifty, ji. 208), and thence to Burj St. Edmund's, where his uncle, Dr. Cbarlton WolUiBWn (sae Munk, CM. of Phyi.), had pracLised. Here liemudeHcquaintaDcewitb It«¥. Henry lUaled {elected F.U.8, 18ia, fellow of Ulirist's Oollepe, Cambridge ; Gmduali Cantahi; 185fl), who became one of hia closeat friends, and with whom be carried on a, com^iHindence throughout hia life. Ou U April 1794 he vaa admitted candidate, and on SO March 179C fellov, of the llojal College of Physicians, of which he became censor in 1798, and an elect on 13 Feb. 18^4 on the death of James Hervej'. By the advice of his friends he went to London, and tiet up practice at No. 18 Cecil Street, Strand, in 1797, and from Iiia hou^e noticed the mirage on the Thames, an oo cumtnce which, Uiough not rare, 'm easily overlooked. Hia devotion to various branches of natural science, including physics, chemistry, and botany, had been increasing, and in 1800 he dtwided to retire from medical practice. Hit John Barrow [q. t.] (Sketchr* of (he Roffal Soeitty, p. 65) attributes this determination to WoUaston's pique at his failure to obtain the appointment as physician at St. George's Hospital ; but the true explanation lies pro- bablV in his sensitiveness and over^nitiety for his patientB. Un one occasion a ques- tion with regard to a patient caused him to burst into tears; of his decision to abandon medicine he writes to Hosted on t!S Dec. ISOO: -Allow me to decline the mental flagellation called anxiety, compared with which the loss of thousands of pounds is as a tieabite.' Wollaston is staled to have received a l^^acj at this time; his means were, at any rate, jnsufRcient, and in aban- doning the ' terra firma of physic ' he writes that he ' may have erred egT^ously and be ruined.' It was to chemical research that lie looked to replace the renounced ' thousands,' In 1801 be took a houae, No. 14 Bucking- bam Street, Fitiroy Square, and at the back set up a laboratory, whose privacy he yarded to the utmost (for anecdotes on this point see G. Wilson's Religio Chemid, p, ^37), Wilbin live years he had di bnuight him lu a fortune of about 30,000/.; while at the same time his published re- searches on optics and chemistry placed him among the foremost scientific men of Europe. In 180^ he was awarded the Copley medal, and on 30 Nov. 1801 he was elected secretary oflhi'Itoya) Societv,apost which he retained till ao Nov. Iflfli'lftt^r he was frequently elvta.! „ vice-president. iW, p, 'IS Oil liie illness and death of Sir Jneepk Blinks [q. v.] the council of the ICoyil Society proposed, in accordance with IJanks'i own desire, to nominate WoUasKw m* his successor in the chair; but, knowing the ambitions of Sir Humphry Davy [q- v.], Wollaston declined a contest, although he consented to act as president nd inUrim from 29 June 1820 till the election dav on 30 Nov. following. In IH33 he was elMted a foreign associate of the French Academy of .''cienpes, The chief events in WoUaston's life an his discoveries, which flowed in uninter- rupted succession from 1800 down to the time of bis death, and of which an account is given below. In 1807 it was suggested that his brother, Francis John Hyde Wol- laston [q. v.], on being appointed master ot Sidney-Sussex College, Cambri^e,. ahould resign the Jacksoniaii professorship, which Wollaston was anxious t« obtain ; but on Francis Wollaston's resignation in 1613 the jiOBt was given to William Farish fq, v.] Each year in the vacation of the Royal Society Wollaston spent some time in tra- velling about ill England or abroad, gene- rally with one or more companions. His chief interest was in seeing nsaniifactutM ; of alt the objects he saw, the raachinerv o( Manchester perhaps 'left the moat vivid impression.* But bis lively letters to Hasted show him to be keenly concerned in general affaire. In 1814 a visit to France, immediately on the conclusion of peace, gave him ' the greatest amount of gratifica- tion tJiat can he compressed into three weeks.' I Since 1800 WoUuritou had suffered occa- , sionally from partial blindness in both eyes (see infra). Towards the end of 18^7 he was ; attacked by numbness in the 1^ arm, and ; in July 1828 the left pupil bec«me insensible. i He explained bis symptoms to a medicsl I friend as if they were those of another person, and on hearing that they probably signified tumour of the brain, with an early termina- tion, he set about dictating papers on sUIiis still unrecorded work, many of these being published posthumously. He bad expeii- ments earned on under his direction in a room adjoining his sick-room ' for man* davB previous to his death,' which took place on 22 Dec. 1828 at his house. No. 1 Dorset Street. Wollaston was buried at Chislehurst. Hia house waa afterwuds inhabited by his friend Charles Itabbogt fq. v.] His manuscript papers passed » Henry Warhurton, who intended to vm them for a memoir; after Warburton'sdeaik they went to Mrs. Somerville, but ob bar 4eat:h they could not be found. 9, but OB bar I Wollaston 313 Wollaston Wollaston published fifty-six papers on ^pathology, physiology, chemistry, optics, mineralogy, cr>'8tallography, astronomy, electricity, mechanics, and botany,' and almost every paper marks a distinct advance in the particular science concerned. The majority were read before the lioyal Society, and published in the *■ Philosophical Trans- actions.' The influence of VVoUaston's medical training is seen in his first paper on * calculi * (read 22 June 1797), in which he showed that in addition to calculi con- sisting of uric acid, previously discovered by Scheele, calculi of the bladder might consist of calcium phosphate, magnesium ammonium phosphate, and calcium oxalate (or mixtures of these), to which in 1810 he added * cvstic oxide,' now called cystin, thus practically exhausting the subject and ren- dering rational treatment possible. He also investigated the composition of prostatic and of gouty calculi. In his Croonian lec- ture in 1809 he showed in a strikingly sim- ple and ingenious way, by means of the *■ muscular murmur,' that each muscular ellbrt, apparently simple, consists of con- tractions repeated at intervals of one twentieth or thirtieth of a second. In Fe- bruary 1824, having noticed that at times he saw only half of every object with both eyes, he put forward his important theory of the * semi-decussation of the optic nerves,' now generally accepted. In May 1824 he gave an ini^enious explanation 01 the appa- rent direction of eyes in a portrait, illus- trated by his friend Sir Thomas Lawrence [q. v.] The investigation of platinum led Wol- laston to discover palladium in the platinum ores. Being unwilling to disclose the subject of his work, in April 1803 he sent specimens of the metal (with an anonymous statement of its properties) for sale at the shop of a Mrs. Forster, 26 Gerrard Street, Soho. KichardClienevix (1774-1830) [q.v.] bought up the stock, worked at it for a month, and read a paper before the Royal Society showing that palladium was not, ' as was shamefully announced,' ' a new simple metal,' but an alloy of platinum with mer- cury. Wollaston tried to dissuade Chene- vix from his views, but it was not until he had discovered a second platinum metal, rhodium (in 1804), and obtained pure plati- num, thus entirely completing his investiga- tion, that he fully acknowledged that the discovery was his in a letter to * Nicholson's Journar dated 23 Feb. 1805. W^ollaston's accuracy was beyond a doubt ; and the effect of his conduct, says 'J'homas Thomson, * was to destroy the chemical reputation of Chene- vix,' who thereupon abandoned the science (seePAiV. Trans, 1803pp. 290,298,1^04 p. 41 9, 1805 p. 104 ; Nicholsons Journal, 1803 v. 137, 1804 vii. 75, 159, 1805 x. 204 ; Annales de ChSmie, 1808, Ixvi. 83). Dalton's atomic theory had been first clearly enunciated in 1807 in Thomson's * System of Chemistry ' (3rd ed. iii. 425) [see Thomsox, Thomas, 1773-1852]. Wollaston accepted it at once, and tried with Thomson's help to convert Sir Humphry Davy [q. v.], but in vain. On 14 Jan. 1808 Thomson read before the lioyal Society his well-known paper on the two kinds of oxalates, which was tbliowed on 28 Jan. by VVollaston*s more comprehen- sive memoir on ^ Super-acid and Sub-acid Salts,' the two papers affording most power- ful support to Dalton's views. Wollaston, who had discovered the striking instances of the law of multiple proportions quoted in his memoir some time previously, cnaracter- istically withheld them till he should ascer- tain the cause ' of so regular a relation ; ' but he now put forward the idea that it would be necessary later to acquire ' a geo- metrical conception ' in three dimensions of the relative arrangement of the atoms, a sug- gestion that since 1870 has been realised m the great developments of stereo-chemistry. Wollaston's most important paper in theo- retical chemistry is that 'On a Synoptic Scale of Equivalents,' published in 1814. In this he proposes, in order to avoid undue use of hypothesis, to replace Dalton's * atomic weights' by 'equivalents' which were to express the bare facts of quantitative analysis. \\^>llaston's criticism of Dalton in this paper is fundamental ; but his use of the word * equivalent ' was unfortunate, and led to confusion, for which he has been severely criticised (Ladenburg, Entioickelungsgesch, der Chemie, pp. 69-7 1 ). The battle between 'atomic weignts' and 'equivalents' lasted, with many fluctuations, down to recent times. For the practical calculations of analysis Wollaston invented a slide rule, which was much used for a considerable time. In 1814 Wollaston and Smithson Ten- nant [q. v.], while investigating the subject of gas explosions for the Royal Society, discovered that explosions will not pass through a small tube, a fact utilised in- dependently by Davy in his safety lamp in 1815 (FhiL Trans. 1816, p. 8). The discovery of a method for producing pure platinum and welding it into vessels, made about 1804 and published as the Bakerian lecture in 1828, has proved of the highest importance, scientific and commer- cial, from the fact that the metal is attacked by extremely few chemical reagents. The Wollaston Wollaston Rojnl Society in 1S2S awarded Wollaalottn royal meiial tor his work. Wollaston bimeelf constructed platinum vesstila for the concen- tration of autplitirtc acid lor vitriol makers. It was from tbia source and irom royalties on processes contrived by him for vnrious other manufacturers that he accamulated hia con- siderahie fortune {Englith Ct/eloptsdia). As an inventor of optioat apparatus Wol- laston ranks verp bigli. In ISIU be described the total-reflection method for tlio meaBure- ment of refractivity, which is applicable to opaque as well as t-o tranTparmit bodius, nad has since been eitetisively developed by Pul&ich and Abbe; and it was in the same paper that he drew attention to the dark lines (since known aa Fraunhofer lines) in the solar spBClmm, which he considered, however, as merely serving' to separate the ' lour colours ' of the spectrum from oae another, In 1803 he invented ' periscopic ' spectacles, useful when oblique vision is necessary; and in 1807 he patented the camera lucida (NicMium'f Journal, xvii. 1), an in- strument subsequently improved by Amici and others, which has proved of the greatest value in surveying, in copjingdrawings, and in drawing objects under the microscope. It was the desire to fix the image of the camera lucida that led William Henry Fox Talbot [q. v.] to his discoveries in photography. In 1909 Wollaston invented the reflecting goniometer, which Jirst rendered possible the exact measuremunt of crystal and datermination of minerals, and which was till recently used in its ori- ginal form. In ISlii ho described a peri' scopic camera obscura and microscope, com- bining specially distinct vision with a wide aperture. In 18^0, in a pa{ier 'On the Mfthod of cutting Rock Crystals for Micrometers,' he desctilwd the double- image ^risni named after him, which was an improvement on that invented by Abbs Alexis Marie Rochon, who had kept ita construction secret. In a posthumous paper publiahed in 1829 wos described a microscopic doublet still used in its original form and as the objective of the compound microscope. Wollaston also contributed to theoretical optica. He adopted the wove-theorj of light, which at the beginning of the century was revived and applied to the explanation of interference phenomena by hisfnend Thomas Young (1773-1829) [q. v.] (see letter from Wollaston in 1'eacook's Ltfe of Yuung, p. 374) ; and in 1802 lie showed that measuro- mentsof the refractive index of Iceland spar in different directions agreed with Chriatmn Zluygsna's construction for the wave-surface (1690). This broughl him a bitter and coa- temptuous criticism from Brougham in tlu ■ Edmbu^h Ileview ' (1803, ii. 901. In ISO! Wollaston established the im- portant physical principle that 'galvanic' and 'friolional' electricity are of the Mmn nature, and stated that the action of the voltaic cell was due to the oxidation of the zinc. In April 1821 he noticed that ibent was 'a power . . , acting circumferentiallj round ' the axis of a wire carrying a current. and tried in Davy's laboratory to make each a wire revolve on its axis. His unsuccess- ful exf>eriment led to a grave charge of plngiorism being made subsequently o^nst Miriisel Faraday [q. v.J; but Wollaston, Bftys Faraday, behaved with a ' kindness and liberality'' which has been conatojil through- out the affair,' and the charge was ultimately acknowledged to be unfounded. Heniy Warburtnn [q. v.], one of Wollastwi's mM intimate friends, played a part in the affair (Betoe Joses, Life . . . of Faraday, 1870, i. Among WoUsstoa's other papers may bo mentioned those ' On Percussion ' (ISIO) (ia which he adopts the Leibnitiion iletiQitiua of ' mechanic force ' as opposed to the Car- tesian); 'On Chemical Effects of Light' (1804); thaton'Fairi--Ring»'(in which hp fully explained the nile of fungi in then phenomena) ( 1607) ; ' On a Method of Dnnr- ing Extremely Fine Wires ' (still used in the construction of the bolometer) {Pkit. 7'ra7M.1813,p, lU); ' On the Finite Extent of the AtmosphePB ' (ib. 1822, p. 89) ; • On a Method of comparing the Light of the Sua with that of the Fixed Stars' (i4. 182S,p. 19i Wollaston served with Young and Henry Kater [q. v.] as commissioner of the Royal Society on tne board of longitude from its reoonstitutiun lu 1818 until the abolition in 1828 of this < only ostensible link which con- nected the cultivation of science with tha government of the country.' In 1314 Wol- laston suggested in evidence before a com- mittee of the House of Commons the re- placement of (he various gallons then in UM Dy a gallon containing ten pounds of witar at a given temperature. Thismeasure, known as the ' imperial gallon,' was adopted in ths ' Weights and Measures Act of 18»1.' He was a member of the royal commiKaon on weights and measures that r^ected iJie adoption of the decimal system of wt-iffhu and measures ( import q/'CommiMion, 24 Juw 1819). The majority of Wollaston'a Mpers an short and apt in expression. 'Tta« mn* singular characteristic of Wollsston'a mind Wollaston 315 Wollaston was the plain and distinct line which sepa- rated what he knew from what he did not know ' (Babbage) ; his * predominant prin- ciple was to avoid error.* This characte- ristic caution and sureness approaching in- fallibility struck Wollaston^s contemporaries most, and they called him familiarly ' the Pope ; ' but the multiplicity of his discoveries and inventions shows that his caution was only the self-imposed limit to a fertile and active imagination. Wollaston had extra- ordinary dexterity, the ' genius of the finger- tips,* and eyesight so keen that he could with injunctions to expend the dividends as nearly as may be annually. This is now called Hhe Wollaston Fund,' from which the society awards annually a medal called the * Wollaston medal,* and the balance of the interest. On the same day he gave to the Astronomical »Society, of which he had just been elected member, a telescope by Peter Dollond Jq. v.] On 11 Dec. 1828 Wollaston transferred 2,000/. consols to the Royal Society to form the * Donation Fund,* the interest to be applied to the promotion of ex}>erimental research. The fund has since distinguish minute plants while on horseback been largely increased (^Record of the Hoyal (Hasted). He was regarded as the most Society ^ 1897, pp. 117, 121). skilful chemist and mineralogist of his dav, [Besides the eouives quoted, Charterhouso and his advice was greatly sought after. In School Kegieter (kindly consulted by E. Trevor character Wollaston was essentially self- UardmaD, esq.); Venn's Biographical History contained; his chief object in life was to of Gonville and Cains Colleije, 1898, ii. 106; satisfy the questionings of his own intelli- Munk s Coll. of Pliys. ; Royal Society's Cata- gence. He was more than usually resentful l^gue ; WoUaston's own papers ; Weld's Hist, of of curiosity about his alFairs ; by the 'in- ^^^ Royal Society; Barrow's Sketches of the quisition* of the commissioners of income ?,°J^* .Society, 1849, contams memoir, pp 64- in 1800 his usual calm was changed * into a J/» ^*' ^\-^^ ' ^^^^'^ T ^^^f^" ** ^'^: ^^ ^^° c. !• 4. • J- «.• > tj Kom Society; oVIemoir by rhomas Thomson, fever of extreme mdignation.* He w ^^^^ ^^.^ ^. Glasgow, iii. 135; Thomson's warm and genialfriend. He refused (10 April jjist. of Chemistry, 1831, ii. 216-17, 237. 247, 1823) a request of his brother Henry to 292. 297; A. and C. R. Aikin's Diet, of Che- procure him a place m the customs, on the mistry, 1807, vol. ii., and Tilloch's Philosophical ground that he would lose independence by Magazine, vi. 3 (on the preparation of plati- soliciting a favour, but enclosed a stock re- num) ; Reminiscences of a Friend (Rev. Henry ceipt for 10,000/. in consols with his refusal. Hasted, F.R.S.), printed privately, contains in- mbing an expedition see a coursing match ^ . . with his noble ^^ Young's Miscellaneous Works, passim ; serene dignity of countenance might have Obituary in Monthly Notices of the Astro- passed for a sporting archbishop ' (Z*/c of 'l?'^''^]^,^^''^^y^ \ ^^« 'iffo^o • ^'i i SinnM Ift'^T V 7^ 1 V ^ ^ Davy, 18:U,pp. 4, 76, 115, 369 passim; John T T 1 ' T> 4 • * w . '. c Davy's Memoirs of Sir H. Davy, 1836, i. 258, J Jackson R.A., painted two portraits of jj ^\^ jg^ g^g 3^^^ (^ j/; ^^^^^ ^^^^ A\ ol aston : the one was presented by his ^he character of Eubathes in the 4th dialogne family to the Royal Society, and was en- ^f n. Davy's Consolations in Travel has a graved by Skelton ; the second was painted ^.triking resemblance to that of Wollaston ; by Jackson for Mrs. Mary Somerville [q. v.J, Thorpe's Life of Sir H. Davy, 1896; William was left by her to F. L. Wollaston, and is Henry's Elements of Chemistry, 1829, preface now in the possession of George Hyde Wol- to 11th edit.; Proc. of the Geol. Soc. i. 110, laston, esq., of Wotton-under-Edge ; a beau- 113, 270 ; C. Chevalier's Notice sur I'usage des tifiil mezzotint of this portrait was executed • . . chambres claires, 1833, passim; A. Laus- bv William Ward, A.U.A. Sir Thomas Law- sedat in Annales du Conservatoire des Arts et rence also painted a portrait of Wollaston, Metiers, 189o[2], viii. 253; English Cyclopseiiia, engraved byF. C.Lewis; Lane the litho- «f^,o« ' Platinum ;' Babbage's Essay on the grapher made a small pencil-drawing of Wol- £f,^^^"!, °^ Science in England, 1830 8vo, p. laston now in the nosRession of G H Wol- ^^^ ' ^^' ^' ^le^^y's Life of Dalton, 1854, pp. laston, now m tne possession 01 U. m. >v 01- ^ ^^^ Memoir in G. Wilson's Religio Che- laston, esq. There is also a portrait in ^.^- Faraday's Life and Letters, ed, H, Bence WaUcers; Distinguished Men of Science.' j^^^g^ 1870, if 299. 338-53; Claude Louis Ber- bir Francis Legatt Chantrey [q.v.1 modelled thollet in M^moires de la SociitA d'Arcueil, a head of Wollaston for the Geological So- 1809, ii. 470; Manuscript Archives of the ciety*s Wollaston medal. Royal Society ; Record of the Royal Society, p. On 8 Dec. 1828 Wollaston transferred 182, passim; Francjois Arago's (Euvres, 1854, 1,000/. consols to the Geological Society (of passim; C. Chabri^, Sur la Cystine, Annales which he had been a fellow since 1812)| des Maladies des Voies G^nito-urinaires, 1895 ; Kopp'« ObkIi. dsr CbemiB. pHasim ; Uoscod and Si^lKirlemiDcr's TreBtisB on diDmUlT;, 2uil edit. ii. 7o7; Uarmann'B Textbook of Phjeiology, tran^l. A. Gnrngw, I61i, p. 2G0; Gcnnija Ko- cjelopfJie. nrt, on AaulimicB, p. 203 ; itriuide's Mannnlof Chmiislry, IBJ8, p.fii. girm porw>nal (!(>IailB ; prirats iarDFinatioa from Urawr;' OttUy WolloitoD,eHq.. of Ip»»ich, whokindlj lanlBRy- KHTSii mnnuscTipt Utten wrlUeD by Wiilliuton to Key, H.HrtMad; from Qeorge Hjde Wolliislon, osq., of Wotton-nnder-^ilgr. from Alfred B. Wol- Inaton. esq,, of St. Loonanl's, mid from lUv. A. W, Hiilton of Ewlhope. Sliropaliiro.] P. J. H. C. H. L. WOLLEY. [See also WoOLLEI.] WOLLEY, EDWARD (rf. 1(184), biabnp of Cluutert., probably secoiid sou of Thomaa Wolley and bis wife Eliisbeth, dnugbter of WiUium Heringe of Shrewsbury, was bom at Bhreivaburr, and educated at tbe Klug's school there. lie matriculated from .St. Jolin"a CoUem, Cambridge, on 13 April 1022, ^aduating B.A. from Hx. Cutliarine's Hall in 1B26, and JI. A. from St. John's College in 1629. He was created h.D. at Oxford on 20 Dec, 1042, and incorporated at Cambridge on 4 Jiilv 1664. WoUey was domestic chap- lain to Charles I, and on the decline of that monarch's fortunes be took refuge abroad about 1048. He afterwards joined Charles II in his exile and became his chaplain. He was with Charles in Pari* in 1651 (of. Adiiil. MS.3'20SS, f. •2m}, but returned to England after aeven years, spent on the continent, and commenced a school at Uammersmilb. On 26 Dec. 1655 he successfully petitioned the Protector for permission to continue his em- ployment (^Cal. fitaie Paperf, Dom. 165r>-6, p. 76). After the Restoration he waa pre- sented to the rectory of Toppesfieldin Essex by the king on 22 Sept. 1002 {ib. 1661-2. fp. 487, 495), wliere he remained until on March 1664-6 be was advanced bv letters patent lo the see of Clonfert and Kilmoc- duagh, and consecrated at Tuam on 16 April 1666. According to Burnet, Charles had a great contempt for Wolley's understanding, but bestowed tbe bishopric on him on ac- L-ount of hie success in reclaiming noncou- formiats in Tonpesfleld by assiduously visit- ing them {Hut. of hi- own Time, ISiiS, i. 449), His exemplary life earned him great veneration in his diocese. He repaired his cathedral and episcopal residence, which were reduced to a sad condition afterthe re- bellion. He died in 1084, leaving a son Trancis, who entered an a student nt the Temple iu 165S). Upon his death James II kept the see vacant, and bestowed (he re- venues on two Koman catholic hishops, The vacancy was not tilled nnlil 1091, whin William Fitzgerald was appointed. Wolley was the author of; 1. ' EvKnyi'a. The Parents blessing their Cliildren, ondthv Children beting on their Knees their Parents' Blessings are I'iotis Actions war- rantable by the Word of God,' Londun, 1661, 8ro. 2. 'Loyalty among Rebels, the True Royalist or Huahai tbp Archite, « Happy Counsellor in King David's Ore*teit Danger,' London, 1662, 8vo. S. 'Paltenu of Grace and Olorv in our Lord and Savtoiir Jesus Christ to be admired, adored, and imitated ; collected out of tbe Holy Scnp- tures, and illustrated by the Antient Fatben and Eiposilorsp' Dublin, 1669, 4to. He also translated from the French of Georges it Scud£ry ' Curia Politiie ; or the Apolivies of Several Princes; justifying lo the WnrJd their most Eminent Actions,' l,ondain, 1054, fol. ; new edit. London, 1073, foL [Ware's Bishops of Ireliind, ed. Harris, p. SU ; Want's Irish Writers, ed. Harris, p. 357: Foster"! AluiDoi OxoD. ISOO-nH; Coitun'a Fasti Ecd. Hib. ir. 198. 7.394; Baker's Hist. ofSt. J ceeded him as Latin secretary to tbe qnees {Cnl. State Papers, Dom. 1547-80. p. 831^ Although a layman, he held ia 1560 at prebend of Cumpton Dundon In tlie aw of Wells, and on 11 Oct. 1577 he waa mtdt dean of Carlisle, On 24 July 1573 be wmt* to John Sturmius on tbe controversy raginf concerning tbe official dress of the Engliib clergy, stating that the government cnntem- plated consulting the German reformcrfon the subject {Ziirich Letlera, Parker Soc. il 220-1). In 1.576 be received a visit froa July 1557, Wolley 317 Wolley Elizabeth at Pyrford in Surrey, where he had purchased an estate. In June 1686 he was despatched to Scotland to satisfy James VI in regard to his mother*s treat- ment. On his return he was sworn of the privy council on 30 Sept. (Acts P. C, 1686- 1687, p. 236; Cal. State Papers, 1680- 1690, p. 364), and was one of the commis- sioners appointed to try the Scottish ^ueen. On 12 ^larch 1586-7 he took part in the examination of William Davison (1641 ?- 1608) [q. v.] at the Tower for his share in the execution of Maiy. In 1688 he was ap- pointed with William Brooke, seventh baron Oobham, and Thomas Sackville, baron Buck- hurst (afterwards Earl of Dorset) [q. v.], to search for the author of the Mar-Prelate tracts (Strypb, Life of Whitgift, 1822, i. 563), and on 23 April 1689 he was admitted chancellor of the order of the Garter. He was also keeper of the records of the court of augmentations and clerk of the pipe (CaL State Papers, 1591-4 p. 213, 1696- 1697 p. 184). From 1672 till the close of his life Wolley took his part in every ])arliament summoned by Elizabeth. On 6 May 1672 he was re- turned for Weymouth and Melcombe Regis, and on 11 Nov. 1684 for the city of Win- chester. This seat he retained in 1686, but in 1588 he represented Dorset county, and in 1593 the county of Surrey {Official Returns of Members of Par L) In parliament, as be- came a court official, he was a stout sup- porter of royal prerogatives. In Februarjr 1588-9, when parliament showed a disposi- tion to discuss ecclesiastical abuses, he re- minded the house that the queen had pro- hibited the consideration of such subjects (Strypb, Life of Wftitgift, i. 663). By the same objections he hindered the commons in February 1592-3 from taking up James Morice*s bill, framed for the purpose of de- fending puritans from annoyance from the bishops' courts (ib, ii. 123). In 1690 Wolley was a member of the court of high commission, and he was one of those who conducted the preliminary ex- amination of the fanatic William Racket fq. v.] on 19 July 1691. On 28 Feb. 1591-2 he was admitted to Grays Inn; in 1692 he was knighted, and on 1 Aug. 1694 he was appointed one of the commissioners for assessing and levying the parliamentary subsidy. He died at Pyrford on 28 Feb. 1596-6, and was buried in the chancel of St. Paul's Cathedral. In 1614 his body and those of his wife and son were removed to a spot * between St. George's Chappel and that of our Lady,' where a magnificent marble monument was erected to their memory. He married Elizabeth (b. 28 April 1662), eldest daughter of Sir William More of Loseley in Surrey, sister of Sir George More [q. v.], and widow of Richard Polstead of Albany in Surrey. By her he had one son, Sir Francis Wolley (1683-1611), the benefactor of John Donne (1 573-163 l)rq. v.], who married his cousin Maiy More. During her husband's later life Lady Wolley was a lady of the privy chamber to Elizabeth. A number of her own and her husband's letters to her father, written from the court, were preserved among the Loseley manuscripts. A few were printed in 1836 by Alfred John Kempe [q. v.] among other selections from the collection, and the whole have been calendared in the seventh report of the historical manuscripts commission. After Wolley's death his wife married the lord chancellor Sir Thomas Egerton, baron Elles- mere and viscount Brackley [q. v.] Some verses by Wolley are printed at the end of Laurence Humphrey's * Joannis Juelli Vita et Mors' (London, 1573, 4to), and there are some lines addressed to him in John Leland's 'Encomia' (1589, p. 118). The eulogy is one of those added by Leland's editor, Thomas Newton (1542 P-1607) [q. v.] Thomas Churchvard's * Challenge ' (London, 1693, 4to) ia d*^edicatftd to Wolley. Two autograph letters addressed to Sir Julius Ctesar [q. v.] are preserved in the British Museum (Ad.dit. MSS. 12606 f. 378, 12607 f. 68), as well as a letter to Wolley from Simon Trippe (Addit. MS. 6261, p. 64). [Foster's Alumni Oxon. 1500-1714; Brod- rick's Memorials of Merton (Oxford Hist. 80c. )^ p. 262 ; Wood's Fasti Oxon. od. Bliss, i. 162-3; Notes and Queries, 2nd ser. v. 437, '507, 524 ; Archaeologia, 1855, xxxvi. 33-5; Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1647-94; Acts of Privy Council^ ed. Dasent, 1677-93; Strype's Annals, 1824, III. i. 540. 729-31 ; Strype's Life of Aylmer, 1821, p. 91 ; Select Cases in the Coiirt of Re- quests (Selden Soc), p. xciv; Foster's Gray's Inn Register, p. 79 ; Wood's Hist, and Antiq. of Oxford, ed. GutUDlon's Lifp and Errors, 181S. i. Ifl3.] E. I. C. WOLLSTONECRAFT, MARY (1768- 1 nt. I, raisceilsneous writer. [ !i!ee Godwin, Miw. Maui \VoLi.sTOSECiui-r.] [See abo WoOLMA5.] r WOLEMAN, RICHARD of Wells, is surmised by CoofeT (Al/f'irr Cantiibr. 1. 63)to have been tbe son of Richard Wolman, cater to John Howard, duke of Norfolk. There wus. a family of the name at Alderford, Norfolk (BwHEFiELB, Norfolk, viii. 184 ; Ini!e.i- of Will; ii. 6S9). In 1478 Richard Woltnan was a member of Corpus Ciiristi College, Gambrid^. He also sludied abroad, being entered in the Oxford register as doctor of the civil law 'of an university beyond the seas ' (Woo», Fail!, i, 89). He was principal of St. I'aul'H Inn, in the university of Oam- hrid^, in 1610, and commenced doctor of cnnon law In 1612. Un 31 Oct. 15U he was udmttled an advocate, and on 9 April 1622 CoUaled to the archdeaconry of Sudbury. In 1624 lie became vicar of Walden, Essex, and on 2» July of the same vear canon of St. Stephen's, Weatniinster. lie appears lo have been resident at court in 1526, and to have been an intermediary with the kinjf, durinp the absence of Wolsey, in the matter of ecclesiastical preferments. He was made chaplain to the kin^t in 1520, and a master of requests in altendaiice at the court, an office involving membership of the king's council. On 4 July ITt'M he was presented to the livingof Anierafaum,but be continued to reside at court. WOLMAN. WOLMANoi ()n 17 May 1527 Wolsey sat at Uis hous# at Westminster to hear tbe pleadings in the divorce suit, On this occasion Wolman wu nominated by the king promoter of tbe suit. On o and .\pril 1527 he took the evidence of Bishop Foie [see Foie, Richikd] as to Henry's protest against the marriage with l^therine. On 31 May he brought forward this evidence and adduced arguments og^nst the dispensing power of the pope. During the proceedings Wolman acted as n secret negotiator between the king and Wolsey. His reward was a prebend in St. Paul's Cathedral (35 June) and a third sjiare of Ihe advowson of the first canonry and pre- bend void in St. Stephen's, Westminster. He is frequently referred to as a canonist of authority by the correspondeiitf of the king and of Wolsey during tbe divorce pri>ceed- ings. lie was one of twenty-one commis- sioners to whom Wolsey, on 11 June 1529, delegated tbe hearing of causes in chan- cery {LetUn and Papem, iv. 6666 ; KiitEli, Fwdera. liv. 299). It was presumably in his capacity of member of the king's coun- cil that he was one of the signatories of the address to Clement VII in favour of the divorce by ' the spiritual and temporal lords ' (13 July 1530: *. xiv. 405; te/Ur* md Papers, iv. (1613). His name appears here under the heading of ' milites et doctores in parlamento.' Some time after 29 Aug. 1528 and befbrSj^ 8 Nov. following, when he was elected p locator of convocation, Wolman was l pointed dean of Wells. In October 16SI i_ was incorporated at Oxford (Wood, FaMi,iA 69), having supplicated as long before a 1623 (16. p. 64). He sat upon the committ* of convocation which on 10 April 1632 re- ceived the subscription of Latimer (Hug' I^timeT)to articles propounded to liim. € the following 30 Juno he was presented B the crown to the rectorv of High Ilui (Ongar), Essex. When! in October II Henry VIII had left EngUind for an intCT^ ■ view with Francis I at Boulogne, W'olman was acting as one of the council exercisine Che royal power in London. On 19 Matvh 1533 be was made canon of Windsor (Lb Ngvb, iii. 392). As dean of Wells be signed the acknowledgment of the royal supremacy on 6 July 1634 (Rtmrr, Faderv, xiv. 496; Letter» and Papers, vii. 1024). He evidently cultivated Cromwell's favour and supported the new queen (Anne Boleyn). He signed a declaration, as a doctor of canon law, on the sul^ect of holy orders in 1536. This wsa put forward in support of the recent reli- gious changes, and bore the signature of (?romwel], as the king's vicegerent, at its i'ii (Hu,h im. UM^H "^ n intPit^" Wolrich 319 Wolrich bead. AVhen the Lincolnshire rebellion broke London, 1659, 4to. This is an account of a * dispute' held at Withcock, Leicestershire, on 27 Feb. 1658-9, at which Isabel, wife of out, in the autumn of 1536, Wolman was appointed to act upon the queen's council (Jane Seymour) during the contemplated j Colonel Francis Ilackerfq. v.], was present, absence of the king. As a * fat priest,* Henry , About the same time W olrich, although a suggested that he should be * tasted * by quaker, actually baptised a convert. In this Cromwell, i.e. that a levy in the nature of a I it appears he was upheld by some in the benevolence should be made upon him for i society, while severely judged by others. In the exi)enses of suppressing the msurrection. I his defence Wolrich wrote * The Unlimited That he was a man of means appears from | God . . .' London, 1659, 4to (Meeting for the fact that in 1532 he had given 11/. 5«. , Sufferings Library). Wolrich was in prison as a new year's gift, to the king (Stbypk, in 1660, and wrote, with John Pennyman JErcl. Mem. I. i. 211). Henry's hint was [q. v.] and Thomas Coveney, * Some Grounds probably taken ; for Wolman appears as a and Keasons to manifest the Unlawfulness creditor of the king, who is contented * to for- ! of Magistrates and others who commit Men bear unto a longer day,' and who, the manu- ' to Prison, or fine tliem for not putting off script note— ^ ex dono ' — shows, altogether ^ the hat,* London, 1660, 4to ; also a broadside surrendered his claim for the 200/. borrowed , dated Newgate, 14 Jan. 1660-1, * Oh I Lon- (MS. Record Office). As archdeacon of 1 don, with thy Magistrates,* with other broad- Sudbury he signed, in 1537, the address of ! sides against * Papist Livery,' * Advice to the convocation to the king desiring his sane- | Army of the Commonwealth and to Presby- tion to the * Institution of a Christian Man.* 1 terian Ministers.* Sir liichard Brown, lord Wolman died in the summer of 1537, and was buried in the cloisters of Westminster Abbey (Le Neve, Fasti, i. 153). He left a mayor of London in 1661, who was particu- larly severe against the quakers, committed Wolrich to prison for keeping his hat on suraof money for the construction of a market before him. During his confinement he cross and shelter at Wells, which was not wrote * From the Shepherd of Israel to the erected till 1542 (Reynolds, lUnt. of Wells, i Bishops in England,* London ["1661 -2], 4to, p. lix). His will was executed at Clavering, I and at the same time *To tne King and Essex, to which place he bequeathed money, both Houses of Parliament ... a timely His connection with it probably was due to warning that they do not make laws against its being a royal manor, where he frequently \ the righteous and innocent people . . . called resided in attendance upon the court. He quakers,' n.d. In 1661 he was taken out of a also left 43/. 6»-. 8t/. to found an exhibition meeting in Staffordshire, and, for refusing at Cambridge. the oath of allegiance, carried to prison, [Brewer and Gairdner's Cal. Letters and y;here he probably wrote the * Add r^^^ Pnpors. For. and Dom.. Hen. VIII. voIr. i-xiii. ; I Magistrates l^iests, and People of Stafford- MS. Record Office; Le Neve's Fasti Eccl. Angl. ?n»re» n.d.4to. On 2 Dec. 1662 he arnved 3 vols. 1854 ; Strype's Ecclesiastical Memorials m Chester at the end of the assize. On the (Oxford, 1822); Strype's Memorials of Cran mer (Oxford, 1840); Blomefield's Hist, of following Sunday he entered the cathedral during the anthem, and when the singing Norfolk, vol. viii. ; Mnsters's Hist, of Corpus ceased attempted to speak, but was hastily Cliristi College, Cambridge, ed. Lamb (Cam- removed and confined in the castle. In ^f^^^'^^\l^J^^''\^^' l'\'^ ?^;l.?^'f ^^^° threatened to arrest the corpse if Wolrich of Wolsey, 1 726 ; Lord Herbert of Cherbury s ^j^ ^^^ ^j^^ ^^^^ Hist, of Henry VIII, ed.Kennet, 1719; Lendams -.,r i • 1 j- 1 jv • r i -n e Select Cises in the Court of Requeits (Selden , ^^ olrich died, after a painful iHness of 80c. 1898) ; Coote'H Civilians, 1804 ; Challoner ^J!'? years from cancer in the mouth, at the Smith's Index of Wills. 1893-6.] I. S. L. Friends Almshouses in Clerkenwell on 31 Aug. 1/07, and was buried on 2 Sept. WOLRICH, WOOLRICH, or WOOL- Other works by him are : 1. * One Wam- DEIDGE, IILJMPHKEY (1633P-1707), ing more to the haptists, in answer to Mat- quaker, of Newcastle-under-Lyme, Stafford- thew Caffin's " Faitn in God's Promises the shire, was probably bom there about 1633. Saints best Weapon,"' London, 1661, 4to. A baptist in early life, he joined the quakers 2. *A Visitation to the Captive Seed,' soon after their rise, was imprisoned in Lon- London, 1061, 4to. 3. *The Rock of Ages don for preaching in 1658, and next year Known and Foundation of many Gene- wTOte ' A Declaration to the Baptists *.. . rations Discovered,' London, 1061, 4to. Wolrich Wolseley 4. ' A Visitation and Warning,' London, 166i!, 4to. 5, ■ A General Epistle In Friends in England and Holland,' 1685-6; iereral small epistles and testimonies. 6. ' A Brief Testimony against Friends weAring of Pemwlga' (posthumous), 170S. [BaicUf'a Inner Life of ths Conmo a wealth, p. 37Z; Piety Prumuted, iTSS, ii. SI ; Beaaa'a SafTeriDpi, i, 332, 365, 1151, 061 ; Smith's Catu- htpK, ii. 9t9 ; Swirtlimore MS3. ani RcgiElcrs at DeroBsbire Houia, E.C.] C. F. 9. WOLRIOH or WOLRTCHE, Sir THOMAS (1598-1668), baronet, royalist, sprvngfroma Cheshire familv which ncijitirad the estateof Dudntaston in Shropshire in the twelfth century, and was thenceforth identi- fied with that county. The deed of grant is said to be one of the oldest private deeds in England. It is reproduced in Eyton's ' Anti- quitiesof Shropshire '(iii. 185). The pedigree IS extant from 1279. Thomas was the ihird in descent from John Wolryche, who married 'the Fair Maid of Uatacre,' Mary, daughter of John Gatacre of that place, and was the i son of Francis Wolryche (d. 1614) and of Margaret his wife, daughter of George Bromley of llallon in Shropshire. He waa baptised at Worfield on 27 March 1598. Gn his epitaph he is slated to have received hit education at Cambridge, where he studied aaeiduously, paying especial attention to geometry, history, and heraldry. He Wits admitted to the Inner Temple on 11 Oct. 1615, and afterwards represented the borough of Much Wenlock in the parlia- ments of 1621 (elected 2 Jan.), 1624, and lens (elected 3 May). On the breaking out of the civil war he was captain of mditia and deputy lieutenant for the county. At his own e.T])ense he raised a regiment of which he was colonel, his son Thomas filling the post of captain. He also held the post of governor of Bridgnorth. On '22 July 1641 he was knighted at Whitehall, and on 4 Aug. following was created a baronet. ' In May 1643 Lord Capel, lieutenant-general of Shropshire, Cheshire, and North Wales, ordered him to draw all his forces of trained bands round about the lown of Bridgnorth, and to construct fortifications for its defence where he should ' think fit to appoint,' with the help of 'all the men of this towne.' He laid down anna before 1645, and after- wards conformed to the parliament. On 30 March 1646 he petitioned to compound for his estate, and with much ditliculty ob- tained en order from the commons for the removal of the sequestration and pardon for his delinquency on 4 Sept. 1648. Ho was Still in dimculties id the matter in 1652, mk He died on 4 July 1068, and was buried in the Wolryche mortuary chapel at St, Andrew's Church, Qualt. There is a con- temporary life-siiB portrait of him at Ond- maaton, with the castle of Bridgnorth and troops engaged in the background. \\olrieh married, in 1625, tfrsu la, daugh- ter of Tbomaa Gttley of Ktchford. bv whom he had twelve children, of whom four sons and three daughters survived him. The baronetcy became extinct in 1723 on the death of Sir John Wolryche, great- grandson of Sir Thomas, who mas drowned when attempting to ford the Se(em, and the estate tlien paa.sed into his mother's hands, and through her to the Whitmores of Southampton, from whom the nresent owner, F. H.WoIrjche- Whit more, is Uneolly descended. [Viaitntion a! Shmpshire (Harl. Sm. Pnbl ), uii. fi09; Bnrto'sEiiinot Baronetage; Blake- waj'B Sheriffs of Shropehiro, pp. 168-9; USnal Lists of Mamb. of Pari. i. 453, 4fig-ilfi - Met- calle'a Book of Knigbta, p. 197 : Bellelt'i A»- liquicies of Bridgonortb, pp. HS-S; C*l. of ConimitUe for the Advan™ ot Money, pp. 8«8-B ; Commou' Journals, vi. * ; Lards' JoaruiJs, x, 331 ; P. C. C. Ilene 149 : Epitaph at Qoatt^ inloramtion f^m the Rev. H. B. n'ulrvelia- Wbitmore] ufp. ' WOLSELEY, SiK CHARLES (li 1714), politician, son of Sir Robert seley of Wolseley, Staffordshire (created i_ baronet 24 Nov. 1623), by Mary, daughtvrof Sir George Wroughton, 'knight, of Walcot, Wiltshire, was bom about 1630. William Wolseley (1640?-1697) [q. v.] was his yonn^r brother. Sir Robert Wolseley took the Bide of the king during the civil war, and died on 21 Sept. 1646, while his estate was under sequestration. In October 1617 Sir Charies Wolaeley on payment of 2,500/. obtJtiBed the discbarge of the estate from sequestration. He is described in the peti- tion presented on his behalf as then sixteen years of age (Calendar of Cmnmitire for Compounding, V. 1771; Oonvnoru' Jnurnalt, r.a28: Lord^JounuiU,ix.iS2). Onl2May 1645 Wolseley married,atHBnworth. Middle- sex, Anne, the youngest daughter of WiUiam Fienues, first viscount Saye and Sele [q. v.l a connection which helps to account (or hia religious opinionHandhispoliticalcareer, In July 1653 lie was one of the repreeentativea of Oxfordshire in the so-called 'Little pai^ liament' summoned by Cromwell, and was chosen a member of both the councils of state which that body appointed {Old Pari. But. IX. 178; Commons' Joumnlf, vii. 385, SiA). In December lf!53 Wolselev was one of tti» spokesmen of the party which wished to put "b.p.'m rested «^H Wolseley 321 Wolseley an end to the Little parliament, and carried a motion that its members should resign their authority back to the general from whom thev had received it (Ltjdlow, MemoirSf 1894, i. 366 ; Somers Tracts, vi. 274). To this he owed his appointment as a member of the council which the instrument of government established to advise the Protector. In re- lating the foundation of the protectorate to his friend Bulstrode Whitelocke, Wolseley wrote : * The present Protector is my lord- general, whose personal worth, I may say without vanity, qualifies him for the greatest monarch in the world ' {Addit, MS. 32093, f. 317). Wolseley remained a staunch Crom- wellian throughout the protectorate, repre- sented Stafibrdshire in the two parliaments called by Cromwell, and was one of the spokesmen of the committee which in April 16o7 pressed the IVotector to take the title o( king (Old Pari. Hint, xxi. 81). In par- liament he was not a frequent speaker, but showed his tolerance by advocating leniency in dealing with James Nayler [q. v.], and his ^od sense by deprecating the proposal to impose a new oath of fidelity on the nation when thesecond protectorate was established (Burton, Diary, i. 89, ii. 276). Whitelocke, with whom he was intimate, describes him as one of the counsellors whom Cromwell familiarly consulted, and in whose society he ' would lay aside his greatness * (Memo- rialSf iv. 221,289 ; cf. Whitelocke, Swedish JEmbassy, i. 65, ii. 37, 57). In December 1657 Wolseley was ap- pointed one of Cromwell's House of Lords. Hepublican pamphleteers found little to say against the appointment, except that 'al- though he hath done nothing for the cause whereby to merit, yet he is counted of that •worth as to be every way fit to be taken out of the parliament, to have a negative voice in the other house over such as have done most and merited highest in the cause * (' A Second Narrative of the Late Parliament,' JIarleian Miscellany, iii. 477). Wolseley signed the order for proclaiming Richard Cromwell, was one of his council, and was consultt^d by him on the question of dissolving his unruly parliament (Whitb- toCKE, Memorials, iv. 336, 343). During the troubles which followed Richard Crom- well's fall he took no part in public afiairs, but succeeded in getting returned to the Convention parliament of 1660 as member for Stafford. At the Restoration Lord Mor- daunt and Sir Robert Howard intervened with Charles II to procure Wolseley a free pardon, alleging services done to Howard and other distressed royalists in the late times. Mordaunt praised his abilitieSi and TOL. Lxn. said that the king would find him a useful servant if he chose to employ him (^Claren- don MSS. Ixxii. 284, 9 May 1060). He ob- tained pardon but not employment. Durii^ the reign of Charles II Wolseley lived retired, occupying himself with gardening, of which he was very fond, and writing pamphlets. His house and gardens are descrioed in the diary of his wife s niece, Celia Fiennes (Grif- fiths, Through England on a Side-Saddle, 1888, pp. 89, 1 36, 1 46). His pamphlets were on ecclesiastical subjects, ana the only pro- minent politician with whom he seems to have kept up any intimacy was the like- minded Arthur Annesley, earl of Anglesey (cf. Bist MSS. Covim. 13th Rep. p. 262). But the Duke of Buckingham stayed at his house in 1667 when in disgrace with the court (CiARENDON, Continuation of Life, § 1123). When Monmouth*s rebellion took place Wolsel6y was arrested on suspicion, but re- leased on 4 July 1685. James IPs policy of repealing the penal laws attracted his support, and the king's electioneering agents reported in February 1688 that Wolseley had ^declared himself right, and ready to serve his majesty in any capacity.' He was willing to stand for the countv as one of the government candidates, but aoubted if his own interest was sufficient to secure his re- turn (DucKBTT, Penal Laws and Test Act, 1883, p. 251). Wolseley died on 9 Oct. 1714 in the eighty-fifth year of his age, ac- cording to his epitaph, and was buried in Colwich church, Stafibrdshire. Two por- traits of Wolseley are in the possession of the present baronet. Wolseley was the author of the following works : 1. * Speech,' urpng the Protector to accept the crown (printed in * Monarchy Asserted,' 1660, and reprinted in the ' Somers Tracts,' ed. Scott, vi. 360). 2. 'Liberty of Conscience upon its True and Proper Grounds, asserted and vindicated,' 1668, 4to. 3. * Liberty of Conscience the Magistrate's Interest,' 1068, 4 to (these two pamphlets, both anonymous, were combined in the se- cond edition, published in 1669). 4. ' The LTnreasonableness of Atheism made mani- fest,' 1669, 8 vo. 6. Preface to Henry New- come's 'Faithful Narration of the Life of John Machin,' 1671, 12mo. 6. * The Rea- sonableness of Scripture Belief,' 1672, 8vo (dedicated to the Earl of Anglesey). 7. *The Case of Divorce and Remarriage thereupon discussed, occasioned by the late Act for the Divorce of the Lord Ross,' 1673, 12mo. 8. 'Justification Evangelical, or a Plain Im- partial Scripture Account of God's Method in justifying a Sinner/ 1677 (the Bodleian Wolseley 322 Wolseley copy contains a letter from the Earl of with the reform movement in England in Anglesey criticiAini^ the work oh unorthodox, 1811, when he signed a memorial in favour and .^avinflr that he warned the author to be of parliamentary reform ( Cabtwkight, i*/**, more cautious). • ii. o74 1. The oriffinal list of members of Of Wolseley'.s family of seven sons and the union of parliamentary reform (1812) ten daughters, i contains his name, and he was one of the ]ioBBBTWoMELEY( 1649-1 697\ the eldest, founders of the Hampden Club. lie suc- matriculated at Trinity College, Oxford, on ceeded to the baronetcy on 5 Aug. 1817, :J6 July 1666, entered Gray's Inn in lt567. : when the reform movement was becoming and was sent envoy to the elector of formidable, and identified himself with the Bavaria at Bnissels by William III in ' more extreme section of radicals. His first March 1602. He died unmarried in 1697. appearanceaaoneof the leaders of the agita- About 1690 he was engaged in a duel in | tion aftt^r it had come into conflict with the consequence of a 'poetical quarrel' with a : authorities was as chairman of a great demon- younger brother of Thomas \Vharton (after- , stration held at Sandy Brow, Stockport, in wards first Marquis of Wharton ) 'q.v/. and .lune 1819. At this time these demonstra- Wharton died ot the efliects of the encounter. ' tions b^an to be used for the purpose of This champion of poesy was doubtless the . making a show of electing popular repre- * Mr, Wolselev ' whose name is on the title- . sentatives, and on 12 Julv in that vear the pnce of the ' Examen Miscellaneum ' of , Birmingham reformers met at Newhall HLIl 1702, to which he contributed two morsels ' and, in his absence, elected Sir Charles as of verse ; Robert Wolseley was a friend of their ' legislatorial attorney," and empowered John Wilmot, second earl of Rochester 'q. v.", him to present their grievances to the House to whose * Valentinian * (168o) he contn- of Commons. Major John Cartwright( 1740- buted the * preface concerning the author 1824 ) 'q. v."" and another conveyed the reso- ... by one of his friends ' (Stmhs, Bibl. ' lution of tlie meeting to Wolseley Hall, St/rjf. p. 521 : Life of Tkonas, MnrquU of where he stayed for some days, occupied Wharton^ 1715 ). ) with Sir Charles in devising means for meet- C'harles and Fiennes. the second and third I ing the measures which the government had sons, died young. William and Henry, the ! adopted (ih. i. 166, &c.) On the 19th Sir fourth and fifth sons, became successively third and fourth baronets; while Richard, the sixth son, was a captain in Kin^* Wil- Charles was arrested for his speech at Stock- port, taken to Knutsford, and liberated on bail. Pending his trial he interested him- liam's army in Ireland, and repreaent*?d Car- self in the victims of the Peterlo*^ ' massacre/ low in the Irish parliament (Foster, Barniiet- which had occurred in the meanwhile. He age, H83; Alumni Oxrm, i. 1668). From sup])orted some of their families, attended him the prRs«^nt baronet and Field-marshal their trial, and became their .surety. In April Viscount Wolseley are dtr-scended. i 1820 his own trial came on at Cliester. He [Noble's House of Cmmwell, 1787. i. 397 ;■ and Joseph Harrison, dissent incr minister Foster's BaronetHge, 1883; Krrleawick's Sraf- , and school master, were charged with sedition fordshire, ed. lUrwood ; notes kindly supplied : and conspiracy, and were sentenced to eigh- by O. W. Campbell, esq. ; other authorifif*M given . teen months' imprisonment. Sir Charles was in the article.] C. H. F. lodged in king's bench. Abingdon. While WOLSELEY, Sir CHARLES (1769- . in ganl h^ was elected on 16 Jan. 1821, with 1846), seventh baronet, politician, bom on eight others, including Jeremy Bentham and %) July 1769 at Wolseley Hall, Stafford- \ Sir Francis Burdett, to constitute a com- 8hire,wassonof Sir William Wolseley, sixth j mittee of Middlesex electors to promote re- baronet, and Charlotte Chambers of Wimble- I form, and his liberation was made the occa- don. Sir Charles Wolseley ( 16^?-1714) l sion of a great demonstration, [q. v.] was his ancestor. He was educated Like the radicals generally, he was a privately, and, as was customary, travelled champion of the cause of Queen Caroline, on the continent before he reached manhood. \ and addressed from his prison letters on her During his absence there he was brought i behalf to the * Times' and Lord Castlereaeh. into contact with the revolutionary* forces i In one of them he offereutch cavalry. William rallied the fugitives, who again faced the enemy, and this time with better success. Wolseley rendered valuable ser^'ice during the remainder of the Irish campaign, and was present with his regiment at the dearly bought victor)' of Aughrim (12 July 1691). His services were rewarded in August 1692 by his being appointed master-general of the ordnance in Ireland, in room of Lord Mount- J'oy. On 22 March 1693 Wolseley was made rigadier-general over all the horse, and in May 1696 was appointed one of the lords justices in Ireland and a privy councilor. lie died, unmarried, in December 1697. [Dnlton's English Army Lists and Commis- sion Kegistent, 1661-1714; Hist. MSS. Comm. llth Rep. App. vii. 28; Andrew Hamilton's True Relation of the Actions of the iDniskilling Men ; liondon GnzettoH, especially the number for 4 March 1690 ; Luttrell's Bri<^f Relation of State Affiiirs. piuniim : Macaulay's Hist, of England (for the iMttIc of Xewtown-Butler); Captain John Kichardson'o Account of the B:ittle of the Royne. quoted from in Colonel Wal- ton's Hist, of thf Hritish Standing Army, 1660- 1700 ; Story's Impartiul History of the Wars in Ireland, pt. ii. (for the account of the Uittlc uf Cavan); Somers Tracts, ed. So^itt, vol. xi.; An Historical and Descriptive Guide to Scarl^orough, L65 ; Wolsf'ley's Despatches quoted from in ndon Gazettes ; Burke's Peerage and Baronet- age.] C. D. WOLSELEY, WILLIAM (1756-1842), admiral, of the Irish branch of the old Staf- fordshire family of Wolseley, was bom on lo March 1756 at Annapolis in Nova Scotia, wh<»rc his father, Captain William Neville Wolseley, of the 47th regiment, was then in garrison. His mother was Anne, sister of Admiral Phillips Cosbv [q. v.] In 17(U the family returned to Ireland; and in 1769 AVilliam, who had been at school in Kil- k«*nny, was entered on board the Goodwill cutter at Waterford, commanded by his father's brother-in-law, Lieutenant John Hiichunan. Two years later, when the Goodwill was paid off, Wolseley was sent bv his uncle Cosbv to a nautical school in West minster, from which, after some months, hf» joined the Portland, goinjif out to Jamaica. He returned to England in the Princess Amelia, and in September 1773 joined the 50-grun ship Salisbury, with Commodore rSirj Edward Hughes [q. v.**, commander- in-cliief in the East Indies. The Salisboir came home in the end of 1777, and Wolseley, having passed his examination, was pro- moted, 11 June 1778, to be junior lieutenant of the Duke, one of the fleet with Keppel in July, though on the 27th she had fnUen so far to leeward that she had no part in the action [see Keppel, Auol'stus, Viscoryr!. When the autumn cruise came to an end, Wolseley, at the suggestion of Sir Edward Hughes, going out again as commander-in- chief in the East Indies, effected an ex- change into the Worcester, one of his squadron. After some service against pirates in the Indian seas, he commanded a company of the naval brigade at the reduc- tion of Negapatam in October 1781, and again at the storming of Fort Ostenberg, Trincomalee, on 11 Jan. 1782, when he was severely wounded in the chest by a charge of slugs from a gingal, and left for dead in the ditch. Happily he was found the next day and carried on board the Worcester. He was shortly afterwards moved into the Superb, Hughes's flagship, and in her was present in the flrst four of the actions with the Hailli de Suflren. After the last of these, 3 Sept. 1782, he was promoted to be commander of the Combii^on fireship, and on 14 Sept. was posted to the Coventry frigate, which on the night of 12 Jan. 178^*? ran in among the P'rench fleet in Ganjam Koads, mistaking the ships for Indiamen, and was captured. Wolseley was civilly treated by Suflren, who sent him as a prisoner to Mauritius. He was shortly after- wards transferred to Bourbon, where he was detained till the announcement of peace. He then got a passage to St. Helena in a French transport, and so home in an East Indiaman. In 1786 he was appointed to the Trusty, fitting out at Portsmouth for the broad pennant of his uncle, Phillips Cosby. After a three years* commission in the Medi- terranean, the Trusty came home and was paid off In 1792 Wolselev was appointed to the Lowestoft frigate, in which in the early months of 1793 he was employed in convoy duty in St. George's Channel. He was then sent out to join Ix>rd Hood in the Mediterranean ; was present at the occupa- tion of Toulon, and on 30 Sept., while de- tached under Commodore Linzee, occupied the celebrated Mortella Tower, which, being handed over to the Corsicans, waa retaJcen by the French some three weeks later, and on 8 Feb. 1794 beat ofi* the 74-gan ship Wolseley 32s Wolsey Fortitude, inflicting on her severe loss and damage. The Tower was, however, shortly afterwards captured hy a landing party under the command of Wolseley. A few days later he was moved into the Imp4rieuse, which went home in the end of the year. He had hoped to be again appointed to her ; but he was recommended by Hood, and to some extent shared in the ill-feeling of the admiralty towards the discarded admiral, 80 that for nearly five years he was left un- employed. Towards the end of 1795 he married Jane, daughter of John Moore of Clough House, CO. Down — ^prandson of a Scottish oflicer, Colonel Muir, who had served in Ireland under William III and obtained a grant of land. He took a little place near Clough House, and lived there in retirement except during the rebellion of 1798, when he com- manded a company of volunteers which took part in the * battle' of Ballynahinch. Early in 1799 he was appointed to the 74-gun ship Terrible, one of the Channel fleet under Lord Bridport,and in 1800 under Lord St. Vincent. In December 1800 he was moved into the St. George, but on that ship being selected as the flagship of Lord Nelson, in February 1801, Wolseley was transferred to the San Josef, which was paid ofl' on the signing of the peace of Amiens. He afterwards had command of the sea fencibles of the Shannon district till his promotion to the rank of rear-admiral on 23 April 1804. He was then appointed to the command of the sea fencibles of all Ireland, from which he re- tired towards the end of 1805. He had no further employment, but was made vice- admiral on 25 Oct. 1809 and admiral on 12 Aug. 1819. In the spring of 1842 the old wound re- ceived sixty years before at the storming of Fort Ostenberg opened and would not heal. The surgeons came to the conclusion that something must have remained in the wound, and, as the result of an operation, extracted a jagged piece of lead and a fragment of cloth. Tne wound, however, would not heal. Gradually losing strength, he died in London on 7 June 1842. He was then the senior admiral of the red. His wife had died several years before, leaving issue two sons and two daughters. His portrait, painted in Paris, in 1840, by Jules Laur, belongs to his granddaughter. [A raomoir of William Wolsflcy, admiral of the red squadron, by h\» granddaughter, Mary C. Innes, with a reproduction of the portrait by = JjiiUT ( 1 895). This is written mainly from memo- | randa and fragments of autobiography dictated j by Wulseloy in his old age, and is often inaccurate | n facts and especially in dates (the story, for nstance, of Wolseley s relations with William IV, when a midshipman, is difiScult to reconcile with known facts and dates). Marshall's Rov. Nav. Biogr. i. 249; Serrice Book in the Public liecoid Office.] J. K. L. WOLSEY, THOMAS (1475.»-1530), cardinal and statesman, was, according to his gentleman usher, Qeorge Cavendish Tq.v.], 'an honest poor man's son * — report said, son of a butcher. But his father, Robert Wulcy (or Wolsey) of Ipswich, whether butcher or no, was, as his will shows, the possessor of lands and tenements in the parishes of St» Nicholas and St. Mary Stoke there. His mother's christian name was Joan. The date of his birth is commonly given as 1471, probably from the fact recordedby Cavendish thathe washed fifty-nine poor men^g feet-at Eis mau n' dy in 1 530. But in a letter written fo Wolsey nimseirtlie abbot of Winchcombe in August 1514 congratulates him on hav- ing been promoted to an archbishopric before he was forty. It would seem probable also that he was not quite of age to take orders in 1496, when his father made his will, pro- viding among other things that if his son Thomas became a priest within a year after his decease he should sing masses for him and his friends at a salary of ten markst His father must have died just after he made this will; for it was proved eleven days later, and it appears that AVolsey was or- dained a priest by the bishop of Lydda, a suf- fragan of Salisbury, at Marlborough on 10 March 1497-8 {En^L HisL Review, ix. 709). He would be competent to take priest's orders at twenty-four, or by dispen- sation at twenty-three, and we may presume that he was bom in 1475, or perhaps late in 1474. No other son or daughter is men- tioned in his father's will ; but Qiustinian in 1519 speaks of the cardinal as having two brothers, one of whom held a benefice and the other was pushing his fortunes. Ho was sent early tx) Oxford, where he graduated H. A. at fifteen, and was called ' the boy bachelor,' was elected fellow of Magdalen about 1497, and, soon after graduating M.A., was appointed master of the school adjoin- ing that college. He was also junior bursar in 1498-9, and senior bursar in 1499-1500 (Macrat, Iteg. Magdalen^ i. 29, 30, 133-4), . but was compelled to resign for applying funds to the completion of the great tower without sufiicient authority. Having had three sons of Thomas Grey, first marquis of Dorset [q. v.], under his care at Magdalen College school, their father presented nim to the rectory of Limington m Somerset, to which he was instituted on 10 Oct. 1500. Wolsey 326 Wolsey Here he ^ve some offence to a neighbour- ing gentleman, Sir Amias Paulet {^d, 1538) [q. V?], who, according to Cavendish, set him m the stocks — an indignity for which Wolsey called him, in after years, to severe account. Even then he had good friends besides Dorset, who died in September 1501 : for on 3 Nov. of that year he obtained a dis^'nsatine he had crossed to Calais with the kin^with a retinue of two hundred men — double that of Bishop Poxe and of Bishop liuthall. He accompanied Henry through the. campaign when Th6rouanne and Tournay successively surrendered. _Ile received letters in France from Bishop Ruthall of the Scots king's invasion ana defeat at Flodden. He had also letters about it from Catherine of Arragon, who, left at home and anxious for news of her husband, was at this time his frequent correspondent. He no doubt came oack with tne king in the end of October. He had his own share, too, in the king's conquests. The bishopric of Tournay, being vacant, was conferred upon him by the pope at the king*8 reauest. A French bishop nad, however, already been elected, and it was not till peace was made that Wolsey could hope to obtain possession, which, indeed, he never actually did ; but in 1518 he surren- dered his claims on the bishopric for a pen- sion, of twelve thousand livres. Meanwhile he received from the king the bishopric of Lincoln, for which he obtained bulls on 6 Feb. 1514, and was consecrated at Lam- beth on 26 March. In May we already find the pope had been urged to consider the ex- pediency of making him a cardinal, which, nowever, was not done for more than a year later. Meanwhile the death of Cardinal BainbridgeatRome [seeBAiNBRiDGE, Chris- TOpnBR] vacated the archbishopric of York, which was conferred on Wolsey by bulls dated 15 Sept. In the marked increase of his correspon- dence during the past two years we see that his paramount influence was now acknow- ledged. He was gradually leading foreign policy back to traditions of Henry VII's time, from which the new king had aeparted by his alliance with Ferdinand*- Young Henry had occasion to resent the perfidy of his father-in-law, who not only was a faith- less ally himself, but won over Maximilian) to desert England likewise. But Wolsey, saw the means of retribution, and when the marriage of Charles of Castile with the king*s sister Mary, which was to have taken Slace in May 1514, was broken off by the ouble dealing of Maximilian, he laid secretly the foundations not only of a peace but also of an alliance with France. In Augiist the match was arranged between Louis XII and the king's sister Mary (1496- 1533) [q. V.]; and in October the young bride went over to France, and was actually married there. To crown the political alliance there was a very secret proposal for an interview between the two Kings in March following, and for a joint campaign for the expulsion of Ferdinand from Navarre. But Louis XII died on 1 Jan. 1515, and young Francis I succeeded, intent on the conquest of Milan. Suffolk's embassy to the new French king was rendered futile for political purposes by his private love affair with Mary [see Brandon, Chablbs, first Duke of Suffolk]. Wolsey certainly saved the duke at this time from the con- sequences of his indiscretion. But Francis set off for Italy in the summer without having given any pledge to prevent John Stewart, Quke of Albany, from going to Scotland. On 10 Sept. Leo X created Wolsey * car- dinal sole ' — not, as usual, one in a batch of promotions. His title was * S. Caecilia trans Tiberim.' The hat was sent to England with a very valuable ring from the pope, and the prothonotary who brought it ^who was sup- plied at AVolsey's expense with more costly apparel than he brought with him) was con- ducted in a stately procession through the streets to Westminster on Thursday, 16 Nov. On Sunday, the 18th, it was placed on Wolsey 's head in the abbey, amid a great concourse of bishops, Colet .preaching the sermon. On 24 Dec. followi*fg*Wolsey was appointed lord chancellor in the room of William Warham [q. v.], who had resigned two days before. He now, as the Venetian ambassador expressed it, might be called 'ipse Rex,' for it seemed that the whole power of the state was lodged in him. That same month that Wolsey was made cardinalkFrancis won the battle of Mari- gnano, and at once became master of Milan. Henry VIH did not like it, and, as Ferdi- nand's position in Naples was threatened, the latter*s aml)a8sador on 10 Oct. concluded with Wolsejr a ne^j league for commerce and defence against invasion, which was ratified by Henry on the 27th. Wolsey also sent his secretary, Richard Pace [q. v.], with secret instructions to enlist Swiss mercenaries to serve the Emperor Maximilian against France, taking care that the money for their A pay did not Fall Into hia majraity's own most iintnist worthy hunds. Maximilian, indeed, though he actually maiiagcd m clutch a small portion (liy no fault on Pace's part), betrayed The enMrprise most, ahnmefully in the spring of 1-116, when there really seemed great hope of driving out the French from. Milan, and made very lame excuses for bis^ conduct. But meanwbila the death of Fer- dinand in January produced a new change.' Young Charles of Castile, Maximilian's grandson, became king of Spain ; but he re- mained for the present in Belgium, and his councillors leaned to France. Maximilian said he would come down from the Tyrol and remove them and get hiui to join the league. It was only another pretence for extracting money from England, but it was convenient to humour him. He did come down ; but having got what he wanted out of England, before the end of the year he Hold all his claims on Italy for two hundred thousand ducats by accepting the treaty of Noyoii, made in August between Franca and Spain. Wolaey's comment on the news wn.^ that the emperor seemed to be like a pnr- ticlple, which was in some degree a noun, in some degree a verli. liut the king, under ^ his guidance, accepted the most transparent^ excuses for Maximilian's conduct and made no change in hia policy, thereby bringing the emperor under suspicion of his new friends and destroying completely his signiScancc in European politics. Wolaeys policy now was to let bath^ Francis and the young king of Spain find out the value of alliance with England ; for France wanted to recover Tournay, and Charles wanted money to take him to liis new kingdom, where there was serioua danger, if he dclnyeil, that hin brother Ferdi- nand would be crowned in his place. But delayed Charles was, both by want of money andny an invasion of bis Dutch dominions bv the Duke of Giieldre?. A loan from itenry VIII, however, ultimately enabled > him to sail for Spain in September 1617. As to France, England was still supposed to bo watching her with jealousy ana ill-will'. But very secret communications had begun eren in February 1617 between Charles Someract, first earl of Worcester [q. v.], at Brussels and the dean of Tournay, referring probably in the first place to difficulties in the ecclesiastical odminiKtration (for the diocese of Tournaf Iitv chiefly in Flanders), but leading ultlmat^y to correspondence icith the Duke of Orleans, and a suggestion ' t the city itself might be surrendered to " a for four hundred thousand crowns, mbei Stephen I'oncher, bishop of Paris, and Peter de la Ouichc came over to England to arrange matters. Meanwhile the riot on 'Evil Mayday* (1617) had been met by prompt measures of repression, by which 'W'olsey earned the gratitude of the foreign merdianl* in Lan- don ; and n few days after ha no less earned the gratitude of many of the rioters them- selves, who, aft«r (he execution of twenty of the ringleaders, were pardoned at his eamwt ' ' ' Shortly afl^rwarda the sweat- .uring the hia life was despaired of. Still he was so unremitting in his attention to business that the king himself, beaid«s various messages, wrote to himnitbbisoini hand, both to thank him and to urge him to take some relaxation, Acting perha ps on this advice, he set out on pilgrimage to WaU singham in Aiigust, whieti, however, seemi to have done him little good, as be still suf- fered from fever after his return and was dl again next year. At Home, in the spring of 1517, Cardinal Adrian de Costetlo [q. v.], pap«i-FolIector in England, was involved iiTlhe conspiracy of two other cardinals to poison Leo X, and fled to Venice. Ilia Quondam sub-coUector, Polydore Vergil [q. v.J, had already been im- prisoned by wolsey just before hewasmada cardinal for letters reflectingontheklngand him, and had only been released after some time at the pope's intercession. There is no doubt, moreover, that Cardinal Adrian him- self had acted against Wolsey's interests at Rome. The king now urged Leo to deprive him of his cardinalate, and proinlBed WoLwy his bishopric of Bath and Wells. Leo, how- ever, was timid and interposed delays for a whole year, till circumstances compelled , of ISIB Hishoi^ s secretary to England suggesting that the prepoeed agreement for Tournay should be made iha foundation for a Europnan peace, as ihn Turk was threatening Christendom. Tbs Eiope was just then urging a crusade, and a ?gate for the [mrpose had been received tt Paris in December. Other legates wiae to be sent to other princes and Cardinal C»m- peggio to England. The king at onc« inti- mated to the. pope that it was nji anusml thing tc admit a foreign cardinal in EntjUnd as legate, but that he would waive liis ob- jection on that point if the legate's pomn were restricted and Wolser were joined with him in equal authority. The pope felt com- pelled to' yield, and on 17 May ciMted WoUey legate if«^'«reaaCBmpegg]o'saui>> 'olsey 3'9 Wolsey t ciate. Slill. Cardinal Adrian was not yet deprived, and Campeggio, when lie renfhed Calais in June, bad to wait there till the king wu sstislied on this point also ; eo that it was only on 33 Julv that be landed at Deal, and on the 29tb taat he entered Lon- On 3 AuR, tha two legates were re- ceived by the king in state at Greenwich. Meanwhile, on 30 July at Rome, Leo X BT8Qt«d to Woleey the administration of the biahopric of Bath and Wella; and, though he was never consecrated, he held this biabopric for four years in eonimfnilam. But under cover, partly of the proposed ganeral European peace, partly of an ar- rangement for Toumay, plans were now formed for a cfoser union between Franca «nd England. A bou had been born to Frat^iB in February, and on 9 July articles were signed by tbeting and Wolsey vid the French ambassador for (he mamage of the danphili to the Princess Marj^lM for rreuder of Toiimav. A special eom- n was issued to Wolsey nejit day to treat witli Villeroy, the Frencn king's secre- tary of finances, for a peace and for the marriage. A splendid embassy then arrivod from France, with Bonnivet and Bishop Poncher at the head, to treat with the re- presentatives of Leo X, Henry VIII. and' Other princes Tor a general European leagi but certainly with a view to a more par cular treaty with England. And though the French raised objections at first ' points in the general league, tbei ■waive them in order to conclude the closer alliance, in wliich, besides very advan- tageous terms for the marriage and the re- demption of Toumay (a town of no value ' England), Wolsey obtained from them concession that Albany was not to I Allowed to go to Scotland during the minority of James y^iee Stewart, Johs, Dckb op ]. On Sunday, 3 Oct., Wolsey sang at. Paul's, when the king look his lOath to the treaty in a scene which Bonnivet declared ' too magnificent for description.' Va the 6th the proxy marriage took place at Greenwich: and in the evening Wolsey gave ipw at Westminster, which in the opinion ie Venetian ambassador must have ex- ceeded the banquets of Cleopatra and Cali- ila. The whole hall was decorated with vases of gold and silver. Of the dis- igs and pageants a description is given Hall which twrtlv resembles a well-known described by Cavendish and dramatised in the play of 'Henry VIII,' except that nothing i a. mention ed on this occasion of the discharge of caiTmin. Finally, on 8 Oct., it was agreed that an interview should take Slace between tlie kings of England and 'ranee near Calaiabefore the endof July 151^. The world had been for some time lilinded na to what was going on when this new French alliance emei^ed into the light of day. It was not relished in England, and no doubt I'olydore Vergil espreases only the ignorant feeling of the time when he says that the giving up of Toumay was a tnumph to the French. The whole thing was managed, as Sir Thomas More told the Venetian ambassador, 'most solely' by the cardinal, and the king's otberoDuncillors hod o uly been called in to approve aft«r the matter was already settled. Charles's am- ' bassador was di^mted at the separate treaty with France^ and insisted that it should be cancelled before he accepted the general one, beneficial as he admitted that It was for his master's inte] Charles himself, desiring to be included aa m a principal contralient, ratified the league at I SaragOBsa on 19 Jan, 1619 (DirifoST, Corps 1 Zkplamatiqta, iv. Sfi6-9). ■«- ' Charles was ignorant at that date that liis grandfather, the Emperor Maximilian, had died in Austria on l^e ISth. .\ltltough the empire was elective, Maximilian had , done his best to secure beforehand the su cession of his grandson ; but Francis I « tered the field as a competitor, and spent J much money in bribing the electors. Henry I ^'III, too, hoping for encouragement from the pope, who dreaded the election of either prince, felt his way towards offering himself as a third candidate, and sent his secretary. Pace (who had been Wolsey's secretary be- fore), to show each of the electom in (pvat t confidence tbe serious objections that exist«d | to either of the other two. To retail hold on the king Wolsey was obliged t the instrument of this policy, though ha I evidently did not think it judicious. Face's 1 mission was fruitless, and his machinations, 1 not having been effectually concealed, opened the eyes of Francis to the perfidy of Henry I VUl, who badaetuolly promised to advanco I his candidature. Wolsey, however, made n I curious use of the atfair in his despatches to f Rome, getting the bishop of \Vorre8ter, | Silvestro Oigli [q. v.], to t*ll the pope that h had done his best to mitigate the king's dis- I pleasure with hisholiness for having latterly I acquiesced in the election of Charles, and I to urge that for his services to the universal I peace uis legateship, which was only tempo- I rary like Cempeggio's, should be prolonged I indefinitely. Campeggio, on his return tofl Rome, hacked up the suggestion, and tllA| pope extended Wolsey's leguteship for ll years. It was afterwards contjnuftd f :~ id J objecta, both by Leo X nod his Wolsey had Bupported a French alliance notnilbstaDdinc its uiipopjUrity, knowins wbU the valuable concessions Francis would williugly make to eecuie it. But he woa oppoaed not only by the nobility at home, but by the queen,- who saw clearly ihnt the interestfl of France were opposed to those of Ler nephew, the new emperor. So the alliance hod been scarcely formed when efforts were made to loosen it. In May 1519,' before the struggle for the empire, there were secret meetings of old councillors, who made bold to represent to the king that some young men of his privy chamber who had seen the fashions of the French court used too great familiarity with him; and on this remonstrance Henry dismissed them — a, thin^ of which much was said in Paris. But tlieir places were supplied by older men who stood well in Wolsey's favour, BO that if the blow was aimed at him, it was a failure ; and Francis, who was very anxious for the interview, offered, if Wolsey sought to be pope, to secure for him the votes of fourteen cardinals. But there was so much negotiation necessary that the Bummer of 1019 was far spent, end the gruat meeting had to be put off till the following' spring, when, tofacilitate matters, Francis made Wolsey his proctor, aod the arrangementa on both aides being left en- tirety in his bunds, very little further obstacle was encountered. Wolsey, howe^r, b y mi- t tteans aimed at an exclusive alliance wftli Jt ranee ; and these negotiations bad the effect, whichhe fully intended, of exciting the jealousy of the new- made emperor. His object was to make England arbiter of the destinies of Europe. Charles had cordinllv aceqifed an invitation aent him by Ilenry just-after his election to visit England on his way from Spain. By paying England this honour he hoped to frustrate the interview with France. Hut Spanish diplomacy was slow, ond arratigu- menlB had to be made beforehand with tlia disadvantage of a stormy sea between Spain and England, so that in the spring of 1520 Jean de la Sauch, the emperor's Flemish secretary, who had been flitting to and fro between Spain, England, and the Nether- lands, was afraid the French would win. The time was getting short, and Wolsey Beemed ilistinctly in the interest of France. LaSauehbelievedthatit WB»«al|il)ei;4Use he hadbeenwellbribed, and that the emperor to win him should give liira substantial prefer- menta in Spain, for nobody else in England favoured the French interview at all. At the very time this was written the emperor had already signed at Compost«lla a promise that within two months, and before parting company with Henry, he would apply to the pope to give Wolsey the bishopric of Bada- joz, worth in itself five thousand ducat«, with an annual pension of two thousand ducats besides out of the bishopric of Pa- lencia ; and to this agreement the pope gpe effect by a bull on 29 July following. O'^^^ At lost, on 1 1 April 1520, a tr*s^f«^b«.j;^ meeting with the emperor was drawn'^wjjhi ...^ London. Charles was to land at SondwiSh^^ by 15 May, and visit the king at Canterbury ^"'~- next day. But if, owing to unfavourable weather or other causes, he should fail to do this, he and the king were lo have » meeting on 2'2 July between Calais and Gravelines. Undoubtedly the emperor did his best to arrive in time to anticipate tlie French meeting, hut he did not land until 26 May at Dover. Wolsey first visited him on board his own vessel, and brought him to land ; then the king and he next day (Whit Sundav) conducted him to Canter- bury to attend the day's solemnities and sec the queen, his aunt. On Thursday, the 3lst, tie embarked again for Flanders, while Henry and Catherine, with a great company, Wolsey's train alone consisting of two hun- dred gentlemen in crimson velvet, soiled from Dover to Calais. J The French interview took place on 7 Juha^H On the day preceding a treaty was '^'S^ad^^l by Francis at Ardres, and by ilenry VIIIai^^| Guisnes, making arrangements for the eon- tinuance of a French pension to Wary, even , in the event of her succession to the crown, and also providing that Francis should do , bis best to settle disputes between England and Scotland; in domg which he promised to stand to the arbitration of Wolsey and his own mother, the Duchess of Angouleme. But no other business seems to have b done, though the festivities continued the 24th, when the kings separated. Field ofthe Cloth of Gold was jindoal.. a scene of matchless splendour, and ..__ grandeur of the temporary palace and chapel built hy Wolsey for the occasion was the theme of endless admiration. But the show of warm friendship with Fcence was aito- Eether deceptive. Henry was at heart more inclined to the interests of the emperor. It is certain that a secret compact had been signed between them at Canterbury, and, as the emperor's visit- had been necessarily hurried, a further meeting had been arranged between them, to take place immediately after the French interview. It touk placa S been __ edl^^a !bteJ3H Wolsey 331 Wolsey accordingly on 10 July at Gravelines, and next dar the emperor, with his aunt, Mar- garet of Savoy, visited the king at Calais, and stayed with him till the 14th, when he took his leave. This further meeting was naturally not relished in France. Without knowing what was done at it, the French saw that they were overreached. The fact was, a proposal Iiad been discussed, both -at-Calais and at Canterbury, for the marriage of the emperor to the Princess Mary, so lately betrothed to the dauphin ; and on the very day that the emperor took his leave a new treaty was signed between him and Henry, whereby each of them engaged for two years to make no new treaty with France which should bind either of them further to those matri- monial alliances which both had already contracted in that quarter ; for Charles had pledged himself to marry the French king^s daughter Charlotte, and Henry to give his own daughter 'to the dauphin. This and some fiiftlier points berng concluded, Henry sent to inform Francis that he had consented to the inter\'iew at Qravelines only out of court-esy, and that it had been made the occasion of most dishonourable proposals from Charles's ministers for the breaking off of marriage treaties on both sides with France that Henry might assist the emperor to be crowned in Italy. Francis was not deceived, and showed his real feelings at first by ordering Ardres to be fortified ; but Wolsey, as a friend, remonstrated so strongly against hir^ing so that he forbore, il^ was afraid to give England provocation, promised not to let Albany go to Scotland, and deferred an intention he had announced in September of going in person to Italy to secure Milan against the emperor. The arrest and execution of the Duke of Buckingham in the spring of 1521 were not due to Wolsey, as stated by the cardinaUs great enc^y, Polydore Vergil [see Staf- FOBb, Edwabd, third Duke of Bucking- iiah]. It is true that Buckingham, like other noblemen, bore him ill will, and the examination of some of the duke's servants showed that he had said, if the king had died of a recent illness, that he would have had Wolsey*s and Sir Thomas Lovell's heads chopped oil'. But the duke's fall was procured by a secret informer, whose name we do not know, in a paper delivered to W^olsey at the Moor in Hertfordshire, and it appears that Wolsey, far from being over-ready to take action, had given the duke warning at first to be cautious what lie said about the king, whatever he might think fit to say about nimself. Matters were now tending to war between the emperor and Francis, and errors on both sides favoured Wolsey*s policy of making England arbiter between them. Charles was too eager to commit Henry to take his part, while evading fulfilment of his secret pledge to marry Mary; but Wolsey advised the kin^ not to press for further (guarantees, as- suring him that the imperialists would ere long seek to him ' on their hands and knees' for assistance. The French made a brave start in the war, and were soon masters of Navarre, but, attempting to push their con- quests further, were defeated and lost all tnev had gained. They thus became more willing to accept England's mediation, which they had at first refused. But Charles called upon Henry to declare war against France, as he had bound himself to take part with either side if attacked by the other. Henry, however, required first to ascertain who was the real aggressor, and it was arranged that Wolsey should cross to Calais and hear deputies from both sides on the merits of their dispute, pledges being taken in the meanwhile from both parties that' neither should make any private arrangement with the other till England had given its decision. Wolsey accordingly left England with a number of alternative commissions, dated 29 July 1521 ,to settle difibrences between the emperor and Francis, to make a league with both powers and the pope, to treat for a closer amity with France, or for a league with the emperor against France. He landed at Calais on 2 Aug., and the conferences opened under his presidency on the 7th. The principal speakers were the imperial chancellor Gattinara, the French chancellor, Du Prat, and the nuncio, Jerome Ghinucci, then bishop of Ascoli (afterwards of Worces- ter), who had been despatched from Rome in the year preceding to be present at the great interview between Henry and Francis I. The proceedings were extraordinary. Wolsey proposed a truce during the deliberations of the conference, but neither the nuncio nor the imperialists had any commission for this, and the latter declarea that Charles was so offended with Francis that he (lad forbidden them to treat at all. Wolsey might, how- ever, negotiate with the emperor himself, who had come to Bruges to be near at hand. On this suggestion he acted, and persuaded the French deputies to remain at Calais till his return, giving them to understand that he would be only eight days absent. Shameful to state, this suspension of the conference and visit to the emperor at Bruges had been planned before Wolsey left England, and under the pretence of removing diffi- cultiM be was inatriicled to make in 8ecret Ml ofiensivH and di^femiive alliance against France. Henry was quite bent on a new var witb tbat country, and desired negotia-4 ' tiou in tbe Dieanji»r4)fi1)! tp secure from the emftnuT afi indemnity for the loss of bis French pension and to gain time for pre- paration. WolgBy'w ow n policy WB a_.cefc teinly not, yi-liite hut itir7;rrB5l:^;crnf7li» iHnpehal'election, be felt it necessary to give in to ibe king's will. In their correspon- dence be only criticised details and aue- gested expedients, leaving events to teach their own lesson, without daring to oppose tbe king directly. His stay at Bruges with "' "" ' " ' * : limited to o doubt terms of the secrr*""^^^""^*^ length signed by li Savoy (as represents emperor) at Bruges o stay there he twice n brotber-in-law, Chris tiaijf wbo first sent an arcbbisif personages l« his lodging tj. would come to him in the g the bouse occupied b,T the ei aa he informed thu king, at lirst bt comply, considering that he was I lieutenant, and tbe king of Denm not to claim superiority c but as tbe garden lay ii emperor he ^reed, and next day Christ imperial authorily at IComey it was of the utmost importance that a sue- ceesor should be chosen favourable to the would use bis iniluence to secure hie election, and he wrote lo ^'olsey himself to assure bim that be bad not forgotten his promise. Henry also sent Pact to tbe emperor abont il, witb instructions to go on to ikime with letters to influence tbe cardinals. W'ulaey himself bad but slight expectations, as tno Spanish ambassador believed, but did not altogether despair. He was in truth very comfortable at home, where the king had just given him in November the abbey of St. Albans, in addition to bis other prefer- consideration that be bad spent, by Henry's own estimate, 10,000A in con- a with the Calais conferences. His really was proposed in the conclave. larlea ^ KBt^ Onthereaumptionofthe conference W olsey was unable to procure a suspension of bos- tiljties, but was obliged to bear long argu- ments on both sides as to tbe causes of the war. The imperialists meanwhile took HouzDn,and laid siege to Mfzi&res j but tbey had to withdraw from the latter place and give up the former. They then advanced to besiege Toumay, but in Spain the French took Fontarabia, and tbe hopes of a truce were finally wrecked by therr refusal lo re- store the latter place to the emperor, or even into the bands of the king of England as surely. Wolsey, wbose health bad brokei down repeatedly during the conference, wa. at length recalled by the king, and returned to England in November. Before he left Calais a new league was concluded against France on 24 Nov., in which tbe pope was a contracting party, his nuncio having just re- ceived autbority to join it. For Leo X, wbo bad been in serious fear lest tbe conference should end in a peace, was now better as- sured. But bis forces, wilb those of the em- peror, had just taken Milan from the French, ^ when he rather suddenly died on 2 Dec. Iriap VI was elected on 6 Jan. 161'^, and it is certain that no iii-,^^ perial influence was used in Wolsey 's favour.^tt But Wolaey knew quite well that the iperor had more real need of England than ^kud had of him. Theone tbit^ Cbarlea ly required was a loan, besides geb<^ ' iury to subsidise the l^wiss and pi and Burgundian troopa ii ids. Moreover, he wanted to Mt committed to an immediate decla- that be himself might not be ^ ^riiren to make separate terms with P'rance. -^Now be was already considerably in the king's debt, but by Wolsey's advice a hundred thousand crowns was advanced to him on condition that the king should not be called on to make an open declaration against France till tbe money was repaid. Charles was sadly disappointed, and pressed for leave to visit Henry again in Enghmd beforeEaster on his way to Spain. But this was found impossible, and be did not arri at Dover until -'fl May, the very day be b landed there two years before. He I meanwhile corresponded wit!^ Wolsey,w ing bim letters inlijsown hahdwith a [mark agreed between them strongly urging an additional loan t< vent Italy and the pope coming French influehce. This was conceded to tl lUitent of My thousand crowns m the emperor, after being feasted at Green- wich and London, went on witb tbe king lo Windsor. There,on 19 June.onewtreaty wuH made and sworn before Wolsey by both sovereigns underecclesiastical censu binding the emperor to manr Mary w she should be twelve years old— that it ;V° Wolsey 333 Wolsey say, six years later — and Henry to give her a very considerable dower, deducting, how- ever, the debts of the emperor and his grand- father Maximilian. Both princes also agreed to invade France before Alay 1624, and the emperor to pay Henry those pensions which Francis, out of very natural suspicion, had already withheld nrom him for a whole year. " ; But Henry, in his eagerness for war, had j already before the emperor's arrival des- ' patched Clarencieux herald to declare it to Francis ; and Clarencieux did so at Lyons on 29 May of this year (1522), and returned to the king at Greenwich while the emperor was still with him. The two princes then ! made a further treaty on 2 July to arrange for the joint war which was to commence at once, and on the 6th the emperor sailed from . Southampton. Three days before leaving he had given Wolsey a new patent for his pen- , sion, which was now to be charged on the vacant bishoprics in Spain instead of the bishopric of Badajoz. But Wolsey 's Spanish Sensions were always in arrear, like the ebts which the emperor owed the king. Wolsey's hand had been forced by the war party in the council, and on 6 July he declared to the lords in the St^r-chamber the first success of the war — the sacking of Morlaix by Surrey — urging them to aid the king with their money. A loan of 20,000/. liad already been obtained from the city of London under promises of repayment by the king and cardinal. But tne nation was really ill pn?pared for war, and of course it was involved with Scotland as well as with France. For Francis, seeing the turn things were taking, had let Albany escape in the end of 1521. The Scots, however, were also ill prepared for war ; and when Albany at last moved to the borders, he did not know how easily he might have captured Carlisle. But Lord Dacres, putting a bold face on the matter, induced him to negotiate a truce and to withdraw his forces. Wolsey was immensely relieved, and easily got Dacres pardoned for his felix culpa in having negotiated a truce without commission. But popular ignorance and hatred of the Scots lamented a great oppor- tunity thrown away, while levies raiseoi in various parts had been sent home unpaid; Skelton's bitter invective against Wolsey, * Why come ye not to Court P ' written clearly just at this time, is full of this and other popular complaints which are very significant of the reeling against the car- dinal ^Skelton, Works,e^, Byce, ii. 26-67). One 01 his complaints was that the king's court was comparatively deserted by am- bassadors and suitors crowding to Hamp- ton Court or York Place at Westminster. Hampton Court was a mansion of the knights of St. John, of which Wolsey had taken a ninety-nine years' lease on 11 Jan. 1514-ri5], just before he became a cardinal. It had been visited even by Henry VII, but Wolsey spared neither pains nor cost to make it far more magnificent. No doubt it was owing to cavils like Skelton's that three years later (1525) Wolsey made over his lease of it to the King, who, however, allowed him not only still to occupy it, but to lodge, when he saw fit, in his own palace of liichmond, rather to the annoyance, it would seem, of some old servants of Henry VII, in whose days that place of pleasure had been reared. In the city Wolsey was hated, not for the truce made with the Scots, but for his too cogent measures to get in money for the war. The loan already raised had itself lightened many pockets, when on 20 Aug. he sent for the mayor and aldermen and the most wealthy citizens, and told them that for defence of the realm commissioners were appointed all over the country to swear every man as to the value of his movable property ; and he desired to be certified witnin a reasonable time of the names of all who were worth 100/. and upwards, that they might contribute a tenth. The citizens remonstrated that many of them had already lent a fifth. But Wolsey insisted that the 20,000/. already subscribed could only be allowed as part of the tenth required from the whole city, and the citizens made their own conscientious returns to his secretary, Dr. Toneys, at the chapter-house of St. Paul's. Yet for all this, more money was required ; and next year (1523) parliament was called together on 18 April to vote supplies for the war. It was opened at the Blackfriars by the king in person, with Wolsey at his right hand ; but as the cardinal's weak health forbade him to make a long address as chan- cellor, Cuthbert Tunstall ^.v.] did so in his place, declaring the causes of the war. On the 29th Wolsey, accompanied by divers lords both spiritual and temporal, entered the House of Commons and stated that a subsidy of 800,000/. would be required, which might be raised by a tax of four shillings in the Sound on every man's goods and land. Next ay Sir Thomas More, as speaker (whoso elec- tion Wolsey himself had procured), did his best to enforce the demand; but the debates were so long and serious that Wolsey visited the commons again and addressed the mem- bers in a way that compelled More to plead Wolsey : the privileges of the house. A vole was a1 length obtained with dif&ciilty of tvro ahlt- linge in the pound— just hnlf the rate de- manded — on lands or ^da over 20/., to be pud in two years, with lower rotes on smaller incomes. Wolsey refused this ai insufficient, and the house, after adjourning over Whitsuntide, was again called on Ic consider the matter. At lasl, after very BlAnnTdebat<'j,iQcoinesof 50/. and iipwards from land were subjected to an additional tax of one shilling in the pound to be paid in thu third year, and persons possessing 60/. value of goods were required '" " shilling in the pound on them o»^ j..,^ later. fp Convocation also met at St. Paul's dtrKig the first Bitting of parliament ; but Wolsey as legate stopped its proceedings and sum- moned the convocations of both provinc«B before him at Westminster, where, after very serious opposition, he estrocied from the clei^ for their share a grant of half s. year's revenue of all benefices, to be paid in five years. The summons to Westminster »gaia provoked Skelton's satire in the di»- tich: Oentle Paul, lay doirn tby sveard, For Peter of Wustminster hath abavi Lar^e provision was thus made for a war in which flatterers told Henry V'lll that they hoped to see him crowned king of France at Rheims, But the king himself, though he boasted somewhat, was becoming no leas convinced than Wolsey that thu emperor was seeking to throw the whole expense u|>on him and lo keen the profits to himself. Soon after he had arrived in }, by which able to subdue rebellion and establish good order there. He also informed him, with. much seeming frankness, that he had re- ceived overtures of peace from France through the papal legate. He was less com< municative, nowever, about certain secret offers made to him by the Duke of Bourbon, vrho was even then meditating revolt from Francis, and had hopes of marrying the emperor's sister Eleanor. But Wolsey lound out all about them, and did not intend, as he wrote to the king, that the emperor ' should ' have more strings to his bow ' than Henry. He got Bourbon to make offers to England as well, and urged upon the em- peror ajoint neKOliation. But Charlesgrew cold aa England grcwwarm. Hewouldhave thrown over Henry ond Bourbon alike if Francis would have conecuted to ^ive up IS well as t'ontarahia. Francis, how- Wolsey 1 thy ever, would not give up Milan, and in tha end of May 15:23 the Sieur de Beauruin wm sent from Spain to induce llenrj to contri- bute at least five hundred men-at-arms and ten thousand foot in aid of the duke. But, having discharged his mission in England, Beauniin went straight to Bourbou himself at lIourg-en-Bresse and made a special com- pact with him for the emperor before anv envoy could arrive from England, thouir!h Knight was sent from Brussels close u his heels. ^ With different aims and divided counsels the allies made little progress in the invasion of France that summer. Suffolk with his large army won several placea in Picordy, and spread alarm at Paris ; but he was ill supported from the Low Countries. Wolsey, for reasons which we do not know, but in which, after some objections, the king fuBj acquiesced, abandoned a plan of campaign, beginning with the siege and captun? of Boulogne, which he himself had drawn up. Possibly even Henry was already convinced that he could make no reaUy valuable ad- dition to his continental possessions, and meant to do like his father— ' traHick with that war to make his return in money.' At all evenla, Suffolk's brilliant and unsubstan- tial victories were used, while the war fever was bot in England, as a reason for procuring what was called 'an anticipation' — tbat iaio say , for issuing commi^ons on 2 Nov. ( Hall wrongly says in October) lo persuade the wealthy to pay the subsidy voted by parlia- ment before the term appointed, and the money was actually gathered in. I'hat same month of Novemb^ the emperor's army was disbanded for lack of payment, and the Eng- lish broke discipline and compelled Suffo& to return to Calais. Just before this, on 14 Sept., Adrian VI died, and there was again a vacancy in the papacy. The alliance of the king and em- peror being in such hich repute, the EngUidi ambassadors at Rome ieit sure that Wolsw"' presence alone was wanted to decide t uew election in his favour. But the loi rial ambassador laughed in his sleerei, « Charles V acting with the samu hypoeri. os before, Clement VII was elected, i 19 Nov. But whoever was dJsappoiii) with the result, [t was certai u l y not^cJ a He congratulated the king" on havingNI gocid a friend in the new pope, with vrfaofl as Cardinal de' Medici, they had both b ^h correspondence; and his satbCacti was greatly increased when Clement, ( 21 Jan. following, confirmed to him L Ii^atcsbip for life. The pope also gave hUJ lite bishopric of Durham, the tempornlitla Wolsey 335 Wolsey bf which he had enjoyed since 30 April, and ^'^olsey thereupon resigned Bath and Wells (Le Neve, iii. l>93). As to the war, Wolsey used very plain speaking to the emperor about the past, but simply in the tone of an ajrgrieved friend, and endeavoured to elicit definite assurances for 1524 both from him and Bourbon. But it was soon clear that the emperor, having recovered Foutarabia from the French in February, w^as neither able nor willing to do more; and Bourbon, who was invited to England to arrange matters, replied that the emperor wished him to stay at Genoa, where he very conveniently blocked the way of Francis into Italy, but did Henry no particu- lar service. In March Wolsey suggested to the pope (who was naturally afraid of the French becoming strong again in It^ly) that he should exhort Francis to send some one to England to treat for peace, with sugges- tions of afterwards settling the question of Milan by marrying the Duke of Milan to the French king's daughter. Francis took the hint ; and while nothing seemed to come of the avowed efforts of tbe pope for peace when he sent Schombere, arcbbishop of Capua, to France, Spain, and England in succession, a Genoese merchant, Giovanni Joachino Passano (called by the English John Joachim), came in June to London as if on private business, and carried on secret negotiations with Wolsey as the agent of Louise of Savoy, mother of Francis I. These, indeed, remained without visible fruit that year, and the imperial ambassador actually arranged with Henry VIII for ]oint support of Bourbon in an attack on France. But this was clogged with a con- dition that the duke should do homage to Henry as king of France, which he refused, alleging that Henry had given him his duchy free. Wolsey did not believe that much was to be expected from Bourbon ; but Pace, who had been despatched to the duke to report on the situation, was strangely san- guine, and said it was only owing to Wolsey and the delay of the king's money that the crown of France was not set on Henry's head. As a matter of fact, money did come from England, though rather late. It was the emperor, as usual, who failed in his en- gagements when it came to the second pay- ment. Bourbon entered Provence and laid siege to Marseilles ; and in September orders were sent out in England to prepare for an invasion of France in support of nim. The | king was ready either for peace or war, but, j by Wolsev's advice, he would have no middle ■ course. JSourbon withdrew from the siege of Marseilles to Nice, and, by strict orders from Henry, no further disbursements were made to him. No army crossed from Eng- land, and Francis, taking courage, invaded Italy and recovered Milan. Ilis success, however, was transient, and on 24 Feb. 1625 he was defeated and taken I prisoner at Pavia. The event took Wolsey, ike the rest of the world, by surprise ; for though he had not thought highly of the French prospects in Italy, he had been doing his best to secure the king's interests in any event by a renewal of secret negotiations with John Joachim. And he had just taken a most audacious step to cover these secret practices. . As the imperial ambassador De Praet was inconveniently inquisitive, he contrived (for there can be no doubt it was not an accident, a special search having been ordered in London that very night) that a messenger of De Praet 's should be arrested by the watch as a suspicious character, and his letters taken from him and laid before himself in the chancery next morning. He opened and read them, and found, as he no doubt expected, many severe reflections on himself and the insincerity of the king's friendship towards the emperor. On this ne stopped a courier already despatched by De Praet, upbraided the ambassador for what he had written to his own court, and penned a strong despatch to Sampson, the English ambassador in Spain, to represent to the emperor the mischief done by an agent who was endeavouring to disturb friendly feel- ings between him and Henry I He more- over got Henry himself to write to the em- peror with his own hand complaining of the unfriendly conduct of his ambassador. The outrage no doubt was deliberately designed to show the emperor how little he must presume upon the universal re- spect paid to his greatness, while offering, as he continually did, mean excuses for breach of engagements. And Wolsey knew that Charles, after mild remonstrance, would pocket the affront, as he actually did, deeply as he at heart resented it. De Praet himself believed that Henry was still the emperor's friend, whom it would not do to alienate ; and as Wolsey, with cynical in- sincerity, professed to be devoted to the common interests of the emperor and his own sovereign, Charles also professed to take him so. This was thb more necessary in order that he might keep the profits of his great victory to himself. On hearing of it Wolsey took counsel with some ]fiemish envoys, at whose request he at length dis- missed John Joachim, and he urged the em- peror to make full use of his advantage in concert with England, suggesting a joint Wolsev 336 Wolsey inTasion, by which Charle* and H^ary would meet in Pari*: :her*up>n Fr*no* would be handed orer r .1 Kn«;l:$h dc^mina- tion, and Henry would »?> on wi:h the emperor to his coronati'"»n at Itome. Of course he had n> expeo:ati>n that Charles would listen to a prtrec: *•> chime- rical. But Bishop Tim*tall and ^■r Kichard "Wingfield q-v." wer? despatched to Spain with these "pn^posals at the end of March, that the emperor by his answer mlfhr show whether he waswillinj: to pp>«eoute the war with vigour or restore his captire for a ransom, m which latter case they were not onlv to remind him that he wa^t bound not to treat apart from England, but also to hint that tne kini: had no lack of offers to forsake the emperv>r*s alliance. For indeed thepojv, the Venetian*, and the other Italian powers were most s«»ri«>usly alarmed at the emperor's success. The ambassadors, after a tedious voyaire, reached the imperial court at Toletlo only on :*4 May. But they S'X»n obtained an answer frankly confes^inc that the emperor had no means of maintainim; the war: headded,ho\v»»ver,a most extraordi- nary suggestion that his bride, the Princess Mary, should be sent to Spain at once with her dowry of four hundred thousand crowns, and that a further contribution might enable him to carry on the war in earnest. The amazed ambassadors remindtnl the impt»rial chancellor that the empen.^r oupht first to repay the 150,(HX) crowns he had borrowed for his last rova^r^ to Spain and the kind's indemnity for Lis French pensions, liut the emi>eror's real meaninjj came out three days later, when the chancellor told them that his majesty was much perplexed ; and if he could have neither the princess nor her dowry j>aid beforehand. perhaps thekingwould allow him to take another wife. In short, Charles had made up his mind to marry Isabella of Por- tugal, and if the kinjr meant to prosecute the war he would have to do it alone. The answer suited AVolsey very well. But meanwhile in England the talk was aliout the king leading an invasion Tjf France in persrm, and Wolsev, undt»r a commission dated 21 March, culled the mayor and aldermen before him and pn'ssed for a general contribution in aid of the project, at the rate of .>. 4r/. a ])ound on incomes of 50/. and M])wards, with lower rates on the smaller inronu'S, according to the valuations made bvth« citizens themselves in 1522. Some excl»iim**d that this was unjust, as many in- comes had sine*' bren impaired ; but remon- Btrancp was stifled bv threats that it might cf»t Kf)m<* their heansible. It had been ag^reed on by the council generally for a w*^' policy that was n>t to Wolsey 8 mmd, but was imputed to him specially, knd the public were slow to believe, what was really the fact, that it was at his intercession that the kin^ agreed to turn the grant into a * benevolence * without further insisting on a fixed rate. A new difficulty, however, was started, that ' benevolences ' had been made illegal by a statute of Richard III, and Wolsey in vain attempted to persuade the Londoners that an act of parliament passed by a wicked usurper was bad law. In the end the king was obliged to give up the demand altogether and pardon those who had resisted. Even the rebels of Suffolk, when called before the Star-chamber on 30 May, were dismissed with a ^rdon. Sureties, indeed, were asked for their good conduct, and when thev could find none Wolsey said to them, * I wdl be one, because you be mv countrymen, and my lord of Norfolk will be another.* This business was an unpleasant in- terruption to a work of Wolsey 's own, on which he had set his heart-. In the pre- 1 ceding year he had procured from Clement { VII a bull, dated :^ April 1524, allowing ' him to convert the monastery of St. Fri- deswide at Oxford into a college, trans- ferring the canons to other monasteries. That house was accordingly dissolved, and on 11 Sept. following Clement gave him another bull, allowing Wolsey to suppress more monasteries, to the value of three thousand ducats, for the endowment of his college. Several houses were thus sup- pressed in February 1525, and the work was proa^eding. But in June, at the monastery of fiegham in Sussex, a riotous multitude with painted faces and disguises put in the canons again — an outr^^ which of course was punished. At Tunbridge also, though there was no disturbance, tlie inhabitants did not wish the priory to be converted into a school, and desirea to see the six or seven canons restored. Meanwhile Wolsey was aware that the emperor had been making separate offers of peace to Louise of Savoy, the regent of France; and in June appeared again in Wolsey 337 Wolsey ^ London John Joachim, who now bore the title of Seigneur de Vaulx, this time as a regular accredited ambassador. He came from Louise, for Francis had just been con- veyed to Spain, and another French envoy, Brinon, arrived shortly after him. With these two Wolsey concluded no fewer than five, or rather six, treaties, at the More (Moor Park in Hertfordshire, which belon^d to him as abbot of St. Albans), by which France secured the amity of England for a sum of two million crowns to be paid by instalments, with various other conditions extremely advantageous to England, bonds being afterwards procured from the leading persons and cities of France for the strict lulfilment of the terms. Nor did Wolsey forget his own interests in these transac- tions : for though he forbore a claim for arrears of a pension once given him by Francis, he obtained thirty thousand crowns for those of his indemnity for the bishopric of Toumay (notwithstanding that the city had been meanwhile won from France by the emperor), and a present of one hundred thousand crowns besides from Louise, payment of which sums was spread over seven years. In January 1626 Wolsey came to Elt* ham, where the king was staying, and made, along with the council, certain ordinances for the king's household which were called 'the statutes of Eltham,' mainly intended to rid the court of super- annuated servants and too numerous de- pendents. On 11 Feb. he went with great pomp to St. Paul's, when Robert Barnes [q. v.] bore a fagot for heresy. In March Francis I was set at liberty, as agreed in the treaty of Madrid signed two months before, leaving two of his sons hostages in Spain for fulfilment of the terms. Charles now hoped to take his imperial crown at Home, but the pope and the northern powers of Italy took alarm, and concluded with Francis on 22 May the league of Cognac, which was to enable him to recover his children on easier terms than those wrung from him when he was a prisoner without counsel. This league England was strongly solicited to join, offers being held out to Henry of a duchy in Naples consisting of lands worth thirty thousand ducats a year, and to Wolsey of other lands worth ten thousand ducats a year. But it was not the interest of England to make an open enemy of the emperor. In September imperial troops, along with Cardinal Co- lonna, treacherously surprised liome during a truce and wrung terms from the pope by intimidation. Charles himself disavowed YOL. LZU. the outrage, but in May following Rome was attacked by Bourbon. The commander was killed in the assault, but his unpaid troops sacked the city with a barbarity quite unheard of, and kept the pope for some months prisoner in the castle oi St. Angelo. Meanwhile in England an allegorical play had been performed at Christmas at Gray^ Inn suggesting that misgovemment was the cause of insurrection. Wolsey, though he declared, no doubt with perfect trutn, that it was the kinff who was displeased rather than himself, nad the author, John Roo, serjeant-at-law, deprived of his coif and committed to the Fleet for a time along with one of the players. The king, and even his council, now seemed to be quite converted to the policy of cultivating tlie new French alliance rather than an imperial one, and hints were thrown out to Francis that, instead of marrying the em- peror's sister Eleanor, he might have Henry's daughter Mary, once offered to his son. So in March 1627 a great embassy ar^ rived in England with Qrammont, bishop of Tarbes, at its head, which held very lengthy conferences with Wolsey with a view to a closer league. Of these negotiations a minute French account has been preserved, which gives an extraordinary impression of Wolsey's wonderful statecraft. He demanded a new perpetual peace, with an annual tribute of salt and a pension of fifty thousand crowns to Henry. He affected astonishment at the difhculties made at his high terms, and told the ambassadors (what, perhaps, was not far from the truth) tnat if he advised the king to abate them he was in danger of being murdered. In the course of a long dis- cussion he gradually shifted the basis of negotiation. If Francis declined to marry Mary himself, he suggested that she mi^ht be married to the Duke of Orleans, then a hostage in Spain, the two kings meanwhile agreeing on terms for his and his brother's liberation, on refusal of which they should make joint war on the emperor. Then, after lurther conference, he told the am- bassadors that Henry advised Francis to marry Eleanor for the sake of peace, if the emperor would not restore his sons otherwise. The French were quite confounded at the withdrawal of -the veij bait that had lured them on. * We have to do,* wrote one of them to Francis, ' with the most rascally beggar in the world, and the most devoted to his master's interests.' Wolsey had won the day. Treaties very advantageous to England were signed and sealed at West- minster on 30 April. Li the course of these negotiations Wolsey z had inlked of goiug otpp to Trance in May I lo complete matters. Tha king also, wbd had sepanite interviews with ihe ambassA- dors, exprcBMid a ileeire to pay Frsncie a >isil liimwlf. The French objected that this would delaj the war against the em- perDT, and said that he might trust every- thiog to Wolsev ; but lienry aaid he had thinga to tell JiVancis of which Wolsey knew nothing. It is clear that he had begun to entertain the thought of divorcing Catherine which it was afterwards alleged that Wolscj had put into his head — a stste- mentquite aa untrue a« the political figment that the bishop of Tarbes had suggested it bv insinuating a doubt of the Princess Siary's legitimacy. Wolsey must ha^e learned the kinsr's ideas on tbi» subject — or rather a part of them — shortly after this ; and he certainly did not like them, although, for prudential reasons, he did hie best to advance the king's wishes. In M^ay he got the king to appear priTately before him And Archbishop Warhom, and called on himto prove that his marriage was lawful. ' proceedings led to no result: but on 22 Ji the king told Catherine (bidding her, how- ever, keep the matter secret) that they r — separate, aa lie had been informed bydit that they were living in mortal sin. The badness of the king's cause was made etill more apparent to Wolsey when he learned immediately afterwards that Catherine at the time of her marriage to Henry had been a virgin widow. The king saw that he was perplexed by this discovery ; but Wolsey waa anxious to assure him that he did not consider it fatal to his case, as they had been married in fatAt eceletu* and the dis- pensation did not meet the cafe. Wolsey now set out for France with the name of the king's lieutenant an' state no less than regal. The pretext for the close alliance was the pope's liberation from captivity, and at Gunteibury he ordered a special litany for the Pope Clement to be sung by the monks of Chrislchureh. " liis way he endeavoured to quiet rum about the queen's divorce by shamefully Jesuitical statements made in confidence to Archbishop Warham and Bigbo|> Fislier. Un 16 Aug. he concluded a number of treaties with Francis at Amiens. His mis- sion would have united England and Fr>nsciou8 of what had taken place outside, embraced the earl and oilered him hospi- tality, regrtitting that he hud had no notice of his coming. He then took him to his bedrhamlxir, where the earl, trembling, laid his hand upon his arm, and snirl in a faint voice, * My lord, I arrest you of high treason.' At the same time Walsh, who, wearing a h(K)d fof disguise, had hitherto escaped notice, arrested at the portal Wolsey 's Italian physician. Dr. Augustine, driving him in with the words : ' Go in, traitor, or I ahull make t.hee.' Augustine was indeed a traitor, not to the king but to AVolsey, and the action was ])rearrangcd. The earl hod rufuced to show Wolsey a warrant for his arrest, and Walsh said their instructions were secret ; but Wolsey surrendered to AVulsh as being a g(tntlemun of the privy chamber. Then the earl and Walsh, with the abbot of St. Mary's beside "^'ork, took an inventory, which still exists, of Wolsey's goods at Cawood. There is distincrt evidence that Dr. Augus- tine had been bribed by Norfolk to betray an important secret about Wolsey ; and wo know both the fact which he had to reveal and the lies with which he augmented it. The fact was that Wolsey at the time of his fall had in his despair sought through the French ambassador to get Francis to write to Henry in his favour. I^it to this Au- ffustine shamefully added that the cardinal iiad urged the pope to excommunicate the king if he did not put away Anno IJoleyn, hoping by this to cause an insurrection by which he would recover jK>wer. To conceal from Wolsey the fact that he had informed against him, Augustine was carried away prisoner tied under a horse's belly. But when he reached London he lived like a prince in Norfolk's house, while his master was carried southwards in custodv. Crowds of people at Cawood, when Wolsey's arrest was known, ran after him with curses on his enemies ; but he was taken, first to Pom- fret, then to Doncaster, then to Sheffiefd Park, where he was treated kindly as a miest by the P]arl of Shrewsbury. -Here he ved to remain a fortnight, and he begged the earl, who always tried to kv«p up his spirits, to write to the king that he might be brought face to face with his accusers — a degree of justice that he did not expect. One day the earl told Cavendish that he had got an answer from the king, showing that Heniy had still a good opinion of him, and he begged Cavendish to com- municate it discreetly, for the mesdengor was Sir William Kingston, constable of the Tower. The news brought on a severe attack of dysentery, and no kindly sophi- stries would com^rt him. * I know,' he said, 'what is provided for me; notwith- standing I thank you for your good will and Sains.' His journey had to be deferred one ay longer in consequence of his extreme weakness. Kingston then brought him to another place of Shrewsbury's, Ilardwick Hall, near Newstead — not the Derbyshire Hardwick, which came to the family later — next day to Nottingham, and the following day to Leicester Abbey. His illness had increased upon the journey, so that at times h(i was near falling off his mule ; and he said to the abbot, * I am come to leave my bones among you.' He had been admitted a brother of that monastery some years before. He at once took to his chamber. It was a Saturday night (20 Xov.) On the Monday morning (the 28th) he seemed drawing fast to his end. Yet even now a message came from the king about a sum of 1,500/. lately received by him, of which an entr\- had been found in a book at Cawood. It was money that he had borrowed to pay his servants and to bury him ; but if the King would have it, he hoped he would pay his debts, and he gave the names of his creditors, promising to show where it was next day. He was very ill that night, but in the early morning of the 29th desired some food, and was given a * cullis ' made of chicken, though it was a fluting day — St. Andrew's eve, as he himself observed after taking it. He was then cou^ fessed, and spoke of his ailments as coming to a crisis. Sir William Kingston told him he made himself worse by one vain fear — meaning, of course, lest he should be brought to the block ; but he was not to be consoled. ' Master Kingston,' he said, * I see the matter against me how it is framed ; but if I had served God as diligently as I have done the king. He would not have g^ven me over in my g^ey hairs.' That morning he passed away at eight o'clock, an hour at which, according to Cavendish, he had expected to die the day before. The mayor and aldermen of Leicester were sent for, and the body, after lying in state Wolsey 343 Wolstenholme till four or five o'clock, was removed into Neve's Fusti, ed. Hardy ; Lanz's Correspondeni the Lady-chapel of the abbey. Early next Karls V ; Lhw's Hist, of Hauipton Court. Of morning (30 Nov. 1530) it was interred. It I'^es later than that of Cavendish there is one in was found that he had worn a hair shirt next Po^^^y by Thomas Storer ( 1 599) of little value ; his skin underneath another of fine linen. f""^ o^*^^" by Richard Fiddcs.D.D. Joseph WolseVs features are ftmiliar in portraits ^r?y«' »*°^ John Gait the novelist. 1 hat of which have often been engraved, an^ which ^/.^^^ «^°'^» ^ ^f ^^^^ Y '"^ \ ^' 114. . • • ^1 r • ill all are very inadequate now, whea so much has are all of one type, giving the face m profile ^^ ^^^^^ from^.tate papers. The only ac- There are paint mgs m the iSational Portrait ^^^^^ ^^ Wolsey's career embodying this in- Gallery, London ; at Christ Church, Oxford ; formation is containc i^^o^® ^^\ t°- HJ"^*^ t Second (Roxburghe Club) ; Lettera and Papers, settled in East btreet, lied Lion bquajre. In Richard III and Henry VII (Rolls Ser.) ; Cal. 1803 he exhibited his first picture (* Cours- Letters and Papers. Henry VIII, vols, i-iv.; Slate ing *) at the Royal Academy. From this Papers, Spanish vols, ii-iv., Venetian vols, ii- year to 1824 a long series of animal pictures, iv. ; Rymer's Fcedera, 1st ed., vols, xiii.xiv.; Le from his hand appeared at the academy. Wolstenholme Wolstenholme I he psinled Htllti. lie (lied in 1837 Bt the iige of eiahtv, sad was buried in Old St. Pancius cliuc'cli^ nrd. His son, Ueau Wolstonholme, is noticed separately. (Sir Walter Oilbe/s Animal Pnintera, 1000, ".; BTjan'sDict.of FuiDtenand t^ersiVfln.] K. C-K. W0L8TENH0IJHE, DEAN, the yoimgur (179(*-ie83), Bnlroal painter and on of llenn WoUtenhoIme the was bom near Waltham Abbey in Eiasex on 31 April 1798, and, unlike hia fathi^r, receiTed n regiulaT training in his art. The lirst picture which ho exhibited at the Iloyal Academy was a portrait of ' Bescli,' afirourite bitcn. In 1822 he exhibited st the acadomv a painting of the Black Eagle brewery of Messrs. Truman, Uanburj-, & Buxton, the first of a oeries of paintings of the great London breweries, which includisd portraits of the drayhorses and of some of the brewery men. About 1830 he painted a full-length portrait of Lord Glamis in highland costume. lie also painted and engraved the Essex Hunt, with portraits of membeni, borsea, and hounds, together with seTeral seta of sporting pictures. About 1846 lie turned to historical sub- jects, the most important of which were a * Hunting Picture of Queen Elizabeth ' and 'Queen Elizabeth visiting Kenil worth Castle by Torchlight.' His beat known works were ' The Burial of Tom Moody ' and ' The Shade of Tom Moody." He died at High- gate on 12 April 1883, [3;rWft[t«r Gilbej'B Animn! Painter^ IBOO, Tol.ii,; Hrjan'sllicl. otPjiintsraandEngraTem.] K. C-H. WOLSTENHOLME, SiK JOHN (1563- 1639), raerchanl--udventurer,of anold Derby- ahire family, was the second sou of John WoUtenhoIme, who came to London in the reign of Edward VI and obtained a post in the customs. The son at an early age be- CBueoneoftbe richest merchants in Lon- don, and during the last half of his life took a prominent part in the extension of English commerce, in colonisation, and in maritime discovery. In December 160U he was one of the incorporators of the East India Com- pany; in 1009 he was a member of council for the Virginia Company ; he Cook a lively interest in the attempts ta discover a north- west passage ; was one of those who fitted out the expeditions of Henry Hudson {d. 1611) rq.v.J(whon&med Cape Wolstenholme after him) in 1610; of (Sir) Thomas Button [q. v.] in 1613, of llobert Bylot [q. v.] and Waiiam Baffin [q^ y.l in 1615 (when his name was given to Wolstenholme Island and Wolstenholme Sound), and of Luke Pox [q. v.] in 1631. Together with i^ir Thomas Smith (Smylhe) (1556?-IC2S) fq. v.] he en- gaged Edward Wright (1558?-ltil.5) [q.*.] to give lectures on navigation. On \ii 3Uri^ 1G17 he was knighted. In February 1619 he was a commissioner of the nary, bul in December 1619 he was confined to his houM by the king's command ' for m uttering afnimt a patent and newly erected office in the cus- toms house.' As he was one of the farmere of the customs, the innovatioa presum- ably threatened to affect liia interests On 15 July 1624 he was appointed a com- missioner for winding up the affairs of the Virginia Company ; for several years after- wards he was a member of the king'e coundl for Virginia; in 1631 he wasacommiswoner for the plantation of Virginia. In 1635-7 administration of the chest at Chatham. He died on 25 Nov. 1639, and was buried in Great Staninore chorcli, where there is a handsome monument to his memory by Nicholas Stone [q.v-] He married Cathe- rine Fsnshawe, and bad issue two sons and two daughters. Of the daughteni, the elder, Joan, married Sir Robert KnoUys; the other, Catherine, married William Fanshawe, a nephew of Sit Thomas Smythe — a half- brother or a son of Sir Henry Fanshawe [q. V. ; see also Fajishawe, Tuomas!. [Brown's 0«aE«iB of the United State* ; Cid. SiDte Papers, N. Amt^rica nsd East ladjaa; Opperhaim's Adniiuislration of tha Itoyal Navy. pp. 196.816.] J.K. L, WOLSTENHOLME. JOSEPH (1839- 1891), mathematician, bom on 30 Sept. 1829 at Eccles, Lancashire, was the son of josejA Wolstenholme by his wife Elixahel h ( Clarke). His father was a minister in one of the me- thodist churches. WoUtenhoIme wad edu- cated at Wesley College, SbetGeld, and on 1 July 1846 was entered at St. John's Col- lege, Cambridge. He graduated as third wrangler in I^iiO, and wa-i elected fellow of his college on 29 March 1852. On 28 Nov. lSo2 he was elected to a fellowship at Christ's College, to which, under the statutes of that time, Lancashirs men had a preferential claim. A protest was made against the election of a member of another college, but was soon withdrawn. Wolstenholme became assistant tutor of Christ's, and cerved as moderator in 1862. 1869. and 1874, and as examiner for the mathematical tripos in 1864, I866,1863,andl870. He vacated his fellow ship upon his marriage (27 July 1889) lo ThSrese, daughter of Johann Kraus of Ziirieh. He took pupils at Cambridge till his ajntoint- ment in 1871 to the mathematical profeasor- ship at the Royal Indian Engineering Cot- Wolton 345 Wombwell lege, Cooper's Hill. He was superannuated in 1889, and died on 18 Nov. 1891, leaving a widow and four sons. A pension on the civil list was granted to his widow in 1893, in consideration of bis eminence as a mathe- matician, a petition having been sigued by a great number of members of the Cambridge senate. Wolstenholme was part author with the Rev. Percival Frost of a * Treatise on Solid Geometry,' 1868 (later editions omit his name). He also published * A Book of Ma- thematical Problems on Subjects included in the Cambridge Course,' 1867 (2nd edit, much enlarged, in 1878) ; and ' Examples for Practice in the Use of Seven-figure I^ogarithms,' 1888. 'Wolstenholme,' says Dr. Forsyth, Sad- lerian professor of pure mathematics at Cam- bridge, * was the author of a number of mathematical papers, most of which were published in the ** Proceedings *' of the Lon- don Mathematical Society. They usually were concerned with questions of analytical geometry, and they were marked by a pecu- liar analytical skill and ingenuity. But, considerable as were the merits of some of these papers, his fame rests chiefly upon the wonderful series of original mathematical problems which he constructed upon prac- tically all the subjects that enterea into the course of training of students of twenty-five or thirty years ago. They are a product characteristic of Cambridge, and particularly of Cambridge examinations ; he was their most conspicuous producer at a time when their vogue was greatest. When gathered together from many examination papers so as to form a volume, which was considerably amplified in its later edition, they exercised a very real influence upon successive generations of undergraduates; and " Wolstenholme's Pro- blems ' have proved a help and a stimulus to many students. A collection of some three thousand problems naturally varies widely in value, but many of them contain important results, which in other places or at other times would not infrequently have been em- bodied in original papers. As they stand they form a curious and almost unique monu- ment of ability and industry, active within a restricted range of investigation.' [Information from his sister, Mrs. Wolsten- holme Elmy, and registers of St. John's and Christ's Colleges, Cambridge.] WOLTON, JOHN (1635-1594), bishop of Exeter. [See Wooltox.] WOLVERTON, second Babon. [See Glts, Gbobge Gbenfell, 1824-1887.] WOMBWELL, GEORGE (1778-1850), founder of Womb well's menageries, was bom at Maldon in Essex in 1778, and as a youne man kept a cordwaiuer*s shop in Monmouth Street, Soho. About 1804 he bought as a speculation two boa-constrictors for 75/. In three weeks he more than cleared his ex- penses by exhibiting them, and next year he set to work to form a menagerie which he built up until it became by far the finest travelling collection in the kingdom. He travelled mainly from one larg^ fair to another, and many stories are told of his rivalries with Atkins and other menagerie owners, especially in connection with Bar- tholomew Fair, of which moribund institu- tion he was one of the last upholders. Much interest was excited in July 1825 by a 'match* arranged at Warwick between AVombwelFs large lion Nero and six dogs of the bull-and-mastiff breed ; but ' the lovers of brutal sports were disappointed of their banquet,' for Nero refused to fight, and when he was replaced by a smaller lion, Wallace, the dogs who survived the first few seconds of the encounter could not be induced to face their enemy again (Wade, Brit. Chronology, s.a. 1825, 26 July) ; Womb- well displayed ' a disgusting picture of the fight outside his show.' At Croydon one year Wombwell startled the frequenters of the fair by announcing the exhibition of a ' bonassus,' which turned out to be a bison ; the pride of the show in 1830 was the * Elephant of Siam.' He was very successful in breeding carnivorous animals, and became the proprietor of over twenty lions. His caravans are stated to have numbered forty, and he had a fine stud of 120 dray horses. Thecost of maint-enance of his three * monstre menageries' was estimated at over 100/. a day, the payment for turnpike tolls alone forming a heavy item of expenditure. Womb- well died of bronchitis on 16 Nov. 1850 at Northallerton, where his show (which he followed to the last in a special travelling carriage) was then exhibiting. His remains were conveyed to his house in the Com- mercial Road, London, and buried at High- gate in the presence of an enormous con- course of people. He left a widow and a daughter, Mrs. Bamescombe, wife of an army accoutrement maker, who had long taken a part in the business, and who tooK over his No. 1 menagerie ; a second went to his nephew, George Wombwell, junior, and a third to his niece, Mrs. Edmonds. Wombwell took the keenest interest in the welfare of the animals. ' No one pro- bably did more,' said the * Times,' * to forward practically the study of natural history Womock unong tbe inissea.' Hone Beverely detineates him in the ' Table Book ' u ' nnderaixed in mind a« well aH in rorm, a weazen, sharp- fkced man, nitb a akin reddened by more thnn natural apiritH.' A portrait of Qeorge Wombwelt was engraved fur Cbsubere^s ■ Book of Days' (ii. 586>. [Gi>iit, Mag. IB5I i. 3Z0 ; Hen of the Reign ; TiiuDs, 27 Nor, 18S0; Em. 1 Dec 185D; Fr<»l'« Cifciu Lifa and Celebriiiw, IST5; MorUyi Mrmoin or Banholomew Fair, p. 383; D. P. Uillar's Liftiuf a ^thowmaa, IHiS, p. 44; Veraea addreModlo Mr. Wombwell, the great mcuagansl, at Woldoa Fair. 1B38 {iirii. Mux.)] T. S. WOMOCK or WOMAOK, LAU- KENCK (1012-1686), bishop of St, DsTids, bom in Norfolk in 161L', was tbe soq of Laurence Womock, rector of Lopham from 1007 until his death in July 11542. Hia grandfather, Arthur Womock, had held the anme benetice. He waa admitted at Corpus Chriati College, Cambridge, on 4 July ltJ29 (matriculated 15 Dec.)i became a scholar on Bit Nicholaa Bacon's foundation in the fol- lowing October, graduated B.A. in 1632, and was ordained deacon on 2L Sept. 1634, com- mencing M.A. in 1639. He seems to have acted for some time as chaplain to Lord Paget, and to have had an offer of a benefice in tbe we«t of England, where he acquired some fame by his preaching. Clement Barksdule, the Cotswold poet, oddreseed verses to him in his 'NymphaLibetliris,' headed 'after the tjtking of Hereford in 1645;' alluaion is here made to his powerful preaching and to 'the apice of prelacy ' to wliich bis enemies took exception. At the Heiitoration Woraoclt proved himself an able literary advocate of tbe old liturgy and of the decision of the hishops at the Savoy conference. In the summer of 1660 he obtained the prebendol etAtl of I>rGaton in Hereford Cathedral, and on H Dec. 1660 he was made archdeacon of Suflblk, with tbe promise of a prebend in Ely Cathedral. In 1681 the degree of D.D, WW conferred upon him per hterat rryUu, and in 1602 he was presented to tbe rectory of Homingshoatb, near Bury St. Edmunds, to which was added in 1663 the small Suf- folk rectory of Boxford. On 22 Sept. in the same vear lie was installed in ibc sixth pre* bendal stall at Ely, He contributed 10/. towards the purchase of an organ for his college chapel (Willis and Clare, ArcAi- Uctural mdoiy of Cambridge, i. 925). The strong churchman ship of hia controversial pamphlets marked him out to Bancroft far promotion, and on 11 Nov. 1083 he was consecrated an bishop of St. David's in the archbishop's chapel at IjambL'th, along with Dr. Francis Turner (to Ilocheater). On 3 Jan. 1683-1 be resigned the arebdeMcotuy of Suffolk to Dr. Uodfrey King : be had r^ sizned his Hereford prebend ten yeaiBeaiUer. W omock, who doee not appear to have gone into residence at St- David's, died at hia house in Weatminsler on 1^ March 1665-6, and was buried in the north aisle of St. Slargaret's Church, where a tablet ut«ni a pillar commemorates bim. Kb will, dated on 18 Feb., wa^ proved in March l6H.!>-ti. Womock, who is described as ■ tall man of a plain and grave aspect, had a fine cuUm;- tion of books, and combined wit aad judg- ment with hia learning. He married, first, at Westly Bradford on 18 Nov. 1668. a widow, Anne Aylmer of Bury ; and, secondly, at St. Bartlialoinew- tbe-Leas, London, on 25 April 1669-70, Katherine Corbett of tbe city of Norwich, by his first wife, named Anne, who waa buried in St. Margaret's, Westminster, soon after her father. His heir was hia nephew, Uurence Womock (d. 1724), rector of Castor by Yarmouth. Womock's chief writings, moat of them conl.roveraial, were: 1. 'Beaten Oyle for the Lamps of the Snnctuar** ; or, the KT^at Contruversie concerning set prayers and our Liturgie examined,' London, 1611, 4to ; de- dicated to \S'illiam, lord Paget, baron of Beaudesert. 2. 'The Examination of Tilenus before the Triers ... to which is aunaxed the Tenets of the Itemonstrants,' London, 1658, 12mo. This essay beinc reflected upon by Richard Baxter in his ' Urotian Re- ligion,' and by Henry Hickman [q. v.], Womock returned to the charge in a. 'Ar- cana Dogmatum Anti -Remonstrant ium ; or, the Calviuist's Cabinet unclosed. In an apology for Tilenus against a pretended vindication of the Synod of Dort . . . to- gether with a few drops on the papers of Mr. Hickman,' 1659, I2mo. 4. ' The Result of False Principles; or, Error convinced by its own Evidence, managed in several Dia- logues,' 1061, 4to, 5. ' The Solemn League and Covenant, arraigned and condemned \iy the sentence of the Uiviuea of London and Cheshire,' 1602, 4to. 6. 'Pulpit-Concep- tions, Popular Deceptions ... an answer to the Presbyterian Papers' lodged nt the Savoy conference in favour of extempore prayer ; a vigorous defence of the liturgy against the ' wild opinions ' of ' speculative ' divines, London, 1662. 7. ' An Antidot*? to cure the Calamities of their TrembLng for Fear of tho Arke,' London, 16fi3; a justification of ' the present settlement of God's solemn service in the church of £ng- Wonostrocht Wood land ' agaiDEt the ' Bchismatical fears and jealousies and the ssditious hints and in- sinuations of Edmund Calam;' ^who had n-ccntljr preached a sermon on 'Eli trem~ bling for tear of the Arke '). A long sectioii upon ' Israela Oratuktion for the Arkee Solemn Settlement ' is here followed by an attack upon the oTerwcening conceit of the nonconformists as exhibited by Zachary OrofCon [q. v.] Both this and No. 5 are en expansion upon similar lines of his own ' iteaten Oyle' and of Jeremy Taylor's ' Apo- logie for the sett forms of a Liturgie ' of 1049. 8. 'Go shew thyself to the hiest; aafe Advice for a sound I'rotestant," 1679, 4 to, recommending 'conference with aprieaf previous to communion, 9. ' Treatises prov- itig both by History and Record that the Bishops are a Fundamental and Essential Parti of the English Parliament and that they may be Judges in Capital Cases,' 1680, fol. 10. 'A I,«tter containing a further Justification of the Church of England,' 168-'. 11. 'Billa Vera; or, the Arraignment of Ignoramus put forth out of Charity, for the use of Grand Inquests, and other Juries, the Sworn Assertors of Truth and Justice,' lB8i, 4to. 12. 'Suffrogium I'rotestantium, Wherein our governors are justified in their iceedings against Dissenters,' 1683, 8vo. is was an attempt to refute the 'Pro- tant Iteconciler ' of Daniel Whitby [q. v.J IMastera's Hist- of the Coll. of Corpus ChriBti, Cambridge, 1831 j CoWb Alheae Caotabr. Add. MS, 5883, f 83 ; Bcntham's Ely, p. 268 ; Dnvy's AthflQEeSulfolcieaBes(Addit. Ma l9l6o, f. 503); Keanetl's preface to th<< CollfCtion oF Tracts coDceraing Fredeatinaliau and Provi- dence, Cambridge, 1719. p. 179 ; Eachnrd'x His- tory, p. 1073 ; Chester's Marriage Licences, coi. 1497; Le Neve's FhsU : Foster's Aluiuni Uion. 1.SO0-17M; Woods AthenieOion. ed. Bliss, iii. 046. iv. 369; Chalmera's Biogr. Dici,; Watt's Bibl-Brit.; Nichols's Lit. Anecd. iv. 240; Sil- tester's Life of Buitar. p, 380 ; Manbj's Hist. 1 and Antiq. of St. Darid'a, p. 1S3 : Jodm sad Freeman's St. David's, p. 163; momefleld'sHist. I of Xorfolt. 1810, i. 101, 238, ill. 854 -S, v. 441, vi. 444, 11. 213, 230 ; WaU-ot's St. Marfpirel's Church, p. 22; Barksdale's Nymphs Libuthrin, 1651, pp. 9, 10; Add.MSS. 19174 f. 797, 22B10 f. 25. An account of Womoct's CDntrorerslal \ writiugs is given in Salmon's Lii-es of tha Eiii;- lish Bishops from the HeBlHaratiou to the Be- volotion, 1733, pp. 234-40.] T. S. WONOSTROCHT, NICHOLAS (1801- 1876), author of ' Felis on the Bat.' [See Wanostrocht.] WOOD, ALEXANDER (172^1807), surgeon, was born at Edinburgh in 1726. His father waa the youngest son of Wood of G Warriston in Midlothian. He studied medi- cine at Edinburgh, and after taking out his diploma settled at Musselburgh, where he practised successfully for a time. He then removed to Edinburgh, became a fellow of the Koyal College of Surgeons on 14 Jan. I 1756, and entered intopartnersbip with John Rattray and Charles Congleton, to whose practice he subse<|uently succeeded. He pos- sessed considerable ability as a surgeon, and was one of those whom Sir Walter Scotl'a parents consulted concerning his lameness (LocKHABT, Meinoin of Scott, 1&16, p. 5). He attained great celebrity in Edinburgh, where his philanthropy and kindness were proverbial, llis character made him ex- ; tremely popular with the townsfolk, and one I night during a not, when the mob, mistaking him for the provost. Sir James Stirling (1740P-1805) [q, v.], were about to throw I him over the North Bridge, he saved himself by exclaiming ' I'm langSsndy Wood; tak'me to a lamp and je'Il see.' Byron held him in high esteem, and in a friicment of a fifth canto of ' Childe Harold,' which appeared ia 'Blackwood's Magazine' in May 1818, he Oh I for an hour of him who knew no fend, Theoclogeaari«D chief.the kind old SandyWoodI and spoke of him very warmly in a note to the stanza. Wood died in Edinburgh on 12 May 1807. An epitaph waa composed for him bv Sir Alexander Boswell [q. v.]; and John bell (1763-1820) [q. v.], who had been his pupil, dedicated to him the first volume of llis ' Anatomy,' Two portraits of him were executed by John Kay (1742- 1826) [q, v,l, and a portrait by George Watson IS in'the National Portrait Gallery, Edinburgh, One of his sons. Sir Alexander Wood, was chief secretary at Malta, and one of his grandsone, Alexander Wood, be- same a lord of session in 1642 with the title Lord Wood. . I. C, WOOD, ALEXANDER (1817-1884), physician, second son of Dr. James Wood »nd Mary Wood, his cousin, waa bom at Cupar. Fife, on 10 Dec. 1817. He was edu- cated at a private school in Edinburgh kept by Mr, Hindmarsh, In 1626 he became a pupil at the Edinburgh Academy, where he remained until July 1832, when he entered the university of Edinburgh. Here he took the usual course in the faculty of artx, with the exception of the rhetoric class. lie combined medicine with the humanities, Wood 348 Wood and wms admitted 3f.D. in the uniTenity of Edinbar^h on 1 Au^. 1839. Soon after kifl graduation in medicine he became one of the medical officers at the Stockbridge Dispensary and afterwards at the Royal Pablic Dispensary of the New Town. On 8 Not. 1841 he commenced as an extramural lecturer on medicine. He applied unsuc- cessfully for the chair of medicine in the uniTerstty of Glasgow in 1852, and for a similar post in 1^^ at the university of Edinburffh at a time when the town council apnointM Dr. Laycock of York. Wood was long and honourably connected with the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh. In November 1840 he was ad- mitted a fellow ; in December 1846 he be- came a member of the council ; in 1850 he was appointed secretary ; and in 1858 he was elected president for two years, and at the expiration of his term of office he was re- elected for another year. He represented the college in the general medical council from 1858 to 1873. In 1861 he was appointed assessor of the university court at Edinburgh, and in this capacity he rendered important and lasting services to his alma mater, Ue retired from practice at the early a^e of fifty- five, and diea on 26 Feb. 1884. He married, on 15 June 1842, Rebecca, daughter of the eldest son of the Hon. George Massey of Caervillahowe, Ireland. Wood's chief claim to remembrance as a physician is the fact that he introduced into practice the use of the hypodermic syringe for the administration of anigs. The sub- ject had engaged his attention as early as 1853, but it was not until 1855 that he published a short paper pointing out the value of the method, and showing that it was not necessarily limited to the admini- stration of opiates. In the general medical council he was an advocate of the wise measures of reform which abolished the principle of territorial and limited licenses to practise medicine. As a sanitary reformer he did excellent service to the city of Edin- burgh bv acting as chairman of the associa- tion for improving the condition of the poor. In his professional writings he was the un- compromising opponent of homGeopathy and mesmerism. He performed many duties and filled many important positions outside the sphere of Iiis purely professional avocations, lie was a keen politician, an enthusiastic educationist, a shrewd philanthropist, and an ardent free-churchman. He edited for some time the * Free Church Educational Journal * published by Lowe, and he was actively engageil for many years in Sunday- Bchool teaching. At the time of his death he was chairman of the EdinburglL Tmat* ways Company. A full-length portrait by Sir J. WatioB Gordon was presented to him on 5 Feb. 1861, on the occasion of hia being elected for a third year to the office of president of the Royal College of Phyaidans of Edin- buivh. Wood published: 1. 'New Method of treatixig Neuralgia by the direct applica- tion of Opiates to the Piainful Fbinta ' (in ' Edinburgh Medical and Surgical Review,' 1855, Ixxxii. 266-81). This xs the original paper giving the first accounts of that method of the administration of remedies by subcutaneous injection which has become so marked a feature in modem therapeutics. 2. 'On the Pathology and Treatment of Leucorrhoea,' Edinburgh, 1844, 12mo. 3. ' What is Mesmerism P ' Edinburah, 1851, 8vo. 4. ' Smallpox in Scotland/ Ecfinborgh, 1860, 8vo. 5. < Preliminary Education,' Edinburgh, 1868, 8vo. [Memoir by the Rev. Thomas Brown, Edin- burgh, 1886 ; obituAry notice in Edinbnixh Medical Joarual, 1883-4, zxix. 973-6.1 D'A. P. WOOD, Sir ANDREW (rf. 1615), sea- captain and merchant in Leith, held the lands of Largo in Fife by lease from the crown dated 28 July 1477. On 18 March 1483 these lands were granted to himself and heirs, in consideration of his unpaid and faithful services by land and by sea, espe- cially against the English. In January 1488, when James III was obliged to fly before the rebel lords. Wood received him on board his ship, and carried him across the Forth, a service probably referred to in ' the confirmation of the grant of Largo on 21 March 1488. He was still in the Forth, I in command of two of the king's ships, ' Flower and Yellow Caravel, at the date of I the battle of Sauchie-bum (11 June 1488), and it is suggested that the kin? was flying I to take refuge on board them when he was , thrown from his horse, and so fell into the hands of his pursuers. Wood was after- wards summoned before the lords, and is I said to have told them they were traitors, whom he hoped to see hanged ; but the de- ' tails are altogether apocryphal. What is ; certain is that Wood very soon accepted the revolution, and a confirmation of tne grant j of Largo on 27 July 1488. Early in 1490 he is said to have captured ' five English pirates, and later on in the same year to have captured three others under the command of Stephen Bull. Bull is an historic character, and was knighted by Sir Edward Howard in Brittany on 8 June Wood 349 Wood 1512 ; but nothing is known of the ships which he commanded in 1490 except that they were neither king's ships nor in the king s service. For merchant ships to be guilty of piracy and to be captured by some of those they offended was an ordinary incident of fifteenth-century navigation. The details of Wood's service as related by Pitscottie and embroidered by Pinkerton are for the most part imaginary ; but that some such service was actually rendered appears from the confir- mation of Largo, with considerable additions, to Wood, his wife Elizabeth Lundy, and his heirs, on 11 March and 18 May 1491. The grant of 18 May was made not only as a confirmation of former grants, but also in consideration of Wood's services and losses, and of the fact that at great expense he had employed his English prisoners to build defensive works at Largo so as better to resist the pirates who invaded the kingdom. In these grants Wood is styled armiger; in a further grant (18 Feb. 1495) he is miles ; we may therefore assume that between these dates he was knighted. He seems to have been frequently in at- tendance on the king, and to have com- bined the public and private functions of overseer of public works and vendor of stores for the public service. In 1497 he superintended the building of Dunbar Castle; he is said later to have superintended the building of the Great Michael, and to have been her principal captain, with Robert Barton as her skipper. The only recorded service of this ship is when she went to France in 1513, and then she was com- manded by the Earl of Arran as admiral of Scotland. Robert Barton commanded the Lion in the same fleet. The story — which appears to belong to this time — that Wood was sent out to supersede Arran, but could not find the fleet (Burton, iii. 71), which was actually on the coast of Brittany, is more than doubtful. That Wood was a man of good service, the tried servant and trusted adviser of the king, is proved by the grants already quoted and many incidental notices in the oflicial papers; but the exploits by which he is now chiefly known rest solely on the narrative of Robert Lindsay of Pitscottie [q. v.], whose statements can seldom be ac- cepted without corroboration. Later writers than Pitscottie have added to his story till it has been exaggerated out of all possibility, so that the desire to condemn the whole as fiction has necessarily followed. As already shown, this is uiy ust. The story has a certain basis of fact. Wood died in the summer or autumn of 1515 — between Whitsuntide and Martinmas. By his wife, Elizabeth Lundy of that ilk, he left issue. His eldest son, An- drew, has been sometimes confused with his father, with the result that Sir Andrew has been represented as living to an extreme old age. His second son, John Wood (d. 1570), is separately noticed. [Accounts of the Lord High Treasurer of Scotland, vol. i. (see Index) ; Register of the Great Seal of Scotland, 1424-1613 (see Index) ; J. Hill Burton's Hist, of Scotland (cab. edit.), iii. 35-7, 67, 69-71, where the stories from Pit- scottie are quoted at length ; Southey's Lives of the British Admirals, ii. 162-3. See also Hume Brown's Hist, of Scotland, i. 299 n., and Spont's War with France, 1612-13 (Navy Records Soc.), Index, 8.nn. * Barton, Robert,* and * Arran, Earl of ; ' James Grant's novel. The Yellow Frigate, is founded on the legendary story.] J. K. L. WOOD, ANTHONY, or, as he latterly called himself, AimioyY a Wood (1632- 1695), antiquary and historian, was the fourth son of Thomas Wood (1581-1643) of St. John Baptist's parish, Oxford, by his second wife, Mary Petty' (d. 1067), of a family widely dispersed in Oxfordshire. liis father, a lx)ndoner by birth, graduated B.C.L. in 1619, but followed no profession, having capital invested in leasehold property in Oxford, and adding to his income by letting lodgings and keeping a tennis-court. Anthony was born on 17 Dec. 1632, in a quaint old house opposite the gate of Merton College, held under long leases from Merton College by his father, and afterwards by the Wood family. Ho received his school education partly (1041-4) in New College school, nartly (June 1644-September 1646) in Lord Williams's school, Thame [see Williams, John, Baron Williams]; but in both places his studies were greatly disturbed by the tumult of the civil war. Baffling the efforts of his family to engage him in a trade, he matriculated at Merton College in May 1647. The Wood family, both as college tenants and by personal friend- ship with the warden and fellows, had good interest in that college, and Wood was in a few months made a postmaster. He passed through college without distinction, being a dull pupil, and five years elapsed before he graduated B.A. (July 1652). He submitted to the parliamentary visitors in May 1648, though, in deference to post-Restoration opinion, he represents that submission as forced from him by his mother's tears. In May 1650 he was promoted to a bible clerk- ship, and proceeded M.A. in December 1655. His family influence might have secured for him, as it had done for his elder brother Edward (d. May 1655), a fellowship in Merton, had it not been for his notoriouslY peevish remper. At the eoil of hU college coime Wood found btmsolf modestly pro- vided fur under his father's will, and he refused to adopt aoj profession, Kivintr him- self up to the idle enjoyment of music and of books on heraldry an^ English history. Fraternal piety induced him to make a first essay in literature bv editing, in ^larcb 1656 (second edition let4j, five of £dwa,rd Wood's wrmons. IJut lie was in great danger of becomintf a meiv idler and boon com- panion. From this he was saved by the laaciuatioD of Dugldale'e ' Warwickshire,' which came to Oxford, a noble folio, in the summer of 1656, and fired his ambition tc attempt a similar book for his own Uiford- Bhire. He beffaa to collect inscriptions in Oxford towards that end. Fortunately at this very moment he was helped in his purpose by his mother's movements. She was connected with a great many families of jeomen and lower gentry in Orford.'Uire, and, being for the time less embarrassed money matters than for many years, s3 made (1657-9) several long visits in dilTerai parts of tlie county. Anthony, her com- panion, industriously collected inscriptions and noted antiquities wherever tbey went. These coUectionB are still among his manu- scripts in tlio Bodleian Library. In the division of the familv property Anthony bad bad assigned to film aa his own rooms two garrets in the family bouse opposite Merton College gate. To enable him to pursue his studies unmolested he bad a chimney built (February 1660) in one of them, BO providing himself with the hermit's cell in which the rest of bis life was passed. In July 1660 he obtaiuKd access to the university orchiveH, and so came to know the great Osford collections of Briim Twyne [q. vJ (see Wood's Life and Timtn, ed, Clark, IV. 203-26). Wood's book, in consequence, took a wider scojie than the mere collection of inscriptions ha had at first designed. Re planned out an historical survey of the city of Oxford, including histories of the uni- versity, the colleges, the monasteries, the twriali churches. The scheme was a cum- brous one, and Wood had afterwards to divide it into sections; (1) the city treatiw, including the ecclesiastical antiquities; (2) the annals of the university, witn accounts of the buildings, professorsliips, ic; (3) the antiquities of the collegfis. On the different aectioiw of this work Wood laboured very hard for some six years (1661-6). There was no originality in his work, for he merely put into shape Twyne's materials; but he wiis vury co&scieiitiuuH in looking upTvryne's citatioua in the originals, in the muniment ! During thej^ years Wood's life was exceed- ingly simple. The whole morning was spent in work, either in his study, where be had manuscripts very freely lent him, or in col- lege rooms, where be was allowed to consult documents, or in the Bodleian,whereheh*d leave to wander about at will. In the after- noon he prowled round booksellers' ahopi, picking up old hooks, ballads, bnudsides, pamphlets, of which he left a rich collection totba univeraity; afterwards he w^ked with some congenial spirit a few miles out of Oxford, and drank his pot of ale at Botley, Heodington, or Cumnor. In the evMiing there was occasionally a music mee^ng or cards in some common room, and always the gossip of the colT-je-house or tarem. At the end of this time there came long visit* (1667-70) to London to verify Twyne's dta- tions from the Cottonian and Rojol libraries and the Public Hecord offices. The city portion of Wood's treatise re- mained in manuscript till his death, receiving constantly additional notes as Wood came upon new facts and references. At his death it was placed in the Ashmoleon Library. In 1773 appeared 'The Antient ond Present State of the City of Oxford . . . collecterl by Mr. Anthony A Wood; with additions by the Rev. Sir J. Pesholl, bart,;' a handsome 4to, with a good map of Oiifoid in 1773 and plates. But the eifitorial work was most sbamefiilly done; Wood's testis garbled beyond recognition, and everv page ■'" full of gross errors. Wood's city treatise IS at last printed in full, from a caieful collation of tha original manuscript, Oxford Historical Society's ser' (see below). The university tJeatiae was more fortutiate. Oxford was nl the time dominated by tfie commanding spirit of Dr. John Fell [q. v.], dean of Christ Church since 1660, whose mind sliadowed forth ^rreat schemes for the glory of Oxford in buildings and in litera- ture. Probably through lUlph Bathu»t 9' ^-]' president of Trinity, who had some (indnessof kindred to Wood, Fell was mode aware of the young student's collections. He obtained acceptance of the university treatise by the university press (October '), and ultimately tooK on himself tbs ■e charge of printing it. The terms were .favourable to Wood. Hewaatoprovids a fair cony of his manuscript, taking greater pniiiii with bis citations from manuscripts, and adding, apparently on Fell's suggMdon. short biographies of writers and bishopa. Wood 351 Wood He received 100/. on his original bargain, and 50/. for his additional pains. Fell also ?rovided and paid for the translation into jatin, by Richard Peers [q. v.] of Christ Church, and Richard Reeve fq. v. J of Magda- len College school. In the biographical notices Wood received very large help from John Aubrey [q. v.] The disagreeable side of Wood's nature now became predominant. The severity of his studies had given him exaggerated ideas of his own importance ; his increasing deaf- ness cut him off from social intercourse, and he became ill-natured, foolishly obstinate in his own opinion, and violently jealous of his own dignity. He quarrelled with his own family ; he quarrelled with the fellows of Merton. He quarrelled with his good friend Bathurst, with his patron Fell, with cA'ery one who sought either to help him or to shun him. It was said of him, not un- truly, that he ' never spake well of any man.' Of John Aubrey, the chief contributor to his fame, whose biographical notes he an- nexed page by page, his language is un- generous and most ungrateful. Ho shut himself up more and more in his study, very busy but very unhappy, the antitype of the alchemist's dragon, killing itself in its prison by its own venom. Wood's book appeared in July 1674, in two great folios with engraved title and numerous head-pieces. It was entitled * His- toria et Antiquitates Univ. Oxon.;' vol. i. contains the annals of the university, and vol. ii. gives accounts of university buildings and institutions, historical notices of the colleges and their famous men, and ' Fasti Oxonienses,' that is, list* of the chancellors, vice-chancellors, and proctors. Fell distri- buted copies broadcast, often with the addi- tion of David Loggan's * Oxonia Illustrata,' Oxford, 1675. Wood, professing himself thoroughly dis- satisfied with the form his book had taken, set himself to rewrite it in English. This version was most faithfully published from his manuscripta by John Gutch [q. v.] (see below). The later years of Wood's life were occupied by the development of Fell's idea, the composition of a biographical dictionary of Oxford writers and bishops. Towards this he unwearyingly searched university and college registers, booksellers' shops, the Wills Office and Heralds' Office in London, public and private libraries, auction cata- logues, and newspapers, and he sent letters of inquiry, from 1681 onwards, all over England and even abroad. He received also immense help, very imperfectly acknowledged by him, from Andrew AUam [q. v.] and from John Aubrey. Wood had in the meantime formed the acquaintance of Ralph Sheldon [see under Sheldon, Edward], at whose house at Weston Park, near Long Compton in War- wickshire, he yearly (1674-81) paid visits of several weeks' duration till the Sheldons were heartily tired of him and his petulant ways. Sheldon, in return for Wood's work in cataloguing his books and manuscripts at Weston, promised Wood help towards the printing of his * Athenae.' Wood afterwards had several disputes with him about the amount, but received 30/. from Sheldon in his lifetime, 40/. in 1684 under his will, and 60/. in 1690 from his heir. Wood was ready for press about the begin- ningofl090,but found the undertaking costly. It swallowed up not only the money he re- ceived from the Sheldons, but 30/. which he received in October 1690 from the university for twenty-five manuscripts sold to the Bod- leian. Afterwards, in view of the second volume appearing, he twice tried to sell a further portion of his library. He at last came to terms with Thomas Bennet of Lon- don, and the book was published in two folio volumes, vol. i. in June 1691, and vol. ii. in June 1092. In each case Wood had added to the biographical portion proper, i.e. the 'Athenffi Oxonienses,' a new draft of his ' Fasti Oxonienses,' as a convenient way of bringing in some of his surplus material. Volume i. contained 634 columns of 'Athense' and 270 columns of ^ Fasti,' and brought the lives down to 1640. Volume ii., *compleat- ing the whole work,' had 686 columns of 'Athenso' and 220 columns of 'Fasti/ and came down to 1090. The book not unnaturally excited very bitter feelings. Wood was himself fond of severe reflections, and all through his work had adopted reckless charges and criticisms from spiteful correspondents. In November 1692 Henry Hyde, second earl of Clarendon [(J. v.], caused Wood to be prosecuted in the vice-chancellor's court at Oxford for libelling his father Edward, the first earl, Wood having printed a statement by John Aubrey accusing the lord chancellor of selling offices at the Restoration. In July 1693 Wood was found guilty, condemned in costs, and expelled the university. The ofibnding pages were publicly burned. This touched the old antiquary to the quick. But he still laboured at a con- tinuation of his Oxford biographies, to be published as an * appendix ' to the ' Athenie.' Among his friends at this time were Arthur Charlett, master of University College,White Wood 3S« Wood Kennelt. and Thomas TaniK^r. Wood had b sbarp illBe»s on 1 Nov. I(t96; about tlu llth he again fell ill ; Clisrlvtl. saw him on the 22Dd, and told him 1ib waadjing. Wood manfully settled hia aRitira and prepared for death. He died on 29 Nov., aged oliDOHt Bixty-three, and was buried in Merlo College outer chapel, where Thomaa Howne; a peraonat friend, AI.P. for Oxford cit; placed a raonuinent to bis memory. The Bodltnan baa a pen drawing of Wood, ttt. 46, reproduced in Wood's 'Life,' ed. Ciark, rol. ii. Itlichael Burghera about 1691 took a sketch &om the life, and engraved it for a headpiece to a privately printed preface to the ' Athenie,' vol. ii., and published an engraved portrait from it after Wood'f death. Both are reproduced in Outch'j edition of Wood's ' Annalsj ' but Burehers admitted that Wood ' was diapleaaed be- cause it was no more like him.' Wood's printed books and manuscripti (of which a Latin catalogue was published by William Uuddesford at Oiford in ITHl) were mostly bequeathed by him to t" Ashmolean, whence they passed in i&'iR the Bodleian. Many of the manuscript papers which he disposed of otherwise have also found their way thither, The printed books are shortly described in Woods 'Life and Times,' ed. Clark, i. &-21 ; and the manuscripts, tb. iv. 22fl-60. Wood prided himself on having hptped Henry Savage in his ' BalHofetvuH,' 1608 ; Thomas Blount, in bis 'Law Dictionary,' 1670 ; Thomoa Gore, in his ' Catalogus , , , Authorum . . . de re Ileraldica,' 1674 ; and especiallv Sir William Dug dale tn the ' Uonasticon ' and ' Baronagium.* The following is a list of Wood's works : 1. 'Historia et Antiquitates Unlversitatis Oxonienais, duobus vuluminibus compre~ hensas : Oxonii, e Theatro Sheldoniaoo, MDCLXIJV,' fol. No name appears on the title-page, but the preface is signed 'An- tonius ft Wood;' the standard edition is 'The History and Antiquities of the Uni- versity of Oxford . . . by Anthony A Wood ■ ■ . by John Gutch, Oxford, vol, i., miccxci,' 4to, vol. ii. MDOCICvi, 4to. 2, 'AthenEC Oxonienses, an exact History of all the Writers and Bishops who have hod their Education in . . . Oxford from . . . 1500 to . . . 1690, to which are added the Fasti . . . for the same time. The first volume, extend- ing to , . . 1040, London, printed for Tho. Bennet . . . mdcxci,' fol. Perhaps as a precaution against libel suits, no name was set to either this or the second volume, although the prospectus, issued in October 1090, had run ' Proposals for priating Alheme Oxonienses . . . written bv ... Anthony it Wood. ..." ' The second volume compleating the whole Work' appealed U London in liSB2, fol. A second edition wit published in 1731 by K. Knaploek and J. Tonson, printers, of London, in two volumes folio. It professes to have thouModi of corrections and additions from Wood's Eroof-copy inthe Ashmolean, and'abovefivn undred new lives from the author's origi- nal manuscript * (now lost, but then in llie hands ofThomos Tanner). Thomas Heorae vehemently, but erroneously, impugns the hone&ty of this edition. The addit tons (rom Wood's copy are often clumsily bat olwayt faithfully made, and there is no eood ground for suspecting that the 'new lives wer« tampered with, beyond the deletion of ftom* ill-natured remarks. Dr, Philip BliM [q. y.j took this as the basis of his edition, Iifil3-S0i and he added much matter of litemry in- terest and bibliographical value. He did not, however, avail liiinBelf of Wood's cot^ reeted copy or his numenus ' Athene'ool- leclioDS. He began a reissue of his editioa in 1S48. One volume (containing Wood's autobiography) was published; a second volume, beginning the text, is in the Bod- leian, but shows few changes from the earUer issue. A new edition of the 'Athens' ii much needed, corrected by Wood's own papers and citing Wood's authorities 3. 'Modius Salium, a Collection of rach Pieces of Humour as prevailed at Oxford in the time of Mr. Anthony k Wood, collected by himself . . ., 'Oxford, 1751, 12mo. 4. 'The Antient and Present State of the City af Ox- ford ... by Anthony i Wood . . . b j , . . Kir J. Peehall, London, XDCcutliii,' 4lo ; ■ new edition by the Rev. Andrew Clark en- titled 'Survey of the Antiquities of the City of Oxford . . ,' (Oxford Hist. Soc.) was pub- lished in octavo, vol. i. 1889, vol. ii. 1890, vol. iii. 1899. 6. 'The Histor\' and Anti- quities of the Colleges and Halls ... of Oxford, by Antony Wood ... by John Dutch, Oxford, Hdcclxivi,' 4to; aii 'Ap- pendix containing Fasti Oionienses . . . Irf Anthony Wood ' was edited by John (iutcb, Oxford, 1790, 4to. 0. Among the papers which Wood committed to the care of his executors were an aut-obiography and his liaries for the years 1657-95, full of inter«it- ing matter for contemporary Oxford history. The autobiography was published in t^ ay Thomas Heame at p. 438 of bis edition of ' ThomBB Caii Vindic. Antiq. Acad. Oxan.' It was reprinted, with the addition of some diary notes,inl772 by William Uuddesftvd, ind repeated in Dr. Blis.i's editions i^ ih« Athente.' An accurate edition has recently Wood 353 Wood been brought out with the title * The Life and Times of Anthony Wood . . . collected from his Diaries ... by Andrew Clark, for the Oxford Hist. Soc.,' 8vo, vol. i. 1891, vol. ii. 1892, vol. iii. 1894, vol. iv., 1895. A fifth volume is to complete the work. [Wood's autobiography and diaries, in the Oxford Hist. Soc. series, are full and minute. It may be questioned whether a man ever lived of whose life we have more intimate details. After Wood's death his work and character were \ much discussed at Oxford, and Thomas Hearne's Diaries (now appearing in the Oxford Hist. Soc. scries) have numerous references to him. But they must be received with caution. Wood was a recluse who made numerous enemies. 3Iany untrue and malicious statements respecting him were lung in circulation.] A. C-k. WOOD, Sir CHARLES, first Viscount Halifax (1800-1885), eldest son of Sir Francis Lindley Wood, second baronet, by j his wife Anne, daughter of Samuel Buck, re- | corder of Leeds, was born on 20 Dec. 18(X). ; He was educated at Eton and Oriel College, ; Oxford, whence he matriculated on 28 Jan. 1818 as a gentleman commoner and took a double first class in 1821. He graduated B.A. on 17 Dec. 1821 and M.A. on 17 June 1824. He was returned to parliament on 9 June 1826 as liberal member for Grimsby, but made no speech of importance until the question of the disfranchisement of East Ret- ford arose. He lost his seat at Grimsby in 1831, but was elected at Wareham, and on 14 Dec. 1832 he was returned for Halifax, and continued to represent it for thirty-two years. Wood's official career began on 10 Aug. 1832, when he was appointed joint-secretary to the treasury ; quitting this post in Novem- ber 1834, he was transferred to the secretary- ship of the admiralty in April 183o, and re- signed with his brother-in-law. Lord Ho wick, in September 1839. Though he was a frequent speaker during Peel's second administration, he was by no means an advanced whig and only slowly accepted reforms of a radical character. He was not converted to the repeal of the com laws till 1844, and with Bright strongly opposed the restrictions on the labour of women and children in Lord Ashley's Factory Act in the same year. He became chancellor of the exchequer under Ijord John llussell on 6 July 1846, and was sworn of the privy council. On 81 Dec. of the same year he succeeded to the baronetcy on his father's death. His financial admini- stration was not brilliant, and can only be called successful when the difficulties with which he had to contend are fully allowed for. In 1848 three budgets were introduced, and VOL. LXII. the increase of the income tax, which was llussell's proposal, had to be dropped by Wood within a few weeks, on 28 Feb. He was a strenuous opponent in general both of new ex- penditure and of new taxes, and, although in 1847 he had obtained a select committee on commercial distress, in 1848 he had no other remedy for the condition of Ireland than to leave the excessive population to adjust itself to new conditions by natural means. He was, however, induced by his alliance with Lord Grev to approve his plan for a railway loan to Canada of five mulions sterling. Wood was accordingly very unpopular, and, al- though in 1851 he kept his place among the changes produced by the ministerial crisis of that year and repealed the window tax, he was unregretted when the ministry fell in 1852. Being exceedingly well informed upon Indian Questions, he was appointed president of tne board of control in the Aberdeen administration on 30 Dec. 1852, and passed an excellent India Act in 1853. On 8 Feb. 1855 he became a member of Lord Palmerston's cabinet as first lord of the ad- miralty, and succeeded in inducing parlia- ment to keep up the number of men m the navy after the conclusion of the Crimean war. On 19 June 1856 he was created G.C.B. Resigning his office on 26 Feb. 1858, he be- came secretary of state for India on 18 June 1859, and began an arduous but successful series of measures for adapting the govern- ment and finances of India to the new state of things arising after the extinction of the East India Company. He passed acts for limiting the number of European troops to be employed in India (1859), for reorganising the Indian army (1860), for regulating the legislative council and the high court (1861^, and for amending the condition of the civil service. Obliged as he was to deal with rail- way extension, as well as with the disordered state of Indian finance, he was led to borrow largely, and for this growth of the Indian debt and for the dispute which led to the re- signation of S. Laing, the Indian finance mini- ster, in 1862, he was severely but unfairly blamed. The budgets of 1863, 1864, and 1865 were prosperous, and he was able both to re- duce expenditure and to extinguish debt. In 1865 he lost his seat at Halifax, and was elected at Ripon ; but in the autumn he met with a serious accident in the hunting field, which obliged him to give up all arduous offi- cial work. He resigned the Indian secretary- ship on 16 Feb. 1866, and on 21 Feb. was raised to the peerage as Viscount Halifax of Monk Bretton. In the House of Lords he was an infrequent speaker, and his only re- turn to officiu life was as lord privy seal from Wood 354 Wood 6 JuIt 1970 to 21 Feb. 1674. He died at I Hick[eIoninYoTkehiTeon8.\ng.lS85. He | nuimed, on 29 July 1629, Ubij, fifth daugb- I ter of Chsrles Orey, second earl Grey [q. v.] She predeceased him on 6 Julj' IB^, le&rLng four sons and three daughters. The eldest SOD, Charles Lindlej Wood, succeeded his father as second Viscount Halifax. Lord nalifax was » nun of greater in- fiuence in the goTemmonta of which he was a member than his contemporaries apptv- ciaied. He was Mund in counsel.exceedinglj widely sod well informed, and an industrious, fUDClual, and admirable man of business, le was thus both efficient as a departmeata] administrator and valuable as a cool and sound j udge of policy. As a speaker be was tedious and ineffective and nampered by vocal defects, and his weiebt in the Bouse of Commons was duo to nis knowledge of public affairs. [Timea, 10 Aug. 1885; Wnlpole's Life of Lord Jaha Russell ; Martia's Life of tfa» Prince Consort; MnloiMbury Msmoira oF an Ex-niial- ster ; Doyle's Official Baronage -, Foster's Alumni Oion. 1715-1886 ; OfScJal Returas ot MnnhetB of P^rlinment.] J. A. H. WOOD, Sib DAVID EDWARD (1819- 1894), general,son of Colonel Thomas Wood, M.P„ of Littleton, Middlesex, bv Lady Con- Btnnce, daughter of Robert Stewart, first mai^ Juis of Londonderry [q. v.], was bom ontlJan. F)1L*. .Ifterpassing through the Royal Mill' tary Academy at Woolwicli, he obtained a eonunisaton as second lieutenant in the roval artillery on 18 Dec. 1829. His further com- missions were dated: lleuleaaDt, 20 June 1931; second captain, 23 Not. 1&41 : first Cftplain, 9 Not. 1846; lieutenant-colonel, 20June 1S54; brevet colonel, 18 Uct. 1855; regimental colonel, 6 March 1800; major- general, fi July 1887; colonel-commandant of the royal artillery, 8 June 1876; lieu- tenant-general, 26 Nov. 1876; general, 1 Oct. 1877. Af\er serving at various home stations, Wood went in 1842 to the Cape of Good Hope, where be took part in the campaign ngamst the Boers, returning to England in \6iS. He received tbs war medal. In 181)5 he went to the Crimea, where he commanded the royal artillery of the fourth division at the battles of Balaclava and Inkermuu and in the siege of Sebastopol. He afterwards <^ommsnded the royat horse artillery in the Crimea. He was mentioned in despatches, and forhis services was promoted to be brevet coliinel.mnde a companion of the order of the Biith, military division, received the war mt-dal wi;h three clasps, and was permitted in iuv«^t and wear the Turkish medal, thi' insignia of the fourth eUsa of the onkr of the Hetfiidie, and of the fourth cUsaof the LegiOD of Honour. In October 1867 Wood amred in Ia£a to assist in the suppression ot the Indian mutiny, and commanded the field and hoiK artillery under Sir Colin Campbell, the commander-in-chief. He did excsllent ser- vice with the force undtr Brigadier-geomt W. Campbell on 5 Jan. 185H against tk rebels at Maosiata, near Allahabad, wheo Ihc mutineers were driven from their po^tiou and followed up by horse artiUeir. Hewai brigndier-general commanding the field and horse artillery at the final si^e of Lucknow, for bis £hare in which he was honoonUf mentioned in despatches. He took part ia various subsequent operations, and on hisi*- tum to England in l8-'>9 was made * kni^ commanderof the order of the Bath, military division, and received the Indian mutiny medal with clasp for Lucknow. In ISftl and 1865 Wood commanded the royal artillery at Aldershot, and from ISO) to 1874 he was general-commandant if Woolwich garrison. The grand cross of lb# order of the Bath was bestowed upon tun in 1877. He died at his residence. Park Lodge, Sunningdale, Berkshire, on 16 Oct. 1891, and was buried at Liilleton, Uiddliwi. on the 20th. Wood married, in 1861, Ladv Maria Isabella Liddell id. 1883), daughtn of the first Earl of Rarensworth. [War Offi>:e Rvwnls; Dsapntebes : Bnjal Artillery Records ; Anoaal Regisior, 1 NSt : Slubhs's History of the Bengal ArtilliTV ; TiMt (Undon). 18 Oct. 1894; Worbi of ladisl Mutiny and Crimean War: Debreti's Fcrrsf* and Knichtnge.] R. H. V. WOOD, EDMUND BL-RKE (1820- 1B82], Canadian judge and politician, «ai born near Fort Erie in Ontario on 13 Fah 1820. He graduated B.A. at Overton C«l- lege, Ohio, in 1848, studied law with Messn. Freeman and Jones of Hamilton. Untanui and in 1853 was admitted to the CanaditD bar OS an attorney, receiving the amMiBt- ments of clerk of the county court and clink of the crown at Brant. In 1854 he w»* colled to the bar nf Ontario and entereil into Eartnership with I'eter Bull Long. In 11^ e ivHS returtied to the parliament of On- tario for Weet Brant as a supportiT of llw Sivemment of John Sandficfa Macdonald. e sat in the house until 1867, when iW union of the colonies took place. At thefint general election be was chosen a memttfr of the Ontario house of as^mbly, and also Mt in the Canadian House of Commons unit! 1872, when he resigned his seat in the con- mons on the passage of the act forbiddiaf Wood 355 Wood the same person to sit in both assemblies. In July 1867 he entered the Ontario coalition ministry of John Sandfield Macdonald as provincial treasurer. Re gained a high re- putation as financial minister, his budget speeches being clear and able. He intro- duced the scheme for the settlement of the municipal loan fund of Upper Canada, and brought to a conclusion the arbitration be- tween the provinces of Ontario and Quebec on the financial questions raised by con- federation, drafting the award with his own hand. In December 1871 he resigned office, though retaining his seat in parliament. His action diminished his popularity, and he was accused of deserting his leader while the fortunes of his government were wavering. In 1872 he was made queen*s counsel, and in 1873 was elected a bencher of the Law Society. In the same year he resigned his seat in the Ontario legislature, and on his return to the Canadian House of Commons for West Durham he vehemently attacked Sir John Alexander Macdonald s govern- ment for their action in connection with the Pacific scandal. He held his seat until 11 March 1874, when the administration of Alexander Mackenzie [q. v.] appointed him chief justice of Manitoba. In this capacity he instituted several important legal reforms. His decision in the case of Ambrose Lejpine, who was tried for his part in the murder of Hugh Scott during the Red River rebellion of 1870, was upheld by the English courts. His judicial conduct failed, however, to give universal satisfaction, and in 18H2 an attempt was made to impeach him in the House of Commons at Ottawa for ' misconduct, corrup- tion, injustice, conspiracy, partiality, and arbitrariness,* and a petition was presented in support of the charges. Wood replied, denying the accusations and justifying his conduct. A special commission was ap- pointed to investigate the charges against nim, but before any progress had been made in the matter ho died at Winnipeg in Mani- toba on 7 Oct. 1882. Wood had a singularly deep voice, and Thomas D'Arcy McQee [q.v.] gave him the name of ' Big Thunder.' He was an able man, but he was accused of being unscrupulous. TAppleton's Cyclop, of American Biogr. ; Do- minion Ann. Reg. 1882, p. 364.] E. I. C. • WOOD, ELLEN ri814-18^7), better known as Mrs. Henry Wood, novelist, bom at Worcester on 17 Jan. 1814, was the eldest daughter of Thomas Price, who had inherited from his father a large glove manufactory at AVorcester. Her mother was Elizabeth, daughter of Robert Evans of Qrimley. Her father, a man of scholarly tastes, who enjoyed the high esteem of the cathedral clergy at Worcester, was subsequently depicted as Thomas Ashley in * Mrs. Halliburton's Trou- bles.* As a child Ellen I^ice lived with her maternal grandmother, and developed a re- markably retentive memory, which she exercised both upon general and upon local family history. While still a girl she was afflicted by a curvature of the spine, which became confirmed and aficcted her health through life. Most of her numerous novels were written in a reclining chair with the manuscript upon her knees. Miss I^ice was married at Whitting^on, near Worcester, in 1836 to Henry Wood, a prominent mem- ber of a banking and shipping firm, who had been for some time in the consular service. The next twenty years of her life were spent abroad, mainly m Dauphin^, whence she re- turned with her husband in 1856 and settled in Norwood. During the latter part of her stay abroad she had contributed month by month short stories to * Bentley*s Miscellany ' and to Colbum's * New Monthly Magazine.' Of these magazines Harrison Aiusworth was proprietor, and his cousin, Francis Ainsworth, who was editor, subsequently acknowledged that for some years Mrs. Henry Wood's stories alone had kept them above water. For these stories she received little payment. Her first literary remuneration came from a novel called * Danesbury House * (1860), written in the short space of twenty-eight days, with which she won a prize of 100/. offered by the Scottish Temperance League for a tale illus- trative of its principles. In Januaiy 1861 her much longer story entitled * East Lynne * be^an running through the pages of the * New Monthly Magazine.' The new novel was highly commended by the writer's friend, Mary Howitt, and its dramatic power alarmed Ainsworth, who foresaw the loss of the ^ Scheherazade ' of his magazine. Some difficulty was nevertheless experi- enced in finding a publisher for the wonc in an independent form, and two well-known firms rejected the book before it was accepted by Bentley. Upon its appearance in the autumn of 1861 it was praised in the 'Athenaeum' and elsewhere, but its striking success was largely due to the enthusiastic review in the * Times ' of 25 Jan. 1862. The libraries were now 'besieged for it, and Messrs. Spottiswoode [the printers] had to work day and night.' It was translated into most of the European and several oriental tongues. The dramatic versions are nume- rous, and the drama in one form or another remains one of the staple productions of touring companies both in Ei\^\a.tA \^^^ Wood 356 Wood :*hrna»i. Tit* ""arr -liar Mr^. Il^nr^ '.V-^nii jriT-*i ipon -re^i hv LanzD Storiia UTrr 1 :if-v..r 'i'-f.-iv-r! inv p.ivr.r'n: ■* /Tair*." rr"!!! 3iiniA:;irp nv II. 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"•■)*-** ?i i,!, p.iiii -ir.r-i iM. nrnii i>,- )v -;i^* lu':l;r'-"i.'' -^wi'ii:'- .'-luil-iw. "vrrh I diirli'T -.1 11:- -'zar, I'-ir* * ■^•.•' - .1 ■ .;!• i.t_' "« 'f' ■ A** ■ Lf-i.-'ir»- .T'"— » "Ai* "■ I iii'M-ii'-.i i^r liTim ":i- "■^M -s't— '0»2j iii'i*. r'.i- !riri»*:i.-ijir • :' :.> '.i.«-. T'.i;i-:i •::.irz" i" • ■rnixninria.L'^ritr^'S. Ei-r -*':*t'Ii rL- J.M.* v.r ; • :•• i.i:".i -;'.'• r' -•:*:'i\-^ ini 'TriiiM n.:r- > n'il;trr-r :« iiie .arr**!- " i -iie :k*;- vu" i:^ •".•.. .T-n:.- -\.-:' -1 M- >• -t" v-r'.i;:i "i' "-i i n-'-r fiu: Lriii uiii r"-:iiirir:e r»»!ii'-r::K i_.*.t: "-. iJM I ..:.-_•• r 'V i i—»'!iin-r-: iiir- 'T' n: :.il- — ix-? !::r -lit- ""mrunf— l ■•■sirl-'^-* ■iiiii- • .- t;:ii.-'i::iu' .iii.v .r' M- --::r-"" iiifi :r-— : ii )■ fii r'nm •)r'-'"'-n.-i.'»n * " -^-'i^-ai i'':n:i;vir-i -x • .1 '.ir-ri:- .lar -Af i;i:ii-.r' --ir.-.:-: i:i>i irmi 'ii- .ar-i:»*irr:ial :;.-^dJ n;i..>* -:: ■'•..1 >■ ••■ -L.f-i. 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I-:*^. -.- r .-^v i.'i-i."* :- . -ri;::--- -:i :. r V- 1. * i-r." >♦■=:? l'«>:i *::. iisar: l^:*^*-. :' . ■•- ..t" . • - : :" • .■• ■■•:i -...:■ 1-7 ■' .:-- '..:'-. '. ■ ^-t.*':*- Pr:i:»*.' [*••:* F.*-n.'':i v-r«: nbv ■V -i :_■ I." :; -! • r ..-r v ■. ->. .V- -ni-.- I.. :■ i/E.-" *:■■■-.. I'lrs. ISr* . ■*. "t.*-^!!! ■..• _:.:■:■•-: :'.•-:: *':■-- 'a.-. -': • vi^ i ' -i-'.' K:.;: :ii7:r-:. 1-?r. b^ L. B-:*:?.-*. Pari*. . .■• ..»■-. . v. .-. :-7v-'.t : ■ ■::.ir..-' r- m . " .. - .'^r.-zi H •i.-l ■ .ir. *r.. >. W4. ;. •-.•.--. -- -.v:-:- :'■; — 1.-7 v"i lu •>[/.:.••: \.7i\rLl: iXv-'.' l^r\' Fr^r.i.'h :". . • - -■ V : - • . ■ - . . V ■ V- .!- i- r." v --- •: ! -"" . ['\ ■ ^r. M irrin"- Fv-.' I'^w; '« . -.■•:■■. • .. -■".■..--...- i.-: . ». • :■. -" -7 • t i.v. i^^^i-n. i... -A Li:-^ : .•■ :' • ;. -I- ' I ". •'. '^.-•---." >' ~ 1'-. -Lair A':-»I.i: i-'"? * »;iMu* . . . '. --" "* ■ ^ .• :•■-: .7. :!._-■.- >■ 7 Fr--- :i T-i^i 11 by R-vhr*^. l'^?*. .. ■ • . . .•.■:-.-:-.:• 1: v >. .. -orv...-" -iir-.:-. W>.. l-*. •Tht? ... .. .. ■ . _•• ■: r. ■".- '-'-.r.r I.'.-: ' '■ :7- Fi.-m.* I^r^r 1'.*. 'Anne If-^rt- ...♦..■ .' "*■ ■ .V'":-: ?:ir :.' r :■ 'i. *"**■"* -r'-rj-dra rh-'nisan-l 1s»m. .; . - . ■-. ' . -. • ■'-:-. M- i" • i: '. i--: V:7kr?,' 1^*V.> 1 i «ri,-ji:».l to *Th»? <•■•'•!■- \\' ■*■.".- -•■'.-•. in i •' - 72'^ Cinterbun"'* \\7' . :' . -\ •'..'.. :.'.::.'•!:►? ^V '.'..'''*" .- 7»p7:r.r-v'** M.iira- A ;. r .'1 - •; •-. ■ X .- ..r.-i.. -.::- z.z--. ::J. * Dt^S-^v tCaae/ IS70. *iV:. 'LK-n- Wood 357 Wood Hollow; 1871. 24. ' Within the Maze/ 1872 (I12th thousand 1899). 25. •The Master of Grey lands/ 1878. 26. 'Told in the Twilight/ 1875. 27. 'Bessy Wells/ 1875. 28. * Adam Grainger/ 1876. 29. ' Our Children/ 1876. 30. Tarkwater/ 1876. 31. *Edina/ 1876 (the most successful of her later novels). 32. 'Pomeroy Abbey/ 1878. 33. 'Court Netherleigh/ 1881. 34. 'About Ourselves/ 1883. 35. 'Lady Grace/ 1887 (this was running in the ' Argosy * at the time of Mrs. Wood's death). Posthumously appeared : 36. ' The Story of Charles Strange/ 1888. 37. ' The House of Halliwell/ 1890. 38. 'Summer Stories from the " Argosy/' ' 1890. 39. 'The Un- holy Wish/ 1890. 40. 'Ashley and other Stories/ 1897. In addition to the above some of the ' Johnny Ludlow * papers were reprinted from the ' Argosy * in two series of three volumes each, between 1874 and 1880. These were subsequently added to, and ap- peared in six series, each in one volume con- taining ten or twelve stories. Over half a million copies of ' East Lynne ' have been issued in England alone, and the sale of this novel, as well as that of Nos. 3, 4, 6, 10, 20, 24, and 31 in the foregoing list, shows at present no sign of diminution. The best of the (for the most part very indifferent) dra- matic versions of ' East Lynne ' is perhaps that by T. A. Palmer, ' as played by Madge Ilobertson,' first performed at Nottingham on 19 Nov. 1874 (French's Acting Edition, No. 1542). [Memorinla of Mrs. Henry Wood, by her son, Charles W. Wood (with portrait), 1894 ; Argosy, 1887, zliii. 422 sq. ; Women Novelists of Quaoq Victoria's Reign, 1897, p. 174 ; AlUbone's Diet, of Engl. Lit. ; AtheDjeiim, 13 Feb. 1887 ; Times, 11 and 17 Fob. 1887; Daily News, 11 Feb. 1887 ; Illasirated London News, 19 Feb. 1887.1 T S WOOD, Sir GEORGE (1743-1824), judge, bom on 13 Feb. 1743 at lloystone, near Bamsley in Yorkshire, was the son of George Wood (1704-1781), vicar of Roy- stone, by his wife Jane, daughter of John Matson of Roystone. He was intended for a solicitor, ana was articled to an attorney at Cawthom, named West. At the end of his articles West, impressed by his ability and assiduity, urged him to study for the bar. Entering the Middle Temple, he com- menced as a special pleader, and established such a reputation that he obtained many pupils, among whom were Edward Law (afterwards Lord Ellenborough), Thomas Erskine, and Charles Abbott (afterwards Lord Tenterden). Immediately on being called he was engaged by the crown for aU the state prosecutions commencing in De- cember 1792. He joined the nortliem cir- cuit, and on 5 Nov. 1796 he was returned to parliament for Haslemere in Surrey, retain- ing his seat until 1806. In April 1807 he was appointed a baron of the excliequer and was knighted. As a judge he was extremely painstaking, his apprehension being rather accurate tnan quick. He was a supporter of prerogative and took so strong a stand against the free criticism of the executive by the press that Brougham threatened to move his impeachment, lie resigned his office in February 1823, and died on 7 July 1824 at his house in Bedford Square. lie was buried in the Temple church. By his wife Sarah he left no issue. Wood printed for private circulation * Ob- servations on Tithes and Tithe Laws,* which he afterwards published in 1832 (London, 8vo). [Fosses Judges of England, 1864, ix. 53-4 ; Gent. Mag. 1824, ii. 177; Official Returns of Members of Parliament; Fosters Yorkshire Pedigrees ; Campbell's Lives of the Lord Chan- cellors, 1847, vi. 387, 390, viii. 279 ; Campbell's Lives of the Chief Justices, 1857, iii. 100, 101, 270.] E. L C. WOOD, Sir GEORGE ADAM (1767- 1831), major-general royal artillery, go- vernor of Carlisle, was bom in 1767. After passing through the Koyal Military Aca- demy at Woolwich, he received a commis- sion as second lieutenant in the royal artillery on 24 May 1781. His further com- missions were dated: lieutenant, 15 May 1790; captain-lieutenant, 7 Jan. 1795; cap- tain, 3 Dec. 1800; maior, 24 July 1806; lieutenant-colonel, 1 Feb. 1808; brevet colonel, 4 June 1814; regimental colonel, 11 May 1820; major-general, 27 May 1825. He served with the army under the Duke of York in Flanders in the campaigns 1793 to 1795, taking part in the principal operations. Shortly after nis return to England he went to the West Indies, and was present under Abercromby at the capture of St. Lucia in May 1796, and of St. Vincent in June of that year. In February 1797 he sailed with Abercromby*8 expedition from Martinique to the Gulf of Paria, was at the capture of Trinidad on 17 Feb., and at the subsequent unsuccessful attempt on Porto Rico. Wood served with distinction in the Mediterranean from 1806 until 1808; he then went to Portugal, took part in Sir John Moore^s campaign, was at the battle of Coruna on 16 Jan. 1809, and returned with the British army to England. In July he was in the expedition under the Earl of Chatham to Walcheren, and was at the siego Wood 3; of FliisUing and its capture on J4 Aug. He ■was knighted on a3 May 1812, He com- manJed then>;al artilleiyof the army under Sir ThotnitB Graham (afterwards Lord Lyne- doch) [q. T.] which co-operated witli the allies in HoUand and FlaDdera. Landing at Rotterdam in December 1613, he was at the siege of Antwerp in January 1814, and at the action of Menem on the 13th of thai, month. He was at tha unsucceisful assault on Bergen-op-Zoom on 6 March, and the subsequent blocliade of that place and of Antwerp. For his services lie rece' ' brevet promotion, and was made an a de-camp to the king. In 181S Wood commanded the whole of the royal artillery in the Waterloo campaign, in the battles of Quatre Bras ( 16 June) end of Waterloo (18 June), in the march to Paris and the operations against the for- tresses of Mauheuge, Landrecy, Marienbourg, Philippe ville, and Cambray, and at Ibe entry into Paris on 7 July, lor his services in this campaign Wood was mentioned in despatches, was made a C.B., received the Waterloo medal, and was permitted to accept and wear the insijrnia of the fourth class of the orderof St. Wladimir of HuBsia, thethird class of the order of Wilhelm of the Nether- lands, and the knighthood of the order of Maria Theresa of Austria; and in the follo'W- ing year he was made a knight commander army of occupation in France until 1819, when he returned to England. Ho was appointed governor of Carlisle on 18 Jane 1^5. He died in London on 23 April 1831. [War Office Rwords: Dfspatches; Rojnl Ar- tillery Racords; Boyol Milit«rf Calendar. 1820; Duncan's History of the fiojal Artillery ; Sibome's Waterloo Campaigu ; Quilt. Mag. 1831.] R. H. V. WOOD, Mm. henry (1814-1887), novelist. [See Wooii, Ellen.] WOOD, HERBERT ^VILLIAM (1837- 1879), major w^ai engineers, son of Lieu- tenant-colonel Herbert William Wood of the Madras native infantry, was bom in India on 17 Jnly 1837. Educated at Cheltenham CoUege, he joined the military college of the East India Company at Addiscombe in Fe- bruary 1854, received a commission as second lieutenant in the Madras engineers on 20 Sept. 185o, and, after the usual course of professional iustruction at Chatham, arrived at Mndro.'. on ^6 Oct. 1857. He was at once ""■'ed to the Sftgar field division under ^neral Whitlock acting against the Wood present at the affaire of Jhigan on lU April 1858 and Kabnu,at iho battle of Banda on the ISth, the capture of Kirwi on 6 June, the action in front of Chitra Kote, the forcing of the Panghali Pass, and subsequent action. He was pro- moted to lie lieutenant on 27 Aug. 1858, ond continued to do duty with the column until March 1859, receivingthe medal fortbe campaign. Alter employment as executive engineer in - the public works department in the Nortb-West I'rovinceB, he was transferred to Madras in I860. He waa promoted to be captain on 16 Jon. 1864. He served as field engineer in the Ahysainian campaign from January to June 18f(6, succeeding Cap- tain Chryatie in charge of the works at Zulla, was thanked in despatches, and re- ceived the war medal. In December 1!^3 he was appointed to Vizagapatam, and on 24 Aug. of the following year he was pro- moted to be m^or. Obtaining three years' furlough, he accomiAnied the Grand Duke Constantine'a expedition, sent under the auspices of the Imperial Rusiian Geographi- cal [Society to examine the Amu Darya. He published in 187C the results of his travels in an octavo volume entitled ' The Shores of Lake Aral,' which attracted attention at the time, and should be read by all who would thoroughly understand the difficulties with which the Russians have to contend in Central Asia. Wood rptumed to India in June 1878. but, after serving in the Madras presidency in a bad state ol health, he was seized with paralysis and died on 8 Oct. 1879 at Chingl^ put. Wood was a fellow of the Royal Geo- graphical Society and of the Royal and Impe- rial Russian Geographical aocicties, and s corresponding member of the Society of Geography of Geneva, He issued at Oeneva in 1875 a short account in French of the bed of the Amu Darya. [India Office Records ; Royal Engiaeere' Be- cords; Despatctiaa : Royal Engineete' Joamal (obiluary notice), 1B79: Ttmea, S Nov. 1879; Proceedings of tho Royal Oeographicjil Society, 1880; Ann. Rog. 1879.] R. H. V. WOOD, JAMES (1072-1759), noncon- formist minister.knownas 'General' Wood, sou of James Wood (d. 1695), nonconformist minister, by his wife Anne (d. 19 Mav 1734), was bom at Atherton, Lancashire, tn I67S. The surname is often, but erroneously, given as Woods. His grandfather, James Woodf Wood 359 Wood was buried on 13 Jan. 1668-9 {Extracts from a Lancashire Diary, ed. Koger Lowe, 1876, p. 37). His father, James Wood, succeeded (1657) James Livesey [q. v.] as perpetual curate of Atherton chapel, was silenced by the Uniformity Act (1662), but continued to use the chapel (erected 1648, and not con- secrated) till he was imprisoned in 1670 {Life of Adam Martindale, 1845, p. 193) ; he then preached at Wharton Hall, seat of liobert Mort, and in 1676 recovered Atherton chapel (Hope, Errors about Atherton^ 1891, pp. 8, 11 ; Hope, Athertons of Atherton, 1892, p. 14). James Wood, tertius, entered (22 April 1691) the academy of Kichard Frankland [q. v.] at Eathmel, assisted his father, and succeeded him at Atherton chapel in 1695. He attended the ^ provincial ' meeting of united ministers (presbyterian and congre- gational) of Lancashire (formed 1693), but was no friend to church government, and co-operat«d from 1740 with Josiah Owen [q. v.] in the policy of depriving the meeting of any function of reugious supervision {Monthly Repository, 1825, p. 478). He owes his fame to his instantly raising, on receipt of a letter (11 Nov. 1715) from Sir Henry Hoghton (a dissenter), a local force which joined the troops under Sir Charles Wills [q. v.] at the battle of Preston (12 Nov. 1715). W^ood's force, partly armed with scythes, spades, and billhooks, was joined by other volunteers under John Walker, dissenting minister of Horwich, and John Turner, dissenting minister of Preston [see under Turner, William, 1714-1794]. To Wood was assigned the defence of the ford over the Ribble from Penwortham to l*res- ton. For his services and expenses he re- ceived a government annuity of 100/. At this time W^oods congregation numbered 1,064 adherents, including fifty-three county voters (Evans's manuscript list, in Dr. W^illiams*s Library, account furnished Janu- ary 1717-18). Richard Atherton (1700- 1726), son and heir of the last nonconformist lord of the manor, was a Jacobite. On coming of age he demanded the surrender of Atherton chapel, which was consecrated (1723) by Thomas W^ilson a663-1765)[q. v.], the well-known bishop of Sodor and Man (this chapel was rebuilt in 1810, and again in 1877). During 1721-2 Wood ministered to his flock in a dwelling-house at Hagg Fold. In 1722 a large meeting-house (still in use, unaltered) was erected at Chowbent in Atherton, Wood devoting part of his pension towards the cost. The communion table and communion plate (dated 1653) given by Robert Mort are still retained by the (unitarian) dissenters ; the endowments went with the other building. Wood was personally very popular, but no preacher ; ho * could tell a storv, and that did as well.' He declined to make exchanges, for ' if any body were to come and prach better than me, they'd not loik to hear me again, and if he prach'd wur, it's a sheame for him to prach ' (Hibbert-Warb, Lancashire Memo- rials of 1715, Chetham Soc, 1845, p. 247). But, according to John Valentine, he opened his pulpit in later life to the most liberal divines of his time {Monthly Repository, 1815, p. 451). He died on 20 Feb. 1759 ; a tablet to his memory is placed above his pulpit. Ho married (1), on 14 March 1717, Judith Brooksbank of Oxheys (Turner, Nojicon- formist Register, 1881, p. 211) ; (2) Hannah, died on 17 Aug. 1726 (tombstone). His son, James Wood, was educated for the ministry (from 1748) under Caleb Rother- ham [q. v.], and acted as his father's assistant, but predeceased him {Monthly Repository, 1810, p. 475). Another son, Robert, was father of Mary Anne Everett Wood [q.v.] [Calamy's Account, 1713, p. 408, and Palmer's Nonconformist's Memorial, 1802, ii. 352 (both need correction); Calamy's Own Life, 1830, ii. 329 ; Toulmin's Life of John Mort, 1 793 ; Baker's Life and Times of ' General * Woods (sic), 1859 ; Minutes of Manchester Presbyterian Classis (Chetham Soc.), 1891, iii. 353 sq.; Nightingale's Lancashire Nonconformity, 1892, iy. 100.] A. G. WOOD, JAMES (1760-1839), mathe- matician, was bom on 14 Dec. 1760 at Turton in the parish of Bury, Lancashire. His parents were weavers, but afterwards the lather opened an evening school, and himself instructed his son in arithmetic and algebra. From Bury grammar school, which he attended for some years, he pro- ceeded on a school scholarship to St. Jonn's College, Cambridge, where he was admitted a sizar on 14 Jan. 1778, and subsequently enjoyed several exhibitions. He was senior wrangler and fellow of his college, graduating B.A. in 1782, M.A. in 1785, B.D. in 1793, and D.D. in 1815. He iilled many offices in the university, including that of vice-chan- cellor (1810). He was admitted master of St. John's College on 11 Feb. 1815, and continued to hold the post till his death. He was appointed dean of Ely in November 1820, and mstituted rector of Freshwater, Isle of Wight, in August 1823, but con- tinued to pass the chief part of his time in college, where he resided for about sixty years. He was for many years the most mfluential man in the university, his hig)" Wood 360 Wood per9«}aal character, great natural abilitr, on IS Oct. 1778, he was promoted to be flound judgment, moderation, forbearance. ' lieutenant of the oO-gun ship Kenown, with and other qualities making him a model j Captain George Dawson. After taking part ruler of a college. He was a considerable . in the reduction of Charlestown in April benefactor to St John's, both during his life . 17S0. the Renown returned to England ; for and bv his will, which provMed that the s«'>me months Wood was employed in small college should be residuary legatee. About j vessels attached to the Channel fleet, but SjOfMyi. thus came to its cotfers. His library > in November 17S1 he was appointed to the was als4) left to the college. 64-gun ship Anson with Captain William Wood died in college on 2^) April 1S39. Blair ]q. v. , in which he was in the action and was interred in the college chapel. A ' of 12 April l7S!?, and continued till the peace, statue by Eldward Hodges Baily was erected : The next two or three years he pai«iMMl in in the ante-chapel, and there are portraits ' France, and then, it is stated, accepted em- in the haU and in the masters lodlre. An ployment in merchant ships trading to the enjzraved portrait was published in 1><41. East Indies, and later on to the West Indies. Wo*>d's works, which were for many , AMien the tleet under Sir John Jervis vears standard treatises, are : I. * The (afterwards Earl of St. Vincent) 'q. v.] ar- tlements of Algebra,' Cambridge. 179o,8vo: rived at Barbados in January 17&4. Wood many subsequent editions appeared, the happened to be there, and, offering his ser- eleventh to the sixteenth (1S41-CU being vices to Jervis, was appointed to the flagship, edited bv Thomas Lund, who also wrote a • the Bovne. After the reduction of Mar- 'Companion* and a * Key* to the work. ■. tinique he was sent to France with the 2. *The Principles of Mechanics,' 1796, Svo; cartels in charge of the French prisoners; Tth eilit. 1.S24. J. C. Snowball brought but on their arrival at St. Malo in the end out a new edition in 1S41. but in the of May the ships were seized and Wood opinioaof Whewell it was spoiled. S. *The was thrown into prison. The order to send Elements of Optics.' 179S, Svo: 5th edit, him to Paris, signed by Kobespierre and 18:2.'3. The above originally formed portions other members of the committee of public of a series known as the * Cambridsre Course ; safety, was dated 13 Prairial (I June), the of Mathematics.' Wood was F.f{.S., and verv dav of Lord Howe's victorv. In Paris wrote in the * Philosophical Transactions ' he was kept in close confinement till April for 179S on the * Roots of Equations.' He 179o. when he was released on parole and re- also contributed a paper on *Halo-?' to the turned to England. He was shortly after- * M-^moirs ' of the Manchester Literary and wards exchanged, was promoted (7 July Philosophical Society, 179lK ; 179.')), and was appointed to command the [Bakers Hist, of St. John's. ^\. M.ivor. m. Favourite slK»p. which he took out to the 1094: Wilson's 3Iiscellrtnies. ed. R.iiaes; 1857, ^^ ^*^ Indies. There he was sent under .'^ifj L194; Palatine Notebook, ii. 110: Pr\-mes liobert \\ aller Ot way to blockade St. Vm- !,llections, p. 252.] C. W.' S. cent and (irenada. While engaged on this serviiv he had opportunities of leamini^that WOOD, Sir JAMES ATHOL (1758- Trinidad was very insufficiently garrisoned; 18i*l» ), rear-admiral, bom in 1756, was third andafter the reduction of the revolted islands son of Alexander Wood («, j. A\ •.!.*: i">: '^*iT..*fn.'. t.^hi^s,'j.y 'A :iit i:...ri: -11 .\^-rr :Lr r^::;jT: -.f Moraj i.. Sc •> •A \-^'j*!*: tr, •?•. A:.ir^"ir- • vr*-: „ ..t..':-£ f-.r v. ilr*-i-ii ;- Xtr::. ]->:;?--£* < Cff.'. .yr^rV p J**/. :_.-•-/ '.? ri,T "■'vri hr.^ zz.'.z^'T.'.tl^z -f :"i:c /'-_;•?•"♦. J" '.r. I-V.:-*-?]. Niu I'r.- •. '■riirn?r Lv i«rrk::-r:-i* ' Ct-ir2'««"r.:. //u*" 7. «-' . r^i-TLt*: :ii J-:.-: .':. N:. J-«^^ . Ili* rs:- «flEVL**T rv Q-*^- Mfcrr jr, Fn.v.vt \z. 2-r I :i.:r.r.i^ ctf :;.► l^iiir :f Norfr-ijc E^i lis und .'r r Ni-rL.!*.- TLrr/irzicr.:^ "•:. t.'. -.L*- Mm":i:„£. _V*-», -.'f. j. i'jO': Liad ia -.rirr Et;r. -• :. fc :::l bi.--A.i ; r fct Pfc rl ■■— tt i, ■ ' ir^/K V- *. li: •. -r s:-*.-::: Lh t- • Li- 1- oa '.»rkb]T fri v > . t > Lin t^ '.:.*: • :.-- •^L'j'j. ::-^rr > =:v;L rl.r -r fci.i ^* '. -' '^^ "^iriTrrr 1.^ rznbfissafv..* Le u '. ; :- V '•- - • r :-.-". : '•.•■: r- -■ t --: - i : Lt • >1 . j r. :■ : f M rh t .: ■ . ; C»a L i* rr : .:m "»>•. b >-:_r>,-. -v N'.-. ."-■'^ L*. : IT! '■'■ S.:^i: i-: t^^t- s. r-:7«;iri Vj :br j-rivT >"'. . \ \ ■■■. . •. ^- : ;. ^ *: V t r.-, • , V -. f :. . ;i-^: r '. •- L . r i '.- . _l : . 1 . f 1 . ? jr.-: rr L-r?. "wLra. : n : L" JbrjLr-. ;.^. '.'- v.r irr.vi". f V-^'- ''-'!'-':■ - ="'.-- ■-*•":-- t-^vi.-. Ir Vi- thaiikri ii::i .V". i'.i- :-r. ; i.! .. f r.-.r: r:.-: •. . .:_?-".- .: '\r ; s?--i.rrrri ■ />.-. /^ '1'. .Vvr/. :i, r; •. W:,-:i ic '. rr i r : - :. : .-•: '' rv. r r- . * r. i : :. - j L . t.:- :■ . r . : • j M : "- ;•' "■ i* i. b "- * : pi- ■• *: Lr-:- u^b L'. :/: i t i.- t'V K :. '. I . "'. - :. L i f . .-:-'. r r! v '• -~ r, • : r ! -v ir : . l * ' t«* . ^^ •:■ i """:.* -^ r.: It : L^/ . '.iii! r ?* ■•: jfiv-;;.;: ^f •. - ' . ^-.,;;i :^ i. :..*:: I i^u:- M- r^y :: iR-im Lrr Li-r-ir-i -if a j.l:.: f ^r bi< Tj I -Vi^i K :. . t ::. *::. • '. : . • " '. *. "wi* b : Lr ls? . -• -ii . r «. f bis s-:-!! A rt b ur \V'>'yi Li J •. v ^ rr-r i r :: - «■ j- 1! 1! :!-;.. r i - ; r^ F : r t^s t r. : i I ■. r. ry F rr-.s: < PiTC ai en. Cr/.'/.- /- of !h«r q :-r-:*.. it o:.*r ' f 'L . — wi, j ' :*.i*.'-r- -: *.o»' Tri^ '.*,:. 4 .' . BucLanan. in bj? • A'3m>- Ler no: i:. bvr 'is::-;!r.i' liiil o'.'.-.r 'ir.j-' n:::.u-: r. ::.-. Tru- L,.rds.' a^st-rt* tbat »-jt f^r ^Ui \:i" t>t'»-V.'.zi ' f • b •- Kh rl r- f M -r . y : n V. nr i *: lo i «-r v ^ n : to : be cro w nir and ir/;.';. W'.^d -Rii '- ::.:!; ir-'Ti ' < -:.'-rr I'/in- t'Mb- r-jrrr 1:^ ii.a,ir' n s'it-:r.-L: tbt: W »i was «lain by*ft-i'bt:t wj:r.:rj -ix 'lay^. i:. I :'i 1..'..' : ■ : • -• be ^i- :-r:n u* ■ f T-vi : ii'.v" r-.s*»rd ajpar^r-ntly on d ♦Ti ■ . ; r. c- ' 1 a rr ■.■ •.-! < 7'^ ; . /'. C. S -.fl. \. : ;*: ; . . iii - r-: r :::-■■■ i r. • L v r- ^1 n: u rd-r'-ri not b a v i ng ![•: -.va- ^.I-v .f r; .jr-r -Ivj^riv- 1 of rb- :::;rr br^n ■ii-'.-'.-v.-rr: wLrn Buchanan wr«?to. of *:.vTf:ordi:jJirv ]' rd ■ f *•••'•! >n. ' ■> 'A-hi-.-b, hv 'r-i!. Sv^'* P^:-^r>, F-jr. Eliz. : Sadltr State th*- :!*!'- '-f T il!:-::i'. i". bv bvl l>-rn aj/- PaJ■.^^; <.'■.'.. >*..*.e Pa;*rs, Socitl.; Ive^isttr poin?-d *.f 1)'-^. ]''*yj: f^nd b- wa* no* a::i:n -l]ioii Wovl 'a-.x^ ivnt a^ his -S.r J.im-s M- >;::/» Mrn;oirs.] T. F. H. *fmis-ar\' to Klizil^.tb '.vitb vain r-jiivs's WOOD. .TUHN i^^. lo9«?>. m^ical writer, for b»-r a-iji-jtance 1 0//. •S"/////' pr/perf. was tb«*au:bor of 'IVacticae MedicinwLibtr, For. '" \o. 174 1. H*? F'^mainrd vcx-atus Aci-'iL-ania. quo artificiosa methodo, of mritv until Moray's r>.'tum et incredibili mort&les sanandi studio, smo inuidia, cauEs, symptooiata, i pr^sidia pneui(iuuruca capitis ponuntur. Authore loliaiine Wood, guDeroso artia Medicine Btudio90, et professore,' whicli waB published in London in quarto in 1506 by Hmnfrey Hooper. Tha treatise, which baa no preface nor dedication, is devoted en- tirely to diseases and diwrdtrs affecting the head. In 1602 the nnsold copies of the ■work were reissued by John Bayly with a new title-page, in which the authorship was I Hcribed to D. Johnson. It has been sup- , posed that Johnson was a pseudonym of I Wood, but it is more probable thai the Buthorabip was falsely claimed by Johnson after Wood's death. [Wood's Pracli tonMS. 2a03.] WOOD, JOHN(1705P-1751), architect, known as ' Wood of Bath,' bom about 1705, was probably a Yorksbireman, and, though ho visited Bath occasionally between 1719 and 1727, did not settle there till the latter His fame as an architect of the Palkdian school rests not merely upon his designs for particular buildings, but even more upon bis Bucceaa in the composition of streets and BTOupe of houses, in which art, thoueh anti- cii»ted by Inigo Jones at Covent Garden, he may be regarded as the forerunner of the brothers Adam [see Adah, Robert]. Origi- nally enraged upon the construction of roads under the acta of 1707 and 1721, he first displayed his powers of desi^ in the North and South Parades, which have suffered by modem alterations, includiug the removal of ' the stone balustrades. To the same period F belong North Parade Buildings, Chapel I Court, and Church Buildings. Dame Lind- _ 's Rooms, begun by Wood in 1728 I (opened 1730), and subsequently known as I the Lower Rooms, were a speculation of I Humphrey Thayer (d. 1737), drug;gist, of I liOndon, and occupied, till burnt in 1820, 'he eite of the Royal Literary Institution, a which the lecture-room, known as Nash's Assembly Room, is attributable to Wood. At the same period (1727-8) Wood re- stored St. John's Hospital for the Duke of Chandos, who also employed him upon Chandoa Court and upon the canalisation of the Avon between Bath and Bristol, a work Tor which he engaged eKperienced diggers from the Chelsea waterworks. Queen Square, one of Wood's important _ onterprises, was begun in 1729. His design Hlitbs imperfectly realised owing to the diffi- ! ^K«ulty of obtaining three sites on the west I ^Evde. St. Mary's Chapel, designed by Wood i in 1732, stood formerly in this square, where also (at No. 2i) Wood himself resided uii " he and his son John removed to Kagle Roi at Batheoston, a characteristic building by the father. Wood is also said to hare oc- cupied the house, -ll fiiiy Street, but he retained or returned to 24 (Ji it was there that he died. 1 expense of Millard, an innkeeper, the house of Lyncombe and Widcoiube wa from Wood's design, with a handsome colum- nar entrance and a Watergate opposite. The building did not long survive the present poor law. In 1734 Wood designed, for Francis Yerbury, Belcomb Brook Villa at ■ the south end of the King's down,' and in 1735, besides erecting a villa on Lansdown, he began a aeries of restorations at Llaudull' Cathedral. Wood's best patron was Ralph Allen [|q.v.] Allen's house in Bath, now enclosed m an obscure alley, was designed by Wood in the early part of 1727, but a larger and more magnificent design was Aliens residence at Prior Park outside the city. The great hexastyle portico, the Corinthian columns nf which hayy a diameter of over three feet, is one of the finest compositions of its epoch. In this house (designed in 1736, bu^t in 1737-43) Allen intended to eihibit as favour- ably as possible the local stone from his quarries, which had for some time been worked under Wood'sBuperintendence. The flight of steps on the north side, the east wing, and the Palladian bridge are not by Wood. The Royal Mineral Water Hospital, which really owes its origin as much to Allen and Wood as to Beau Nash, must be assigned to the same date (173^i-42), The scheme was first promoted in 171(1 by Lady Elizabeth Hastings and Henry Hoare, banker, but Its accomplishment was largely due to Wood's energetic and gratuitous services. Wood made other designs in connection with the local springs — a small square pavilion (1746) to cover the source at Bathford, an elegant duodecastyle for the Lyncombe Spa (not erected because the spring disappeared), and a portico for tha Limekiln Spa, which after- wards ceased to flow. Lilliput Castle, a GEDall bouse four miles north-west of Bath, is described as having been built presumably by Wood in 1738 (Wood, Description o/ Bath). In 1745 he built, for Southwell Picott, Tltanbarrow logia on Kingsdown (Bathford) with a Corinthian facade, and he is said to have designed in 1752 the rebuilding of the Bath grammar school. Wood's work was not confii neighbourhood of Bath. He designed f the ^^ I the ,^H R«^^H liuid Court, Bristol, and the exchangeit nf Bristol (1740-3) nnd Liverpool (1748-55), the latter in coajunction witQ his son. He ()i«d on 2S May 1754, and was bur'md tit SwaiDswick. Wood's writings consist of: 1. 'Tlie Ori- gin of Building', or the Plnginrisms of the HeathenH detected,' fol., Bath, 1741: a whimeiotil attempt to identify thu ori^n of the orders with the Hmhitecture divinely revealed to the Jews. 2. 'Description of the Exchange at Bristol,' Batb, 1745, 8vo. 3. ' Choir Gaure, vulgarly called Stone- hengs J described, restored, and explained,' 1747, 8vo. 4. ' Essay towards a Description of Bath.' London, 1742, 2 vols. 8vo ; 1749, 17S5. This work containa much informa- ti'>n as to Wood's building, and several illustrations of them. 6. 'Dissertation upon the OrdersofColumna and their AppendageSii' Batb, 1760, 6vo. lie also left in manuscript descriptions of Stanton Drew and of Stone- Le^e, 1740 (Hari. MSS. 7354, 7355). UiH son, Jous Wood (d. 1782), was as- sociated with many of his father's works, and the streets laid out in Batb by the younger Wood were lai^ly schemed by the elder. He brought to completion in I7G4 the Circus which his father had designed, and in 1787-0 built tlio lloyal Crescent, aa ellipse containing thirty houses of the Ionic order. The upper or new assembly rooms ■were begun by him in 1769 (completed ia 1771 at a cost of 20,000^,), and in 1776 he built the Hot Bath and the Royal Frivuto Baths in Hot Bath Street. He was also engaged upon York Buildings, of which the York House Hotel is the chief part (1753), Brock Street (170.")), St. Margaret's Chapel (1773, since a skating rink), EdgM Build- ings (1702), Princes Buildings (1706), Alfred Street (1768), Itussell Street (177o). Bel- mont (1770), and Kelston Park (1764), (Himetiioes attributed to the elder Wood. OuUide Bath he executed Buckland, Berk- shire, for Sir U. Throckmorton ; and Stand- Ivncb for James Dawkins (Woolfb and dASDOx, rrtr-flnVawnicM, 1767, i. pi. 93-7, ti. 1771, ii.pl. 81-t). The churcb of Lang- ridge, near Bath, is erroneously associated with bis name in the ' Architectural Publi- cation Society's Dictionary.' He appears to have designed the church of Woolley and that of Hardenhuisii, near Chippenham (i secrated 1779). He died on 18 Juno 1782, and was buried near his father in the chancel of Swains wicli cburch. [Peach's Bnth Oh! and Naw, 18B8 ; note! iafiirraation from Mr. It. E. M. Peach and llie Ber.C. W, Shicklo; Arch. PubL Society's! Builder, 1S58 sir. 396, I8.i3 sri. 350; BrilteDj "nth HDi] BmU>l, IH23, pp. 13, 38; Building Bws. 1858. ir. 773.] P. W- WOOD. JOHN (1801-1870), painter, son of a drawing-master, whs bom in London on20Junel801. He studied in Sass's school and at the Royal Academy, where in 1625 he gained the gold medal for painting. In '.he two previous years he had exhibited Adam and Eve lamenting over the Body of Abel,' and ' Michael contending with Satan,' and in 1326 be sent *Psycbe wafted bv the Zephyrs.' These and other works displayed unusual powers of invent ion and design, and gained for him a great temporary reputation. In 1834 he competed successfully for the commission for the altar-piece of St. James's, Bermondsey, and In 1836 gained a price at -Alanchestcrfor his ' Eliiabi'th in the Tower.' Duringthelatterpart of his careerhe painted chiefly scripture subjects and portraits, which he exhibited largely at the Royal Academy and British Institution down to 1862. His portraits of Sir Robert Peel, Earl Grey. John Uritton (in the National Portrait Gallery), and others have been engraved, as well cs several of his fancy subjects. Wood died on 19 April 1870. [Art Joumal, 1870; Kedgravo's Diet, of Ar- tists; GraveHaDict-nf Artists, IT60-IB03.] P. M. o b. WOOD. JOHN (1811-1871), geographer. bom in IHII, entered the East India Com- pany's naval service in 1826 and rose lo ihe rank of lieutenant. At the dose of lS3b, through the exertions of govenjment, the Indus was opened for commerce. The tirst to take advantage of this concession wasAga Mohammed Kabim, a Persian merchant of Bombay, who purchased a steamer for tfae navigation of the river. At Itig request, and with the permission of government, Wood took command of the vessel, named thelndus, which started on 31 Oct. 1835, and returned to Bombay in February 1836, leaving him on the banksof the river to ascertain the area of the annual inundation and the rise and fall of the tide. Un the conclusion of these obser- vations he returned to Bombay, and on 9No*. was appointpd an assistant to the commercial mission to Afghanistan under the command of (Sir) Alexander Bumes [q-v.] Wood dmw up a report of the geography of the Kabul Valley and discovered the source of the Oxus. In October 1836 Bumes mentioned Wood's services to the government with the highest praise. His industry was cut short by the differences which arose belween Bumes and the governor-general, George Eden, earl of Auckland [q. v.}, and Wood accompanied his chief into retirement. LA Wood 365 Wood After leafing the service with the rank of captain, Wood emigrated to New Zealand in connection with the newlv formed New Zealand Company, but, finding he had over- estimated the advantages to be derived from association with the undertaking, he returned to Europe. Between 1843 and 1849 his time was chiefly given to mercan- tile pursuits. In 1849 Sir Charles James Napier [q. v.] wished Wood to accompany him to the Punjaub, but the court of direc- tors refused their consent. Disappointed in this project, Wood emigrated to \ ictoria in 1852, returning to Europe in 1857, and in the following year he proceeded to Sind as manager of the Oriental Inland Steam Navigation Company. The project was a failure, and, the shareholders refusing to adopt Wood's suggestions for sending vessels suitable for the rapid current of the Indus, the concern was wound up. In 1861 (Sir) William Patrick Andrew, the projector of railway and river communication in western India, secured Wood's services for the Indus steam flotilla, which he continued to super- intend until his death in Sind on 13 Nov. 1871. He was married, and left issue. Wood was the author of: 1. 'A Personal Narrative of a Journey to the Source of the Oxus,* London, 1841, 8vo ; new edit, by his son, Alexander Wood, Ijondon, 1872, 8vo. 2. * Twelve Months in Wellington,* London, 1843, 12mo. 3. 'New Zealand and its Claimants,' London, 1845, 8vo. [Preface by Alexander Wood to Wood's Journey to the Source of the Oxus, 1872; Irving's Book of Scotflmen, 1881.] E. I. C. WOOD, JOHN (1825-1891), surgeon, son of John and Sarah Wood, appears to have been bom on 12 Oct. 1825. He was the youngest child of a large family, and his father, a wool-stapler at Bradford in York- shire, could aflibrd to give him only a very simple education at the school of E. Capon. He was then articled to a solicitor, but dis- liking the law, and finding that his studies were interrupted by a severe injury to his hip, which resulted in permanent shortening and deformity, he went as a dispenser to Edwin Casson, then senior surgeon to the Bradford Infirmary. Here he learnt minor surgery, and was taught so much Latin as enabled him to pass the preliminary examination at the Koyal College of Surgeons of England. In October 1840 he entered the medical department of King's College, London, where his student career was marked by extraordinary and rapid success ; for he gained four college scholar- ships and two gold medals. In 1848 he passed the first M.B. examination at the London University, obtaining the second place in honours and the gold medal in anatomy and physiology, but he did not further pursue a university career. Wood was admitted a member of the Royal College of Surgeons of England on 30 July 1849, and in the same year he be- came a licentiate of the Society of Apothe- caries. He was appointed house surgeon at King's College Hospital for 1850, and in the following year he became one of the demonstrators of anatomy, while Richard Partridge [q. vj was the lecturer. From 1850 to 18/0 Wood almost lived in the dis- secting-rooms at King's College, though he was appointed assistant surgeon to King's College Hospital in 1866. When he suc- ceeded to the office of full surgeon he resigned his demonstratorship of anatomy, ana in 1871 he was oflered the chair of professor of surgery at King's College. In 1877 he be- came a lecturer on clinical surgery jointly with (Lord) Lister, and in 1889 he was ap- pointed emeritus professor of clinical sur- gery. Wood held many important positions at the Royal College of Surgeons of England. Elected a fellow after examination on 11 May 1854, he was Jacksonian prizeman in 18B1 ; examiner in anatomy and physiology 1875- 1880; examiner in surgery 1879-89, and in dental surgery 1883-88 ; a member of the council 1879-87, and vice-president 1885; Hunterian professor 1884-5, and Bradshaw lecturer in 1885. He was elected a fellow of the Royal Society in June 1871 , and in the same year he became an honorary fellow of King's College, London. At various times he acted as an examiner in the univer- sities of London and of Cambridge. He was president of the Metropolitan Counties' branch of the British Medical Association, and he was an honorary fellow of the Swe- dish Medical Society. He died on 29 Dec. 1891, and is buried in Kensal Green ceme- terv. He was twice married : first, on 19 Aug. 1858, to Mary Anne Ward, who died in childbed the following year; secondly, on 5 April 1862, to Emma, widow of the Rev. J. H. Knox and daughter of Thomas Ware. Issue by both marriages survived him. Wood ranks as one of the last English surgeons who owed their position to a most thorough knowledge of anatomy ; yet hi» mind was sufliciently open to the advantages of pathology to enable him to accept the teaching of his colleague, Lord Lister. Wood's knowledge of anatomy enabled him to invent a somewhat complex method of operation for the cure of rupture, a method Wood 366 Wood which the ftdvance of ateptie surgery has rendered obsolete. In plastic surgery he was an acknowledged master. Wood published: 1. 'On Rupture— In- guinal, Crural, and Umbilical/ London, 1863, 5to. 2. ' Lectures on Hernia and iu Radical Cure,' liondon, 1886, 8to. 3. 'The Teeth and Associate Parts,' Edinburgh, 1886, 12mo. There is a portrait of Wood in the ffroup of the councu of the Royal College of Sur- geons in 1884. The picture hangs in the inner hall of the college in Lincoln's Inn Fields. f Personal knowledge; Brit. Hed. Journal, 1892,1.06; additional information kindly given by MiM Wood and by Dr. Myrtle of Harrogate.] D'A. P. WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827-1889), writer on natural history, eldest son of John Freeman Wood, surgeon, and his wife Juliana LisetU (bom Amts), was bom in London on 21 July 1827. Being weakly he was educated at home, and, his father having removed to Oxford in 1830, he led an outdoor life, which gave full scope for the develop- ment of his innate love 01 all natural history pursuits. In 1838 he was placed under his uncle, the Rev. George Edward Gepp, at Ashboume grammar school in Derbyshire, where he re- mained till his seventeenth year. Returning thfn to Oxfonl, he matriculated at Merton College on 1 7 ( )ct. 1 844. The following year he obtained the Jackson scholarship. He jfmduated B.A. in ISiHj proceeding M.A. in IH/il. For a time he worked under (Sir) Ilenrv Acland in the anatomical museum. In IK.51 his first book, 'The Illustrated Natural History/ was published. In 18o2 he was ordained deacon by Sam uel Wilberforce [<}. v.], bishop of Oxfonl, and became curate ot the farinh of St. Thomas the Martyr, Oxford, n ldo4 he was ordained priest. The same year he resigned his Oxford curacy and re- turned to literary work till April 18*56, when he was appointed chaplain to St. Bartholo- mew's Hospital. In 1858 he was also ap- pointed to a readership at Christ Church, Newgate Street. He resigned his chaplaincy in 18«2 and the readership in 1>*«3 on account of ill-health, and removed to Belvedere, near W(X)lwich. He voluntarily assisted in the work of the neighbouring parish of Erith till the death of the vicar, Archdeacon Smith, in 1873. Owing to his influence choral services were introduced, and the efficiency of his choir led to his appointment as precentor of the Canterbury Diocesan Choral Union, whose annual festivals he conducted from 1869 to 1875. From as early a period as 1866 Wood de- livered occasional leeturea on Batvni Ustoiy subjects ; but in 1879, having given a series of six lectures in Brixton, he rmlved to take up lecturing as a second pmffwtinn, and, as- sisted by George H. Rohinson, manager of the book court at the Crystal Pslsoe, whs acted as his agent, sketdt-lectnres, ss tlM^ were termed, were arranged for the winter months. These lasted ten seasons (1879--88>, and took him to aU parts of the ooontiy and to America, where ne delivered the Lowell lectures at Boston in 1888-4. Theoonspicaoiii feature of these lectures was the blackboard iUustrations, drawn in coloured pastillea,t]it outcome of very careful study and practice. In December 1876 he quitted Belvedere, and, after several changes, settled in 1878 in Upper Norwood. Here he continned thepro- duction of those numerous woiIeb wnick brought him fame and his publishers profit, till he died while on a lecturing tour at Coventiy on 3 Mareh 1889. He was buried in thst town. He was a fellow of t he Idnnean SodeCj of London from January 1854 to June 1877. On 15 Feb. 18/jO he married Jane Eleanor, fourth daughter of John Ellis of the Home Office. Wood's writings were in no sense scientific, and are not to be gauged by the standard exacted in modem scientific research. He was least successful in those books in which a systematic treatment of the subject was imperative, and was himself conscious of their shortcomings. Nor did he make anv attempt at fine writing, bis single object throughout being to popularise the study of natural history by rendering it interesting and intelligible to non-scientific minds. la this he was thoroughly successful; and to him was due the impulse that, coming at the right moment, turned public attention to the subject, while not a few naturalists of to-daj owe their first inspiration to his writings. To the theory of evolution he wss at first decidedly opposed, but later in life he modi- fied his opinions. Wood was author of: 1. 'The Hlostrated Natural History,* London [1851-] 1853, 8to; new editions in 1855 and 1893. 2. ' Sketches and Anecdotes of Animal Life,* 2nd ser., Lon- don, 1852, 8vo, and 1855; another edit, entitled * Animal Traits and Characteristics,* 1860. 3. 'Bees: their Habits, and Manage- ment,* Jjondon, 1853, 8vo ; other editions up to 1803. 4. * P]very Boy's Book ' (under the pseudonym of * George Forrest, Esq., M.A.*). Ijondon 1855, 8vo. 5. *My Feathered Friends,* London, 1856, 8vo ; new edit. ia58. 6. * The Common Objects of the Sea- shore,* London, 1857, 8vo; other editioai Wood 367 Wood to 1886. 7. ' The Common Objects of the passers/ London, 1876, 8vo. 40. * Nature's Country,' London, 1868, 8 vo ; other editions Teachings,' London ri876-]1877, 8vo ; new to 1836. 8. * Zoology: Mammalia,' Lon- edit. 1883-7. 41. * fenglish Scenery Illus- don, 1858, 8vo. 9. * A Handbook of Gym- trated,' London ["18771 fol. 42. * The Lane nasties ' (under the pseudonym of * George and Field,' London, 1879, 8vo. 43. * The Forrest, Esq., M.A.'), London, 1868, 8vo. Field Naturalist's Handbook' (with T. 10. * AHanabookofSwimminffandSkating' Wood), London [1879-80J, 8vo; 6th edit, (under the same pseudonym), London, 1858, 1893. 44. * Common British Insects' (from 8vo. 11. *The Playground' (under the No. 36), London, 1882, 8vo. 46. 'Hughes's same pseudonym), London, 1868, 8 vo ; new lUustratedAnecdotal Natural History '(with edit. 1884. 12. * Routledjje's Illustrated Na- T. Wood), London, 1882, 8vo. 40. * "Natural tural History,' London [1869-11863, 3 vols. History Headers,' 4th ser. London, 1882-4, 8vo; new edit. 1883-9. 13. * Natural His- 8vo. 47. * Half-hours in Field and Forest,' tory Picture-Book for Children,' London, London, 1884, 12mo; 2nd edit. 1886. 1861-3, 3 pts. 4to. 14. * Common Objects of 48. * Half-hours with a Naturalist : Rambles the Microscope' (in conjunction with TufFen near the Shore,' London, 1886, 8vo ; 2nd AVest), London, 1861, 8vo. 16. * Athletic edit. 1888. 49. * Horse and Man,' London, Sports ' (including reissues of Nos. 9 and 10), 1886, 8vo. 60. * Illustrated Stable Maxims ' London, 1861, 8vo. 16. ' Glimpses into Pet- (London, 1885), s. sh. 61. * My Back-yard land,' London, 1863, 8vo ; 2nd edit., entitled Zoo,* London, 1886, 12mo ; new edit. 1893. * Petland Revisited,' London, 1882, 8vo; re- 62. * Handy Natural History,' London, 1886, issued in 1884 and 1890. 17. * Our Garden 4to. 63. * Man and his Handiwork,' London, Friends and Foes,' London, [1863] 1864, 8vo; 8vo. 64. * Illustrated Natural History for new edit. 1882. 18. * Archery, Fencing' Young People,' London, 1887, 8vo. 66. * The (written in conjunction with * Stonehenge '), Romance of Animal Life,'London, 1887, 8vo. London, 1863, 16mo. 19. * Athletic Sport* 66. * Birds and Beasts,' London [1888], 8vo. and Manly Exercises ' (also with * Stone- 67. * The Brook and its Banks (reprinted henge'), London, 1864, 16mo. 20. 'The fromthe'Girls'Own Paper'), London, 1889, Handbook of Manly Exercises ' (by * Stone- 4to. 68. ' The Dominion of Man,' London, hengt*,' * George Forrest,' and others), Ijon- 1889, 8vo. 69. * The Zoo' (reprinted from don. 1864, 16mo. 21. ' Old Testament His- the 'Child's Pictorial'), 2nd ser., London, tory in Simple Language,' London, 1864, 8vo. 1888-9, 4to ; 3rd ser. (with T. Wood), 1892. 22. * New Testament History in Simple Lan- Portions of a number of these works were guage,' London, 1864, 8vo. 23. * Homes with- reissued with fresh titles, out Hands,' London, 1864-5, 8vo ; new edi- He edited : 1. White's * Natural History tions in 1883 and 1892. 24. ' The Common of Selbome ' (to which he added notes), Lon- Shclls of the Sea-shore,' London, 1866, 8vo. don, 1864, 8vo. 2. * A Tour round my Gar- 26. * The Boys' Own Treasury of Sports and den ; translated from the French of Alphonse Pastimes ' (written with others), London, Karr,' London, 1866, 8vo. 3. * The Boys' 1860, 8vo. 26. 'Croquet,' London, 1866, Own Magazine,' 1866. 4. 'Beeton's An- 82mo. 27. 'Routledge's Popular Natural nual,' 1866. 6. * Episodes of Insect Life,' Ilistory,' London, 1807, 4to ; 4th edit. 1886. 1867, 8vo. 6. Rennie s * Insect Architecture,' :plam Animals,' London, 1809-71, 8vo ; new edi- issued in popular form in 1882, 4to. He also tions 1883 and 1892. 31. *The Common contributed many popular articles to various Moths of England,' London [1870], 8vo. j magazines, including those for children, in 32. * Common British Beetles,' London, England and America. 1870, 8vo; new edit. 1876. 33. 'The Mo- dern Playmate,' London [1870], 8vo; new [The Rev. J. O. Wood, Tendon, 1890, 8ro (by his son, the Rev. T. Wood) ; Crockford, 1889 editions 1876, and as * The Boys' Modern ' information kindly supplied by the Rev. T. Playmate,' in 1880 and 1890. 34. ' Insects ! Wood, and })y the assistant-secretary to the at ilome,' London, 1871[-2], 8vo; new edi- Linnean Society of London; Brit. Mus. Cat.] tions 1883 and 1892. 35'. 'The Calendar of B. B. W. the Months,' London, 1873, 8vo. 36. * Insects Abroad,' London, 1874; new editions 1883 and 1892. 37. * Man and Beast ; Here and Hereafter,' London, 1874, 2 vols. 8vo ; 6th edit. 1882. 38. ' Out of Doors,' London, 1874, 8vo ; new editions 1882 and 1890. 39. ' Tres- WOOD, JOHN MUIR (1806-1892), edi- tor of the ' Songs of Scotland,' son of An- drew "Wood and Jacobina Ferrier, was bom at Edinburgh on 31 July 1806. His father was the founder of the firm of Wood & Co., music publishers. Young Wood, after at- tendinc sucwssWelj Edinburgh higU ichool and coUeav, becnii t« studv musiu at Edin- burgh under Kalkbrenner. Afterwards be WM Btmt to Parifl for two yeare to Btudj under Pixis, and from Paris he procwded to Vienna to study for two year* underCieroy. About 1828 be began his career at Edin- burgh as B teacher of music, and was a re- matltably good jiianist and sight-reader. He then spent several years in London, where he occupied himself mostly in literary pur- suits. His half-brother Gleorge, afterwards senior partner of Messrs. Cramer Jt Co. (he died in 1»93), had completed an apprentice- ship with Messrs. Blackwood, and joined John in the business of music-sellers in Edin- burgh and afterwards in Glasgow. John managed the Glasgow establishment. He was associated with Chopin (1848), Griai, and other great artists who visited Scotland on concert-giving enterprisea (cf. Nibjk, Biography). He also helped lo organise the lecture tours of Thackerav and Dickens. In conjunction with George Farqubar Gra- ham [q. T.], the nominal editor, he brought out in 1S49 an iroportjint collection of the ' Songs of Scotland,' with critical notices, in three volumes. The materials were col- lected by Wood. The aire were harniooised by Edinburgh musicians, including Thomas MoUeson Mudie [q. v.]. Finlay Dun [q. v,], | John Thomas Surenne [q. v.], and flrabaio ; Wood spared neither time nor trouble in | tracing old airs to their earliest appearance , in print, deciphering tablatureandcomparing versions. The work was reissued in an en- | larged form in 1887, with a dedication to j the queen, and the arrangements of Sir Alexander Maekenr.ie, SirQeorge Alexander i Macfarren [q.v.], and others. Wood's revi- I aions and additions to the notes in the latest edilJon contain a mass of information regard- ing each air. Tn 1876 Wood edited and published 'The Scottish Monthly Musical Times,' which came to an end in 1878. To Grove's ' Dictionaryof Music and Musicians ' ha eontriboted the articles on 'Scottish Music," 'The Coronach," The Scotch Snap,' and 'The Skene Manuscript ' (preserved in the Advocates' Library). He was an ex- tremely good linguist, writing and speaking fluently French, German, and Italian ; and, having resided at Frankfort with the cele- brated Polish violinist Lipinski, he acquired fmm him a knowledge of Polish which enabled him to converse with Chopin on His visit to Scotland. Wood, during his resi- dence in Glasgow, was the leader of musical enterprise there, and before the days of the Orchestral Society be brought Hallfe's band to give (wncerts. He died at Armadale, Cove, on 35 June 1802, uut wa» hntu-i in the Glasgow necropolis. On '22 Jan. 1851 Wood married Helen Kemlo Stephen. She survived him, with three sam ajid fire daughters. [Musical II(:raId(wi)hpDnrail), Aiii^iut 1S91: Brown & StraltoD'a Brilisb Moaieal Biography: Ula)!gow Herald. iH June 1S92,- XoUa and Qaeries. Stb Mr. ii, 40 ; information TMcind from fnmil;.] G. 3-B. WOOD, JOHN PHILIP ( 'Ibto B&« a*7 tt Lxlw' Mhn WW M^ W A. W. Ikwk.«li af Mka Mam* of Baker Stntt, LwJM; ikAdoa 31 AprU ISTa ITlBBtarr u4 Wilfatd-i Old kmI Kav loa- Iv. i. US. m. SM. ir. 3M ; GmU. 3fa«. lUI i. Ml-1. lUS i- HI. 1S«3 i. 810. ISM i «Sf. Sai-7. WAkilUitniBMUiTjoi Um CJCfuf laaJia. pp. H«-«7 : Omdy'a toudoo CSt'iWM. tp- »»-l; Kici«>>e>!«'i a«MB Croline. pp. S7S-«U^ IbMorvf Lord HMhuter. i. l-7Ij lbkk'> M^MnC Patnib, L SO 1 .1 W. P. C. WOOD or WOODS, ROBERT (16S2?- PenieriMjnnr, 1 1631 or laa; ^jr«a Pu»W«a»(179S-taa8),eM«« bri^ OS 3S A^^ i;9& He at WincbMHrCoUt««,aadR(aifaatedLL3. iaia3l>tTiiaitTCalk«B.Ckaa>ite. Or- daiaad aboat lBi9, ha btta^ AM^mia and pfirato weta tarj to Qaeta CkroliiiCL fls clcaedber cfMiadEatkaDdiecoHfaBM tbe lMd7 U> ka baiial at Kaarai^ ia 19«I. B» WM tlwa Made rka|ilaiii to the Duke of 8mwx. Wood vu anoiated bf the cor- MtBtionof LandoD in 1834 totherecloi; of Rc Peter's, Comhill. and in 1833 he was in- ■tituted to tbe ticafage of CreMing in E.-(sei, retaintngboth liTingaitntUbis death. Wood iras a itron); liberal in polit ics and a leading man in allcountr matten in Euei, shoirinf; grett coura^ in committing the ' Cogii^eBbsll gang' of burglars. He died at Belbiu, ne-ar lV>mfonl,OD 21 Feb. ISOe.andwai buried at Vmulag, He married at Kenwyn, Com- wbII. on 16 Feb. 1620, Emtoft Caroline, youngest daughter of Sampsoii Michell of Croft West in that parish, an admiral in the Portuguese service. She was bom at Lisbon on 16 Jan. 1 80S, and died at Ildbus on Ifi Dec. 1879. La.!f Wood waa the author of many noveln and an accomplished artist. Their iMUo was live sons and six daugbterti, tbe voungest son being General Sir Lvclyn Wood. (l.O.B, WMTBBHWooD(18(M-1803),SirMtttthew Wood's third son, was bom on 4 Jan. 1801. He was in partrifmhip with his father, tlie firm hi'ing then Wood, Field, k Wood, of Mark l^anti, IiOndnn, and on his father's re- tiromenl in 1H42 obtained his share. From 2» July imi until bis death bewanM.P. for the city of London. He died at North Cray I'lace. Kunt, on 17 May 1863, Hs married, on 10 Juiw 1829, 9arah Letitia, youngest CaOiW _ _ " " 3 Jaly IMO. Obtaining one of tb ' mMtmUfg at Merton in leti, b RA.fi Ireland, where be waa made a commisdontT of the revenue, and finally aceountant-geDt- rsl. This office be retained until bis cuMh, at Dublin, on 9 April 16S5. He was bum) in St. Michael's Church. He maniod MiM Adnms, by whom be had three dau^tcnt— Catherine, Martha, and Frances. Wood, who was elected a fellow ol At Royal Society on 6 April 1681, was the author of 'A New Al-moon-oc for Evi: or a Rectified Account of Time,* Loiid«ii, 1680, 8vo; ondof another tract, entitled 'Th* Times Mended ; or a ItectiRed .\ccounl of Time hy a New Luni-Solar Year j the Itus way to Number our Days,' London, 1681, fol. la these tKBtises, wliicb were dedicated to the order of the Garter, nnd Hometioies accompanied by a single foHo sheet entitled ' N0VU8 Annus Luni-solaris,' he proposed to rectify the year 80 that the first day of the month ahould always be within a day of the change of the moon, while by a system of coropensations the length of the yt'ur should be kept within a week of the pferiod of rota- tion round the sun. Wood Iranslated the S eater part of W'illiBm Oughlred's 'Claris atbematica ' into English (Clans Mathe- fnatiea, 1653, pref.) lie published two papers in the 'Thilosophical Transactions' ut 1661. [Wood's Hist, and Anliq. of the DniTersity, ail. Oalch. ii. BBS ; Wood's Athpim Uzon. ed. Bliss. \v. 167-8 ; Wood's Fasti Oiod. mL Bliss, ii. 00, 121. IB3; Foster's Alumni Oion. 1601)- 1714; Manning and Bray's Hint, of Surrey. 1809. i>. 3S, iii. App. p. czix ; Montut's Biat of Essex, 1768, ii. 69; Register of the Visilurs of the Unirorslly of Oxford (Camden Soc.). pp. 176. 608.] E. I. C. WOOD, HOBERT (1717P-ir71), Ira- veller and politician, was bom at liiveriitown Castle, near Trim, co. Mealii, about 1717. Be is said to have been educated at Uxford, but his name is not in Foster's ' Alumni Oxonienses.' According to Horace Walpole, he was ' originally a travelling tutor and sn excellent classic scholar,' and he cer- tainly when a young man travelled throtiuh parts of eaatera Europe. In May 1742 he journeyed in a \'enetian vessel from ^'enice to Com, and in the same year be passed from Miljlene to Rcio in the Chatham. On G Peb. 1743 he sailed from Latakia in Syria to Damietta in £)gypt. About 1749 Wood agreed to revisit Greece in the company of John Bouverie and James Sawkina, both graduates of Uxford. with whom he had travelled in France and Italy, And they arranged that Borra, an Italian artist, should accompany them as ' architect and draughtsman.' 'They passed the winter of 1749-50 together at liome — where Bouverie bad in many vieiis acquired an extensive Imowledge of art and architecture — then went to Naples, and in the spring embarked in tJie ship sent to them from London. On 2S July 1750 they anchored under the Sigean promontory, and went on shore at the mouth of the Seamander. Bouverie died on 6 Sept. 17fiO, and was buried at Smyrna (Fostbe, Alumni Oa-ojiX but the eijMjdition subse- qoently took in 'most of the islands of the archi|helago, part of Greece in Europe, the Asiatic and European coasts of the Helles- poiit, Propontis, and Bosphorus oh far as the lilack Sea, most of tlie inland ports of Asia Minor, Syria, I'hceniciu, Palestine, and Egypt.' The survivorscame to Athens about May 1761, and found Hevett and Stuart busy- in studying and making drawings of its antt- qnities. These artists received much en- coumgement and assistance, while in that city,Uom Dawkius and Wood, who also gave material help to the publication of the first volume of ' 'The Antiquities of Athena.' From 14 to 27 March 1751 Dawkins and Wood were at Palmyra, and on 1 April they reached Balbec. Wood published in 1753 ' The Ruins of Palmyra, otherwise Tedmor in the Uesart,' 'which was described by Horace Walpole oa a noble book, with pnnt« finely engraved and on admirable dissertation (Lettem, ed, Cunningham, ii. 364). French translations of it were published in 1763, 1619, and 1829. In 1757 Wood brought out a corre- sponding volume on ' The Ruins of fialbec, otherwise lleliopolis in Coelosyria.' This was translated into French (1757), and the Abbfi Barlhflemy gave an account of both works in the ' Journal des Savants ' (after- wards included in his ' Q-^uvres Diversea '). ' These beautiful editions cif Balbec and Palmyra ' were again eulogised by Horace Walpole in the preface to hjs ' Anecdotes of Painting' as 'standards of writing.' A new edition of both Palmyra and Balbec was issued by Pickering in 1837, in one folio volume, priced at six giiineas. S. Salome of Cheltenham published in 1830 n voliimo of ' Palmyrene Inscriptions taken from Wood's " Ruins of Palmyra and Balbec," transcribed into the Ancient Hebrew Uharaclera and translated into English.' LiOuis Franf oia Oasaas, in his ' Voyage pitto- resque de la Syrie ' (1799), pays Wood's 'Palmyra' a high compliment. About 1753 Wood accompanied the f'oung Duke of Bridgewater as his travel- ing companion on the grand tour through France and Italy, and during their slay at Rome his portrait, now in the Bridgewster Gallery, ho. 131, was painted by Mengs (Gray end M*sok, ed. Mittord, pp. 100, 132, 4971, and afterwards engraved by Tom- kins in the 'Marquis of Stafford's Collec- tion.' He was elected a member of the Society of Dilettanti on 1 May l/GS, and received from Richard Chandler (1738- 1810) [q. v.] very handsome praise in the ' Marmora Oxoniensia' (1763, preface p. t). Wood in retuni recommended Chandfer to be the leader of the party sent by that society to explore ' the ancient state of the countries ' in eastern Europe and in Asia Minor, and drew up the instructions under I i Wood Wood ChuHUn, Retett, aail Fui acted on aotoB bom Jons 1704 to September He aloo vnte Um * addrcM to tlie in die fint Tolame of ' Ii»ii«n Anti- qiiitiea,' which wMpubliabedbj the Societr of DiletUnti in 1769 (or Chuidler uid hu MOOciatfafCuurDLBB, TVomb, 1825, toL i. pp. Ti-ni»). Wood beame nnder-secretarj of itale in 176S, aai held office under Pitt and his sae- ceuors nntit September 1 763. In September 1757 Gf»y wrote of him m ' Mr. Wood, Mr. Rife Wood ■(»>*», ed. Qoese, ii. 331); Bad Ralph, in hia 'Case of Authors Stated* (_1762, p. 37), refers to him aa ' distingui&h'd byMr. Secretary Ktt,na a writer bjaccldeiit, not profession,and as already secur'd against any reverse of fortune by the gratitude and {^nerosity of former friends.' ' His taste and iDgenuity,* says Horace Walpole, recom- manded him to Pitt, but their association, throug-h Pitt's haughtineas and Wood's pride, did not last long. Two letteis which he wrote to PitI in September 17tf3 are in the ' Chatham Correepondeoce ' (ii. 246-62 ), and they were evidently written to re-estabLsh frieodly relations. Through the inSueiice of the Diike of Bridgewater, for whom he act«d in parliament fC*TBKOisM, Debate*, i, 500- 604), Wood sat from the general election of March 1761 until his death for the pocket- borough of Brackley in Xorlbamptonsbire. In December 17G2 be was busied with the preliminaries of the treaty of Paris, The anecdote of his visit to the dying Carteret upon that occasion, when Carteret cited the speech of Sarpedon (Riad, xii. 332-8), is well known. It IB aaid hy Matthew Arnold to ethihit ' the English aristocracy at its very height of culture, lofty spirit, and greatness ' (On Translating Homer, pp. 16-18; the bu- thority for the anecdote is Wood's E»say on the Oeniux of Homer, 1769, p. ii n.} Under a general warrant and the orders of Lord Ualifaii, Wood seized on 30 April 1763 the papers of John Wilkes. He was then LordEgremont'Baecretary.butWeaton, on whom the duty devolved aa Ixinl Hali- fax's assistant, declined the task on account of age and infirmity. An action for tres- pass viKtt thereupon brought by Wilkes Bgwnst Wood on 8 Dec, 176-^, and a verdict was obtained for 1,000^ {State Triali, lix. 1153-70). Ha afterwards became, through Itridgewater'a nction, a member of the Bed- ford party. ' Ills general behaviour was decent as became his dependent situation, but his nature was hot and veering to des- potic' (Walpolb, Oeorffe III, ed. Barker, 1, aSQ). From 20 Jan. 1763 he was uidep-wcretary to Lord Weymouth in the northern department, and on 21 Oct- in th* same year he fallowed that peer to tht •outheffl department, remainiikg under hin in that position until December 1770. Wood managed the entire buaness of the office, was very violent a^nst "■Wilkes, and defended the ministry in the Houae of Commons ' with heat and sharpness.' la 1769 and 1770 he was suspected of stoct- fobbing and of intrignlag, under the belid that a war with Spain was nttaToidabl* and that Chatham would be c&Iled to oSce (ifi. iii. 97, 133, 143, iv. 2, 123-li. It wia suggested in December 1769 that Lord Goner might be lord-lieutenant of Ireland, with Wood as his secretary, whereupon tb Irish gentlemen made many objections > U his mean birth and his public and private character' (Hiet. MSS. Comm. Bth Bep. E. 191), After a 'very short indisposition' e died at his house at Putney on 9 I^ept. 1771 in his fifty-fifth year. This house w« that in wliicb Gibbon was bom, and Wood had purchased it from the elder Gibbon. Wood was buried on 15 Sept. in a new vanlt in the nest part of the new burial-ground near the Upper Richmond Road. A superb monument of white marble, with an epitapb by Horace Walpole, was erected by hit widow, Ann Wood, and it commemoralM the doalh of their son, Thomas Wood, oo 25 Aug. 1772, in his ninth year. Hi» library was sold in 1772. Besides the woA by Mengs,aportrait of him by Hamilton wu engraved by Hall. Wood was drawn aside into politics before he had time to finish his classiesl labours. Hia chief object in his eastern voyages was to read ' the Iliad and Odywej in the countries where Achilles fough^ where Ulvsses travelled, and where Homer sung.' lie commnnicated the rough cJtetch of his later work to Dawhins, who di#d very late in 1767 or early in 1758, bat it was not finished for severaJ years later Seven copies of it were printed in 1767 with the title 'A Comparative View of the Antient and present State of the Troade. To which is prefired an Eiiayon the Original Genius of Homer.' But tlie impreasion in the Grenville Library contains only th« essay on Homer. An enlut^d and anony- mous edition of this part came out in 17S9 as ' An Elssay on the Original Genius of Homer,' and the whole scheme was edited by Jacob Bryant in 1775 as ' An Ea^y on the Original Genius and Writings of Homer, with a Comparative View of the Ancient and present State of the Troade.' Tbi* contnined views by Borra of ' Anciifnc Troas ' and of ' Ancient Ruins ni>ar Troy,' t work vns translated into French, ItAlian, and Spanish, the French of 1777 being by Dfemaiinier. '-Obevalier in his ' DeBcriptiocB of the I'lain of Troy,' which waa publighed with notes by Professor Andrew Daael in 1791,asserl8 tha" "Wood WHS 'quite bewildered in the Troad, and atler an examination of Wood's map fe>ndemlls his account aa ' conTertin^ the hole into a mass of confusion' (pp. 66, ©-81). Gibbon, in a note to chapter syii. o^ ' Decline and Fail,' while bsrrowing e rk from Wood, censures him bb ' ar itbor who in general seems to have dis- ipoiiited the expectation of the public as e itic and slitl more as u traveller,' but this in marked contrast to his reference (in lap. ti. note) to ' the maeniflcent de- riplions and drawings of Dawkins and Eood, who have transported into England 1 ruina of Palmyra and Baalbec' The [ eiamination of the ' Essay on 1 Thomas Howee'a ' Critical Ob- on Books' (i. 1-79) auma np the Uuirv with the remark that ' he in- Slgea too much to the suggestions of his *m genius.' But it interested Goethe in U younger days and developed hia powers. ^, Letters from Wood are printed in Mr. GilleapieSmyth's 'Sir R.M, Keith' (i.C9-70) and the ' Mure Papers at Caldwell ' (Mait- land Club, ii. pt. i. pp. 1.53^, 179). He left behind him Beveral manuscripts not suffi- ciently arranged for publication. Several letters from him are among the Newcastle insnuscriptB at the British Museum and in Egorton MS. 2697. [Gent, Miig. 1771. p. i2li; Nichols's Lit. Anef dotes, iii. 81-6, 919, viii. 12R-7, SI4, ii. 1*4-5 ; Lysons's Environs, i. 420-1 ; Notes and Querifls. 9tb ser. ii. 137-8; BallaotyDB's Lord Carteret, pp. 363-fi ; HieL Notices of Dllettsoti Boe. pp. 87-9, lao ; Costs DilBttanli Soc. pp. ei>-110. 260i Chatham Corcosp. i. 432; Gren- Tille Papers, ii, 137, ^82, ili. 94-6; Walpola's Ooorge III, ed. Barker, i. 216, 264, 2SS-9. iv. M7, 163. 229 : Mure Papers at Culdwell, toI. ii. Et. i. pp. 191. 230. vol. ii. pt. ii. p. 5S.1 J W. P. C. F WOOD, 8EABLES VALENTINE, the ■Slder (179S-1880), geologist, was son of John Wood, solicitor, of Woodbridge, by his wife Maty Ann, daughter of Simon Baker of Ipswich. Bom on 14 Feb. 1798, and brought "n that town, he served from 1811 to 1825 1 officer in the East India Company's y. After retiring from that service he |i,VeUed for a time, then settled down to palrDontologLcal studies at Tlasketon, near Woodbridge, where he became partner with his father in a bank. About 1836, owing to a failure of health, he retired from business. Change and real cured him, and then he settledin London. Here he joined the Lon- don t!I ay Club, founded by John Scott Bower- bunk [q. v.j, and for a time acted as curator of the Geological Society's museum. In 1844-5 be lived abroad for hia son's educa- tion, and on bis return made his home first at Staines, and then at Brentford, till he went back in 1876 to Suffolk, residing at Mnrtlesham. near Woodbridge. "Whileatill young Wood began to study the East-Anglian crag, at a time when fossils were much more easily obtained than they now are, with the result that during his long life he formed a splendid collection. During hia residence in London he arranged with Frederick Edwards, who was hardly less en- thusiastic in working the metropolitan dis- trict, to describe the fossil mollusca of the British tertiary strata; the former under- taking the Pliocene, the latter the Eocene. Wood, who had already published a ' Cata- logue of Crag Shells' in the 'Annals and Magazine of Natural History,' lS40-d, had made considerable progress when the Palfeon- tographical Society was founded, and its first volume, published in 1848, consisted of his memoir on the ' Crag Univalves ; ' the ' Bi- valves' appearing in parts between 1860 and 1866. After this he went to the nid of his friend, undertaking the 'Eocene Bivalves,' which appeared in the society's volumes between 1859 and 1877, but was left incom- plete, because the Edwards collection had been acquired by the British Museum, and was thus of necessity less accessible tfl Wood, especially at his advanced age. But he issued a supplement to the 'Crag Mollusca ' in the volumes for 1871 and 1873, and a second supplement in that for 1879, His labours thus completed, be presented his unrivalled collection to the British Museum of Natural History. The above-named work on the ' Creg Molluscs' fills three large quarto volumes, illustrated by numerous iilates, and is universally recognised as one of the highest value ; indeed so great was the demand tiiat the Pa! iFOntogTapbical Society reprinted the first volume. Wood also published about ten separate papers on geological subieets. Elected F.G.S. in 1839, te received in 1860 the Wollaston medal, the society's highest distinction, and was a member of various other societies, English and foreign. A man with wide interests in natural history, lie concetitrated himself on one great task, lor, Oc be nid, * I wa« bom in ugiit The Capitoline Museum of Sculpture: a Catalogue, Rome, 1^72, 8va 8vo. HiB brother, Marshall Wood (J. 1882), Kulptor, exhibited at the Royal Academy between ISoJ and 187& twenty-four works, and two at the Britiah Institute. At tbe ■c&demy in 1854 he Bhowtxl a medallion of Bobert fiTiiwiung and a bust of Miss Helen Grey. In 1864 he was repreiBDIfd at the academy by portrait-hufita in marble of the Prince of Wiiles and the Princesa of Wales, and other marble busts. lie designed statues of the nueen for Melbourne, Sydney, Mont- i«al, CaiuuttB, and Ottawa. There ia alao a statue of heroic size in bronze of Richard Cobden in St, Ann's Square, Manchester, but neither as a portrait nor aa a work of art can it be considered satisfactory. There is a re- Itica of this statue in Uampatead Ruad, lOndon, He died in London in August 1882. [Athemeum, S Frb. 18SB, p. 208 ; Mancbcitor City News, 7 Feb. l88o, 18 Fob. 1886, 211 Feb. 1880; Hoyal Academy Catalaguea : Grares*B CW. of ArLiBlB; Times, II Feb, 1886.1 A. N. WOOD, THOMAS (1661-1722), lawyer, bom on 20 Sept. 1661 at Oxford, in the parish of St. Jonn Baptist, was the eldest •on of Robert Wood {1030-1686) of Oxford city, by his wife Mary (1638-1718), daughter of Thomas Drope (d. ItiM), vicar of Cumnor in Berkshire, and niece of Francis Drone S.T.] Anthony Wood ro.T.] waa his uncle, e becatae a scholar of Winchester College 1675, and matriculated from St. Alban Hall, Oiford, ou 7 June 1678. On 24 Aug. 1079 be waaelected a fellow of New College, ■whence he graduated B.C.L. on 6 April 1687 and D.C.I,. in 1703. Wood was a zealous champion of hia uucle, Anthony Wood, aa whose proctor he acted iu 169:i and 1693 in "le suit instituted against him for libelling le first Earl of Clarendon. In 1693 he :plied anonymously to some criticisms of umet in ' A Vindication of the Historii>- erapher of the University of Oxford and his Works from the Reproachea of the Bishop of Salisbury' (London, 4to)i and in 161ff he published, also anonymously, ' An Appen- " to the Life of Seth W'ard' (London, i), in which he severely attacked both "Ward and Walter Pope [q.v.l on account of ■ome liberties that he conBidered Pope had taken with Anihony Wood. He was called to the bar by the society of Oray's Tiin r.r grafia ou 31 May 1692, at the iiiBUnM nf bis kinsman, Lord-chief-justico Sir John Holt [q. v.] Wood acquired considerable fame an a lawyer by bis writings, in spitu of of Thomas Ueame (1678- 1735] [q. v.] that ■ those who are the best judges were ' of opinion that he is 1 "'twere & dabbler ' (IIbarmb, Colteclim 121). His greatest work is his 'Institi of the Laws of England ; or the Laws of England in their Natural Order, according to Common Use ' (Loudon, 1720, 2 vols. 8vo), a treatise founded on the ' Discourse ' of Sir Henry Finch [q, v.] It attained its t«nth edition in 1772 (London, folio), and re- mained the leading work on EngliKh law until superseded by Blaukstone's 'Com: taries' in 1769. An introductory ti entitled ' Some Thoughts concerning i Study of the Laws of England in the t Universities,' which first appeared in 17DS (London, 4to), and was republished in 1737, was after 17S0 published with the subse- quent editions of Wood's ' Institute.' In middle life Wood abandoned the pro- fession though not the study of law, look orders, and on 17 March 1704 was presented to the rectory of Hardwick in Buckingham- ahire, retaining the benefice until his death, which took place at Hardwick on 12 July 1722. In I70o he married Jane Baker or Barker (Hbabite, CvlUcthru, i. 48, 193, ii. 193). There ia a portrait of him in tha warden's lodgings at New College. An engraving by Micnael Van der Gucht is pre- fixed to the edition of his ' Institute of the Laws of England ' published in 1724. Besides the works mentioned, Wood waa theaulhorof: 1. ' A Dialogue between Mr. Prejudice, a dissenting Country Gentleman, andMr. Reason, a Student in the University: being a short Vindication of the University from Popery, and an Answer to some Objec- tions concerning the D[uke] of Yfork],' Lion- don, 1682, .Jto. 2. 'The DiBsentuig Casuist, or the second part of a Dialogue between I'rejudice and Reason,' London, 1682, 4to. 3. ' Juvenilis Redivivua ; or the First Satyr of Juvenal taught to speak Plain English: a Poem," London, 1683, 4to. 8, 'A Pin- daric Ode upon the Denth of Charles II,' Oiford, 1685, fol. ; dedicated to James Bertie, earl of Abingdon. 4. ' Angliie Notitiic sive prresens Status A ngliiB succmcte enucleatus,' Oxford, 1686, 12mo: an abridged transla- tion of ' The Present State of England,' by Edwrird Chamberiayne [q. v.] fi, 'A New Institute of the Imperial or Civil Law,' Lon- don, 1704, Bvo; 4th edit, with No. 6, Lon- don, 1780, 8vo, 6, 'A Treatise on the First Priucjplesof LawinOeneroh out of French,' London, 1706, 8vo; new edit. London, 1708, «vo. With Francis WillU he published ' Anncruoii done into English' (Diibrd, 1688, 8vu), completing the labours of John . OUUm <1653^!<^) "^q. r.j and Atrsliuii Cowlejr ' q. \.~j br truuUtitig the odes vhieli tbej Ilm nM Blread J readered into EnglUh- ComiseadBtarj lenea bj Wood wen fi^- Sxed to WUte Keoaett's ' Moris Eooomiuoi ' (1683) ud to OldlHUB's 'Bemuni' (16»i). [Wood'i AtLcnt Okni. «d. Blue roL t. p|L Ixixii, dxiii. rol. ir.Tb7'sWiQcl»sterSebol>ni, 1S88. £200: AJIiboiie'ml«i'a Cat. of Engraved Portraits, pp. 193. 468; daildhsll MS. 193; Add. MS. SSSitl (Brit. Mas.) ; iafarmsUon f^m Col. Walranii] B. F. WOOD. WILLI.VM (1671-1730), irtm- master, of Wolyerhamplon. bom on 31 July 1C71, ia stated lo have owned large copper and iron works in the west of England, and to have bad a lease of mines upon crown Eroperties in ihirty-nine counties of Eng- Lnd and Wales. Ue was also one of t£a first founders in England seriously to endea- your to manufacture iron with pit coal His industry was prosperous, and from i(i9^ to 1713 he resided at the Deanery, Wolier- hampton. In a letter datLnl Kensington, 16 June 17-'3, Geoi^ I commanded that an inden- ture should beprepared between the king and William Wood, by which Wood ws* tohavethesoleprivilegeond license for four- teen years to coin halfpence and farthings to be uttered and disposed of in Ireland and not elsewhere. It was provided that the qiiantity coined during the fourteen years should not exceed 360 tons of copper (or in value 100,800/.), the said coins to be of good, pure, and merchantable copper, and approu- mateiy of equal weight and site, in order that they might pass as current money. Wood consented to pay the king's clerk or comptroller of the coinage 200/. yearly, and 100/. per annum into the king's ex- chequer. The patent was passed by the commons on 'Ji July without any reference having been made either to the Irish privy councd or to the lord lieutenant. It was subsequently revealed that the patent had been put up to auction by the king's foreign mistress, the Duchess of Kendal, and had been secured hy Wood for a cash paymmt of 10,000/., in addition to douceurs to ths entourage of the duchess. The minting was commenced in January 17^^-3, or peT> haps before that date, in I'hcenix Street, Seven Dials {Frefholiifm' Journal, 23 Jan. 1723), the coinage being conveyed thence to Bristol and stored there, preparatory \i 1>eing shipped to vaHous Irish porls (cf, 6eter, Memoin uf Briilul, ii. 75). Suven- teen thousand pounda' irorth of coin was thuB littered during 172^-3. It was better tlisn had b(»«n miiit«d by former pti- «g under Charles II and William and Ifary, and a small currenc^r was f^eatty . demand throughout Ireland. On the her hand, the amount ordered to be coined was greatlv in excess of what was needed. Though the workmanship whs |{ood, the quality of the coin was poor (30i/. being ~ ined out of the same amount of copper 23d. in England), and the measure m- lived a tax upon the country of between . cand seven thousand pounds a year. Thp ffirciimstances under which the patent had been granted were held by a section of popu- lar opinion in Dublin to be dishonourmg to the nation, and a great clamour was Tkised, in response to which the Irish le of Commons on 13 Sept. 1723 re- solved in commiltee that the patent was a source of danger to the country, and that » W. Wood was puilty of a moat notorious 'fraud in his coining.' Wood published an injudicious reply in the 'Flying Post ' on S Oct. 1723, and subsequently fanned tile popular indignation by the foolish boast that with Walpole's help ho would cram the brass down the throats of the Irish, whether they liked it or not. The appearance in April 1724 of the first of Switfa twopenny trat'ts, called ' The Drapier's Letters,' was the signal for a storm of satire and recrimination directed nomi- nally against William Wood. The govern- ment of Walpole, after a brief attempt at temporising, gave way before the feHiing aroused, and Wood'a patent wsa surrendered in August 172o. A similar fate awaited the patent which Wood had obtained in 1722 to strike balance, pence, and twopenees for the English colonies in America. The coins under this patent, made of composition called ' Wood's metal ' or ' Bath metal,' and 'n as the Rosa Americana coinage, only bear the dates 1732 and 1723. These coins, good sets of which now realise 3/., were ori- ginally minted at the French Change in Uogg une, Seven Dials. By way of compensation &r the loBSof his patents Wood was granted a pension of 8,000/. a year for eight yeara. He enjoyed this for three years only, dying in London on 2 Aug. 1730 {Hvit. Reg. Chron. Diary, p. 53). lie married Mary (Molvneui) There are two varieties of the hal^any : on some dated 1732 Hibemia holds the hup with both hands ; on others of 1722-4 sho rests her left arm upon the harp. The far- things resemble the second variety. [Mason's UiBt.ofSl. FatricX'a, Dubtia, pp. 330 aq.; Simon's Eseiy on Irisb Cniua, ISIO, pp. 70 •q, I Ruding's Annals of the OoinHge. ii. 6B aq. ; Thorbom's CoiDa of Great Britain and Ireland, ed. Orueber. 1898, pp. S;;5, 2*4 ; Crosby's Early Coins of A mm cB, \915, pp. 14G-66; Timmins's Indostrial Hist, of Birmingham, p. 240; Ander- son 'sCommerca, iii. 124: l]iBt.Ileg.l724,pp,I82, 243 aq. ; A Defence of the Condnut of the Irish PeopU. 1724; Cou's UFe of Sir R. Walpole, chup. izvi.; Bnulter's Letters, i. 4, It; The Dnipiar Damolished, 1724; LettBra of Swift, ad. O. Birkbwk Hill, 1899; Craik's Life of Sirift, Ep. 342, 634; Scott'a Lifs of S«ift, p. 288; «ck.v's UJBL ii. 42fi ; Uikhon's Hiat. of England io the Eigbt«enth CsQinry ; Notes and Qnerias, 6!h ler. iv. 47, Bth ser. xii. 8 ; WhrnUsy and Cunninehnm'a Landun, iii. 83 ; Cut. of Satirical Prints in ths Hrit. Mus. (vol. i. No. 1749); Brit. Mus, C«t.] T. 8. WOOD, WILLIAM (1745-1808), bota- nist and nonconformist minister, son of Benjamin Wood, a member of the Christian Society at Northampton, waa bom on 29 May 1745 (O.S.) at Collingtree, near Northsn ton. He was educate under Stephen Ai ington [q. v.] at Market Harborough, going thence at the age of sixteen to David Jen- tiittgB*B icademy in London to be traiiied for the ministry [tee Jbxkixqb, Uivid]. After ordination he becao liii public Berric«B at Debenham, SutTDlk, on 6 Jul; 1766. Tfa« remainder of (hat year and pact of the next he spent near London, but in September be iettfed at Stamford, Lincolnabire. He re- moved thence to Ipawieh in Kovember 1770, where he remain^ till the close of 177i. On 30 May 1773 he succeeded Joseph Priest' Ie7[q.v.] at the Mill Hill Chapel, Leeds, >n apDointment which he retained till his death. In 1782 be began a series of lecture* for the young, which, delivered once a fortnight, lasted for Beverat yean. These embraced a wide range of subjects; but he had jiaid much attention lo natural history, especially botany, and became a fellow of the Liunean Society of London in 1791. Hecontributed the botanical articles to Abraham Rees's ' Cycloptedia' from B to C, and articles to James Sowerby's ' Enflish Botany ' (Xos. 57-775), as well as to Uie second edition of Williani Withering's 'Botanical Arrange- ment of the Vegetables in Oreat Britain,' while he furnished some articles on natural history to the ' Annual Review,' and a short account of Leeds to Aikin's' History of Maa- cheeter' He died at Leeds on I April li-m. He married, in 1760, IjOuisa Ann, second daughter of Oeorge Oates of Low Hall, near Leeds, by whom be bad four children. In addition to some published sermons he waa author of: I. 'An Abridgment of Ur. Walls's Psalms and Hymns ' (written with B. Carpenter), [1780PJ. 8vo. 2. 'A brief Enquiry concemmg the Dignity of the Ordi- nance of the Lord's Supper,' Leeds, 17IK), 8vo. 3. ' Forms of Prayer ' (for his congre- gation at Leods), Xieeds, 1601, l3mo. lUBmoirs liy C. Wellbelored, 1807 (with a •ilBonctle) ; Rwb's Cyclopadia, vol. xixriii-i Oent. Mag. 1B08, i. 372, ii. 910; Brit. Mas. Cat.] B. B. W. WOOD, WILLI.^M (1774-1857), loolo- fiit and surgeon, was bom in Kendal in 774, and educated for the medical profea- aion at St. Bartholomew's Hospital under John Abemethy [q. v.] He began practice as a surgeon at Vi mgham, near Canterbury. Turning hi« attention early to natural his- tory, be became a fellow of the Linnean Society of London in ITOS, nud in 1801 con- tributed a paper 'Un the Hinges of Britiah Bivalve Shells ' lo the ' Transactions ' of that society. He was elected a fellow of the Itoyal Society of London in 1612. Abotit 1601 he removed to London, where he prac- tised till 18IS,whenhe entered into business U a bookseller in the Strand, dealing chiefly in works on natural hUtory. He quiil«d business in 1640 and went to t«aide it Ituialip, Middlesex, where he dtcdonlKMay 1867, leaving a son (38 Mar aocoiditig t« Gmt.Mag. 1867, ii. lUl). He was author of : 1. 'Zoograpby :ortl« Beauties of Nature displayed in aeleet Descriptions from the Animal and Ve^elabl^ with additions from the Mineral Kingdwa . . , with plates ... by ^V. Daniell,' Londo^ 1607-11, 3 vols. 8vo. 2. 'tienerwl Om- chology,' vol.)., London, 18I6.8to; nassaei with a new title-page, 1836. &. 'Indca TestaceologicuB,' London, 1818, 8ra; Saded. with supplement and list of plat«a, 1828-9: new ed. revised bySylvanus Danley [1656-] 1656. 4. ' Illustrations of the Linneaa Genera of Insects,' London, I83I, 2 vola. 12mo. 5. ' Catalogue. . . of the beat Wo^ on Natural Uistorv,' London, 1824, 8vo; new ed. 1632. B. 'I^ossiliaHanU)niensia[by U. Solander] . . . Reprint«d with a list ef the figures ... by W. Wood,' London, 1829, 4to. 7. ' A complete Illustration of the British Freshwater Fishes,' 3 Noe., London [1840F], 8vo and 4to. 8. ■ Index Entomolo- gicus,' London, [1833-J1839, 8vo ; new ed. with supplement by John Obadiah West- wood (q. v.], London, 1854, 8to. He edited Buffon's 'Natural Hiatoiy.' with a life of the author, London and York, 1812, 20 vols.Bvo. He also drew the figures for Ilanley's 'Illustrated . . . Catalogue of recent Bivalve ShelU' (1&12). and Wpvd to illustrate Charlea Thorpe's ' British .Manna Concho]ogy'(l&14). [Proc. Linn. Sot 1867-8, p. xl ; Brit. Mas. CM.; Nat. Hist. Mm. Cat.] B. B. W. WOOD, WILLIAM PAGE, B*Bos Hathbelei (1801-1881), lord cbancellur, and fourth child of Sic wa£ bom at his on 29 Nov. 1801. Most of fiis early year* were spent at the house of his grandmother (Mrs. Page) at Woodbridge in Suffolk, when; for a time be attended the free school, l-'rom ltj09 to 1812 he was at Dr. Lindsay's scLonI at Dow in Essex, and in September 1812 he entered at Winchester. He was not on the foundation. Heremainedtheretill May 1818, when, in consequence of his joining in a 'bar- ring out,' which the school authoriti as digni- fied by summoning the military to their assis- tance, he was compelled to leave in company with theotlier senior prefects. He then spent two years at Geneva, where he was dIbcdiI in charge of Duvillard, professor of Etelles- lellres, and attended the univerut^ lectures. Through his father be was acquainted with Matthew Wood [q. T.], w father's house in Falcon £ i numbere of men of eminence of the whig and ■todical parties, and ia 1817 had aeon in Paris many of the ch in f liberal poUliciana. lie hud already read wucli, and at Geneva he acquired a pood conversational knowledge of French and Italian and went into university societj?. In 1820 he returned to England in the tram of Queen Caroline, whose cause waa vigo- rously championed by his father at the time, and afterwards spent the summer months in Italy with Chevalier Vasaelli, collecting evi- dence for the qneen'a case. When he entered Trinity College, Cambridge, in October, be 'was accordingly much more cultivated and much better informed than most under- graduates of his yeare, but his college career was hampered by ill-heitlth. In 19SI lie won the second college declamation priie with an essav in favour of the Revolution of 1668, an:l in 1823 was elected to a scholarahip ; but he came out only twenty- fourth wrangler in January 1824, and had to retire from the final classical einmtnation altogelher. In October of that year he was elected to a fellowship, though his election was nearly vetoed by dissentients who fluppoaed tum to hold bis father's radical opinions, and remembered bia priie essay of 1821. From the time when, as sheriff of London, his father had taken him to the Old Bailey sesaions, his ambition had turned towards a Jegal career. In Trinity term 1824 he entered Lincoln's Inn, proposed and seconded by Brougham and Denman, and he read law in the chamber of Roupell. The winter of 1829 be spent with pupils in the south of Europe, and, after studying conveyancing under John Tvrrell in 1836, be was called to the bar on 27 Nov. 1827, and started practice at 3 Old Square, Lincoln's Inn. lie soon obtained business, and his first apeoch in court was delivered before the House of XiOrds in Weatmeath v. Westmeath. He Tffas much employed in railway work before 1811, as well as in the chancery courts, and it was out of one of his cases that the clause since known as the ' Whamcliffe clause' originated. In 1841 he gave up parliamentary work, and was rewarded bv a YSTj lai^ and immediate increase in his chancery practice. He became a queen's oounsel in February 1845. By this time his pecuniary position and Eospecta were excellent. His father had herited a large fortune, and his own savings ttoia professional earnings were enough to make him independent of practice. As early as 1829 he waa earning 1,000/. a year, and had become engaged to Charlotte, daughter of Major Edward Moor [q. t.]; they were murried on 5 Jan. 16.10, and lived in Dean's Yard, Westminster, till 1844. As a queen's counsel prospects opened to Wood, which made him adhere to his profession, and he attached himself to the court of Vice-chan- cellor Sir James Wigram [q.T-] He was a strong high-churcbman and an advanced liberal, and, entering parliament for Oxford in 1847, spoke principally on ecclesiastical topics, such as church rates, the ecclesias- tical commission, the deceased wife's sister bill, and the admission of Jews to parlia- ment. In 1850 he obtained a committee on the oaths question, of which he waa chairman ; and it was he who moved that Baron Itothschild be permitted to take his seat in July 1850 [see lioTHSOHiLD, Lionel Natkah Db]. He also spoke and voted in favour of the ballot and nousehold suffrage and against the game laws. In May 1849 he accepted from Lord Campbell, chancellor of the duchy, the vice- chancellorship of the county palatine of Lancaster, thenasinecure worth 600/. a year, but only on condition that his court should be reformed and be made an actual working tribunal. An act was accordingly passed for this purpose, and he held the office for two years. In 1851 he was a member of the commission on the court of chancery, and prepared several bills for the purpose of improving chancery pro- cedure, which ultimately were passed. In the same year he was appointed solicitor- general in Lord John RusseA's administration and was knighted. A vice- chancellorship n'as offered to him shortly afterwards, which he wns inclined to accept, as he found that the strain of office, particularly during the passing of the ecclesiastical titles bill, wbicti ne heartily supported, told heavily upon hia health, and destroyed the comfort of his domestic life; but at Lord John Russell's request he refused the offer and held on. The ministry went out in February 1852, but in December, when forming his admini- stration, Lord Aberdeen offered Wood the solicitor-generalship again, or the vice-chan- cellorship vacated by Robert Mousey Rolfe, first baron Cranworth [qv.] The latter waa accepted, and Wood was sworn in before the commeucement of Hilary term 1853. For the next fifteen years he was an active chan- cery judge. Hia practice, only once departed from, was to deliver oral jud^ents only, without delaying to put them into writing, and, thus delivered, iney were occasional^ ill-arranged and fragmentary. On this habit I Lord Campbell, when lord chancellor, chose to animadvert severely in December 18B0 * I his judgment in Burch i.'. Bright I ', chose ^H 860 in ^M appeal ^^M Wood a3.' Woodall i^aannHLloTs uiii ":i»f .iiaiir.=ir n "iiK mila inir^i ;n .1 >Tri*r "i Luri >.'.impi>*il ^nfffsniur atfaiiwT. ra:.'* ainrip ,f .miirwirlT '.eiiruniur i Muitf*r it* -ii« viiir" if ■^iiaxn:»rr7. :vim:h. )o- r.iineft !ilzii imt^mtrt nriin 'Iik :tiaan*fiL}r. In ■ .ir.1nr.i7 -n;pir«i -n :riixizm24=ti(,iu in Tanr.iw *t.ir irft '.a-v. in»i .n ■:i»r ini'-'^r-irB' it '.'iim- ar*jir?ac.:r* .n "ii^? tirfpur** her^-itta ^iip |iu^xi anii ~liK sin J :z Ft.irni^fr "vir.ii r«;iFiri * > "an jiidruif* .f ipp»-ru .n F-ihriar7 !"?<>. imi m »:iiaai!»:lli:r .a ^iie ±r^T ■ jla.ji -VIS ^omw'vhiir laeT- p^r-rii. TUT .a inrr. ir 1 "incr-.ir^ vhttn "iie .ij4*r'r.i.:Laam»*n". :f ~2k Lr..-*ii ^lii ir:a ▼** Ji ««:ii.iii If-ffil l»^»irr..aj' laii -riimf:?-! la ir:iiaiaa- E.:«ia'.:»iLl Pilaxrr :VL* 'rau.* it? -^'viil-i ai^r liSfBC o Triaj : . . l-.* ii*apr, r: ^rii .f "iie 3ie:wiir». H ■» wTi "i»ia irsar-ni Btiriri HirJwrleT :f HA:arr- ;t»n :r» ::' •!i> .£i:»r i- "^:t:k ta ■iif'^tiT'r parr in ^iir Ir-*Ii :riir:c. ifrha^rs. riii^ija i»* vaj piLA-^-i "z.-* Baz'st.z'-'.j \r. :: l?n'.* — -i 2:^:1- 4 17- :!i.'d- fr :"-:•.--: ".j Tt-l?.::. ::' rir •*::- c". irut-r—-:-' :* r^'T " : riz^-.z.*^. iji'-.iir.'fr:::.!^ tr'«:^-*-:.-r* i-i *-- .".-irEi-rai:" ::" .":* -a^-i- a • .... . ■ « ^ t:r.-.- A- . '.".-:i iV-i.. r. Hv: . 1 l-VTr n_A. >.-..-•:. riT^ liTi &r. i In i .-*ri ■ i* : L- "*"■-* i z "•-•^ i— i ^m ?Lrn" j.ir-. ir. : 1:*' in j ;'.-'■.- i ioive a::?: :: hi? r'/.l-:ij:-r*. Hi* :-:>.:n5 -wrvrv rirvly ap- p^'/.vi :> a:, in i rrvrrvri sr- rarely «::1I. « »!i*-! :•; *h-- la-w hr hii aiiny ac::v::ir* ini ir.T'.r- -*.-. WL^n a y:- :nr =.ia he t^.in•^^i:ri the • N .fViTu Or^ran ;ni ' ::r Ki.s:l M:n:aj-V e''l>.: jn of * B ■.■: :'n.' m i •nr--urh M i-nta^j tK- carr.- intiaiat- with C-jlrrl i*e. Carlvl-- . ani Irving': witL }.:• '^"h •: l-irirnd I^eaa llcok h-^ wa s i nt i ma* ♦: a: In:- 1:1-. He wa* d'.-rp : v pious and ac'iv" in j: :d works. From lSi4 on- wanl- he was a aiTmlrrr of the committ-w oi the National >oc:vty. and froai lS3b to 1677 he was a con=tanl ^fandav-schocl t'jacher in ■viiii:a Ok H'rinL HI** "•:rEr»?:-t^ aumfi. * Ji -ill* N'lrj-.cLil PirrrjL int .ra«r j? in Fj»haxi:ii;ris'H±lL Lrti:?::uv :aL>rti • Tn*a. xzii ii* *»r.r?a :f -t.^i^r^i:.* fr:ai -liTc Bit' riirrii;ja *t»v-nl TiL'i'ltL*- TQ • Marn&re ■?-c*i:--i-Thf irLich an 1 <>i :n*r>v. 1m2; J.JLH. WOODALL. J'.'HX . :.>3^.5-li>45.. ^ar- z^-in. iiira. ihr i" I->Tr, "w-u «.--a of Richard ^VxiLiIL :c 'W irTT-jjk aai hi* irif-? Marr, iii.i;f!i-^r :-c P-LT^ I-iri: o( Xorrh Wal4 H-t ir-.rii liir u i az.-^arr s-irr*ron in L.-ni W_.:nia=37* rri^aifr::-: ia'lo&l '*e* Bertie. E*Haz«i2:3i\ la-i a^..rr«^rdi fiTed a tread a* >r :a«i la '.Twni.Lrj. aai. J£tt:)irinr'^Tniian v-il. nr-i'i 13 La:frrpr«**r :o an ^albas'^T **n": •lai'h'rr r.j t^id^a Elizal^th. He r^ aiii::i'tii -iija* y-ear* ia German t. rravrllini: il*' -a Fria.-tr la-i ia Poland, where he prurt jwii -rn^ cirv of rh-r rla^nie. In loi^ at; -TLs A-iaiir-r^i :■:■ :a- Barber-Surgwa* L'-impaaj in Ljciorn. of which he became a LT^n -a >J JC an i aiaster in ld33. He also *p»ra*: *:ai-i *::=:- :a H rllmi. whrre he l-i^J -v.-n i I'i:ona:ia wh? liv^i by makicr :'" .a--r-.: aL.-lr. ni:- ani Vraice treacle, .■f wn. :- 'n-r ::7!a-:r la.TOT-a-iin-rd nine ■limpl'-s in-Vii :' rnr -s-vrnry-fTr- of :he genuine ^ n:v>:'..:n. wlilr ta- Treaci-r wa.s madtr to «*■— V-nT:iin by ir^^a: :■ islr a::arkrd pewter Vvx-T. '.»a bis rv-um be Iive«i in AV.-*.^ zf-^TT*. L-n::a. ani w:rked hard with his ci> :a :b^ zIltit ■:: lrii>3. H* was 5»^nl ■earlT in JiaiT-* I's rvlrn :o Poland on public ■'. :i.ZTSS. Hr was -lei^td surzeon to St. Rir 1 1 lairw's H ><: iral on 19 Jan. Itilil on iL's rr* rni'ira of Kioh&rd Mapes. and held :■£ T till LL- : ^rr. :va:b. In 161:?, on the for- a: 1*1 n : f 'be Elist laili Company into a joint- ?:■:•:£ r.-.is:ar*a. W-.:.iall was appointed its nnsr su-rreja-jva-rrAl. and continued in office :'. r nr ir'y :b:ry y-ars. He at once drew up rer -iV- :ns for rbeir ^urreon*. and exact list? oi iniiruaien:* and remedies for their chests, and :a Ujl7 pub'.isbtrd. chiefly for their use ani That oi iMrjt^ns in the kind's service, • T-v > irr:-»n's Mate, or a Treatise discowr- inj faitLfulIv the due contents of the Sur- i:i:ns Chest'.' On iM March 1617-lS his salarT was • increased to 30/. a vear' ( Cal. Stnt^' Paper*, East Indies. 1617-21, p. 141). In l«*'i'4 he was accused of employinjr un- skillul sui^ons {Jb. 1622-4, p. 413). Woodall Woodard Woodftll wfts also iaterested in ibf Virginia Coiiipajir> to whicli he subscribed 37^ lOi., but is Mid not (o have paid it. In tbe dU- es between thepartv of Sir Edwin Sandya v.]and that of 3ir Thomas Smith(1558P- 1625) [q. v.], Woodall sided with Smith, l-^hose surgeon he was. Un 18 July 1620 he twafi suspended from the court of tbe com- ~Miiy pending an inquiry into his ' foule as- JercionupponSirEdwinSandys.' OnSOOct. ri623 he voted for the Burrender of the coin- 's charters to tbe crown. He had been ftctiTe in promoting the exportation of ■ caittle to Virginia to supply the colonists ^-tnth milk, and disputes ubout his cattle jntioned in the correspondence be- tween the English privy council and the governor of \irginia (Cnl. &ale Papem, Amer. and West Indies, 1574-1660, pp. 53, 238, 291). In 1628 Woodall published ' Viaticum, being L-the Pathway to tbe Surgeon's Chest.' It con- liiuns a list of instruments and directions for P'the treatment of surgical cases. The ordinary 1 gurgeon was allowed a chest worth 17^., and the aurgeon-major one of 48/. value, and Woodall praises the discretion of Charles I in improving the army medical department. _ The ' Viaticum' was republished as a sequel a enlarged work, 'Tbe Surgeon's Hate, F Military and Domeatique Surgery, with a _^'reatise for the Cure of the Plague,' in 1639 ^(London, folio; 4tb edit. 1655). It is dedi- cated to Charles I, with secondary dedica- tions to Sir Obrifltopher Clitherow and the East India Company, and to William Clowes (1682-1648) and the Barber-Chi- r. jurgeons, and two pages of commendatory K^vetses by George Dun, a warden of the W^ster^,arepren2ed. Descriptions are given Fwf the instruments of surgery, of dru^ and I their preparations, of a number of injuries, of operations, and of some diseases, ending with a general account of alchemy, a treatise of the signs used, and several pages of che- mical verses. The description of scurvy is I Tery full, and is the result of eitended pep- ■W)nalobaervations,and the book is said to be f the earliest in which lime-juice is prescrilied It (Browh, Oenesu U.S.A., i, 1050); ithad, however, been used in 1093 by Hawkins (see Hebbeet Spenobr. Study tf Sodologg, libr. ed. p. 159). Woodall men- tions with respect the practice of two phy- ucians to St. Bartholomew's whom he had known, William Harvey (1578-1657) [q. v.] &nd Peter Turner (1542-1614) [q.v.J On 30 Nov. 1627 he went to Portsmouth to C-** — '" the wounded from tbe Isle of Rh6,Bnd 3ept. l&ll was appointed an examiner i^ns. He died in September ltU3, til « SI tl "V ' The'"l Btoan HoFMiL KXreatii FXLondi cate-" the Cloi ■ rurg i^t ■ thei witl oft Bvonal ■ the e K&T i leaving by his wife, Sara Henchpole, three Bona and one daughter. Woodall's worila show some power of ob- servation, and indicate a desire to extend the verence for, phyaicians, Like most of hia contemporaries ho uses many pious expres- sions, and has a tendency to quote a little Latin and to write doggerel English verse, but his English style is not so good as that of William Clowes (1540-1604). He had a, secret remedy called aurtim vitfB for tho plague. Hia portrait, in a skull-cap and ru9', engraved by G. Glover, ia at the foot of the title-page of the ' Surgeon's Mate' of 1639. [Works; Young's Annals of ths Barber- Surgoona; Original mnnuscript Jonrnala of St. BRrtholotnev's Hospital ; Cul. Stats Piipera, Colonial. American, and Ensl Indian, piusim (in the inili'i to the latter ho is erroaoaQ.^ly entorad hh WiUi.ini Woodall); Brown's Gaofsii of the IFnited Slatea ; ViaitatJoa of London (Harl, 8oc,)ii, 366.] N. M. WOODARD, NATHANIEL (1811- 1891), founderof the Woodard achoola, born on 21 March 1811, was fifth son of John Woodard of Basildon Hall, Essex. Hewas educated privately, and matriculated at Mag- dalen Hall, Oxford, in 183-1. Al the same time he married Miss Elica Harriet Brill. He graduated BA.inl840 and M.A.in 1866. He was ordained deacon in 1841 and priest in 1842. Hia first curacy was at Bethnal Green ; hia second at St. James's, Clapton ; his third at NewShorebam. At New Shore- ham he opened in 1847 a small day school, of which he appointed the Rev. C. H. Chris- tie headmaster ; to the school he gave up the vicarage where he resided, and moved his family into lodgings. In 1B48 Woodard first became deeply impressed with tho lack of good schooU for tbe middle classes, which should offer defi- nite church of England teaching and the advantages of the educational «ystem of the great public achools at a comparatively amall expense. There were public schools for the higher classes and national schools for the poor, but the middle cloaaes seemed to be left out in the cold. In 1848 he issued his first pamphlet on the subject, ' A Plea for the Middle Classes; ' and in 1852 he issued hia second pamphlet, > Public Schools for the Middle Classes.' Meanwhile in 1S48 he en- tered on bis great educational work by open- ing at Shoreham a boarding-school under tlie liev. E. C. Lowe (subsequently provost of SC. Nicolas College). A number of houses were taken and occupied, and in 1850 Woodard resigned hia curacy and devoted hia Woodard Woodard whole Bttentlon to ihe orKoniwitioa nnd de- Telopment of large edupntinnHl scllf^mi's. In 1861' be setlled at Mart,vn Lodge, Hi-ufield, whicli was hig home until hia death. In working out hU plans his ideas ex- panded, and B society was founded In 1848 to carry them out. It waa staled that its purpose was to eiti'nd ' education amonp the middle classes of her majestj's domi- nions, and especially among the poorer memhera of those classes, in the doetrinea Bod principles of the church now established ... by means of colleges and Bchools esta- blished, and to he established, in various places,' with the permission of the diocesans and under the direction of clei^men and laymen in communion with Ihe church. The colleges or schools were to be of three (grades or classes: 'the first for the sons of clerCT- meu and other gentlemen; I be second lor the sons of substantial tradesmen, farmera, clerks, and others of similar situation ; and the third for sons of petty shopkeepers, skilled mechanics, and other peraons of Tery small means, who have at present do oppor- tunity of procuring for their children better instruction than is given in parochial and other primary schools ; the chnrgea in all the schools shall bo on as moderate a scale as the means of the aociely will allow ; and par- ticularly the maximum charges of schoola of the third class shall be so fixed that the hove in such last-mentioned achools shall ne boarded and educated for a sum very little (if at all) exceeding what it would cost their parents to provide them with food at home.' The first school founded for the middle classes by the Woodard Society was St, John's, llurstpierpoint. The comer-stone was laid in 1851,anditwaanpenpdinl853. Thefirst stone of the chapel was laid in 1861. Over SO.OOO^wnsexpendedon the handsome build- ings, which were designed to accommodate three hundred boys. Thcsecondschool was St. Nicolas, Lancing, where 2/K) acres were secured in Ihe parish of Lancing and the first atone of the central buildings laid on 31 March I8i>4 by the founder. The first atone of the chapel was laid by iIiaho|i Gilbert in 1868. The build- ings form an imposing pile. In 1869 Woodard published • The Scheme of Education of St. Nicolas College,' in a letter to the Marquis of Salisbury. Woodard now proposed that there should he five centres of education for east, west, north, south, and the midlands; that each centre ahould be endowed with funds to support a provost and twelve senior fellows, who should give their whole time to carrying forward the work of education in the seve- ral districts; that twelve non-resident fel- lows should He elected from the gentlemen in the district, and he associated with the senior fellows. In accordance with thraa proposals a society of St. Nicolas Lancing was founded for the south district. Its edo- cational establishments consisted at first of the two foundations of St. John's, Huntpier- point, and St. Nicolas, Lancing. To th«M additions were subsequently made. St. Saviour's school. Ardingly, for the lowur middle class, which had been begun at f^hore- ham, was removed in 1870 to Ardinglj, where buildings were erected to Beconimn. date five liundred bovs, on a property ot five hundred acres. All Saints' school, Bloih am, Oxfordshire, which was founded in 1800 by the Rev. P, Reginald Egerlon, and cost dtk 36,0001., was banded over b^ him, with ill fine buildings, to the corporation of Sl.XIco- laaCoUegein 1896. Under the same society"* auspices St. Michael's school for girls wu established at Bognor in 1SJ4. The second divisional society, founded by Woodard on the model oftbat ofSt. Nicolas, was St. Mary's snd St. John's of Lichfieldfur the midlands. A provost and body of fellows wereappointediul873. They established St Chad's, Henstone, for 320 boys of the middle class. The buildings, to the cost of nhicli Sir Fercival Heywood contributed munifi- cently, were opened by Bishop Selwjn in 1873, and the chapel in 1879. The cost a- ceeded 70,000/. St. Oswald's, Elleemere, and St. Cuthbert's, Worksop, were lower middle schoolsfor thoseof narrowmeans. Thefini, with buildings for 190 boys, was opened in 1884 at a cost of 30,000/.; the second, with bnildings costing 20,000/., for two hundred hoys, on a site presented by the Duke rf Newcastle, was opened in 1895. St. Anne'*, Abbot's Bromley, a boarding school for a hun- dred girls, with day pupils, waa commencal In 1873. St. Mary's. Abbot's Bromlet. and St. Winifred's, Bangor, were lower middle schools for girls, boarders, and day pupik The first waa commenced in 1882, and new buildings were opened in 1893 at a cost of 4,000/.; the second waa commenced in 1^. St. AugUBtine's,Dewaburj,agrammaT»ch(yJ for two hundred hoys, was opened in 1884. A divisional societv for the west, St. Maiy'i and St. Andrew's of Wells, was formed, with A provost, in 1897. King Alfred's College^ Taunton, which bad previously been pur- chased by Woodard in 1880, and carried oo as a middle-grade school, was placed in iW7 under the government of the new divialonil society as a school for those of narrow meant, with accommodation for two hundred boji. More than half a million hoa b k Wood bridge 38s Wood bridge id expended in currying out Woodnrd's bemea, which gained Iho giiii[Jort of many oinent higli churchmen. In the earlier tys of the movement puritan alarm led to Dstical outbursts, but the demand forsuch Byatem of educBtian, and the satiafaction L{ire«Bed by narentB ut its good influence t their children, silenced opponents and on led lo a reaction in its favour. Wood- d's aims have been largely realised in mritiy nctions. The governing bodies of all the visional societies are now united in a com- ihensive governing bnd^ styled the corpo- ion of SS. Mary and ^icoias. A feature the system to which Woodard attached lat iniportance is the benefit fund. Its rpose IB to maintain a bond of union be- een past members of the schools of all I, end to make grants for the advance- ent 1 iifeo o relie' I tbu mbers. The accumulated capital has he- me considerable. Though the amount of kyment he proposed hns bad to be raised, le entire account for a boy at Ardiiigly is rrered by twenty guineas annually. The Bcipline of the Woodard schools was up- i by leaving boys out of school hours to leir own self-government, relying on their Die of dutT and honour. In 1870 Woodard was appointed canon re- Sentiary of Manchester by Mr. Gladstone, .succession to Archdeacon Dumford, who KBme bishop of Chichester. The same year leuniveraityofOxford conferred on him the morarr degree of D.O.L. In ISSOherepre- nted tliti chapter of Manchester as proctor , York convocation. In 1881 he became ibdean of Manchester. In 1888 the rectory '8c, Philip's, Saiford, which had previously «D annexed by act of parliament to bis iionry, became vacant, and he had in his !clining years to accept a parochial charge. xw afterwards his mental powers declined. « died at Henfield on S5 April 1691, and U buried at Lancing College in a vault at B south-east of the chapel wall. He was ther of seven sons and one daughter. [Calendar of the Corporation of St. Mary and Nicolas. 1897; Lowe's St. Nipolas CoUega 1 its Schools; ' Canoo Woodard ' in Lancing liege Magnzine. by Francis Hiivorlisld ; iatm- Xioa from the Rev. Canon E. E, Lowe. D.D.. IT. E. Field, and members of tho femily,] .1, A. A. "WOODBRIDQE, BENJAMIN (1622- 184), divine, bom in 1622, wiis the son of »hn Woodbridge (1^82-1637), rector of 'anton-Fitiwarren, Wiltshire, and his wife wh (1593-iaag>, daughter of Robert irker (1564?-lflU) [i|.v.] lie matricu- ited from Magdalen Hall, O.^ford, on 9 Nov. TOL. I,XII. I 1038, but wont in 1639 to K.^w England, I whither his elder brother, John (noticed below), had preceded him in 1634 in com- pany with bia uncle, Thomas Parker {1595- 107 1 ) [q. V,] Benjamin was the first gra- duate of Ilarvnrd College, commencing B.A. in 1642. Retumitig to England, tie re- entered Magdalen Hall, and proceeded M.A. OQ 10 Nov. 1648. At that time be had already been doing duly as a minister in Salis- bury, and on 18 May had been appointed rector of Xewbury in Berkshire, where ha had great success as a preacher and ' was much resorted to by those of the pres- byterian persuasion,' ' By his eicellent in- struction and wise conduct he reduced the whole town to sobriety of sentiment in matters of religion and a happy unity in worship.' In lli52 be attempted to refute two ministers of Salisbury, Thomas Warren and William Evre, in a sermon on 'Justifi- cation by Faith,' which was published and commended bv Baxter {TAe Itix/ht Mtthmt for a Settled Peace of CoTKcience and Sjiiii- tualCanifort,l.otidon,l663). Eyreresnonded in ' Vindioiie Justificationis Gratuite (Lon- don, If)64),when Baxter upheld his own and Woodbridge's viewa in bis 'Admonition to Mr. William Eyre of Salisbury' ^London, lS54)i and Woodbridge himself issued a reply, entitled ' The Method of Grace in the Justification of Sinners' (London, 1656). Woodbridge was one of the assistants for the ejection of scandalous ministers in 1654. In 1657 the trustees for the maintenance of ministers granted an augmentation of !20^. for an assistant for him at Newbury. At the Reat^^ration he was made one of the king's chaplains and had the canonry of Windsor offered him, but ' bogling long with himself whether he should take that dignity or nut ' (Wool)),itwasgiventoanother. He was one of the commissioners at the Savoy conference in 1661, but was silenced by the act of uni- formity in 1062. Subsequently he preached in private in Newbury, hut was frequently disturbed and imprisoned. Eventually he consented to coniorm and take holy orders from Earle, bishop of Salisbury, at Oxford in October 1605. But, afterwards reproaching himself for bis inconsistency, be returned to his quiet preaching in Newbury until the indulgence of March 167S enabled bini to act with fuller publicity. On the breaking out of the ' popish plot in 1678 he was ( couraged to greater efforts, and preached a place of worship every Sunday at Iligb- clere in Hampshire. In 1683 he retired ' Englefleld in Berkshire, where he died 1 ^ov. 1684, and was buried in Newbury OD the 4th, I i Wood bridge Woodbridge published in 1648, uni the pseudonym ' Filodeiter Transilraui 'Church Membere set in Joynt, or a t corery of the Uo warrantable and Disorderty Practice of Private Ciiristians, in usurping the Peculiar Office and Work of Christ's own Pastourn, namely Publick Praatihitig. The book waa written in reply to a treat ise entitled ' lynching without Ordination, published the previous jear under the tiseudonym of' Lieut. E, Chillpnden.' Wood- bridge's book was republished in 1656 and in 16f>7. He alflo published in London 1601 a worit bv James Noyes (who Lad married his mother's sister), untitled ' Moses and Aaron ; or the Kights of the Chureh and Statu.' Woodbriiige wrote some verses, inscribed on the tomb of .Inbn Cotton of Boston, Mass. (i/.lGJ)2), which possibly gare Franklin a hint Jbr his celebrated epitaph upon himself. JoHn WooDBBinQB (1613-1696), b of Benjamin, was born nt Stanton, near High- worth,inl613. Ilewaspnrliallyediic Oxford, but, objecting to the oath of niity,leftthi) university and studied privately till 1634, when he went to America. Wood- bridge took lip landa at Newbury in New EnKUind, acted as flrst town clerk till 19 Nov. 1638, and in 1637, 1640. and Iflll as deputy to the general court. He wna ordained at Andover on 24 Oct. 1645, and chosen teacherof acongregationat Newbury. Li 1647 he returned to England, and was ^ I the Isle of Wight, settled In New England in 1363, and suc- ceeded his uncle Thomas Parker as minister at Newbury in 167". Disagreeing with his COn^repition on somp points - tence, he returned to England in iB63, H« settled in Birmingham, wherein 18ttxt ?• t?.«.^.« manufacturer, and about 1843 started as a WOODCOCK, MARTIN, anas Faring- ^^„a„u:„„ onr»;«on^ o«.i t.o4^^««. ««««* •«_ TO., JOHN (160;M64C), Fn^ndscan n>artyr, Z^^^m^TlJ^L^^ Jf/^^ed born in 1603 at C ayton-le-U ood, Lanca- „„ j,,^ ^^^^ ^^^^^^ ^^'^^^ j Fumival's — „ — — --'- ~- — lege, ijonaon, ana neia rne post ui wal name nor has hi8 parentage been traced, j^j ^^^ ,/ ^-^y^^^^ conJicuous He was educated first at St. Omer and then ^pon the p^ing of the I'atent Law Amend- atRonie. Ho began his novitiate with the J^^^ j^^\ of 1852 he was chosen for Capucins of Pans, but left within a year ^^^ ^ „f superintendent of specifications, and was admitted among the Franciscans at ^^^''^^ j ^^^ ,3^^ ^^ appointed clerk Douai m 1631, and was professed in 1C33. ^^ t^e commissioners of patents, with sole Towards the end of 1643 he wa^ sent on the ^^ „f ti^^ department. His admini- Enghsh mission and landed at Newcastle, ^^^^^i„J^ ^^^ „„ked by remarkable ability but was seized almost immediately while on „„j liberality, and he may be said to have a Tisit to his relatives m Lancashire. After originated and carried out the whole ex- more than two years imprisonment he was i,tf„ ^^^ j^ f,,„ „f ^^.^ tried at Lancaster in August 1640, con- ,,3 p^i^ted and published the whole o"f the demned on his confession ot being a lloman specifications from 1617 to 18.J2-14,3.-,9 in catholic priest and executed at Lancaster „^„ber. Copies of the.se, and the current on the /th. fxrenger mentions a small specifications together with his elaborate cjuarto portrait of W oodcock (Bwyr. Hut. -^^^^^^^ ^„d ot^,^^ publications, including an 11. JU/;. admirable series of classified abridgmenta [Certamen Seraph. Provincia? Angliae, Douai, of specifications with historical introduc- 1649, 4to; Dodd's Church Hist. iii. 109; Baines's t ions, were presented to every considerable Lancashire, iv. 802.] A. F. P. town in the country, as well as to many ac2 Woodd 388 Woodd esoi foreign &nd colonial libraries. Among bis official publications were a valuable ' Appen- dix to the Speeificalione of English Patents fof Reaping Machines,' 1853; and a series of reprinta of scarce pamphlets descriptivf? of early patented invenlioos, 1856-7^. He ■was mainly instrumental in starting the Patent Office Library, opened in March ]855, and now become one of the be^t teclinical libraries in the country, and of the Patent Office Museum, opened in June 1867. Incorporated in the museum is a large col- lection of portrails of inventara and dis- coverers, of which Woodcroft began the formation soon after his appointment. His pereonal contributions to the museum and library were numerous, and show the ^reat interest tie took in the historyof inventions. Tie was the means of reacuiiiK from oblivion the first, marine steam engine ever made, that invented bv William Symington (1763- 1831)[q. v.l fte retired from the public service on 3l March 187«. He was a mem- ber of the Society of Arta from 1845 to I808, and was elected a fellow of the Royal Societ;r in 1859. He died at his house in RedcUfTe Gardens, Sonth Kensington, on 7 Feb. 1879, and was buried at Brompton cemetery. He left a widow but no children. His Don-official publications were : 1. ' .\ Sketch of the Origin and Progress of Steam Navigation,' 1848, 4lo, which appeared after- wards OS a paper on ' Steam Navigation ' in the ■ TrflnsBctions of the Society of Arts,' 1852. 2. 'Tile Pneumatics of Hero of .■iles- andria, translated (bv J. G. Greenwood) for, and edited by, B. Woodcroft,' 1851. 3. ■ Amendment of the Law and Practice of Letters Patent for Invention,' 1851. 4. 'Brief Biographies of Inventflrs of Ma- chines fortheManufactureof Text ile Fabrics,' 1853, 12mo, originally published in 1862 by Messrs. Agnew of Stanchester as the text to a series of portraits of inventors. [The EnginePT, U Feb. 1S7B (msmoir b; Mr. R. B. Pro'si^r); Mnnrhestar Guardian. 11 Fob. I87B; Times. 14 Feb. 1879; Journal of the Society of Arlf. SI Feb. 1879; Brit. Mas, and PHtant Offlpo Library Catalngiias.] c, w. s. WOODD, BASIL (1760-1331), hymn- writer, horn nt liichmond in Surrey -on fi Aug. ITliO, wns the only son of Basil Woodd (17;iO-1760) of that town, by tils wife Hannah (rf. V2 Nov. 1784), daughter of William I'rice of Kichmond. He was edu- cated by Thomas Clarke, reclor of Chesham Bois in Buckinghamshire, and matriculated j from Trinity Collwe, Oxford, on 7 May 177f, graduating B,A. in February 1782 an'd M,A. in 1785. On 18 March 1783 he was ordained deacon, and iu 17^ priest. On 10 .\Qg. 17&J he WHS ch'Jsen Wtun-r of St. Peter's, Comhill, a post which he retaineil until 1808. In February 1785 he was ap- pointed momingpreacher at Bentinch Chapel, Slarylebone, and soon after entering on hi* duties established evening preaching, an ia- I novation which at first provoked onpositioa ^ and afterwards imitation. B«>ntinclcbeinea froprietary chnpel.he purchaaed the leue io 7fl3. Onn April 1808 he was instiiuttd rector of Dmyton Beaucbamp In Bueking- hamshire. Woodd exerted himself suctreesfully io establishing schools, Tnder bis siiperititai- dencB at least tbtee thousand children paswd through the schools connected with B*n- tinck Chapel. He was an active member of many religious tocieties, including tbr Society for Promoting Christian Knowledze, the Church Missionary Society, and tW British and Foreign Bible Society. He died at Paddingfon Green, near London, on 12 April 1831. He was twicu married: first, on 8 Feb. 1785, to Ann id. 23 Aprt 1791),daughterof Colonel Wood (i. 1775J; and, secondiv, on 3 Julv 179^, to Sophia SarBh((/. 15 Aug. 1829). danghlerof WMliia Jupp of Wandsworth, an architect. By hi* first wife he had a son. Basil Owen Id. 1811), and two daugh tern— Anne Louisa (rf. 1624), married to John Morllock; and Anna Sophia {d. 1817), marrit^ to Thorns* Cabusac^and by his second wife two soot and a daughter. Woodd was the anlhor of many pubUea- tions. among which may be mentioned; 1. 'Memoirs of Mrs. Hannah Woodd 'lus mother], Ixindon, 1/93, 8va; republisiitJ in 1815 in George Jerment's edition of TW mas Gibbons's ' Memoirs of nminently Pians Women." 2. 'The Duties of the jfwrieii State,' r>indou, 1807, 12mo. 3. 'A Neir Metrical Version of the Pislms of David, with an Appendice of Select Psalms sail Hvmns,' London, 1821, l2mo: 2nd edit. 1823. A few of Woodd's hymns are stiU in common use, the beat knorni beang ' Hail, Thou Source of every Blessing.' [Hsncy Woodd's ItMords of lbs Family of Woodd, 1S80; Christian Observer, 1831. pp. 219-S.5, 298-314; A Family Record or MfSKrin ofBhsilWo«id, 1834; Gont. Mag. 183l.i.4TJ; FosTcr's AlDmni Oxaa. 171A-)88G ; Buib't Ijindwl Ooutry; Allibone's Diet, of En^l Lit.; " ■ ' Indei Eccljs.; Biogr. Diet, of LiriB? I. 1816: Foster's Vorkshin Prdignes; Julian's Diet, of Hymaology, 1802.] E. L C- WOODDESON, RICHABD (1715- l*'2i'l), jurist, was bom at KingstoD-apti8ed at Findon in Sussex on 21 Jan. 1703-4, was the son of Richard Wooddeson id. 1726), vicar of Findon, by his wife )orothy. lie was a chorister at Magdalen College, Oxford, from 1712 to 1722, and a derk from 1722 to 1725, matriculating from Magdalen College on 20 March 1718-19, And graduating B.A. on 16 Oct. 1722 and 3I.A. on 6 Julv 1725. From 1725 to 1728 he filled the ottice of chaplain, and fioon after became a school assistant at Reading. In 1732 or 1733 he was chosen master of the free school at Kingston, where he continued until 1772, with a great re- putation as a teacher. Among his scholars were Edward Lovibond [q. v.], George Steevens [q. v.], George Keate [q. v.], Ed- "ward Gibbon [q. v.l, William Hayley [q. v.], Francis Maseres [q. v.], George llardinge £q. v.], and Gilbert Wakefield [q. v.] In- llrmity compelled him to resign his post in 1772, when he removed to Chelsea. He died * near Westminster Abbey' on 15 Feb. 1774. He was the author of a Latin metri- cal prosody, a few single sermons, and some poetical pieces. Lovi bond's * Poems on Se- veral Occasions' (1785) were dedicated to Wooddeson, and contained verses addressed to him i^Gent. May. 1774 p. 95, 1823 i. 225 ; Bloxam, lieg, of Magdalen Coll. i. 136-43, ii. 88, 173; Wakefield, Memoirs, 1804, i. 42-51 ; Best, Personal and Literary Me- moirs, 1829, pp. 77-8; Gibbon, Autobio- graphies, ed. Murray, 1896, pp. 43, 114, 221). His only son, liichard, was educated at his fathers school, and matriculated from Pembroke College, Oxford, on 29 May 1759. He was elected to a demyship at Magdalen College in 1759, graduating 13. A. on 28 Jan. 1763, M.A. on 10 Oct. 1705, and D.C.L. on 31 May 1777. In 1772 he exchanged his demyship for a fellowship, which he held till his death. In 1766 he was elected to a Vinerian scholarship in common law, and he was called to the bar in 1767 by the so- ciety of the Middle Temple, who elected him a bencher in 1799. Alter acting for three years as deputy Vinerian professor, he was elected a Vinerian fellow in 1776, and eerved as proctor in the same year. On 4 March 1777 ho was elected university lec- turer on moral philosophy, and on 24 April, on the resignation of (Sir) Robert Cham- bers [q. v.], he was elected Vinerian pro- fessor, narrowly defeating (»Sir) Giles Uooke (q. v.], who was also a candidate. During lis sixteen years' tenure of ollice he pub- lished two legal works of some value. The first, which appeared in 1783, was entitled * £lements of Jurisprudence treated of in the preliminary Part of a Course of Lectures View of the Laws of England' (London, 3 vols. 8vo ; Dublin, 1792-4, 3 vols. 8vo). Originally delivered as a series of Vinerian lectures commencing in Michaelmas term • 1777, and extending over a course of years, the latter work was an important contri- bution towards systematising English law. I Although it was overshadowed by the lit«- ! rary merit of Blackstone's * Commentaries,* it is probable that Wooddeson's * Sys- tematical View ' is in many respects superior as a legal treatise. A second edition was edited by William Rosser Williams in 1839 (London, 3 vols. 12mo; Philadelphia, 1842, 1 vol. 8vo). Wooddeson acted for many years as counsel for the university of Oxford and as a commissioner of bankrupts, lie was of silent and retired habits, but in his youth was a frequenter of 'honest Tom Payne's house * at Mews Gate, where he met many well-known authors and patrons of litera- ture [see Payne, Thomas, 1719-1799]. In 1808 a fire broke out in his house in Chancery Lane and destroyed his valuable library, chiefly composed of legal works. He died, unmarried, on 29 Oct. 1823 at his house in Boswell Court, Lincoln's Inn Fields, and was buried on 5 Nov. in the benchers' vault in the Temple church. He left 300/. to the university as a mark of gratitude for the use of the Clarendon Press, and 400/. to Magdalen College. Besides the works mentioned, Wooddeson was the author of * A Brief Vindication of the llights of the British Legislature, in Answer to some Positions advanced in a Pamphlet entitled " Thoughts on the Eng- lish ffovernment, Letter the Second"' [see Reeves, John, 1752 .^-1829], London, 1799, 8vo. lie also made collections for a work on tithes, but, finding his puq)ose hindered bv ill-health, he requested (.Sir) Samuel Toller fq. v.] to carry out the undertaking which he had planned. [Gont. Mag. 1823, i. 181-3 ; Foster's Alumni Oxon. I7I6-I886; Nichols's Lit. Anecdotes, ii. 332, iii. 704, viii. 620 ; Nichols's Lit. lllustm- tions, iii. 9, 36; BLoxiims Magdalen Coll. Reg. vi. 321-4.] E. L C. WOODFALL, GEORGE (1707-1844), printer, son of Henry Sampson Woodfall [q.v.], was born in 17U7tand was his father's partner in the printing business till Decem- ber 1793, when the father retired. George afterwards removed to Angel Court, Snow Hill, where he carried on his father^s business Woodfall Woodfall Yty himself lill l&W, when his eldest eaa, lietiTj Dick Wood&ll. who vts the fifth emi- nent printer ofttuitnrime,be«Lme his partner. Geurge Woodfall wu esteeioed as a t jpogra- fher. A copy of the Bible from hia press in WlUwidtocontainbiitoneerror. Dibdin styles him ' the laborious and high-ejurit-ed Kpogrsphical artist to whom we are indebted iorthoquarto repri ntgofotir"0!dCb roniclea " and for the reprint of "Uahlujt's Voyages" (Bibliographical Decamtron, \i. 406). fllien Queen Victoria dined at Guildhall on 9 Nov. 1837, being five months after her accessicin, she was presented with a quarto voluiae, ' heautifuUy printed and illustrated by Hr. George Woodfall,' containingtho words of the music then sung. Two copies only were pro- dueed, the second being deposited among t he city archiTca (Tihperlbi, EiK^cl.of Piint- t'ryi.p. 062). Woodfiiirs eminence a* a printer waarncoKnised by his brethren; he was usually chosen chainnan at the meetings of the Lon- don maater-printera. In 1812 be was elected a stock-keeper of the Stationers' Company; in '"^"' member of the court of - - - • master of the company in 1833-4. lie w&s re-elected «lock-keeper in 1836, and in 1S41 he was elected master for the second time. La 1823 he became a fellow of theSociet^ of Antiquaries, and in 1824 of the Royal Society of Literature. He served on the gt'nerul com- mittee of the Royal Literary Fund from 1920 to 1828, and, on hia resignation, was elected to the council, an office which he flUed till Ills death, with the exception of the period between March 1835 and March 1838. when he was treasurer to the corporation. He was u commissioner for the lieutuuancy of t he city of London. When Kiinig, the infenlor of the steam printing-press, visited London in tbeaututnn of 1906 m quest of the fiunncial help which had been def«f uartfd, andof tbe^ 113 wcrp printed as being 'byih* game writer under other signatmies.' A ttw of them were authentic; bat there vi£ aa otherevidence for the others than tliepenotial opinion of Wood&U and Taylor < H«^ /all MSS. in Brit. Mus.) WoodEiU hu kA it on record, on his father's autboritr, thsl Junius wrote the ' Letters ' signed ' iLoeins, ' Brutus,' and ' Atlicus,* and such tcscimooy commands the same respect as his fathei^ affirmation that, to his personal knowledge, ' Francis did not write a line of Junius.' Jaijufs's ' Junius and his Works,' in which Wixidfall combHls the notion th^t Franrit either did or could have written the leuen w^ilh that signature. Manv of Janias* letters in manuscript, which his &tlier hsd preaerred, passed to Woodfall, who printed the unpublished ones and added facEimllM of the handwriting. Woodfall left th«n papers lo his sou, Henry Dick \t'oodfill, from wliom tbey passed, through Joseph Parkes [n.v.]. to the British Museum, la notes of Woodfall's career, written by JameB Fenton, who was long a corrector for tlw press in the firm now repeeenled by Musn. Woodfall & Kinder, it is written ; 'Netw, even to his son Henry Dick WooiUkll, did he ever divulce theautharof Juniii^'s "Lrt- tfirs ;" he said so in his will (which I saw st Doctors' Commonsmyself.J.Fentonl.' Tkfl only reference to Junius in the will, which is now in Somerset House, is the foUott-ing: ' And UUopvetohim[H. D, WoodJall]2l my manuscript correspondence and lelUis. including those from the author of Jnniu*.* George Woodfall died on 22 Dec. 1844 at bi* house in Dean's Yard, WeBliniaster. WOODFALL, HENRY S.IMPSOS (1739-1805), printer and joumalist, was bom at the sign of the Rose and Crown in Uttle Britain on 31 June 1739. His father, Hnuy Woodfall, was prinlerof the ' Public Adver- tiser' in Paternoster Row, and master of ths Stationers' Company in 17U6, while at hi* death in 1769 be was a common councilman of many years' Gtandingl Ue had bwn sp- preuticed to John Darby(d. 1730) of Bartho- lomew Close in 1701, and Darby and hii wife were the subjects of his balla'd, " Darby and Juan ' [_ first printed ill ' UeutlemanV Woodfall 391 Woodfall Magazine ' for March 1735, p. 153, under the heading, *The Joys of Love never forgot. A Song'). lie print^*d for Philip Francis (1708.J^-1773) [q. v.] in 1746 eight sheets of his translation of Horace {Notes and Queries^ 1st ser. xii. 218). Henry Sampson was taught the rudiments by his paternal grandfather, who made him BO familiar with the Greek alphabet that he Tiras able at the age of five to read a page of Homer in the original to I'ope, who paid him a compliment and gave him half a crown as a reward {Gent. Mag. 1805, p. 1180). He T^as sent to a school at Twickenham, and made such progress in the classics that, when removed at eleven to St. PauFs school on 22 Nov. 1751, he was found to be qualified for the seventh form ; but, owing to his juvenile looks, he was placed in the fifth. lie left school in 1754, and was apprenticed to his father. At nineteen he was entrusted with the entire conduct of the * Public Ad- vertiser ; ' yet his name was first published as its printer in 1760. Till 1 770 his corrector of the press was Alexander Cruden [q. v.], the author of a * Concordance to the Bible.' One of Woodfall's correspondents was (Sir) Philip Francis [q. v.] They had been at St. Paul's together, and sat on the eighth or upper form for a year. The first of Francis's letters ap- peared on 2 Jan. 1767 with the signature * Lusitanicus.' Ojhers followed, with the signatures * Ulissipo Britannicus,' * Britan- nicu8,'and * A Friend to Public Credit.' For a letter with the last signature he received the thanks on 19 Aug. 1768 of * Atticus,' who soon afterwards adopted the signature of •Junius;' when * Junius' had reviled and calumniated both the king and Lord Mans- field, Francis attacked him, signing his letters * Britannicus.* Woodfall had no personal tic- quaintance with Junius. He affirmed, how- ever, as his son George has recorded, that ' to his certain knowledge, Francis never wrote a line of Junius' (Manuscript in British Mu- seum). He made the like statement to John Taylor (1757-1832) [q.v.], adding on one occasion when, at a dinner party it was sug- gested that Junius was dead, * I hope and trust he is not dead, as I think he would have left me a legacy ; for, though I derived much honour from his preference, I suftered much by the freedom of his pen' (Taylor, JRecords of my Life, ii. 253). He was ])ro- secuted bv the crown for libel after Junius's letter to the king had appeared in the * Public Advertiser; ' the result of the trial on 1 3 June 1770 was a verdict of 'printing and publish- ing only,' being tantamount to an acquittal. On 22 Jan. 1772 the following paragraph appeared in the * Public Advertiser : ' * The compleat edition of the letters of Junius, with a Dedication to the people of England, a Preface, Annotation, and Corrections by the Author, is now in the Press, and nearly ready for publication.' On 2 March it was announceu that the work would appear * to- morrow at noon, price half a guinea, in two volumes, sewed,' and on 3 March the publi- cation took place. In the same year Wood- fall was an unsuccessful candidate for a paid office in the city. He might have succeeded his father in the common council, but he de- clined the offer, saying that his duty was * to record great actions, not to perform them ' (Nichols, Lit. Anecd. i. 301). In 1779 he was prosecuted in the court of king's bench for printing and publishing a handbill, in which satisfaction was expressed at the acquittal of Admiral Keppel, and sentenced to pay a fine of 5*. 8f^.and to be imprisoned for twelve months in Newgate. In 1784 Burke brought an action for libel against Woodfall, laying his damages at 10,000/. He obtained a ver- dict and 100/. Woodfall used to say in later years * that he had been fined by tlie House of Lords; confined by the House of Com- mons ; fined and confined by the court of king's bench, and indicted at the Old Bailey ' (Nichols, Lit. Anecd. i. 301). In November 1793 Woodfall disposed of his interest in the 'Public Advertiser;' he retired from business in the following month, when his office at the corner of Ivy Lane, Paternoster Row, had been burnt down. The newspaper died two years after he had ceased to edit and print it. His policy as editor was thus expressed by himself on 2 Sept. 1769 : * The printer looks on himself only as a pur- veyor . . . and the "Public Advertiser" is, in short , what its correspondents please to make it.' He took credit for not paying these cor- respondents, and also for refusing money to keep out of his columns anything which, though displeasing to an individual, he held to be of public interest. He set his face against all forms of indecency, refusing to print the verses entitled * Harrv and Nan ' sent to him on 14 March 170.S; but he preserved the manuscript, which is in the handwriting of Junius. His editorial supervision was ex- tended to Junius's prose. He printed the following among the * Answers to Correspon- dents ' in the impression for 12 Aug. 1771 : * Philo-Junius is really not written suffi- ciently correct for the public eye.' The letters thus signed were acknowledged as his own by Junius himself, both in the * Public Adver- tiser' for 20 Oct. 1771 and in the preface to the collected edition. Woodfall was ma«rf William Gordon and Lord George Goidra [q. v.] were his mother's brother*. Major- general Sir John George Woo of Ely, born on 30 April 1820 at Uenley-on'TliHines, was tJie onlf sou of James Ituj^scU Woodforii, a bop-iner- cliant in Jjouthwark, ami Frances, daughter of Bnbert Appleton of UtnleV' He waa seut to Merchant Taylori' scIiiKtl at tb^ a^e of eight, and wad elilcCed to Pembroke Col- k^^. Cambridge, as Parkins esbibilionnr in im<. He ETaduated li. A. in 184-2, and M. A. in 1645. He was ordained deacon in 1843 and priest in 1645, and in tbe intervening Tears held the accond mastership of Oiahop's Colle^, Bristol. His first incumbency was tbe parish of Bt. Saviour'^, Coal pit-heat b, IJriBtol. He did Kood work as vioar of tlie poor parish of St. Mark's, Eoslon, in the same district, between I&47 and 185o, and in the latter year waa pre8ent«d to the vicarage of Kempaford, Glouceaiershire. Woodford wob one of the eighteen clergy who in the follow* ing year signed the protest, against the pn- mate John Bird Simmer's condemnation of Archdeacon George Anthony Deni«on, Dur- ing the thirteen years he was at Kempeford he attracted Borne attention as a preacher, and wag made by Bishop Samuel WUberforce [)|.T,] one of his examining cbaploins. Wood- ford became honorary canon of Christcburch, and in 1864 was for tbe fir^t time a select preacher at Cambridge. He alM> acted as froctor for the clergy of his diocMe in the anterbury convocation. In 1868 Wood- ford was appointed vicar of Leed^. In 1809 he receivea a D.D. degree from tbe prlntaie, and in 187^ was appointed one of tbe queen's chaplains. In the following year he suc- cueJed Edward Harold Brownp as bishop of Ely, being consecrated in Westminster Abbey on 14 Dec. 1873, Siwn after bis BiLCcession to tbe see Wood- ford set on foot a general diocesan fund to be applied towards the increase of church accommodation and tbe assistance of poor parishes and incumbents. He was very ac- tive in the work of church restoration, and Ue reconstructed the cathedral school at Ely. In 1877 he revived, after a disuse of nearly ISO years, tbe visitation of tbe cathedral church. £a Woodford Elj' also owes the ostabliahment o f the t heological coll ege, where twelve students are boused and trained for parochial work. Woodford died, unmarried, at Ely on I 24 Ucl. 188o. He was buriodin Bishop Weit'a chapel on the south side- of the cathedni cho>r ou theSOlh. Woodford publishi-d: 1. ■Tlif Churcli, Post and Present,' 1^62, 8vo. 2. 'Seien- teen Sermons al Bristol,' 1854 ; 2nd pd. 1800. 3, 'Six Lectures on theCreed," IS-Vi, 8vo, 4, ' Occasionnl Sermons," let eer. 1H56, 2nd ed. 16IU: Snd ser. Istll. 2nd ed. 1S85. 5. ' Christian Sanctity,' four sermons at (Jam- bridge, 1863. He also contributed tu '$a- mona for the Working Classes,' IKifl, and U the series of ' New Testament t^mmenti- ries,'18T0: and wrote prefaces for W.B^Hr> 'ManualofDevotion,'1877,W,A.Brame]d'» 'In Type and Shadow,' 1880, and 'Tim Private Devotions of Bishop ^Vudrcwct,' 1883. Woodford waa ci>-editor with It. W. Bet- don of the * Parish Hvmn Itnok,' 1863, and assisted in the compilation of the ' Sarum Hymnal' in 1S68. In 1864 he edited th» third series of 'Tracts for tho Christiiji Seasons,' and in 1877 a volumo of Wilber- force's ' Sermons on various Oc<»siona.' ' The Great CommisMon : Twelve Ordina- tion Addresses' (1886, 8roi find ed. I^7|, and ' Sermons on Subjects from thn (lU Testament' (1887, 8fo; 2nd ed, I6i in a married and secular condition.' In Kovember 16tt4 he was elected to the Royal Society. In January 1B69 he took holy orders, and in K173 was presented by Sir Nicholas Stuart to the benefice of Hart- ley-Mauduit, Hampshire. Through the in- flnence of George Morley [c|_, v.], bishop of Winchesl«r, he was appointed canon of Chichester on 27 Mav IBTe, and of Win- i Chester on 8 Sov. 1680. He received the degree of D.D. by diplomo of Arclibisbop Sancroft in 1677. He died at Winchester on U Jan. 1700. He married after the' Uestoralion, and had several sons, of whom the youngest, William Woodford {il. 1T5S), was fellow of New College from 1899 to 1713, censor of the Royal College of Phy- sicians in 1773, and regins nrofessor of medicine at Oxford from 1730 till his death. : Woodford began his poetical career by contributing in 1U6S to the ' Kaps upon I Parnassus' of the younger Samuel Austin (Jl. lttS8) [q. v.] Of his poem ' On the Re- turn of Charles H,' 1660, Wood liad seen no copy- His chief works were ' The Paraphrase upon the Psalms ' and ' The Paraphrase upon the Canticles.' The first originally appeared in quarto in 1067, with a dedication to Bishop Morley, and was reissued in octavo in 167S. In a lengtby preface the reader is informed that the ' Parnphrase ' was written while Woodford ' had the con- venience of a private and most delightful telirement ' in the company of Mrs. Mary Beala fq. v.] and her uuaband. He had been torewnmed against prolixity ' by a very judicious friend, Mr. Thomas Sprat ' (afterwards the bishop). The object of the poet, who drew his inspiration from Cowley, was to give as nearly as hu could ' tlie true sense and meaning of the psalms, and in OS easy and obvious tanns as was possible.' Tlia result may bs pronounced successful from a literary point of view ; and the ' Paraphrase ' won the praise of Baxter in his preface to ' Poetical FmRmeuls,' 1681. In 1679 appeared his 'Paraphrase upon! 1 Canticles and some select Hymns of the New and Old Testaments, with other Occasional Compositions in English Rimet.' The volume, which is dedicated to Arch- bishop Saucroft, has prefatory versas by Sir Nicholas Stuart and Thomas Flatman, be- sides an ode by W. Croune, D.D. Woodford's miscellnneous poems include two odes to liftuk Walton [q. v.] and venr» in commendation of Uenham'a 'New Ver- sion of the Psalms of David.' An edition of Woodford's complete works published in 1713 is described us 'the aecond cdllioa corrected bv the author.' A manuscript ' Ode to the Memory of John, Lord Wilmol. Earl of Itochester,' is omong the Rawlinwn collections in the Bodleian, to which Ubnry Woodford in March 1057 presented a map of Rome (Macilit, AnnaU. p. 427). Parisol, writing a century later, ihoo^t his poems had fallen into undcserti^d ob- livion. [Wood's Lite, pp. ixxv-vi. Fasti, iL 1«, nud ArhuaiB Oioa. (BliM). iii. 076, 826, 113|, It. 730-L ; Wndham Coll. Beg. cd. Gardiner; Foster's Atamni Oion. lSOO-1714 ; Chalmos'i Biogr. Diet.: Woodford's Works; Ailtboiu'i DiLt. Engl. Lit.; Biogr. UnivenBlle, 1S2S (tit. by Parisot) ; Winchester Scholxrs, od. Xirby; Munk's Coll. of Phy». il. IIS. J. Sioholi". Select Collect, o! Poems, ir. 1780-3, has twb pierea by Woodfor.1— ■ The Voyage,' and ■ SOn- iiet addrasssd to tielk Ward, bishup ofSanm.) G. La G.N. WOODFORD or WYUFORD, Wri- 1.1*11 op(/. 1380-1411), opponent of Wy- cliU'e, is erroneously identitied by Wadding with William of Waterford, who appears to have flourished about 1433, and wrote a ■ Tractatus dc Religione,' which be addressed to Cardinal Julian Cesarinus (cf. Wiu^ Writer* ndon in 1411. Probably he died soon after ; he was buried in the cnoir of Grey Friars church, I^ndon {Cotton MS, "V^itellius, F. xii. f. 274 b). Bale and subsequent bibliographers give a long list of works by Woodford, many of which are lost, and some of which can only be doubtfully attributed to Woodford (see Little, Grey Friars, pj). 248-9) ; but the numerous copies extant of the others indi- cate that Woodford's works were widely read, and he was considered * acerrimus hereticorum extirpator.' The following is a list of his extant works : 1 . * Commen- taries on Ezechiel, Ecclesiastes, St. Luke, and St. Paul's Epistle to the Romans' iBrit. Mus. Royal MS. 4, A. xiii.) 2. ' De- terminationes Quatuor,' i.e. lectures at Ox- ford, 1389-90 {Harl. MSS. 31 and 42; Bodl. MSS. 2224, 2766, 3340 ; Digby MS. 170, ff. 1-33). 3. «De Causis Condemp- nacionis Articulorum 18 dampnatorum Johannis Wyclif, 1396* {Brit. Mus. Royal MS. 8, F. xi. ; Ifarl. MSS. 31 and 42 ; Bodl. MS. 2766 ; Merton Coll. MSS. 198 and 318 ; C.C.C. MS. 183, ff*. 23 sqq. ; printed in Browx, J'flftfc. Rerum e,i^tendarum, i. 190- 265). 4. * De Sacerdotio Novi Testamenti ' {Brit. Mus. Royal MS. 7, B. iii.; Merton Coll. MS. 198). 5. 'Defensorium Mendici- tatis contra Armachanum,' i.e. Richard Fitjs- ralph [q. v.], archbishop of Armagh {Mag- dalen Coll. Oxford MS. 75; Cambr. Univ. LU>r.MS.Fi. i. 21). 6. «De erroribus Armachani'(CfarmAr. Univ. Libr. Ff. i. 21 : New Coll. MS. 290, ff. 258 sqq.) 7. < Re- sponsiones contra Wiclevum et Lollardos' (Bodl. MS. 2766). 8. *De Veneratione Imaginun^ ' {Harl. MS. 31, ff". 182-205). [Tanner's Bibl. pp. 364, 784-6; Waddings Scriptt. Ord. Min. p. 108 : Sl>aralea*s Suppl. p. 332; Fabricius'8 Bibl. Med. JEv'i, iii. 612; Oudin's Scriptt. Eccl. 1722, iii. 1171-4; Che- valier's Repertoire, cols. 980-1 ; Wood's Hist, and Antiq. Univ. Oxen. ed. Gutch, i. 482, 493, 612, 613; Netter's Fasc. Zizaniorum (Rolls Ser.), pp. XV, 617,623; Lechler's John Wycliffe, 1878. i. 166-8, 192, 198, 247, ii. 141 ; Little's Grey Friars in Oxford, passim, esp. pp. 246-8 ; Bernard's Cat. MSS. Angliae; Coxes Cat. MSS. Coll. Aulisque Oxon. ; Cat. Bodl. MSS. ; Cat. Harl. MSS. ; authorities cited.] A. F. P. WOODFORDE, SAMUEL (1763-1817), painter, born at Castle Gary in Somerset on 29 March 17(53, was the second son of Ileighes Woodforde (1726-1789) of Ans- ford, by his wife Anne, daughter and heiress of Ilalph Dorville. He was a lineal de-> scendant of Samuel Woodford [q. v.] At the age of fifteen he was patronised by the well-known banker Henry Hoare {d. 178o) of Stourhead, Wiltshire, where many of the painter's early works are preserved. In 1782 he became a student at the Royal Aca- demy, where he exhibited pictures in 1784 and the two following years. In 1786 he was enabled by the liberality of his late patron to travel in Italy. After studying the works of Raphael and Michel Angelo at Rome, and copying * The Family of Darius ' bv Paolo Veronese, he visited Florence and Venice, accompanied by Sir Richard Colt Hoare [q. v.] He returned to London in 1791 , and resumed his contributions to the Royal Academy in 1792. From that year till 1816 he was a constant exhibitor of portraits, scenes of Italian life, historical pictures, and I subjects from literature. He sent in all Woodhall Wood head 133 pictures tn the Hoj-al Acndemy, nnd thiny-ninc to the BritiBli" Insiitution. Hia ' Dorinda wounded by Sylvia' is in ibv Diploma OHllery at Burlington I{ou»>, nnd a watereolour, ' Paa teaching Apollo ' (1790), is in the South KGHsinglon MnBeum. Mfmy of his pictures were enjrraved, includ- ing the forest scene in 'Titus Andronicus,' engrnved by Anker Smith for Boydeli's 'ShiikespMro'(1793), severnl fluhjects cn- grnvod bv James Henth and others for an edition of Shakespeare published by Loag- miins (180.)-7), and. atnong krger subjeetB, ■ A Viistnl ' (1800), by S. W. lieynold*. and 'Thij Soldier's Widow' (1801), by Maria fiiBhorne, both in metEOtint. Mostof Wood- forde's compositions were tn the eorrect cbssical style of his iieriod. He wan elected on associate of the Royal Academy in 1800, and an academician m lt(07. In 1815 he married and went to Italy. He died of fever at Ferrara on 27 July lB17,leaving WOODHALL or WOODALL. [See UVEUAI.E.] WOODHAM, Mrs. (1743^1803), singer and actress, previoiuly called Sfcsceb, acd ganerally known on account of the elegance gf her dress and perAon aa ' Buch ' Spencer, wan born in 1743, and woa n pupil of the celi'bratelT Jonas RadclifT and Thomas Itadcltlf. H« graduated B.A. .> Feb. 10ii8-9, and MA. 10 Nov. 1631. On 27 April 1633 he waj elected a fellow of t^niversity College. He took holy orders, passed a course inchvinity, and in 1641 was elected proctor. During his tenure of that oHice he made a deter- mined stand on behalf of the univeruty against the efforts of the puritan parlintaent to impTise the 'solemn league and corenant.' lie was summoned to upjiear at the bar of the House of Commons, where hemadetostrgng lestBtion. Wood's statement that he reigned his office IB consequence of tho denial of tho grace of Francis Cheynell [q.v.] is a ground- lesa surmise. At the expiration of his proctorship Wood- head procured the coll^ license to trav«l abroad with two pupils, and on 2"J Jnaa llHS he had leave of absence for four lermii. At this period he began to entertain doiibtj concerning the truth of the prulestant faith, and felt some inclination to join the Romao communion. A comparison of the data) allows that hewas neve^ at Rome, as Anthony il Wood asserts. Inlll4Shewas frjecl^dfrnni hix fellowship by the visitors of the univenitr of Onford. Sometime before this Mr. (after- wards Sir Thomas) Aylesbury, governor to George Villiers, second dukeof Buakingbain [q. v.i nnd to Lord Francis, his brother, ia- duceil Woodhead to undertake their ioslrn^-, tion in mathematics. Woodhead accompanied them on their return to London, receiving! hands'ime allowance with apartrnpnt* it York House in the Strand. He continncd to act as their tutor until the deleal al Kingston (1648), when Lord Frajicia wa» killed and the duke incurred the danger of utier ruin. Afterwards he lived lill I'JSS in (he family of Arthur, lord Capl (aftpN wards Earl of Essex), who settled on him u Woodhead 399 Woodhead annuity of 60/. for life. This pension he re- signed on quitting his lordship's service. He then retired to the house of his friend Dr. John AVilby, a physician, who resided in the city. In 1654 or 1655 he and a few select friends ])urchased the house and garden at Hoxton formerly belonging to Lord Mont- eagle, where they lived in common, putting into one fund what had been saved from the wreck of their fortunes, and devoting them- selves to prayer, meditation, and study. Woodhead was now avowedly a lay adherent of the l^oman catholic church. The state- ment that he spent his time at Hoxton in educating youth is incorrect. In 1660 the king's commissioners sum- moned him from his retirement and rein- stated him in his fellowship. He accepted it again, rather as a mark of justice due to the cause for which he was deprived of it than with any design to retain it as a pro- testant, and in fact ho never communicated with the church of England then or after- wards. Finding residence in college incon- sistent with his religious principles, which were now well known, he soon withdrew to his solitude at Hoxton. But through the influence of Obadiah Walker [q. vi], the master of University College, he enjoyed the profits of his fellowship for eighteen years, and did not formally resign the a])pointment until 23 April 1078, a few days before his death (Smith, Hist, of University College, p. 257). Wood says *he was so wholly devoted to retirement and the prosecution of his several studies that no worldly concerns shared any of his aflections, only satisfying himself with bare necessaries ; and so far from coveting applause or ])referment (though jierhaps the compleatness of his learning and great worth might have given him as just and fair a claim to both as any others of his persuasion) that he used all endeavours to secure his beloved privacy and conceal his name* {Athen(B O.ron. ed. Bliss, iii. 1158). He died at iloxton on 4 Mav 1678, and was buried in St. Pancras churchyard, where an altar- monument was placed over his remains, with a Latin inscription: *Elegi abjectus esse in domo Dei; et mansi in solitudine, non quserens quod mihi utile est, sed quod mult is * (Cansick, EpitapJis at Saint Pancras, i. 22). If James II had continued on his throne two years longer, Woodhead's body would have been translated to the chapel in University College, where a monument would have been erected * equal to his great merits and worth.* The intended inscription has been printed* (Athenes Oxon, iii. 1165n.) By his will, dated 8 June 1075, Woodhead left the residue of the yearly rents of his lands atMeltham * to y* minister of the Word of God y* shall be settled and officiatt at y' Chappell of Meltham aflibresaid at the time of my de- cease, and so to his successors in the same place and office for ever.* The will and four letters written bv Woodhead have been printed by the Uev. Joseph Hughes, who says : * These documents, both purely protestant in their character, seem to disprove the statements so frequently made and generally believed as to his having joined the Romish church, and tend to establish our confidence in him as a consistent clergyman of the church of England* (Hughes, Hist, of Meltham, 1866, n. 82). It is certain, how- ever, that Woodliead was a member of the Boman catholic church, though he never en- tered the priesthood. Daniel Whitby [q. v.] described Wood- head as * the most ingenious and solid writer of the whole Boman party ; * Thomas Heame more emphatically wrote : ' I always looked upon Mr. Abraham Woodhead to be one of the greatest men that ever this nation produced ;* and Wood says that * his works plainly show him to have been a \ person of sound and solid judgment, well i read in the fathers and in the polemical writ- j ings of the most eminent and renowned de- fenders of the church of England.* His works ap])eared either anonymously or under initials, and many of them were printed after his death at the private press of his friend . Obadiah Walker. Among them are: 1. *Some j Instnictions concerning the Art of Oratory, London, 1659, 12mo; 2nd edit., augmented,' Oxford, 1682. 2. Treatises on ancient church government, in five parts, which are respectively entitled as follows: (a) * A brief Account of antient Church Government, with a Reflection on several modem Writings of the Presbyterians (the Assembly of Divines, their ' Jiis Divinum Ministerii Ecclesice Anglicanre, published 1654, and Dr. Blondel's Apologia pro Sententia Hieronymi, and others), touch- ing this Subject,* I^ondon, 1662 and 1685, 4to. The authorship has been erroneously ascribed to Dr. Richard Ilolden. (h) 'An- cient Church-Government, and the Succes- \ sion of the Clergy,* pt. ii., Oxford, 1688, 4to. (c) * Antient Church Government, Part III : Of Heresy and Schisme [Lond.] 1736, printed at the cost of Cuthbert Constable, who was the " Catholic Maecenas of his day.** * (rf) * An- tient Church-Government, Part IV : What former Councils have been lawfullv General and obliging. And what have been the Doctrines of such Councils, obliging in re- lation to the Reformation. Reviewing the Exceptions made by the Reformed.* This remams in manuscript, {e) 'Church Go- Woodhead Woodhouse Tenunent. Pari V : A ReUtiott of the ^ng- liahKeroriaBLJon.nndlbeLawfulnesE thereof, examined bv the TUfses deliTered in the four fgrmer parte,' Oxford, IBS", 4to. This wa* aoRwemi the same year in ' Animadversions' by George Smalridgw [q.T.] 3. 'TheGuid«in CoDtrotersies : or a rational Account of the Doctrine of the Itoman Catholic* conceminf; the wcleeiaslical Guides in Controveraiei of Religion ; reflecting on the later Writings of ftot«9tants, parliculsrly of Archbishop Laud and Ur. SCillingfleet on this Subject,' London, 1660-7, 4to; reprinted lers, 4. 'TheLLferandWorks]of . . . St. Teresa,' 1369 and 1^71, 4to; translated from the Spanish. 6. ' Dr. Stillingfleet's rrineiples, giving an Account of the Faith of Pro- testants eonsider'd,' Paris, 1671, fvo. 0. • The lioman Doctrine of Repentance and Indulgence -vindicated Irom Dr. Btillin^eei'* Misrepresentation*,' 1672, Pvo. 7. ■ The Roman Churche's Devotions vindi- rated from Dr. Still ingfleet's Misrepresenta- tiouB," 1673, 8vo. S. ' Eiercitationa con- cemine the Resolution of Faith against some Except iona,' 1674, 4to. 9. ' An A-p. Kndis to the four Discourses concerning le Guide in Controversies : Further shew- ing the NecMsity and Infallibility thereof, against some contrary Protestant Principles,' llifi, 4to. Some copies are entitled ' .4. Discourse of the Necessitv of Church Guides for directing Christiana in necessary Faith.' 10. ■ Life of Oregorv Lopei, a Spanish Hermit in the West-Indies;' 2nd edit. 1675, 8vo. 11, 'A ParapUrsae and Annotations upon the Epistles of St. Paul,' Oxford, 1675, »vo: 2nd edit. 1684. This was the joint production of Woodhead, Obadiah Wdker, and Richard Allestree [q. v.], the probable author of ' The Whole fiuly of Man,' which has been erroneously attributed to Wood- head. The third edition, London, 1702, re- printed in 1703 and 1708, 8to, was corrected and improved by Bishop Fell, The work was reprinted ai Oxford, 1852, 8vo, under tliu editorship of William Jacobson, after- wards bishop of Chester, i'2. 'St. Angus- tine's Confesaionii,' London, 1679, 8vo ; trans- lated from the Latin, 13. A modernised edition of Walter Hilton's 'Scale (or Ladder) of Perfection,' London, 1679,8vo, 14. ' IVo- positions concerniiig Optic Glaase*, with their natural Reasons drawn from Ex- periment,' Oxford, 1679. 4to. 15. 'Of the Benefit of our Saviour Jesus Christ to Mankind," Oxford, ltW>, 4to. 16. ' An historical Narrative of the Life and Death of . . . Jesus Christ." Oxford, 168f., 4to. 1 7. ' Two Discoui8es concerning the Adora- tion of our Blessed ^viour in the Eucharist,' Oxford, 1687, 4to. 18. 'Two Di<>c«aiM«. The first concerning the Spirit of Martin Luther and the Original Reformation. The second concerning the Celibacy of the Clergy,' Oxford, 1687, 4to. This w»a answered by Francis Atterbury (afterwards bishop of Rochester), to whose work a it- joinder WHS published bv Thomas Deane of University College. 19. 'Pietas Ronuni et Pariuenais : or a faithful Relation of the several Sorts of charitable Bad pious Woriw eminent in the Cities of Koine and Paris. Tbe one taken out of a Book written by Thcodor Amydenus, the other out of that bf Mr. Carre," Oxford, 1SS7, 8ro. Jamee Eit- rington wrote 'Reflections' on this woA. 30. 'OfFaith necessary toSalvaiion,andof the necessary (iround of Faith sal*i*kal,' Oxford, 1688. 4to, 31. <31otivee to boly Living; or. Heads for Meditation, diridra into Consideraltons, Counsels, and Dotiati* Oxford, 1688, 4to. 22. ' A compenfoaa Discourse of the Eucharist,' Oxtori, 1688^ 4to. 23. ' Apocalyps paraphras'd,' Qtfard, 1689, 4to, not completed. 24. 'A larger Dis- course concerning Antichrist,' Oxford. 1689. 4to, not completed. 25. 'Catholic Theees." Oxford, 1689, 4to. He also left numerous unpublished woite in manuscript, some of which ar» preserved in a collection of autograph letters, origins] manu-scripta, transcripts, and misrellaneous writin)^ by or relating to Woodhead, col- lected in the latter part of the eighteenlli century by Cuthbert Constable (17 TolumM, folio and quarto), and now in tbe library nf Sir Thomas Brooke, hart., F,S..4.. at Arai- Uge Bridge House, near Huddersfield, [ManuacriptLifeofFranrisNicholwioorSiwI- ■an, kindly lent to the writer, with othmnMn- scripts relating to Woodheitd, l>y Sir Tbosis Brooke, bart.. F.8.A. ; Life by tha Rtrc. Sibo* Berington(lT3S); Catalogue o( MnnnicripU ul Printsd Books col lected by Thomaa Brooke ( I SS I), li.iOS; Borrows'sRedisler of the ViaiionoftlM Unir. of lUfoid, p. fise : Catholic UisMllaaj, 1S35, iv. 1, 43 : Ualton's translation of the Lib □rSt.Terwa,1851.p.4oa; Dodd's CborebHi^ iii. 26aT l-^hard'B Hist, of England. 3id sdiLp. 960 ; Foster's Alumni Oxon. nirly ser. if. HTSi Oitlow's Bibl. Diet. i. lOS ; Hoghss's Bin. of Meltham. p. 303 ; Jones's Popery Tracts, pp. 1B7. ISA, 218, 234 SS3. 35S, 3SS, 374. 3S«, 13t 434, 4SS: KenDFtt's Begister. pp. 698. OTt ; La N'ere'BMoDiinieDtaADglicaiia;LysoDB*BEtiTi»H. iii. 354 : Noief snd Queries 3rd mt, ii. SS. vi. 475, rii. 112, x. 211, 4th ler. i. 367.] T. C. WOODHOUSE, JAMES (1735-1820). 'the poetical shoemaker,' was horn at Rowley Regis, Staffordshire, on 18 April 1736. Hia pnrents came of old yeomiin stock. Janie» Woodhouse 401 Woodhouse had to leave school at the age of eight. He cated to William Locke [q. v.], the owner of became a shoemaker, and, having married Norbury. His last volume, 'Love Letters to early, added to his means by elementary my Wife,' written in 178^, was printed in teaching. In 1759 he addressed an elegy to 1804 (cf. Monthly Review for 1804, ii. 426). William Shenstone [q.v.l, whose estate, The Leasowes, was some two miles from Wood- house's cottage. Shenstone became much in- Woodhouse died in 1820, and was buried in St. George's Chapel ground, near the ^Marble Arch. One of his sons, George Edward, terested in him, and sent the elegy to his ' realised a fortune as a linendraper in Oxford friends in London, and had it printed in Street. In old age Woodhouse was noted for Dodsley's edition of his own poems. A col- his patriarchal appearance and stately bearing, lection was made for Woodhouse, and in 1764 j A complete edition of Woodhouse's poems, he was able to publish a volume entitled edited by a descendant (R. I. Woodhouse), ^Poems on sundry Occasions.* The poems was published in 1890. Prefixed to it is an •were reissued in 1766 as 'Poems on several engraving by Henry Cook of a painting by Occasions,' introduced by a modest 'Author's Hobday of the poet at the age of eighty-one. Apology.' Woodhouse was now celebrated. Another portrait is mentioned by Bromley The anxiety of Dr. Johnson to meet him and Evans. niTorded Mrs. Thrale a pretext for inviting | The collective edition contains Wood- him for the first time to her house in 1764. house*s autobiography, which remained in It was either on this or a subsequent occa- manuscript at his death. The author called sion that the doctor recommended Wood- it * The Life and Lucubrations of Crispinus house to give his nights and days to the study Scriblerus : a Novel in verse, written in the of Addison. In 1770, however, Johnson spoke last Century.' It is written in rhymed blank disparagingly of Woodhouse: 'He may make verse, and abounds in long digressions of a an excellent shoemaker, but can never make a pious or political nature, but contains some f^ood poet. A schoolboy's exercise may be a good satirical lines. pretty thing for a schoolboy, but it 'is no [Gent. Mag. 1764 pp. 289, 290 (written by a treat for a man.' friend of Shenstone) ; Blackwood's Mag. No- Before this time W^oodhouse had given up rember 1829 (art. •Sorting my Letters and his trade. For some time a carrier between Papers') ; Mrs. Piozzi's Anecd.p. 125; BosweH's Kowley and London, he was appointed by Life of .Johnson, ed. Hill, i. 226 n., 520, ii. 127 ; Edward Montagu, soon after the publication Doran's An English Lady of the last Century of the second edition of his poems, land (Mrs. Montagu) ; Allibone's Diet, of Enprl. Lit. ; bailiff on either his Yorkshire or North- Wooclhouse's Works, wahprefjwM umberland estates. He held the position for L. I i^^.""'' oo«^' ^^inkss Illustnous «>me twelve years, till about 1778. He Shoemakers, 1883, p. 296.] G. Le G. N. was on a friendly footing with Montagu, but WOODHOUSE, PETER {f. 1605), was never on good terms with his wife, Mrs. poet, was the author of * The Flea,' or, Elizabeth Montagu fq. v.] She is the * Pa- adopting the subsidiary title, 'Democritvs troness,' the * Scintilla' or *A'anessa' of his his Dreame, or the Contention betweene the autobiography, where she is ridiculed as the Elephant and the Flea.' The poem, which •quintessence of tyranny, meanness, vanity, appeared in 1606, was printed for John and hypocrisy. About 1778 he returned to Smethwick,whoseshopwas *in St. Dunstans Rowley, but soon re-entered the employment Churchyard in Fleet Street, vnder the Dial!.' ofMrs.Montagu(herhusband being now dead) The only copy known to be extant is in pos- as house steward. He was finally dismissed, session of Earl Spencer at Althorp ; a reprint, six or seven years later, according to his own limited to fifty copies, was made in 1877, «tory, on account of his opinions on religion under the editorship of Alexander Balloch and politics, which were repugnant to Mrs. (trosart. Woodhouse was by no means Montagu. In 1788 Woodhouse issued a new destitute of merit as a poet, but * The Flea ' volume of poems, which he called, like his is the only memorial of him that exists, former volume of 1766, *l'oems on several Although ne disclaims any personal appli- Occasions never before printed.' He was then cations in his poem, and declares that his «uffering much privation, but by the help of censuresare directed at 'somekinde of faultes James Dodsley [q.v.l the brother of his former and not some faultie men,' it is possible that publisher, he was able to establish a fairly the elephant, the flea, and the other actors prosperous bookselling and stationery bust- in the tale typify persons whom it might ness. From 211 Oxford Street he issued in have been dangerous to satirise more openly. 1803 a small volume, called * Xorbury Park The poem is prefaced by an * Epistle to tne and other Poems,' all the verses in which had lleaoer,' some verses ' m laudem authoris ' been written some years before. It was dedi- signed ' H. P., Gent./ and an ' Epistle Dedl* TOL. LXII. D D WiciiIiiziL^ -ic^ Woodhouse ^ru. t:- •j.z' ■-. : ::- 1.L:-.ri..f. n t-'iiizu. Tr^ar:.--* :tLl«r«:»fraD«rrical Problem* and tli? -u-:-' .' : ■"•-r^r:: - ■.. 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Lj.*-;- —J. ir "x-if ijirllv able to cany . -■:.-: ■* 21 ^'^ - >::■ . ;- : ::---jt-i- .1- :_- I:--- --irj :: ti* tiilare of kis : . ."— ^ ir ■ - : 1.=:-. .: ■ ■ _ -" . i - 1:: i z-.-iL^i. lir L-'L i: Oim^riir^ on -S Dec. •-:.. —"i^ ; r. :■: ~: -. ": -_*:•: 1"^.:; t. i.::':ri_z^ '.: «■ :ii-r i_:bcTi*:»?*. 23 Pw.) "i- "T;^. T.-:"-. 1 :-- V ; -«- _. -i_ >.- '. ru~. u: : Ti,i "-.r-: In tl-r chip-rl at Cai!i< 1-"' r --r- I" '.^i-.' It —irr>i Harriet. daugb- "l". -^ • ~ ':"--"-'-'■- ■-- 'r: :: '"V^l •— V^MH-t. in ir^lit-H:* of No> ■ -■ — J n. 1 ■ . 11 ■ ". - —7^:' I " "_ : "I" _. iz '. ^.?'-. 7 I* "ii- irrl-.tr"'*! ^Villiin ..." ■■":".'• 1 l" 1:1 — • ■ J 1. - - .." - • ~ :."- -. Z* ; ' I ~ .-T _v .-Tt i ■'^■■711 Ilob^rt. :■ - " . ■ ■ ." .zir:^- — ""..J .-.J - * - V. .:»-__ .^ > -n~.*'- I :: tL- 'n:;rE- cTrii: » « ---:....:■- -■-..■ - i 1. 1-: ..— _^-. -: ..- i..n". :n >;'::v vi u:* '■ ■- - ~'-- '... ". >" - ':. ~ «- . J- : il T' "'- r iZ ". '-'. ^ : l :-: .- tt-I:. t ySA hiu . ■ -- ..-*"■ ■ > n .. . :"_ '^ iz ^ -■>»■:"" --i : :-.■ t "■ 'hr ■?jnir?t zz -^- - ■!-. -.n: ■-. :■ -z- -■ '. z l^'li f zz. .^ i :L- «.'ini:.r:ljv Analy- -^- -- -■ •■■" : ^-'> 1' z ■- ■-: --: V I-i" •'--*. ^Ilt. I5I> .-Z1L-: J-." - - .-Z-. ■ :-i-:.;>.^ . .ri :>.:■■>■> L*. i:"::>:r.r:. "..T * -Z Zt»"» I ^ n.- T.-« T- . ■'."' .«. . '."z » 1 ". v'f ;_r.z.. Lt. : 1 z:-*l 1- '-- r-z -r-l . ■? V--- > 7 j* ?:.-". :" v- z-:l".r azi Cv::^'.''*- -'_. iT-i- . ".:' • rzi TV: "^T.j l"v '--i. 1* -■*•■ ■ '1 - . ■ :"-:rr"> W;,"l ..r: Wli.Tc.I. x^ < ; .. .•_,.-._. _ -^..;.„ .y;__^_, >:.>:-: >■ . liz-: r!/ Kevi-w. >..rr=> .":.. '.--• .*!-■. /-- V IM ■ . II: ll.-Ji Cv..-7;{:,iE.:.i/ r .. . - - ' " T C P-'-oV 1-/1-:^'- 'rv.\-="!^-zinzzT WOOPHOrSE. TIROIAS 1 7. 1:^7:)'. o*!.-r '^ z*."'. L*.-i : " -■■rT.l^*. .n:-- :zr nii'z— Hrziin i:i*'_ ". : mirtvT, was a native oi Ki'. ..:! -' : :.■> : t:-z- .- izL'.Ty' Ir. :::?:' mi-r lJnc.'.n-ri7»-. Ilr was oriiiintrAi priest *horiy wor!-: ■.■: L:i :iT:e;xl-:. f m-wza: :Vji:lr>.?. and wa? t I r:.- :-;i?'.:er. h :* in L^.i • Trir". r.ometry' Le presented t> a pars-^na^.* in Linci"»ln*biTv. n;or»> - ic>": I'ly r*. rire-'-i th- ?*.:i*-n* ani In l.»j he >-?"med his living on accoiE* pr»-:.:ir-'i 'he way for tz- ir.*r»lu-:t!-n -fth-* oi the ohanje? intr«."Hiuce«i in the Enffli?li ditf».'rt;ntial calciilaa. In 1^10 appeared 'A . church, and, retiring to Wales, became tutor Woodhouse 403 Woodley in a gentleman's family. This situation he also resigned soon afterwards on religious grounds, and shortly after was arrested while celebrating mass and committed on 14 May 1561 as * a pore prist ' to the Fleet prison, -where he lived on charity like other pauper Prisoners (cf. HarL MS, SGO, f. 7). In 1663, uring a severe visitation of the plague in London, he was removed to Cambridgeshire for a short time with the other prisoners in the custody of Tyrrel, the warder of the Fleet. At his urgent request Woodhouse -was admitted to the Society of Jesus in 1672. He was so animated by his admission that on 19 Nov. 1572 he wrote to Cecil exhorting him to persuade Elizabeth to submit to the pope. The original is preserved in the Bri- tisn Museum (Lansdowne MS. 99, f. 1). He also wrote papers * persuading men to the true faith and obedience,* which he signed Tvith his name, tied to stones, and threw out of the prison window into the street. On 16 June 1673 he was tried for high treason in the Guildhall, London. He distinguished himself by his intrepid bearing and the frankness of his answers, was found guilty, and was executed at Tyburn on 19 June. "Woodhouse was the first priest who suffered in £lizabeth*s reign, and the first Itoman catholic, with the exceptions of John Felton (d. 1570) [q. v.] and John Story [q. v.] Two narratives of his life and martyrdom exist. The earlier, dated 1574, is contained in a small quarto volume of manuscripts, entitled * Anglia, Necrol. 1573-1661,* in the archives of the Society of Jesus at Rome. In this account, which is written in Latin, he is called William Woodhouse. Three hundred and thirty verses are appended, written by him in prison. The second and fuller account is in English, and was sent to Rome by Henry Gamett [q. v.] It is now among the Stony hurst manuscripts. Woodhouse was included in the repre- sentation of the * Sufferings of the Holy 3Iartyr8* in England, painted by Nicholas Circiniani, in the English Church of the Most Holy Trinity at Rome, by order of Gregory XIII. The original painting was destroyed about the end of the eighteenth century, but engravings of it still exist (Pollen, Acta of English Martyrsy 1891, pp. 370-2). [Foley's Records of the English Province, 1883. vii. 869-61, 967, 1257-67; Berselli's Vita del Beato Edmnndo Campion, Rome, 1889, pp. 218-33; Stow*s Annales, 1615, p. 676; Rambler, 1858, x. 207-12; Parsons's Elizabeths Angliae Reginse hseresim Calvinianam pro- pognantis snevissimum in Catholicos sui rcgni edictum, 1592, p. 189.] £. I. C. WOODHOUSELEE, Lord. [See Tyt- LEB, Alexander Eraser, 1747-1813.] WOODINGTON, WILLIAM FREDE- RICK (1806-1893), sculptor and painter, was bom at Sutton Coldfield, Warwickshin*, on 10 Feb. 1806. He carae to London in 1815, and about 1820 was articled to Robert William Sievier [q. v.], who was at that time practising engraving, but w^ho shortly afterwards abandoned that art in favour of sculpture, and in tliis was followed by his pupil. Woodingfton first appeared at the lloyal Academy m 1825, and until 1882 was a frequent contributor of fancy figures and reliefs of sacred and poetical subjects which, though deficient in the highest qualities of the art, were composed with much grace and feeling. He also modelled many portrait busts. To the Westminster Hall competi- tion of 1844 he sent * The Deluge^ and 'Mil- ton dictating to his Daughters,' and in that for the Wellington monument in St. Paul's Cathedral he was awarded the second pre- mium. He subsequently executed two of the reliefs on the walls of the consistory chapel in which the monument, the work of Alfred Stevens Fq.v.], was temporarily placed. His other works in sculpture include the bronze relief of the battle of the Nile on the plinth of the Nelson column in Trafalgar ►Square, the statues of Columbus, Galileo, Drake, Cook, Ralegh, and Mercator on the colonnade of the Exchange buildings at Liver- pool, and the colossal bust of Sir Joseph Pax- ton at the Crystal Palace. Woodington also practised painting, and frequently exhibited pictures of a similar class to his works in marble. In 1853 he sent to tlie Academy * The Angels directing the Shepherds to Beth- lehem,' in 1854 an illustration to Dante, and in 1855 Mob and his Friends;' his 'Love and Glory' was engraved by J. Porter. For some years Woodington held the post of curator of the school of sculpture at the Royal Academv, and in 1876 he was elected an associate of that body. He died at his house at Brixton on 24 Dec. 1893, and was buried in Norwood cemetery. [Daily Chron. 27 Dec. 1893; Times, 27 Dpc. 1893; Athenseum, 30 Dec. 1893; Stiinnus's Alfred Stevens and his Work, 1891 ; Graves's Diet, of Artists, 1760-1893.] F. M. OD. WOODLARK, R9BERT {d. 1479), founder of St. Catharine's College, Cam- bridge. [See W^ODELARKE.] WOODLEY, GEORGE (1786-1846), poet and divine, bom at Dartmouth, and baptised at Townstal church in that town on 3 April 1786, was the son of Richard Woodley, a dd2 Woodley 404 Woodman man of humble position. Hia education • ± *' The Chazchyard and other Poems^' ldQ& was :ilighr, but ne aeduloualj cultivated 3. * Britaina Bulwarks, the Society for Promoting Christian Knov- disponition.and in 1804 competed for the logiiral and :*ociaI subjects. . W. P. C. AbVur June 18l>0 he was ordained by the '■ WOODaiAN, RICHARD (1524 P-lSoD, then bL^liop of Exeter, and he at once pro- protestant martyr, bom about 13:^4 at Baxted, ceedeil r.> rhe Scilly Islands as the mi»- : ^usfiex, was by trade an * iron-maker.' Hiring Miomirv. ar a salary of loO^. per annum, of j in the parish of Warbleton, East SosKif the Sixnety for Promoting Christizm Know- ; and keeping a hundred workmen in his ledge, in rlie islands of St. Martin and St. employ. He became known as a proti»tant A^es. Fie was ordained priest by Bishop at the b*?ginning of loo4 by * admonishing* Carny in Exeter Cathedral on lo July l>'2\. Geo^e Fairebanke, the rector of Warbletoo, At Scilly he remaineil until June 184:^. and when in the pulpit. Woodman was arretsted diirin;^ that time rebuilt the church on St. , for this infrmgement of the *act of lo53 Martin'.-*, and restored that on St. A^mes. against offenders ofpreaehers and other mini- At that date he retired with a gratuity of sters in the churche* (1 >£ary st. 2. c 3). 100/. and a pension of 75/. per annum. He He was taken before the local magistntes, WAS appointed on \'2 Feb, LsW to the per- and twice brought up before quarter ses- petual ciinicy of Martindale in Westmor- sions to give securitv for good behaviour, land, and held it until his death on 1^4 Dec. For contumacious re^isal to do this he wts lS4tj. His wife, Mary Fabian, whom he imprisoned during two periods of thres married ar Stoke Damerel, died at Taunton '. months { ' two more sessions *) under the in .\.iij:a-c l*^o6. Their only son, William ' act. Duriuir this time he was twice ex- Auffu^tiis W.Todley, was the proprietor of amined before the bishop of Chichester, the • S.jmeri^t County Gazette' (Taunton) , Geonre Ddy 'mmisaioners.' In June Terrac^^. Clifton. Bristol, on 11 March 1>91, ' 1.W4 he was committed by the Sussex migi- jind was buried in St. Mary's cemetery, strates to the queen*s bench prison, London, Taiinr.-.n- a measure of doubtful legality; there he Woodley was the author of 1. * Mount remained a prisoner nearly eighteen months. EdgcumbeVwiththe * Shipwreck' and miscel- ! In November looo Woodman was sent br lane*-nis verses, 1S04 ; preface sijmed G. W. Dr. John Story ^q. v.', Bonner s persecuting (cf. IIi.L££ni and Lmisq, Amm, Lit, iL 1670). , chancellory to t£at Ushop'a notorious ' cosl- [Bi'iafle and Coortnsy's Btbl. Cbnmb. ii. 903- 9<)3. 95 L. 1 362-3 : Allen and Madnre's SJP.CX 1S98, pp. -MM-l ; British Lady's Mag. Fcbmnr 1818. p. 93; (xenL Mag. 1847. L 444; 5atei and Queries, 3rd aer. iiL 399 ; postscript b> For* tajz&l Delivered: ioformation from Mr. Aztfas Woodman 405 Woodrofife house/ After a month's imprisonment here he was called up for repeated examinations. lie proved by thirty respectable witnesses that he had not been arrested for heresy, and on 18 Dec. 1555 was set unconditionally at liberty, his detention under the statute on which he was arrested being held illegal. Assertions being made that he had pur- chased his release by submission to the church, "Woodman vindicated his consistency by itinerant preaching in the neighbourhood of his home. A warrant was issued for his arrest, but he escaped to Flanders, and thence to France. After an absence of three weeks he secretly returned home ; he was at last betrayed by his brother, with whom he had had disputes upon money matters. He was taken in his own house, and on 12 April 1557 sent to London. Confined again in Bonner^s * coalhouse,' he was six times ex- amined during a period of eight weeks. Thence he was removed to the Marshalsea, the sheriff's prison in Southwark. While here he wrote the account of his examina- tions preserved by Foxe. His second ex- amination took place on 27 April before John Christopherson [q. v.], bishop-designate of Chichester, during which it appeared that a technical difficulty vitiated the legality of the proceedings, the bishop-designate not yet having been consecrated. On 25 May 1557 Woodman was brdught before John White (1510 P-1560) [q. v.J, bishop of Winchester, at St. George's Church, Southwark. White had no jurisdiction except such as arose out of Woodman's answers to Pole's commis- sioners which had been given in his diocese. These were on a second hearing (15 June) at St. Mary Overy produced against him. Woodman at once took the legal point that he was not resident within White's diocese, and that White had therefore no jurisdiction under the act 2 Henry IV, c. 16. He was remanded till 16 June, when Christopherson appeared as an assessor together with Wil- liam Roper [q. v.J, one of the commissioners for the suppression of heresy appointed in the previous February. Woodman was now ordered to be sworn, under this inquisitorial commission, as suspect of heresy. He refused to swear, and again appealed to his ordinary under the statute of Henry IV. This point had been foreseen, for Christopherson not heing yet consecrated, Pole had nominated Nicholas HarpsHeld [q. yJ, archdeacon of Canterbury, as ordinary. Tnereupon Wood- man allowed himself to be entrapped into a declaration upon the nature of the sacra- ment and excommunicated. Throughout his examinations he behaved with great cold- ness. He was taken to Lewes, and burnt there in company with nine others on 22 June. Traditions of Woodman linger in Sussex. The site of his house is still pointed out. He is said to have been connned in the second story of the church tower of Warble- ton, which bears some indications of having been used as a prison. An old stone cellar at Uckfield is said to have been another place of his imprisonment, and the third is the great vault under the Star inn (now the town hall) at Lewes, in front of which he and his fellow-martyrs were burnt. [Foxe's Actes and Monuments (Book of Mnr- tyrs), ed. 1641, pp. 799-827; Burnet's Hist, of the Reformation ; Wilkins's Concilia, 1737, vol. iv. ; Lower's Worthies of Sussex, 1865, pp. 138- 147 ; Strype's Memorials of the Reformation, vol. iii. ; I)ixon*B Hist of the Church of England, 1891, vol. iv. ; Horsfield's Hist, of Sussex, 1835, i. 572.1 L S. L. WOODMAN, RICHARD (1784-1859), engraver, son of Richard Woodman, an obscure engraver who worked at the end of the last centurv, was born in London on 1 July 1784. lie served his apprenticeship with Robert Mitchell Meadows, the stipple engraver, in whose manner he worked, and for some years found considerable employ- ment upon book illustrations, chiefly por- traits of actors, sportsmen, and noncon- formist ministers. Plates by him are found in Knight's * Gallery of Portraits,* the * Sport- ing Magazine,' the * British Gallery of Art,* and Cottle's * Reminiscences.* His largest and best work is the * Judgment of Paris,' from the picture by Rubens, now in the Na- tional Gallery. During the latter part of his life Woodman practised chiefly as a painter of miniatures and small watercolour portraits, which he exhibited occasionally at the Royal Academy between 1820 and 1850. He died on 15 Dec. 1859. [Redgrave's Diet, of Artists; Graves's Diet, of Artists, 1760-1893.] F. M. O'D. WOODNOTH. [See Wodenote and WODENOTII.] WOODROFFE, BENJAMIN (1638- 1711), divine, son of the Rev. Timothy Woodrotte, was bom in Canditch Street, St. Mary Magdalen parish, Oxford, in April 1638. He was educated at Westminster school, and was elected to Christ Church, Oxford, in 1666, matriculating on 23 July 1056. He graduated B.A. 1 Nov. 1659, M.A. 17 June 1662, and he was incorpo- rated at Cambridge in 1664. From about 1662 he was a noted tutor at Christ Church, and in 1063 he studied chemistry with An- tony Woody John Locke, and others, at WoodrofFe 406 WoodroflFe rKford undf^r Peter Sttluel from Strwbai^. building it in die hope of dzmwing to it dM He was admitted F.Kj4. on 7 May I66r^. - Greek yoatha bionglifc to tgnj^Uml Vy dM EaAj in 1668, as Balliol College had no ; advocates of reunion with die Greek chneL ataturable master of arta to hold the office | About 1697 he commenced the erection, on of proctor, he entered himaelf there aa a mrt of the adjoining site of the eoUege of commoner and was elected hj the college as Carmelite friars, of a large houae to be called proctor. The ralidity of his election was the Greek College. It was of flimsr con- referred ro the king and privy council, hot atmction, no one wonld live in it, and it was remitted to the university and given by • was known aa * Woodroffis's folly ' till its convocation against him. destruction in 1806. Bv Febmazj 1606-9 Wooneofthem,Franci8C0i in the churrh. He became lecturer to the Pros-mlentes, printed in 1706 the woik, Temple in November 1672. and through the ; which was reproduced in 1362, in the intliience of the Duke of York was installed : Greek language exposing the paradoxes and canon of Christ Church on 1 7 Dec. 1672. On sophisois of the princif^L Detaila of tbe 14 Jan. 1672-^$ he proceeded B.D. and D.D. j manner in which some of these boys wen Through the favour of Theophilus, earl of ' drawn otF to the Roman chorch, ani^ of the Hiintinflfdon, a former pupil, he was insti- outlay incurred by Woodroffe in maintaining tiit»id in 1673 to the vicarage of Fiddleton in . the establishment, are set out In the calen- Dor?)et, but resigned it in the next year, < dar of treasury papers (1702-7, pp. 42, 207- when he was made subdean of Christ 200, :362, 390-400, 407) and in ^ Xotes ind Church. At this time WoodrolFe was a - Queries' <2nd ser. ix. 4o7-dK He reeeiTed frequent preacher at Oxford, but, if the i grants from William III and Anne ibr the te^f imony of Humphrey Prideaux can be J Greek college. rrflied upon, his sermons were the subject of Another disappointment in connectioo much ridicule (Ij^ffer^fo John EIUm^ CumAan \ with Gloucester Hall befell its principal. Sir Soc.) In 167'> hti was appointed to the Thomas C»)okes q. v.], a Worcestershire baio- vioiniif'* of Shrivenham, Berkshire, on the ; net, determined in July 1607 upon spending nomi nation of Ifenea^e, earl of N'ottingham, ' lO.'JtJO/. as an endowment for a college at Qx- to whose three i»ons he had been tutor at I f«)nl. Gloucester Hall was the favourite oIh Cliriat Church ; but Prirleanx a!»rterts that he ; ject, though the money was all but diverted got the living through tricking Richard el^ where mainly through Woodrofle insert- i'enrs Tq. v.l ing in the charter a clause that the Idi^ On 15 Nov. 1676 WoodrodTe obtained a '. mig'ht put in and turn out fellows at his license to marry liorothy Stonehouw of ; pleasure. This was withdrawn, but Cook« ffe-^.^lsleijrh, Berk:*hire,aai8ter of Sir Blewett ' still refused on various grounds to canr iSr«mehouMe, with a reputed fortune of 3,0(X)/., out his intention, and WoodrotFe preached and they went to live at Knightsbrid^e so a sharp sermon on 23 May 1700 at recken- a.^ to be near the court. He had b'en ap- . ham before the trustees of the Cookes charitj. p«^>inte«l to the rectorj' of St. Bartholomew, | The baronet died in 1701, and the bill for n*'arthe Royal Exchange, London, on 19 April settlin^r his charity upon Gloucester IIill UuW^ and he was colLited to a canonry in i was defeated in the House of Commons after Lichtield Cathedral on 21 Sept. I ^7?^. These " pas.« ing through the House of Lords on pr^rferments he held with his canonry at ' 29 April 1702. Three pamphlets were issued Cliri.sr Church until hi.s death. ; by WoodrotFe in its support, and an anony- In U><'> WooS8, but was not installed, the . Mary Marbury, sister and one of the three dean-rv l>*Mng givm to Aldrich. Wofxlroft'e C'»heiresses of William and Richard Mar- was admitted on \T} \\\)T, 1^392 principal of ] bury. He was * proprietor of one of the CHoucester Hall, which was in complete ' sult-rocks in Cheshire,' and he bought the deray, and by hin interest amonif the gentry j manor of Marbury in 1705 for 19,000/., but drew to it several students. He began re- j could not complete the purchase. Two actions Woodrooffe Wood row L these estates were c&rried to the )rds, and he lost them both. He ■wae for Eome time confined in the Fleet prison, and his canoDr^ was sequestrated in April 1709. He died m London on 14 Aug. 1711, and was buried on 19 Aug. in hu own vault in the cburchof St. Bartnolomen (Malcolm, iflnii, Medivivum, ii. 428). He was B, learned man, knowing several lan~ guages, including Italian, Portuguese, and • some of the Orientals,' Mr. Ffoulkes men- tions a letter by him as ' in excellent Greek and beautifully written.' He read in Fe- bruary 1691-2 at the Guildhall chapel < the serrica of the Church of England in the Italian lang'uage ' (IlUt. MSS. Cinnm. 6th Rep. App. p. 3fli). llut he wanted judgment, Bnd his temper was unsettled and wiiimsi- cal. A |)ortrait of him bangs in the pro- vost's lodgings at Worcester College. Woodroffe's writings consisted, in addi- tion to single sermons and poems in the .OxfordcollectionSjOf : l.'SomniumNaTale,' . 1673. This is a Latin poem on the engage- | ment in Southwold Bav. 2. ' The Great Question how far Religion is concerned in i Policy and Civil Government,' 1679. 3. ' The ' Fall o( Babylon : Uefiectionson tlie Kovelties of Home by B. W., D.D.,' 1690. The licenser ! would not allow its publication in March 1686-7. 4. ' O Livro da Ora^ao Commun ' (English prayer-book and Psalms translated into Portuguese by Woodroffe and K. Abendana, J udsus), 169o. 5, ' Examinis et. | examinantis examen, adveraus calumnias F. Foris Otrokocsi,' 1700. Prefixed is tlie \ author's portrait by R. "White. 6. ' Daniel's Seventy Weeks explained,' 1702. 7. ' De ! S. Scripturarum Aviapntia, dialog! duo inter Greo. Apt*! et Geo. Mamies prteside Henj. WoodroEfe GrKce,' 1704. ^ [Union Beview, i. 490-500, ii. 650, bv E. S. I Ffoulkes; George Willinme'H Orthodoi Church I in the Eighteenth Century, pp. zvlii-ixr ; Pearson's Levant Chaplains, pp. 43-6, 66-8 ; Foster's Alumni Oxon. 15(jO-171-1; Wood's AthenEG. ed. Bli^s, iv. S10~2 ; Wood's Fasti, ed. j Bliss, ii. 218, 262, 3D], 332-3: Clark's Oiford | Colleges, pp. 436^42 ; Le Nevo's Fasti, i. 62o, ii. 613-18, ill. 681 ; Welch's Westni. School, pp. . 149-6 ; Wood's Life and Times, ed. Clark, i. i 472, 484. ii. 129. 193, 266. iii. 398, 399, 4:^6 ; Heame's Collections, passim; Watt's Bibl.Brit, ; Baron's Case of Gloucester Hull ; The Case of | I>T.Woodrafre(BoJUian^; Barker's Life of Bus- ; bj; Lords' Journals, xvii. 27-98, iviii, 19-100; ' Commons' Journnts, liii. 843. 663 ; DhdicI and Barker's Hint, of Worcester College,] i W. P. C. I "WOODROOFFE, Mes. ANNE (1766- I 1830), author, only child of John Cox of Harwich, was bom on 14 July 1766. On , '27 July 1803 she married at Streatham ^ Nathaniel George Woodrooffe (1766-1851), ! who was vicar of Somerford Keynes, Wilt- i shire, from 1803. The Woodrooffe family was of some antiquity, being descended from Thomas Woodrooffe (rector of Chartham, I Kent, 1640 to 1660), of the house of Wood- roffe of Hope in Derbyshire (cf. Wood- rooffe, Pediirr«o/»*«wiTOo/-e, 1878). Mrs. Woodrooffe devoted herself to teaching, in which she attained great excellence. In 1821 she issued at Cirencester 'Cottage Dia- logues ' (8vo ; ;ind edit. 18.i6), which was written with a view to entertaining and im- proving the lower classes by a delineation of characters and scenes in rural life. Her moat important book, ' Shades of Charac- ter ' (Ualli, lH2i, 3 vols. 4to), was ' designed to promote the formation of the female cha- racter on the basis of Christian principle,' and is a system of education for girls set forth in the form of dialogues with a slight thread of story running through them. The fourth edition is dated 1841, and there was a seventh in 1855. The book shows insight into human Mrs. Woodrooffe died on 24 March 1830, and was buried at Somerford Keynes. She left one daughter—Emma Martha, bom on 30 Jlay 1807, who married, on 6 Feb. 1852, Thomas Wood (d. 19 Dec. 1865). Other works by Mrs, Woodrooffe are t 1. ' The History of Michael Kemp,' Bath, 1819, 12mo ; 9th ed. 1855. 2. ' Michael the Married Man,' a sequel to the last, London, 1827, 12mo; L>nd ed. 1855. 3. 'First Prayer in Verse,' new ed. 1855. [Allibone's Diet, of Engl. Lit.; Bsth aod Cheltcaham Gazaite, 30 March 1830; Gent. Mac. 1862, i. 102. In the Brit. Mus. Cat. most of Mrs. Woodrooffe's works are assigned in error to • Sarah ' Woodrooffe.] E. L WOODROW, HENRY (1833-1876), promoter of education in India, horn at Nor- wich on 31 Julv 1823, was the son of Henry Woodrow, a solicitor in that city. On his mother's side he was descended from the Family of Temple of St«we. After four years' education at Eaton, near Norwich, he entered Rugby in February 1839. He was in the ichoolhouse, and was one of the six boys who took supper with Dr. Arnold on the evening before his death. Many of the incidents of Woodrow'sschoollifeare recounted in 'Tom Brown's School Days,' though Judge Hughes lias divided them among different characters. (Vmong his friends were Edward Henry Stanley, fifteenth earl of Derby [q. v.], Sir Uichard Temple, and Thomas Hughes. He was admitted to Caius College, Carabridlge, Wood row Wood row na fourteenth wra.ugler aud M.A. by roral mondfttein 1840. In MichBelmas 1846 'he ytaa elected to a junior fellowship whicb he retained until 1854. In Noveniber 1&48 be accepted thepostofprlncipalofthe Mart i n i&rd College at Calcutta, and in 1S54 be waa ap- pointed Becretnry to'.he council of education, Teceiving also the charge of the government Hchool book B^ncy. The orrBngements in TOguu when he accepted office had loDgheen reoogmieed as uneatisfftctory. The council was composed of members all of whom bad regular oHicial duties of other kinda, and most of Ibe labour of ndminiatration fell upon the secretary. Under this system edu- cation in Bengal had been declinine- The . only government vernacular echooTs were those founded by Lord Hardinge [see IIahi)- . iNflE, Sib Hhsrt, first ViBCOirarJ and these | had dwindled from lUl to twenty-six. In I 18fi5 a new syatem was introduced. A Beoarate department, called ' The Bengal Kducational Service,' was instituted whose sole duty wdb the management of govem- ment education. William Gordon Young wafl anpointed first director of puhlic Ln- etruction in Bengal, and Woodrow became inspector of schools in ea.Bteni Ilengal. At the time of Woodrow's nomination be had only sixteen suhoole to inspect from Cal- cutta to Cbittagong, among fifteen millions of inhabitants. lie threw himself ardently into the work, and, not confining himself to his official duties, stimulated the interest of thi! natives by frequent lectures on physical science. In 1861 the number of schools had increased to eight hundred, and inl876ithad risea to more than five thousand. On his first appointment he introduced the system of 'circle schools,' under which one superior teacher visited a croup of village schools in turn. This plan, tliough now olwolete owing to the increased number of teachers, was very Buccessful at the time in raising the stondard of the elementary schools. W'ood- row also introduced practical 8tudies,8uch as surveying, into the curriculum, in order to demonstrate more forcibly the advantages of Bovernment teaching to the people, and on bis visitA of inspection he erected nume- rous sundials to supply the lacli of clocks. In 1859 Lord Stanley, his former school- follow, who was then secretary of elate for India, gave Woodrow high praise iu his memorable despatch the duties of teaching and reporting. Although Woodrow did not r^gtrd the new system with favour.he accepted quietly the change in his position. In the follow- ing year he visited Europe, inapecled tlia scnooU and colleges at ^'ienns, studied the Swiss schools at Zurich, aud while in Eng- land acted as examiner in the goremmeot competition exominDtions under the civil On his return to Calcutta in 1675 b*ea- deavoured to induce the nniversity of Cal- cutta to extend lis curriculum in physical sciences and to curtail the study of meta- physics. In the same year he acted for s month asprincJpsl of the presidency coU(f« at Calcutta, hut in September he was ap- pointed to officiate as director of public in- struction in Bengal, and be eucceedfd definitelyto the post on the death of Wilhim Stephen Atkinson in January l«i76. Hil apjiointment occasioned great satisfocttoD Uy the natives of Bengal, but his tenure of office was short. He died without is^oetl UarjCling on 11 Oct. 1876. He married it Cakulta,onl80cC. 18o4,Elitabelb,daught«r of C. Butler, a surgeon of Brentwood in Essex. The natives of India raised 7Q0I. to found a scholarship in Calcutta L'nivenily and to erect a memorial bust of Woodrow. The bust was executed in marble by Edwin Roscoe MuUins and placed in the uniremtir of Calcutta. Another bust of him is ID tllB librarv of Cains College, and a iiiblet wu placed in Uugby school diapel iu 1879 by» lew of his friends and schoalfellowi. In 1662 Woodrow extricated from the mawof records the minutes of Ijird Macaulay irh«i president of the council of education, aod published them separately. For this he re- ceived the thanks of the govern or^cnaiJi Lord Canning. He wastheButhornl apmi- ' ' t ' On the of Testa for thysic present System of Compelitive l:'.-i:niir.:<. ■'■ lOrtheAriny.Navy.ondlndiant.'n il ^.t^jv.', London, 1875 (cf. ZW/y JVptta, i^f Jun. lo7u). [An Indian Career : Uemoir of llenry Wood- row, ISTSi laarie'a Distinguished Anglo- lodiuis 2nd SM. pp. 137-BS. 313-87; Bngby Pchoul Register, 1881. i. 208; Venn's Bioar. Ilifll- 6f Ounvilto and Calae College, 189S, ii. 1S7 ; Jooc- □al of the Natl ODxl Indian AsBociation. ISTT-PP- U-17; Record, 23 April 1879.] E. 1. C, Woods 409 Woods WOODS, JAMES (1672-1759), noncon- formist minister. [See Wood.] WOODS, JOSEPH (1776-1864), archi- tect and botanist, second son of Joseph "Woods by his wife Margaret, daughter of Samuel lloare, was bom at Stoke Sewing- ton on 24 Aug. 1776. His father, a member of the Society of Friends, engaged in com- merce, contributed in English and in Latin, both prose and verse, to the ' Monthly Ledger.' Delicate health causing Wooos to be removed from school when only thir- teen or fourteen years old, he was mainly self-taught, but became proficient in Latin, Greek, Hebrew, French, Italian, and modem Greek. When sixteen he was articled to a business at Dover ; but, preferring architec- ture, he placed himself in the office of Daniel Asher Alexander [q. v.], and after- wards began to practise, but, having no business capacity, was not very successful. He designed Clissold Park House for his uncle Jonathan Hoare, and the Commercial Sale- room, Mincing Lane ; but in the latter build- ing, a failure having resulted from his miscal- culation of the strength of some iron trestles, he had to make good the loss. In 1806 W'oods formed the London Architectural Society, of which he became the first pre- sident ; and in 1808 he printed, but does not seem to have published, * An Essay on Modem Theories of Taste' (London, 1808, 8vo). Having been entrusted with the editing of the remainder of Stuart's * Anti- quities of Athens,' Woods in 1816 issued the fourth volume of that work [see Stuart, James, 1713-1788], Woods had already devoted considerable attention to geology, and still more to botany, as is proved by the appearance in the * Transactions ' of the Linnean Society for 1818 (vol. xii.) of a * Synopsis of the ]3ritish Species of Rosa,' the first of a series of papers devoted to the more difficult or * critical ' genera of flower- ing plants. In April 1816 he had started on a continental tour through France, Italy, and Greece, the results of which appeared in a paper * On the Rocks of Attica com- municated to the Geological Society in 1824 (^Geological Transactionsy i. 170-2), and in * Letters of an Architect from France, Italy, and Greece ' (London, 1828, 2 vols. 4to) ; the work has illustrations by the author which are good in drawing but poor in colour and chiaroscuro; the text evinces considerable critical taste and judgment. On his return to England in 1819 Woods took chambers in Fumival's Inn ; but in 1833 he retired from his profession and settled at Lewes, Sussex, devoting himself mainly to botany. He contributed critical papers on * Fedia ' to the Linnean * Trans- actions ' for 1835 (vol. xvii.), on *Carex' to the * Phytologist ' for 1847, and on * Atri- plex' to the same periodical for 1849, and made various excursions in England and abroad while engaged upon the * Tourists' Flora,' the work by which he is best known. Accounts of such excursions to the north of England and to Brittany appear in the * Companion to the Botanical Magazine ' for 1836 and 1836, and that of one to Germany in the * Phytologist ' for 1844 (vol. i.) In 1850 appeared the * Tourists' Flora : a De- scriptive Catalogue of the Flowering Plants and Ferns of the British Islands, France, Germany, Switzerland, Italy, and the Italian Islands' (London, 1850), a work which has not yet been superseded. With a feeble constitution in a largely developed frame. Woods possessed tireless energy, and, being always a good walker, he continued to make excursions and to study critical plants, with a view to a second edition of his * Flora,' up to the time of his death. Thus there are records in the * Phytologist ' of visits to Gla- morgan and Monmouth in 1850, to France in 1861, and to the Great Orme's Head and part of Ireland in 1855; and in 1857 he visited the north of Spain (Journal of the Linnean Society, 'Botany,' vol. ii. 1858). He studied the genus Salicomia, partly in conjunction with Richard Kippist (1812- 1882) [q. v.], also a native of Stoke New- ington, who had assisted him with the * Tourists' Flora' {Phytologist , vol. iv. 1851, and Proceedings of the Linnean Society, vol. ii. 1855) ; but the last series to engage his attention were the Rubi (Phytologist, new ser. vol. i. 1855-6), many of which he sketched. He also amused himself, when over eighty years of age, by finishing up some of his early architectural sketches as presents to his friends; and he was for many years an exceptionally brilliant chess player. Woods died, unmarried, at his house in Southover Crescent, Lewes, 9 Jan. 1864, and was buried in the Friends' cemetery in the same town. He was a fellow of the Linnean, Geological, and Antiquaries' societies ; and, in addition to fifteen papers with which he is credited in the Royal Society's * Catalogue' (yi.436), he contributed to Smith's * English feotany ' descriptions of several species that he had discovered which were new to Britain. Robert Brown (1773-1858) [q. v.] gave the name Woodsia to a rare and beautiful genus of British ferns. There is an engraved portrait of Woods by Cotman, dated 1822, of which there is a copy at the Linnean Woods 410 Woodville , i TDOouw Hi* hertMrioiii of British the mines of the northern teriilurv. There eDU was given bj him to Jam«« Ebeneoer he contracted fever, and, after halting for heno Jl'^-\ and* is now at the Royal In> some time at Brisbane, arrived at SjdiMj in stitatiooT ^Hransea ; bat hi« laiver fpeneFal 18^7. lie continoed his seientifie work,'hat eoUecticn is now the propertT of Mr. Frederic the hardships of travel had nndemiined his Townsend of Ilonington, \Carwickshiie. , const it ation, and he died at Sjdnej on [I»v«r^f WorthiM of Sii««x. 186^, p. S12 : 7 Oct. 1889. A numnment was erected over Friends' Biofzr. C^t. p. 736; Proceedings of his grave bj pablie sabecriptioo. the liscean SDcietj, 1863-4. rol. zxxii.; Jour- Woods was a man of wide coltme, a mn- nal of Botanj, 1861. p. 6i .- Britten and Bonl- sician, an artist, and something' of a poet, ger s Biogr. Index of British Bouni5:».] ^ for he wrote a number of hymns (printed for G. S. B. prirate drcnlation) and a poem entitled ' The WOODS, Jl'LLVX ED3IUND TEXI- Sorrows of Mary,* 1883. At one time also SOX- (183^-l&'^s geologist and naturalist, he edited two 'religious periodicals, 'The was the sixth son of James Dominick Woods, Southern Cross* ai^ *The Chaplet.' His barricter and journalist, by Henrietta, second conversational powers made him popular in daughter of the Rev. Joseph Teni«on of society, and he was beloved br thoee among Donoughmore, Wicklow, ^reat-gr&ndson of whom he laboured, for he Uvei meet firugally Edward Tenison 'q. v.], bishop of Ossory. that he might give largely. He also wrote Julian Edmund was born at Milbank Cottage, a ' History of the Discovery and Exploim- West Street, South wark. on 15 Nov. 1^32, tion of Australia ' (London, 1865, 2 vols.), and was chiefly educated at Newington gram- another book on the ' Fish and Fisheries of mar school. While still young he became New South Wales,' published in 18d2, and a Koman catholic and joined the Passionist letters in newspapers descriptiveofhis travels, ord»rr. In 1852, as his health had failed, he j together with more than a nundred and fifty went to France, where he continued his ! papers on natural history, geology, wai studies, first at Lyons, afterwards at Hy&res. palaeontologv. Most of them were printed In 1^54 he returned to England, but, finding m the publications of Australian and Tas- himself unable to remain, accompanied Bishop ,' manian societies, but two were contributed Wilson to Tasmania to work under him. In ! to the Geologiod Society of London (in I806 he purpost^ returning to England, but • 1860 and 18&), of which he was elected a on reachingAdelaidewa.s persuaded by Bishop fellow in 18*59. He was elected president of Murphy to remain there. Hitherto he had the Linnean Society of Xew South Wales been in minor orders, but he was ordained in 10, and received the gold medal of thd deacon on 18 Dec. 1?<56, and priest a few days Koyal Society of that colony in 1888. aftennards. He then became missionary : [information from C. M. Tcniaon, esq., Ho- priest in the south-eastern district of South b^rt, Tasmania, and a brief obituary notice, Australia, where he worked energetically Quart. Jour. Geol. 80c. 1890, voL xlri. Proc for ten years. Towards the end of that ' p. 48.] T. G. B. time he assumed the name of Tenison before ^^^^^^ ,.^««^«, ,,^^^, ,«^- WOODS, KOBERT (1622 P-1665), ma- his surname. In 1^^7 he became vicar- . . .^ ^ ^ general of the diocese, and for four years thematician. ^^ee »\ ooD.j w^'* resident in AdeUide. But he felin- : WOODSTOCK, EDMUND or, Eakl of qui>hed that oost to bt^coran a travelling j^^st (1^01-1330). [See Edmcsd.] mis>ionary under the archbishop of Svdnev, "" _ and ill 1 873 was missionary priest in Queen's- I WOODSTOCK, EDWARD OF (1330- land, duty of this kind specially attract- , 1376), the BUck Prince. [See Edward.j ing him because it afforded opportunities 1 ^qODSTOCK, ROBERT OP (d, 1428), for Prr^;^utmff "^pT^^^^", ^"^win^it " canonist and civilian. TSee IlEETii, RobeeiJ tween 18/4 and lo/ohe spent much time m , ^ -» j Tasmania, compilinp: a census of the con- i WOODSTOCK, THOMAS or, Eakl of cholocy and ])ttljf.-ontolo^y of the island, ■ Buckixgham and Duke of GLorcESiEB which was imblished in the 'Transactions' (^13.).>-1397;. [.See Thomas.] of the local Uoval S^xiietv. In 1877 he ; went hack to Svdnev and devoted himself WOODVILLE or WYDVILLE, AX- mor.; and more to science, till in 1883 he re- . THONV, Bakon Scales and second Eakl linqiii/-h^fnt on a pilgKmage to Rome, whence he visited the shrine of St Nicholas at Bari and other holy plac^ of southern Italy {VwiUin Lettert, \a. 1(12; jErcr>rpfal/wr«rini,p,24o; Cal.StatePaptn, Venetian, i. 133). Returning from Ronw early in 1476, he was robbed of all bis jewels and plate, estimated as worth a thouMod marks or more, at Torre di Baccauo, a few miles north of the city. Some of the stolen Eroperty was sold at Venice, and Riven aving applied for restitution, the signorit PicQuigny(CoMMiN-Ea,i.321jDoTLB>. Bi I badge was now the scallop-shells. decided that this should bedone gratuilauily, out of deference forthe kingof Enehudaiid his lordship (rt. i. 130). SiMua IV invested him with the title of defender and director of papal causes in England (CAXTor at the end of ' The Cordyale." 1478). On his way north he is said to have fought at Morst <22 June) for the luchleaa Uuke Charles (Ram^at, ii. 418). A greater honour tbtn any that had yet befallen Rivers wis pre- sently in contemplation. Hie first wife had died during his visit to Compostella. Is 147B a marriage was arranged for him with Margaret, sister of James HI of Scotland (Fttdera, xii.171; Actst-f the. Parliament af Scotland, i\.\\l). Edward bretowcd upon him Thorney and three other honours, the Scots parliament voted twenty ihousaod marks for the martiage, and a safe-coaduct was cent to the bride on 22 Aug, 1479(i. ii, 120; Faidfra, liL 97, 162; RAHSAr, u. 437). But the match ysan suddenly brokni oH' owing, it is surmised, to the discovery of Edward's intrigues with her brother's aab- Svhen the king died (9 April 14e3),River« was at Ludlow with the joung prince; mo«t of his relatives were in London. Kdiranl's nomination of Utoucesler as pro the end of the Woodville predon if Edward IV supposed that the Woodvilles would quietly accept a subordinate position, he miscalculated. Rivers started from Lud- low with they onng king, hia own half-bmlher Richard firey, and a retinue limited by orden to two thousand, on 24 April, and yita a, Stony Stratford on the 29th. Leamitie that Gloucester an his way south from Yoiishim had just reached Northampton, ten milttstn his rear, Rivers and Orev rode back to oint him. Gloucester and Buckingham enter- tained them at supper in apparent cordialitj, but next morning took steps to prevent tliein reaching the king before thems^ves. Rlvtn protested, but was charged with attemutiog ' to Bet distance between the king and theai,' put under arrest with Grey, and sent oS in safe keeping to SherilT-Hutton Castle, our York, which had come to Gloucester ihrougb Wood vi lie 413 Woodville hi8wife(Ror8,p.212; More; Stow). More, though friendly to them, admits that the discovery of large quantities of arms and armour in their baggage created a general impression that their designs were treason- able. At Sheriff-Hutton on 23 June Rivers made his will, in which he gave instructions that if he died south of the Trent he should be buried in the chapel of 'our Ladv of Pewe ' beside St. Stephen s College at West- minster, which owed to him various papal privileges (Rrcerpta Historical pp. 245-6). feut being removed to Pontefract and ordered for execution, he directed that he should be buried there * before an Image of our bliss id Lady with my Lord Richard * {ib, p. 248), appealed to Gloucester to see his will exe- cuted, and wrote the pathetic * balet ' on the unsteadfastness of fortune beginning SumwhAt musying, And more mornyng (Rous, p. 214 ; Ritson, Ancient Songs, ii. 8). It is uncertain whether he was given the form of trial before his execution, which was carried out on 25 June by Sir Richard Rad- cliffe [q. v.j (Rvcerpta IlUtorica, i. 244). Rous (p. 213) says that the Earl ofNorthum- berlanawas his chief judge; but in any case he was deprived of his legal right to trial by his peers. A hair shirt he was found to be wearing next his skin was hung up before the image of the Virgin in the church of the Carmelites at Doncaster (Rous, pp. 213-14). Rivers has been deservedly cnaracterised as the noblest and most accomplished of all Richard IIFs victims (Gairdnbb, p. 73). * Vir, baud facile discemas, manuve aut con- fiilio promptior' was the verdict of Sir Thomas More; *un tres gentil chevalier' that of Commines (i. 321). But the warmest testimony to his virtues comes from Caxton, with whose name that of his friend and patron will always be associated. In the printer 8 epilogue to the * Cordyale,' after re- cording the earl's devotion to works of piety, he concludes : * It seemeth that he con- ceiveth wel the mutabilite and the unstable- nees of this present lyf, and that he desireth -with a greet zele and spirituell love our goostlye nelp and perpetual ealvacion, and that we shal abhorre and utterly forsake thabominable and dampnable synnes which communely be now a dayes.* This zeal for morality dictated the choice of the French works which he translated and had printed by Caxton. The * Dictes and Sayings of the Philosophers/ the first book printed in Eng- land (1477), was translated by Rivers (from Jean de Teonville*s French version of the Latin original, lent him by a friend to be- guile his voyage to Compostella in 1473) be- cause he found it * a glorious fair myrrour to all good Christen peple to behold and under- stonde.' A few months later (February 1478) his translation of the 'wise and holsom' * Proverbs of Christine de Pisan * * set in metre ' issued from Caxton*s press, followed in March 1479 by his version of the ' Cor- dyale,' ' multiplied to goo abrood among the peple, that thereby more surely myght be remembred T?ie Four Last Thingis undoubt- ablv comyng.* Caxton alludes to others that had passed through his hands, but whether this means that he printed them is not clear. Besides these translations. Rivers wrote 'diverse Balades agenst the seven dedely synnes,' but the only specimen of his muse that has been preserved is the gentle lament on the fickleness of fortune which Rous ascribes to the last days of his life (see above). The only known portrait of Rivers is con- tained in an illumination in a Lambeth manuscript representing the earl presenting one of his books and its printer to Ed- ward IV. Horace Walpole had it repro- duced as a frontispiece to his 'Royal and Noble Authors,' ana an en^aving of Kivers's head is in Doyle's 'Official Baronage.' It shows a clean-shaven intellectual face. Rivers was twice married, but left no legitimate issue. Lady Scales, his first wife, died on 1 Sept. 1473, and, after the failure of the negotiations for his marriage to the Scottish princess, he took for his second wife Mary, daughter and coheir of Sir Henry Fitz-Lewis of Homdon, Essex, by Elizabeth, daughter of Edmund Beaufort, second duke of Somerset. She survived him, and married secondly Sir John 'Neville, illegitimate son of the second Earl of Westmorland. Rivers had a natural daughter, Mai^ret, who be- came the wife of Sir Robert Poyntz of Iron Acton, Gloucestershire [see under Poyntz, Sib Fiuncis]. His brother Richard suc- ceeded him as third (and last) Earl Rivers. [Rotuli Parliamentomm ; Eymer^s Foedera, original edition; State Papers, A^enetian, ed. Rawdon Brown; William of Worcester (with Stevenson's Wars of the English in France), and Wavrin's Chronicle in the Rolls Ser. ; Wark- worth's Chronicle, ed. Camden Soc. ; Eoas's Chronicle, ed. Hearne ; Fabyan, ed. Ellis ; Com- mines's M^moires, ed. Dapout; Olivier de la Marche 8 M^moires, ed. Bochon ; Paston Letters, ed. Gairdner ; More's Vita Ricardi III, ed. 1689 ; Stows Annals, ed. 1631 ; Bentley's Excerpta Historica, 1831; Dugdale's Baronage; G. £. C[okAyneys Complete Peerage ; Ramsay's Lan- caster and York; Gairdner^ Richard III, ed. 1898 ; other authorities in the text.] J. T-t. WocMlviIle 414 Woodville * WOODTILLS "IT WmnmXE: CiCoco ud Hana. «(L Goefit^ PL 63^; CdL ward I\\ 'S» EniXEJJCa.' '■"^'^s*- P- "= ^ct. PkrL tt. S», 272; Dep.- EMpHr'ft PihL Bwocdi^ 9cit Btp. ^fp. itppi. • WOODVIULB.II'>yEL'L44#?:^-:ft?4», li.iL. 31. 3». II±. 127: L? Serc-* F*id E«l %iiifai:n :d SL-^wnrrr. hi:n ihrnis lM»J.w» -i»cL l 3**, tL 411. J^^: Ph?ob Lcctca. ix wari* ±r« Etrl R.T*t. ><, hj iit mar- «*=«'^»'-=a it-pc«i»^.urfi»=r,*e^^h^«tide.] TOiPt TT-Jnii i itaiiHinia- TriiSi w '{i J on 'slT LftOr- - A. J. A. e^AMT. iiirf -:e &iia.ri x. ▼/ Aazh^uj WOODTILLE cr WVDEVILLE, «rf«ii*r br-^niiiw. H* th.4 ^iiita;^*!! is •>iiTpL wi* *«:a of Ra^fiari Woodrille of the Mote, luk rrbi-xaSfifi l^.If- W xii ats !:2uiz B«*ftr 3Lu W-f.rLTrto- i.* n»y: *^prr:i»«i by Le m-irher w»* Joan Beaach^mp. h^irvs oft >'r'T*. trer.rirjfc?i-ja :f ''.b* 'i:':i«ae «>i 41 •>«- Somrr^uhire f*iiiilT » Bakes, ii. 166 : HUt. l-fc^> L^ bw*=B p?»b*rLdA?T of Mirk ni Sc J/.<.< Cr/mm. i^h Rep. p. 113; bat cf, G*- P*.i:'s CVLrcrtL la If^i briiiar thisi as ««r:.y:>^ tI. ISOl Ilk^ard WoodTiUe tb* C»i3in him oa is VArrh. He was con- Henrj V and the reeent B«dfard in the ^xr%T.*A LR April. Frrcieh warfw He hela a command in the Aft^- Kdward H"* d**th W-oodrilLrV po- exp*riiLtIon« of 1415 and 1417, and in 1430 KtrloTi 1>ecaa<<^ d:£cal:. In the l«ginninz of became e^qoire of the body to Henir V and Mavthftqaften^EIirabitthWoodfille.receiTed eent^chal of Normandy (GtHa Hinrki P. word of the arpwt of RiTcr* and Grey at pp. 9. 277: Dcgdale.* ii. 230). The kinz Kf^/ny ••••«• ford, and a*, once wen: into sane- bestowed upon him in 1418 the Norman t'Mry Af. \Vf:«tni;n.*vr. \Vo>iTilie wrnt with aeifmi^rle? of IV-aox and Danjaru (Loxgxo5. h':T,h:* i* *t^.iz.^ likely tJiA'. he s-xn came p. li>j«. B-^iford, on becoming t^hX for Of jr. A» a bi-thoji he had nothinj to fear. Iler.ry W in France, made Wxidviile his If". 7i-%* in th*: fro K-. mi "ion of tLe pe-^ce in chamberlain, and rewarded his 'prans n> J in*: Jin 'J July. Uv*rr h'.- K/ok an important taV-lr* et aZi^reabK-s services' with farther j»art, in ftrjhnhi'.nj IVi'"kIn;rliam'« rebellion, prant* of confi«oated estate* (*'A. pp. Kt>-6: WA^ n-'im'-'i in I ::c!iar'l> proclamation, and MoxsiRELrr. iv. l.>^ ». His conn*?c: ion with wli«-n t|j7; Uam- Thofni- l,Jin;fton ' (\. v.", who eventually sue- sat, i. 3^1 ). He returned with the resrent <:t*t't\t'A him as binhfip. The matter was to France in the spring of 1427 to take up pt&\\tt\ by an act of purliament which de- in July 1429 the post of lieutenant of Calais, clan-d hi-t f';mjK»ral iio-jnenpions forfeit* j^l, but where the marriage arranged between his r»d \\it(A\'\\\*iH life. He di*Kl, possibly daughterJoan and William Haute. 1 in IJritiariy, Mor*'. 2.'5 June 1484. A manu- nrrijit. iKiok of mi.-*C'-lhin<.*ou sentries compiled iil»';iit th" <-ri'I of the H'iventeenth century, pn-iM-rvr! Ill Sill iwhurv, says that hedi, fii'.; Oiilrdiiftr'H Uirluiril HI, now edit., |iji. /iH, i:)6, Ml, 168; Woud'v App. to Uist. of .ane^uire of Kent, was apparently solemnised (Drc- DALE, ii. 2:30; Ord, Prtry Couryil^ m. 24-% .*52t>: Rrcerpta Ilutonca, p. 240). He ft ill ' held this position in 1430, though in 14.'H be seems to have been detached for a time to serve on the council of Henry VI whilr* in France (i^«?(/<»m,.x. Wo; Dotle; Ord. Priy Council^ iv. 82). There is some difficulty, however, during these years in distinguish- ing him from his son. He probablv settled down at Grafton after the death of liis elder brother (who made his will on 12 Oct. 1434), was sheriff of Northamptonshire in 1438, Woodville 41S Woodville and died between 1440 and 1442 (Bakeb, ii. 166). Richard Woodville the younger was knighted by Henry VI at Leicester on 19 Alav 1426 (Lelaih), ii. 491). It was probably he who commanded a troop in France in 1429 and conveyed the wa^es of the Duke of Burgundy's forces to Lille m the following year (Dotle; Fotdera^ x. 464). He is said to have been taken prisoner in the attack upon Gerberoi in May 1435, but must have soon obtained his release, as he served under Suffolk in 143.5-6 (Wavrin, p. 64 ; DuGDALB, ii. 230). The foundation of his fortunes was his surreptitious mar- riage, apparently in 143(J, with Jacquetta of Luxemburg, the young widowed Duchess of Bedford. She had to pay (23 March 1437) a fine of 1,000/. for marrying without the royal license (Itot, Pari, iv. 498 ; Devon, p. 436). Woodville received a pardon on 24 Oct. following (Ffrderaf x. 077). The mesalliance gave great offence to Jacquetta's relatives (Wavrin, p. 207). The statement after- wards made (ib. p. 455) that Woodville and Jacquetta had two children before marriage is doubtless a mere calumny. Woodville served under Somerset and Talbot in the attempt to relieve Meaux in 1439 (ib. p. 257 ; Dotle). His reputation as an accomplished knight caused him to be selected to ' deliver ' the redoubtable Pedro Vasque de Saavedra, chamberlain of the Duke of Burgundy, who came to London in 1440 to 'run a course with a sharp spear for his sovereign lady's sake* {Fcvdera^ x. 828; Faston Letters, i. 41 ; Chastellain, iii. 455). They met in lists at Westminster on 26 Nov., but the king stopped the com- bat after the third stroke (Stow). In June 1441 Woodville once more went to France, in the train of the Duke of York, and helped to relieve Pontoise (liAMSAY, ii. 37). He became a knight banneret and captain of Alen9on (25 Sept. 1442). On 9 May (Dug- dale gives 29th) 1448 he was raised to the peerage by letters patent as Baron Rivers. Ilis choice of title is puzzling. Dugdale thought he took the name of the old family of lied vers or De Uipariis, earls of Devon ; and his addition to his arms of an inescut- cheon bearing a griffin segreant, which was part at least of their device, has been held to confirm this hypothesis {Complete Peer- age^ vi. 371). But the inclusion among the eeigniories granted him in support of bis new dignity of a barony of Rivers and a casual reference (in a letter of 1475) to his son under the name of Lord Anthony ^ni^r^ sug- gest a connection with the barony of Rivers or De Ripariis of Aimgre (Oogar) in Essex, which had been for some time in abeyance {ib, V. 398 ; Dugdale, ii. 230 ; Cal. State Papers, Ven. i. 136). No connection with either family seems to have been discovered by genealogists. Rivers took part, in the suppression of Cade*s rising in June 1450, and, though the rumour that he was to succeed the mur- dered Suffolk as constable of England had proved baseless, he was admitted to the order of the Garter (4 Aug.) and the privy council (Doyle ; Paston Letters, i. 128; Ord. Privy Council, vi. 101). The French having now begun the conquest of Aquitaine, Rivers received a commission as seneschal of the province on 18 Oct. 1450, and was to take out a strong force ; but the transports remained idle at Plymouth for nine months, and the expedition was abandoned on the news of the fall of Bordeaux {ib. vi. 105, 115; Ramsay, ii. 146). He seems to have spent the following years at Calais as one of the lieutenants of the Duke of Somerset, who had been appointed its captain in September 1451, and was thus unable to support the duke and the king at the battle of St. Albans {Ord. Privy Council, vi. 276 ; Dotle ; BEAUCorRX, vi. 46). lie was sum- moned to the great council in January 1458 which arranged a temporary reconciliation between the two parties, the unreality of which was illustrated in the following July by his appointment to inquire into the Earl of Warwick's piratical attack upon the Liibeck salt fleet (Ord. Privy Council, vi. 292; Fadera, xi. 415). When hostilities were resumed in 1459 and Warwick and the Earl of March were driven out of the countfA' and took refuge at Calais, Rivers was stationed at Sandwich to guard against a landing. He was suri)rised in his bed, however, one morning shortly after the New Year 1460 by Sir John Dynham with a small party from Calais, and carried across the Channel with his son Anthonv (Will. WoRC, p. 771). On their arrivafat Calais the captives were bitterly ' rated * by the Yorkist leaders for having joined in stigmatising them as traitors. Warwick reminded him that his father was but a squire brought up with Henry V, and that he himself had been 'made by marriage and also made lord,' and *that it was not his part to have such language of lords, beingof the King's blood* {Paston Letters^ i. 506). When and how they escaped from their captors does not appear, but they fought at Towton on the side of King Henry, whom Rivers accompanied in his flight to New- castle {Cal. State Papers, Ven. 1. 105-6). On Woodville 416 Woodville / 30 An^. 14»'il. hoTr**^!?^ Coant IjidoTico trix, ed. Dapont, iL 406; Apart om tkt Dallujo r»rpi'rr.**i ro rhr hnk*- of Mibin that Dignity of a Pftr^ t. 39??). the Hftrl ha-i ^^ i:*.t';d If-nry and t»-n'i»?r^l Hirers married Jacqaetta, daughter of hU &lI-2iano»; to E«i^.ir«l IV. •! h»»ld Pater de Luxemburg, count of St. Pol, bj- j^veral o )nvTrsdtl'jr>.' h- wro*e, • with t hi* Marzrierite. daughter of Francois de Bau, lorri de Kiv»rr^ ab-^ut Kin;f Henry'.* caii*e, dake of Andria in the kingdom of Naples. and h-* a^-urvii m»* thac it wa* list irre- She was the widow of John of Lancaster, mr'liably ' u'A. i. 1 1 1 ■. Edwarl'* secn^t duke of Bedford '(\. v.\ bmther of Henry V, marrlaz- 'virh liivers** 'laughter Elizab«rrh on and «he surrived her second husband, dying 1 May 14*'4 more than r*r-^s*ablLshed hUfor- on kH) May 1472. She bore Hirers fourtaA tiine;>. anil gave him a *we»t r^rvenze upon or tifteen children, seven sons and seven or AVarwick tur thr tre.irm-nf he ha#i receivt^ eight daughters. Five sons survived in- fo urvear* before. Th«* Wo'xiville influence .fancv: 1. Anthonv. second Earl Kiven wa^ appriinre'l trea.*ur»='r on 4 March 14^jr5, dowager duchess of Norfolk, a'lnt of War- and on 'Jo May at Winds' ir h*; wa.4 made Earl wick *■ the kingmaker.* * Maritafinm diabo- Hiver*. Hi* numerous s-^tn* and daughters licum ' comments William of Worcester (p. were marriM into th*:? nche:*t and nobleet 7S^ ), and adds obscurely, ' Vindicta Bemarai baronial families. John Tiptnft, earl of Wor- inter eosdem postea patuit ' (of. Hot. Pari ce-ter 'q. v. '.had tore* ii.Ti the posit ion of high v. t)<)7). He was knighted at his sisters constaMe ^if England in favour of the king's cnn^nation two months later, and shared his father-in-law. who tom the predominance at court they ton Letters' ( iii. 344). He commanded the had enjoy »*d in tne first years of the reign, Woodville fleet in 1483. and shared Henry becam*; morp and more Vst ranged from the of Ikichmond*s exile in Brittany. In 14^ king and hostile to the Wowlvilles. Overt he greatly embarrassed Henrv by taking over hostilitie* began with the pillage of Hi vers's a small force to help the bretons against K^inti.'.h ♦f^rllt»r by a mob of Warwick's jMir- the French, and fell in the battle of St. ti*anfl on N^-w Veiir*> day 14^>*^ 3, restond the movement h^-r** and th^ similar onu in in 14*v): he succeeded his brother .Vnthony Yorkshin* unitincr th** kinjr at Coventry (irey, eighth lord Ferrers of Groby 'q. v.], toward* th«- end of .January ( Will. WoRC. secondly, Edward IV, and is separately p. 7''IM. Bi»t th»i n'conciliation was noticed as Queen Elizabeth (1437^-149:?!. mendy t»'mi)orur\', and the marriage of '2. Margaret, who married (October 14^) 6\ Wil- fri»'nd«i laid most stri*.*.s upon the king's ; liam, viscount Bourchier, and, secondly (he- •!.*trang»*m»'Ut of the * err eat lords of his blood' for tli»' NVoodvilles and otlwr * se- 6), Henrj' Stafford, second lh«iM (NVavimn, v. oMO). After Edward's " duke of Buckingham [q. v.], secondly, Jasper d« r«'nt at I'Mg.'cot {'2i\ July), Rivers and his j Tudor, duke of Bedford [q. v.], andj thirdly, Hon Sir. John Woodville were taken at Chep- ' Sir Richard Wingfield [q. v.]^ 7. A daugh- t*row, convt'viMl to K«'nil worth, and executed %m \'J A HIT. *( NVakk WORTH, pp. 7, 40 ; Three J')/trffith'('enfufy Chronic U«, \), 183; Wa- ter who is said to have married Sir John Bromley (Dugdale, ii. 231). 8. William of ^^'o^ceste^ (p. 785) mentions still another ' Woodville 417 Woodward daughter, who was married (February 1466) | effects of the plants. The second volume ap- ) Ruthin, son and i peared in 1792, the third in 1793, and a sup- to (Anthonv) Lord Greyde heir of the £arl of Kent, but he does not give her name. She does not appear in the pedi- grees, but the chronicler can hardly be guilty of a confusion caused by the second marriage of Anne Woodville to Anthony Grey's younger brother George, who succeeded him in the style of Lord Grey de Ruthin. plementary volume, containing plants not in- cluded in the * Materia Medica,* in 1794. A second edition in four volumes was published in 1810 (Lohdon, 4to), and a third in 1832, edited bjr (Sir) William Jackson Hooker [q. v.], with a fifth volume by George Spratt. As was natural from his official position. [Rotali Parliamentorum ; Rymer's Foedera. 1 Woodville took a keen interest in the various ong. edit. ; Issues of the Exchequer, ed. Devon ; j remedies for smallpox. The older system of Ordinances of the Privy Council, ed. Nicolas ; inoculating persons with a mild form of the Cal. State Papers. Venetian, ed. Rawdon Brown ; 'f disease itself first attracted his attention, Wavrin's Chronicle, ed. by Hardy in the Rolls j and in 1796 he published the first volume of Series and by Dupont for the Soci^t^deTHistoire a * History of the Inoculation of the Small- de France ; William of Worcester ed. by Steven- , p^^ i^ Qreat Britain ' (London, 8vo). The aon in the second volume of the Wars of the Eng- . g^^ond volume did not appear owing to the discovery by Edward Jenner (1749-1823) [q. v.] of the efficacy of vaccination from cow-pox. Woodville was at first hostile, but afterwards enthusiastically adopted Jenner's theory, and made many experiments with a view to elucidating it. In 1799 he lish in France (Rolls Ser.) ; Wark worth's Chro nicle, ed. Camden Soc. ; Gesta Henrici V, ed. English Historical Society ; Monstrelet's Chro- nicle, ed. Douet d'Arcq for Societe de THistoire de France; Longnon's Paris pendant la Domination Anglaise(Soc.derHi8toirede Paris) ; Chastellain, ed. Kervyn de Lettenhove ; Leland's Collectanea, . ed Hearne; Excerpta Historica, 1831; Paston ' published 'Reports of a Series of Inocula- Letters, e^16. Samuel Pick- worth Woodward [({. v.] was his younger brother. He was sent in March 1822 to the Grey Friars Priory, a private school kept bv William Brooke, to whom on 29 Sept. 1828 >fedica' published by the Koyal Collecfes of j he was apprenticed for four years. On the Physicians of London and Edinburpfli. These i expiration of this apprenticeship he worked descriptions were illustrated by plates and for a time under his father's super\'i8ion, accompanied by an account of the medicinal copying armorial bearings and other heraldic VOL. LXII. £ £ devices for Hudson Gumey [ij. c] lie also studied in his leisure moments botany and otber natural sciences in a practical manner, and kept copious not^s, some of which were utiliied by Hewett Cottrell Watioa [q. v.], the botiuiiat. Norfolk, and late in the following year he obtained a post in the banking house of Messrs. Gumey at Great Yarmouth. Through the influence of friends at East Dereham he became strongly attracted to the congrM'a- tional ministn,', and on coming of age left Varmoulh and went to study under W. I*gge at Fakenham, Norfolk, and the Kev. Mr. Drane at Gueatwick, Norfolk. In 1838 he entered as a student at the newly esta- blished Highbury College, London, and gra- duated B.A. London, 17 June 1841. On 27 April 1843 he was publicly recog- nised ' pastor of the independent churcli of WoTtweU-wUh-Harleston in Norfolk.' He soon after began to apply himself to literary work, and in this connection enjoyed the friendship of John Childs [q. v.], head of the printing firm at Bunpay, and acted for a time also as tutor to his grandsons. At tbe end of 1848 he resigned liiB pastorate, and, with the view of devoting himself solely to literature, removed to St. John's Wood, Lon- don, in March 1849. In November 1863 he moved to Bungay to be nearer to his friends the Childs, who were concerned in the pro- duction of his larger works, and whom he as- sisted in many of their undertakings j but in 1868 he returned to the neighbourhood of Hampstead. On 2 July I860 he was ap- pointed librarian in ordinary to tbe queen at Windsor Castle. Under the superintendence of the prince consort began the rearrange- ment of the fine collection of drawings by the old masters at Windsor. He died at his official residence, Itoyal Mews, Pimlico, on 12 Oct. 1869. In 1843 he married Fanny Emma, ninth daughterof Thomas Teulon of fierkeley Street, London, the descendant of a. Huguenot family. By her he had three daught«ra. She died on 30 April 1860, nnd be married, on 19 Aug. 1851, Kmmn, seveuth daughter of George Earham of Wirhersdale Hall, Suflblk. Woodward was elected a fellow of tbe Society of Antiquaries in 1867. He was author of: 1. ■ The History of Wales,' Lon- don [1850-3], 8vo, 2. ' The Natural His- tory of the Year' (originally issued in the 'TuachBr's Offering; 1861), London, 1862, 13mo: 3rd ed. 1863; revised edit, (so called) 187;i. 3. 'ThellistorvofthellnitedStfttes of America' (by W. H. Bartlett as far as vol. i. p. 530), New York [1865-S], 3 roll. 8va, 4. 'First Lessons on tbe'Englith Reformation,' London [1867], 1:^0: 2nd edit. 1860. 5. 'First Lowons in Attn- nomy' {5th edit, rewritten by B. B. Wood- ward), London f 1857], l'2mo. 6. •Fiw Lessons in the Evidencee of Chnstianitr' (originally issued in the ' Teacher's Ofierine.' 1858-9), London [1860P], limo; Snd t*L 1865. 7. 'AGeneral Histo^of HampsluR' (as far as p. 317, aflerwards carried on bj Tbeodor C. Wilks), London [1859-69], 4te. 8. ' Encyclopedia of Chronology,' in con- junction with W. L. K. Cates, who coid- pleled it, London, 1873, 8ro. At tbe tim« of bis death he was busy upon a 'Life of Leonardo da Vinci,' which was to hive He also wrote many articles and reriewi , for the ' Eclectic Review." Sharpe's ' London | Magazine,' tbe 'Gentleman's Miigarine,'»nd otber periodicals. He edited: 1. 'The History and Anti- ?uities of Norwich Castle,' by his father, 847, Ito. 2. Barclav's 'Complete Dic- tionary of the English Language, new edit. 1851, 4to, for which he wr ' .for which he wrote a ' compendious English grammar,' besidM t»> writing much of the rest. He also founded and edited ' The Fine Arts Quarterly B*- view,' which appeared from May ISJ63 10 June 1867. Heb Terre; ■ Henry Woodward. [Obituiiry by W, L. R. Cal«a in the Komeb Penny Mi^zine, 18T0. p. 24; Men of Qn> neDCfl, No. iliii. with pliot»™rtrait (ths p"*- trait proHxed (o lUbbaD's ■ Brief Momoir' i< almofit iba only reliable item in that unanlW rieed production); private informsliua : Brit, Mds. Cat.] B. B. W. WOODWARD, GEORGE MOUTARD (17tt0?-1809), caricaturist, son of WilEsffl Woodward of Stanton Hall, Derbysbim,«u born in that county about I7fl0. He re- ceived no artistic training, but, having muck original talent, came to London, with «a allowance from hjs father, and becami • prolific and popular designer of social carie*> tures, much in the style of Bunbury, whidi were etched chiefly br Rowlandson and Isaac Cruikshank. Alttiough their bnmoar was generally of a very coarse and eitrav*- frant kind, they display a singular wealth of imagination and insight into character, ani some are extremely entertaining. .Among LL Woodward Woodward the best tire ' Effects of Mattery,' ' Effects of Hope,''Club of Quidnuncs,' 'Everj-body in Town,' ' Everybody out of Town,' nnd ' Spe- cimena of Domestic Phrenay.' Woodward also wrote msny lig'bt fugitive pieces in prose ■md Terse, some of which were issued in a, Tolume in 1806, with a portrait of the author Snna a drawing by A. Buck, He was of rted and intemperate habit«, spending of his time in tarems, and died in a late of penury at the Brown Bear public- onse in Bow Street, Covent Garden, in Fovemberl809, HepubUshed: 1. 'Eccen- 3 Excuraions,' with a hundred plates by ^Cruikshank, 1796. 2. 'The Olio of Good with Sketches iUustrative of the races,' 1801. 3. 'The Musical iafor 1802 . . . dedicAted to Mrs. Billing- 4. 'The Bettyad : a Poem descriptive r the Progress of the ^oung Roscius in lOndon,' 1805. 5. ' Caricature Magaiine, .? Hudibrastic Mirror, being- a Collection of teiginal Caricatures,' 1807. 6. 'An Essay on * B Art of ingeniously Torroentins,' 1808. 'Cheaterfleld TraveBtie, or Boliool for bCodem Manners,' 1808. • [Gr(!go'» Rowlandson the Caricaturiit, 1830 ; 1, Angela's GeminisceDcea, 13SB-S0 ; HedgrHve's " LofArtiBtB; Geat. Mag. 1809, ii. 1176.] F. M. 0"D. WOODWAKD, HENRY (1714-1777), Ctor, the eldest son of a tallow chandler B the borough of Southwark, London, was Dm in London 2 Oct. 1714, and intended for is father's occupat ion. Tie whs at Merchant I TftjloTB'schoolfrom 1724tol728. Afterhis f ifkther's failure in business ' Harry ' Wood- e was generally called, joined the Jlliputian troupe of Lun [see KlCH, John] at tincoln's lun Fields, playing on 1 Jan. 1729 1 the ' Beggar's Opera' as the Beggar and Icn Budge (the ' Thespian Dictionary ' says kPeschum). During tlie season the per- ) was repeated fifteen times, and (Poodward, now thoroughly stage-struck, mained with Rich, who instructed him in Iftrlequin and other characters. ' Master' Woodward appeared at Goodman's Fields ta 5 Oct. 1730, and as ' Voung ' Woodward ^ayed on 30 Oct. Simple in the ' Merry Wives of Windsor.' On 31 Dec. he was p,Sicky in the ' Constant Couple,' on 7 Jan. ■ 1781 Page in the ' Orphan,' and on 5 May I 'Tom Thumb, for his benefit, when he spoke Mprologue written by himself. On 12 May "e WHS a Spirit in the ' Devil of a Wife,' and 2 June a priest*ss in ■ Sopho- 1 a Spirit in the ' Tempest.' At 'a Fields, where he remained until !6, we read in the bills of Woodward, Voung Woodward, Master Woodward, and H. Woodward. Presumably these are all the same, though Dr. Doran seema to think the contrary. To one or other of these names appear Ilaty in 'Tamerlane,' Sulin ift ' Mourning Bride,' Harlequin, First Drawer iu the ' Cheats, or the Tavern Bilkers,' Daniel in 'Conscious Lovers,' Donal- boin, Setter in 'Old Bachelor,' Squire Richard in the ' Provoked Husband,' Harry in ■ Mock Doctor,' Joques in ' Love makes a Man,' Siiuire Clodpole in ' Lover's Opera,' Supple in ' Double Gallant,; Fetch in ' Stage Coach,' and Shoemaker in ' Relapse.' On 25 Sept. 1734, Woodward acted harle- qaitt as Lun, jun. Subsequently he was seen as Petit in the ' Inconstant,' I'rince John in'The Second Part of KinpHenrylV,' Victory in ' Britannia,' Sneak in ' Country lifisses,' Slango in ' Honest Vorkshireman,' and Alhanact in ' King Arthur.' Wood- ward's name appears on 29 Jan. 1733 as I&souf, an original part, in Sterling's ' Parri- After the removal of the company to Lincoln's Inn Fields, Woodward appeared on 3 Jen. 1737 oa Harlequin Macheath in the ' Beggars' Pantomime, or the Contending Columbmes.' The authorship 6F this is ascribed to Lun, jun,, i.e. Woodward, who dedicated to Mrs. Clive and Mrs. Cibberthe printed version, ISmo, 1736, with an apolosj for having burlesqued their quarrel over (Be part of Polly in the 'Beggar's Opera.' On 1 2 Feb. 1737 Woodward was the first Spruce in Lynch's' Independent Patriot, or Musical Folly,' and on 21 Feb, the lirat Young Manly in Hewitt's ' Tutor for the Beans [fie], or Love in a Labyrinth.' At the end of the season (1737) the theatre was closed, and Woodward went to DruiT Lane, appearing on 13 Jan. 1738 as Feeble in the ""Second Part of King Henry IV.' Here be remained until 1741-3, playing many parts in comedy (for a full list He« Genbst). Among them were Slender, Gib- bet in the 'Squire of Alsatis,' Kastril in 'Alchemisl,' Abel in ' Committou,' Jeremy in ' Love for Love,' Simon Pure, Sir Amorous Ln Foole in ' Silent Woman,' Duretete, Sir Novelty Fashion, Lord Foppington, Poet iit 'Timon of Athens,' Pistol, Richmond iu ' CUarles I,' Silvius in ' As you like it,' Ven- to*o in Dryden'a ' Tempest,' and Sir Andrew Aguecheek. 1'he original parts assigned him are insignificant. Thev consist of French Cook in ' Sir John Cocile at Court,' Dodsley's sequel to the ' King and the Miller of Mansfield," 23 Feb. 1738 ; Poet in Miller's ' Hospital for Foola,' 16 Nov. 1781); Dappemit In Edward PhiUips's ' Britons, Strike Home,' 31 Dec. i Beau in Qarrick's \\'oodward Woodward 'Ledw,' IS April I740i and Kererout in 'PoUt« ConT«rsatioii,' tsken from Swift, S3 ApriL On 29 Dec. 1711 he appeared at Oovent Garden as Coaclimati in the * Drummer.' At Drury Lane he remained till ITl", plajing the lead in comedy, and adding to his repertory some lifty cbarac- ters. Among IheM were OBric, Csmpley in ■ Funeral,' Bullocb in ' Recruiting Officer,' Brisk in ' Double Dealer,' Jerry BIacka«re in ' FUin Dealer,' Lucio in ' Measure for Meosare,' Lord Sands, Pistol, Ben in ' Love for Love,' ParoUet, Sir Courtly Sice, Ouideriud in ' Cymbeline,' the Lying Volet, Antonio in 'Don Sebastian,' and Colonel Feignwell. Two oriirinal parts were aa- i^igned Um— Flash in Garrick's ' Mi«e in ber Teens,' 1" Jan, 1747; and Jacit Me(n;ot in Iloadlf.v's 'Suspicious Husband,' 112 Feb. of the same year. Engaged by Sheridan for Smock Alley Theatre, Dublin, \^'oodward made his first nppearanc« there on^SSepI, 1747 as Marplot in the ' Busybody,' and played also Brass in the ' Confederacy,' Trappanti in ' She would and she would not,' and other parts. As Marplot he came out again on 10 Sept. 1746 at I>ury Lane, * first appearance for seven years.' He repeated some of his Dublin fiuccesfies, and was seen during the season as Tom in ■ Conscious liovers,' Justice Ureedy in ' A New Way to pay Old Debts,' Ksinble in ' London Cuckolds," Qregoir in ' Mock Doctor,' Captain Braten, Scrub. Mercutio, llarlequin in ' Emperor of Ibe Moon,' Fine Oentleman in ' Lethe,' Faddle in ' Found- ling,' and Itamilie in the ' Miser,' and gave on 18 March 174!) liis own unprinted inter- lude, ' Tit for Tat,' in which he made sport of Foote, who had taken him off in his ' Diversions of the Morning.' In November 1762 the actor bad to make an atRdavit that he had not insulted one Fitipatrick (the same probably who in 17113 caused a riot in the theatre). During this same year (1762) Woodward was subjected to an attack at the hands of the mountebank 'Sir ' John Hill [q. v.], who inserted in his 'Inspector' a letter 'to Wood- ward, comedian, the meanest of all charac- ters.' This elicited apampblet,* A Letter from Henry Woodward, Comedian, the meanest of all Characters [see Iiinpector, No. 624], to Dr. John Hill, Inspector-General of Great Britain, the greatest of all Characters (see all the Inspectors) ' [London], 17/)2 (2nd edit.), 8vo. This was followed by 'A Letter to Mr. Woodward, on his Triumph over the Inspector. By Sampson Edwards, the Merry Cobler of the Ilaymarket,' London, n.d. [1752], 8vo; 'A Letter to Henry Wood- ward, Comedian, occasioned by his Letter la the Inspector. By Simon ("ortridge, the Facetious Cobler of Pall Mall,' &c., Lon- don, n.d. [I7(i21, Svo, and finally 'An Answer to Woodward, by the Earl of . . .,' London, 1753, Svo, a mock defenro of Hill. Between 17ol and 1756 Woodward kid produced and doubtless acted in several on- printed pantomimes of his own — ' Ilarleqtiiii Ranger, season of 1751-2; ' The Genii,' pro- duced in 1733, and often revived; 'QuBen Mab,' 1753; ' Fortunalus,' 1763, freouenUj revived, ' Proteus, or Harlequin in China,' 175-S;and'Mercur?Harlequin,'175G. ThM all displayed gifts of construction and inven- tion, and were highly popular. Some of thecD had previously been seen in Dubtin. ' Marplot in Lisbon '(1760, 12mo) wasacted at Drury Lane on 30 March 17.>1. It ii only a compression, with some slight alteix- tions by Woodward, of Sire. Centlivte't ' Marplot,' a continuation of the ' Busybody,' and was seen again in Dublin and at Covent Garden. At Drury Lane he remained until 1/58, being seen as the Little French Lawyer, Sir Harry \^'ildai^. Trappolin in ' Duke and do Duke,' Quicksilver in ' Eastward Hoe,'Boba- dil, Slephano in the 'Tempest,' Celadon ui the ' Comical Lovers,' Face, Sir John Daw, Sir Fopliog Flutter, Launeelot Qobbo, Polo- nius, Subtle in 'Alchemist,' Clown in- Win- ter's Tale,' Copper Captain, Lissardo in ths ' Wonder,' Falstaff in the ' Second Part of King Henry T\',' and other ebaracifn. Chief among his original parts were AVit- ling in Mrs. Clive's ' Rehearsal, or Bays in Petticoats,' 15 March 1750 ; Don Lewis in Moore's' GU Bias,' 3 Feb. 1751 ; a part iahia own unprinted ' Lick at the Town,* 16 March; Petruchio in Qarrick's ' Catharine and P»- truchio,' 18 March 1764 ; IKck in Murphy* 'Apprentice,'2 Jan. 1756; Block in Smol- lelt\ ' Reprisal," 22 Jan. 17G7 ; Daffodil in the ' Modem Fine Oentleman,' 24 March ; Nephew in the ' Gamesters,' altered from Shirley by Qarrick, 32 Dec. ; and Raior in Murphy's ' Upholsterer.' 30 March 1758. At the end of the season of 1757-8 Wood- ward finally severed his connection with Drury Lane. His last eneagement hod been Srodigal of interest and incident. lie was larrick's right-band man, and divided with him the empire overcomedy. HisMercutio. when Garrick and Barry in ' liomeo and Juliet ' divided the town, had been an un- 8 urpasKable triumph. Murphy said, conceni- ing the performance, that ' no actor evw reachedthe vivacity of Woodward.' Hispei^ formance of Bobadll was pronounced ■ won- Woodward 421 Woodward derful' by Tate Wilkinson. No less con- spicuous triamph had attended his Parolles. Woodward's inducement to leave Drury Lane had been a tempting but, as it proved, delusive, offer from Spranger Barry [q. v.] Bany had counted on the support of Mack- lin in opening a new theatre in Dublin. Macklin proving recalcitrant, he turned to Woodward, who had saved 6,000/., and Woodward, after some hesitation, entered on the scheme at the persuasion of Barry, whom Rich declared capable of ' wheedling a bird from the tree and squeezing it to death in his hand.; On 22 Oct. 1758 Crow Street Theatre, built by subscription, was opened under the new management, Wooaward speaking a prologue but not acting. On 28 Jan. 1760 Footers * Minor * was produced. Woodward, as the original Mrs. Cole, acted with so much coarseness as to damn a piece that afterwards made a success in London. The onlv other parts he played in Dublin in which he had not been seen in London were Young Philpot in the * Citi- zen,' Squire Groom in * Love ^-la-Mode,' and Humphrey Gubbin in the 'Tender Husband.' But tne Dublin management was not a suc- cess, and by 1762 W^ward had lost half hifl savings. In this year the joint-managers, who in 1761 had opened a new theatre in Cork, quarrelled, recriminated, and dissolved partnership, Woodward returning to London (for some incidents of the estrangement of Woodward and Barry see C. McLoughlin, Zariffa^s Triumph^ or Harlequin and Othello at War, 1762, 8vo). On reappearing in London at Covent Gar- den in * Marplot,^ on 6 Oct. 1763, Woodward, who had spoken in Dublin many prologues of his own writing, delivered one entitled * The Prodigal's Return ; ' this occasioned a vexatious charge of * ingratitude ' when in 1764 he revisited Dublin. At Covent Gar- den he played some of the parts in which he had been seen in Ireland, and was the first Careless in Murphy's * No One's Enemy but his Own,' 9 Jan. 1764 ; a part, probably Lord Lavender, in Townley's 'False Concord,* 20 March ; Young Brumpton in the * School for Guardians,' 10 Jan. 1767 ; Careless in Colman's * Oxonian in Town,' 7 Nov. ; Lofty in Goldsmith's ' Good-natured Man,' 29 Jan. 1768 ; Marcourt in Colman's ' Man and Wife,' 7 Oct. 1769 ; and Captain Ironsides in Cum- berland's * Brothers,' 2 Dec. He had also been seen as Justice Shallow, the Humorous Lieutenant, Sir John Brute, Lord Ogleby, and Sir Brilliant Fashion, and had produced in 1766 his own 'Harlequin Doctor Faust us.* On 19 Nov. 1770, as Marplot in the * Busy- body,' he made under Foote his first appear- ance in Edinburgh, playing a round of cha- racters. On his homeward journey he acted under Tate Wilkinson in York. Still under Foote, he was on 26 June 1771 at the Hay- market the first Sir Christopher Cripple in the * Maid of Bath.' Back at Covent Gar- den, which he did not further quit, he was the first Tardy in* An Hour before Marriage,' 25 Jan. 1772; General Gauntlet in the 'Duellist,' 20 Oct. 1773; Tropick in Col- man's * Man of Business,' 31 Jan. 1774 ; Cap- tain Absolute in the* Rivals,' 17 Jan. 1776; Sir James Clifford in Kelly's * Man of Reason,' 9 Feb. 1776 ; and FitzFrolick in Murphy's * News from Parnassus,* 23 Sept. He had also been seen as Ranger, Jodelet in his alteration of the * Man*s the Master' (1775, 8vo) on 3 Nov. 1773, and Lord Foppington in the * Man of Quality.' His * Harlequin's Jubilee' was given at Covent Garden in 1770. His * Seasons,' founded on the * Spec- tator,* is included in Mrs. Bellamy's * Apo- logy ' for her life. Woodward's last appear- ance was on 13 Jan. 1777, when he played Stephano in the * Tempest.' On 18 March he was too ill to act for his benefit. On 17 April he died at his house. Chapel Street, Grosvenor Place, and was buried in the vaults of St . George's, Hanover Square. Mrs. Wood- ward predeceased her husband, and Wood- ward spent the last ten years of his life with George Anne Bellamy [q. v.] To her he left the bulk of his estate, which, how- ever, she never succeeded in obtaining. Woodward has had few equals in comedy. His fig^ure was admirably formed and his expression so ccinposed that he seemed qualified rather for tragedy or fine gentlemen tnan the brisk fops and pert coxcombs he ordinarily played. He was unable, however, to speak a serious line with effect, but so soon as he had to charge his face with levity, and to display simulated consequence, brisk impertinence, or affected gaiety, he was the most engaging, consequential, and laughable of actors. Churchill, m * The Rosciad,' tried to depreciate him as * a speaking harlequin, made up of whim,' but the stroke was in- effective. He was quite unequalled as Bobadil, a part, says Dr. Doran, that died with him. His Mercutio has never in report been surpassed. In Marplot he * was every- thing the author or spectator could wish.' Sir Joseph Wittol, Brisk, Tattle, Parolles, Osric, and Lucio were parts in which he was unequalled, and his Touchstone and Sir Andrew Aguecheek were much approved. In Trappolin, Captain Flash, Clodio, Sosia Duretcte, Lissardo, Captain Mizen, Brass, and Scrub, his deportment was too studied. Sometimes indeed he over-acted. It was Woodward 433 Woodward jiaiil in h:.' behalf that while in gcmmtfigt f^v jijr with the rown he wu cont*;nr to plaj. in x.hf ' lUthKunml ' a soldier bringing in a in«;««a;(e. Fl*; Prceived the highest terxn^ of an J r:omic actor of the daj. HL<* clainu to rank a^ a riramatUt. except aa regards his pantomime, are trivial, hid work containing next to nothing original. A p^irrrait of Woodward, by Worlidire.as Drafts in the 'Confederacy;' a second, by Vand^rgiicht, sa IVtmchio. enzraved by J. K. Smith, and reproduced in the illiutra- tionjt ro Chaloner .Smith*A 'Catalogue : * and a ikerch of him as ISaior in the ' L'phoUterer/ by I)e Wild^ after ?^Sany, are in the Garrick Club. One, by F. Hayman, aj the Fine fientU-man in ' Ijerhe/ wan engraved by McArdrll; and one by Sir Joshua Keynoldd, in what charact«?r i^ not Aaid, engraved by Jnm*'^ WatAon. A portrait a4 IVtrachio, aft^r VAnd*;rgucht, and one a^ the Fine i rf;ntleman,are among the engraved portraits in rh« National Art Library. A writer in ' ^'o^»•^ and (Queries ' ref*;r9 to ' Illustrations by \\*'Kxlward of the S»rven Ages of Par- i-ifH ' — * Curate/ * I'riest/ * Pedagogup,' • Virar/ * linctor/ * Incumbent/ and * Welsh I'.ir-in ' (\)rh ser. ii. iVy.\}. |'f*-ntt4t'4 Accoant of the En^linh Stage; Hir'hoiii'k'ii Irifth Staf^io ; ChctwryHl's History of tl:'- Sfiiirr ; I?i')i^phiii r>ram;iticA : Tjite Wilkin- ttiti.'n Mmioirs iin-l W.-intlrrinj^ i'jitHnree ; An A|"»I'jL'y r'-^p th- Lif»r of :II.im,v. 171-''. M.in.ief:r'i N<>to Bt»»niri'j» Annals of the StJiiri', ill. I/>ve; Davii'i'n Lift* of (iarrii^k. and JJriNi.ifi'- Mi-^'i-llanip.*. ; The«i>i'in I)icti«)njiry ; ChtiriiiiH'-. K'iM'i.id ; I-'itzir»-niti*M Life of Gar- ri'k ; I)iJ'Iiii ."» Ili^^tory of tli»* Stair*-* : li«>.nlen'» Lil* 'if Si'iil'ins ; '''Kin-A^'h K»-rol lections ; Dib- • lifis Hilinfiiin»ll Sta;;i- : >ire'd iJiM 'ii^Tij'liy of thf* St.icf ; Victors Works; Virti-r .I'.'l Oiilton'i* IIi-.t«jry jf tlie ::>t.i;;»' ; Dni- m.iM.' <'iri-<«ir. 1770.] J. K. WOODWARD. IIKZHKIAII or EZE- KIAS (I.V.M) H»7">), noiu'iinfonni.^t divine, w.'i, jvi^-ihly thf* floii of Kzt*kinM \\'rK)dwnrd tif U'lirwicK-jhir*', who mar ririilattMl from rnivtr-ity ('ulli'j,'»s Oxfnnl.nM !*.'» Oct. \ryf<:\, r'./i-kiii" tin* youn^jiT, who was «»f Wnr- ii*'.f«'r«.liin'. iittrndt'il 11 >:rniiimiir sl in hi^ imrivi* rnnnty, matriciiliitcd from Hallinl (•iilli-;:i». Uxford, (III It) Jun»» WHO, nnd frra- iliiMtrd 15. A. (Ml l"i Fi'li. 1<»I*J. ]I»»pivt'sn piithftic pictiin* t^( liis ♦•nrly y»»ur« in tho linfiirt' t't 'Of th»» C-hiM's iNirtion * and th»» ll>|•||'"n^■-^ iliMii'iit in his >p(>t>('li iiiadi' iiiin d»>>pair of tiiiiliiiL; a rari'iT tit litT tlian ' t«) dipiT** <>r til lii-ir^r,.;' |,,. lift i>nniii>'f 1 \i\ lalHtiir with his own liand". and for thai purpose twice went to a ' sfnofpi land.' From a pannaff" in bis dedication of * Li^t to Grammar ' It would appear that he Visited tbe court of thi elector pala:ine at Heidelberg. He re- turned about 1619 and opened a adftoolax AldermanbuTT. His educational methodi di^lay^l much originalitT and insight. ' With Thomas Heme 'q. V.~ and Haztlib he endeavoured to introdoce* into Fnglidi achooU the system of John Amoa Comeniu^ the great Moravian bishop and edncationift, viz. the teaching of the mother con^ue be- fore Latin, instruction in the facts of natnze, and the * enfranchising of the understandiD^ by the senses ' in every way. Charles Hoole - [q. v.~ in his translation ( ItSo^ ) of Comeniiu's M>rbis Pictus* refers to Woodward a> tn eminent schoolmaster, and his educationsl . writings are evidently the result of lonjr experience. Wo'xlward was, according to Wood, ' always puritanically affected, and in IMl he began to employ himself in controversisl writing and preaching on the presbvteriin side. He probably preached in St. Clary's, Aldermanbury, of which Edmond Calsmy the elder ~q.'v.] had then the coze. He I seems, however, to have been soon dnwn into some sympathy with the independents. In 1644 he published 'Inquiries into the Cau«»*fl of our Miseries ' anonymously, and ' without a lic«-*nse. Only two of thrttr com- pleted sections w»>re issued ; tho sec<3nd wis seizetl while in the press. Three further sectirms wnre d»fsignea but were not written. I^ter in the year the warden of the Sta- tioners' Company complained in the House of Lonls * of the frequent printing of scan- dalous books by divers, as Ilezekiah Woiid- wanl and John Milton.' Woodward wa» committed to the custody of thegentleman- ushfT, and, after submit t ing t o an exam inat ion by two judges, was released on giving his bond to app#?ar when summoned. Woodwartl was a great admir»»r of John Goodwin 'q.v.",and a sympathis#.*r with the * Apologetical Nar- ration, but quite unable to make up his mind as to the p«'»ints at issue between presby- terians and independents. He firmly be- lievd in a final agreement : *so that Ihave not understanding enouph,* he confesses, 'to toll my »Aff* what way I am, unlesse for both, as they may both lead each to other, and m»vte in one.' Later on, according to Wood, * wh»'n he saw the independents and other factious p#»ople to be dominant, he lK*came on»' nf them, and not unknown to Oliver,' whoso chaplain, * or at least favourite,* he hi»eanii». About 1649 he was pn'sonted by Cromwell to the vicaragi* of Hray, near Maidenhead. Here he remained some vears, Woodward AVoodward md writinK vigorously. He col- ad him B select band of followers, ■with whom he frequently held meetings for nver in the vic&rsge-house. Hh allowed is house to fall into ruin, and diminished the income of the living by refuaing tn accept legal tithes, urging that ministars ought lo depend soleij on voluntary sup- port. In 1660 he left Bray to escape ejec- tion, and retired to Uxbridge, where ue con- tinued to preach to bis aiUierents until Lis on 29 March lti7d. Ke was buried n Chapel vard near to the grave of his rife Frances, who died on 30 Aug. IdBl, _ 1 daughter Frances became the second jprife of John Oxenbridge [q. v.] , Woodward was the ' Friend ' who wrote i lengthy 'Judgment upon Mr. Edwards ■» Booke, he calleth an Anli-Apologie,' in Mponse to ijamuel Hartlib's ' Short Letter,' ^hich was printed in 1644. The 'Judge- toent' is, according to Masson, a 'real lliough somewhat hazy and perplexed ren- bning for toleration.' Of forma of prayer . 18 disapproved, and strongly objected to cLil- Edren being taught the Lord's prayer. His lardour for the observance of the Lord's day, r and his horror of ' the cursed liberty for iports,' probably prompted Heame to de- ecribe lum as ' that most abominable attd prophane Fanatick, Hezekiah Woodward.' Besides Ihe ' Inquiries ' already mentioned, ^ Woodward's publications include: 1. 'A Child's Patrimony,' London, 1640. 2. 'Of ihe Child's Portion' (continuation of the •bove), London, IftlO. 1649. The long pre- face to this second part was published sepa- ratelr in 1640 under the title of Vestibuluni, or a Manuduction towards a Faire Edifice.' 8. ' A Light to Grammar and all other Arts and Sciences,' London, 1641. 4. 'A Oata to Science, opened by a Naturall Key,' Lon- don, 1041, 5, 'The Compendious History of Foolish, Wicked, Wise and Good Kings,' London, 1641, 1716. In 1643 the work appeared under the title of * The Kind's Cimlnicle,' in two parts, part i. deallngwith the wicked, and part ii.with the good kings. 6. 'The Church^ Thank-Offering to God, her King, and the Parliament, for Uich and Ancient Mercies,' London, 1643 (anon.') 7. 'Three Kingdoms mode One by eut'ring Oorenant with one God,' London, 1S43. 8. 'The Solemn League and Covenant of Three Kingdoms cleared to the Conscience of Every Man,' London, 1643. 9. 'The Cause, Use, and Cure of Feare,' London, 1643. la 'Aa You Were,' London, 1644 (anon.) II. 'A Good Souldier maintaining his Mili- tia,' London, 1644. 12. ' X Dialogue argu- ing that Archbishops, Bishops, Curates, Neuters, are to be cut off by t God,' London, 1644; the book was reissued in the same year under the title of ' The Sentence from Scripture and Reason against Archbishops, Bishops with their Curates.' 13. ' Soft Answers unto Hard Censures,' London, 164G. in which the treatment re- ceived by the ' Inquiries ' and by the ' Judge- ment on the Anti-Apologie' is described. 14. ' The Lord's Day the Saints' Day, Chrisl- mns an Idol- Day,' London, 1648. 15. 'A Just Account upon the Account of Truth and Peace,' London, 1656; directed chiefly against the practice of free admission to the Lord's Supper, and the vindication of the fracttce by John Humfrey [q. v.], London, 656. 16. ' An Appeal to the Churches of Christ for their Rignteous Judgment in the Matters of Christ,' London, 18&tt. Thesevea points or sections were published separately in the same yevr. 1 7. ' A Conference of some Cliristians in Churchfellowship, about the Way of Christ with His People,' Ijondon, 16n6. 18. 'A Church-Covenant Lawfull and Needful!,' London, 1656. 19. ' An In- offensive Answer lo remove Offences,' Lon- don, 1657. [Woodwanl-B Works; Wood's Athena^, nl. Bliis, iii. l. Fasti, ed. Bliss, i. 343 ; Mas- een's Milton, iii. 230-1, 293^-6 ; Hist. MSS. Comm. 6th Rep, App. p. 39 ; Fost«r'B Alumni Oion. 1600-1714; Note, and Queries, 3rd sor. z. 606; Cat. orLibrary at SioD College; Heame'i CollectioDs (Dobla). ii. 239 : Lords' Journals, Tii. 118; informatian from Miss Hub tiack and from Alfred do Burgh, esq,, of Trinity Collie Lihrary, Dublin.] B. P. WOODWARD, JOHN (1665-1728J, geologist and physician, whose father is said to have sprung from the Woodwards of Deane in Gloucestershire, his mother being descended from the family of Burdett, was bom b Derbyshire on 1 Mav 1665 (of. yisifation of GlouceiterMre, Harl. Soc. K. 185-6). On leaving school at sixteen is believed to have been apprenticed lo a linendraper in London. About 1684 he CBjne under the notice of Dr. Peter Barwick \q. v.], physician to Charles II, who received liim into "hie house and took him under his tuition in his own family. On 13 Jan. 1692 hewaselectedprofessorofphysicinGreshsm College, and F.R.S. on 30 Nov. 1693. On 4 Feb. 1695 he was created M.D. by Arch- bishop Thomas Tenison [q. v.], and on 28 June of that year he received the same degjee from the university of Cambridge, being at the same time admitted a memb»r of Pembroke Hall {(iraduati Cimtabr. 165&- 1823, p. 526). He was admitted a candidate of the College of Physicians on 25 June J inino-ix W^mAmmed^A mxaattitai wm rtliMiwT to I\ fhwili whii» hft war ^ncvimp wtdi bi» Ha up andrzBMUMtiB ombodied. in. hi* xiH roBbUflfacd cnac ha za in die^ardu LH86L YiExna. dna fif dia irap- if banana rhr rtiaMli "rrm "fii- ' maf ipnila if Tarn Trrmy aniBiauu (bec oa waa .so caaan no dwfliydiac riiefhad aH bMK nmoBtt op die dooii widi die ^^ij"— "^^ of dn ^fi»- mpttwi (snar. and. diac die wfaola fpuntiy sETlefi >iown in lamsa aiTiiiihiM. tn JfifanBon u DtL dtedmamba ■J miaciv» apeexiic jnaixiea* due ha duiir TToe 'iiapaaidinL in dia ihiieriso 1^ 'Eaaj* waa mtunmA hv-Dc Jhhn. JLrhndmac j^ v.^ £ihn. Bajr i^ ▼.% and oriiars. who w^re anawsRd hy- John HaErof in lid * Rfmarss la wmK lartf Pixkes r*Iiis- T!ie Linn Tiujiiiiriim uf ^mn wnckwas ;nin- mHXiSt*ii la ly Eir. EL CasLenriiitf ifT-ibuupou inti 'ii 'lim ^ ^ini-^nrd T^iiisfi in hia * '^tica- rult} HLdr.:r*iL T-aTiir'rt xLiUiCTara.' 5e wma ald43 w»il TftmifL lir 'Jui peru^L in bnrany. P^.ikiimH; tearTThiniT iun u' juiicaia botaai- etia.' Hltf paaiff. ' Sime Tliiiiiifnju ud Ex- pi»ri3XiHi:i4.!f}niatn'ntr V.«tz*HLinnii.' ?qk£ fMbc» ciui R«3V%1 S^ierr ji WfiC. ihtswi^Iiim ^5 haT* piiLau-oiiT^iiiuiiET. aoii yOi^ if %ae ibrsc so perlsens, wEiile h»* o^T&Linly 'fiiKisvBRd ■ TnazTOinnion' - iii, Hirr.*¥.Zir. ffEamptf^ ill. -5L?r^. ->:>G *. T? larii^iirtaes he also paid iijGi« arriMLd*:-!!. acd wia 'hi pcaasaKr oif an ir:cL ifcjtil-l wi::h '^ril'SiTs^^ t^atts*. iriieL WW -iiHicri^i br L?r. Htcrr I>:«fw*il ^fc* *azT*Tr»i bj KeciiT tus. •iriijt: i:r & prica f-ifc-^b-irii ^. Aj^t**ri:L-a ia. ir*>S- TIlLs ?»-ILe br-.'^^t': W»iTApi b.3.: :i:CLO» anther aaii- «)rurif»s« ar.i il-i:> va» "^ ii>i;ce of Ksch rldicnle aaricx «5:*"enipr-drT witA. ^>n z-»«3icikl *;itp«t» iV.ztiiijTfcri wrr*:* be* lif«in:* wa* bU "STate of FtTsit' •171*^1, in which he atcackad die wor&of Dr. John p.3iSV w«h.hiaQkari-i Trimntiafc oa haaoIiLni waa of LiOL tti< ha _ no cha uni-waait r of ra i i i hii|ie : IQQL to W paidu a [taeciDRC w&} waa Co hi!- ahadhekr •nd pRaferahLj a !a;vnian. mad wb> shp?cU •itiirvisr not ftsw^f soan fsn; bctozei «vcfT j»ar. me a£ Isaac •}£ wiuch. waa :abe ptiatad. •in wma 'ir other of du^ snhpfcts treated in hia h*mkaL fLt also beqtae^lKd ha col- iHCCiim 'Hi izamla^ wish, char cabinefis and isaalii^iea^ to che suia ocnivvnEST aader eisiain t^ct vdaoas^ diResioas aatf Ismita- Gona ai t:o cheer iasm cart and nance. H^ coCect&sn f xaaed tha at of che pRseoc W«»dwaKdian If m e iua , The eooipiJete lisc oi hat wioefcstc aa fol- low? : I. - An EaaaT cowasd a XaUnal Hit- birr of z!bt Eazi:h.*lLaoid?a. 1406. Sro: iad •sdiL ir^jfi: Sed cdic 173: Latin traila- ciiin b J J. J. Schaoehaer. entitled ' SpeoBea •jetxcnphofr FhsraatS Zdiicb. 1701^ eroz Fncch. cn2»Iac»»i hr 31. Macrnec I^iis and AaidCisriaa. irS-x 4to : Italian tTanalatioo* V-m^tx, 17$>. Stou ± - Brief Instractioas S-ic m.-fkThr C*beerra:L7e« in all parts of th» W^rid aflki satiiRz over Xatanl Things* 'aarn.'. 1^^ -Icou Z. * An Accoont of soma RotBaa Urns .... With BeAecrioos apoa the AsuL^nt and Pre»Kit Stat« of Loadoa,' Loodocu 171^ ^To: 3rd edit. 1723 ; abo re- isRKd in Som^m* *' Coikctioa of Tracts* ( toL IT. 174-^. and tyA. xiiL ld09>. 4. *Xataia- lis Hifftoria Tdlazia illastimla et aneu/ Woodward 42s Woodward London, 1714, 3 pts. 8vo; English trans- his preferment till 1781. On 4 July 1772 lation by B. Holloway, London, 1726, 2 pts. he was installed chancellor of St. Patrick's, Svo. 6. * The State of Physlck and of and in May 1778 he exchanged his chan- Diseases,' London, 1718, 8vo ; Latin trans- cellorship for the rectory of Louth, lation by J. J. Scheuchzer, Ziirich, 1720, Woodward took a keen interest in the 8yo. 0. 'An attempt towards a Natural welfare of the Irish poor, and in 1768 he History of the Fossils of England,' London, published 'An Argument in Support of the 1728-9, 2 Yols. 8vo ; issued in five parts, right of the Poor in Ireland to a National each with its own title, vol. ii. appearing Provision ' (Dublin, 8vo). In the following first. 7. 'Fossils of all kinds digested into year he was one of the principal founders of a Method,' London, |1728, 8vo. 8. 'Select the House of Industry in Dublin, in con- Cases and Consultations in Physic . . . pub- nection with which, in 1775, he wrote ' An lished by P. Templeman,' London, 1757, Address to the Publick on the Expediency 8to. of a regular Plan for the Maintenance and In addition to the botanical paper already Government of the Poor ' (Dublin and quoted, he communicated to tne 'Philo- London, 8vo), a pamphlet remarkable for sophical Transactions ' of the Royal Society being one of the earliest as well as ablest ' An Account .. .of the Procuring the Small- pleas for the introduction of a compul- pox by Incision or Inoculation' (1714), sory provision for the poor into Irelana on extracted from a letter by E. Timonius; the English model. On 4 Feb. 1781 he and a paper on the ' Method of preparing was consecrated bishop of Cloyne. In 1782, Prussian Blue ' (1724), which he received immediately after his enthronement, he dis- from a German correspondent, the process ting^ished himself in the Irish House of having previously been a secret ; in 1776 Peers by strenuously advocating the repeal of a P&per by him, edited by M. Lort, ' Of the the penal statutes against Homan catholics. Wisaom of the Ancient Egyptians,' was In 1787 he publishea a defence of the Irish published in ' Archseologia ' (vol. iv.), and church, entitled ' The Present State of the separately in the following year. Church in Ireland,' which passed through [Clark and McKenny Hughes's Life and nine editions in a few months, and earned Letters of the Kev. A. Sedgwick, i. 166--84,with him the thanks of the dean and chapter of engraved portrait from the coDtemporary oil- Christ Church, Dublin. In this pampnlet he painting in the Woodwardian Museum ; Ward's endeavoured to show that only adherents Lives of Professors of Gresham College, pp. of the established church could be sincerely 283-301 ; Weld's Hist Royal Soc. i. 363-5 ; attached to the state, thus attacking both Nichols's Lit. Anecd. v 95, vi. 641 ; Brit. Mus. Roman catholics and presbyterians. It drew Cat.; Noble 8 Contia of Granger sBiogr. Hist: numerous replies, including treatises by Munks Coll. of Phys. n. 6 ; Britten and j^^^^ Butler [q. v.], Roman catholic arch- BWger s English Botanists ; Phil. T^rans. Roy. ^. , ^^ ^^^^^^ J^ ^^ ^..^j.^ Campbell '■' ' [4R ulsa"v*icri» jiiniiaiieit '3Biiiq!L ^as fih^ciiimf Hjiiiinn. <->]cais7' m au. ujumiox 61 iiH '^EflBiTT' Bui A3cqiiicii> if I^icvjcn. ■it».' T.I ';iie lame^ *ici!C]r bm jassae m. jnsiSA. *v^iii£a. JP40» icBEKit in. j f ^f i -n aTiOBiff ui ^ibft nnnii •*]inmL T^iwfis -if Sve^'.uL, ".^ E^imun. »Biib2u ji XiehiXi. mil t'agt i'MndiiZif.na :f "Wxaxi-.niiSiiaL AaiKT-. B^-»*«i l?:ii> isi*i 1^5*^ i* .T!:tLrr:Inxc*£ sr^utiiM 'A 3iir.x?rL ljs:.:rr tail r^TsUiitj «: ^3it 14 ifca. i^V?- H* =ter>c Elaa^iscat. w,d%, H-» v;r>. B^TiAri iJ:*'-itf ir-.i* Wxii- wp if IflBflL. ^ Hit rtiy tilPtl In cJtgt «ftl Snaerr -if LmSTB. and ix:?4^bfr Ii lit f :i Mr I^rvaF Tcasvd and ia fr-caizLf ti* Co F^i Cab. In l54$ he in t^ Woodward Kology and minerology in tlie Britisli meiiiD, a poaition wkicli he occupied until Che close of hia life. Hia official duties lad him to conceatratc attention on invertebrate fossils, and more especially on the foBsil moUusca, to the study of which he happily added that of the living forms ; BO that in a few jears he came to be re- Borded as the higheat authority on the sub- ject of recent and foeeil ahells. His re- Bearcht-s on Che Hippuritidic, rtn extinct fftmilj of moUusca, are worthv of note, while his 'Manual of the Mollusca : ot, Budimentary Treatise of Recent and FossU Sheila,' lo tiie preparation of which he de- voted all hia leisure hours for six years, was at once adopted as the standard work on the eubjecC. It appeared in three parts in 1851, 1853, and 1856 ^London, 8vo), passed throue'h several editions, and was translated into French in 1870. The illuat rations, filling twenty-four plates, were enRraved by J. \V. LowiT from original drawings by the author, and they remain among the choicest speci- mens of steel engravings. Conaiilerable . attention was given by W'oodward to the I fossil Echinodermata. He named and de- i Kribed the new genus Echinothuria, from an anomalous fossil form. Long afterwards Sir | Chailes Wyville Thomson [q. v.] founded a _ new famiW, EJchinothuridot, to contain the i original fossil genus and also two recent i senerabroughttolightby deep-seadredgings. | Woodward describe someof the fossil species of echinoderms in the ■ Decades ' of the geo- logical Hurvej. He was elected a fellow of the Geological Society in 1854, and in 1804 i the university of Gottingen conferred ujion ' him the honorary degree of Doctor of Philo- •ophy. He contributed man; original papers to the 'Annals and Maga/ine of Natural History,' the ' Proceedings of the Zoological Society,' the 'Quarterly Journal of the Geo- logieal Society,' the 'Geologist,' and the 'Geological Magoiine.' He also wrote for the * Critic ' and other periodicals. He waa for several yearsexaminerin natural science to the council of military education at Sand- hurst, and afterwards examiner in geology and pabeontology to the university of Lon- don. He died at Heme Bay, whither he had gone to recruit his health, on 11 July lees. [Memoir in Tning. Norfolk NBturaliala' So- aoty, 1882, iii. 379-312. with partrsit snd Hat of papers.] H. B. W. WOODWAKD, TnOMAS(180l-1852), animal painter, son of Herbert and Elizabeth Woodward, was born on 6 July 1801 at I Pershore, Worcestershire, where his father Woodward practised as a aolicitor. His childish efforts at painting meeting with encouragement from Benjamin West, he was articled to Abra- . I ham Cooper [q. v.], and from 1922 until hia death was a large exhibitor at the Koyai Aca- , demy and British Institution, chiefly of his- torical compositions, in which horses formed n prominent feature. Among these were ' Turks and their Charters,' ' The Chariot I Eace,' ' Horses pursued oy Wolves,' ' A De- I tachment of Cromwell's Cavalry surprised in a Mountain Pass,' ' The Battle of Worcester,' I nnd ' Mazepm.' On the recommendation of I Sir Edwin Xandseer, who thought highly I of his talent, Woodward painted many por- I traits of favourite horses for the queeu, the I prince consort, and other distmguishod ' persons ; several of these were engraved for Che 'Sporting Magaiine.' His 'Tempting Present' has also been well engraved. Being unable, on account of his delicate health, to settle in London, Woodward resided chiefly in his native county. He died unmarried, at Worcester, on 30 Oct. 1952, and was buried in the abbey church of Pershore, where there is a mural tablet to his memory. [Art, Journal, 1852; Gnnt. Mi^[. 1862. ii. est - KedgraTB's Dii^t. of Artints ; Uraves'a Diet, of Artists, 1760-1893; priratB information.! ¥. M. O'D. WOODWARD, THOMAS JENKIN- SON (1745P-1820), botanist, boni about 1746, was a native of Huntingdon, where his family had long been established. Hia parents died when he was tiuite young, leav- ing him, however, well off. He was edu- cated at Eton and Clare Hall, Cambridge, wherehegraduHtedLL.B.in 1769. Shortly after he married Frances {d. 27 Nov. 1633), the daughter and h--iresB of Thomas Man- tling of Bungay, Suffolk. He was appointed a magigtnite and de- puty-lieutenant for the county of Suffolk, and on his subsequent removal to Walcot House, Diss, Norfolk, to the same offices for tbat county. On the establishment of the volunteer system he became lieutenant- colonel of the Diss volunteers. He was elected a fellow of the Linnean Society of London in 1789. lie died at Diss on 28 Jan. 1820, and was buried there. He left no issue. To botany, especially the English flora, he was devote'd, and isdescriljed by Sir James Edward Smith [q. v.] as _' cue of the best English botanists, whose skill and accuracy are only equalled by his liberality and leal in the servi^p nf the science' (Rbes, Cyclop.), and it ._ his honour that Smith named the genua W ' — ■ I I Aioier iM ;«:!£ -.•.■n;:i:v -. ; niLurrTrurnt r 75rr..j*ri 'l.uiT.^- .liraxnaEaia, Ji ii;noTi ttuhi ^Btri hhl • -IJ \ ....- .. .»ij«j.'.*>*« n "^- '•?»fi::.4iS. 4*- i*r2."vn, u ."^f r:i.:rini^i:Lr-fic?r itr )*r«-ai!iK ncacmff^" V.-r. :..- s.r: • r.- rr *f ■:.■■.-■-■ '.i .. u- :..- ?.'-.:. i. .■ T-.:r.. -r^^uir: - -i.-i-.'l: ;;-• :' .-— .rz*^ I"' i^ ." r^ Ilhis ,.-. • "... l;.:.w' •"..■■ ■• • ■■-•'. ■"•" ' • ■^••^ • ' ir'". . *■"! i*-rit:.- '.In Z'^T^^'-'' - .^.CkT. L- i ... • • -*• ■■ ' ■-. '.. ■'.. V ... ■. .r- .: ".-. r. ■*-*.;: _■." :r. i^- ".t: ir'r tl,- '.i—. -z.-? "VLs~jje iiiiir :i ■ ..• A". : 'i •■^. t: .:. u.. ■..:■• ^ ."...-r-: i .. -_.: \z^*-t., "-. 'if. .".".'-s.' :t Lc;:* ,*. ■.\...-': . .- .;.- L ■ r.i-". : t.. : . uri.r-.v " .r- i-.rjvi .i"^:;- M "ir if zt^SLZZ '» ■■ .-'■.i.v..- .'■.•. •,'";i*-- i.n; -:.:■, r .T.: t*!— .-.u .' i;"— . 1- *:•:■. n. Ir'.'. r" ;. i. "A • . • • . n • ■ ■« ^--.-r 3Ll.- I-* ■■ ...a- .'.■ •.<-.-■'-[ .-■ ■.:•• "^.;,*f:" vi-r.:: .".^rr-irn. > .« : ir^ t-i::!.*:.' L.»:n'i'.c. ItlC-It lia 1-1. .'-. -. .i-: .. .-Jk I-: ~ . ■.-.I' i,:v-i.'- Ija-.: . lm i?- s.-rr..-*-r: ?ni;L? Plxcr ]: t, A . . .' • I * .'.'.- '..'.J I 'a "t .j -:."..-^ :>:::"..Az: • FLiz .f I'lrLjiZLr-Tarr , O , •• ^ ' ' .•• '.»•• i-f .- » .(-•■.-. ' ^,-* .■»— 'jf-,'. ft 'i'* • ^Vt ,. . m • • m . .a. a'. ..lb.- *!.... ^m m ^mJ^ . aA l*.l*« > .* .- A.-..: '.j.'^'-\ .- a-.. i^Taiir :i_l-> .:•:-. ICu: IrV::. . .--t: y.-r* iiiQ:i«r:t*. f.. . ■: '...'.4'-r. \^' iA..\* .fa v. -r "...-.. r-T. r¥,7.-.t..4 i '^iz 7 7 "^'".'ilTr. :?17 : F.emi-ks *.: t. •••'.• ■.-:•-.'..•. -a ..-;-.•:.". -Ta*. -.i-i .- "^--i -r I.-: -. 4 I-ri-". y-wsw-le. 1*20; >^ !• '. ..".'.': \-.v.*- .^.-. : 4 ->:< ..: ;..-7 -.;: WOOLF. .Vl;THVr: l»Vl-:37..:iiin:ryr .% J . • ■ .-■.:■, >. .'. : '■'■ - /. . ■: r : . sr.i . :. :. >. -r.'. rT^.r.r-.T. ', ap* . -^i 1: '.' 1 m h^^ rne i n C- -kni w ill '/f '„■ .■.^^^'i ,.r^:.. O:. '.:.'; !..•»-, ;.-,7c---.r.-. '^z. \ N.t. 17»->;. wai tLe riirft ionol ArthiiT Woolf Wool house Wootf, B carpenter, by his wife, Jane >'ew- ton. lie w&s apprenticed to a carpenter at Pool, near CamboTne, and after the expiry of his indentures he went to London, and ent«red the service of Joseph Bramah [q. v.] at Pimlico as a millwright. In I79d he became a master^n^ineer, and in the next year be assisted Jonathan Carter Homblower [see under Hobhbiower, Jonathan] to re~ Kir a fault in a two-cylinder engine which ' had erected at Meui's brewery. In con- sequence he was appointed resident engineer in the brewery, where he remained until October 1806. On 29 July 1803, while re- aiding at Wood Street, Spa Fields, ha took out a patent (No. 2726) for ' an improved apparatus for converting water and other Lquida into vapour or steam for working steam engines.' Two boilers built accord- ing to his ideas were erected in 1803 in Meux'a brewery. Woolf also proposed to turn his apparatus to heating ' water or other liquids employed in browing, distilling, dying, bleaching, tanning,' and other pro- Woolf had long .considered the posubility of increasing the efficiency of Bt«am engines by driving with steam at a higher pressure than Watt was accustomed to use. liichard Trevithick [q. v,] had already shown the advantageB of high-preasure engines, but the dan^r of axplosion prevented him from developing the new defMirture thoroughly. Woolf ingeniously avoided most of the risks of accident by raising the temperature of the steam in the cylinder itself. In 1804 and 1806 be took out patents embodying his improvements (Nos. i772, 2863). In 1806 Woolf became partner with an «ngineer named Edwards in a steam-engine factory at Lambeth, and while in tliis posi- tion he took out another patent (N'o. S346) on 9 June 1610 for further 'improvements in the construction and working of steam engines.' His improvements, in fact, con- sisted of a revival of Ilornblower's com- Eannd engine, which was rendered possible y the espii^ of Watt's patent. Using flteam of a fairly high pressure, and cutting off the supply before the end of the stroke in the small cylinder, \Voolf expanded the steam to several times its original volume. In engines of this type the steam passed directly from the first to the second cylinder, and in consequence the term ' Woolf engine ' has since been applied to all compound engines which discnarge steam directly from the high to the low pressure cylinder with- out the use of an intermediate receiver. Thb type of engine has been more commonly adopted in France than in England, and returned to Cornwall to devote to improving methods of mining. In 1818 and 1814 he erected steam stamps for crush- ing ore at Wheal Fanny mine at Itedruth. About 1814 he introduced his compound engine into the mines for the purpose of tumping, erecting engines at Wheal Abr*- am and Wheal Var In 1614 and 1816. In 18'24 he erected engines at Wheal Busy, in 1825 at Wheal Alfred and Wheal Spamon, and in 1827 at Consolidated mines. His engines were, however, quickly superseded by Trevi thick's high-pressure single cylinder engine, which had the advantage of greater simplicity in construction. Until 1833 he acted as superintendent of Harvey & Go.'s engine manufactory at Hayle. He died at The Strand, Guernsey, on 26 Oct. 1837. [Boase and Caurtaej'sBibl. Comub. ; Smiln'a hWaa of the Engineers, iii. 262; KWa Eiafoch und direktwirkenden WooLf'schec WssBsrhal- tungBtcaschinen der Qruba Altenberg bet Ai^ clien, Stuttgart, 186S; Qregory's Trsatiee of Uechnnics, 1306, ii. 394-4U4 ; Stuart's De- soriptivfl History of the St«am Engine, 1S24, pp. 168-71 : Stnart's Hist, and Descript. Aner- dotra of St«am Engines, pp. 170-2, 61 1 ; Albaa's High-preseure Steam Engiae, ed. Pole, 1848, pp. 69-81 ; Trevithiek'B Life of Richard Trevi- thick, 1872 ; Encyclopiedia BritannicH, 9th edit, zxii. 477. 494; Mining Almanack, 1849, pp. 170-1; JourDnl of the Roynl Institution of Cornwall, 1872, pp. ilvii-ix ; Cornish Tels- grsph, 15 July 1874; Tilloch's Fhilonphical M«g. ivii. 40-7. lii. 133-7. xiiii. 123-8, irri. 316-17,»lTi. 43-i, 120-2, 29S-7, 480-1.] WOOLHOUSE. JOHN THOMAS (1660 P-1734), oculist, belonged to a family who followed that ))roft>ssion from father to son for four generations. Bom, accordingto Haeaer, about lOSO, he travelled throughout ; Europe to make himself familiar with the various methods of treating diseases of the eye, and thus became known to the principal men of the age. lie served for a time aa groom of the cnamber to James II, who also appointed him his oculist. In 1711 he was living at the Hotel Notre-Deme, Hue St, lienoiet, at I'aris, where he ser\'ed as sur- geon to the Hospice des Quinze-Vingte. In Paris he is said to have had a large practice, but on his return to England later in his life ho failed to secure much attention. Ha was, however, admitted a fellow of the Koyal Society of London in 1721. He was a member of the Itoyal Academy at Berlin, and of the Noble Institute of Bologna. He died in England on 15 Jan. 17.%)-4. Woolho use appears by his writings to have approached perilously neoi to charlatanism, Wooll 4io Woollett ^iecr 01117 iir :iie ^^ronncn :t litztic in czma :■: -5h>. X^aj r.{ his popila w*T»e i^icia- ':t -ii:ri.Li(iiifi pupu. -m -^peracion wiiii:!i ins ;'ii:ah^ ia a:^**? life in p^riiAzect i&f ia ■ ii-ior.hefi Ji ITU. '/n 'he iriier aaacL he Tht* .i.ar»A. ClAiiizh'>in -kfteTr^rii bcc.?p Trr-.rrj irr-iXut-y wa^n^c EL-iati»r* crrwit :c Sr. Alhan* ASii J: lis. Fr's^irriek Czr^-u -eaciumr Timr 'iiK **as :f ■a^'araiir ui *Jie StII«;Tr -if L»Tjil CcLtsj*. ir» pick^ ■:« u iir7-raJinrt jiiu. _ beli:iurii2 m a " T-rrr zmd Iazcz. of srrb- '^' icLhiiTin^ p«ihuj*hi»*i : I. 'CiiraJ'.iri* iea f'.ra 3it*n *«i^ -o Crifjri fcj I*r. Wx^Q" Lumnif;!!'-* 2«;iir Lt?d ' .•p^nr»i:iia i**a Y-iUi.' 1 MiZLzr. Reminijtr^ar^, L 1-ij'. H* di-ed Purd. I'ifi^i. ?T0. J. • Exp»^r:em?» itM a: W:r:aiM zn S^ Nlt. I-:5i. A =:a> •ijf-rp'iar^ 'jpt^rirxiw lf.ui:ieLl!*:j ■»!: iiw 3i»»B.t ■ bv W^rmao'.tr « :o hi* siraiorT ww O'lirr-irtiid *p«iiii<^:iKK." iril. Pirla. linn: ; % rr«ict*i«i 1: The -lo*?! of iii pfipiL- m 'h* 3oL>:l car.:apt*iin7 inrumr. 'X "Jiii !ad*4 ae nii*! -^bj^eL « Rjj^.t. H'j portrait bj Lawrence c*ir«i*: ; TruL!iar.-ii .aVi 'j«*nmn. J-^ziii. 171 o. ▼« -iniriT^fi bj C.T-rsf*raci p'fibliai:«s«ibT •i'i»i i»* M -.niiftur M:rami,' Pin.-*, ir."*/. I±&o : Wx.LI -wii -h* i^rbtrr -f 1. " "Hi'* Klsr'* :««»pa .7. • r"j»i*^ra.r:i:ii«s '.'pii':h;t.'Ti-i:;E i»t C*rari*!r^ -r-.-rh. \ i!cII-«t:':B. of l-rtt*tr5 r«r«rr*d by Tir -ir •!riii.u?-.mar- . . ■* 'julLca la FjiriTani ■■i:cr:r ::r p'iblJ5i:::ii. Th-r Srcr-cd T-I;iEr T ■'7- pii'Ti TUL»LirjB.' F"^n f'.-r>-.-n-r?ii».V*:w_ "rf rij aemr-ir ?«*f.rrr»«i to oa pare 4€C a& :o in*. Linii:. Aa lapablijiiief: aaa-xacripc ippear ia. X^Trmb^r 1h1«5 wa* "n-rT^r pac ■ s:..'-. . . : :•' .-i-.-. iCur I'uf;.":. h.*.:*^?. >fi^ '-^^*^- •■—"; r.-^r-j <.:'--..:: p:-;^. :*s:, -'J * ^* ^ C =ii.--7. :^^ *.e: : : .'lil Vs ...1 z '^V.H' WiDOLLETT. WILLLVM . ir.>V;:N. . TTL- -i.::!:--! i". '-V.- :>.rr---7 ','■ .l-^:rr :z i-rT "■T'-r. "xi.* ?:•:::: :lrr^ :a 15 Air- IT-'. - ;--Tj. ^^ LT - ;- . :r.r^L :-."-: L-Js: J.:- ^i-.r.j ir^r tii: -i^re Li* :i:^r:r. liv.::; Nr-"- ■. ..-C-. m 1 ..i"^::^ -.»A .2. ;. :<.'. "' .-j" \.\ .r^--.' ri'- •i.r rr«r in i:oi*.:;r. :i M A. .- 17-;, in: ? I' iJii !• I'. -- I'S'7. z..i ir.>*i: -ilr-^ bj aoraroLin:: :h- ?!*:: .:r. 1 • .7 :> 17-^'. ir. i i-rl i 1 irl. :-r->.-p "irr- : ;=.-i-r, iT^Or. *r=.* t": L^nirr.. ■»!- r»r be b-- SLirr-UTT. il- ^' ii.rd Iti-^'tlz :a :Lt '*•. Mirii'- ■A ... -Ti? .-•- .::"-! -z '. ■*. -■ -b.-: I-iZr A;riiTz:-. Hii -irlirsr p'i:--, wbica :.t:-j .: '.Vy:L-li;-. HiziT-*.^-. :" t"- ■:r-r- -:' 1 p-ir^Ij -. -->rTiT-b:.^jI oz.iri.yer, :r. ii .--jT-i ." :'.T "I.- T^i' Tj :' :'.i..A: r:. " - '".j'.r ::' i:= zii-T'-r. '\y ^vlni tb-rv w-^- r- ■ J -:^-.:_.z -'-7 =:-.i-=:izi in : :- t :■' prr- '.^::r;. if--.- I»:r. ■•x--!:. 17-Vi:' :: :r v'rTTi i.L : ..-.:; rziiv - :r:~ It. S--*rll :: N-r- Hizjiiz. l7-"7; ani r-K-j t:--x** : WV^^n. •- .-jt; '-' ' M : .. *:.... -.•: . i" ..<-• rr =. r^.? :-:r- iri-x-ir.,;:*- l.o.. H:* ::>: :.^ . .- iiT'i.r.--: :. tjit bril-zziii-rr;!:; :: :-p.;rir.: -ar.rk :* a birbrr clif* wa? tb-? .1:. .r-::r-*rri=:z: irr-. -:■:.. ir.:ri.-.:i-i-r • irzip.r :r Ap-::.-. a::er Lliv. :-. ^ :ibl>be«i i.:.. ■ 1 • ■ rrri- -.-t: ..-r. t. r r: =. 1 *'.7 * . I *i:? i- 1 7'X V- B:t i-H. -k-L--^ th-rn c v.-.^i^^i-nr-i hr -i- briiriiv^r :: K-jct r.?b •::. i.riz^ L =: • --aliTiTe :br • V:o»>r ':: Kiob^i-i Wil- vbiii. p«=rl:«i :b.r ichxl bjili^*? -^rr- rr- «•:-. Tli? establirhei hi* r-p-:a:i;n i= :bv Woollett 431 Woolley ablest landscape engraver who had yet ap- peared in England, and was followed by the ' Phaeton/ 1763, and * Celadon and Amelia,' 1776, both from paintings by Wilson, and two admirable plates after C. Dusart, * The Cottagers * and ' The Jocund Peasants/ So far WoUett had confined his practice almost exclusively to landscape work, but on the ap- pearance in 1771 of West's * Death of (Gene- ral Wolfe,' he undertook to engrave it, shar- ing the venture with Boydell and William Wynne Ryland [q. v.] The plate, which is his most celebrated work, was published in January 1776, and achieved extraordinarv popularity both in England and abroad. On a proof of it being shown to the king shortly before its publication, the title of ' Historical Engraver to His Majesty ' was conferred upon Woollett. The * Battle of La Hog^e,' also after West, which appeared in 1781, was almost equally well received, and both prints were copied by the best engravers in Paris and Vienna. Besides those already mentioned, Woollett produced about a hundred plates from pictures by Claude, Pillement, Zuccarelli, R. Wright, the Smiths of Chichester, W. Pars, G. Stttbbs, J. Vemet, A. Carracci, and others. The last published by him was ' Tobias and the Angel,' after J. Glauber and G. Lairesse, 1786. 'Morning' and * Evening,' a pair, after H. Swanevelt, which he left unfinisned, were completed by B. T. Pouncy and S. Smith, and published by his widow in 1787. Some of his topographical drawings were engraved by Mason, Canot, and Elliott. In 1766 Woollett became a member of the Incorpo- rated Society of Artists, of which he was also secretary for several years. He resided for some time in Green Street, Leicester Square, and later in Charlotte Street, Rath- bone Place, where he died, after great suf- fering, on 28 May 1786, from an injury received some years before in playing at bowls. He was buried in old St. Pancras churchyard, his gprave being marked by a plain headstone, which was restored in 1846 and now stands at the south-west angle of the church. A mural tablet to his memory, sculptured by T. Banks, R.A., was erected in the west cloister of Westminster Abbey. Woollett stands in the front rank of tne professors of his art, and he was the first English engraver whose works were admired and purchased on the continent. In his landscapes he succeeded, by a skilful com- bination of the graver and needle, in ren- dering the effects of distance, light, and at- mosphere in away not previously attempted, and his figure subjects are executed with re- markable vigour and purity of line. In landscape work he has, however, been sur- Sassed by the modem school founded by ohn Pye [q. v.], and his prints of that class are now greatly depreciated. William Blake, who knew Woollett intimately, and did not like him, asserted that all his important plates were etched by his assistant, John Browne (1741-1801) [q. v.], and owed en- tirely to him whatever ment they possessed (Gilchrist, Life of Blake, i. 20). Woollett left a widow Elizabeth and two daughters, who, when the trade in prints between this country and the continent was destroyed by the war which broke out in 1793, were reduced to great poverty, and in 1814 a subscription was raised for their benefit. Mrs. Woollett died in 1819, and her husband's plates were then sold to Messrs. Hurst & Robinson in consideration of an annuity for two lives, but, the firm failing six years later, this was lost. In 1843 the surviving daughter, Elizabeth Sophia, then aged sixty-eight, was the subject of another appeal for public assistance. A portrait of Woollett, drawn and en- graved by J. K. Sherwin, was published in 1784, and another, by Caroline Watson, from a painting by G. Stuart, in 1786. The portrait by Stuart is now in the National Portrait Gfallery, London. A pencil draw- ing by T. Heame, now in the print-room of the British Museum, was engraved by Bar- tolozzi in 1794. [Pagan's Cat. of tho Works of Woollett, 1885; Artists' Kopository, iv. 134; Nailer's Eunstler- Lexicon ; Bryan's Diet, of Painters and En- gravers (Armstrong) ; Dodd's manuscript Hist, of English Engravers in Brit. Mus., Addit. MS. 33407 ; Carlisle MSS. in Hist. MSS. Comm. 15th Kep. App. pt. vi. pp. 489, 547.1 F. M. O'D. WOOLLEY or WOLLEY, Mrs. HAN- NAH, afterwards Mrs. Challinor {Jl. 1670), writer of works on cookery, was bom about 1623. Her maiden name is not known. She tells how her * mother and elder sisters were very well skilled in physic and chirur- gery,' and taught her a little in her youth. After teaching in a small school, she served successively two noble families as governess. She became an adept in needlework, medicine (which she practised with success), cookery, and household management. In later life she wrote copiously on all these topics. At the age of twenty-four she married one Woolley, who had been master of the free school at Newport, Essex, from 1644 to 1666. They resided at Newport Pond, near Saffron Walden, for seven years, when they removed to Hackney. Her husband died before 1666, and on 16 April in that year she was licensed i tomamFrnnciBCimUinor'ijf St. Margaret '( 1 Hanult t An engraveil portrait byFaitiioroe appears in some editions of Mrs. Woolley's earlier works, and bus been taken to represent the writer ; but it seems more likely to have been Ibe portrait of Mrs. Sarah Gilly, who died in 1659 (Geanobb, Bio-jr. HUt. iV 112). The followinj^ works are ascribed to M.rs. Woolley, though Granger thinks her author- ship as doubtful as herport rait; 1. 'The Ladies' Directory in Choice Experiments of l^reserv- inz and Candyinir,' London, 1661, ltt62. 2. 'TheOook'sGuide.'I-ondon, 1664. 3, 'The Queenlike Closet, or llich Cabinet, stored with all manner of Rich Receipts,' London, 1672, 1674 (with supplement), 1675, 1681, 1684. 4. ' The Ladies^ Delight . . . together with the EiactCook. . . . To which is added the Ladies' Physical Closet i or excellent Receipts and ntre Waters fur Beautifying the Face and Body,' I^ndon, 1672; German translation, Hamburg, lit74, under the tide of 'Frauen-ZimmersZei'-Verlrieb.' 5. 'The Gentlewoman's Companion,' London, 1675, 1082 (3rd edit ) [Mrs. WooUbj'b Works, i«8«im; Chasler's Marriage Licences ; Bromley's Cal. of Bngmred Portmita, p. 112; WalpoU's AaecdoteE of Pitint- iog. iii. 191.] B. P, WOOLLEY, JOIIX (1816-1806). first g'incipal of Sydney University, born at etcrsSeld in Hampshire on 28 Feb. 1616, was the second sou of George Woolley, a surgeon of that nlace, by his wife Charlotte, daughter of William Ciell of Lewos in Sus- sex. Joseph WoollcyTq. v.Jwas his younger brother. Hia father removing to London a few years after his birth, he was educated tO. the Western grammar school end at liromp- ton, and in 1830 entered London University (afterwards Llniversity College), where he won a first prize in lo^ic and otherwise dis- tinguished himself. He matriculated from Eicter Collage, Oxford, on 2U June 1832, and, after being elected to a scholarship.ffra- duftted B. A, on 9 June 1836, M. A. on 2rt Feb. 1838,and D.C.L. on36 April 18U. He held a scholarship at Universitv College, Oxford, from 1837 to 1840, and a ffllowsUip at Exe- ter from 1840 to 1841. While at Oxford he formed a warm friendship with Arthur Penrhjn Stanley [q-v.], then a fellow of University College. In 1840 he published an ' Introduction to Logic ' (Oxford, 12mo), which was much used for some years, and which attracted the notice of Sir William Hamilton (1788-18.5(1) [q. v.] On Trinity " ' in the same year he took holy In 1842 ha was appointed hend- of King Edward the Sixth's gram- mar school at Hereford, and in 1R44 In was elected headmaster of Roasall. In Ibii post he was not successful, for. thougli in able scholar, he was a poor disciplinariin. In 1849 he was appointed headmaster of Norwich grammar school, and in Jsnotry 1853 he was chosen principal of Sydney University. He arrived in June, and de- livered an inaugural speech at the frpcninf of the university in October in the hsU of the new Sydney grammar school. Besides filling tbe post of principal, he dischaigei! the duties of professor of classics and logic in tbe university. He was one of the ori- ginal trustees of the Sydney eTammar school, and spent much time and laboiir in organising it. He was the first to jm^nn the scheme, since established, for conneetiiig the primary schools of New South Wales with the university by a system of public examinations. In 1865 he i-isited EngUni), and during bis absence in 1866 he vt* elected president of the Sydney JMechanics' School of Arts. Woolley was lost on U* return voyage in the steamship Londoa, which foundered in the Bay of Biscay on II Jan. 1866. A public testimonial smoonl- ing to 2,0(XM. was collected in New South Wales and presented to his widow as a tribute to his aervices. On 14 July 1842 he married, at Frankfort-on-the-Main, Mary Mai^tiret, daughter of Major William Turner of thi* 13th light dragoons. There are portraits of Woolley in Svdney University and in ths Mechanics' Scliool of Arts. Besides tbe work already mectionnl, Woolley was the author of: 1. ' The Sociil Use of Schools of Art,' 1860. 2. ' Leclutes delivered in Australia,' London and Cam- bridge, 1862. 8vo. He also published some :ngle sermons and lectures. [Article by Ssmuel Neil, from matOTiiils lop- pli«d by Unto Rtanley. in the Britiih Couus- roraialiat, 1869. ivi. iel-78; Hwton's An«i»- liitD DictiODHry, 1879: Fobter's Alumni Oton. 1715-1886; BoasB'sHeg. of Exeter Colleg*, pp. Sie. »72; Allibone's Diet, of En|;l. jA.; Beeehey's Ris« and Prograas of Bosnil, Igfli, pp. 12-22 (wiih portrait).] E. I. C. WOOLLEY, JOSEPH { 1817-1889), naval architect, born at Petersfleld in Hampshire on 27 June 181", was the younger brother of John \\'c)r)lley [q. v.] He was educated at Bromptuo gramnut school, and afterwords, it is stated, at St. Paul's school, though his name doea not occur in the admission regiatnr. In 1634 lie matriculated from St. John's (^llegs, Cambridge, and in 1839 was elected s scholar, gradiiattng B.A. as third wmiiglrt in 1840 and M.A. in 1843. He was In- Woolley 433 Wool man coiporated M.A. at Oxford on 28 May 1856. In 1840 he was elected a fellow and tutor of St. John's College. Among his pupils was the astronomer, John Couch Adams. In 1846 Woolley married, relinquished his fellowship, and was ordained a curate in Norfolk. In the following year he was presented to the rectory of Crostwight in the same county by Edward Stanley (1779-1849) [q. v.], bishop of Norwich. In 1848 he was appointed principal of the school of naval construction, newly founded by the admiralty, at Portsmouth dockyard, retaining this post till the abolition of the school in 1853. During this period he had under his tuition many well-known naval architects, including bir Edward James Heed and Sir Nathaniel Bamaby. Woolley's mathematical attainments and the interest which he took in applying his scientific knowledge to the solution of pro- blems connected with ship design and con- struction enabled him to render valuable services to the science of naval architecture. While in the position of principal of the school of naval construction he devoted his attention to advancing technical know- ledge. In 1850 he published 'The Elements of Descriptive Geometry * (London, 8vo), which he intended as an introductory trea- tise on the application of descriptive geo- metry to shipbuilding. The second volume, however, though almost ready for press, never appeared owing to the abolition of the Portsmouth naval school. On quitting his post at Portsmouth Woolley was appointed admiralty inspector of schools, and in 1858 he was nominated a government inspector of schools. In 1860 Woolley had a large share in founding the Institution of Naval Architects, and he afterwards assisted to carry on the institution. One of the earliest efforts of the new society was directed to influence government to re-establish a technical school for naval construction. In 1864 the Royal School of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering was founded, and Wool- ley was appointed inspector-general and di- rector of studies. This post he held until the school was merged in the Koval Naval Col- lege at Greenwich in 1873. Shortly after the loss of the Captain in 1870 he was nominated a member of Lord Dufferin's committee which was appointed to consider many doubtful points concerning the design of ships of war. In 1874 and 1875 he was associated with (Sir) E. J. Reed as editor of * Naval Science, a quarterly magazine for promoting improvements in naval archi- tecture and steam navigation. Woolley VOL. LXU. remained a clergyman until 1865, when he took advantage of the clergy relief bill to divest himself of his orders. He died on 24 March 1889 at Sevenoaks in Kent. In 1846 he married Ann, daughter of Robert Hicks of Afton in the Isle of Wight. Five papers by Woolley on naval architecture are printed m the * Transactions ' of the Institu- tion of Naval Architects. [Transactions of the Institution of Naval Architects, vol. i. pp. xv-xx, vol. xxx. pp. 463- 466; Foster's Alumni Oxon. 1716-1886; Times, 26 March 1889.] £. I. C. WOOLMAN, JOHN (1720-1772), quaker essayist, son of Samuel Woolman, a quaker farmer of Northampton, Burlington county. West Jersev, was bom there in August 1720. He was a baker by trade, when, about the age of twenty-three, he began a lifelong test imony against slavery. He learned tailor- ing in order to support himself simply, be- came a travelling preacher in the states, and journeyed on foot handing payment to the wealthy host, or to the slaves themselves, rather than accept hospitality from slave- owners (Brissot, Nauveau Voyat/e, Paris, 1791, ii. 9). To his exertions, joined with those of the eccentric Benjamin Lay fq. v.], may be traced the abandonment of slave traMc by members of the yearly meetings of New England, New York, and Philadelphia during the years following 1760. In 1772 he embarked for England, and on landing at London on 8 June he ]^roceeded straight to the yearly meeting of ministers and elders. His peculiar dress (he wore undyed home- spun) created at first an unfavourable im- pression on the more conventional English quakers ; but as soon as they knew him better he won their friendship, and passed on to work in the English counties. He reached York at the end of September 1772, and almost immediately sickened of smallpox. After little more than a week's illness, he died there in the house of Thomas Priestman on 7 Oct. 1772. He was buried on the 9th in the Friends* burial-ground, York. He had been thirty years a recorded minister. By his wife Sarah Ellis, whom he married in 1749, Woolman left a son John and other children. Woolman*8 * Journal,* his most memorable work, reflects the man. Its pure and simple diction is not its greatest charm. It is free from sectarianism, and there is a transparent guilelessness in the writer's recital of his experiences in the realm of the unseen. It has appealed to a large circle of divergent minds. John Stuart Mill was attracted by the ^ Journal ;* Charles Lamb says ' Get the oomer Woolner ."?&n ^.oiimivn: ^wr^.t- c ;i- ikTTn tr a.- i Asreec. T( Teeeiv^ nfir irhJioin a prenuan, •c.N»iir >rff. on. r lis- f:s:i:u>:?- iimr jm*. en randnioL ihsi. "whsu nuffiQaixlT kd- jTt.-" -: ?*^.;. j!IL:rr "•ngTrr.TXii in^- xanee^. it suniiid "irncE far '^rn^ al Vom*- :. .jj:>- . 11? «^*-Tr? tn. "!i=?w ikStf- Trmi iesr liuu tii* iwuiL imt* of j»t. He z . jrri:.' 1. :* A«l^aw^ j^twj:- iTau panimuti ttiu. Itetmt» f cinr Tfi&zK and in .-_ ■- . r»ii»*s"iii- T^ns. .1 ApwcTtEf- zi ]»«e£ini«- ]>«i. ir hir xmtsrer't 7eicr:vzLin£n« "' - --^^ : '•va ii:._i;..'-u ^ t .- " H-eazi'T iuccmr til? i'aisn: fmiLTL*4rai :.:... ■- " 'Tj: s. -i ^--'i-ii- ■'■..::. "T i- rrvjT T'Trreftt'ii'.mr TiH rnaii of Ii>fc£i«4,' .... ^ - . .-.:u».:.r ::r-'...i:r:.-^ i- lir T'a- -laiiniT-i. n "^"fTstxtmsrTfir H^"^ la ■ ■ k. ".:- ""T- :':^imT«i. 4^< f L xTtr^f;:! l*£- _ . . • - - -^ . . : — - - ■ ■- ' "" - -:-■— ■- ~ : i cr^.'.i'. ii-<~:ii-*i ic'l .-li il~ *■■ V -••ii:_- .. I 1 . V ..- "■■■ • " V ■• -. '-^-' Ti- •- — ■ *-rt -•-*- - ■ "•- - JLZL J»-- \ \ . -. . . Woolner 435 Woolner in 1848, and 'Titania and the Indian Boy' at the British Institution in the same year. He now, however, from the lack of encourage- ment for idealistic sculpture, devoted him- self chiefly to portrait medallions. Among these was one of Carlyle, to whom and to Mrs. Carlyle he became greatly attached. He also, through Coventry Patmore, made the acquaintance of Tennyson. A visit to him at Coniston in the autumn of 1850 led to his executing the medallion of Words- worth now in urasmere church. He also competed for a monument to the poet, and produced a fine seated figure, with a spirited bas-relief in illustration of * Peter Bell ' upon the pedestal. The design, which is engraved in Professor Knight's edition of Words- worth, was not accepted, and Woolner weary of ill success, embraced, in common with many other struggling Englishmen, the idea of trying his fortune at the Australian foldfields. He sailed for Melbourne on 4 July 1852, accompanied by two friends, one, Mr. Latrobe Bateman, nephew to the governor of Victoria. The Rossettis, Madox &rown, and Holman Hunt accompanied him on board, and his exodus inspired Madox Brown's noble picture, * The Last of Eng- land.' He arrived at Melbourne in October, and in November proceeded to the diggings, his object bein^ to provide sufficient re- sources to tide him over the first difficulties of the artistic career which he looked for- ward for a time to following in Melbourne or Sydney. He could procure, however, little beyond a bare livelihood, and, upon establishing himself at Melbourne in the following May, found himself obliged to depend solely upon his professional exertions. These were not unfruitful. At Melbourne he executed a medallion of Governor La- trobe, and at Sydney fine portraits of the governor-general. Sir Charles Fitzroy, and of the father of Australian self-government, William Charles Wentworth [q. v.] A co- lossal statue of Wentworth was to have been executed, but the money was ultimately devoted to endowing a fellowship in Sydney University, much to the disappointment of Woolner, who had returned to England hoping to obtain the commission. He ar- rived in October 1854. On the way home he read a pathetic story of a fisherman, which he imparted to Tennyson, who founded * Enoch Arden' upon it. The plot of * Ayl- mer's Field ' also was derived from him. During Woolner's absence a great im- provement had taken place in the position of English art and artists. Kuskin and the pre-Iiaphaelites between them had raised the standard of taste, and several friends whom Woolner had leftpoor and struggling were now celebrities. Tne turning-point of his career may be said to have been the fine bust of Tennyson, now in the library of Trinity College, executed in 1857. In the same year he exhibited the celebrated me- dallion portraits of the laureate and of Tho- mas Carlyle, and one equally fine of Robert Browning. The statue of Bacon in the New Oxford Museum was also executed in this year; and in 1858 Woolner modelled in alto- relievo figures of Moses, David, St. John the Baptist, and St. Paul for the pulpit of Llan- dan Cathedral, then under restoration, for which Rossetti also laboured. From this time Woolner's position was assured, and the history of the remainder of his life is little else than the chronicle of his successes. In 1861 he was commissioned to design and model the colossal Moses and other sculptures for the assize courts, Man- chester. Among his most remarkable works were Constance and Arthur, children of Sir Thomas Fairbairn, 1862; Mrs. Archibald Peel and son, in Wrexham church, 1867, and in the same year a mother and child for Sir Walter Trevelyan ; bust of Gladstone in the Bodleian liibrary, with three splen- did bas-reliefs from the ' Iliad,' 1808 ; * In Memoriam,' children in Paradise, 1870; Virgilia, wife of Coriolanus, 1871; 'Gui- nevere,' 1872; monument to Mrs. James Anthony Froude, in St. Lawrence Church, Ramsgate, 1875 ; * Godiva,' 1876. Among the colossal and life-size statues the most important are : John Robert Godley, for Christ Church, Canterbury, New Zealand, 1865 ; Lord Macaulay, for Trinity College, 1866 ; Sir Bartle Frere, for Bombav, 1872 ; Dr. Whe well, Trinity College, 187*3; Lord Lawrence, Calcutta, 1875 ; John Stuart Mill, Thames Embankment, 1878 ; Captain Cook, Sydney, 1879; Sir Stamford Raffles, Singa- pore, 1887; Bishop Eraser, Manchester, 1888. Among busts of distinguished men, besides those already mentioned, may be named the bearded bust of Tennyson, modelled in 1873, and those of Darwin, Newman, Maurice, Keble, Carlyle, Charles Dickens, Kings- ley, Sir Hope Grant, Archbishop Temple, Professors Adam Sedgwick and Huxley, Rajah Brooke, and Archdeacon Hare. He also executed recumbent figures of Bishop Jackson in St. Paul's, and of Lord Frederick Cavendish in Cartmel Priory church* Woolner was elected an associate of the Royal Academy in 1871, and academician in 1874 ; his diploma work, exhibited in 1876, was an ideal group— * Achilles and Pallas shouting from the Trenches.' In 1877, upon the death of Ileniy Weekes [q. v.], he was ff2 Woolner 43* Wooliych •ppoiBted ptofwior of •ndptine, bat nerer impiiing. Tlie no&amm of ' II j Bc titif il lectmd* and Tcsigned in 1879. In 1864 he Lftdy'imblialiedaepnnteljmlSaSirMWT nuiried Alice Gertrade Wangh, bj whom eonudenblj exMaded from tlie oriffmu he had two sons and firar dai^;hten. His Ternon in the *Genn/ It readied a taiid death on 7 Oct. 1802 was somewhat sodden, , editicm in 1866 (with a title-pge Tignette following A internal eomplaint from which by Arthur Hughes). ' Pjgmalioii ' was pah- he seemed to be lecoTering. The fret that lished in 1881, 'Silenus'^m 1884/TiimisB' he died within a lew days of Tennjson and , in 1886, and * I^9ems ' (c<»iprisinff 'Nd^ Benan eetred to divert much of the notice ■ Dale/ written in 1886, and * ChUmn ') in which his disappearance would otherwise ! 1887. 'Mr Beautiful Ladj* (in 8 puts, have occasioned. One of his most beautiful | 17 cantos 'in all}, together with 'Ndl^ works, the statue of * The Housemaid,' had ' J)ale,' was issued m 1&7 as volnme Izaii. been completed a few weeks preriously. He of ' CasseQ*8 National Librair.' was interred in the churchyard of St. Mazy*s, | Woolner was a thoroughly sterling disr Hendon. ^ | racter ; manly, animated, energetic ; too im-> Woolner occupies a distinfrmshed and : petuous in denouncing whatever he hsp- highly individual place in English art, - pened to dislike, and thus creating unneen- both as the choeen transmitter to pes- \ sary enmities, but esteemed by all who terity of the sculptured semblances of the knew his worth, and could appreciate tbs most intellectual men of his day, and as : high standard he sousht to maintain in tbs filling more conspicuously than any other | pursuit of his art. His appearance through* artist the interval between Gibson and the ; out life c o rresp on ded with Mr. F. O. &e- younger sculptors under whom the art has phens*s description of him as a voung msa, revived so remarkably in our own day. His | ' robust, active, muscular, with a squsrs* open-air statues m reckoned among the ! featured and noble face set in thick msflses ornaments of the cities where they are ; of hair, and penetrating eyes under foil erected ; that of Mill is perhaps the best in • eyelnows.' the metropolis for animation and expression. | ' The print-room at the British Museum The finest of his busts, especially the two of j has a portrait engraved from a photogrtph Tennyson, are characterised by peculiar dig- > and a drawing of Woolner in his studio afnr nity. He restored the neglected art of T. Blake Wirgman (see also Illustrated mer«, 15 Oct. 1892). fine examples. Being chiefly known as a ; [F. G. Stephens in the Art Journal forlfaRh portrait -sculptor, he is regarded as in some 1894 ; Jastin H. McCarthy in the Portrait, measure a realist ; it may be doubted, how- 1 No. 6 ; Magazine of Art, Dacember 1892 ; Atba- Hver, whether his genius' was not in realitv ! n»um, 15 Oct. 1892; Autobiographical Notia rather directed to the ideal. A graceful ; of the Life of W. Bell Scott, 1892 ; MiW» fancy characterised his earliest efforts, and : ^oeis and Poetry of the Century, v. 261; when he could escape from portraiture, he ' Satnrday Retiew, 15 Oct 1892 ; prirate infop- gratified himself with such highly ideal «*^»on ; penional knowledge.] R G. works as ' Guinevere' and 'Godiva/ Per- WOOLRIDGE, JOHN (Ji. 1669), sgri- haps the most beautiful work he ever cultural writer. [See Worlidgb.] wrou«rht is not a sculpture at all, but tlie ■ '- •* vignette of the flute-plaver on the title-page ' WOOLRYCH, HUMPHRY WILLIAM of Palgrave's 'Golden treasury/ a gem of j (1795-1871), biographer and lepl writer, grace and charm. His last work, 'llie | was the representative of an ancient Shrop- llousemaid,' proves of what graceful treat- ' shire family [see Wolrich, Sib ThomasI. ment a homely and i)ro8aic subject may His father, Humphry Comewall WooliyA admit. The maiden is simply wringing a purchased in 1794 and 1799 an estate at cloth in a pail, but her attitude realises in Croxley in Rickmansworth, Hertfordshire, soWr earnest what, nearly half a ct^ntury and died there on 25 March 1816. He mar- before, Clough had said in burlesque : ' ried on 12 Sent. 1793, at the church of c 1 1 • ^ - ♦«,-. rr^^ f,~i«i. ...wi »^t. George the Martvr, Queen Square, Lon- Scn.M..np m,u,re8 for tru. grace f™°J^ '"J , d„„, ElSkbeth.elder-dluihtcr 2d coheiieM AVoolners poetry is that of a soulptor; ■, London. ln' works, as it were, by little chipping j Their son, Humphry William, was bom strokes, and pn)duces, esi)ecially in descriin ' at Southgate, Middlesex, on 24 Sept. 1796. tivfi passasrt's and in the expression of strong At the election of 1811 Woolrych was in ft'oling. etFects highly truthful and original, the fifth form, upper division, at Eton though scarcely to be termed captivating or (St^ptltox, Eton Luts^ p. 67), and h« Woolrych 437 Woolston matriculated from St. Edmund Hall, Ox- ford, on 14 Dec. 1816, but did not proceed to a degree. He was admitted student at Lincoln's Inn on 24 Nov. 1819, and called to the bar in 1821. In 1830 he was called €id eundem at the Inner Temple ; he was ad- mitted at Gray's Inn on 13 July 1847, and in 1855 he was created seijeant-at-law. His love of the order of the coif prompted the publication of ' Remarks on the Ilank of i^ueen's Serieant,' 1866 ; < The Bar of Eng- land and the Seijeant-at-law,' 1867; and * Lives of Eminent Serjeants-at-law,' 1869, in two volumes ; and he laboured zealously, but in vain, for the maintenance of the body. Woolrych dwelt at Croxley and at 9 Peters- ham Terrace, Kensington. He died at Ken- fiington on 2 July 1871, and was buried in Kickmans worth cemetery. He liiarried, on 3 July 1817, at Abbot's Langley, Hert- fordshire, Penelope, youngest daughter of Francis Bradford of Great Westwood, Hert- fordshire. She died at 9 Petersham Terrace on 23 Sept. 1876, aged 70, and was also buried at Kickmans worth. They had issue three sons and four daughters. His third daughter, Anna Maria Raikes Woolrych, married, on 2 July 1862, John James Stewart Perowne, the present (1900) bishop of Worcester. Besides the works mentioned above, Wool- rych wrote: 1. * Winter: a Poem,' 1824, which was inspired bv Thomson's * Sea- sons.' 2. *A Series of Lord Chancellors, Keepers, and other Legal OflGicers from Queen Elizabeth until the Present Day,' 1826. 3. * The Life of Sir Edward Coke,' 1826 ; and 4. * Memoirs of the Life of Judge Jeflfreys,' 1827. The permanent value of his biographical volumes is small. His legal textbooks and tracts comprise : 5. < Rights of Common,' 1824; 2nd edit. 1850. 6. * Law of Certificates,' 1826. 7. * Law of Ways,' 1829; 2nd edit. 1847. 8. * Com- mercial and Mercantile Law of England,' 1829. 9. * Law of Waters and Sewers,' 1830; 2nd edit. 1851. 10. 'History and Results of Present Capital Punishments in England,' 1832. 11. * Our Island: a Novel' [anon.], 1832, 3 vols. 12. ' Four Lettera on Bill for General Registry of Deeds,' 1833. 13. *Law of Window Lights,' 1833. 14. ^New Highways Act,' 2nd edit. 1836. 16. 'Treatise on Criminal Statutes of 7 Will. IV & 1 Vict. 1837.' 16. ' New Inclosure Act,' 1837 ; with notes and indexes, 1846. 17. * Treatise on Misdemeanours,' 1842. 18. ' Law of Party Walls and Fences, including the New Metropolitan Buildings Act,' 1845. 19. 'Treatise on Sewers and Drainage Acts;' 2nd edit. 1849 ; 3rd edit. 1864. 20. ' Public Health Act,' 1849. 21. < Legal Time, its Computations and Reckonings,' 185L 22. * Metropolitan Building Act,' 1856; 2nd edit. 1877; 3rd edit. 1882. 23. 'Game Laws,' 1858. 24. 'Criminal Law as amended by Statutes of 1861,' 1862. 25. * Private Exe- cutions,' 1867. He published in 1842 a 'second edition, revised with additions,' of Charles Penruddocke's 'Short Analysis of the Criminal Law of England,' was a fre- quent contributor to the ' Globe and Tra- veller,' and read many papers before the Law Amendment Society. [Gent. Mag. 1793 ii. 861, 1816 i.376 ; Foster's Alumni Oxon. 1715-1886 ; Robinson's Hereford- shire Mansions, p. 100; Cussans's Hertfordshire (Rickmansworth), pp. 131-2, 163, 160; Shirley's Noble Men of England, 1866 ed., p. 99 ; Lin- coln's Inn Reg. ii. 69 ; Burke's Landed Gentry, 1894 ; information from Mr. W. R. Woolrych of Croxley House, Hertfordshire, and Mrs. Perowne.] W. P. C. WOOLSTON, THOMAS (1670-1733), enthusiast and freethinker, fifth son of Henry Woolston (d, 1705), currier, was bom at Northampton early in 1670. He got his schooling at Northampton and Daventry, and on 1 1 June 1685 was admitted to Sidney- Sussex College, Cambridge, as minor pen- sionary. On 16 Jan. 1685-6 he was elected a scholar; he graduated B.A. on 11 Jan. 1688-9, M.A. on 12 Feb. 1691-2. Having been elected a foundation fellow on 17 Jan. 1690-1, he took orders, was elected prse- lector 1694, ecclesiastical lecturer 1697, and graduated B.D. 1699. Ho bore the repute of a sound scholar, a good preacher, a chari- table and estimable man. His reading led him to study the works of Origen,from whom he adopted the idea of interpreting the scrip- ture as allegory. Applying this to the Old Testament he preached in the college chapel, and before the university, that the Mosaic narratives were to be taken as prophetic parables of Christ, and that as Moses proved nis authority to Pharaoh, so our Lord proved his to the lloman emperors. His discourses were reduced to a volume, * The Old Apology for . . . the Christian Reli- gion . . . revived,' Cambridge, 1705, 8vo, printed at the university press. He left the university in 1720 ; proceeding to London, he printed anonymously three Latin tracts. The first, dedicated to Wil- liam Wake [a. v.], by * Mystagogus,' was a 'Dissertatio de Pontii Pilati ad Tiberium Epistola,' 1720, '8vo, devoted to proving against Dupin the reality of a (lost) rescript of Pilate, a point already laboured in his * Old Apology ' (pp. 35 sq.) The * Epistola,' 1720, 8vo, and * Epistola Secunda,' 1720, Woolston Wooiston 8vo. »iidrEseeil to Wliitby, Waterland, and Whiiton, bf ' Origenee AdaniBiitiu^,' Kre in support of the allegorical exegesis tkvoured iu the * Old Apology.' An attack diiod quabere, ■a pagans, io the 'Delphick Oracle' (January 1719-30, p. 46) led blm to send to tliat periodica], writing as a quaker, and cigning ' Arist«bulus,' a challenge to a disputalion, which was accepted ( Feoruair 1719-20, p. 17). 'Aristobulua' forwardei^a letter OD«u- ing the diecussiott, and defending the qualiers aa allegorists. He aliinns (letter to Bamrt, 1730, p. 19) that, being unable to meet his argument, the 'Delphick Oracle' did not puBlish another number; but hla letter (abridged) with a long reply appears in the ■ Delphick Oracle," Slarch 1719-20. p. 58 (the first aod only number of an eiilai^«d iasue). He then turned to Thomas Bennet [q. t.^, who had published a 'Confutation of Quakerism' (1705), and addressed to him ' A Letter . . . upon this Question : Whether . . . Quak«rs do not the nearest . . . resemble the primi- tive Christians,' 1720, 6vo, and 'A Second Lett«r,' 17^1, Sto, on thegeneralquestionof the allegorical sense of scripture. Both are signed ' Ariatobulus,' who claims t^ be ' a foreigner' in search of true religion : in these letters, especially in the second, he opens his peculiar vein of irreverent jocularity (not without real humour, but on subjects where humour is out of place), and bis references to hisown publicatioDS betray a disordered self- estimate. Bennet took no notice of either letter; an 'Answer' (1721, 8vo) 'by a country curat*,' signed ' N. N.,' was by Woolston himself, and meant to provoke oontrovern'. His friends, with some reason, thought him crazy ; to rebut the impulatlon he preseDted himself at his college, and was at once called upon to resume residence in accordance with the statutes. Peremptorily refusing, he was deprived of his feUowship, contrary to the wish of the master, Bardaey Fisher, and in spite of the intercereion of "William Whiaton [q. v.]. whom he bad abused. He complains (Di/ence of Che Tkandering Le^on, 1726, p. iv) of 'being deprived of my fellowship for my late writ- ings.* After his deprivation his brother, Alderman Woolston of Northampton, al- lowed bim 30/. a year. He next published ' A Free-Gift to the QeiCT'{1722, 8vo), dedicated to the hier- archy, in this he attacks by name John Frankland. fellow of Sidney-Sussex, and Others; and declares his intention 'to be the founder of a new sect.' He had a few disciples 'called snigmatiste.' His friends advised him to print his exercises in 1690 for B.U. (.repeated in the university pulpit. 17021. Thev appeared as 'The Eiici Fh- ness of the Time in which Christ was mam- fested' (1722, 8vo), with a blatant dedica- tion to Fisher, contrasting with the lonf of an able and ingenious treatise; at p. 37 it the germ of the argument of his ' Old Afy. logy.' 'A Second Free-Gift to the Cle^' 1)723, 8vo) complained of no replies to liiv first; it was followed bv *A nirf Frw- Gift' (1823, 8vo, dated 7 Sept.; in this he states (p. 32) that he had lie«n carried up in a vision, and bad an interview with Eliis); by ' A Fourth Free-Gift' (1724, 8vo, dated 1 June), and bv an * answer ' again ' bv i Countrv Curate,' entitled ' The Ministiy ot the Letter vindicated' (1724, Bvo, dattd 8 July). Rushing into the cai>trover»y lie. tween Anthony Collins [o. t.' and Edward Chandler [q. t.1, he published ' A Uoderalor between an Infiilel and an Apostate' 117^, evo ; dedication to Wake, dated 10 Fei..|, with two supplements, same year, d«)i- cated (2 Nov.) to Joseph Craven, who >ui- ceeded Fisher as master of Sidaey-Soiwi, and (12 Nov.) to Peter King, first lord Kmj fq. v.] (the whole came to a third edition, 1729-32, 8vo). In theee he carried aUegoy to the length of questioniag the hlitorie reality of the reaurrection and the riigin birth of our Lord. The government udictol him (between 2 and 12 Nov. ) for blasphemt. Whiston made interest with the allomev- general, Sit Philip Yorke (afterwards fiiit Earl of Hardwicke \a. v.}>. to stop the pro- secution ; offering. If it went on, to giie evidence on the subject of allegorical inter- pretations. The case was not proceeded with, for Woolston now attacked a pot- tbumous dissertation of Walter Moyle [q.y.^ in ' A Defence of the Miracle of tlie Thundering Legion' (1726, 8vo), dediciled to Whiston, who had written on the SMna aide. ' I had used you,' he says. ' with such ft«edom in my " Jloderator " as would hive provoked another man to resentment, and even to rejoice at any sufferings that could have fallen on me; but it is manifest that you are of a more Christian temper, and can foi^ve any treatment from an advetsatyj for which I shall alwa?s esteem youa brave and a good man ; and f hope nobody, no, not those who were most tealous for my praw- culion, will think the worse of you.' Tl* ' Defence ' is a remarkable tour de force, and ends with a line appeal for liberty of pubh- cation, on the ground that 'it is the oppon- tion of others that sharpens wit and bri^tem truth.' Wnolfiton's ' IHseourse on the Miracles of Our Saviour,' 1727. *to (dedicated to Ed- mund Gibson [q.v,], 17 April), was followed Woolston Woolton l»y a ' Second,' 1727, Svo (dedicated to Ed- Trard Chandler, 13 Oct.), a 'Third.' 1728, 8vo (dedicated to Hichard Smalbrokefq. v.), 26 feb.), a ' Fourth,' 1728, 8vo (dedicated to Francis Hare [q. t.], 14 May), a ' Fifth,' 1738, 8vo (dedicated to Thomas Sherlock [q. v.], 25 Oct.), and a 'Siith,' 1729, 8to (dedicated to John Potter (1674P-1747) [q. v.]. In Feb.) The ' DieeourBCH ' speedJlv ran to six editiona, and were receivod with a Btonn of replies. Gibson iaeued a pa«toral letter, Smalbroke preached against them, WTiiston withdrew his countenance. The Tigour of the ' Discourses ' is undeniable, and it has been eaid with some truth that they anticijiale the mythical theory Strauss, The government resumed the pro- secution after the publication of the fourth 'Discourse;' Woolston was tried at the GuUdhaU on 4 March 1739, by liobert Ilav- niond [q. v.], lord chief justice, ile speakB lii^bly of Raymond's fairness, lie told liay- raond that the expression ' hireling' clergy, in his title-pages, was ' where the shot pinched,' Birch, his counsel (who had gra- luitonsly nndeiiaken the defence), argued that Woolflton had written as a sincere Christian. The attorney-general replied that ' if the author of a treasury libel should ■write at the conclusion, " God save the king," it would not excuse him ' (An Ac- count of the Trial, 172P, fol.) Woolston 'WHS found guilty ou four counts, and sen- tenced to a year's imprisonment and a fine of lOO;. He purchased the liberty of the rules of the king's bench, and there remained till his death, being unable to pay the tine (he had 701., of which he lost 301. in 1732 by a tradesraati'B failure). Clarke tried in vain to procure his release. Meanwhile Smalbroke and others were publishing replies ( TAe Comedian, or Philo- aopkioal Enquirer, 1732, t. 24), and Wool- eton issued two ' Defences,' the first (Oc- tober 1729) dedicated to Queen Caroline. Besides his second 'Defence' (May 1730) he is almost certainly the author of 'Tom of Bedlam's Short Letter to his Coien Tom "W— Ist— n • (1728, 8vo), and inspired, if he did not write, ' For God or the Devil; or. Just Chastisement no Persecution, lleing the Christian's Cry . . . for . . . Punishment of . . , that Wretch Woolston ' (1 728, 8vo), ajid ' Free Thoughts on Mr. Woolston,' 1729. 8to (November); 2nd edit. 1730, 8 to, with lists of books in ' the Woolstonian contro- Tersy.' Woolston thought the best answer ' ' ' 'Two Discourses ' (1729) by e does not sf had no symjiatby with WhisI He died (unmarried) on 27 Jan. 1732-3, and was buried (30 Jan.) in the churchyard of St, George's, Southwark. He was in his Bi.tty-fourth year { The Comedian, or PAilo- nopkical £itquiri!r, 1733, is. 31), His por- trait, by Dandridge, was engraved by Van der Oucht ; another portrait was by Van- derhank. [TliB Life of Mr. Woolslon. with an impartial BCraiint of his writings. 1733 (nscribfd by W tary,and waasent by himon miasions to Lon- don and to hold his courts at Castlecombe in Wiltshire (Paiton Letter*, i. 2S0, 4:iO). After his master's settlement nt Ciiister Castle in 1454, he resided there when in Norfolk. But, useful as he was to Fastolf, the close- fisted and irritable old kniefat would not assign him any fixed position or solsry— ' end so,' wrote Worcester lo John P " 'I endure inter egenos ulser (i4. i. 300,371). Between his master's i trary ill-humour and his fellow-servanti jealousy he had, according to his v account of it, but a pcor time (ib. j. 9 404). Fastolf had no legitimate issue, a as he drew near to his end his wealth w Worcester found some relief in UterMy and historical pursuits. Being detained in London in the summer of 1468 by one of FastolTs many lawsuits, he seized the oppor- tunity to cany on his studies. ' Worcester," wrote a felloK-Eervanl, ' hath goon to scole, to a Lumhard called KaroU Giles, to lem and to be red in poetre or els in Frensh; for lie hath byn with the same Karoll every dny ii tymes or ill, and hath bought divers boks of hym, for the which, as I suppose, he hath put hymselfin daunger to the same Karoll. I made a mocioa toWilliam to have known his besiness, and he answered and sniil that he wold be as glad and feyn of a gtmd hoke of Frensh or of poetre ns my Master Fastolf wold be to purchace a faire manoir; and thereby I understand ho list not lo be com- mynd with all in such matiers'(i%. i.431). Worcester's frequen t absences from CaJster during the laat two years of Fastolfs Ufa probably injured his prospects. John Pas- ton [q. v.] obtained great influence over the old knight, and after liis death on 5 Nov. 1459 Paston with Thomas Howes, parson of Blotield, propounded a will said to have been made two days before which left him resi- duary legalee. A liarren executorship was all that fell to Worcester, though he after- wards asserted that Fastolf had ondly de- clared his intention of providing forlitm and Worcester Worcester his familj, and bad BBbed Uowe«, whose niece Worcester Lad married, to choose tlie land (ib. i. 509). At first he hoped that Paston, who was under some obligation to him, would remedy the injustice, and it was only when that keen man of busineag, against the adrice of his brother, refused to do anything for the unfortunate Worcester that he joined SirWilliara YelverCon[q. v.], another of Faatolf a executors, in disputing the will of S Nov., and propounding an earlier one dated 14 June 146» (iA. i. 494, 008, iii, 488), ' I have losi,' he said, ' mora thanne x mark worthe londe in my maister servyce, by God and not I be releved, all the woride schal knowe it elles that I Lave to grret wrong' (%&. i. 509). Friendly at- tempts to brine about a reconciliation were of no avail owing to Paston'e reluctance to make any provision for him, and in 1464 Worcester and Yelvert.on began iLeir suit in the archbishop's court, which was still Coceeding when Paston died two years ter (». ii. 154, 371). In June 146> Sir John Paston entered a counter suit, in which he charged Yelverton and Worcester with bribing witnesses in the previous trial {ib. H. 443). But Howes had now deserted the Pastons, and Bishop Waynllete, who had conceived the idea ol diverting the endow- ment left by Faatolf for a college at Caister to a new foundation of his own at Oxford, used his influence in favour of peace. Ulti- mately Worcester obtained some landa near Norwich called Fairchilds, and two tene- ments and gardens called Walles in South- wark; in return for nil doctimenta relating to Fastolfs lands in Worcesttar's poaaeesion, and his assistance in securing iLose estates appropriated to his new college, Waynflete covenanted (7 Dec 1472) to pay him 100/. and an allowance upon all sums of money recovered by him (ib. ii. 397, iii. 73). Some two years before Worcester had been urging that the college ought to be at Cambridge as nearer Norfolk and Suffolk (I'i. ii. 313). In 1470 he had himself announced an intention of removing to Cambridge, as a cheaper place of residence than London, but whether h« actually lived there is not clear {ib. ii. 3971. It is probable that the last years of his life were mainly spent in Norfolk, though ho fre- quently visfteo his property in Bristol {Itine- rarCum, pp. 208, 210, 212). After hia death he was described as ' late of Pokethorp b^ Norwich, gentleman' {Pa*ttm Letter*, iii. 296; Tahnes, p. 115). He devoted a good deal of bis time, however, to the journeys o" which he has lefl a record in his ' Icineranum . A detailed account is given of those he made in the smnmera of 1478 and 1480 respectively. On 17 Aug. 1478 he left Norwich, and tra- velling by Southampton and Bristol, whence he visited Tintera Abbey, lo St. MichMi;5_ Mount, he returned to London on 7 iltinirrantan, pp. 142 sqq,) In 1480 be September in Bristol, yistting Kingstoi Oiford on his way (ib. pp. 275, 290, While at Bristol he rode out to Shtrehi ton to reclaim two of his books, the ' Etl and ' Le myrrour de dames,' which he had : . le Thomas Young. These last yean of 1 Erobably comparatively free ' ough m 1475 he was arrestva ii the instance of John Monk, a neighbour at Pokethorp, and a former witness in the suit against Paston {ib. p. 368 : cf. Ptulon Lett ii. 272). The exact year of hia death known, but seems to have been between l{ and 14H3, as his collection of docuinenta lating to the Duke of Bedford's rcgencj.wl be dedicated to Edward IV, was re-dedic by hia son to Richard III { H'arai^Hu! Uth in Fraiice, ii, [521]). The lhre« com ing entries of his 'Annals,' which beloi 1491 and were written after October li must therefore be by another hand. Thei tinuouHnarratiyeendswithI463{iS.ii.r"' His wife Margaret survived him (', Letters, iii. 396). By her he had several dren, of whom a son William, referred' above, is the only one whose name is ' According to Friar Brackley, W was blind of an eye and of a swarthv pleiion {ib. i. 623, iii. 47fl). Ilis'h OBlray some sense of humour. His fitishments were varied (including a edge of medicine and astronomy), and leal and industry in collecting historical and topographical information praiseworthy, but ho hiid no literary skill. Both his Latin and his En(>lish aie ungrnmmatical, but he was keenly interested in the classical revival, and entered in his commonplace-book notes as to Greek terminations and pronunciations de- rived from his friend Prior WiUjam Celling [q. v."! The '.\nnala,' though a valnable authority where authorities are scarce, are jejune and uninteresting. I'he 'Itineiarinm' 18 a massofundi^sted notes of very unequal importance, but interesting if only as an an- ticipation of Leland'sgreaterwork. The sur- vey of Bristol it contains is exceedingly full, and has been of the greatest service to local topographers. It is the basis of the wriicli forms the frontispiece to the of Bristol ' in the ' Historic Towns The following works were written bj have been ascribed to, Worcestei _ nales rerum Anglicarum ' (1324-1468. 1491), the only manuscript of which U the author's holograph in Arundel MS. 48 at the CoU^ Worcester 443 Worde of Anns. It was first printed by Heame with the 'Liber Niger Scaccarii' in 1728 (reprinted 1771), and again in 1864 by Rev. Joseph Stevenson in the Rolls Series at the end of * Letters and Papers illustrative of the Wars of the English in France ' (vol. ii. pt. ii.^ 2. A collection of documents (1447-60) relating chiefly to the cession of Maine to Charles VII, printed by Stevenson (vide supra) from Arundel MS. 48 in Worcester's own hand. 3. A collection of documents (1427-52) mainly relating to the Duke of Bedford's regencr in France, with a dedica- tion original^ addressed to Edward IV, but clumsily altered into a dedication to Ri- chard in by Worcester's son ; printed by Stevenson firom Lambeth MS. 606. 4. ' Acta domini Johannis Fastolf (Tanner, p. 116 ; cf. Paston Letters f i. 646). The incipit shows that this was not identical with 8, but it is not now known to exist. 6. Antiquitates AnglisB ' (Tanneb, p. 115). This is said to have been in three books, and an incipit is given ; but Nasmith doubted whether Worcester ever did more than plan such a work. 6. < Itinerarium.' The portions of historical and topogpraphical interest were printed by James Nasmith [q. v.] in 1778 from the manuscript in Worcester's hand in the library of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge. 7. 'DeagriNorfolciensisfamiliis antiquis. Tanner notes that a manuscript formerly belonged to Thomas Allen. 8. * Va- riorum autorum deflorationes.' Cotton MS. Julius F. vii. (Tanneb, p. 116; cf. Worces- ter's own reference to a ' magnus liber,' Ann, p. 771). The * Deflorationes ' may include those in Arundel MS. 48, a few of which were printed by Heame at the end of the ' Annals.' 9. ' Re^istratio sive excerptio versuum proverbiahum de libro Ovidii de arte amandi, de fastis et de epistolis ' (a.d. 1462), Cotton. MS. Julius F. vii. 5 (Tanneb). 10. ^ De ordinibus religiosonim tam nomine quam habitu compilatus de diversis cronicis in civitate Lond.' Written for Nicholas Ancrage, prior of St. Leonard's, close to Pokethorpe (a.d. 1466), Cotton. MS. Julius F. vii. 40 (Tanneb). 11. *Polyandrum Oxoniensium' (Tanneb, p. 116). 12. A translation into English of Cicero's 'De Senectute,' which he presented to Waynflete at Esher on 10 Aug. 1473 without eliciting any response {Itinerariumj p. 368; cf. Paaton Letters, iii. 301). Caxton printed a transla- tion, generally identified with this, in 1481, part of which he attributed to Tiptoft, earl of Worcester. 13. * Epistolarum acervum.' 14. * Abbreviationes doctorum ' (Tanneb, p. 116). 15. ^De sacramentis dedicationis' {%b.) But this is not by Worcester, who merely presented it to Waynflete {Liber Niger, i. xxv). It is in Magdalen College Library. 16. ' CoUectiones medicinales ' (Sloane MS. 4, Brit. Mus.); Worcester's authorship in* ferred from internal evidence; according to Heame mainly derived from the papers of John Somerset [q. vj 17. * De Astrologin valore * (i3.) ; Antony Wood questioned this attribution. 18. 'Unificatio omnium stel- larum fixarum pro anno 1440.' Drawn up at the instance of Fastolf, and 19. ' Abbre- viatio tractatus Walt. Evesham de motu octavss sphsersD,' both in Bodleian MS. Laud B. 23, in his own hand. [Paston Letters, ed. Gkiirdner; Itinerarium Wiilelmi de Worcestre, ed. Nasmith ; Wars of the English in France, ed. Stevenson (Rolls Ser.); Tanner's Bibliotheca Britannico-Hi- bernica; Liber Niger Scaccarii, ed. Heame; Scrope's Histoiy of Castlecombe; Hunt's Bristol (Historic Towns); Gasqnet's An Old English Bible and other Essays (5iote-Books of William Worcester), 1897.] J. T-t. WORDE, WYNKYN db (d, 1634?), printer and stationer, came originally, as his name denotes, from the town of Worth in Alsace. His real name was Jan van Wynkyn (' de Worde ' being merely a place name), and in the sacrist's rolls of Westminster Abbey from 1491 to 1500 he figures as Johannes Wynkyn. While still a young man he came over to England and served as an apprentice in the printing office of Wil- liam Caxton. Probably he accompanied Caxton from Bru^s in 1476. Before 1480 he married his wife Elizabeth, an English- woman ; she appears on the rent-roll of West- minster Abbey on 4 Nov. of that year as holding a tenement in Westminster of the dean and chapter, Wynkyn being incapaci- tated as an alien from holding real estate (Athenceum, 1899 i. 371, 1900 i. 177). "When Caxton died in 1491 Wynkyn suc- ceeded to his materials, and continued to carry on business at Caxton's house in West- minster. In the first two years he did little, printing, so far as is known, only five books, and using for them the founts or type which had belongred to Caxton. At the ena of 1493 in his edition of Mirk's ^ Liber Festivalis' he introduced! a new type, and from that time onward his business increased in importance. Unlike Caxton, he does not appear to have taken any interest in the literary side of his work, and we cannot point to a single book amon^ the many hnnareds which he issued as being translated or edited by himself. On the other hand, he seems to have been very successful as a business man, and the output of his press was far larger than that of any printer before 1600. Between 1493 and 1500 Wynkyn issued at least 110 diJTerent works, and since llie oxiBtence of more than hftlT of cheae is knovm only Aram singla copies or even frogments, tha real number must be cansidemblj^ larger. A few of tlie books prialed during this jeriod nre wortliy of notice. In 14tfiJ was UBued ihn third edition of the 'Golden Legend,' and in tbe following year the ' Speculum Vitse Chriati,' of whicli one, per- fect copy ia known. In 1495 appeared the • Vitas i'tttrum' ' wliiche hath been Irans- lated out of Frenche into EnglisBhe by Wylliam Caiton of WestmynBtre, late deed, About U96 Wjnkyu iasufld T Istion of the ' De propnetatibuB rerum,' liy Bartbolomtciu Angliciu [aeeGi.ik»viLi.K, Kabtholomew db], and in 1498 the second edition of the ' Morte d' Arthur," the fourth edition of the ' Golden Legend,' and the third edition of the 'Canterbury Talea,' besides numerous smaller books. Finding liis own presses unable to cope with the in- creasing detnand for books, Wynkyn began ftboot tuis lime to give out some of his work to other printers, and we find J ulian Notary fq. vj, who bad printed a book for him in London in 1497, moving out to KiogStreet, Westminster, in 1498, and there printing for him an edition of the 'Sarum Mcssal.' At the end of liKX) Wynkyn gave up Caxton's house at Westminster and removed to Fleet Street, where he occupied two housee closeto St. Bride's Church, one being Lis d well in^'ho use and the other bis printing office. This move was probably made in order that he might he nearer the centre of tr&de in London, and better able to compete with his rival, Richard Pynson [q.v.], who lived almost opposite on the other sidu of Fleet Street, near St. Dunstan's Church. Wynkyn before moving got rid of a con- siderable portion of bis printing material, both type and wood-blocks. Much was probably melted down and recast, but many of the woodcuts en; found later in booka printed by Julian Notary, and other wood- cuts and even type make their appearanct: in such distant places as Oxford and York. No doubt most of 1501 was spent in pi«- paring the new printing office, for at present we know of only one book printed in that year, while in the Tear foUpwing there are at least twelve. ^^ ynkyu clearly saw that the WBT to succeed was not to produce large folios tor tbe rich, but small and pnpidar books of all classes for the General public, — that the main produce of his press from tl time forward consisted iu small service- books, such as the ' Hone ad ii.snm Sarum,' religious treatiseB like the ' Ordinary of The succession and coronation of IT( \1II in 1509 naturally caused a knre of sightseers into London, and Wynl douhttesa found a ready market, for know of at least twenty-four dated booka issued in that year, besides a number which, though undated, were cle^arly printed at the time, In 1509 began also tile close connec- tion between Wynkyn and the stationers and printers of York, for in that year Hugo Goes, the first printer in York whose work has come down to us. printed his fijst book, an edition of tbe ' Direct^rium,' in a type obtained from De Worde, and the Uller also printed an edition of the ' Maniul' for the York stationers Gatchet and Ferrelionc, The pressure of business in 1509 seems also to have been responsible for cauBiiu^ Wynkyn to open a shop in St. Pauls Churchyard, the recognised locality for booksellers. We find lu the colophons of some books of this year a notice tliat they were to be sold by Wynkyn de Worde either at the ' Sun ' in Fleet Street or at tlie sign 'Divfe Marie Pietatis' in St. Paul's Churchyard. About this time Wynkyn Rppears to have bad in his employment Henry Watsoa, Itobert Copland [q. v.], and John Gough {/I. 1528-15M) [q.T?}, the latter leaving in 15*26 to start a business of his own. The two former, besides helping to print, are responsible for most of the translations from the French issuedfrom the press at tbe ' Sun.' From 1501 to the close of his career Wynkyn printed over six hundred books, of which complete copies or fragments tavi- come down to our time, and this prohsblv does not represent more than one half of bis work. A considerable number of books, however, which bear his name, wtre appa- rently printed for him by other printers: a few indeed have varying imprint«, some with Wynkyn's name and others with the namo of the real printer, Wyiikyn died at the end of 1534 or begiuuincof 1-!>3S. II is will was made ia 1534, and was proved on 19 Jan. 1.^35 by his executors, James Gaver and John Byddell. No mention whatever is made of any rela- tives. The Elizabeth de Worde who died at Westminster in 1498 was doubtless Wyn- kyn's wife, and the Julian de Worde who died at the same place in 1500 was do*- sibly his son, Wj-nkyn made beqi number of persons either in his employ as apprentices or who worked for him. I Worde 445 Worden was buried in the church of St. Bride in Yleet Street, before the high altar of St. Katherine, and left to the church a large bequest for religious purposes. No portrait of nim is known ; that usually given in books on printing being taken from a drawing by W. Fait home, copied from a portrait of Joachim Ringelberg of Antwerp. His two executors seem both to have car- ried on business after his death in his old premises at the Sun in Fleet Street, and for some years before his death Byddell carried on business at his other shop in Paul's Churchyard. Gaver, who was originally a bookbinder, printed one book at the Sun in 1539. [Am68*s Typogr. Antiq. ed. Herbert, pp. 117-237; Bibliographical Society's Hand- lists of English Printers, pt. i. ; The Sandars Lec- tures, Cambridge, for 1899 ; Mr. Edward Scott's letters to the Athenaeum, 10 and 26 March 1899, and 10 Feb. 1900.] E. G. D. WORDEN. [See AVerden.] INDEX THE SIXTY- SECOND VOLUME. "Willi ai , Jol AduD (ITSft-lTgS). louder (1839-1890) (lTGl-1818). See under -iir.hor (1775 7-1830) , ,. ph (lOas-noi) ■..,.. , .'. . - iTSO-nW) Williuns™, Siini lie H 1103-1940) . Willi am ran, Williiun Cratdard [181S-IS0G) Wiillbftld (70O7-78S) .... WilUbronl or Wilbrord, Saint (0S7 7-7aB71 Willi!. Uee olEO Willm. Willis, Browne (108a-17Oo) . WillLB, Francis (171B~1B07] , WilliB, Henry BriUan (1810-188*) . Willis, John Id. inUS ?).... 'Willii.JofaDWalpole (1798-1877) . Willis, Bid] acd II e01-lTBn, 8ir Robert John (1781- Wilsrtu, Mrs. id. 1786) . WileoQ, Aaron (1589-1618). See nnder' Wil- son, John (1887 ?-ieoa). Wilson. Sir Adam |181*-18BI) Wilson, Alexander (1711-178B) Wilson. Alejiander ( 1766-1 81B) Wilson. Alesaoder Philip (1770?-18B1?) Bee Philip, Alexander Philip Wilson. +*5 Lidejc to Volume LXIL V . -t. •a. t_-ir'^T -v 1- :i. ■ 1 ••■ •i^ ■V .-•• a. i-l: :r*;'^ T . j. Dm i-j::. T -V _•! "" -.• :..■■. V _•« ::. ..-:. ir -_:"*>* -:'. "^l::*:::- !I .■' -.r: . :u . 145 HA . 147 . 147 —--4*. 1 "' —-.r^'^. 41 >WB* • ..... "V" !-•_::. ■•■• -J ',"*'"*—■ '•'"■ -^* - ■ ^ ^ ■ ^^ . - ^ \ .s:'i. J-.-iT- _:::;■.. T . -— .- T'', .. -, i'.-r r: -.-'■* - . l'**'j "r* "Vl.— "T. ~i'.-:i:"^ ji":7'..."T '-*;.;—;_-*»•'•. "V'li. ::. 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'.-'iW' ■^•''f'7 1?J 1* 1--7 r-2 Index to Volume LXII. 449 PAOK Wing, Vincent ri61J^-1668> . . . .179 Wingate, Edmnnd (159G-1656; . . .180 Wingate or Winyet, Ninian iloia-lSQ-i). See Winzet. Wingfield, Sir Anthony (1485 7-1.552) . .181 Wingfield, Anthoiiva550?-1615?) . .182 Wingfieia, Edward Maria (/. 1600) . 1H8 Wingfield, Sir Humphrey {d. 1545j . 184 Wingfield, Sir John (rf. 15961 . . .185 Wingfield, Lewis Strange (1842-1891) . .186 Wingfield, Sir Ricliard (1469?-1525) . . 187 ; Wingfield, Sir Richard, first Viscount Powers- i court (d. 1634) 190 * Wingfield, Sir Robert (1464 ?-1539- . 191 Wingham or Wengham, Henrv de i d. 1262) . 198 Wini(rf. 676?). . * . . .194 Winkworth, Catherine (1827-1878' . . 194 Winkworth, Susanna ( 1820-1884 ■. See under Winkworth, Catlierine. Winmarleigh, Baron (1803-1892). See Wil- son-Patten, John. Winniffe, Thomas (1576-1654) . . .196 Winnington, Sir Francis (1634-1700) . . 197 Winnington, Thomas (1696-17461 . . .198 Winram, George, Lord Libbertoun (d. 1650) . 109 Winram, Wjniram, or Winraham, John (1492?-1582j 200 Winslow, Edward (1595-1655) . . .201 Winslow, Forbes Benignus r 1810-1874) . . 203 Winsor, Frederick Albert (1763-1830) . . 204 Winsor, Frederick Albert * junior' (1797- 1874'. See under Winsor, Frederick Albert. Winstanlev, Gerrard (/!. ltM8-1662) . 206 Winstanley, Hamlet (1698-1756) . .207 Winstanley, Henry (d. 1703) . . .208 WinsUnlev, John . 1678 ?-1750) . .209 Winstanley, Tliomas (1749-1823) . .209 Winstanley, William (1628 ?-1690?) . 20i) Winston, Charles (1814-1864). . . .211 Winston, Tliom IS (1575-1655) . .212 Wint, Peter de (1784-1849). See De Wint. Winter, Sir Edward (1622 ?-1686) . . . 212 Winter, Sir John (1600 ?-1678?) . . .213 Winter, Robert (d. 1C06). See under WinU»r or Wintour, Thomas. Winter, Samuel, D.D. (1603-1 36^) . . .216 Winter or Wintour, Thomas (1572-1606) . 217 Winter, Tliomas (1795-1851) .... 219 Winter, or correctly W^-nter, Sir William {d. 1589) . . . " . > . . .220 Winterbotham, Henr>' Selfe ige (1837-187S) 222 Winterbothum, William (1763-1829) . .222 Winterbottom, Tliomas Mastermau (1765?- 1859) 223 Winierboume, Thomas {d. 1478). See under Winterbounie, Walter. Winterboume, Walter (1225 ?-1305) . .223 Winterscl, Wintcrshall, Wintersal,or Winter- ahull, William Id. Iei79) . . .224 Winterton, Ralph (1600-1636) .225 Winterton, Thomas^/. 1391). . . .226 Winthrop, John (158H-1 649) .... 226 Winthroi», John, the younger (1606-1676) . 281 Winton, Earls of. See Seton, George, third Earl (1584-1650); Seton, George, fifth Earl (d. 1749) ; Montgomerie, Archibald William (1812-1861). Winton, Andrew of i /f, 1415'. See Wjmtoun. Wintour. See also Winter. Wintour, John Crawford (1825-1882) . 232 Wintringham, Clifton 1689-1748) . . .282 Wintringham, Sir Clifton (1710-1794) . . 288 VOL. LXII. PAiiK Winwood, Sir Ralph (1563 ?-1617) . . .288 Winzet, Winyet, or Wingate, Ninian (1618- 1592) 286 Wireker, Nigel (J!. 1190). See Nigel. Wiriey, William {d. 1618). See Wyrley. Wisdom, Robert {d. 1568) . . . .237 Wise, Francis (1695-1767) .... 238 Wise, Henrv (1653-1788) . .239 Wise, John Richard de CAi>el (1831-1890) . 240 Wise, Michael (1646 ?-1687) . . . .241 Wise, William Furlong 1 1784-1844) . . 242 Wiseman, Nicholas Patrick Stephen (1802- 1865) 243 Wiseman, Richard (1622 ?-1676) . . .246 Wishart, George (1513 ?-1546) . . .248 Wishart, George (1599-1671 ) . . . 2.'>1 Wishart, Sir James 7 Witham, George (1655-172.'*) , . . .258 Witham, Robert {d. 17.Hh» . . .258 Witham, Thomas, D.I>. dl. 1728). See under Witham, George. Withens or Withins, Sir Francis (1684?- 1704). See Wythens. Wither or Withc-rH, George (1588-1667) . . 2,59 Withering, William (1741-1799) . . .268 Witherington, William Frederick (1785-1865) 270 Witherow, Tliomas (1K24-1890) . . .270 Withers, Thomas (176;>-1843) . . . .271 Witherspoon, John (1723-1794) . . .271 Withman(r/. 1047?) 274 Withrington. See Widdrington. Wittlesev, William id. 1374). See ^Vhittle8ey. Wivell, Abraham . 1786-1849) . . . .274 Wix, Samuel (1771-18(J1) .... 275 Wode. See Wood. Wodehouse. See also Woodhouse. Wodehouse or Woodhouse, Robert de (d. 1.345?) 276 Wodelarke, Robert, D.D. {d. 1479) . . .277 Wodenote, Theophilus (d. 1662) . . .277 Wodenoth or Woodnoth, Arthur (1690?- 1650?) 278 I Wodhull, Michael (1740-1816; . .278 [ Wodrow, Robert (1679-1784) ... .280 ■ Woffington, Margaret (1714 ?-1760) . . 281 Wogan, (Sir) Charles (1698 ?-1752 ?) . .284 Wogan, Edward [d. 1654) .... 286 Wogan, Sir John {d. 1321 ?) . . . .287 Wojcan, Nicholas (1700-1770). See under Wogan, (Sir) Charles. Wogan, Thomas (/. 1646-1666) . . .288 Wogan, William (1678-1758) .... 288 I Woide, Charles Godfrey (1725-1790) . . 289 ' Wolcot, John (1788-1819) .... 290 Wolf. See also Wolfe, Wolflf, Woolf, and Woulfe. Wolf, Josef (1820-1899) 294 Wolfe, Arthur, first Viscount Kilwazden (1739-1803) 294 Wolfe, Charles (1791-1828) .... 295 Wolfe, David (rf. 1578?) 296 Wolfe, James (1727-1769) . . .296 Wolfe, John (d. 1601). See under Wolfe, Reyner or Reginald. Wolfe, Reyner or Reginald {d. 1578) . 804 Wolfe, alias Lacey, William (1684-1678). See Lacey. 450 Index to Volume LXII. PAOIC . 306 . 80ti PAOX Wolff, J-3>epli ilT35-l>»i52' .... 'WoH^^ion, KriUicis il731-l'iil5i Wolla*ton, Frant :, John Hvde 11762-1^-23' . Wollaston, Gt*>r^o .1738-ia26L See under Wollaston. Franc i-i. Wollar-ton, Tlmma^ Vernon f 18»22-1878» . . 8i^ Wolloiiton, William -IfitH)-!:,!!! . . .810 WoUaston, William Hvdc .176t>-18:28f . . 311 WoUev. See til-^i Wix;lley. Wollev, Edward <^. liVi 4 816 Wollev. Sir Johiiirf. l.-y«i . .316 Wolley or Wor.llvy, Richiird < / . 1607-1694) . 817 WolUtonecraft, Mary i I7.>i*-I7'.'7i. See God- win, Mrs*, Marj- WiiUstoneoraft. Wolman. See hIsm \Voi>Inian. Wolman or Woloman. Jliclianl (d. 1537) . 318 Wolrich, Woolrich. or W..N,Iilridge, Humplxrev (l»«3?-170Ti *. 310 Wolrich or Wolrvclie. Sir Thonia'* I l.ii»>-166^.i 3-20 Wols«rlt:v, Sir Ch'irles i h\:^' ?-1714i . . 3-2U Wol^l.-y, Sir Cluirles 170H-1h4Gj . . . 322 WoLselrv, Rnl^en il6li^ir.y7i. See under WoI^-K-v, Sir Charl»fSil»J3U?-1714». Wolseltv, William .HJ4a?-Uy.i7i . . .323 WoUcl./v, William (1T.-.IW1N42. . .324 Wolsty, Thomas 1 147.">?-looU) . . .325 Wol^tau. See Wulfitun and Wulstan. WoUtriiholuK', De.m. the elder ■ 1757-1^37) . 343 Wolstfidiolme, Dean, the voungi-r (1798- 18.S:>j ....*.... 344 WoUteuholme, Sir John .1562-1639) . .344 Wolstenholme. .T-.s^i.!i ■1m2',»-1>JI»1». . .344 Wolt'jn, John il.'i^i.V-l .'>'.♦ 4 1. See Wool ton. Wolverton, seconil Biron. See Glvn, George G ren fell (1 824-1 >?*7. Wombwell^ (rr»or^^»' ■ 177^-lS.lU) Wrinio«."k or Woni!i«i{, r^aiiri;iic«' 1 1612-lCi>6 . Wtr'Mht. Nicl; =l.i-i ■ l'*U4-1^70'. See Wanit-»troi'lit. Wo'kI. AU?Xiin«h-r 'ITi.'i-l'MiT^ . Wor»(l, Alf\an«ler I l'^17-l>'"
  • il or a WrM>fl, Aiitli iiy ilrw2-lGl>.") . WoMil, Sir Ch.irk'S, i;r>t Viscount Halifax (l.siiu-l>.s.-,. WoiHi, Sir David Kdward i lS12-lsiMj . W(»«».[, KdiMuii.l Dark" (l.vjo-lsvi, W-ltH'.>l; 365 Wo(k1, John (ifor^T (1.S27-1 889; . . .866 W(x>d, John Muir(ls«r,-lS'.>-2). . . .367 WcKxl, Sir John Viv^v (,17'Jt>-1866). See under Wood, Sir Matthow. Woo4 354 85.-) 357 •> ".• 3r».s 35H 359 360 861 31'. 1 3(;2 3( ';r.3 St.'e und-r 370 372 O — rt .1 |ll 377 . 37' 3S6 Wood, Marshall {tl. 1SS2;. See under Wood, Shak^ipere. Woo.!. 3tary Ann a802-lS»U». See Paton. Wo<.>d, Mary Anne Everett 1 1818-1895', after- ward t« Mrs. Everett Green .... Wix>d, Sir Matthew 1 1768-1843 1 Wood or Wo.>i>. Robert • 1622 ?-1685 ' . Wood, Robert a717 ?-1771 .... Woi.id. Searles Valentine, llie older (179S- IKSO) . . . . . . . .371 WiX)d, Se.irlcs Valentine, tlie yountrer -^ISoO l^vf4) ....... Wo*>d, Shak^pe re 1^27-1 *"•»• . Wood, Thomas 1 166 1-l 722 i . Woi>d, Western 1 1 804-1 >63. Wood, Sir Matthew. Wood, Sir WiUiam 10<>t^l691» Wood, William i 1671-1 730 , . Wciod. William 1 1745-1 SO.hj . Wtiod, William 1774-I>«57i .... Wt.i>l, William Page, Bari.ni Hatlierley ^ISOl- 1>*«1» ' . Woo*iall, John il556?-l«J43 .... Woodanl, Nathaniel 1811-1^*911 Wootlbrid^e, Benjamin 1 1622-1084 1 Woodbridge. John • 1613-1696). See under Woodbridge, Benjamin. Woodbury, Waller B*;nticy 11834-1885) . Woodcock, Martin, alias Farington, John atU)3-1646 . . . . . . 3'<7 Wooderoft, B^-nnet I1S03-1S79) . . ;;>S7 Woodd. Basil '1760-1831) . . . 3ss Wooddes*:)U, Richanl 1 1704-1774 . See under Woo*ldeson. Richanl (1745-1823). Wooddeson, Richanl J 1745-1823^ . Woo«lfall, George • 1 767-184 4 » . Woixifall. H».'!irv S.imp-on '173l.*-lS05) W, H>,lf;ill, WiUiani - 1 74r.-ls0:i i Wooilford, Sir AlexandiT Gfir^re i17{S2-1>j70) WoiKlford, Jamf- Ru->cll ils2i>-ls8.- WocKliord, Sir John Gt"t>rge il7s5-l5*79) WiH.idrord. S.inuic'l 1 1636-1700' Wi^-Klford or Wvdh^rd, William of {ji. 1:'.Sj>- ini) ..'.... WcKHlfonle, Sanrntl ,17«:.:J-1S17) W(M.Hlhall or Wv^od ill. Set' Uvedalo. WiHKllmm, Mr>. (.1743-1 S03', previously callid S|>encer ....... Woi-Mlhani, Adam id. 13."!S). See Goddam. Woo^lhead, Abraham 1609-167>dhou*ie, James (1735-1 ^20 1 Wtxxlhouso, Potor I tf. lt»05) .... Woodhous*', Robert de {d. 1345 ?^. See Wode- house. Wooilhouse, Robert (1773-1^27) Wo^xlhouse, Thomas [il. 157.*) Woinlhouselce. I^i^rd. See Tyilor, Alexander Fraser .1717-1'^13'. WcH^lington, William Frederick {r^06-lsi):j^ Woodlark, Robert u'. 1479). See Wtxli hirkc. Wi>odley, George (17^6-1^10) . Woo-lsS0) Woodrow, Henrj- {ls23-lH7rO . Wt»ods, James (1672-17->9). See Woi>d. W'oods, Joseph (1776-1S61I Woods, Julian Edmund Tenison- (1S32-1889 Woods, Robert (1622 ?-1685). See Wood. 3>^ SIM 3.-i l>-.'7 '} »K 4v'0 401 402 4'-:: 40.5 40'. 4<': 407 40:) 410 Index to Volume LXII. 451 PAGE Woodstock, Edmund of, Earl of Kent (1801- 1330). See Edmund. Woodstock, Edward of (1330-1376). See Ed- ward. Woodstock, Robert of {d. 1428). See Heeto, Robert. Woodstock, Thomas of. Earl of Buckingham and Duke of Gloucester (1355-1897). See Thomas Woo