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About Google Book Search Google's mission is to organize the world's information and to make it universally accessible and useful. Google Book Search helps readers discover the world's books while helping authors and publishers reach new audiences. You can search through the full text of this book on the web at |http: //books .google .com/I I DICTIONARY OF NATIONAL BIOGRAPHY Williamson Worden DICTIONARY OF NATIONAL BIOGRAPHY EDITED BY SIDNEY LEE VOL. LXII. Williamson Worden THE MACMILLAN COMPANY LONDON : SMITH, ELDER, & CO. 1900 :..-' •>: ^J i^. t-.v UB^m Of THE LELAND STANFORD JR. UNIVERSITY. JUL 27 1900 t LIST OF WBITERS IN THE SIXTY-SECOND VOLUME. r. J. A.. . . P. J. Anderson. W. A. J. A. W. A. J. Akciiijolu. .1. A. A. . . The Rev. Canon Atkinson. >r. B Miss Batkson. U. 13 The Rev. Ronald Bayne. T. B Thomas Bayne. C. B Professor Cecil Bendall. T. G. B. . . The Rev. Professor Bonney, F.R.S. G. S. B. . . G. S. Bouloer. T. B. B. . . T. B. Browning. E. I. C. . . E. Irving Caiilyle. W. C-R. . . William Carr. J. L. C . . J. L. Caw. A. C-K. . . . The Ri:v. Andkkw Clark. J. W. C-K. . J. Willis Claiik. E. C-E. . . . Sir Eunkst Claiikk. A. M. C. . . Miss A. M. Clkrke. A. M. e. . Miss A. M. Ct>uKE. J. C. The Rev. Professor Cooper, D.D. T. . Thompson Cooper, F.S.A. V -». . . W. P. Courtney. Lionel Cust, F.S.A. D-n. . . . Charles Daltox. J. D Cami'Dkll DoiMisoN. K. K. D. . . Professor R. E. Douglas. J. A. D. . . J. A. Doyle. E. G. D. . . E. Gordon Duff. R. D Robert Dunlop. C. L. F. . . C. Litton Falkiner. C. H. F. . . C. H. Firtu. W. F William Foster. T. F The Rev. Thomas Fowxer, D.D., President of CoRi»U8 Christi College, Oxford. J. G Jamks Gairdner, LL.D. R. G Richard Garnett, LL.D.. C.B. A. G The Rev. Alexander Gordon. J. C. H. . . J. Cuthhert H.adden. J. A. H. . . J. A. Hamilton. T. H The Rr.v. Thomas Hamilton, D.D. C. A. H. . . C. Alexander Harris, C.M.G. I M. H Professoic Marcus Hartoo. ' P. J. H. . . P. J. Hartoo. I T. F. H. . . T. F. Hendiiksox. J. K. H. . . The Rkv. J. Kino Hewison. W. H The Rev. Wiluam Hunt. C. K Charles Kent. J. K Joseph Knight, F.S.A. A. L Andrew Lancj. J. K. L. . . Professor J. K. Laughton. VI List of Writers. T. G. L. . . T. G. Law. I. S. L. . . . I. S. Leadau. E. L Miss Elizabeth Lee. S. L SiDNET LSB. 0. H. L. . . C. H. Lees, D.Sc. E. M. L. . . Colonel E. M. Lloyd, B.E. J. H. M. . . J. R. Maodonald. iB. M. ... Sheriff Mackay. A. P. M. . . A. Patchett Martin. L. M. M. . . Miss Middleton. A. H. M. . . A. H. Millar. CM Cosmo Monkuouse. N. M Nobman Moors, M.D. A. N Albert Nicholson. G. Lb G. N. G. Lb Grys Noroate. D. J. O'D. . D. J. O'Donoohue. F. M. O'D.. F. M. 0*Donoohxjb, F.S.A. H. W. P. . . Major Hugh Pearse. A. F. P. . . A. F. Pollard. B. P Miss Bertha Porter. D'A. P. . . . D'Arcy Power, F.R.C.S. F. B Eraser Bae. W. E. B. J. M. B. T. S. . . C. F. S. B. J. S. G. W. S. . L. 8. . . . G. S-H. . . C. W. 8. . J. T-T. . . D. Ll. T. M. T. . . . T. F. T. . B. H. V. . A. W. W. P. W. . . . W. W. W. E. F. W. . J. G. W. . B. B. W. . H. B. W.. . . W. E. Bhodes. . . J. M. Bioo. . . THoaiAs Seocohbe. . . Miss C. Fell 8mith. . . Beoinald J. S&nTU. . . The Bev. G. W. Sprott, D.D. . . Leslie Stephen. . . George Stronach. . . C. W. Sutton. . . James Tait. . D. Lleufer Tho^iah. . . Mrs. Tout. . . Professor T. F. Tout. . . Colonel B. H. Vetch, B.E., C.B. . A. W. Ward, LL.D., Litt.1). . Paul Waterhouse. . Captain W. W. Webb, Ml)., F.S.A. . E. F. WiLLOUOHBY, M.D. . General James Grant Wilhox. . B. B. Woodward. . H. B. Woodward, F.B.S. DICTIONARY OF NATIONAL BIOGRAPHY Williamson Williamson WILLIAMSON, Sir ADAM (1736- 1798), lieutenant-general, governor of Jamaica and St. Domingo, bom in 1736, was j son of Lieutenant-general George William- son (1707 •'--1781), who commanded the royal artillery at the siege and capture of Louis- burg in 1758 and during the o])erations in North America terminating in the capture of Montreal in 1760. He became a cadet Sinner on 1 Jan. 1748, entered the Royal ilitarv' Academy at Woolwich in 1750, and was appointed practitioner-engineer on 1 Jan. 1753. He went to North America in the following year, was engineer in Braddock*8 ill-fated expedition to Virginia in 1755, and was wounded at the battle of Du Quesne on 9 July. On 14 Oct. lie received a commis- sion as ensign in the 6th foot, was placed upon the statt' of the expedition to North America, and served throughout the war. On 25 Sept. 1757 he was promoted to be lieu- tenant in the 5th foot, and on 4 Jan. 1758 to be engineer-extraordinary and captain-lieu- tenant. In August 1759 he was wounded at Montmorency at the siege of Quebec {London Gazette, 19 Oct. 1759). On 21 April 1760 he was promoted to be captain in the 40th foot ; in August he distinguished himself in the repulse of the French, who were be- sieging Quebec, at Fort I^evis, L'Isle Royale, ana at the end of the year he accompanied his father to England on leave of absence. Williamson returned to North America in 1761, and went with the expedition to the West Indies, where he took a gallant part in the capture of Martinique and Guadeloupe in February 1762. He returned to England in 1763. On 16 Auff. 1770 he was promoted to be major in the l6th foot, and on 4 Dec. to be engineer in ordinary. He was trans- ferred to the 6l8t foot as major, and on TOL. LXII. 12 Sept. 1775 was promoted to be lieutenant- colonel in the army. Brought into the 18th royal Irish regiment of foot as a regimental lieutenant-colonel on 9 Dec., he ceased to perform engineer duties, and joined his regi- ment, whicn was on active service in North America, taking part with it in the battle of Bunker's Hill, and returning with it to England in July 1776, when he was quar- tered at Dover. On 23 Dec. 1778 AVilliamson was ap- pointed d^uty adjutant-general of the forces in South Britain, on 15 Feb. 1782 was pro* moted to be colonel in the army, and on 28 April 1790 to be major-general, on 16 July was appointed colonel of the 47th foot, and in the same year was made lieutenant* fovernor and commander-in-chief at Jamaica, n 1791 some of the inhabitants of St. Do- mingo made overtures to Williamson, pro- posing to place the colony under the protec- tion of Great Britain. The proposals were warmly advocated by Williamson, who re- ceived discretionary powers from the home government in 1 793 to take over those parts of the island of which the inhabitants might desire British protection, detaching from Jamaica a force sufficient to maintain and defend them. Williamson made a descent on St. Domingo in September with all the troops which could be spared, and established a protectorate. On 19 March 1794 he was transferred to the colonelcy of the 72nd high- landers, and on 24 Oct. of the same year he relinquished the government of Jamaica, and was appointed governor of St. Domingo, Port au Prmce, the capital, having capitulated to the British conjomt expedition under Com- modore Ford and Colonel John Whitelocke [q. v.] on the previous 5 June. Williamson was made a knight of the order of the Bath '>^ Williamson Williamson I on IB Nov. He was promoted to be lieu- tenant-goneral on 26 Jan. 1707. Yellow ftiver and mucli desultory fighting' made bucIi terriblH havoc among- the British troops that, in spite of all Williamson's enthusiasm and energy, the iaknd had to be evacuated in 179S, and WilUsmson,whohadBauriliced bis private fortune and health iu tbis enterpriae, returned to England, Ho died from iLe immediate efiectR of a (all at Aveaburj House, "Wiltshire, on 31 Oct. 1798. [Ro^ EnginMrs' RecQida; Conolly Papora; DrapatehoB-. British Uilitnry Libraiy. UBS; BrjHD EdvHrdB'sBiat.of llieBritiflli rolonipaiii the West Indies ; Qeat. Mag. 1798; Knox'l Ui«- torioal Journal of tlie Canip»ign8 in North Ame- ficA, 1737-60. 2 vole. 4to, 1783.J U. H. V. WILLIAM80N, ALEXANDER < 1829- IfflW), misBiDnary to Chilis, was born on 6 Dec. lH:;d, at Falkirk, studied nt U1il&- gow, and was appointed miBsionarji to China under the London Missionary ^iociety. He vasordained at Glasgow in April l!^, and sailed in the following inoDth for tShangbai, having previously married Mias Isabel LJo«- g«ll. For two years he took part in mia- siouary work at Shanghai and F^ngbu ; but, hia health failing, be left China on aick leave, and arrived iu England on 1(1 April 1868. His connection with the London Missionary Society terminated soon after his arrival in England. After some years spent in Scotland he returned to China as agent of the National Bible Society of (j-cotland, and arrived at Shanghai iu December 1663, He died at Cbefoo on 28 Aug. 1890. In 1379 be published a most interesting work on ' Joumeya in North China,' iu which he described the home of Confucius, and the district which is consecrated by Bssociationa with the sage. In addition he published a ' Treatise on Botany ' in Cbineae, entitled ' Chih wu hsio,' 1859. t Personal knniiledga ; and Memorials of Pro- tMtant Miasianaries to the Chiaeae, Hhsnghii, 1887.] H- K- I>. "WILLLAMSON, JOHN SliTHER (17ToN1836) colonel royal artillery, was bom about 1775. He entered the lioyjil Military Academy at Woolwich on 8 Aug. 1791, and received a commission as second lieutenant in the roval artillery on 1 Jan. 1794. The dates of his further commissions were: lieutenant, II March 1794; captain- lieutenaut, 12 Oct. 1799; captain, 12 Sept. 1803; brevet major, 4 June 1811; brevet lieutenant-colonel, 13 Oct. 1814 ; regimental majiir, 20 Dec. 1814 ; regimental lieutenant- colonel, 21 March 1817; colonel, 29 July 1835. In June 179ii nilliamBon served on the const of France in the expedition to Quiberott Bay, to assist the French'royalists. Tn 1799 he went to the Cape of Good Hope and served in the Hottentot and Kaffir war of (hat year, thence to Egypt and the Medi~ torraneun, was ut the siege of Ischia in June \>m. commanded the artUIery ot the capture of four of the Ionian islands in October of that year, and at the siege and capture of Santa Maura in April 1810. Ho subsequently went to Spain and commanded the artillery nt the battle of Costalla, under Sir John Murray (1788P-1827) [q. v.], on 19 April 1813; at the sjegeof Tarruponain June; at the disastrous engagement of Ordal on 13 Sept., and at the combat on the fol- lowing day at Villa Francs. He was fre- quentlT mentioned in despatches. He returned to England in 1814, and in the following year went to the Netherlands aud commanded the artilleiy of the third division at the battle of Waterloo. He received the VVaterloo medal and waa made a companion of the order of the Bath, military division, in 1815. He served witb the army of occupation in France until his promotion to be regimental lieutenEnt- colonel, when he relumed to England. He waa for some time superiutendent of the Itoyal Military Repository at Woolwich, and prepared a new and extensive course of instruction iu artillery, which fanned ^e basis of the exercise of heavy ordnance and of all the miscellaneous instructions of the gunner for many years, and will alwavB remain a model for professional works uf tba kind. Williamson died at Woolwich on 26 AprU 183(1. [War Office RecordH ; Rojal Artillpry Bo- cnrda; Despatches; Bojal Militarj Calendar, ISaUi Bunlmry's Narnilive of Military Traiw- Mlions in the Medilercaneaii 180S-181ii ; Napier'a History of the Feniasulnr War ; Sibome's lliarorv of the Waterloo CampnigD; Kane's List of OMci^rH uf the Royal Artilterv.] It. H. V. WILLLA.MSON, Sm JOSEPH (1633- 1701), statesman and diplomatist, was bap- tised on 4 Aug. 1633 at Bridekirk, a village three miles north of Cockarmouth. He was the youngest son of Joseph Williamson, who was instituted to the vicarage of Bridekirk in 1625 and died while his son was an infant. His mother married as a second husband the Rev. John Arderj (Fain. Minamm Gentium, p. 424). After a good grounding at the grammar school of St. Bees, Joseph seems to have cone to London as clerk to Richard Tolson, lae member of parliament for Cockermoulb, Williamson Williamson through whoise influence he was admitted as a town-boj to Westminster school, then | under Dr. Bushy. Bushy recommended I him to Gerard Langhaine the elder [q.v.l as a deserving northern youth, and in Septem oer j 1650 he entered as a bateller of Queen's Col- | lege, Oxford, whence he graduated B.A. on ; 2 Feb. 1653-4. His college tutors were ] Dr. Lamplugh and Dr. Thomas Smith. After | graduating he went into France and the Low Countries as tutor to a young man of quality, possibly one of the sons o? the Marquis of Ormonde (Hist, MSS, Comm, 4th Rep. App. p. 546 ; cf. CaL State Papers, Dom. 1051-2, p. 300). In November 1057 he was elected a fellow of Queen's (graduating M.A. in the same month), and he held his fellowship until his marriage. Soon after the Restora- tion he quitted Oxford for political life upon obtaining a place in the ofhce of Sir Edward Nicholas [q. y.], an old Queen's man, at that time secretary of state. In July 1660 Charles II sent to the provost and fellows of Queen's a special re<}uest that they would grant Williamson a dispensation for absence nt>m college; his loss was regretted both by the parents of his pupils and by his col- leagaes. Henry Denton, the successor to his rooms in college, alluded to his musical tastes when he wrote in October 1660* Your couple of viols still hang in their places as a monument that a genuine son of Jubal has been here.' His position in the secretary's office was not at first lucrative; but his status was improved on 30 Dec. 1661 by his appoint- ment as keeper of the king's library at White- hall and at the paper office at a salary of 160/. per annum. The paper office work was performed by four or five clerks under Henry ball, Williamson's subordinate. They issued news-letters once a week to numerous sub- scribers and to a smaller number of corre- spondents, the correspondents in turn fur- nishing materials which were subsequently embodied in the 'Gazette' (see below; cf. Ball's curious report of 23 Oct. 1674 appended to Christie's Williamson Correspondence and Mrs. Everett Green's preface to Cal. State Fat>ers, Dom. 1665-6). Meanwhile in October 1662 Nicholas was succeeded as secretary by Sir Henry Bennett (afterwards Lord Ariington), and Williamson was transferred to him as secretary. Facilities for making money now became abundant, and he showed him- self no backward pupil in the generally practised art of exacting gratifications from all kinds of suitors and petitioners. Pepys met him at dinner on 6 Feb. 1663, and deccribes him : * Latin Secretary . . a pretty knowing man and a scholar, but it may be he thinks himself to be too much so.' On the 28th of the following month he became one of the lave commissioners for seizing prohibited goods, and in Novem- ber 1604 he was one of the five contractors for the Royal Oak lottery, which became a source of considerable profit to him (the right of conducting and managing lotteries was restricted exclusively to the five * com- missioners ' in June 1665). In this same year (1664) Williamson seems to have been called to the bar from the Middle Temple. When, in the autumn of 1665, Charles II sought refuge in Oxford from the great plague, the lack of a regular news-sheet was strongly felt by the court. The ravages of the pestilence seem to have disorganised L'Estrange's * Intelligencer ' and * News.' Under these circumstances Leonard Lichfield [q.v.], the university printer, was authorised to bring out a local paper. On Tuesday 14 Nov. the first number of the 'Oxford Gazette' appeared, and was thenceforth continued regularly on Mondays and Thurs- days. The Oxford pioneer of the paper was Henry Muddiman ; but, after a few numbers, Williamson procured for himself the privi- leges of editor, employing Charles Perrot of Oriel College as his chief assistant. When the court was back at Whitehall, Muddi- man made vain endeavours to injure Wil- liamson's efforts as a disseminator of news, and L*Estrange put forth a claim, which was rejected, to a monopoly in publishing official intelligence. Williamson's paper be- came the * London Gazette,' the first issue so named being that of 5 Feb. 1666 (No. 24) ; it soon outdistanced its rivals, and survives to this day as the official register of the trans- actions of the government. As secretary to Arlington, who was at the head of the post office, Williamson took an active part in its management. The amount of official work of all kinds that ho got through during the next fifteen years from 1665 to 1680 is enormous, and his cor- respondence at the Record Office is extra- ordinarily voluminous. Evelyn wrote that Arlington, * loving his ease more than busi- nesse (tho' sufficiently able had he applied himselfe to it), remitted all to his man Wil- liamson, and in a short time let him go into the secret of atlairos, that (as his lordsliip himself told me) there was a kind of neces- sity to advance him, and so by his subtlety, dexterity, and insinuation he got to be ]>rin- cipal Secretary . . .' Williamson found some compensation for his labours in the opportu- nities afibrded him of rapidly making money. Two instances of his gpnerosity £^re Afforded b2 Williamson Williamson in August 1666 : he sent down money by a private hand to be applied to the relief of sick and wounded seamen, and also presented to his old college two pairs of banners wrought with silver thread, and a massive silver trumpet which was long used to summon the college to dinner (the summons has always been made by ' a clarion/ as ordained by the college statutes). The motive of the gift to the college appears to have been Williamson^s anxiety, though he was a non- resident, to retain and sublet his rooms in college, and he menaced the fellows with ' inconveniences ' if they did not accede to his wish ; the college in reply diplomatically evaded the demand. In small matters, an^ especially in his management of the ' Gazette,' Williamson showed a decidedly grasping and penurious spirit. With the warm concurrence of his chief, Williamson made various ettbrts to get into parliament, without meeting at first with success. Ilis candidature failed at Morpeth (October 1606), l^eston (May 1667), Dart- mouth, and at Appleby, where in December 16fJ7 his hopes were crushed by the inter- vention of Anne Clifford, the famous coun- tess of Pembroke [for the laconic letter said by Horace Walpole to have been written on the subject bv the countess, see Clifford, Anne ; that there is some truth in Walpole's story is rendered very probable by State PaperSf Dom. Charles II, xxxi. 170]. On 22 Oct. 1669 Williamson eventually suc- ceeded in getting elected for Tlietford, and he was re-elected in February 1678-9, Au- gust 1679, February 1080-1, and March. 1685. He did not sit in the Convention, but he was returned for liochester in March 1690, while in October 1696, July 1698, and January 1700-1, being elected both for this city and for his old borough, he preferred to sit for the former. He seems to have voted steadily as a courtier, but, except in his offi- cial capacity as secretary, rarely opened his mouth in parliament. In January 1671-2 Williamson became a clerk of the council in ordinary and was knighted. The post of clerk, which had been held by Sir Richard Browne, John Evelyn's father-in-law, had been promised to Evelyn by the king, ' but,' explains the diarist, ' in consideration of the renewal of our lease and other reasons I chose to part with it to Sir Joseph Williamson, who gave UB and the rest of nis brother clerks a hand- fiome supper at his house, and after supper a concert of music/ He mentions elsewhere that Williamson himself was an expert per- fonner at j^u des gobelets. On 17 May 1673 ^ "i started, in company with Sir Leoline Jenkins [o. v.] and the Earl of Sun- derland, as joint British plenipotentiary to the congress at Cologne. There he remained until 15 April 1674 (the letters written to him during his absence were printed for the Camden Societv in two volumes, under the editorship of W. D. Christie, in 1874) ; but although the negotiations, which are detailed in Wynne's * Life of Jenkins,' were tediously prolonged, nothing in reality was effected, and the separate peace between England and Holland (which was suddenly proclaimed in April 1674) was made not at Cologne, but in London. Before he left England on his embassy it had been arranged between Williamson and his patron Arlington that upon his return Arlington should resign his ofiice as secretary of state, and that Williamson, if possible, should be offered the reversion of the post upon paying a sum of 6,000/. This arrange- ment was provisionally sanctioned by the king. Meanwhile, in March 1674, Arlington offered to secure the office for Sir William Temple, another of his prot6g6s, and to pro- vide otherwise for Williamson ; but Temple refused the offer, remarking to his friends that he considered it no great honour to be preferred before Sir Joseph Williamson. Williamson returned in June 1674, and was at once appointed secretary of state, being then not quite forty-one; Arlington obtained the more lucrative post of cham- berlain. A few days after his appointment Williamson was on 27 June 1G74 admitted LL.D. at Oxford, and on 11 Sept. he was sworn of the privy council. Except for the great industry that characterised all Wil- liamson's departmental work, there \a little to distinguish his tenure of office as secre- tary. In September 1674 the new secretary officially announced to Temple as English ambassador at The Hague that the affairs of the United Provinces would henceforth come under his special care. The announce- ment cannot have been especially agreeable to Temple, and it seems to have been no less distasteful to the Mnce of Orange, who saw in Williamson even more than in Arling- ton an instrument of complete subservience to the French sympathies of Charles II. With respect to another despatch Temple writes, on 24 Feb. 1677 : * The prince could hardlv hear it out with any patience. Sir Joseph Williamson's style was always so disagreeable to him, and he thought the whole cast of this so artificial, that he re- ceived it with indignation and scorn.' He said on another occasion, as on this, that Williamson treated him ' like a child who was to be fed on whipt cream.' Temple Williamson Williamson speaks elsewhere with compassion of Sir Leoline Jenkins lying under the lash of Secretary Williamson, who, upon old grudges between them at Cologne, never failed to lay hold of any occasion he could to censure his conduct, nor did Temple himself alto- gether succeed in escaping the lash. During 1676, at the instigation of Charles II, Williamson tried to induce the master of the rolls to remove Burnet from his place as preacher to the master of the rolls, but he encountered a determined opposition from Sir Harbottle Grimston [q. v.], and the out- spoken Burnet was enabled to retain his foothold in London. In 1 676 Milton's friend, Daniel Skinner, wished to print the de- ceased poet*s 'Latin State Letters' and trea- tise ' De Doctrina Christiana,' and applied to Williamson for the necessary license (that of the official licenser being apparently in- sufficient). The secretary refused, saying that he could countenance nothing of Mil- ton's writing, and he went so far as to write of Skinner (to a likely patron) as a suspect * until he very well cured himself from such infectious commerce as Milton's friendship.' Williamson managed eventually to lay his hands upon the original manuscripts, and locked them up for security among the state archives. The * State Letters* were surrep- titiously printed from a transcript in 1676, but the treatise was not published until 1823 (see Lemon, IIobebt ; for the full com- plicated stoiT of the manuscripts, see Masson, Milton, iv. 158, vi. 331, 603, 616, 721, 729, 774, 806). Dry and formal though Williamson may have been in his usual manner, it seems fair to infer that he was by no means deficient as a courtier, and his letters to several of the royal concubines show that he did not share Clarendon's scruples about paying court to the ladies whom the king delighted to honour. Upon the whole, however, he confined himself very closely to his official and administrative business and to the direction of foreign affairs. Ilis fellow secretary. Sir Henry Coventry, undertook the parliamentary work. lie had to take a decided line upon the subject of the Duke of York's exclusion, and on 4 Nov. 1678, in answer to Lord Kussell's motion to remove the Duke of York from the king's presence and councils, in a succinct and not ineffec- tive speech he declared that this would drive the heir to the throne to join the French and the catholics. Almost im- mediately after this he fell a victim to the panic excited by the supposed discovery of a * popish plot,' and on 18 Not. he was com- mitted to the Tower by the lower house on the charge of < subsigning commissions for officers and money for papists,' in other words of passing commissions drawn up by the king's order in favour of certain recusants. He remained in the Tower but a few hours, for Charles with unusual energy and deci- sion lost no time in apprising the commons that he had ordered his secretary's release. At the same time the offiensive commissions were recalled. Williamson's continuance in office, however, was not considered altogether desirable (cf. Wood, Life and Times, ii. 438). The newsletters on 10 Feb. announced * Sir Joseph Williamson is turned out, but is to be repaid what his secretaryship cost him.' As a matter of fact he received from his suc- cessor, Sunderland, 6,000/. and five hundred guineas. In 1676 Williamson was elected master of the Clothworkers' Company (presenting a silver-gilt cup bearing his arms) ; he was succeeded as master by Samuel Pepys. Williamson had been declared a member of the Royal Society by nomination of the original council on 20 May 1603, and on the resignation of Lord Brouncker on 30 Nov. 1677 he was elected second president of the society, a post which he held until 30 Nov. 1680, when he was succeeded by Sir Chris- topher Wren. The secretaries under him were Thomas Henshaw and Nehemiah Grew. On 4 Dec. 1677, being * the first day of his taking the chair, he gave a magnificent supper' at which Evelyn was present. Im- mersed in multifarious business though he was at the time, Williamson presided at every meeting of the council during his term of office, and generally managed in addition to preside at the ordinary meetings. He presented several curiosities to the museum, and a large screw press for stamping diplomas, as well as his portrait by Kneller, now in the Society's meeting-room. Olden- burgh dedicated to him the ninth volume of the * Philosophical Transactions.' Though he evidently took much interest in the society's work, researches of a legal, historical, and genealogical nature seem to have been more really congenial to him. He collected many valuable manuscripts relat- ing to heraldry and history, and he purchased the rich collections of Sir Thomas Shirley, which contained visitations of many counties of England written by the heralds or their clerks during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Shortly before his removal from office in December 1678, Sir Joseph married Catha- rine, eldest and only surviving daughter of George Stuart, lord D'Aubigny (fourth, but second surviving son of Esme, third duke of Williamson Williamson Lennox), by Lady Catharine, eldest daughter of Theophilus Iloward, second earl of Suf- folk. Snc was baptised at St. Martin Vin- the-Fields, Middlesex, on 5 Dec. 1640, and married, first, Henry O'Brien, lord Ibrackan, who was buried in Westminster Abbey on 9 Sept. 1678. As heiress to Charles Stuart, duke of Richmond and Lennox [q. v.], his wife brought Williamson a noble fortune. * Twas thought,' says Evelyn, * that they lived not 80 kindly after marriage as they did before. She was much censured for marrying so meanly, being herself allied to the royal family.' The alliance ofl'ended Danby, who coveted the Richmond estates for one of his own sons, and it may have had something to do with the secretary's fall from office. When the Duke of Richmond died in 1072, Lady O'Brien succeeded to the bulk of his property, but his debts were so heavy that it was found necessary to sell somti of the estate.s to defray them. Under these circum- stances the Cobham estates, together with the fine old hall, were bought in bv William- son for 45,000/. In 1679 witl/ his wife's money he purchased for 8,000/. Wincliestor House in St. James's Square (No. 21), which he tenanted until 1084. In 1082 he became record»»r of Tlietford, and on his acquisition of the Cobham estate's interested himself not only in Rochester, but also in Gravesend, for wliich in 1087 he pro- cured a new charter (C uude x'.** Hi^t . uf(rra res- end, 1843, pp. 370 sq.) In May 1000 he was appointed upon the committee to take ac- count of ])ublic moneys since William's accession, and in February 1091-2 a false rumour was spread abroad that he was to be lord privy seal. On 21 Nov. 1090, however, Williamson was sworn of the privy council, and on 12 Dec. he was, together witli the Earl of Pembroke and Lord Villiers, accre- dited a plenipotentiary at the congress of Nimeguen. Owing to indisposition he did not arrive in Holland until 8 June. The peace of Ryswick was signed somewhat more than three months later, on 20 Sept. 1697. Williamson stayed on at The Hague in the capacity of * veteran diplomatist ' (as he is termed by Macaulay), and on 1 1 Oct. 1698 the first partition treaty was signed by him at Loo as joint commissioner witti Port- land. The secrecy with which the treaty had been negotiated excited the wrath of the commons in April 1099, but their full fury fell not upon Williamson but upon Portland and Somers. Williamson returned from Holland in November 1098, and next month it was reported that he would be sent as plenipotentiary to Versailles. He letamed. however, to The Hague until the middle of March 1099, when he finally re- tired from his diplomatic post. He received several visits from the king at Cobham Hall, and in the Rochester Corporation accounts are two heavy bills (May 1097 and 1701) for expenses in connection therewith. He died at Cobham, Kent, on 3 Oct. 1701, and was buried on 14 Oct. in the Duke of Richmond's vault in King Henry Vll's chapel in Westminster Abbey (Chester, Heg. of BuriaU, pp. 249, 251 ). Williamson's widow was buried in Westminst^»r Abbey on 1 1 Nov. 1702, leaving no issue by her second hus- band. Rather a man of afiairs than a statesman, Williamson appears to have been dry and formal in his manner ; he was strictly me- thodical, scrupulous and exact in the transac- tion of business, subservient in all things to his chiefs, and severe and exacting towards his subordiuates. Music and historical anti- quities were his chief relaxations, but his multifarious correspondence can have left him but little time to indulge them. Like most of the statesmen of the day, he turned lus industry to good account and managed to accumulate a large fortune during his tenure of otKce. Some of his early stitfhess of manner seems to have worn off, and a gradual rise in I'epys's estimation of him is to be traced through the pages of the * Diary.' Anthony ii Wood had no love for the secretary, who on 23 May 1075 ignored Wood's application for the ]K)st of keeper of records in the Tower. But he was * a great friend,' Wood admits, to Queen's College and to Queen's College men. Williamson befriended Dr. Lancelot Addison [q. v.], a contemporary with the secretary at Queen's, who dedicated to Sir Joseph, in his capacity of curator of the Sheldonian press, his inte- resting * l^resent State of the Jews in Rar- bary.' The famous essayist was named Joseph after his father's benefactor. Wil- liamson also sent Dr. William Lancaster and Risho]) Nicolson (both Queen's men) abroad at the crown's exj)ense, in accordance with a plan of his own for training young men of promise for diplomatic work. Nicol- son, when a young tal>erdar of Queen's, dedi- cated to the secretary his * Iter Hollandi- cum ' in 1078 (still in manuscript in Queen's Library). Evelyn's charge of ingratitude is refuted by the disjjositions of Williamson's will, in which all mstitutions and individuals who by blood, aflection, or service had any claims upon him were mentioned. To Bridekirk, in audition to a present of silver flagons and chalices for the church, he left 500/. to be distributed among the poor. To the library Williamson Williamson at St. B«es he gave his portrait: he hud already, in September 1671, givun two exbi- bitioas for scholars of Dovenby in his nativo Mrisb. To the provost and scholars of Queen's CoUege he left 6,000i. 'to be laid out in further new buildings to the coUedge and otherwise beautifying the said colledge,' as well as his 'library of printed books and books of heraldry and genaligy, as well manu- *cripta as printed ; ' to Christ's (i^hurch Hoa- tiital, London, he gave 3UU/. ; to St. UarthO' smew's (of which he had been a governor) 300(. ; and to the Royal Society at Grasham College 200/. To Thetfocd, in addition to tnuniBcent gifts during bis lifetime (see Blohefigld, Norfolk, i. 463 eq.), he be- queathed :i,000/., and the income is now de- voted partly to a school and hospital foun- dation at Thetford, and partly m binding out apprentices and in local charities. To Itochester, besides 20/. for the poor, soma gilt communion plate, and a portrait of Wil- liam III to hang in the town-hall, he left 5,000/. for the purchosingof londs and tene- ments to support a free 'mathematical school.' This was opened in 1708 under the master- ship of John Colson ["I'V.], and rebuilt under a new scheme in ISUs— I. As a mark of his loyalty to hi8 old college, Williamson chose for bis crest one of the Queen's eagles, and for hia motto ' Sub umbm tuarum alarum ' (his arms are still to be seen in a window at Clothworkers' Hall). Among Wood's pamphlets -n-aa a now rare 'Impressio secimda Carminis heroici in honorem .lo. William- son' [by Payne Fisher]. An interesting portrait (erroneously attri- bnted to Lely)waB acquired by the National Portrait Gftllery, London, in 1(<95. Besides the portrait at St. Bees, and the half-length by Kneller at Burlington House, there are portraits of Williamson in Queen's College Hall, in the town-hall, Ita^hester, and in Clothworkers' Hall. [A fill! Life of Williamaon would invalTO an almost exhaustir? sarrDy of political nnd aacinl England from I66S lo 1680, His local eonnoc- tioQB have been cunimcmoratcd ia a eerie!' of brief bnt useful smnmnries of hia coroor; that with Cobham UhU by Canoa Scott Robertwa in the Arehxologia CanCiana {li. 274-B4); (hat with Cumberland in Hutchinson's Hist, of Cumbec- land, ii. 244 sq.. in Nicholson SD<I Burn's W«st- morlaod, and in Peile's Annals of the Fciles of Strathelyds (cbap. iii.) ; thar with Roohester in Hr. CbarUs Bird's Sir J. Willitimson, rounder of tho Mathematical School (Rochester, 1891), nnd in Mr. A. Bhodex's Tsry careful nolice ot Wil- liamson in tho Chatbsm nnd Rootiester News, 26 Nov. 1838; tlint with Thetford in Martin's Hist, of Thetford, 1779, pp. 220 sq.. and in Uilliag^D-a I'age in the Uist. of Thetford i that with the Iloyal Society in Weld's Hiat. of tha Roynl Society, i. 202 sq. ; and that vitb GraTe»- end in Crudan's Uisl. of (iravesend, 1843. pp. 377 sq. The Cal. of Stats Papera, Duni. front 1660 to 1671, contains frequent refereoc^a to Williamaon. The atnle pnpera relnting to the years 1672-9 (as yet uncali>nJiired) embody a vast number of Williamaon papera, diaries, and letters ; extracts from his official journal are printoil aa an appendii to the CHlrndars from 1671 onwards, for the enormous bulk of Wil- liamson P.ipors previous to Iheir dispersion and rcMirrangement. see Thomas's Departmental Hist. 1S4S, folio; and 30th Annual Hepurt of the Dppnty -Keeper of Public Recunis. A few (see espedally Addit. M.Sd. 5188 if. 1379, fiS31 f. 87. 28040 f. 35, 28093 f. 214. 28945 f. 107, 34727 (. 130), and Stowe MSS. (sec rapeciallj' 200, 201, 203-10 passim, aod 549, f. 12} at the British Unseum. Sea also Christie'a Williamson Correep, {Camden Soc.). 1874 ; Foster's Alumni Oion.IoOO-17l4;Cole'aAthen!ECBntal>r.(Addit. US. 5883, f. 83} ; Welch's Alumni Wcstmon. p. 171".: Jackson's Cumberland and West- morland Papers. IS92, ii. 203, 230; Lonsdale's Worthies of Cumberland, ri. 228; Life and Times of Anthony a Wood, toIb. ii. and iii, passim; Basted's Kent. Ii. 63; Evelyn's Diary, 1895, i. 409, ii. 22, 42, fi7, 73, 101,11 1, 124, 180, Pepys'a Diary, ed. Whsatloy, it, 290, 383, v. psseim. ti. 33-4, vii. and riii. passim ; Lnttrell's Brief Hist. Relation, i. 8, 0, ii. -14, 156, 3S3,iii. 5<iS. ir.paisim,r. 84, 04, 9S ; Leiinglon Papers, ed. Sutton, 1851; Anne Greenes Newi=s from the Dead, 1650, p. ; Official Returns uf Mam- h«rg of Pari.; Pari. Hiat. T. 1014, 1038; Enchurd'e Hist, of England, 1718, iii. 368, 479, 498 ; Rapin's Hist, of EngUind, rol. ii.; Ralph's Hist, of England, rol. i. ; Bayer's William III, pp. 76 sq. ; Ranbe's Hist, of England, ir. 65 ; llist. MS3. Comm. 4ih Rep. p. 546, 7th Rep. p. 495, 8th Rep. p. 390, I5tb Rep. pp. 171, 177; Courtena j's Life of Sir W. Temple ; Chria- tie's Life of ShalUabury ; Masaon'i Life of Mil- ton, vi. passim; Ashton's Hiit. of Lotteries; Evelyn's NumiBmatn.p.27 ; Nichols's Ut. Anecd, iv. 58-0 ; Daasnt's St. Jnmos's Square, pp. 6, 31), 107: Wiild'i Cat. of Royal Society Portraits, piisaim; Notes and Querie", 1st per. vii. passim; notes from ftucen's College Registers, most kindly furnished by the Provost.] T. S, WILLIAMSON, PETEIi (1730-1799), author and pubiiahar, Bon of James William- son, crofter, was bom in theparigh of .\boyne, Aberdeenshire, in 1730. When about ten years of age be fell a victim to a barbarous traffic which then disgraced Aberdeen, being kidnapped and Irnnaportcd to the American, plantiitions, wlitro be was sold for a period o! seven years to a fellow countrj'man in Williamson 8 Williamson Pennsylvania. Becoming his own master about 1747, he acquired a tract of land on the frontiers of the same province, which in 1754 was overrun by Indians, into whose hands Williamson fell. Escaping, he en- listed in his majesty's forces, and after many romantic adventures was in 1 757 discharged at Plymouth as incapable of further service in conseauence of a wound in one of his hands. vVith the sum of six shillings with which he had been furnished to carry him home, he set out on his journey, and reached York, where in the same year he published a tract entitled * Prench and Indian Oucltj exemplified in the Life and Various Vicissi- tudes of Pet^r Williamson . . . with a Cu- I rious Discourse on Kidnapping.' Arriving j in Aberdeen in 1758, lie was accused by the magistrates of having issued a scurrilous and infamous libel on the corporation of the city and whole members thereof. lie was at once convicted, fined, and banished from the citv, while his tract, which had passed through several editions in Glasgow, Lon- don, and Edinburgh, was ordered to be pub- licly burnt at the Market Cross. William- son brought an action against the corpora- tion for these proceedings, and in 1762 was awarded 100/. damages by the court of session. He was also successful in a second suit brought in 1765 against the parties engaged in the trade of kidnapping. Williamson settled in Edinburgh, where he combined the occupations of bookseller, printei*, publisher, and keeper of a tavern, 'Indian Peter's coffee room' (Ferqusson, Rising of the Session), In 177ti he issued the first street directory for Edinburgh. In 1776 he engaged in a periodical work after the manner of the * Spectator,' called the * Scots Spy, or Critical Observer,' published every Friday. This periodical, which is valuable for its local information, ran from 8 March to 30 Aug., and a second series, the 'New Scots Spy,' from 29 Aug. to 14 Nov. // /. About the same time Williamson set on foot in Edinburgh a penny post, which be- came so profitable in his hands that when in 1793 the government took over the management, it was thought necessary to allow him a pension of 25/. per annum. Williamson died in Edinburgh on 10 Dec. 1799. He married, in Novemberl777, Jean, daughter of John Wilson, bookseller in Edin- burgh, whom he divorced in 178S. A portrait of Williamson is given by Kay (Original Portraits^ i. 128), and another * in the dress of a Delaware Indian ' is prefixed to va- rious editions of his ' Life.' In addition to 'French and Indian Cruelty' and the ' Scots Spy,' Williamson was author of : 1. 'Some Considerations on the Present State of Affairs. Wherein the Defenceless State of Great Britain is pointed out,' York^ 1758. 2. ' A brief Account of the War in North America,' Edinburgh, 1760. 3. * Tra- vels of Peter Williamson amongst the dif- ferent Nations and Tribes of savage Indiana in America,' Edinburgh, 1768 (new edit. 1786). 4. * A Nominal Encomium on the City of Edinburgh,' Edinburgh, 1769. 5. « A General V^iew of the whole World,' Edin- burgh, n.d. 0. * A Curious Collection of Moral Maxims and Wise Sayings,' Edin- burgh, n.d. 7. *The Royal Abdication of Peter Williamson, King of the Mohawks/ Edinburgh, n.d. 8. * l^oposals for esta- blishing a l*enny Post,' Edinburgh, n.d. Among the works issued from his press were editions of the Psalms in metre (1779), of Sir David Lindsay's poems (1776), and of William Mcston's * Mob contra Mob.' The * Life and Curious .\d ventures of Peter Wil- liamson' (a reprint with additions of his 'French and Indian Cruelty') was published at Aberdeen in 1 801 , and proved very popular, running through many editions, and appear- ing also in an abbreviated form as a chap- book. [Printed papers in Peter Williamson v. Cushnie and others, 1761-2. v. Fordyce and others, 17C6- 1768, V. Jean WilHon, 1789; Robertson's Book of Bonaccord, pp,9l-3 ; Kay's Original Portraits, i. 131-9; BWkwoodH Magazine, Ixiii. 612-27 ; Chambers's Miscellany, vol. ii. ; Lang's Histori- cal Summary of Post Office in Scotland, p. 16 ; Scottish Notes and Queries, iv. 39, v. 87, ix. 29, 47.] P. J. A. WILLIAMSON, SAMUEL (1792- 1840)» landscape-painter, was the younger son of John Williamson of Liverpool, in which town he was bom in 1792. Ilis father, John Willia.mson(17o1-1818), painter, was born at Ripon in 1761. lie was apprenticed to an * ornamental * painter in Birmingham, married in 1781, settled in Liverpool in 1783, and continued to reside there, practising as a portrait-painter, till his death, on 27 May 1818. Among his best known works are portraits of William Roscoe, Sir William Beechy, ll.A., H. Fuseli, ll.A., the Rev. John Clowes, and Nathan Litherland, the inventor of the patent lever watch. lie was a member ot the Liverpool Academy, and a constant ex- hibitor at the local exhibitions. In 1783 he exhibited a portrait at the Royal Academy. His portraits are correct likenesses and fairly- executed. He also painted miniatures, but they were not in the best style of that art. In 1811 Samuel had three landscapes hung Williamson Williamson in the first exhibition of the Liverpool Academy, of which body he was a member. In the subsequent exhibitions of that body, as well as at the first exhibition of the Royal Manchester Institution in 1827 and the an- nual exhibitions that followed each year, he was represented by a ItLTge number of land- scapes and seascapes. His pnly exhibit on the walls of the Royal Academy was a land- scape in 1811. He earned a considerable reputation as a painter of seapieces and land- scapes, and was highly esteemed by his fellow- townsmen. On his death, which took place on 7 June 1840, an obelisk to his memory was erected in the St. James's cemetery, a lithograph of which, by W.Collingwood, was published. His pictures are well composed, and are painted with an attractive charm of light and colour. There are three works by him at the Walker Art Gallery, Liverpool, and many more in private collections in the district. [Graves's Diet of Artists; Exhibition Cata- logues ; ioformation from Robert Williamson of Ripen ; note in Manchester City News, 7 Sept. 1878, by the present writer.] A. N. WILLIAMSON, WILLIAM CRAW- FORD (1816-1895), naturalist, bom at Scar- borough on 24 Nov. 1816, was the second and only surviving son of John Williamson, gardener and naturalist, first curator of the Scarborough Museum, by Elizabeth Craw- ford, eldest daughter of a Scottish lapidary and watchmaker, who migrated to YorKshire when young. In his early boyhood he learned the lapidary's art in Crawford's workshop, and acquired a good knowledge of field natu- ral history from his father and his fathers fnends, notably William Smith (1769-1839) [q. v.], the founder of modem stratigraphical geology, and his nephew John Phillips (1800-1874) [q. v.], professor of geology at Oxford, who was for some time an inmate of John Williamson's house. His schooling, begun early, was inadequate, largely owing to delicate health. Between three and six years of age he went to three dame schools ; m 1822 he went to William Potters school, where he had meagre instruction in Latin and English. In 1831 he had his only real teaching, from the Rev. Thomas Irving at Thornton grammar school, where he stayed only six months. In the autumn he went for six months to the school of a M. Mon- tieus at Bourbourg, near Calais, with little intellectual profit, even in the acquisition of French, for the majority of the boys were English. This completed his school life : he never acquired ease in French speaking, though he read the language with ease, nor the knowledge of any other modem tongue. He was apprenticed as a medical student (1832) to Thomas Weddell, apothecary of Scarborough, where he discharged the func- tions of errand boy, dispenser, and clerk, according to the general custom. He con- tinued his natural history studies, and con- tributed a paper on birds to the Zoological Society, and two to the Geological. These were among the first pioneering attempts to analyse the strata into smaller ^ zones cha- racterised by their own proper groups of fossils, a field in which enormous advances have since been made. He also published a pamphlet, since twice reprinted, giving an account of the contents of a tumulus opened at Gristhorpe, and described a new mussel (Mag. Nat. Hist. 1834). To the/ Fossil Flora of Great Britain,' by John Lindley [q. v.] and James liutton (1726-1797) [q. v.], he contributed illustrated descriptions of fossils which had been discovered in an estuarine deposit by his father and his father's cousin, Simon Bean. His work attracted the atten- tion of many eminent naturalists, notably William Buckland [q. v.] Owing to their interest, and to that of naturalists visiting Scarborough, he received a call from the Manchester Natural History Society to the curatorship of their museum in 1835, W^ed- dell generously cancelling his indentures ; he held this office for three years, continuing especially geological research and publica- tion, and was a frequent visitor at the Lite- rary and Philosophical Society, where he met among others John Dalton (1766-1844) [q.v.] In the summer of 1838, in order to raise funds for medical study, he gave a course of six lectures on geology in various towns of Lancashire, Yorkshire, and Dur- ham ; he studied one winter at the Pine Street medical school, Manchester, and en- tered in the autumn of 1839 at University College, London. In 1840 he attended a se- cond course of lectures there ; but before the close of the year had obtained the diplomas of M.R.C.S. and L.S.A., and in January 1841 commenced practice in Manchester with the generous guarantee of two wealthy friends. Some successful operations on squinl brought him into note, and he was soon appointed surgeon to the Chorlton-on-Medlock dispen- sary, a post he resigned in 18(58. Ear troubles during his student days had interested him in that organ ; he profited by some vacations to study aural surgery under Meniere in Paris, Joseph Toynbee [q. v.] and Harvey in Lon- don, took active steps towards the creation of the Manchester Institute for Diseases of the Ear in 1855, and was surgeon to it until 1870, when he became its consulting sur- Williamson lO Williamson geon. To his large general practice he thus added that of a specialist in this department. He continued professional medical work till about his seventieth year. He was present at that public demonstration of mesmerism which first attracted James Braid [q. v.] to the subject ; was the first to show from the contracted pupils that the hypnotised patient was' in a genuine and peculiar state ; and utilised Braid's services as a hypnotist later on in the successful treatment of epilepsy ; but finally abandoned the therapeutic use of hypnosis, regarding it as likely to undermine the will power of the patient. He devised the treatment of infantile convulsions by prolonged continuous chloroform amcsthesia, and wrote two papers on this subject, the first (not cited in the Hemiiuscfnres) in the ' Lancet ' (185^3, vol. i.) A clinical observa- tion on the * Functions of the Chorda Tvm- pani * (also not cited ; Assoc, Med, Jour?t, < I800) as a nerve of taste, a view which still : has partisans, compl«tes with the three cited | papers (/MY. Med. Journ, 1857) his contri- butions to medical science. In January 1851 he w^as appointed first professor of * natural history, anatomy, and physiology ' in the Owens College, Manches- ter. His duties comprised instruction in zoology and botany in the widest sense, be- sides the geological sciences. In 1854, with Mr. Richard Cojjley Christie, he initiated at the college evening classes for working men. At first lie divided his subjects into two groups, on which he lectured in alternate sessions ; but ultimatelv the demands of uni- versity students made this impossible. In 1870 a distinct lectureship had to be created in mineralogy. In 1>^72, on the fusion with the lioynl School of Medicine, geology was also separated, and Williamson became pro- fessor of ' Natural History.* A demonstrator to assist in the then new laboratory work was appointed in 1877 ; and in 1880 zoology was split off, leaving him the chair of botany, which he resigned in 1892, after forty-one years* continuous tenure of otfice, with the title of emeritus professor, and a year's salary as gratuity. His lectures to students were well arranged and well delivered, in- teresting and fluent, but lacked minuteness of accurate detail ; and from the ignorance of German which he dei)lored he never thoroughly assimilated the current language of the modern aspects of botany. Williamson added largely to his income by popular scientific lectures ; between 1874 ana 1890 alone he gave, among others, at least three hundred in connection with the Gilchrist trust. For these, manv of which dealt with his own discoveries, he drew and painted beautiful and efiective diagrams. He was highly successful as a popular lecturer. Several of his popular lectures were printed, lie wrote a number of art.icles for the * Lou- don Quarterly Ileview,* published under Wes- leyan auspices, and some for the ' Popular Science Review.* Those on * Primeval Vege- tation in its relation to the Doctrines of Natural Selection and Evolution' in the 'Owens College Essays and Addresses/ 1874, and on * l^yrrhonism in Science * {Con- temporary Hev. 1881), show his cautious attitude, by accepting the descent-theory generally, but resenting all attempts at scien- tific dogmatism and intolerance. He was in- clined to demand something which escapes scientific analysis, in addition to the known natural factors of divergent evolution. Ho was on friendly terms with the Wes- leyans in Manchei^ter, and was for a time a member of that bodv. He was medical at- tendaiit to the Wesleyan Theological Col- lege, Didsbury, 1804-83, and a member of the committee of management. After an attack of ill-health in 1860. Wil- liamson settled in 1861 in the then outlying hamlet of Fallowfield. There he built a home, with a garden and range of plant- hou.ses, and became a successful grower espe- cially of rare orchids, insectivorous plants, and higher cryptogams ; these were utilised in tlie later development of laboratory teach- ing at the colh»ge, which contributed an annual grant towards the expense. In 1883 he suffered from diabetes, and had finallv to resign his chair in 1891. He removed from Manchester to Clapham Common, where he continued in harness nearly to the last, work- ing in collalx)ration with Professor K. D. Scott at his own house or at the Joddrell Laboratory, Kew. His last publication (in February 1895) was the obituary of his old friend, sometime opponent and recent con- vert, the Marquis de Saporta. He died at Clapham on 23 June 1895. He was spare and erect, with blue-grey eyes deep set in an oval face. He had an educated taste in music; and the watercolour sketches he brought back from his vacation trips were poetic in feeling and happy in composition. He was married twice : first, in 1842, to Sophia (d. 1871), daughter of the Rev. I^- bert Wood, treasurer to the Wesleyan body, by whom he left a son, Robert Bateson, solicitor, and a daughter, Edith; secondly, in 1874, to Annie C. Ileaton, niece of Sir Henry Mitchell of Bradford, who completed and edited his autobiography under the title of * Reminiscences of a "iorkshire Natural- ist;* by her he left one son, Herbert, painter. AVilliamson*3 scientific work was immense Williamson II Williamson and invaluable. Early researches on the Foraminifera between 1840 and 1850 led to his preparing a monograph on the recent forms of this group for the Ray Society ; William Benjamin Carpenter [q. v.] asserted that his work introduced a new technique for their study (that of thin sections) and a new conception (that of the combination of a wide variety of forms hitherto ranked as of specific or generic rank in single indivi- duals), and that it gave a starting-point for all future investigations. Kesearches on Volvojc about 1850, only some thirty years later noticed and confirmed, demonstrated that this critical form is essentially vegetal, not animal, in its morphology. A very com- plete study of the wheel-animal, Melicertaf was published in 1853, and in consequence he was employed by Andrew Pritchard to write a monograph on the Rotifera for the third edition of his 'Infusoria* (18(51); this was an admirable compilation. Between 1840 and 1850, largely provided with mate- rial by Sir Philip de Malpas Grey-Egerton [a. V.J, he produced two monographs on the histology of teeth, fish scales, and boue, of classical value. Herein he demonstrated two capital theses — the essential identity of teeth and of fish scales, and the distinction of bone formed directly in membrane from that preformed in cartilage. KoUiker, the great histologist, esteemed the work impor- tant enough to warrant his arduous pilgri- mage from central Germany to accept Wil-. liamson*s hospitality of board and study. This work gained Williamson the fellow- ship of the Royal Society (l8o-n. Fossil plants had engaged his earliest efix)rts. He resumed their study in 1854 with the enig- matic form Zamia giyas, called Willinmsonia by W. Carruthers, who says that Williamson has probably come closer to its determina- tion than any one else. But it was only towards 1858 that he really began that com- prehensive study of the plants of the coal- measures which is his greatest claim to rank as one of the founders of palaeobotany. He demonstrated that with certain characters of the higher existing flowerless plants — horse- tails, ferns, clubmosses, &c. — there were found at that period plants whose woody cylinder grew by external deposit of new layers, as m our forest trees. His results met at first with neglect and hostility. His drawings were exquisite and nature-true, made on lithographic transfer paper with the artifice of a quadrille eye-piece ; but they suffered in the processes of transference to stone and printing. His figures were distributed over the plates with a view rather to neatness and economy of space than to logical connection. In each successive memoir he described all the material he had studied completely up to date. To his uufamiliarity with modern botanical terminology he added a defective exposition. His text was a detailed descrip- tion of the specimens, with references to the accompanying plates and to those of pre- vious memoirs, interspersed with discussions of generalities and of controversial matter, without tables of contents, general introduc- tions, or final summaries and conclusions. To master such papers was, in effect, to con- duct a research on the figures with a mini- mum of eff*ective aid. In 1871 a discussion at the British Association was followed up in * Nature,' where a correspondent accused him of going back to the conceptions of Nehemiah Grew [q. v.] In France his results were systematically ignored, despite his constant invitations to his opponents to study his specimens as his guests, until 1882, when for the first time the facts and argu- ments on both sides were marshalled in a readily accessible form in a French essay, * Les Sigillaires et les L6pidodendr6es ' by Williamson and his demonstrator, Professor Marcus Hartog {Ann. Sc. Nat, 1882). Fresh evidence poured in. In 1887 Renault, his chief opponent, retreated honourably from one part of the field, and Grand' Eury and Saporta in 1890 avowed their general con- version. Only in respect of one minor point — the question of the interstitial growth of the centre of the woody cylinder — did Wil- liamson's views break down ; but it was through his own laborious investigations that the disproof was completed. A full investigation on the structure of compact coal was commenced in 1876 and continued to his death, but the examination of many thousand sections led to no publication em- bodying general results after the preliminary note (British Association Report, 1881). A valuable research in 1885 extended Nathorst's discovery that reputed animal and vegetable fossils were mere tracks of animals or of tidal currents. Williamson never spared money in the purchase of adequate apparatus and specimens ; one of the latter, a magnificent Sigillaria with stigmarian roots, from Clay- ton, near Bradford, now in the Manches- ter Museum, was long called * Williamson's Folly.' He met with generous help from the amateur field-naturalists of the north, often working men, who were proud to help him with the fossils they had collected or the sections they had cut and noted as worth his study. This help he always acknowledged. Williamson's scientific work lacked, of course, the method developed by personal academic training and by the laboratory in- Willibald » Willibald struction of pupils. He stands halfway be- and a sister Walburga [q. v.], who were also tween the scientific amateurs of genius like missionaries among the Germans. In his Cavendish, Ljell, Joule, and Darwio, and bovhood he was sent to the monastery of the modem professional savants of Cam- A\ altham to be educated ( Vita seu potius bridge and South Kensington. Averse from Hodctporicon Sancii Willibaldif ap. Tobler, excessive speculation and dogmatism, he took Dewriptiones Terra Sancia, p. 9). Here he no share in the formation of scientific theory, conceived the idea of a pilgrimage, and per- From 1865 to 1882 his reputation stood at suaded his father and brother to set out with the lowest among the new school of profes- ' him for Rome (ib, pp. 14-16) about 720-1. sional English biologists, trained when his At Lucca Willibald s father died, but he pioneering work had become the anonymous himself and his brother pressed on their dif- commonplaces of the text-book, while his ficult and dangerous journey, and finally recent work was ill understood or largely arrived in Rome. Here Willibald formed ignored. From that period onwards it rapidly the design of going on to Jerusalem, and rose, and at the British Association meeting after wintering in Rome, where he was seri- in Manchester (1887) he was an honoured oiisly ill, set out in the spring of 722 for member of the cosmopolitan grroup of hot a- Syria. It was a time when pilgrimage in the nists there present, many of whom were his east was fraught with infinite hardship and personal guests. Williamson was elected danger, when the old hospitals on the pilgrim F.R.S. in 1854. He became a member of routes had fallen into neglect, and when the the Literary and Philosophical Society of great Mahommedan empire stretched from Manchester in 1851, ser\'ea repeatedly on its the Oxus to the Pyrenees. The sufferings of council, and was elected an honorarv member Willibald and his party were therefore very in 1893; and he took a leading part in the for- great. At Eme$a they were taken prisoners mation in 1858 and in the working of the as spies, but were ultimately set free to visit microscopic and natural history section. His the pilgrim shrines still allowed to remain ninth memoir, 'On the Organisation of the open. Willibald seems to have wandered Fossil Plants of the Coal Measures ' (PAiV. aoout Palestine a good deal, and to have Trans,), was given as the Bakerian lecture visited Jerusalem several times, finally leav- at the Royal Society. A nearly complete ing Syria about 726 after a narrow escape bibliography is given in the * Reminiscences.' of martyrdom through smuggling balsam He received the royal medal of the Royal from Jerusalem (Beazlet, The Datm of Society in 1874, an honorary degree of J/tx/^m ^<^jyrflr/>A//, p. 152; but see Wright, LLD. of Edinburgh in 1883, and the Wol- BiiM/r. Urit. Lit. i. 342). In Constantinople laston medal of the Geological Society in he spent two years, from 726 to 728, retum- 1890, besides foreign honours. A portrait ing to Italy after an absence of seven years by H. Brothers is in the Owens College, (i-6. p. 52> by way of Naples. At the great Manchester. i Benedictine monastery of Monte Casino he [Reminiscences of a Yorkshire Naturalist, remained for ten years {ib, p. 45), holding 1896; obituaries ami notices by Count Solms various offices in the house. At the end of Laubach (Nature, 1895), A. C. Seward (Nat. Sc. this time he again visited Rome, where Gre- Manchwter L. and Phil. Soc. 1896), and Lester need of help in Germanv, and asked for Ward(Science vol.1. 1895); mtormation kindly Willibald, who was accordinglv despatched fv^'^S n-^r i,>^<^'r JT- K*";^"* ^V'. byGregorvIII to Eichstadt (?6. pp 48-9). ^\.H^^DHll,Dger,l'.K.^.,Ke^^RJehapJ^^^^ Salzburg in 741 Willibald was conse- the WeslejHn Theological College, Didsbury), i , ,. ^u u- u r i?- i, ♦ j.. u i i Mr. Walter Brown (University College. London) I V^}"^ *^ the bishopric of Eichstadt by Arch- the registrar of Owens College. Manchester, and ' Y^^"""^ Boniface (ib. pp. ol-2) and after the P. J. Uartog ; personal knowledge.] M. H. , letter s death became the leader of the Ger- man mission. He built a monasterv at WILLIBALD (700P-786), bishop and Eichstadt, and lived a monastic life there traveller, bom about 7(X). was the son of a (ibX dying in 786. certain St. Richard who bore the title of Willibald's guide-book, entitled ' Vita seu king, and is conjectured to have been the son Ilodceporicon Sancti Willibaldi scriptum a of Hlothere, king of Kent, who died in 685. Sanctimoniali,' from which the details of His mother was Winna, sisterof Saint Bon i- his life are taken, was dictated bv himself face Tn. v.], the great apostle of Germany; related to Ine [q. v."!, king of ibald had a brother Wunebild (ib, p. .')2), and probablv written down bv a nun at lleidenbeim, tlie finishing touches being added by another hand after his death. Willibrord >3 Willibrord Hi* book )^T» little general information, u the writer was intent upon his demotions, liut thrt^ws some li|;ht upon l»w and custom in the eastern lands in which he travelled. Its value is owini to the extreme scarcity «f pilgrim notices durinK the eighth century. It ia publislwd by Mabillon in the 'Acta &nctorum Ordinis Benedieti ' (iv. 3fe) seq.), but the most accessible edition is that of Tobler in the ' Deacriptiones Terrw Sancts ' (pp. 1-651. Other lives ba«eJ upon thia have been written, but have added to it nothing , of importance (Habdi, DtKriptht Catal. I i. pt. li. pp. 190-1). The chief of these— | the 'Vita aive potius Itinerarium SanctI i Willibaldi auclon> Anonymo '—is also pub- j liahed bjTobler (loc. cit. pp. mid). Willi- bald is said to have written the well-knoivn | lijB of St. Boniface published by Jall'6 in the 'Monumenta Mogiinlina' in 'nibliotbeca. "'"'erum Oermanicarum' {Dmeript. Catal. loe. I t.p.478; butseeB»jfr.*ri(.i;rt.i.ai4-5). rAntluiriti<>s quoted in the iixt.l A. M.C-a. WILLIBEORD orWILBRORD, Saint .rcbblshop of Utrecht and ;le of Friaift, born about (157, was a Nor- . nHnbrian (Flob. Win. in Man. Hint. Brit. ■ 63BD), the son of Wilgila, who, after ; 'lllibnird's birth, retired from the world to ' Ihof theHtiinber(Au'ulN, 1 "it. Will. Tol. i. chap, i.), where he lived the ' loritc'a life. His day woslatecobaerved _ feast day in Willibrord's own monastery i E^I«mBch lib. chap, xxxi.) Dedicated hia mother and father to a religious life, Itlibrord. as soon as he was weaned, was gCna to the monlis ofRipon, where became inder the inBuence of St. Wilfrid [n. v.l (ifi. dap. iii.; Eonitrs, Vita Wilfridt m Uit- -fc—t; — ^f Church of York, voL i.) In his 1 year, the fame of the schools and loLars of Ireland drew him thither, and he it the next twelve years (677-90) at the "monastery of Hathmelsiiti with St. Egbert [q. v.], who in G90 sent Willibrord, after he b*d been ordained priest, to preach the gos- pel to the Frisians. Lauding at the mouth of the Rhine, Wil- libnird went thence to Trajectum (Utrecht), bat, finding the pagan 'king Rathbod and his FriaianB hoelile, he boldly went direct to Pippin of llerstal, ' duke of the Franks,' who had just (6t!T) established hia power over the I^ranks by the battle of Testry {ib.; ALOtns, Vit. M'lVV. i. chap. V.) Pippin wel- comed Willibrord, and thus identified hita- ■«e^ and his house with the conversion of le parts of the (ierman settlements which i still heathen. The alliance between Pippin and ^^'illibro^d was the aalvation of the u'-w movement. Rathbodbeingexpelled, multitudes of the people of * Hither Frisia' received the faith {ib.-. Man. Hist. Brit. \. 538D). Willibrord went probably in 093 to Kome to obtain the consent of Pope Sergiua to the mission, and in the hope of receiving certain holy relics of the apostles and mar- tyrs to place in the churches he wished to build in Friesland (Beds, Hist. Eccl. vol. v. chap.xi.i Alchis, Vit. WiW. vol. i. chapa. vi. vii.) Heobtainedboth, andonhisretumover- threw pagan idols, planted cliurches, placing in them the relics he had brought from Itome, and, thougb amid great difGcultiea, won the trust of the Frisians. He made a bold onset in Heligoland upon the pagan shrine of the god Fosite, who was a son of Balder, and, mviting the vengeance of the t^d by his in- fringement of the laws guarding the sacred fountain there, he won a remarkable su- premacy over the minds of the pagan Frisians ( AiXUlN, vol, i. chaps, x. xi.) He destroyed the great idol of W alcheren, at the peril of his own life (ih. vol. i. chap. liv.) In 714 Pippin and Plectrudis his wife gave Willi- brord the monastery of Suestra (Mionb, Pat. Lat. Ixxiix. 547) ; here occurred one of a series of miracles which won for the saint among the people the reputation of super- natural power (Alcuik. chapa. xv. xvi.) Extending his labours beyond the Frankisii lands, Willibrord went to lUthbod, but failed to convert him (i6. chap, ix.), and finally, recognising that as hopeless, went on ' ad ferocissimos Danorum populos,' and their king ' Ongendus, homo omni fera crudelior ' (possibly the Ongentheow of Beowulf), who was as firmly pagan as Rathbod. But Willi- brord took thirty Danish boys back with him, and baptised them, hoping to train them up as Christians, and to send them when men on a mission to their own land (i^. chap, ix.) Gradually Willibrord was able to organise his great 'parochia.' The faithful, in their gratitude to him, offered their patrimonies, which were devoted to religious foundations (ib. chap. xii. ; for the charters of the most famous of these grants see Mignb, Pa/. Lat. Isixii. 535-53). In 695 or 69t! Willibrord went to Rome a second time, in order that, at Pippin's re- quest, he might be consecrated archbishop of the Frisians by Sergius. He was conse- crated in the church of Santa Cecilia in Trastevere on St. Cecilia's day (32 Nov.), and on consecration received the name of Clement, a name which however, never came into general use (Bede, Hi»t. Eixl. v. 1 1 ; Bebb, ' Cbron. sive de VI .Etatt. Sieculi " in Mwi. Hitt. Brit. p. 99 0; Chron. Flob. I i Willibrord >4 Willibrord WiUib Wia. in Mon. ffitt. Srit.-p. 6S&B). Alcuin (chap, vii.) makes WilliDronl go to Home only onee, hut in thia he ie probably wrong. He alao says liis conBecration took placu in St. Peter's (16.), but this also seems to be a, slip. Bede, who places Willibrord's second journey to liome in 696, probably poatdutea It by a yeai (cf. Moaianenta Aleinniana, p. 4fi n.) Hemaining in Rome only fourteen days, Willibrord on his return received from Hppin B seat for his cathedral at Wittabui^, a Btnall viUagea mile from Utrecht. Lat^r, "22, Charles Martel, confirminc hia father fiin's action, made a formal grant to librord of Utrecht and lands round the monastory (BouarKT, iv. (199; Mibnb, Pot. hat. IxKiix. 651, 552). In Utrecht Willi- brord built a church of St. Savionr'a (cf. Boniface to Pope Steplien III, Eji. 90, apud MieHG, Ixzzix. 787-9; Mon.Mog. pp. 2S9, 260). He buUt many churchM ond some monasteries throughout his wideapread dio- cese (Bbdb, Hitt. E^l. vol. T. cbap. li. ; Alcdib, Vit. Wilt. chap. li.) Of the latter the most famous foundation waa that of Echternach on the Sauer in Luiemburp, near Trier, which he and the abbesa Irmina founded. It was richly endowed by Pippin and hia queen Plectrudis in 706, and lalcr by Cliarles Marlel in 717 (16. chap, ssii; MiBNE, Pat. Lat. Insii. 539-60). lie con- secrated Beveral biahope for Friaia. When St. Wilfrid [q. v.] made bis aeoond journey to Rome with Acta [q. v.] as his companion, they visited Willibrord, and Wilfrid was able to see the completion by Willibrord of the work of which he himself had partly laid the foundations (lA. iii. IS, v. 19; Ed- DJCain HiitnrianiofCkurckof ¥ork,-p.Sl). In 716, during the war between Kathbod andthoFranks,Christia:iity in Friaia endured a time of persecution. St. Boniface in that year went to Frisia, hopinc' to help Willi- brord and to win nathbocTa consent to his f reaching. But the latter was refused. On 5 May 1 19 Bonifnee was apjiointed Willi- brord's coadjutor, his apedal work being to convert those of the uerman tribes who -were still pagan. On Kathbod's death Willibrord was joined by Boniface, nnd they worked together in Frisia for three years; but when Willibrord urged that at his death Boniface should siicceeiTto his archbiahoprie and tdiargc, Boniface's humility refused such honour, and he went on into HessH (lliaN~E, Ixxxix. 616, 616; BosiFACB, E/-. 90, in MiOKB, lixxii. 787, 788), "Willibrord baptised Pippin the Short, grandson of Pippin of HetBlal who had first -welcomed him, and he foretold that he overthrow the shadow of Mero- vingian rule and become king of the Franks (Alcpis, vol. i, ehaii. xxiii.) In extreme old age he retired to tlie monastery of Echter- nach, where he died and waa buried, ag<ed 81, in 738 or 739. Bonifaee'a statement of hishavingpreached for 'fifty years' (Migsb, Pat. Lat. ixixii. SS-')) is appraiimate only. I Alcuin (chap. xxiv-jgivesBNov. as the day of bis death, but Theofrid gives 7 Nov., an& the latter is the day kept in hie honour in the Roman calendar. His remains were ! translated in 1031 to a new and more ( sumptuous church built at Echlemacb in his honour (Alccik, Vit, Will, chaps, xxiv. Kxv. ; Pebte, kv. 1307, ndii. 27, 34). The fame of miracles wrought at bis tomb and bv hie relics became general (ALcnif, Vit, Will. chap, xxvi.; Pektz.xv. 967, 970, 971, 1371, &c.) Willibrord's work suffered a i»- aclion lesa than flity vears after his death, when Widikind ovcttlirew Chriatianitv in Friaia (PEinY,ii. 410). The cause of W'ilU- brord'a auccfas proved also tbo cause of hia failure ; his miasion had depended largely for its support upon the help of the ruler M the XI ate; once that support was withdrawn or overwhelmed, the work of the misaioa was not Bufficienllv independent to endure in its entirety, Willibrord had been not so much a missionary as the right band of Pippin and of Charles Martel in ibejr efforts to civilise the lower German tribes. Tbousb indefatigable in the work of his diocese, tha estahliahment of his bishopric at Utrecht, on the borders of the empire, and especially hia frequentretirement to Echternach in the ven' heart of the Prankish region, emphasise thia fact. It was in the wake of Prankish armies that his main work in Frisia was done. According to a will printed in Migne'a I Patrologia lAtina'{lixxii. 554~S), wherein is contained a long and detailed account of all Willibrord's possessions, mainly gifts from Pepnin and Plectrudis and Charles Martel, Willibrord left all he possessed to the abbey of Echternach, where he wi.shed his body td rest. The famous 'dancing procession,' still held at Echternach on Whit -Tuesday, fcr which pilgrims assemble, from Belgium, Qm- many, and France, sometimes to the number of ten thousand, is said to owe its origin to a pilgrimage mode Jh the eighth century to the relics of Willibrord. [The chief authority for Willibrord's lift is Bedu's Hiuturia EcclvstiisciuJt, bk. iii. chap. lit). I*. V. chaps. X. xi. xix. Thi- eariiest life was writton by an Irish motik, 'rostico atilo," but hi* iiaran and work hare periaha.l. The latter, how ever, wag the basiaof the two lives of Willihront by Alcuin. one in prosn for hid in iho church oY Eohtemach, the other in vcrae foe the (eachinj of the pupils in the monaBtic school. Both are priDLed in Honuinpnta Aleuinisni. pp. 39-79 ^vol. Ti. of Jaffi* Bill. Rbc. G=rni.) Alcuio nTule nt the requeht of Beornrad, archbisliop of Batu nod abbot of Eohtornaeb from 777 to 797. Next Beornnd himself, nt tbe ivqutst of CharUa th« Gruat, collected the tnulitionn cnOFerning IWntUirord which atiO dilated id tbe moousLerf ,flt EcblflrnMh, and aa laid the fouodaliou of tlio '■0«tden Book,' Earlj io tha twelfth eeolupy Sura new lives were wrilUn b; Tbcofrid (if. 1 11 U), 'Iktibot of EchtecDsdi, ons in prose and one iu 'VBTap, together with aermanB far St. Witli- toord's day. Kilrai'ts from Thtofcida liTos nro 11b Monameiita Eptvraacensift Germ., ia Pertz'a Hon.&riptores, Iom.ixiii.S3-30,BniltlieileU)iU pTec ttbore are from Welland's I nt rod action. pp. xi, lix. Next the abbot Theodorit?. who vrots the Chronicon EpLernapBiisB, a chronicle endiDK in 1192. vrote much of him. Migoe's At. I«t. TOl. tniii. contains DiplomatH ad ^^A, Willibrordnm Tel ab eo colhita, which give ^^Hbrther details, as doea Pertz's Mon. Scriptorea ^^^MD. ii. XV. xxiii. Oth«r lirei and diacuaiiaDB ^B Willibrord, his work, relics, and comn.emom- ■Hpn,are Dederich'a Das Leben dea hcili^Da Wil- libloidiii nach Alcuin, in his Bcitrage zur iSniicb-dratfiehen Geechicht* am Niederrhein (IBM); EoKlinti'B ApostoUt da-i heilieen Willi- hionl im Xawle der Lnierabnrgar (1883); Kiier'a Die SprinRprozeseion in Echtemacb (1870) ; Lo Mire'a Cort Verhafl ran bet Utbo TudenH. Willibronius(iei3); Mnelleadorff'B Leben des heiligen Clemens Willibrord. &c. ~ ' n BatttTia Sacra ; Bosachiiarf, I)e primis Friaiiv Aposlolia. The most modern Bthorily ia Thijm's 0«echipdenis dea Kerk io I NtderlaDde I. H. Willibrordns (1S61). of in enlarged German tmnahiiion was pub- a 1863. Plummer'spditiunofBeileRirra UiublB noMB. Fopalar booka of JoTotion are ItU pvbliabed. such ae Lebunxgeschichta dca WliffrQ Clemena Willibrord. em Andocbiabiich- B. &c. Trier, 18S4.] M. T. f "WILLIS. [See also Willes.] I "WlLLia, BItOWNE (1682-1760). anti- narjibomat Blandford St. Mary on 14 Sept. 1688, wii» miidaon of Thomas WiUia ( 1021- lera) [q.-v.], and eldest son of Thomafl Willia (1658-1699) of Bletcbley, BuckinghamsUire, wlio married, at. Westminster Abbey on S6 Wajf 1681. Alice (i. 2 June 1863), eldest ki^nghter of Robert Btowdq of Frampton rind Blandfnrd in Domet. Tliomos Wlltia []lndon llNoT.169».aKed41; hiawifedied £jtf pief on 9 Jan. 169^-1700. Both were FvBned in tht: chancel of Bletcliley church, d out of regard for their mtimory their son ■■■mtt on the churcli tlie sum of 800/. betweeti ^W04 »-ai 1707. '[^ BrowDG Willis was educated at first hy e Rev. Abraham Freestone, master of the lowed tcliool at Beachampton, Bucking haniahire. Then he was seat, to Westrain- flter school, which he left on his mother's death, and bin intense lore of antiquities was implanted in him by his nchoolboy rambleB in Westminstur Abbey, lie was admitted gentleman-commoner of Christ Chnrch, Oi- ford, matriculating on 23 March 1^99-1700, and in 1700 he became a student of the Inner Temple. At Oxford his tutorwaa Ed- ward Wells [q.v.], and on leaving the univer- sity he lived for three years under tha train- ing of Dr. William Wotton [q. v.] at Middle- ton Keynes, a few miles from Blettihley. Several years later Willis published anony- mously a tract of ' Reflecting Sermons Con- aider'd, on discourses in Bletchley Church by Dr. E. Wells, rector, and Dr. E. Wells, Willis passeased lai^fe raenns, owning Whaddon Hall, the adjoining manor and odvowson of Bletchley, and the manor of Burlton in Burghiil, Herefordshire. At Burlton ho frequently met John Philips the poet, who alludes to him in bis poem on 'Cider "(CooKB, fierf/omiitAiVe, 'Qrimsworth Hundred,' p. 55). From December 1705 lo 1708 he sat in parliament for the borough of Buckingham, a town for which he had a peculiar atFection ; be was returned by the casting vote of a man brought from pri- afa. After that dat« he wan immersed in the study of antiquities. His property was augmented in 1/07 by his marriage to KathBrinc, onlv child and heiress of Daniel Eliot of Port Eliot f4iir. St. Germans, Corn- well, on 28 Oct, 1702). She brought him a fortune of 8,000/. Willis's industry and retentive memory were suhject.s of general praise. He had visited every cathedml except Carlisle in England and "Wales, and was one of the first antiquaries to base his works on the facts contained in records and registers, but he was very inaccurate in detail. He was a great oddity and knew nothing of man- kind. Through his charitable gifts, liispor- tions to his married children, and the expenditure of 5,000/. on tha building of Water Hall at Bletchley, he ' ruined his fine estate,' aud was obliged towards the end of his days to dress meanly and to live in sq^ualor, becoming very dirty and penurious so that he was often taken for a beggar. He took an active part in 1717 in reviving the Societv of Antiquaries, and was formally elected F.8,A. in April 1718. By diploma from the university of Oxford he was created "' A. 33 Aug. 1720, and D.C.L. on 10 April 1749. Society. After I member of the Spalding illness of some months WiUia J died at Wliaddon Hall on 5 Feb. 176D, and was buried bene-atb the allur in Fenny Stratford cliaptil on 11 Feb., where there is an ioBcriplina to hia memory, llis wife died at Whaddon Hall on 2 Uct. 1724, aged 34, and was buried under a raised lable- tomb at Bletchley. Of their ten children, eight were alive in 1724, but only the twin- daughters Gertrude and CatUerine survived inlreo. andtbtyboth died in 1772. His grandson took the name of Fleming and Gved at Stoneham. Willia appointed liis eldest ^ndaon and beir the sole executor, and left him all his books and pictures, ex- cept Rymer's ' Futtdera,' which he gave to Trinity College, Oxford, and the choice of one book to the Bev. Francis Wise [q. v.] Qia inanascripta were t^ go within three months to the Bodleian Library, They con- sisted of fifty-nine folio, forty-eight quarto, and five octavo volumes, of much value for ecdeBiaatica! topography and biography, the hifltorr of Buckinghamshire and that of the fourWelab Mtbedrals. HelefttoOil'ord Uni- versity his ' nnmerona eilvcr, brass, copper, and ]iewter coin», also his gold coins, irpur- chased at the rate of il. in-r ounce,' which was at once done. In 1720 he gave to th«t library ten valuable manuscripts and bis grandfather's portrait, and between 17i39 and 1750 he had given other coins. Many . of hia letters are among the Ballard and Rawlinson manuscripts (M4CB4V, Bodla'an LOtr. pp. 221 , 259-60, 483-4 ; MiDiif , iVegtem MS& lii. 1)78, 602). Large collections of letters and papers by or relating to him are in the British Museum, especially among the Cole manuscripta, Willis's benefac- tions included the revival in 1702 of the market at Fenny Stratford, a hamlet con- tiguous to Bletchley, and the raising, in concurrence with his cousin Dr. Martin Ben- son (afterwards bishop of Gloucester), of money for building there between 1724 and 1730 the chapel of St. Martin. It was a memorial of his graudrather, whose portrait was placed over the entrance. Hnd, as he died on St. Martin's diiv 1(57 ■), Willia left a beiie- fsction for a sermon in the chapel evei^ year on that day. He contributed materially tawnrds the rebuilding of part, of Stony Stratford church in 1746; in 1752 he gave 200/. for the repairs of Buckingham church, and in 1756he restored Bow Brickbill church, which had been disused for nearly 150 years. The chancel of Ihe church at Little Brickbill was repaired through his liberality, and he erected nt the cathedral at Christ CUurcli, Oxford, a monument for Canon Uea, who had helped his grandfather at the university. The celebration at Fenny Stratford of St. \ filartin'a day, regularly maintained by Willia during hia life, is still observed by its in- habit aats. The foibles and appearance of Willis were satirised in lines written by Dr. Darrell of Lillingston-Darrell. They were printed in the HJxford Sausagp' and, with Cole's notes ' when out of humour with him,' in ' Notas and Queries' (;2nd ser. vi. 428-9). A amu CBstic description of his house is in Nichols's 'Illustrations of Literature' (i. 882-4). fleame wrote ' An Account of my Joumer to Whaddon Hall, 1716,' which is printed in ' Letters from the Bodleian Library ' (ii. 175-f3). Willis's portrait was etched in I7S1 at Cole's request from a drawing made hv Rev. Michael l^ysou of the original paintuig by Dahl. It isreproducedin Nichols's ' Literary Anecdotes' (viii. 219) and Hutcliins's 'Dor- set ' (3nd ed. iv. 336). Portraits of his father, mother, and other members of the family were at Blelcbley, Among the literary works of \\'illis are in- cluded surveys of the four \\'elgh cathedrals, vir. St. David's (1717). Llandaff (1719), St. Asaph (1720), and Bangor (1721 1 ; but the description of St. David's is signed ' M, N,,' and was drawn up by Dr. William W'otton (the initials being the concluding letters of his names), and that of Llandaff, which was also compiled by Wotton, has his name in full. WiUis published in 1727 two volumes of ' A Survey of the Cathedrals of York, Durham, Carlisle, Cheater, Man, Lichfield, Hereford, Worcester.Olouceater and Bristol,' and he issued in 1730 a third volume on ' Lincoln, Ely, Oxford, and Peterborough.' Thomas Oabome, the bookseller, purchased the unsold copies of this impression and advertised his issue in 1743 as a new edition containing histories of all the cathedrals, whereupon Willis denounced the proceed- ing in the 'London Evening Post,' S-8 March 1743. The volumes of the 1742 issue at the British Museum have copious notes by Wil- liam Cole [([. v.], and tranacripte of Willis'a additions in his own copy. One impression at the British Museum of the volume on LlandalTCathedralbas many notes by Oough, and an edition of the survey of St. Asaph, enlarged and brought down to date, was pub- lished in 1801, The account of the ' Cathe- dral of Man 'is reproduced in Harrison's 'Old Historians' of that isle (Manx Soc. xviii. 126-51), the survey of Lincoln Cathedral formed the basis of a volume on ' The Anti- quities in Lincoln Cathedral' (1771), and a ' History of Gothic and Saion Architecture in Engfand'(179a) was compiled from his works and those of James Bentham [q. v.] Willis 17 Willis "Willis oIm wrote : 1. ' Notitia Parliament n Ilistrtry of the Counliea, Cities, And Borouglu in Eugland and Wales,' 1715, 3 vols., 1713, 1750 ; 2nd ad. with addi- tions, I73U, 1716, 1730 (but tLe last t«<ro Tolumes are of the original edition). A single sheet of thia work on the borough of Windsor was printed in folio in 1733, and is DOW very scarce. 3. 'History of the Mitred Parlisrot^ntary Abbies and Conventual Cathedral Churches,' 1718-19, 2 Tola. (cf. M*L Ileamiana, ed. Bliss, IA57,i. 42H). He " id previously drawn up 'A View of the (itrod Abbeys, with a Catalogue of their Abbots,' for Uearne's edition of Collectanea' (1716, Ti. 97-2(14), Latin preface of which is addressed to Boto the preface and the paper on abbeys and abbots are reprinted in the i(f 1774ediiion8. 3, 'ParoebisleAngli- i ortheNamesof alltheChurchea and KkintIurt«enDioceses,'1733. 4. 'Table Gold Coins of the Kiugs of England, ;by B. W.," 1733, small folio a hundred copies, Bsd the same number on large paper, which are said to have been printed at the expense of Vertue; it wa^ included in the ' Votuata ^loniimenta.' 5. ' Uistorr and Antiquities of the Town, Hundred, and Deanery of Buck- ingham,' 1756. Cole's copy, with notes copied from those by Willis, is in the Gren- ville Library, Kritish Museum. Cole ulso transcribed and methodised in two folio ro- Jnmes,Dow with the Cole manitscriptB at the fetitiih Museum, his ' History of tne ilun- Siwds of Newport and Cotslow ' to match ^Us volume on Buckingham. Willis had circulated queriea for information on the county in li 12. In 1717 Willis published an 'The Whole Duty of Man, abridi .benefit of the Poorer Sort,' and nymous address ' To the Patrons of lesiastical Livings.' Editions of John on's ' Thesaurus rerum Ecclesiasticanun,' with corrections and additions by Willis, came out in 1764 and 1763. He assisted in Samuel Gale's ' Winchester Cathe- dral ' (1710), W. Thomas's ' Antiquities of Woreesier ' (1717), Tanner's 'Notiiia Mone- "■ ' (1744), and Hutchina's ' Dorset.' He aided and corresponded with Francia [q. v.] Early in life be had made collections on Cardinal Wolsey (HfiiBNE, Collectiom, ed. Doble, i. 71, ii. 261), and communications from him on antiquarian topics are inserted in the ' Archffiologia'(j.60, 204, TJii. 88-110). John Nichols possesaed numerous letters of Willis, includmg a thiek volume of those to Dr. Ducarel. Many communications to inymously ed for the D 1763 an and from him are printed in Nichols's ' Illus- trations of Literature' (i. 811-12, ii. 796, eOG-7, iii. 48fi-i}, 532-3, iv. 113), 'Letters from the Bodleian Library ' (1813), and in Uaanie's 'Collections' (Oxford liist, Soc.) [Nicholn's Lit. Anerdotes, ii. 36, vi. 130, ISR- 211 (nnuntj from aoumoirby l)r. Doearel, road before Sue. of Aatiguarleb, 22 May and 12 Jane 17SU, and printed in eight quarto pttgvs). liii. 217-23; Hutehinss Dorset, lad ed. 1. iuO, 104- 11)4, iv. S'i7-)t7; Ljpucomb's Buckinghamshiro. ir, 10-14, i8-37. 66, 75; Henine's Coll. ed. Doblo,i. It7.iii.3fi0; Mis?. Qeoeal. rl Hbral- dick, ii.45-6; Chester's Westminster Abbey, p. 30: Ualkstt and Laing's Anon. Lit. pp. 2108, 2MS, 2HU1. ;;ail : Riogr. Britnnniai; il^l. Heurainnse, ed. Bliss, ii. 570-81, OOa) W. P. c. WILLIS, FRANCIS (1718-1807), phy- sician, born on 17 Au^. 1718, was third son of John Willis, one of the ricars of Lincoln from Lincoln College, Oxford, on 30 May 1734, migrated to 8t. Alban Hall, and pro- ceeded B.A. on 21 March 1738-9, and M.A. on 10 Feb. 1740-1 from Brssenose College, of which he was fellow and subsequently vice-principal. In obedience to his father he took holy orders, but he had so strong; an inclination for medicine that even while an undergniduate be studied it and attended the lectures of Nathan Alcock [q. v.], with whom he formed a lifelong friendship. In 1749 he married Mary, youngest, daughter of the Rev. John Curl-ois of Bramston. Lin- colnshire, and took up i.is residence at Dan- Bton in that county. He is said to have at firat practised medicine without a. license, but in 1759 the university of Oxford con- ferred on him the degrees of M.B. and M.D. In 1769 he was appointed physician to a hos- pital in Lincoln which he hau taken an active part In eatahliahing. For the six following yenrs he never ceased to attend it regularly twice a week, though distant nearly ten miles from his own home. In the course of this work he treated successfully several cases of mental derangement, and patients were brought to him from great distances. To accommodate them he removed to a larger honse at Qretford, near Stamford. When George III experienced his first attack of madness, Willis waa calleil in on 5 Dee, 178S. He encountered considerable opposition from the regular physicians, being 'considered by some not much better than a mountebank, and not far diti'erent from some of those that are conlined la bis house' (Sheffield, Auckland Correspon- dence, ii. 2-36). From the first he maintained Willis i8 Willis that the king would recover, and insisted that the patient should be more gently treated and allowed greater freedom than heretofore (Grexville, Buckingham Papen, ii. 35 ; Jesse, iii. 92). He soon became popular at court, ^[me. D^\rblay describes him as ' a frecjuently exhibited at the Royal Academy, British Institution, and Suffolk Street Ce- lery from 1&44 to 1862, and from 1851 to 1857 was a member of the 'Free Exhibi- tions ' Society. In 1862 he was elected an associate of the * Old Watercolour ' Society, man often thousand; open, honest, dauntless, , and thenceforth was a constant contributor light-hearted, innocent, and high-minded* j to its exhibitions; in 1863 he became a fall [Diary, 1892, iii. 127) ; while Hannah More member. Willis painted in an attractive calls him 'the very image of simplicity, quite ' manner various picturesque localities in returned to his private practice, but his re- ■ and his 'Ben Cruachan Cattle coming South' putation now stood so high that he was | was at the Paris Exhibition of 1867. Four obliged to build a second house at Shilling- of his compositions were engraved in the thorpe, near Gretford, in order to accom- . * Art Union Annual,' 1847. He died at modate the large number of patients who j Kensington on 17 Jan. 1884, and was buried wished to be attended by him. He died on . in the cemetery at Hanwell. 5 Dec. 1807, and was buried at Gretford, } i^R^get's Hist', of the * Old Watercolour' See.; where a monument to his memory was ^^^en^^^igg^ . Bpy^iis Diet, of Painters and erected by his surviving sons. His first wife , Engrarers, ed. Armstrong.] F. M. O'D. died on 17 April 1797, and not long before ' WILLIS, JOHN (d. 1628 .»), stenographa and mnemonician, graduated B.A. irom his death he married Mrs. Storer, who sur- vived him. "Willis had five sons by his first wife : of Christ's College, Cambridge, in 1592-5, these John (1751-1835), with his father, ; M.A. in 1596, and B.D. in 1603. On 12 June attended Georpe III in 1788, and again in ; 1601 he was admitted to the rectory of St 1811 alone; Thomas (1754-1827) was pre- : Mar}' Botha w, Dowgate Hill, London, which bendarj- of Rochester, rector of St. George's, . he resigned in 1606 on being appointed rector Bloomsbury, and of Wateringbury, Kent; of Bent ley Parva, Essex. Prooably he died Richard (1755-1829) was admiral in the royal navy; and Robert Darling (1760- 1821) became physician-in-ordinary to the king, whom he attended during his second attack of madness, wrote ' Philosophical Sketches of the Principles of Society and Government,' London, 1795, 8vo, and was father of Robert Willis (1800-1875) [q. v.] [Report from the Committee appointed to ex- amine the Physicians who have attended his 3IajeHty daring his Illness touching the state of his Maje8ty*s Health, London, 1788, 8vo. in A Collection of Tracts on the proposed Regency, 1789, 8vo, vol. i.; A Treatise on Slental De- rangement, by Fra. Willis, M.D., 2nd edit., Lon- don, 1843, 8vo. p. 86 ; WrHxaU's Memoirs, iii. 197 ; Jesse's Life and Reign of King Geor^^e the Third, vol. iii. passim ; Life of Charles Mayne in 1627 or 1628, as it is stated that tho ' Schoolemaster ' was completely fitted for the ninth edition of his * Stenography' (1628) by ' the aforesaid authour, a little before his death.' Willis invented the first practical and ra- tional scheme of modem shorthand founded on a strictly alphabetical basis. The earlier systems devised by Timothy Bright (1588) and Peter Bales (1590) were utterly imprao- ticable, and had no result, whereas Willis's method was published again and again, and was imitated and improved upon by succeed- ing authors. The first work in which his system was explained appeared anonymously under the title of ' The Art of Stenographic, teaching bv plaine and certaine rules, to the capacitie Young, by his son, >• 843-60; inscription on . ^f ^he meanest, and for the vse of aU pro- the monument m Gretford church ; private m- A,«„i^„„ tV,o wa\r fr^ P/.m«anHm.,« W««?«i» formation.] J. W. C-k. WILLIS, HEXRV BRITTAN (1810- 1884), painter, was bom in 1810 at Bristol, fessions, the way to Compendious Writing. Wherevnto is annexed a very easie directioa for Steganographie, or secret writing,' Lon- don, 1602, 16mo. The only copies known to the son of a drawing-master in that city. : exist are in the British Museum and the Bod- He practised for a time in Bristol with little leian Libraries. The fifth edition is entitled success, and then went to the United States, ' * The Art of Stenographie, or Short Writing but after a brief stay was compelled by ill- by spelling charactene,' London, 1617. A health to return. In 1843 he settled in Latin version, * Stenographia, sive Ars corn- London, and gained a considerable reputat ion pendiose Scribendi,' was published at London as a paiuter of cattle and landscaps. lie , mlOlS. The sixth edition of the English w oik I Willis Appeared in ltl3.1, the seventh in 1G23 (not 1^. as given in tome lists), the eighth in 1623, tlie ninth in 1028, the tenth in 163i', the eleventh in 1636, the thirtetmtli in 1644, and the fnuMeenth in 1647. Willis also wrote • The Schoolemoster to the Art of Ste- naRTaphj, explaining the rules and teaching the practise thereof to the understanding of tbe meanest capneit]-,' London, 1Gl'3, 16mo ; 2tid edit. 1621*; 3rd edit. 1647. This work U printed so as to be sold separately, cr in coaJDDCtion with the later editions of ' Tbe Art of Stenography.' Willis's shorthand ■Iptuibet, the first introduced into German litenture,iseivfoin'Delici{e Fhiloaophicse,' Nurembe^, 1653, iii. 53. To students of mnemonics Willis in well known as the author of ' Mnemonics j sive An tteminiscendi : e purls artis natuncque fontibua hsueta, et tn tres libros digenta, necnon de Memoria naturali fovenda llbellus e vsriie doctisaimorum operibus sedulo col- lectus,' Lonilon, 1618, 8ro. The treatise * De Uemoria naturali fovenrta' was reprinted in ' Variorum de Arte Memorie Tractatue ■ei,' Frankfort, 1678. The whole work was translated into English by Leonard Sowersby, a bookseller ' at the Ttim-Slik, near New- market, in Lincoln's Inn Fields,' and printed At London, 1661, 8vo. This book develops many of the principles of tlie local memory in an apt and intelligible maimer. Copious vxtracls from it are printed in Felnaigle's 'Now Art of Memory,' 3td edit. 1813, up. 34S-e3. ' rCbuper's Pftrliaoiflatary Shorthand, p. 5; } \OibW* Historical Aeconat of Compaadioua and StriA Writing, pp. 38, 43; Gibson's Bibl. of ghortbuid. pp. 13, 237: Joamnlist, II Mnrch 1887; Levy's Hint, of Shorthond; Leiria's Hist. .of Shonband: Nawconrf s Beperloriom j Not«s and QneriM, Tibser. ii. 306: Shorthsnil, ii. 160, 188. 176; Watt's Bibl. Brit; Zeibig'a Gb- ■ehwindichreibkunst.] T. O. WILLIS, JOHN WALPOLE (1793- 1877), justice of the king's bench, Upper Canada, bom on 4 Jan, 1793, was thesecond Mn of William Willis (rf. 1809), captain in tbe 13th light dragoons, by his wife Mary (rf, 1831). oiJy daughter and heiress of Ro- bert Ilamillon Smith of Lismore, co. Down. n» entered Gray's Inn on 4 Nov. 1811, was called to the bar, and iolued the northern cir- cuit in lf>l". .Shortly a^erwards his first published work, a book on the law of evi- dence, appeared. There came out in 1830 'Willis's Equity Pleading,' for m an v years ■ ilandnrd work on the subject, and in '1837 a valuable treatise on the ' Duties and Re- sponsibililies of Trustees.' The colonial owes ut tliis time intended to establish a Willis pointment he received a puisne judgeship m Ihe king's bench. On 18 Sept. 1827 he pre- sented his warrant to the lieutenant-governor, SirFeregTineMait]aad[q. T.],but8O0n found that neither the governor nor the council, □either the asjtembly nor the bar, was disposed to assist him in organising a court of chan- cery. His chief opponent was (Sir) John Beverley Robinson [q. v.], afterwards chief Justice, then attorney-general and practical leader of the government. There arose dif- ferences between theiudgeond the lawolficer as to the conduct of crown business which waxed keen with time, and were plainly ex- Sressed on both sides. The ju<Ige was evi- ently the raore hasty, for within a year of his appointment he declined to sit in baneo, and declared his reasons openly. They wero that the act constituting the court directs tliflt ' achief justice, with two puisne.judges, shall preside in it; thatthechief justice was absent from the province on leave, and not likelv to return : and that, til! his successor was instituted, the court could not legally sit inbanco. The lieutenant-governor took nostep Justice Hagerman in hla place. Thereupon there was an appeal to the privy council on the ground that the amoval order was ' un- warranted, illegal, and ought to be void.' The assembly sided with the judge, chiefly because it was at that time struggling to make the executive resjionsible, and to change the tenure of judicial office from a holding ' at pleasure ' to a holding ' during ^od conduct;' and in an address to the King it characterised the governor's action OB ' violent, precipitate, and unjustifiable.' The excitement in the province grew more intense when it was known that no positive nep'ect of duty, no actual malfeasance in oHice, was or could be established against Willis. The imperial government, on report from the privy council, dismissed the appeal, conhrmeci the amotion order, and refused to reinstate the judge, as the assembly had re- auested. But on reconsideration afterwards be order of amotion was set aside, because the appellant had no opportunity of a hear- ing before the orderwas issued. Willis was then given a judicial appointment in Deme- rnra, and afterwards in New South Wales (1841). Ha diapleasBd the governor of this colony also, Sir (Seorge Gipps [q, v.] ; and lie was again amoved in 1842 without notice. Appeal proceedings lasted three years, but tiusUy the order was quashed for the same in the Upper Canada case. Arrears Willis 30 Willis of salary and costs, amounting to near 6,000/., were awarded to Willis, but he did not return to the colony, neither did he receive any other office in the gift of the colonial department. He died in September 1877. On 8 Aug. 1824 he married Mary Isabella, elder daughter of Thomas Lvon-Bowes, eleventh earl Strathmore. By her he had one son, Robert Bruce Willis (1826-1897). The union was an unhappy one, and was dis- solved by act of parliament in 1833. Willis married, secondly, on 15 Sept. 1836, Ann Susanna Kent {d, 1891), eldest daughter of Colonel Thomas Henry Bund of Wick Epi- scopi in Worcestershire. By her he had a son, Mr. John William Willis-Bund, and two daughters. Willis is sometimes said to have had an imperious temper. There can be little question as to his ability, industry, or the energy with which he carried his ideas into practice. The true reason for his unfortu- nate experience * over sea ' may be found in his conception of what an English colony is or should be. His latest work, 'On the Government of the British Colonies '(18o0), gives his idea. A colony is to be dealt with as an English county, presided over by a lord lieutenant ; on tlie one side possessing certain powers of internal taxation, on the other being represented in the imperial par- liament — a conception of self-government that no colonial party could adopt, and one which, if carried out in days when the judge's sphere was not confined strictly to matters legal, could scarcely fail to bring him into conflict with the local authorities for the time being. [Fosters Reg. of Admissions to Gray's Inn, 1 889, p. 4 1 4 ; Burke's Landed Gentry, s. v. * Bund ; ' Read's Lives of the Judges of Upper Canada, pp. 107-20; Dent's Srory of the Upper Canada Re- bellion, pp. 162-94 ; Mirror of Parliament (House of Lords), 14 May 1829, pp. 1610-11 ; Han&ird, new ser. xxiv. 551-5 ; Accounts and Papers re- lating to the Colonies (5), xxxii. 51 ; Blue Book, Papers relating to the Amoval of the Hon. J. W, Willis. 1829; Black woo<l'8 Mag. (• Cabot'), 1829, pp. 334-7 ; A pp. to Journals of the Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada, Istsess., 10th pari. ; Therry's Reminiscences of New South Wales, 1863, pp. 341-5; 5 Moore's Reports (Privy Council), p. 379; Kingsford's Hist, of Canada, X. 258-79.1 T. B. B. WILLIS, rjCIIARD (1664-17a4), bishop of Winchester, the son of William Willis, a journeyman tanner, and his wife Susanna, was baptised at Ribbesford in Wor- cestershire on 16 Feb. 1663-4. He was educated at Bewdley free grammar school, matriculated from Wadham College, Oxford, on 5 Dec 1684, graduated B.A. in 1688, in which year he beoune a fellow of All Souls', and was granted the degree of D.D. at Lam- beth on 27 March 169o (Foster, Alumni Oxon, laOO-1714). After leaving Oxford he became curate to < Mr. Chapman at Cheshunt,' and was in 1092 chosen lecturer of St. Clement's, Strand, where he became well known as a preacher. Nash speaks of his famous 'ex- temporaneous preaching;' but Richardson, with greater probability, of his 'conciones memoriter recitandi.' He accompanied Wil- liam III to Holland in 1694 in the capacity of chaplain, and on his return on 12 April 1695 (Hennesst, Novum Hepert, p. 448) was installed a prebendary of Westminster. He was one of t he original promoters of the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge in 1699, subscribing o/., and in December 1700 he re- ceived the thanks of the society for a charity sermon preached at St. Ann's, Westminster (Macluee, Journals^ pp. 5, 103). On 26 Dec 1701 he was promoted to the deanery of Lincoln. Four years later was printed one of his most elaborate sermons ' preached be- fore the queen on 23 Aug. 1705, being the thanksgiving day for the late glorious success in forcing the enemy's lines in the Spanish Netherlands, by the Duke of MarlborougL' A good preacher and a good whig, having opposed the schism bill of 1714, Willis was made bishop of Gloucester by George I upon the death of Edward Fowler [q. v.] He was elected on 10 Dec. 1714, connnned on the loth, and consecrated on 16 Jan. following in Lambeth chapel. He was put upon the commission for building fifty new cnurches in and around London, was made a clerk of the royal closet, and allowed to hold his deanery tn commendam. The king was grati- fied by his sermon, * The Way to Stable and Quiet Times,' preached before the court on 20 Jan. 1714-1"), * being the day of thanks- giving for bringing his majesty to a peace- able and quiet possession of the throne*,' which was translated into French for George's bene- fit. In 1717, when William Nicolson [q.v.l was translatal from Carlisle to Derry, ana had in consequence to resign the office of lord almoner, Willis was appointed to the post After seven years at Gloucester, upon Uifi translation of Talbot to Durham, Willis was on 21 Nov. 1721 translated to Salisbury, and thence he was on 21 Nov. 1723 promoted to the see of Winchester. His advancement was due, according to Bishop Newton, to the long and laboured oration which he made against Atterbury upon the occasion of ths third reading of the bill to inflict pains and penalties. This speech was published in 1723. Willis, who was a martyr to the (put, died eudJfiily at AVinchester Uotise, ChelBea, on ID Aug. 1734, aad wu buried in the south aisle of Wiucheeter Cathedral, a little aboce Bishop ^A'jkeham. The tuoou- ment to him with a life-sire fipure of the bishop in pontificaii&iu ia described bv Mil- man lathe iDoeC finiGbed in ihe cathedral {Hi*t. of WiachftUr. i. 445 ; the long I^tin inseriptton is reproduced in Batx's Hitto- rieid Account of tt'iaeheiter,^. SI7). Dj hie wife Isabella, Trho was buried in the north niilt of Cheleeft church on -JQ Nor. 17i'7 (of. FiCUCycK. CkfUta, p. 330). Willis left tvo Mins — John of Chelsea, who married in 173Stheonly daughter of Coloael Fielding; I aad Williini, who marriod on 11 Feb. 1744 L-* JliM Keod of Bedford How, with 40,000/. ' ^fOmt. Mag. 1744, p. 108). . There is an oiUportraic of the bishop br 9I Dalil in the palace at Salisbury, and e engraving of this in mezzotint bv J. Simon W^epeX* • hiuidsome man with tlie mobile "t^N of an orator (Smith, Mezso Portrait; ^ns6). [Chma'a Lives of the Bisbops of Salisbnrj, ■"- 203-9, and Lipua of thn Bishoi^ r. 1827. ii. llS-31; Nash's Hist, of !♦. ii. are : w^dtiBm O'll. B«gi- atsM, al Oarilinar. p. 339 : Wood's Hist, and Anliq. of Ozfonl. ed. Ooteh. p. 274 ; Le Naves Futi Kc<'t. AnglicaDiF, i. I4ii. 146 ; Notes and Qosrira, 2ik1 rar. iv. 103, 4tb oer. ir. 4S0; Nicolsoa'a Kpist. Corresp. sd. Nichols, 1789. ji. 47T ; Nichols's Lit. Aonrd. ii. U ; Willis's CathcdnU. ii. 83 : Heane'E Colloet. ed. Poble, i i9 ; Abb«f's English Church and lis Bishops, lUT, a. 30; Noble's CoDCinuatioD of Grangsr, k 'iii. 78 : Bramtej's CM, of EDgntTsd Portnils, ->3T3-1 T. S. ^■WILLIS, ROBERT (1800-1875), pro- ir of mechanism and archfologist.soD of nParliiiftWillU(lTiM>-lK:il)aud^rend- I of Ft»nci8 Willis [a. vX was born in ~ n on 27 Feb. I8O6. The tastes that rds dislin^shed him became mani- a very earl)' age. When a mere lad a akilful musician, a good draugbls- id an eager examiner of every piece of machinery and ancient building that came nthiaway. In 1819he patented an improve- D the pedal of the harp, and in 18^1 ibed ' An Attempt to analyse the Au- uton Chess Player '(London, 1631, Svo), * % raechnnicol contrivance then being ei- bilnted in London, which ' bad excited tbe adrntralioti tif the curious during a period iillle short of forty years ' (p. 9>. After re- peated visits to the exhibition in company with liis sister, he was enabled to show that itierv was ample room for a man of small statute 10 bo concealed within tbe figure and tbe box on which be sat, a the truth of which the < admitted. Uis health was delicate, and he waa educated privately till 1831, when be became a pupil of the Her. Mr. Kidd at King's Lynn. In 1P22 he entered into residence at Oonville and Caius College. Cambridge, as a pensioner. lie proceeded B.A. in 181%, when he was ninth wrangler. He was elected Frsnhland fellow of his college in tbe same year, and foundation fellow in 18:^, himself to the st udy of mechanism, selecting at first subjects in which mathematics wero blended with aoimal mechanism, as shown by his jtapera in the ' Transactions of the Cambridge Philosophical Societv ' * On the Vowel Sounds' (lfi2S| and '6n the Me- chanUmofthe Larynx' (1838-9). Thelast has been accepted by anatomists as contain- ing the true theory of the action of that organ. In 1830 be was made a fellow of the RotbI Societv. In 1837 he succeeded William Fari5h[q.v.] as Jackainian professor of applied mechanics at Cambridge, an office which he held till his death. His practical knowledge of car- pentry, bia inventive genius, and his power of lucid exposition mside him a most attrac- tive professor, and his lecture-room waa always full. Parish wasaman of great ori- ginality, whose lectures Wiliis had attended (as he told the present writer), and when he published his own ' System of .Apparatus for the use of Lecturers and Experimentera in Mechanical Philosophy' (London, 1851, 4to) he described bis predecessor's method of building up a model of a machine before tbe audience, and gave him fidl credit for 'devis- ing a system of mechanical ncparatus con- sislingofthe separate parts of wli i cb macbin es are made, so adapted to each other that they might admit of being put together at plea- sure in tbe form of any machine that might be required' (p. 1). This system, as mo- demised and perfected by Willis, baa been largelv adopted both at home and abroad. In '1837 Willis read a paper ■ On the Teeth of Wheels ' ( TrarM. Iivit. Civ. Etig. ii. 6{*l, with a description of a contrivance called an odontograph, for enabling draughtsmen to find at once tbe centres from which the two portions of the teeth are to be struck. He waa tbe first to point out the prncticnl advantage of constructing cycloidal toothed wheels in what are called 'sets' by using the same generating circle and the same pitch throughout tbe set, with the result that any two wheels of the set will gear I Willis 22 Willis together. This invention is in uniyersal use. In 1841 he published his ' Principles of Mechanism.* In this work he reduced the study of what he called pure mechanism to a system. It is the earliest attempt to develop, with anything like completeness, the science of machines considered from the kinematic point of view, without reference to the forces which are at work or to the energy which is transmitted. A machine, according to him, is a contrivance for pro- ducing a specific relation between the mo- tions of one of its parts and another. To express this relation completely the two elements velocity-ratio and directional rela- tion are required. Accordingly he groups machines in three general classes: (1) those in which both of these elements are constant ; (2) those in which one (a) is constant and the other (b) is variable ; (3) those in which this variability is reversed. In each class there are divisions depending on the mode in which motion is communicated, whether by rolling contact, sliding contact, link-work, and so forth. The first part oif the book expounds this system of classiOcation as ap- plied to elementary combinations of moving pieces ; the second part deals with what he calls aggregate combinations, in which two or more elementary combinations co-operate in producing a relation of motion between the driving and following parts of the ma- chine. A second edition of this work ap- peared in 1870. In 1849 Willis was a member of a royal commission appointed to inquire into the application of iron to railway structures, and contributed to the report of the com- missioners Appendix B, * On the effects pro- duced by causing weights to travel over elastic bars,' reprinted in Barlow's * Treatise on the Strength of Timber.' In 1851 he was one of the jurors of the Great Exhibition. In that capacity he drew up the report for the class of manufacturing machines and tools, and contributed a lec- ture to the series on the results of the exhi- bition, organised by the Society of Arts in 185l\ He was also a vice-president at the Paris Exhibition of 1855, and reporter of the class for the machinery of textile fabrics. In connection with this office he published in iHfu a report on machinery for woven fabrics, for which he received the cross of the Legion of Honour. When the govern- ment school of mines was established in Jermyn Street in 1853, Willis was engaged as lecturer on applied mechanics. In 1862 he was president of the British Association, which that year met at Cambridge ; and in the following year at Newcastle he presided over the medianical section. During all these years W^illis was study- ing arclutecture and ardueology with the same energy as mechamsm, and perhaps with even greater originality. In 1885, after a rapid tour through a purt of France, Ger- many, and Italy, he published ' Remarks on the Architecture of the Middle Ages, espe- cially of Ital^,' a work which first called serious attention to the Gothic style, and which in many ways is still without a rivaL He treated a building as he treated a ma- chine : he took it to pieces ; he pointed out what was structural and what was decora- tive, what was imitated and what was original ; and how the most complex forms of mediaeval invention might be reduced to simple elements. This publication was the starting-point of that portion of his career which was devoted to studies combining practical architecture with historical ana antiquarian research. For these he was singularly well fitted. He had no sentiment and no preconceived theory. His mechani- cal knowledge enabled him to understand construction, and his power of observation was so keen that he never failed to seize the meaning of the faintest indication that fell in his way. The industry that he brought to bear on these pursuits was amaz- ing. He learnt to decipher mediaeval hand- writing with rapidity and accuracy, and devoted much time to the study of manu- script authorities : he mastered not only the whole literature of the subject, but that of the history that bore upon it ; and, as the moss of notes bequeatiied by him to the present writer shows, he tabulated the in- formation thus gained with infinite care, so as to have it always ready to his hand when wanted. The * Remarks ' were succeeded by an elaborate paper * On the Construction of the Vaults of the Middle Ages' (Trans. Imt, Brit. Arch. 1841), an essay as remarkable for thoroughness of treatment as for the beauty of the illustrations, all drawn by himself. By this time his reputation tor architectural knowledge was established, for in this year the dean and chapter of Here- ford consulted him respecting the condition of their cathedral. He published the re- sult of his investigations in a * Report of a Survey of the Dilapidated Portions of Ilere- ford Cathedral in the year 1841 ' (Hereford, 1842, 8vo; and London, 1842, 4to, with plates). In this same year he invented and described the * Cymagraph for copying mouldings' {Engineers Jouni. July 1842), a contrivance which he himself used exten- own rcBearchea, but whicli did not meet willi ^neral acceptuicp. In l^^ld he ptiblLshed his ' Architectural Nomencla- ture of the Middle Age«'(7VaTu'. Cait^r. Ant. Sor. vol. i.), A work of VMt research and great in^noity, useful alike to a lexicographer md an archicologist. The foundation of tlie Arehrcoloffical In- nitutt; in ISU opened a new li^ld for Willie. Ele wae one of the Iir«t members, as he wdb also one of the most energetic, andalectura im w»« the chief attraction at the annua! meeting. His method, as he states in his ' Architectural History of Winchester CathedrBt'(l846), was 'to'bring together ■11 the recorded evidence that belong to the building; to examine the building ileelf for the purpose of investigating the mode of its coDBtriictiOn, and the successive changes and additions that have been made to it ; and, lastly, to compare the recorded evidencfi with the structural evidence aa much as poseible.' By this comprehensive scheme ho laid bare thu entire hislorvof the structure; the histoiT was elucidaltvi hv the buildin;f, nad the changes in thi: biiilJiug were made nanifest by ibe history ; while his own tliorough knowledjire of ilie diiferent styles of architecture enabled him to see through alterations, transformntions, and insertions which had puiilwl all previous investigator". In this way he elucidated the cathedrals of Canterbury (1844), Winchester (1845J, Yorfe (1S46), Chichester (1853), Worcester 0802). Sherborne and Glastonbury (1865). Ilie^e have been published ; but he also read papers and delivered lectures on the follow- ing witiiont, however, finding luieure to pubtish what he had said : Norwich (1847), SalLBburv (18*8), Oxford (18r>0), W.'lls (1»5I), 'Oloueesler (1H60), I'eterbormich ^aOl), Rochester (im3), Lichtield O"')')- ^EA« ft lecturer Willis had cxtrnordiiiary ^Pbl Bstuedneithermanuscript nor notesi ^^L whetlier be wns describing a macliine or exposition flowed from his lips, carrying bis bearerii without weariness through the most , iolri'.'ate details, and making them gnwp the tt complex history or construction. In lotion to bis annual lectures at Cambridge, »ndon, or to the Archsological Insti- t, Willis lectured at the Itoyal Institu- KonMund in 1831, and on architecture H&IO and 1847. He also gave special ■ws of lectures to working men in Lon- tbetween I8.t4 and 1867. JtriUi* aUopuhlisbed a 'Description of the JtryBam at Kly' (Tram. Cnmlir. Ant. fc 1843, Tol. i ) ; ' llisloryof the Great Seals England' (/ircA. Joura. 1846, toI. ii.); ' Architectural History of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre of Jerusalem' (London, 1841), 8vo), a remarkable achievement, as he had not visited it ; ' Uescription of the An- cient Plan of the monastery of St. Gall ' (Arch. Joum. 1848); 'A Westminsier Fabric Itoll of 1263' (Gen(. Alaff.lSm); ' Un Foundations discovered in Lichfield Cathedrsr (AirA. Joiirn. 1860); 'On the Crypt and Chapter House of Worcosier Caihedral ' ( Tions. Imt. lint. Arch. 18B3) In the course of these studies be edited, or more correctly rewrote, a eonsiderablo portion of Parker's 'Glossary of Architec- ture ' (.5th ed. I860) ; and published a ' Fac- simile of the Sketch-book of Wilnrs de Ilonecort' (London. I86i>, 4lo), with a text partly from the French of M. Iassus, partly by himself. But perhaps his most remarkable arcbteoloEical work is hie last, 'The ArchitBCtural History of the Conven- tual Buildings of Ihe Monastery of Clirist- cburch, Canterbury" (London, 1860, 8vo), He had promised to do this in 1844, when he lBeture<l on the cathedral, but other en- gan^ments had stood in the way of publica- tion. It is a minute and perfectly accuratu exposition of the plan of a Benedictine monastery, considered in relation to thu monastic "^life. His health did not allow him to complete his comprehensive work on the ' Arcbitec- turiil History of the University and Colleges of Cambridge," which originated in a lecture delivered before the Archieological Inatitute at its meeting at Cambridge in 1854. This was completed after his death by the present writer, and published bv the University Press in 1886 U voU. imp'. 8vo). Willis died at Cambridoe on 'iSFeb. 187fl of bronchitis; his health had been seriously impaired for some years previously. He married, on 26 July 1832, MoryAnne.daugh- tcr of Charles Ilumfrey of Cambridge. (Venn's Uiogr. Hist, of GonriUe and Oiiia College, 18!)S, ii. 1S2; Arcli. Journ. paHtm; private knowledge.] J. W. C-K. WILLIS, ROBERT( 1799-1878), medical writer, was bom in Scotland in 17!)», and in 1819 gradiisted M.D. in the university of Edinburi^h. He became a membtT of the College of Surgeons of England in 1833, then began practice as a sui^feon in London, and was in 1&37 admitted a licentiate of the College of Physicians. Inl827,ontlie8iigge8- tion of John Abernethy (1761-1831) [q-v.], ho was appointed librarian of the newly formed library of the College of Surgeons, and held office till June 1846, after which he went to live at Barnes in Surrey, and there practised Willis 24 Willis till his death. He translated in 1826 Ga»- pard Spunheim*8 'Anatomy of the Brain/ in 1835 Pierre Rayer's valuable treatise on diseases of the skin, and in 1844 Karl F. H. Marx's <0n the Decrease of Disease' and Rudolph Wagner's * Elements of Physiology.' His chief original medical works were ' Urinary Diseases and their Treatment/ pub- lished in 1838 ; ' Illustrations of Cutaneous Disease ' in 1841 ; and ' On the Treatment of Stone in the Bladder ' in 1842. His practical knowledge of disease was small, and the pre- paration of works for the press his more con- genial occupation. His translation of the works ofWQliam Harvey (1678-1657) [q.y.] was published by the Sydenham Society in 1847. In 1877 he published an historical study entitled ' Servetus and Calvin/ and in 1878 'William Harvey: a History of the Discovery of the Circulation/ a work con- taining some facts not to be found in earlier lives of Harvey. He died at Barnes on 2 1 Sept. 1878. [Lancet, 12 Oct. 1878 ; Works.] N. M. WILLIS,THOMAS(1682-1660?),8chool- master, wasthe son of Richard Willis of Fenny Compton, Warwickshire, and of his wife, whose maiden name was Blount. He was bom in 1582, matriculated from St. John's College, Oxford, on llJune 1602, graduated B.\. on 2 June 1606 and M.A. on 21 June 1609, and was incorporated at Cambridge in 1619. On leaving college he became school- master at Isleworth, and remained there teaching for about fifty years. He published two Latin schoolbooks, ' Vestibulum Linguie LatinsD/ London, 1651, and * Phraseologia Anglo-Latina/ London, 1655, published with the author's initials only. The latt^jr work ap- '^ared also in the same year under the title of * l*roteu8Vinct us.' It occasionally goes by the name of 'Anglicisms Latinized,* and some copies contain the three title-pages. Prefixed are some Latin dedicatory verses. In 1672 William Walker (1623-1684) fq. v.] repub- lished Willis's book, reprinted the laudatory verses, omitting the headings * To Volenti us,' then adding his own * Paroemiologia Anglo- Latina; or a Collection of English and Latin Proverbs and Proverbial Sayings matclrd together/ and placed his name alone on the title-page. The whole book has in conse- quence been occasionally assigned to Walker. The true state of things is honestly explained in the preface. Willis died about 1660. He married Mary Tomlyn of Gloucester, by whom he had two sons and two daughters. The elder son, Thomas Willis (/L 1692), was educated first in his fathers school and afterwards at St. John's College, Oxford, where he was created M.A. on 17 Dec. 1^46, by virtue of the letters of Sir Thomas Fairfinx. He was possibly the 'Mr. Thomas Willis, minister, who was chaplain to the regiment of CoL Payne, part of the brigade under the command of Major-^neral Brown/ In 1646 he was appointea minister of Twickenham in Middlesex, and was instituted on 8 Oct. In 1651 he had his stipend increased by 100/. a year from tithes belonging to the dean and canons of Windsor. He was one of the com- missioners for the county of Middlesex and city of Westminster for the ejection of ignorant and scandalous ministers. In August 1660 the inhabitants of Twicken- ham petitioned parliament for his removaL In the petition he is described as not having been of either university, but * bred in New England/ and not ' a lawfully ordained minister.' In 1661 he was deprived of the living, but afterwards conforming he was instituted to the rector; of Dunton in Buck- inghamshire on 4 Feb. 1663, holding it in conjunction with the vicarage of Kingston- on-Thames, to which he was instituted on 21 Aug. 1671 . At this time he was chaplain- in-ordinary to the king, and had been created D.D. in 1670. He died on 8 Oct. 1692, and was buried at Kingston, Surrey. He was twice married. By his first wife, Elizabeth, he had four sons ana one daughter; and bv his second, Susanna, who survived him, three sons and one daughter. Calamy says that he was a good scholar, like his father, * a grave divine, a solid preacher, of a very good presence, and a man zealous for truth and order in the churches of Christ, of great holiness of life, of a public spirit and much fervour in his work, and great useful- ness in the county of Middlesex.' He published: 1. 'A Warning to Eng- land ; or a Prophecy of Perilous Times/ Lon- don, 1659. 2. *Help for the Poor/ 1666. 3. *The Excellency of Virtue disclosing itself in the A'irtues of a Good Life/ Lon- don, 1670. 4. * The Key of Knowledge/ London, 1682. 5, ' bfc< mts; Gt)d*8 Court ; wherein the dignity and duty of Judges and Magistrates is shew'd,' London, 1683. [Visitation of Warwickshire (Harl. Soc. Publ.), xii. 311 ; Wood's Athense, ed. Bliss, iii. 406, it. 698-9, Fasti, ed. Bliss, ii. 95, 326-7 ; Foster's Alumni Oxon. 1500-1714; Cobbett's Memorials of Twickenham, pp. 110, 124, 188-9; Lysons's Environs, iii. 291-2; Palmer's Nonconformist's Memorial, ii. 470; Lipscomb's Bnckinghamshire, iii. 343 : Manning and Bray's Snrrey. i. 394 ; Aubrey's Antiquities of Surrey, i. 25 ; Hist. MSS. Comm. 7th Rep. p. 128; Lords' Journals, liii. I 514, ix. 627; P. C. C. 193, Fane.] B. P. Willis WILLIB, THOMAS, M.D. (1621-1675), phyaicUn, son of Thnraas Willis and his wife, Kachel Howell, vrta boTn at (iFreat Btsi- win, Wiltshire, on 27 Jan. 1620-1, and baptised on 14 Feb. following- Hia father, • nrmer at ' Church or Long Han dborough,' Oxfordshire, was, accordin); to Wood, 'a retainer of S. John's College,' and nfttirwHrda Bteward to Sir Walter Smith of Bedwyn, retiri^ in his old age to North Hlnkgej, near UEford, and losing hh life in the eiege of Oxford in 1646. Ilia mother vas a nativB of Uinksej. The hou was educated at, the private school of Edward Sylveeler in Oxford: 'in 1636 he became a retainer to the familv of Dr. Tho. lies, tanon of Chmt Churdi' (Wood): and on 3 March 1636-7 he matriculated from Christ Church, graduating B.A. on 19 June 1639 and M.A, on 18 June 1843. He served the king in the unireraitT legion, and studied medicine. On & Sec. 164U he graduated M.B. He began practice in a bouse opposite Merton College, where, throughout the rebellion, the ofEcea of the church of England were regu- larly performed [see Owes, John, 1616- 1663]. Ue there wrote 'Diatribw dua medico-phi losophiue,' one on ' I'tirmentation,' and the other on 'Fevers,' which, with his * DiHertatio Epistolaria di? Urinia," were pub- Uabed at The Hague in IS-'Sg. To this Ed- saund Meara [ci. v.] replied in 1665 in an ' BxADien " whicn called forth a defence fmm Willis's friend. Dr. Richard Lower (1631- 1691) [n.v.L entitled • Vindicatio Diatribce Willisii.' InJune 1600 Willis was apjioititcd Sedkian proftissor of natural philoaopliy, and ■>Ii 80 Oct. 1660 was created M,D. He published in Londoii in 1664 ' Cerebri .Lnatome Nervorumque descriptio et usua,' _ iirith a dedication to Gilbert Sheldon [q, v.], •rchbishop of Canterbury, and in the same voltune 'De ratione motiis musculorum.' He had dissected many brain; of both men and knimala, and worked with Dr. Richard Lower, Dr. Thomas Millington, and Sir Christopher Wren [q. v.], and many of ih« admirable diairing* in the book were the work of that great architect. It waa the most exact ac- Mintof the nervous svslera which bad then iwared, and in chapter viii. the nnntomlcal Uttions of the main cerybral arteries were ir the first time accumtely set forth, whence . IB anastomosis at (lie base of the brain between the branches of the vertebral and internal carotid arteries is tn llua day known u the circle of Willis. He was concerned in the meetings at Oxford which in part led tlo the formation of the Royal Society, and became a felbw after the society was esln- Uished. In December IWl he was elected Willis a fellow of the College of Ph' house in St. Martin's Lai I leae, < L the ifivitation of tut; arcUbishoi the church of St. Martin's-in-the-Fields. He soon at- tained a large practice. Ilishop Burnet states that when consulted about a son of James II, then Duke of York, he expressed his dia- gnosis in the words ' mala stamina vit»,' which gave such otfence that he was never called for afterwards. His resolute attach- ment to the church of England was perhaps a stronger reason that he was not favoured at court. He endowed a priest to read prayers at earlv moniiag and late evening at St.'Martin's-m.the-Fields lor the benefit of working people who could not attend at the usual bourn. In 1667 he published at Ox- ford ' I'athologiiB cerebri et nervoai generis specimen,' a treatise containing many valu- able reports of caaes of nervous disease observed by himself; and in 1670, in Lon- don, ' .^.tfectionum quic dicuntur hystericn et hypochondriaciB pathologia spasmodica,' which discusses the treatment of hysterical affections at great length, and also contains a few well-described cases. In the same volume are separate essays ' De sanguinis ascenaione' and 'De motu musculari. Ho published at Oxford in MTU ' De anima bru- torum,' and in 1674 ■ Phnrmaceutice ratlo- nalis.' He was the last English physician to quote with approval the practice of J' of liaddeaden [q. v.] The ancients and all physicians up to tue time of Willis included all diseases in which the quanlily of urine was increased, under the term < diabetes,' and Willis in this laat book was the first to notice that cases of wasting disease in which this symptom v associated with sweetness of the urinu formed a distinct group, and thus may justly be regarded as the discoverer of dia- betes mellitus. Uis views as to the effects of sugar on tho body were attacked by Fre- derick Slare [q.v.j in his * Vindication of Sugars against the CbHrge of Dr. Willis,' London, 1715, 8vo, Willis died of pneu- monia at his bouse in St. Martin's Lane London, on II Nov. 1U7S, and was buried it Westminster Abbey on the Iflth, an honour which he well deserved on account of Ills anatomy of the brain and his discovery of saccharine diabetes. The funeral charges came to 470/. 4». id., which bis grandson Hrowne Willis complains did not include a RTarestone. His portrait was drawn by Vertue and engraved bvEnoptou. Tbereis another engraving by Li^gan. Willis married, first, at Si. Micbael'fi, Oxford, on 7 April 1C57, Mary, daughter of if John Willis 26 Willisel Dr. Samuel Fell [q. v.] and sister of Dr. [q. v.l; slie c' " and was buried in Westminster Abbey on John Fell died on 31 Oct. 1670, 3 Nov. A son Richard died on 2 May 1667, and was buried in Merton College Chapel. The only surviving son, Thomas Willis (1658-1699), was father of Browne Willis [q. v.], the great antiquary, whose ac- count of his granafather^s life and charities, in a letter to White Kennett, is printed in Wood's * Athente,' ed. Bliss (iii. 1048-50). Willis married, secondly, on 1 Sept. 1672, at Westminster Abbey, Elizabeth, eldest daughter of Matthew Nicholas, dean of St. Paul's [see Nicholas, Sir Edward, adfin.\ and widow of Sir William Calley of Bur- derop Park, Wiltshire. After Willis's death she married, as her third husband, Sir Thomas Mompesson (rf. 1701) of Bathampton, Wilt- shire, whom also she survived, dying in her seventy-fifth year on 29 Nov. 1 709, and being buried in Winchester Cathedral. A collected edition of Willis's works, en- titled *T. W. Opera omnia cum . . . multis figuris teneis,' appeared at (teneva in 1(V<0 (2 torn. 4to) ; an improved edition was pub- lished by Gerard nlasius in six parts at Amsterdam (16^«2, 4to). An English ver- sion, entitled 'The remaining Medical Works of ; . . T. W. . . .,' wos ])ubli8hed in Lon- don in 1081, folio, several of the treatises being translated by Samuel Pordage [q. v.] [VVork8; Munks Coll. of Pliys. i. 338 ; post- script to PlmrniJiceutice Kjitionalis, 1679, pt. ii. ; Burnct'H History of his own Time. London, 1724, p. 228; Wood's Atlienjo Oxon. iii. 1048; Fos- ter's Alumni Oxon. lo()()_17l4; Burro ws's Pjirl. Visit. (Canulen Soo.) ; Chester's iiepr. West. Abl)oy, pjissim.] N. M. WILLIS, TLMOTllY {f. Ifiir,), writer on alchemy, was the son of liichard Willis, leather-selh'r of London. lie was admitted to Merchant Taylors' school on 22 April 1575, and thence was elected to a fel- lowship at St. John's College, Oxford, in 1578. He matriculated on 17 Nov. 1581, but was ejected from his fellow.««hip the fol- lowing year * for certain misdemeanours.* He proceeded B.A. from ( Gloucester Hall on 10 Jul v l5H2,and was afterwards readmitted to St. John's at the n^cjuest of William Cor- dell, and by favour of Qn(»en Elizabeth made * doctor bullatus,' and sent on an embassy to Muscovy. He publishi'd : 1. * Proposi- tiones Tentationum, sive Propnedeumata de Vitiiset Fcecunditatecompositorum natura- lium,' London, 1015. 2. * The Search of Causes; containing a Theosophicall Investi- gation of the Possibilitie of Transmutatorie Alchemie/ London, 1016. On the title- page of the latter work he describes himaelf as ' Apprentise in Phisicke.' [Foster's Alumni Oxon. 1600-1714; Wood's Fasti, ed. Bliss, vol. i. cols. 22i)-l ; Reg. of Univ. of Oxford (Oxford Hist. Soc.). 11. ii. 44. iii. 106 ; Itobiuson's Reg. of Merchant Taylors' School, i. 24.] B. P. WILLISEL, THOMAS (rf. lC76?),natu. ralist, was a native of Northamptonshire, according to Aubrey, or, according to Ray, of Lancashire. He served as a foot-soldier under Cromwell. ' Lying at St. James's (a garrison then I thinke), he happened,* writes Aubrey, *to go along with some simplers. He liked it so well that he desired to goe with them as often as they went, and tooko such a fancv to it that in a short time he became a good botanist. He was a lusty fellow, and had an admirable sight, which is of great use for a simpler ; was as hardy as a highlander ; all his cloathes on his back not worth ten groat es, an excellent marksman, and would maintain himselfe with his dog and his gun, and his fishing-line. The botanists of London did much encourage him, and employed him all over England, Scotland, ana good part, of Ireland, if not all ; where he made brave discoveries, for which his name will ever be remembered in herballs. If he saw a strange fowle or bird, or a fish, he would have it and case it ' ( Aubrey, Na- tural History of Wiltshire, ed. Britton, p. 48). He was employed by Merret for five summers to make collections for his * Pinax' [see MERiurr, ChristopherJ. Weld re- cords that in October 1609 Willisel, who had been engaged by the society to collect zoological and botanical specimens in Eng- land and Scotland, returned to London with a large collection of rare Scottish birds and fishes and dried plants (Hiftoryofthe Itoyal Society, i. 224). He also prints the sealed commission given by the society to Willisel. Evelyn, who was present at the meeting of the Roval Societv in October 1669, writes: *()ur English itinerant presented an account of his autumnal peregrinations about Eng- land, for which we hired him * {Diary^ vol. i.) In his * Catalogus Plantarum Angliir,' pub- lished in 1670, Ray styles Willisel * a person employed by the Royal Societv in the search of natural rarities, both animals, plants, and minerals ; the fittest man for such a purpose that I krtow in England, both for his skill and industry.* In 1671 the great naturalist took Willist'l with him on a tour through the northern counties {Memorials of Hay, ed. Lankester, p. 26). Pulteney says: **I believe he was once sent into Ireland by Dr. Sherard. . . . The emolument arising from these employments was probably among the Willison Willison principal rn^ajia of Iiis aubsUteDce' (^SkelcAeg ^ the Prograi nf Botany, i. 3411). Ab Aubrey records tbnt ' all the profession lie had was to mabe pi^^ges for shoes' lloc. dt.), ibis Ikst supposition of Pultbnej's is highly pn>- b«blv. Aubrey is our authority for all else We know of Willisel, ' When," be says, 'ye Lord Jnho \'aughsji, now Earle of Carbery [aee under VauohaiTiRichabd, second Eikl ar CARBeRT], was made tcov^rnour of Ja- maica [in 1l^r4], I did recommend him to bis eicellencv, who made him his gnrdiner thne. He 3yed within a yeare after his liein^ there, but had m&de a fine collection •f plants and shells, which tli» Furle of CWrbery hath hy him^ and bad he lired be would have given the world an account of tint j^nts, nnimals, and lisbes of that island. He could write a hand indifferent legible, And had made himself mnsli>r of ait the 'Latiue aame«: be pourlrByed but un- towardly'ftor. ciV.) Some plants collected fef Willisel are preserv-ed in Sir IliuiB SInane's herbarium. [.^uthoritios above ciled.] G, S. B. WILLISON, GEORGE (1741-1797), minter, bom in 1741, was a son of illison, an Edinburgh printer and nublisher, and a grandson of John Willison ^. *.] In 1750 be was awordud a prize for • dmwing of flowers by the I-.^dinburgh So- ^tmiy for Uie Encoungement of the Arts and ScienoeB, and in tli« two following years his Ilame ag»in figures in the prize-list. After Ulie his uncle, George Dempster [q.T.1 of Dunnichen, sent him to Home to contmue hia studies, and on his return he settled iii London, where, between 17(17 and 1777, he exhibited some six-and-twenty portraits at the lioyal Academy. But meetinff with little encouragement, he went to India nnd painTt'il many portraits, including those of wme native princes, one of which ( rhat of the nabob of Arcot) is now at Hampton Court. He pnaseEsed a certain knowledge of iDedicine, and cured a wealthy person of s dangpnius wound of long standing, in grati- tude for which he had some time afterwards k considerable fortune bequeatbed to him. Then be returned to Edinburgh, where he continued to paint, and where he died in April 1707. Ilis pictures are pleasant in cnlour and rather graceful in arrangement, bis fharoctcrisation fair, bis handling es>>y if Bomewhat thin. A number of his portraits were engraved by Valentine Green and Jatnes Watson. A medallion portrait of Willieon (dated 179-^) by Guillome is in the Scottish Portrait [Scots May;ailne. ITdJ-S^ Milliir's Kminrut. UnrgesBea of Dundee. IS8T; Cat. Si'odiali Nh- tioDul Portrait Q«lliirj; Krnest Lbw'b Htiiuplon Court; Kedg rave's, Bryan's, and Gmrm'a Dic- tionaries.! J. L. C. WILLISON. JOHN (108O-I750),Scot^ tiah divine, was born in IGSti at or near Stirling, where his family bad been long settled and possessed considerable property. lie was the eldest son of James Willison Mill of Craigforth and Betbia Oourlay, his Epouse. He entered the university of Glasgow in 1695, and, though sometimes styled M.A.. ilis name does not appear in tlie list of graduates. He was licensed by the presbytery of Stirling in 1701,ftppointed to the parish of Brechin by the united presbytery of^Brechia and Arbroath in 1703, and ordained in De- cemberof that year. Many of his parish ionera were Jacobites and episcopalians, and he encountered much opposition from them. In 1705 he reported to the presbytery that the former episcopal minister had retahen pos- eession of the pulpit for the afternoon ser- vice on Sundays, that the magistrates refused to render him any assistance, andthuthe was told that be would be rabbled if he tried to oust the intruder. In 1712 he published b pamphlet entitled 'Queries to the Scots Inuc- vators in Divine Service, and particularly I o the Liturgical Party in the Shiro of Angus, ByuLover of theCburchof Scotland;' and in 1714 'A Letter from a Parochial Bishop tos Prelatical Gentleman concemingtbeOovcm- ment of the Church.' In 1716 Willison waa translated from Brechin to the South church, Dundee. In 1719 hepublisbedan ' Apology ' for the Church of Scotland against the Ac- ', cusatioiis of Prelotists and Jacobites," nnd in 17:?1 a letter to an English M.P. cm the bondage in which the Scottish people wen kept from the remains of the feudal system. In 17iiS he preached before the general assembly, and from about tlus time he took a. prominent place among the lenders of the popular party in the church. In his own presbytery he Blrenuously opposed John Glaa kl, v.], minister of Tealing, who founded the ttlassiles,' otherwise called Sandemauians, and in 1729 Willison published a treatise against his tenets entitled ' A Defence of the National Church, and particularly of the National Constitution of the Church of Scotland,ftgainst the Cavils of Independents.' During the controversy which ended in tlie deposition of EbeneierErskine [q.r.jand his followers, Willison exerted himself to the xt to prevent a schism. At the synod of Angus in 1733 ho preached a wrmon urging conciliatory measures, which was published under the title * 'The Church's Willison D&nger;' and after the sect^ilersbad formed a preabjtery of their own, it was tLroagh the inSuence of Willison and his frienda that the uaembl^ oF 1731 rescinded the acts which had given them offence, and nuthonBed the sj'nod of Stirling to restore them to their former siatkis. This assembly also sunt WillisoD and two others to London to en- deavour to procure the repeal of the act of 1712 which restored the right of palrannge to the former patrons. For five years more: the aMembly persevered in its efforts to re- claim the seceders, and when at length it resolved to libel them, Willison with others disseuted. As the seceders now declined the authority of the church and declared that its judicatories were ' not lawful nor right constituto courts of Christ,' the as- sembly found that tbey deserved deposition -, but, on the earnest solicitntion of Willison ■nd ills frionds,the execution of the sentence was postponed for a year to give them a further opportunity of returning from their ■divisive 'courses. They still stood out, how- ever, and it is said that ' the failure of Williaon's efforts to prevent a schism so overwhelmed him with grief that he did not take an active share in church courts after that time.' In 1742 Williaon vlaited Cam- busUng to see for himself the nature of the celebrated religious revival there which i8 aasociated with the name of WhiteSuld, and on his return journey he pri«iched a sermon at Kilsyth which was followed by a like movement in that parish. In 1744 he pub- lished 'A Fair and Impartial Testiniony (to which several ministers and elders adhered) against the defectionsof the national church, the lamentable schism begun and carried on by the seceders, the adoption of liturgical forms and popish practices by Scottish episcopal iane, and other innovations. In 1745 he published ' Popery another Gospel,' whicli he dedicated to the Duke of Cumber- land. During the rising of 1745 hightanders belonging to Prince Cuurles's army twice entered his church and threatened to shoot llim if he prayed for King Gleorge, so that lie was obliged for a time to close the church and to officiate in private houses. Besides hie controversial works, Willison published numerous treatises on devotional and practi- cal religion, many of which were translated into Gaelic and were great favourites i the Scottish people. W'illison was on the most eminent evangelical clergymen of his time. He was remarkable for his com- Innation of personal piety with public spirit, and, though frequently engaged in contro- versy, ' there was no asperity in what he said or wrote.' Faithful in every departme "HU duty, he was speciaUy noted for hie diligenca in catechising the young and in visiting the sick. He died on S May 1750 in the seven- tieth year of his age, and was boried tn the South church, Dundee. On II Nov. 1714 he married Margaret, daughter of William Arrot, minister ofMontroso, and had Andrew, a physician in Dundee; a daughter, who became the wife of W. Bell, mioieter of Ar- broath, and other children. George W'iUi- iS his grandson. principal works, besides those mentioned above, are: 1. 'The Sanctifica- tion of the Lord's Dav." 1713. 3. ' A Sacra- mental Directory,' 17l8, 3, • Sermons before and after the Lord's Supper,' 17-22, 4. ' The Mother's Catechism : an Example of Plaiu Catechising on the Shorter Catechism,' 1731. 6, 'The loung Communicant's Catm^ism,* 1734. 6. 'The AtHicted Man's Companion,' 1737. 7. ' The Balmof Gilead,' 1742. 8. ' Sa- cramental Meditations and Advices,' 1747. 9. 'Gospel Hymns,' 1791. Most of them have been often republished, and there hare been several collected editions of his practical [Lile by Dr. Detherington prefixed to edition of Works, 1S44; Life pr«GieJ to bis Colleoted Works, AbenlMQ, 1817, and to edition of the Afflicted lUan's ConipHnion ; Chunibers's Biogr. Dict.vol.ir.; Murren'sADHnUof Oea. Aucmbly, 1738-53; Wiidrow's Letters, vol. iii. ; Siutt's F«ali,ni u, fl02. 813; BobBooneviVKls ; Blu.-k's Brevhin ; inform xliim from Willisotrs descen- dants nnd from Mr. W. B. Cook, Siirliog.} G. W. S. WTLLMORE, JAMES TIBBITTS (1800-lBti3), line en^aver, was born in 1800 at Erdington, near Handsworth, when his father, James '^'illmore, was a manufac- turer of silver articles. He was appren- ticed at Birmingham to William Itadclyffe [q. v.], nnd, marrying at the age of twenty- two, came to London, where he worked for three years as assistant to Charles Heath ' England and Wales,' 1857-38, and Brocke- don's 'Passes ofthe Alps,' 1828-9; and hia first large plate was executed from East- lake'a picture of * Byron's Dream,' 1834. Willmore was extremely successful in trans- lating the work of Turner, who greally ap- preciated his abilities, and his plates from The Old Temeraire,' ' ■\"enice' Cengraved for the Art Union, 1858). and ' Childe Hamld'a Pilgrimage' (Art Union, 1861), are among the finest examples of modem landscape work. Some of these he re-engraved oa & Willmott Willmott I smaller scale for tLe ' Art JournaL' The • Mercuty and Argus' was a joint specuia- I tion OD the part of Turopr and Willmore. ■ Bis other large worka include 'Ruins of I Canhage,' after W. Linton (for Finden's I 'Gallerv of British An'); "Crossing the r Bridge/ after E. Landseer, 1847 ; ' Hifih- lBDdTerTy,'afterJ.Thomp»on.l848; 'Villa ofLucullus,'afterLeitch (Art Union, 1851); 'Wbd Bgainst. Tide." after C. Stanfield; ' Harvest in the Highlands,' after Landseer andUnllcott (Art Union, 18-j6) ; and ' Nearest Way in Summer Time,' after Creawick and Ansdall, 18ti0. WiUmore'8 small book illus- trations are also very numerous and benuli- ful. In 1843 he ezhibiled at the Itoyol B then elected an associate engraver. I'Throughout his life he was one of the most Hctive members of the Artists' Annuity Band Benevolent funds. Willmore died on 1 12 March 1H63, and was buried in the HigU- £ Abthub Willmore (1814-1888), bom -at Birmingham on G June 1814, was a bro- ther of James Tibbitts Willmore, by whom he WAS trained. lie became an able line engraver, ei eel ling chiefly in landscape k' work. He was eitensively employed on ■ Inok illustrations, and also executed many « for the ' Art Journal ' from pictures y Collins, Cooke, Creswick, Rubens, Stan- ■'field, Tomer, Van Byck, and others. His fmost important work was ' The Return of ■'the Lifelioat,' after E. Duncan, engraved for rtiie Art Union, 1878. Willmore frequently •tthibited at the Royal Academy between 11858 and 18dd. He died on 3 Not. 1888. [Art Jouranl, 1803; Redgravo's Did. of Ar- m*: Gmvea's Diet. oF Artlstn, 1T6D-1B93; WSrjaa'a Diet, of Painters and Eni^Ten. ed. f ArmairuuKO t'. M. O'D. WILLMOTT, ROBERT ARTS (1809- ll8«3), autlior— he invariably^ dropped his ^■econd Christian name of Eldrtdge— was son ' B eolicilor who married about 1803 Mary Q (rf. 18611, the only child of the Rev, ■John Cleave of Kingwood, Hampshire, and •~ « few years later moved to Bradford in Wilt- «hire, where Robert was bom on 30 Jan. 1800, The father, of a somewhat impracticable dis- pOMtion, went to London, and afterwards be- came involved in pecuniary trouble. In hOctober 1819 tbe boy was admitted at Mer- lehftDt Taylors' school. He was entered at school in January or February There in March 1828 be brought out e first number of the 'Harrovian,' wbicb _n toais numbera, At the close of 1828 ho K-kcune tutor to Thomas Green,eud remained so for about two ^ears. Already in 1829-30 he was contributing to the ' Church of Eng- land Quarterly Review,' ' Fraser'e Magaiine.' the ' London Magacine,' and the ' Asiatic Journal.' He waflenteredat.TrinityColli^, Cambridge, in 1832, but his matriculation was deferred until 17 Feb. 1834. While at Uambridse he earned his living bv his pen. He graduated B.A. on 26 May ISil. Willmott, on Trinity Sunday 1842, wm ordained deacon by Bishop Blomheld to the curacy of St. James, ItatcliUe, and be was ordained priest on 11 June 1843. After serious illness he took leave of St. James's on '2 June 1844, his farewell sermon being printed. For three months he was stationed at Chelsea Hospital, and in June 1845 became curate to the Rev. T. W. Allies at LaunCon, Oxfordsliire. The church of St. Catherine, Bearwood, which had been erected through the munificence of John Walter (1776-1847) fii.v,], was consecrated on '23 April 1846, and Willmott was appointed by him as its first incumbent. For many years he received much practical kindness from Walter and hig successor in the properly; but about IBHl diflVrencPH arose with the patron, and Will- mott roKigiiod ibe benefice in Mav 1862 on a pensiou of 100/. per annum. His publica- tions included funeral sermons for John Waller(rf,J847)and for Mrs. Emily Frances Walter (</. I8o8). Willmott retired to Nettlebed in Oxford- shire, and began writing for the ' Church- man's Family Magazine.' He was engaged in the preparation of three new books, in- cluding an edition of the works of Cowley, when he was incapacitated by an attack of paralysis. He died at Nettlebed on 27 May 1863. He was buried, with his mother anH sister (Mary Cleeve Willmott, who died at Richmond on 9 May 1854, aged 47), in the churchyard of Rear wood. Willmott's literary work showed wide reading and a pleasing imagination, and he was an admirable preacher. His most popular productions were: 1. A Journal of Summer-time in the Country,' 1849; illua- troted ed. 1858 ; 4lh ed., with memoir by his sister, 1804. 2. 'Pleasures, Objects, and Advantages of Literature,' 1861; 6th ed. I860; b^ 185B five editions of it had ap- peared in German. His other works in- cluded : 3. ' Lives of Sacred Poets,' 18M ; 2nd ser. 1838. 4. 'Conversations at Cam- bridge ' (anon.), 1830. G. ' Letters of Eminent PerBons, selected and illustrated,' 1839, 6. ' Parlour Table Book : Extracts from various Authors,' 1840, dedicated to his old friend, James Moo tgomery. 7. 'Pictures of Chris- tian Life," 1841. 8. 'Poem8,'I84li2nded., \ I J Willobie Wiliock much ttllered and enlnrged, 18J8. 9. ' Life of Jeremy Taylor.' 1947; 2nd ed. lUiB (cf. PtULirps, Esaafft from the Timet, 2nd ser., K. 103-17). 10. 'Precious Slones from ose Writers of the Sixteenth, S«Yenteenth. and Eighteenth Centuries,' 1850. ll.'Poeta ofthe Nineteenth Century ,"1867, an intereet- iag collection ; the original edition is finely illustrated by engruviiif^ by the brothers Dalziel, al^er Fuster, Gilberi, Tenniel, Mil- lais, and other artists. 1:^. ' English Sacred Poetrr.' 1861* ; 2nd ed. 1883. Willmott edited for Itouiledge's 'British Poets ' the poems of Gray, Pamell (cf. iftifow and Queriei, Sad ser., x. 111-2), Collins, Green, nnd Warton (18ri4 and 1883), the works of George Herbert in jirose and verse (1864; Herbert's poems, with WUlmott's memoir and notes, were also published nt Boston, U.-S., in 1855), the poems of Aken- udeand Dyer (1853), Cowpr( 1855), Bums (1858 ; reissued in 18(Jfl), Percy's ' Reliques' (1657 ; also publiaheii with a slightly altered title-page), and Kairfni's translation of TaB9o\ 'Jeruaalem Delivered' (1868). He edited selections from the poetry of Words- worth (1859) and James Montgomerv(la''jfi), and the poems of Goldsmith (1860). His ' Dream of the Poets at Cambridge, from Spenser to Gray,' is inserted in J. J. Smith's 'Cambridge Portfolio' (i, 47-53), and he contributed notea to Pegge's ' Anecdotes of the Ei^liah Language ' (1844 ed.) An engraved frontispiece of Willmott, by n. B. nail, is in Christmaa's ' Preachers and Preaching' (1868). [Gonl. Mag. 1851 ii. 338. 1803 ii. 311-2; ■Welch's Harrow Sthool Keg. p. 71 : Kettli^'a HemoiraofC. Boner. 1H71. ■. lOS; informnlion from Mr. W. Aldis Wright of Trinity CoUrge. Cambridge, and from the Rev. 0. A Whitiuct of Bearwood.] W. P. C. WILLOBIE, HENRY (1674.M596?), eponymous hero of ' Willobiea Avia*.' [See WILLOCK or WILLOCKS, JOHX (rf. 1585). ycottish refonner, was a native of . Ayrshire, but nothing is known of hia parentage. He was educated at the uni' verity of Glasgow, and for some time was a friar in Ayr, according to Archbishop Spotiswood of the Franciscan, but according to Bishop Leslie of the Dominican order. Becoming, however, a convert to the doc- trines of the early reformers, he some time l^efore 1541 relinquished the monastic Iiahit and went to London, where he became C.eher at St. Catherine's Church, and chap- tn the Duke of Suffolk, father of Lady June Grey. On the accessiou of Mary he in 1553 resigned his charge, and, retiring to the continent, commenced to proclise as a physician at Emden in Friesland. In 1555, and again in 1556. he was sent to Scotland on a commission to the queen regent from the Duchess of Frieeland ; but according to Knox bis principal purpose in visiting Scot- land was ' to assaye what God wald wirk to him in his native country ' ( Works, i. 245). While there he was present at the supper in the house of John Erskine (1509-15UI) [q. v.], laird of Dun, when a final resolution waa come to by the leading reformers againal attendance at the mass (t'A. p. ^47). Aft«r returning t« Frieslond in lo67, he finallr settled in Scotland in 1558, when, although ' he contracted a dangerous sickness,' he held meetings with several of the nobility, barons, andgeullemeo, 't«achingttnd exhort ing&om hisbed'(ilfr. p, 256); and, occordinrto Knox. it was the encouragement and exborlationa cf Wiliock in Dundee and Edinburgh that made ' the brethren ' begin ' to deliberate on some public reformation,' and reaolre to send to the queen regent an ' oration and peti- tion 'on the subject (ifi. p. 301). Afterwards Wiliock went to Ayr, where, under the protection of the Earl of (llen- caim, he preached regularlv in St. John's Chunjh. On 2 Feb. 1&68-9 "he was indicted for heresy before the queen regent and her council, and for failing to appear and con- tinuing to preach at Ayr he was outlawed on 10 May following. In March 1559 a dis- Sitation was proposed between him and iientin Kenn^y, abbot of Crossroguel, at Ayr, but as they failed to agree on the method of interpreting scripture it did not take place (see correspondence between them in sppendix to Kisitu's Hiti. of Scotland, App. pp. 193-9, and in the Wodmip Mi»- cciUmy). The sentence of outlawry of him and others was passed, notwithstanding the assembly of a large body of armed reformers at Perth, to whom a promise had been mads that Wiliock and his friends would not be further molested ; but the outlawry could not beTendered effectiTe. Wiliock had come to Perthincompanywith theEarlofGlencairn, and while there be and Knox had an inter- view with Argyll and Lord James Stewart (afterwards Earl of Moray), from whom they received an assurance that should the queen regent depart from her agreement they would ' with their whole powers ' assist and concur 'with their brethren in all time to come' (Knox, i. 342). After the destruction of the monasteries at Perth, which followed the breach of agreement by the oueen ri'gent, Wiliock and Knox towards the close of June 1509 Willock Willoughby Entered Edinburgh tlung with the lords of I ''leeongregatiuii. Shortly aftem'ard a Kqox ...as elected miniHter of St. Oilesi but after I k truce hftd been completed with the queen ' t v/as deemed advifiable that Knox j Aoiitd for B while retire from Edinbuiyh, Willock acting aa his substitute in St. Giles. ' ■during' Knox's abaeoce Btreouoiia efforts , ere made by the queen regent to have the d fonn of worehtp re-eetablished, but Wil- >cl£ firmly resietud her iitteiript«; and in . . k — '—'-istered the Lord'asupper for 1 Edinbui^h after the ra- ined manner. After the queen regent lind broken the trenly and begun to fortify Leith a conven- tion of the nobility, baront;. and burghers , was on 31 Oct. held in the Tolboolh to talce into consideration ber conduct, and Willock, on being asked his judgment, gave it as his ' ipinion that she ' might ju9tlj be deprived i the government,' in wnicti, with certain irovisoe, he was seconded by Knox (16. pp. US-S). The result was that her authority IS suspended, and a council appointed to - mage the affairs of the kingdom until a P. neeting of parliament, Willoct being one of ktbe four ministers chosen to aaaist in the ■dBliberations of the council. Not long after- Itrards Willock left for England, hut he re- ■Sartwd with the English army in April 1660, ■ And at the request of the reformed nobility Ktllt^ queen rtigent bad an interriew with him E.<m her deathbed in June following, wheu, ■ticcnrding to Knox, he did plainly show her Ku well the virtue and strength of the death ■of Jesus Christ us the vanity and abomina- * n of that idol the mass (I'fi, ii. 71). By le of parliament ho was in July ftlSOO named superintendent of the west, to Wbich be was admitted at Glasgow in July n July 1660 named one r a commission appointed by the lords of he congregation to draw up the first book K difoipline. Aa a Scottish reformer Willock stands o Knox in inilialive and in influence; is possible that the rigid severity of became distasteful to him, and, appa- ■<TOntIy deemiug the religious atmosphere of Ei^Und more congenial, he about 15(L>— in wbtcbyearbe was, however, in Jun(! and Dacember moderator of the general assembly le rector of Loughborough in Leices- d friend the Uuke of Suf 1 bv h i-erthe- ohold e west, he ained his connection with llie Scottish I (burch, and be was elected moderator of the 'geaenX nssembly on 2a June 1564, 25 June Ims, by continuinif for several years U Bie AlEce of superintendent of the wc 1665, and 1 July 1568. W'hile he was li Scotland in 15G5 the queen made ondeavoi lo have bim sent to the castle of Dumbar- ton, but he made bis escape (Chi. State Paper/, For. 15(U-5, No. lolO). In Januarf 1567-8 the general assembly of the birk sent him through Knox a letter praying him to return to bis old charge in Gotland { Knoi, If or*«, vi. 443-6) ; but although he did visit Scotland and officiated as modirator of the assembly, be again returned to his charge in England. According to Sir Jamea Melville, the Earl of Morton made use of Willock to reveal to Eliiaheth, through the Earls of Huntingdon and Leicester, the deal- ings of the Duke of Norfolk with the regent Moray, for an arrangement by wbicb the duke would marry the queen of Scots {Me- borough on 4 Dec. 1585, and was buried the next day, being Sundayj his wife Catherine survived him fourteen years, and was buried fttl^ughbnroughonlOOct. 1699(Fi,ETCHBR, Pariih Rrgiatrrs of Loiwkboroiyh). Though Demster ascribes to him ' Impia quaHlam,' it does not appear that he left any works. Chalmers, in his ' Life of Ituddiman,' seeks to ideutify Willock with one ' John Wil- lokis, descended of Scottish progenitors,' who on 21 April 1590 is referred to in a state Eper as being in prison in Leicester, after ving been convicted by a jury of robbery. The supposition of Chalmers, sufficiently im- probable in itself, is of course disposed of by the entry of the rector's death in the parish register, but there is just a possibility that the robber may have been the rector's son. [Wodron'eBiograpbi<?a1 Collections [Uaitland Club), i. t)0, 418 sq. ; Hietories by Knox, Keith, and Calrlcrwood; CaL State Pnpera, Fur. 1S61- IS62,aad 1661-51 Cal. State PiiperB, Scottish, 1547-1583: Wodrow Miscellany, vol. i. ; Mait- knd Miscellany, vol. iii. : Sir James MelvilU'i Memoin in the Bannatyns Olnb; Chalmars's Ufo of Rudilimau: Nichols's L*ice9tershir« ; Hew Scott's Fnsti Ecclos. Scoticanw. ii. 37fi-8.] WILLOUGHBY. Sea also' WiL- WILLOUGHBy Unus. [.■See Veknb BROKE, third ItlCHARD, 1621- WlLLOUQHBY.FRAXCIS,firibB*iHHf WlLLOUSHBI OF rABHAJC (1613 ?-16tSe), flon of William, third baron Willoughby of I'arham, bv Frances, daughter of John lAan- ncrs, fourtii enrt of lEulland, was bom about Willoughby 3» Willoughby 1813. His grest-greal-grandfather, Sir Wil- liam WillouffUby of Parham, was nepliew of William Willoughby, ninth baron Wil- loughby da Eresby, whose daughter Katha- rine, ducheMorSiitTolk, married aa hersecomi husband Iticbard Bertie, and was mothur of Per^rine BBrtie,eleventh baron WUlougbby do Eresby [q. v.] Sir William waa created first baron WUloiighby o( Parham in Suffolk on 20 F«b. l546-7,and died iu August 1574. Uis BOD Charles, second baron, is Irequeutly confused (e.g'. Id indexes to Cal. StaU Papers, Doin., Cal. Untfitld MSS., and Leyotster Curre»p<mdntce) with his couBia, Peregrine Berlie; he waa grandfulherofWiUiam, third baron Willoughby of Parham, who died on 28 Aug. 1617,aad was succeeded by his eldest son Henry. Henry died about IfllB, when little more than Sve years old, and the title passed Co hi« younger brother, Francis(Co[;- LIMB, Peeerage, ed. Brydgea, vi. fll3). la 1636 Francis Willoughby complained of partiality in the levyinjf of ship-money in Lincoliuhire ; in 1639 he answered with a great lack of zeal the king'fl summons lo serve against the Scotci: in the summer of 1640 his name waa attached to some copies of the petition of the twelve peers to the king which led to the colli ne of the Long parlia- ment. Though not at all conspicuous among theopposition,itiseTidenChe was disatfected to the government {Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1636-7,1638-9p. 43.1,1040 p. 0411. When the breach between the king and toe parlia- ment widened, Willoughby waa appointed by tlie latter lord-lieutenant of the district of Lindaey in Lincolnshire, and, iu detiance of the king's direct orders,put into execution the militia ordinance {LordJ JoumaU, iv. 567, V. 115, 127, 155). He was given command of a regiment of horse uuder the Earl of Essex, but arrived too late to take part in the battle of EdgehUl (Peacock, Army LUtt, 5.48; Whitklockb, Af«jiona/«, i. 187). On Jan. 1043 he was mode, by a special ordi- nance, lord-lieutenaut and commander-in- chief in Llncolmihire (HusBASD, OrAnnnw*, 1643, p. 834). OnleJulyltMSheaurpriaed Gainsborough and took prisoner the Earl of Kingston, but was immediately besieged there by the royalists. Cromwell and Sir John Dfeldrum [q. v.] defeated the besiegers (28 July) and threw some powder into the town, but Willoughby was obliged to sur- render on 30 July (Mercurial AuHcum, 27Jnly-3 Aug. 1%^ ; Life of Col. Hutchia- ton, i. 217, 223; Cablile, Cromwell, letters lii, liv.) A few days later he was forced to abandon Lincoln also, and to retire to Boston, which he expected to be unable to hold. ' Without we be masters of the field,' he wrote to Cromwell, ' we shall be pulled out by the ears one after another'(cf. Trant- actioni of the Royal Hitiorical Society. 1 899. p. 53). Lincolnshire was added to the easlem association on 20 Sept. 1&13, and recovered by Manchester's victory at \\'incehy on 1 1 Ocl- Willoughby joined Manchester just before the battle, ana captured Bolingbroke Castle in Lincolnshire on 14 Nov. ie43(VrcARS, Go^f Ark, pp, 44. 67), In March 1644 he took part in Sir John Meldrum'aaborlive attempt to capture Newark, and the m success of the siege was freely attributed to the refusal of Willouehhy's men to obey Meldmni (A Brief Relation of the Siege of yetcark, 1643, 4to). Willoughby's mililsry career closed in a series of quarrels. On 32 Jan. 1044 Cromwell complained to the House of Commons of the license which Willoughby tolerated among his troops (Sakfobd, StuiHeg and Illwtra- tiotu of the Great Rebellion, p. 060 ; Mer- curiui.'lu/rcE», 2 April 1614). Angry at this, and at his supersession by Manchester, Wil- loughby sent Manchester a challenge, for which, as a breach of privilegi-, he was oblig^ to ask the pardon of the House of Lords (^Lordg' JmiritaU, vi. 405, 409, 413). He succeeded in getting Lieutenant-colonel Bury censured and Colonel Edward King committed to Newgate for their criticisms of his conduct as a general ; hut King was re- leased bv order of the House of Commona (it. vi. 628, 531, 657, 671-0, 595, 600, 60S, 612). In consequence of these personal slights he became bitterly dissatisfied. 'We are all hosting to an early ruin,' was his view of public affairs in lftl4. ' Nobility and gentry are g^ing down apace ' (^Hiet. MSS. Comm. 4lh Rep. p. 268; Whitelockb, il 366). In December 1645 parliament voted that the king should be asked to make Wil- loughby an earl, and employed him ss on* of its commissioners to the Scottish army (WmtELOCKB, i. 541, 548). Clarendon do- scribes him as of great esteem among the presbyterians, ' though not t«iuled with their principles ' (Rebellion, xi. 35). In 1647 he was one of the leaders of that party in par- liament, and on 30 July 1647, Mter the secession of the independent members of the two houses, he was elected speaker of the lords in place of Manchester (RrsHWoRTB, vi. 652). When the independents and the army triumphed, he was one of the seven lords impeached on 8 Sept. 1647, and re- mained for four months in prison. On 19 Jan. 1648 the lords released the accused peers on the ground that no charge had been presented against them. Articles of im- peachment were sent up to the House of Wil lough by 33 Wil lough by □ 1 Peb. IdiS, which ordered Wil- , to give bail for hia uppearance to wer them. He declined to gire bnil ), fled to Holland, and openly joined __ roralifls ^Lords' JoutTiaU, is. 667, x. 1 1, ' 11; WBtTELOCKB, ii. 270). i la Mav 1W8, when the fleet in the Downs ' revolted from lheparliament,\Villoughby was , made it; rice-admiral by the Duke of York, ' and continued in that office bj the Prince of Wales, 'though he liad never been at sea , or was at all known to the seamen.' This , Appointment, which was attributed either to j an intrigue of Colonel Bampfield or to the deeipis of Lord Jermyn, greatly diMatisfied the royalists, but was welcomed with joy by the Presbyterians {Clabexdok, RfbrUion, li. 34-6 ; Nicholat Paper*, i. 97 ; Hamilton Papera). ' WiUoughhy is most honest and wholly ScQts,' wrote Lauderdale ; ' he solely engaged on our interest.' The prince also Mnnmiaaioned Willoughby to command in five of the eaatem counties where it was hoped that a landing would be effected. But the crewi were iusubordinate, the fleet ill provided, end the prince's council torn br aiaaensions. ' He stayed on board,' saya clarendon, ' purely out of duty to the king, though he liked neither the place he had nor the people over whom he was to command, who bad yet more respect for him than any- body else,' and he was glad to resign his poet to Prince Kupert (Nuveuiber l&18{iA. pp. 221, 22B, a49; Clabendok, xi. 139, 140). WQloughby's estates were sequestered by parliaineDt (3a Dec. 1649) for his adherence to the king's cause, and 2,000/, voted for his ■iTMn of pay was converted to other uses Wai.af Committffvf Compounding,-^. 1838; Zard/ JwnuiU, \x. 38, 67, 378). ' Since all ii RanB »t home,' said he, ' it \» time to pro- vide eUewhttre for a being,' and turned to die colonies. On 26 Feb. Tt>47 he had made with the second Earl of Carlisle, the pro- E'elor of Barbados, an agruemeiit by which rliale leaded to him for twenty-one years the pioGta ariaing from the island, half <if wliioU were lo go lo ihepnvment of Carlisle's debts, and ihe other holf to Willoughby «lf. Carlisle promised also to endeavour „ I commission as governor from e king, which was now procured. Wil- ighby arrived at Barbados on 29 April '", was received as governor on 7 May, caused (')iarlea 11 to be proclaimed thi e day ( Cril. Staff Papeft, American anc West Indii'S, |.^74-16fiO,p.327; Clarbndob \tiHuatlo<i.^\-2ti7: DarnbllDavis, Cava lllinv and IlnuitdJieadii of Bnrbadoft, p. 159) FSe found the colony half ruined by the dis ■ensioas of the two parties, pursued a con- TOL. LXII. V cilittlory policy, ousled the estremeroyRltttt from power, ' and was welcomed ns a blSM- ing sent from God' [cf. art. WalroSD, Humphbet]. Ileoriug that parliament was sending an expedition to reduce the island, he published a remarkable declaration {IH Feb. 1651) denying the right of a body in which the islanders were not represented either to make laws for them or to restrict their commerce. ' If ever they zet the island,' ha wrote to his wife, ' it shall cost them more than it is worth. . , . Let me entreat theo to leave o9* persuasions to submit to them who so unjustly, «o wickedly, have ruined me and mme.' Already he contemplated establishing iiimself in Surinam as a last refuge, and sent men to found a settlement there, who reported it ' the aweet^at plat that ever was seen' (I'fi. p. 197; Cabt, Jlfe- ■manaU <./ the Civil h ar, ii. 312; Gret, Annwer (o NeaPi Puritans, iv. 27, appendix). In October 1651 Sir George Ayscue arrived with a parliamentary fleet, and in December eflucted a landing. Defections followed, and in January Willoughby was forced to treat, for fear, as he said, lest further fight- ing ' should turn the face of a country so flo urishing and such an honour to our nation into desolation.' By the treaty, signed 11 Jan. 1652, Barbados acknowledged The sovereignly of the parliament, and by ihe sixteenth article Willoughby wan pro- mised the restoration of his estates in Eng- land and the free enjoyment of his property in Barbados, Antigua, and Surinam. But an act of Ihe assemuly passed on 4 March 1633 required him to leave Barbados within eight days, and not to return to it again (Dabnkll Davis, pp. 220-60). Willoughby arrived in England in August 1052, and bis estate was duly discharged from seouestralion (1 Sept. 1652), though he coul(! not obtain his back' rents or his arrears of pay iCal. uf Committee of Corn- poiinding, p. 1840). In 1654 the king wrote urging bim 'to be ready upon any great occasion,' and in the spring of 1655 he took an active part in the preparations for a general royalist rising (_Cal. Clarendon Paperg, ii. 345, 413; iVr- ehola» Popen, ii. 218-22). Imprisoned for f lotting in June 1655, and agam in March 656, he was offered liis liberty in November 1656 if be would give security to the amount of 10,000/. that he would embark for guri- nnm within six months, hut, though released, lie never went {Cat. Slate Papers, Uom. 1655p. 583, 1655-6 p. 680; ifi. Col. 1574- 1660, PI). 414, 461. 467). In June 1659 he was again eagerly uromnting a new rising, and promising for nis part to secure Lynn 1 W'illoughby 34 Willoughby u*i: Lho kiiig {I4i*t, MSS. Coram, 10th Rep. %'l -am- It). At itio llvktoriition Willoughby was paid ihi> 2,0iil^. feiiU duu to him for his services L-> iLo Iaiii^ parliament^ and obtained the kufcci*i'tu of Minu* crown lands in Lincoln- oLttu irora I ha king (Cal. State Paperg, iUtku. tiHH) \,mK fiO'Jf 67 S; Lords' JoumaU, Jki. n^M. In Hpite of some opposition from ihu i;<ihiniBtM themselves, he was restored to the ijiivoriunimt of Barbados, and also made ^iivui'itor of St. Kitts, Nevis, Montserrat, uitd Antigua. Half the crown revenue fvtiiu liarhadoa and half that from the CarihtNib iMlands were granted to him. He t'ccuived also, jointly with Lawrence Hyde, u grant of the whole of Surinam in free itii('4ige, excepting thirty thousand acres re- ttt'Tvtid for the king (^Cal. State Papers^ Col. 1 574 1 «60 pp. 483, 486. 489, 1661-8 pp. 1 14, iJU, lai), 140). Willoughby arrived at Bar- bados on 10 Aug. 1663. His government was vigorous and arbitrary. One of his Hrst acts was to arrest Walrond, the president of the council, for embezzlement, and to appro- priate Walrond's house as his own official reisidence. He deprived Sir Robert Harley, the keeper of the seal, of his post on the ground of extortion and negligence. With the assembly of Barbados he carried on a long struggle, in the course of which AVil- loughby dissolved the assembly, arrested Hamuel Farmer, its speaker, * a great Magna Charta man/ and shipped him home to be punished. Petitions against his conduct met with no countenance in England, Charles gave him his full confidence, and Clarendon's stuadv support of his arbitrary acts was one of the charges against the chancellor at his im- inmchmont {ib, 1061->^,pp. 295, 309, 317, 339, \w\ \ Clakendon, Omtinuatiorij §§ 1287- J.*M)H). On the other hand, by his persistent nqtresentations of the hardships which the Navigation Act inflicted upon Barbados, W^illoughby succeeded in getting its non- oliHtirvance connived at by the home govem- nii-nt (Cal, State Papers, Col. 1601-8, pp. KJ7, 179, 234, 264). In spite of the limited int^ans at his dis])o.sal, he maintained and ' uvun extended British possessions in the ci)nt<;Nt with Holland and France. He or.cupied for a time both St. Lucia and To- biigo, though neither could be permanently h«tM. Barbados beat off an attack from l)i; Ituyter in April 166o, but the English Iiart of St. Kitts fell into the hands of the yr«.'nch in April 1666. W^illoughby got to- gether a small expedition and started to re- take it, but was lost at sea on board the ahip Hope about the end of Julv 1666 {ib, 1(J61-H, pp. 410, 412, 414). Willoughby married, about 1628, Eliza- beth, third daughter and coheir of Edward Cecil, viscount Wimbledon [q. v.] She died in March 16(U, and was buried at Knaith in Lincolnshire (see A Sainfs Monument, &c., by William Fikth, chaplain to Lord Willoughby, 1662, 12mo). Of their two sons, Robert, the elder, died in February 1G30, and William, the second, on 13 March 1661. Of their three daughters, Diana became the wife of Heneage Finch, second earl of Winchilsea [q. v.l, and died without issue ; Frances mar- ried William, third lord Brereton, of Lough- glinn,co. Roscommon ; Elizabeth married Ri- chard Jones, first earl of Ranelagh (Collins, Peerage, iii. 384, vi. 613; Dalton, Life of Sir Edtrard Cecily ii. 366). By his will, dated 17 July 1666, Willoughby left the greater part of his property in the colonies to tlie two last-named daughters and their children. He was succeeded in the peerage by his brother, William WiLLoroHBT, sixth BaKON AVlLLOUGHBT OP PABHAM (d, 1673). ' My brother,' said the latter, ' hath dealt un- kindly with me, but I forgive him ; he has done so by himself by giving large legacies out of little or nothing; I shall only say ho was honest and careless, for he hath left little behind him* {Cal, State Papers, Col. 1661-8, pp. 398, 465). On 3 Jan. 1(W Wil- loughby was on his own petition appointed to succeed his brother as governor of PJar- bados and the Caribbee Islands (ib, p. 437). He arrived there in April 1667, and by his firm and conciliatory conduct gained imme- diate popularity. Antigua and Montserrat were regained, the French expelled from Cayenne, and Surinam recaptured from the Dutch. In 1071 AVilloughby, being in Eng- land, defeated an attempt to impose an addi- tional duty on sugar, which would have ruined Barbados, and he was praised by the representatives of the colony in Ix>ndon as * wonderfully aflectionate and zealous in all their concerns.* He returned to Barbados in October 1672, despatched an expedition which recaptured Tobago from the Dutch in December 1672, and died on 10 April 1673 {ib. pp.437, 454, 619, 1609-74 pp. 213, 366, 453, 493). By his marriage with Anne, daughter of Sir Philip Cary of Hunslet in Yorkshire, he left a numerous family, of whom the eldest, George, became seventh Baron AVilloughby, and John and Charles were the ninth and tenth holders of that title. Another son, Henry, was lieutenant- general under his uncle and his father in the West Indies, retook Surinam in October 1667, was subsequently governor of Anti- gua, and died in December 1669 {ib, p. 204; Collins, Peerage, vi. 613). Willoughby Wi I lough by 1 Poerngp, sd. Brjiiges; Dnrnsll 'a Cnvnlieraand RouniitieitilB oF Bnrlwloes. M>Tgftowo, British Quiunn, 1887; Sehora- ^'s HJRtory uf Barl>iuioas, ISIS, pp. 268- ; CnleiuJiiraofCuloumlStataPnpera; Addit. c.n.f. "WILLOUGHBY or WILLOBIE, "INKi^ (1574 P-l.i96?), the eponymous 1 of the poem colled ' Willobiea Aviaii,' ) second son of Henr?- Willoughby, a _ intry gentleman of Wiltshire, by Jitne, touehler of one Dauntsey of Lttvinglon, Wiltshire. A younger brother was named Thamka. The father's father, Chriatophef Willoughby, was illegitimate son of Sir _WiUi«ni Willoughby, the brother of Sir Hobeit Willoughby, first baron Willouffhby ft Broke, [q. v.] (cf. Hoabb, Modrn Wilt- '^■— ■ V 38-9). Henry matriculated as a r from St, John's College, Oifonl, plODec. 1591, at the age of sixteen. Ac- o the report of a ' friend and cham- irfdlow,' he was ' a scholler of good hope.' e may be the ' Honey Willouj^bie" who ftdoaled B.A, from Eiteter College on > Fob. 1594 fi (Oj:ford Unie. Jlrg. Oxf. ■ .8oc.n.ii, 18T,iii. 189). Soonafterthat 'being desirous to sue Ihe fashions of r countries fur a time,' be ' departed intarily- to her maieatie's service ' ( Wil- rt Aviia, ed. Qrosart, p. 5). Before Jniw 169B he is ri^ported to have died (ui, .i 149). On aSept. 1594 there was licensed for the nieaa'abook entitled Willohy his Avisa, or the TrnePictuK nf a Modest Maid and of a Cliaate d Constant Wife ' (Akber, Statioiirri' Of- irf, ii, 6r>9), and shortly afterwards the _ . k issued from the press of John Wiodet. 1 tbia Tolume, whiab nininly consists of ■Tenty-two cantos in varying numbers of ^^Jx4ine stanzas (fantastically called by the ■i^tiiOF 'hexameters'), the chaste heroine, f-;^Tiaa, holds converse— in the opening sec- ** » M ft maid, and in the later sections as _ ife — with a series of passionate adorers. In every case she firmly repnlaes thuir ad- vaaces. Midway through the book ' Henry Willofaie' is intrriduced asan ardent admirer, in his own person, chieHj- under the initials 'H.W.' It is explained inaprose interpola- tion that Willobte has sought the advice of ainend, ' W. S.,' who had lately gone through the experience of a severe rebuff at the hands of a disdainful mistress. After ' W.S.' light- heartedly offers some tantalising advice in Terse, ' H.W.,' in the twenty-nine cantos ^\rliieh form the last portion of the volume, ^Bfe made to rehearse his woes and Ayisa's ob- ^■oTMy. ^V^Two prefaces, one addressed to 'all the 1 of Eng- conatant ladies and gentle< land that feare God,' and the other gentle and courteous reader,' are both signed ' Hadrian Dorrell.' The second is dated trotn Dorrell's ' chamber in Oxford this first of Octo- ber.' Dorrell t-akea responsibihty for the publication, stating that he found the manu- script in his friend Willobie's rooms wliile he was absent from the country, DorruU says that he christened the work ' Willnbie his Avisa' becauaehesupposedit was Willo- bie's ' doing and being written with his own hand.' ile explains that the name ' Avisa ' was derived from the initial letters of tiie words ' amaiu rj'or inniolata afiiiper aninndn,' and that there waa 'something of truth bidden under this shadow.' In 15t>6 I'cter Colau produced a poem on the same model as ■ WillobieB .\visa,' which b'ti called ' Penelopes Complaint.' CoUe de- clares that 'seeing an unknowne author hath of late published a pamphlet calleil Avisa ' concerning the chastity of a lady of no historical repute, he deemed it fitting to treat of the chastity of Penelope. Oolse speaks approvingly of the unknown author's style and \'eise, which he closely imitates. To Colse'a effort ' Hadrian Dorrell ' at onou rsplied in 1590 in a new edition of ' Avisa,* t(i which he prefixed an 'Apologie shewing the true meiiniug of " Willobie his Avisa." ' This was dated irom Oxford 'this .SO ofJuno lu96.' Dorrell, in contradiction to his former statBment,declarestliat the whole of Avisa' was a poetical fiction which was written 'thirty-five years since, and long lav among the waste papers in the authors study, with many other pretty things of his devis- ing,' including a still unpublished work called ' Susanna.' The name ' Avisa ' he now nllirms either means that the woman desoribed liad never been seen, ' a ' being the Greek priva- tive particle, and ' eUa' the Latin participle; or was an irregular derivative from anw, a bird. At the close of the 'Apologie' he remarks that Willobie is lately dead. ( Dorrell's general tone suggests that bis two accounts of the origin and intention of j the book are fictitious, while the conflict be- tween his statements respecting the author I renders it unlikely that either Is wholly true. ', But that Dorrell had ground for his claim of intimacy with Henry WlUoby, the Oxford student, aeema supported by the fact that he adds to this edition of 1596 apoem in tba same metre as ' Avisa,' headed ' The Victorir? of Knglish Chsstitle under the falned name of Avisa,' and signed ' Thomas Willob? frater Ilonrici Wllloby luiper defuncti." Ihe Or- Willoughby 36 Willoughby Hadrian Dorrell was apparently assumed. No ISSO the first edition, with extracts from the Oxford student bearing that appellation is additions tirst published in lo96, although known to the university registers. It is pro- now only accessible in the editions of 1609 babl'.* that ' Hadrian Dorrell * was sole author and 16i'^^. The portion supposed to refer to of * A visa.* and that he named his work after Shaki>speare was reprinted in 'Shakspere his friend Henrv Willoby, in the same man- Allusion Books' (pt. i. ed. C. M. Ingleby, ner as Xicolas lJn;*ton named a poem, *The New Shakspere Society, lS64,pp. 69 et seq.) Countess of Pembrokes Passion, after the m ^» * r rrn u- u* • • 11 J i* 1 ^ [GrosHrt s reprint of W illobie his Ansa, m roness m whose honour and for whose ,gL jjij^ ^U-, ^if, „f Shakespeare. 1898.] delectation it was written. * j i L Thechief interest of the poem lie-in it sap- parent bearings on Shakespeare's biography. WILLOUGHBY, Sir HUGH (d. 15o4V In prefatory vt-rses in six-line stanzas, which sea-captain, was the grandson of Sir Hugh are sijrned* Contraria Contrariis : Vigilan- Willoughby of Wollat on, Nottinghamshire, tius: Dormitanus,' direct mention is made of and youngest son of Sir Henry Willoughby Shakespt.'aTt''s pofm of* Luorece,' which was of >iiddleton, who was made a knight-ban- licensed ft>r the pn*ss nn 9 May 1 ">94, only n»*ret at the battle of Stoke in 1487, and four months before *Avisa.' This is the died in 15-f*. He served in the expedition earliest open refen^nce made in print by a to Scotland in 1544, and was knighted by c»intempr»rary author to Shakespeare's name, the Earl of Hertford (afterwards Duke ot The notice of Shakespeare l«*nds substance Somerset^ at Leith on 11 May. He after- to the theory that the alleged friend nf Wil- wards had a commission on tne border, and loby, who is known in the poem under the was captain of Lowther Castle in 1548-9 initials * W.S.,' may ]x» the dramatist himself (Cai. State Paprrf, l>om. Addenda, 1547- * W.S/ is spokt-n of as * the old player.' If 15<V"», p. 40J), but the downfall of Somerset this identitv be admitted, there is a likeli- m at eri all v altered his posit ion. and the friend- hood that the troubled amour from which ship ofsome persons connected with the navy * W.S.' is said in the pi>em to have n»cently is said to have turned his thoughts towards recovered is identical wiih the intrigue that the sea. It would seem that Sebastian Cabot forms one of the topics of Shakespeare's son- was one of these. It may be, too, that he nets. The frivolous tone in which * W.S.' was known as a capable commander, and at is made in 'Avis:i' to n-fT to his recent that time rank and authority were more con- amorous adventure sug^jfsts, moreover, that sidered than seamanship and navigation. the prof tossed t on r of pain which characterises He was app"^inted captain of the ship Bona the poet's addresses to a disdainful mistw'ss Esperanza and captain-general of the fleet in his sonneta i> not to bit interpreted quite for the intended voyage to Cathay; Richard frerioufcly. Chancellor 'q. v." was captain of the Edward • Willi jbies -\visa' proved popular, and Bonaventiire and pilot-general of the fleet ; rapidly went thrf»iii:h six editions, but very and with him, as master of the Edward few c.jii-s survixe. Of the first edition. Bv>na venture, was Stephen Borough [q. v.], piblished in l.'>iU. two perfect copies an* * who was accompanied bv his younger bro- Kn>wn — one in the British Museum, and the ther, William liirough ''q. v.l There was other in Mr. Christie Milh-rs library at a tliinl ship, the I^ina Confidentia (cf. *J. Brirw-'.; ; a slightly imp':'r feet opy is in the p. A^'2), The object of the Toyage, as laid Hu7:i Lir)T-arv. No cot»v is now known either down bv Cabot* in the instructions dated f'f tbe edition of loi^t). containing for the 9 May l.V>o, was to search for a north- fir-: ^'.znr I)'»rreri'> ' A]» ohyit. ' a id Thomas eastern ]M»ssage to Cathay and India, and on Willoby's c"»ntributi.in, or of a third edition the next day the ships lef^ Ratclifie. They public hi- 1 after l.M»»i and ber»re ItJOo. A dn^pped down the river by easv stages, were iourtij edition rth*/ fourth time corrected detained for several weeks off Harwich, and an'liiarniented'j wa?. issu'^d by Windet, the did not finally get away till 23 June. On oricinul printer and puhlisvher. in ItH.)*); a 27 July they anrhon^d at one of the Lofoden uiii jue c'-ipy is Lt Brit well. lUgford. l^n- Isles, and ri^mained there three days. On jauiin Furley. and .ther cull'-ctors noted an 2 Aug., in latitude 70". a boat came off" from edition of im.K*. which was pr .bnbly a * re- the shore and promised to get them a pilot for maind'-r" is?-ue of xh^ fourth edition. The Vardohuus, apparently the onlv place they work wilt reprint'-d in Iti-Vi liv William knfw by name. But' the wini blew them Stans^Sy. and was described on the title-pajro off the shon^ and freshened into a violent ■ as Mhe nrih time crjrrected an 3 ancrm^nl-d : ' gale, in which the ships were separated. The a copy, sjiid to be uniijue. is in t!ie Briii.-h Ks]»eranza and Contidentia met again the Museum. Dr. Orosart rejriLted privately in . next day. but they saw nothing more of the Willoughby Wil lough by I I Edw&rd, which, as we now kiiow, gol into Wliite Sea and to St. Xiuhoias. On 14 Aag. Ibe ships discovered land, ap- parently uninLabited, in latitude 72°, but were unable to roach it b; roaMin of the sbosl water and the ice. From this position tliev ran seventy leagues S.S.E., llien steered N.W. by W. for a day, then for two days W.S.W., and on the 33rd they saw land, trending W.S.W. and E.N.E. ; lien, befnre k strong westerly gale, they ran to the N. by E. thirty leagues. It is well to note tbeee positions and courses, as they show jlearly than is otherwise possible the i8 i(piorancfl of all the responsible officers, Chancellor and Borough being ab- sent, not only of the pilotage but of the most simple naviMtion. If the latitude 73° is to be accepted as anything tike correct, they had been blown over Co the coaA of NovayaZemlya, but the courses sailed after- wards are incomprehensible. On 14 Sept. they again found themselves in with tne land, rocky and high, where were good har- boiira. For the next three days they ex- ■mined the coast, and on the ISth went into one of the harbours, sfterwards known U Arxina, near to Kegor. where Norwe- gian lApland marches with Ru-saian. It wa« described as runninK'into the mainland about tw'i leagues, and in breadth half a league ; wherein were vary many seal Kahes And other great fishes; and upon the main we saw bears, great deer, foxes, with divers strange beasts ... to us unknoivn and also wonderful.' Here, considering the lateness of the season and the badneiwof the weather, they resolved to winter. But for wintering in an arctic climate they had no provision. The country was entirely desolate and unin- lubited, and Willoughby and his companions iferished miserably. 'When, some few years ■^ rBrds,the ships and bodies were found, were found also Willoughby'a journal «id will, by which it appeared lliat he and moat of the party were still alive in January 1554. The journal is printed in Hokluyt's 'I^ncipal Navigations' (i. 232-7}, and a muiuscript copy of it is in the Oottanian Hianiucripta(OthoE.viii.lO),huttheorieinal "■"adissppeared. Neither it nor the will can iwbe traced; nor is anything clearly ki their discovery or of their being brought England. .\ll that can be said is that the iramonly received stories (FoJ Bourne, tlM Seamen, i. 99) are directl' Yi) that nothing certain was ! summer of 155". By his will (Porch, 34), proved 1 July b638, Sir Henry left to Hugh * all my liui<£t in Mapurley in the county of Di'iby, Brokislow, and Basaeford in Not- tinghamshire, and a parcel of land at Wal- sall in Staffordshirv;' and further directs, as to certain sums due to him, ' that my son John shall receive the same, to the use to purchase orbuyamarriage for my son Hugh, if the same Hugh will be guided and ordered bv mv said son Sir John Willoughby ; or else the same sums of money to he disposed for the wealth of my soul.' Of the marriage so bought there does not seem to be any direct record ; but in the will of Sir John (Populwell, '12), proved 22 Jan. 1-548-9, mention is made of 'my niece liose, daughter of my brother Hugh,' as welt as a legacy of 6/. 13». 4rf. yearly ' to my brother. Sir Hugh.' In the Wollaton accounts there is also men- tion of 20/. a year paid out of the Wollaton property to Henry, son of Sir Hugh (Col- VILB, p. 813). A portrait, full length, preserved al Wolla- ton, was lent by Jjord Middleion to the Tudor Exhibition of 1890 and to the Naval Exhibition of 1891. [Hakluyt's Pcineipal Navigations, i. 226-37; ThorolQo's Hist, uf Nottinghamahire, 1787. ii. 2U<J ; Culvile's Warwickshiro Worthiiw. p. 813 ; Brown's Worthies nf Nottingbamsbire, p. 113; Benzley's John nod SetiBSCian Cabot, lft9H, pp. 182, 186, 195; information from Lady Midifle- toti.] J, K. L. WHjLOUGHBY.SirNESBITJOSI.^H (1777-1849), rear-admiral, descended from a younger branch of tlie Wollaton family, And Hiin of Robert Willoughby of Cossatl, Nottingham shire, by his second wife, Bar- bara, daughter of James Bruce of Einlocb, vfas bom on 29 Aug. 1777. His christian names suggest some connection with the family of Lady Nelson's first husband [see Nblsok, Frincks Hbrbeet, Viscocntkss Nelson], but there does not appear to l>a any record of it. He entered the navy in Way 1790 on board the Latona, with Cup- tain (Sir) Albemarle Bertie ; he was after- wards in the Edgar and other ships on tho home station, and in January 1793 went out to the coast of Africa in the Orpheus frigate, which, after a successful cruise against the French trade, was sent round to the East India station, where she captured the French frigate Duguay-Trouin on fi May 1794. At the reduction of Malacca in August K9ii Willoughby had command of e. boat, and in February -March 1796 was at the occupation of Amboyna and Banda (James, i. 414-15), from which even a midshipman's share of the prize-money musthavebeen considerable. He wasafter- wards in the Heroine and in the SuSblk, I I I T- - - - « p \\'illi:uir-bv .^«T*_T» '»••' ' "" "* "" •■ ->.-...n... -. : .Lt-.tr- v.::=:rr.> .'-■ -r .ia-:i:!T i. ■ v ;- :;-•::: — : ;.-... 7^;.- 1:.- pn*r:ijas rrlil - : v_. 1- •:: - ... .,j ; . ^, "... ■- ^ «.:n.l-.- ••:"-:iv- iU.: ~iie ;'uurn»'!i: ?f • ■■"■■ • "■•• u.::.::: ..-. ..- '.•.'.■■a.:: v"":^u:!! :;"\. ::,: ^-..H;" ;.::: ■■.--. fttr'Zti:. r ■] ijv:. 1 •: ..- ■•-■:■. -v.* I :•• xir Ji l"Sio Sir ■ .:i "". =...- ":. J.-V —:: 1. - '. -Jen X"i^ "^' .ri" :■■ ^-i:.-- ■ : ;-.• i' -:.■■ \ -' .::..:•■• .? :• mimm-i-r-in- "" - 1 ''^ ■ -- — .*- ■ . ■«- ■--: ^""11.- i^ii'^" 'H ^rjiT*! Lj* :: V -^^•"-•: : .; :•. ..^ -■ . - ; ■:. - r::- - n::"--: lan "VH-iuri: y ' * •• ■•■ *.■ «•— • ^ < .. ^."■•^ •- . ...■- •• ■•- ,11 *H 1"^ *i -I •_ m ■ « ■ • k ■ L .. ,-'.rT*r- •: :-■: ■ Tii-n-iirii ■ ■ — .. ::- -. »• V i.,"i -j.-T - ■. •: r I-- ■■.'•• - :- '*.'^. ■ * • MAW • « k^ ■• -m ^ .:. ■ . ■■■• V •-•- : •.«?•■ i ' ' ..■■• V - ■::■- •!" :' ■ -. . : . i:^ i' :!_: ir^ i V. ■ -■ -1. .?■ . ..: .. - ".i • 'Ir'.T " ■ ■• ■'J " ■ • -A ■ . %- 1 I • \ V . \ ..- :! ;- -H- "'.i i" "• -11— • -■•».. ■••,•»..• ■ L.'. :■ ■ ■ . - ■ "! 1 * \ - .^ ■• ■•1"' I--. -- _ Willottgbby distinftuialii>(l bimaelf through- out by bis d&nug oud the reckless oicposure of himself; frequeully, it was said, takiag his meala sitlinK >" b. chair upon the ram- pkrts or brenstwork of the battery (James, 111. 295). Willoughbj seems to have denied the chair, and to have muiatained that in the circumstances the example was neces- evj. This vras perhaps an aftertbouffbt, for during the whole ol his service dangiir, whether from storm, the sea, or the enemy, seems by itself to have been siiHieient lure i but the instances of this are far too nume- rous to be even named here. In February 1W)5 Duckworth hoisted bis flag in the AcasiB fri)fate and appointed Wuloughby her tir^t lieutenant, intending to promote him on bis arrival in England. The eircum- stADces of his quarrel with Captain (Sir James Athol) l\ood [q.v.] and the court- martial ansine out of them prevented this ; aud wuloughby was appointed to the Prince on 8 July I8O0, but was not able to join her tiU 8 Nov., eighteen days after the battle of Trafalgar. Wiiloughby was afterwards in the For- midable, antf in 1807 was in the Koyal Ueorg«, Duckworth's flagship, on tlie occa- aion of his forcing the passitge of the Dur- danelles ; on 14 Feb., when the Ajax was destroyed b^ lire [see Blackwood, Sir llBSBr], he, in the Roya! George's cutter, was one of the first to go to her assistance, and succeeded in saving many lives, but at the greatest personal risk. In July 1807 be waa discharged to the Otter sloop for a passage to Monte Video and the Cape of Good Hope, where he was promoted to the rooimaQd of the Otter on 10 Jan. 1808, though the commission was not confirmed by the admiralty lill 9 April. The Otter then Bent for n cniise off Mauritius to Bombay under the orders of Cnp- ., Bobert Corbet [q. v.] of the NOrtide; And on ber return to Cape Town in the following January, Wiiloughby was brought before a court-martial on charges of 'cruelly and unoKicer-likc conduct' preferred against him in a letter to the admiral, signed ' The ■hip Otter's company, one and all.' It ap- liBeu«d from the evidence that there had ■Been a great deal of flogging and starting — TjfRMoiwuous beating witli a stick or rope's- ' — and that it had been commonly ace om- ied by violent threats; that Wiiloughby aaid that ' it was as much pleasure to punish a man when he comes to the ;way as it wan to go to his breakfast,' '* ' ' ha would flog like hell and start The trial lasbj over live days, 14 Feb., and in the end Wiiloughby was acquitted, but was recommended 'to adopt mare moderate language on future ooco- aions'(6Wri«Afar(ia/, vol. cxKV.) In view of the evidence, the acquittal appears strange, for the punishments had certainly been ex- cessive and irregular J atlll more open to censure seems the fact that one of the cap- tains sitting on this court was Corbet, who, on the days immediately preceding, had been tried for a similar o Hence, and had been simi- larly acquitted with a slight reprimand. After refitting, the Otter woa again sent ofT Mauritius, and on 14 Aug. Wiiloughby, in the sloop's boats, brought out a vessel strongly anchored under the batteries of the Black river. On ^1 Sept. he commanded the seamen who were put un shore at St. Paul's with the troops, and had an important share in the happy success of the operation [see Rowley, Sir Jobias}. For hiB exertions at this time the commander- in-chief at the Cape, his old patron Albe- ranrle Bertie, proutotud him to command the N£r6ide frigate; but his commission as post-captain wa« not confirmed till nearly a yeur later (5 Sept. 1810), ond then for another piece of service— the landing with a party of a hundred men on the night of 30 April, destroying two Prciieh batteries at Jacotel, and utterly routing a strong body of militia, Wiiloughby himself leading the onslaught in full-dress uniform. A few weeks after this (15 June) he narrowly escaped being killed by the occidental burst- ing of a musket fired in exercise. As it was, his right lower jaw was shattered, and his neck so lacerated that the windpipe was laid bare. For nearly three weeks ne lay between life and death, but on 7 July he took part in the capture of Bourbon, and, with bis face and neck still bound up, superintended the landing of the troops. In August ISIO he was with Captain (Sir Samuel) Pym [q. v.] at the seizure of the Isle de la Posse on the 13th, and was left there when Pym went round to Port Louis. On the 20th the French squadron came in sight— four large ships and a sloop ; and though two of the former proved to oe East Tndiamen nriies, the other two were 40-gun frigates, wnich, by going round to Port Louis to join the French ships there, would have placed Pym in a position of very great danger. With equal good judgment and boldness Wiiloughby, by hoisting French flags and signals, decoyed the enemy into the passage : when they found out their mistake they were no longer able to turn, and were obliged to go into the Grand Port, after a sharp interchange of broadsides with the N§r6ide. At the very first Wiiloughby had sent oft' J Willoughby 40 Willoughby tLf; n«w9 to Ptm, who joined him on the tS'Jiid with three p^iwerful frigates ; the force wb.k ovf^rwhelminjrly superior to the French, hi A l*rm T*TV}\\*i*i to ffo into the port and t4£r or de'^tn'jv them. Jiut as he attempted tf/ 'io ^j on the i^'ird two of his ships ran a^TO'jrid and could not be moved ; a third, fify.Ti'/ on the wrong side of a shoal, was ur^b2e to get close enough in ; the N^r^ide alone »ucc>;ed«»'i in reaching her allotted ration, and found herself the target for the whole French force. After one of the most oh-t]nat^ defences on record, being reduced to a frhattered wreck and having lost 222 men killed or wounded out of a total of 2-1. fc^je f>truck her colours on the morning of the 24th. Tlje terrible loss of men was parly explained by the fact that the upper work* of the hhip — a French prize — were line'J with fir, which, on l>eing broken through by rrannon thot, jrave off showers of dangerous ►plJnti:r**. At the very beginning of the hfr*i'm hJif, of these struck ^Villoujrhbv on tb'r l»rlt cheek and tore the eye completely o<it of the B'x;k«'t. The first lieutenant was kiile'J : the Mrcoiid lieutenant dangerously wounded; the lieutenant of marines was aly; wounded; two lieutenants of soldiers wer«- killwj. When, after the capture of the Irle of France in Dec€»mber,AVilloughbv r»-/!ov*-r«r*J his lib'-rtv and was tried for the lo-i- '»f the NV-reid'*, the court declared that th'* -hip had l>r«'n * curried into battle in a mo-r juflirioun. olficer-like, and gallant man- n*T/ and formally expr<'->s<.td * its high admira- tion of the noble r-onduct of the captain, <}\\\(t.fi, and chip's company during the whole of the uner^nal contest.' The snntence, con- cludJn/ with a * most honounibb* ' acquittal, has been correctly descriljed as * uuprece- denti'd * ( .Mar.- 11 ALL). On his rntum to England Willoughby was surveyed by a medical board, and on their rep^>rt was awarded (4 Oct. 1811) a jMrn'^ion of *KX>/. p-r annum, which was afrirward-. n July 1815) increased to TkiO/. M»*hntime, in I'^li', havinrr no immediate pro^p^-ct of Hmploym^'ut, he obtained leave to ;:o abroad, and went to the Baltic, where he offered his services as a volunteer to Sir ThonjJis JUam Martin Tn. v.], then com- mandin;r in the (lulf of'Kigu. learning, howtrwr, from Martin that there was no imiuediaTe proj-jM-ct of any active operations, he wf-nt on to St. IVttTsburg, whore his otr*-r to serve with the iJussian army was acc^j»ted. He was then s^mt to Kiga. from which, nn iJO »Sept.. he accompanied Count Steinheil, who, with a force of fiftotMi thou- sand men, was marcliinji to join Wittgonsiein at rulotzk. Before this could be ellV^cted , Steinheil wu FnrpriMd br m verj inferior : French detachmeiit, and utterly routed with i the loss of some two thousand men killed or taken prisoners. A mongtheie latter was Wil- loughby, who had put a wounded Russian . on his own horne. and was himself leading it when he fell into the hands of a party <h French hossars. A Dutch officer in the French service befriended him and supplied him with money, so that he was able to make the terrible retivat from Kussia with comparative comfoit. Even so, however, the hardships he underwent told severely on a constitution alxeadv tried bv wounds and a tropical climate, and at Kiinigsberg he was seized with a fever which confined him to bed for seven weeks. Special representations had been made on bis behalf by order of \ the czar, but Napoleon refused to exchange ; him, and on his ivtum to France ordered him to be confined au tecret in the Chateau de Bouillon. Here he remained for nine months, till, on the advance of the allies, he was moved to Peronne, whence he . managed to escape. On 4 Jan. 1S15 Willoughby was nomi- nated a C.B. : from 1^18 to lh'22 he com- manded the Tribune frigate on the coast of Ireland and in the West Indies ; on 30 June 18i'7 he was knighted at the instance of the Duke of Clarence, then lord high admiral, and again, by a curious blunder of the , king's, on 21' Aug. 1832, when he was in- : vested with the insignia of a K.C.H. ; on I 14 Jan. 1839 he was awarded a good-service : pension, and on 30 Nov. 1841 was appointed a naval aide-de-camp to the queen. He was promoted to be rear-admiral on 28 April 1847, and died, unmarried, at his house in Montagu Street, Port man Snuare, after a fortnight's suffering, on 19 May 1849. It is said that by the seamen of his day he was known as ' the immortal.' A portrait of Willoughby is at AVollaton, the property of Lord Middleton, by whom it was lent to the Na%-al £.xhibition of 1891. [The Memoir in Marshairs Roy. Nav. Biog;r. vi. (^uppl. pt. li.) Ill is unusually long (eighty- four pages), written apparently from notes sup- plied by Willoughby himself; that inO'Bymes Nav. Biogr. Diet, is merely an abstract of Mar- ^h;ll^s. See al.-so Gent, Mag. 1849, ii. 648; .Tames's Naval Hist. (1861 edit., in vol. vi. is anengnivingof thoWollatoD portmit); Troude's liatailUs Na vales de la Fninee ; oflicial docu- ments in the Public Record Office, more espe- cially the Minutes of Courts Martial.] J. K. L. WILLOUGHBY, RICHARD de {d lWi>\ judge, was the son of a Richard de Willoughby who acted as justice in eyre \Vi Hough by 4" Wi Hough by I I ider UdwBfd IT, and purchased the manors Wollntun in Nnttioghsmshire niid liisley Derbyahiiv. The original aaaui cif the hmilj w&s Bugge. They tonk the name of Willou^hby from their lordship of t.h«t name h) NoiriDghamithire. In 1824 the younger Richard was substituted for his father ab knight of the shire for that county, and was about the sainu time appointed chief justice of the common pleaa in Ireland (Pari. Writ*, 306. 312, 314 ; Cal. Rot. Pat. pp. 78, 94, 97), He is mentioned as one of tne justices feppotnted for the trial of the persons who bad spoiled Ilenry le Deepensur's lands in 1322 {Pari. Writi. ii. ISU). On the accea- siaii of Edward HI he waa removed from litt office and appears in the yeHr-book of the first year of that reign as an advocate. On 6 March 1328 be was made a justice of the common ^leas, and on 3 .Sept. 1329 became second justice. On 15 Dec. 1330 he waa removed into the court of king's bench ; and when Geoffrey le Scrope [q.v.l, the chief justice, went abroad with the King, Willoughby occupied the chief seat during his absence, at different times from 1332, till Geoffrey ie Scrope ultimately resigned in the middle of 1338. From this time he presided in the court until he was displaced on 24 July 1340 (Foes). In 1331 he was captured journeying towarda Grantham bv a certain Richard de Folville, and compelled to pay a ransom of ninety marks (Kkibhton, i. 4'60l. In No- Tember 1340 he was arrested by order of the hing, and imprisoned in Corfe Castle {French Chronicle of London, p. 84). He WKt tried on several charj^a at Westminster on 13 Jan. (Si. p. 87). But he was restored to office as one of the justices of the com- mon pleas on 9 Oct. following, and continued to hold the office of judge till 1357, but pro- bably retired in that year (DusDiLE, Originet :JiirulunaIft,f.4&). Jle died in 13(12. His Rctensive estates were situated in the coun- ties of Nottingham, Derby, and Lincoln, but he also had a house in London in ' le Balj ' itCat. Inq. pott niartfm, ii. ^56), He married, ■ttret, Isabel, daughter of Sir Roger Mortein ; Ifecondly, Joanna; and thirdly, Isabellu, and ludsevernl children. Later members of the Uknilf were Sir Hugh Willoughby fq. v.], ■Sir hesbit Josiah Willoughby [(]- v.], and icis Willughby, the naturjist [q. v.] 'oss'a Judges of EafrluDd, and authorities WILLOUGHBY, Sir liOBERT, first BABOirWiiLoifOKBYDE Broke (14o2-1502), born in 1452, was son and heir of Sir John Willoughby, und great-great-grandson of Robert, fourth baron Willoughby de Eresby Id.nW). His father wasprubably the John Willoughby who was abenff of Somerset i 1455. The ancestral seat was at Clutton J that county, where Sir Robert afterwards acquired other estates. His mother waa Anne, daughter and coheir of tjir Edmund Cheney or Cheynu of Broke, Wiltshire, and U p-Ottery, Devonshire. In or before 1475 he married Blanche, daughter and coheir of Sir JohnChampemowneof Beer Ferrers, Devon- shire, and Callinglon. Cornwall. Through her he became possessed of the Beer Ferrers eslate. His mother died in or before 147S, in which year he was found to be cousin and coheir, in her right, of Humphrey Statford, earl of Devon [q. v,] His mother's family were strong Lancastrians, and Willoughby joined them as one of the leaders in the abortive rising of lienry Stafford, second duke of Buckingham [q. t.], in October 1483. After the dispersion of the insurgents "Willoughby, with three of the Cheneys, escaped to Brittany (Polvdorh Vbroil, p. /OO), where they joined Henry Tudor, earl of Richmond (lienry VII). An act of attainder was immedialety passed, in which Willoughby is described as ' late of Byerferrys, knight' (Rot. Pari. vi. 246). Probably under a gf^nt following on thia act, Humphrey Stafford of Grafton eeited "Willoughby's estates [see under Stafford, HuHFKBEr, Earl of Dgton]. Willoughby doubtless returned with Rich- mond when he landed at Milford on 7 Aug. 1485. He is mentioned by the 'Croylaiid Continuator' (p. 574) among the fourteen leading generals of Richmond s army at Bos- worth. Immediately after the victory Henry detached him from the main army to march irom Leicester to Sheriff Ilutton in York- shire, and seiie the person of Edward, earl of Warwick, son of George, duke of Clarence, and nephew of Edward IV, and his cousin, the IVincess Eliiabetb, who hud both been imprisoned there by Richard III. Sheriff Ilutton apparently surrendered without re- aistsnce, and W^illoughby marched with Warwick to London (Poltdokb Vbkoil, p. 718). On 21 Sept. in the same year Willoughby was granted the receivership of the duchy of Cornwall and the office of steward of all manner of mines in Devonshire and Com- ws!l in which there was any proportion of gold or silver. He waa appointed high steward of the household preporatory to Henry VH's coronation on 30 Oct. (Camp- bell, Mat. ii. 3, &c.) Parliament met on 7 Nov, 1485, and at once repealed Ri- chard IH'b act of attainder against WU- 1 I W'illoughby 42 Willoughby liiiinhbv niul olluT Lanoastrian^ {,Kot. Pari. [ as his enfoy to Brittany. Willoughby's in- VI. '.MO. nuiupU(\\v ScatVord was ate dinted, structions were to promise aid against the lull III* UuvIh wi^n^ o\i»mpi«\i t'wux torteiturv French if the duchess would refuse the III I ho ^l^»wu. niul WiUoiuhby, who apjwars French kinir's proposals. Willoughby was Id !m\o mouihI I horn v>n h-.s lu'irvh to Sa.-, riaf- at the s^me time (It) July 1490) appointed llultnu, ivuuunI thi'm ill ivAvViuI iKVssts- iiniLral of the fleet iRtmer, Fadera, xii. *•»"" 4.V»'. and left Enirland on 18 Aug. (Mk- \\ »lU»»i^hby IS tipst sryU^s * k-.i^li: :;r -he ckai>.\ J umaK p. il2>, at the head of a k»iu:'« IkhV» ' '»n a »:rH*',t dauv* 'J',* LVc. L4^'« ti:."i?acd arv'hers. whom he threw into the ^r^M»tu:i I . M tf, J. -o. 4^o ^.. ^.^^ . .^^ ,.• M,,-:aix. Qn 21 .-^ept. he had audi- iil«» <iauu^l ou ;V J.;-; US- rV* :i:j:i*r :: -rco^r ^:' :*:ie dtichess at Hennes (i*6. p. 2:?0). I'ii»\. ik\i\ I iMxU \i\ Sv .vi.'c."' fiiv" '°^ ^"'- rirtri •Ir>?r.r5S 'this dijilomacv was proved Ili'ii'M \\oy»'^:t!... >s-:uci-v.\ •:;.-.'.:-'. :y :y :ir=:4Tr.,i:?rO!::heduohesstoCharle3VllI l.«li'«. U'i\l 'ouv'-i.v i;. ;.. ^ ^-^v: 'z f .- :c tIit I 11 .' wLnj '-* IW.. and the iucorpora- «m1 J u'l i?u' -vn: -. .■»!,• i i-:^:'> ;•:■ .r.::.".! -r ":> :i :: tir." Tiny with France. .vv«'T.M», I/, ^ :- ^,. ;*■ ^^7, -if A* i r:-«"iri ::r hi? s^-rvices Willoughby \ » t». M . p. ; : N. T^ ^^.j^ ..,.»:• ,..j4 „ -;. ,.^ ^j^i -_z::r -ztI : :■ pArliament by writ dated I,..)... ''!»■ '».. ..,.^ \ ■•; - \-..l-:- "■■..■.i 1_ A ^ -: Ii^-rr VII I Us*l^;' (see *Crea- I'x ' ' • «l i.;tv 1 ■■ t. ■•.":..: .7. :.:? :. ■.■.*. Iv**"-*:-*'" :r. hep.- Keeper Public ^ . »■ I 'i r <''.\ .1 : • v< ■." \ ■ -4. z; ■-':.• r -*."-•••■. At^; 47:1'. Ke:». ; other authorities •' '» ■ ' * "' ^*^ . *"»'' « . • : ■ :4t.::".r : :V>- ^■. • li A:^ I«--"- . Ti-e defeat ofllenrv's ^^ »..» <i.4'i ^^ . \\ ^."^y "'7 !-*■-> i... -L..'- Lzi .!> ri^Txu'ementa with the I' »■ " . •■^■'»' *. ^\ '.,>*■. ' Lr :ri:-^ ::' y_:iTH.r.-: '^. n — ' i-- :> whom Anne had K "' •" ' '- <•*■' v.«.-)L ': ;.'>::r:.: izr. : >•->—.■■; it^i. 3: r»rllrd him to an invasion I ■ • * ■ ■ ' .••".*••.-■;;:- -vl - . W .. : i :. . -v . • : ;' tlt- :v . *»V „ . .- ^liby was relieved of ».i I . .« *"aI .■ .«..:.: -.. .s?*--^> :> .-. :_l- l.-'t^lI .-•■ =:T:.t 7- i. ::'■!! r ::■—:. th-Migh retained ^ II. M \ ^^'\vv^!... V - . T*> •■ ::.->■ .7. :..* :-^:t l? iir:_rtl ±r.i nominated mar- , ..k- . '.•«.*'» ./■....:,:: t7 -J-'. .:-i.7 L ?■:.«_. :c :if ltzlj. Tbv campaign was ^ ..» •«. ,v. , *\ A'.'..-.. 1^^ :y ll-.-ryXlZ *:. r A 7. ^-L^.-.x'tf*?:.:! *ir-re was laid to ^ • ^ ^V\ V,*.. .i>" i: xri.> tTTi .:.■.:•! 2. :■•• ..;«:i'T. L7.I :i -' N v. a treaty of peace ^ ..u.»» ■' .^■. .- .': j.x>.;: :. r 1»-. -. --:. "■. lt :. vl* r^r-i*:, i.: 5I.-tTlr-*. i :.^rmal request to y . .»\\ «.. V ' • •■' :•:.:.,• -;.-.r.f :!»:--.- z':.l' • f«:* :.L-'.r^ r^-fT. niie to Henry by I.. ..^ : *> >,:;.>-• N.v ' :j A: : t ■. *:.- - .M.-r ;-;.nnLr. l-rs 1 Nov. 1492, t A. ^ ^». ,i.t. U' :.-•.. V :-. : :it 7 -."-•vi.. 7 -r^ r 'ir: ::V.:»izr IS Feb. Wil- .., !.. 1...*.^.!.;. ; NN .,....*;: :x >:-.=->:. l'- 1 ^; :-^ -^•>.^-'i & *-tj:i": 0: the office of tu « :. ■"' i.i.';'-« '.>>■'.'.*. ; i^", i-t . 7." 1.7 Vi .^-- <«:7r>. :.l1 ;■ ";.-^ "l7:->.- W 11: ^liine belonging l„i, \\ .iiH!.4.\ L.xr:^..;.-..-. ;:■ i: ■:!■. v*:.: - 1.-; r* :c **Vtrx.yi and Salisbury li. . I. Ml.' »l. -,..!«•„ :.> :i..»:-: ^V ...;..:- J - _•: > -^r::: v;i. ^', ii. m. ISV At , I 1 1 . . «, « u .■ V * ' ^ • -^ »'■*•■ •• --'^■* -•'' •>*-:•■- • " i '• ■ " * ■ • '^^ ~ • * - ■ . * -T r X ic: date being . • l«. . n'*> 7-iiL7. -iT.. L- "WL* ~Lif £ iTli^ht of the \, ill. -»ui.' ..'.*.* ^^ ■ ...::":v -i-?.* «:- -;.-- "i^:— ^i-f T=r*:>T-- i* l;ri steward on . i.i..i.u;\j.vx.,s'...: . : v.-.v :> .:l-.:^ 1 N i 1*-^ ->;./- Vt.z^t HrrjyiHenr>' Im .li. ,.M».\i..* .-. > ■ ^ .' -^ : '^^ >. Vlll T>-,.s ,"MTr..-. Iv.i- :: Y:rk. and took \\ ^ ,1 AwA \\'\ \yy . *: " ■' ^- ■ ="^- ■'"'■ " "-■ ^•-'"T" •- -' /i^'-ir.r.eof Arragon , ii.i>u(«^. ^^.* ... . ■■'■■ . >■ ■ • " ■ "'* ■ - v.f.TXs.--.. :..?::'> .:-;! Pajiers/i. i. II <• .,^«|s». .■ '.^ ■•' ^ « > - ; V* ^' ." >T.;.\-r77.Tl:y=:r:::wa5again5t t i- w.. ».« 1.1.1 .\.''v"."^" ■■ •• -^ . V -i ' *'^ }.-:••:•'*:..■ Iv-i-ilz Cornwall on f ■ I » '» . . % > ;•• V ^ -1 ■ S - ■ ^ * *»^ ."t- 7.t-«-s irrivrd that he J ,1,, ,u..„ ,...; ■ . . x» - - .• -^ .<•-•■:--- ::t .--.!.>: -k-.:'- a few ships, ,.,,.. s\u .'. - * .' ^ ..«»'.■ V* ., :- .., i-^.-.T-Ll. "^ i command of \\ ' |,,li. .n.,l/«. 1 ■ -^ \ ' -. ". • ■ -►■ w-^ "->.■- il" . Hr took part ,, , ,. .,, ,1.. »x.,. . .-. •» V ..." - - . . :a::t7 i irw days later )..u \ r- « \ ■ ^ . ■ X - , . ,. , ) ^^.^ . - * * ^ ^ .... - ^,v ■ . 7^ :■. : :.-• rx/i-rier in 1507 ..l. I, .,1.1 v- ' •'■ ' ^ ^ "^ ■ ■-■ ■-' ■•»^ Ml-- -:^'-by's death „i ,,» ,1, XV .. --^ , t .V • . ., ■». , ':> 11. •.•. io llr^n. VII, II , M ...X .. V V V -^ . > -'■..1. .:i:'r'i 19 Aug., ,, . ,. J.,.., I .... ^ ^- "-^ :■■'■; IV-:. Hr 1-fi a s*in ■ , ^.,„. 1.,.!. .:..-.».■. >•!.-', >:c.r..l bar>n W il- I'j".,., ^ III ||. ;.. ,.,.,:., .: W ' .>■*-« • .X '■ >•. * ».r,A i. i.i.;-^i:er Elizabtrth, Wills dh) John, lord UfDhain. Onltobert's utDiii in 1522,without8un'ivin2 male issue, iliB baroDV fell into nbeyanop betwepn the two daughters of liia son Edn'nnl : Eliza- betfa, wife of Sir Fulke Orerille [see under (iREtiLLE, Sir Fdleb, first Lokd Bkookg], and Blanch, wife of Sir FranoiB Dawtrey. \ descendant of the elder daughter, Richard \'eniey, aucceBsfully claimed the barony in lt(Q6 [eee Vebket, liicHAKO, third BiROS WlLLOCHHBI DE BBOKB]. { BisUiria: Crojtaiidi'aBiB CoaUnualin in Gale's Sifriplnr^ (Oifard. IS84). pp. 1&1-B78 ; Poly- liom Vor(>il"« Historia Aoulica (ed. Leydva, 1651); U«irsChroii.lS09: Machado's Jouroala ia Oairdocr's Memoriola of Henry VII (RoIIh tia. ISeS); Patent Bolls of UcDtjVU, KS. R.O,; HjmeT«F«dera(ed.I741); Rotuli Par- lianiBnlorum. vol. Ti. ; Gairdnar's LcttFm and F*pnt uf Richard 111 nnd Henry VII (2 vols. 1881); Campbeira MatariuU for ft Hint, of H»nry VII (2 vols. 1873); Bncna's Hist of Btnrj VII. ed. Ellis and Spalding, I8fi8 ; Worka, to), ti.; AihmoU's Order of ihe Qartor, 1^72; AESlia's Begiater of the Garter, 3 vols. 1724; Btlii'a Order of the Garter, ISIt ; CallinBou'a Kim. of tkimMwt. 3 TOla. 1791; LpAos'a MiifEDA Britajinia, toI. vi. ' DaroDshlra' (18^2); Kiadnn'g Survey of Deronahire. 1811; Uoure'a SlMiorn Wiluhire. vol iv. ; Cullina's PooragP, Ed. lirrdgEa, 1812, rol. vi. ; G. E. C[oknyne]'s Complelfl PfirugB. 18S8; Buacb^B Konig Hein. rich VII (Staltgart. 1892).j I. S. L. WILLS, SiB CHAJiLES (1666-1741), freoeral, goa of Anthony Wills of St. Uorran, Cornwall, by ' Jenofer ' (Guinevere), his wife, was baptised at St. Oomin on 2S Oct. 1666 (ParuA KegitUri. Hia father, whose Cimilv had been aetlled in Cornwall since «vlj in the aiiteenth century, farmed his own land, and, having encumbered Iiis e«t&t« with debtc, quitted the same at the revolution and oU'ered his ser- vices and those of six of hia eons to the IVince of Orange, who, it is said, gave tliem iJl commisiions {Paroehial Hint, of Gini- tcatt, pp. II, 101). Charles Wills appears \a have been appointed a subaltern in Colonel Thomas Erie's foot ret^iment (dis- banded in 10»8), with which corps he Berred in the Irish campaign. On I July 1091 he was appointed cuptain in the regi- ment known as the 10th foot, tUe colonelcy of which had been bestowed on Erie on 1 Jan. 1691. Wills served several campaigns in FUnders, including the battle of Landen. (In ti Nov. 1694 he was appointed major to Colonel Thomas Saunderson's foot regiment, and on I May 1697 was promoted lieute- nant-colonel. A few months later Saunder- •on's foot was disbanded and the officers placed on half-pay. On the Ibrmstion of 3 Wills Viflcount Charlemont's foot regiment in Ire- land (:>8 June 1701). Wilts was appointed to the lieutenant-col (inelcy, and in the fol- lowing spring embarked with his corps for Cadis. Thence Charlemont's regiment was sent to the West Indies, where Wills gained distinc- tion in theislsndofOuadeloune, and several towns were burnt ofler the French troop* had been defeated. In the action st La BayliiTe ' Colonel Wills behaved himself with great bravery' (London Gazette, 10 May 1703. He succeeded to the command of the troops on shore in April 1703; and, aRer burning and destroviug the French towns and fortificatioDs along the coast, he em- barked his troops on board the squadron on 7 May 1 TOS, bringing away all the captured French guns. After losing many otticers and men in the West Indies, Charlemont's regiment (36th foot) returned to Ireland in the winter of 1703-4. In 1705 Wills accompanied the Earl of Peterborough to Spain as quartermasler- ffeneral, and served almost unintemiptedlT in tbu Peninsula until December 1710. iTe was at the tokin? of Barcelona on 4 Oct, 1705, and nine doya later was appointed colonel of a regiment of marines (%th foot), vice Thomas Fownall. Wills was subsequently second in command in the district of Lerida, and rendered valu- able service in the important action at San Estevan, where be commanded after Majoi^ general Conyngham was inortall;y wounded (26 Jan. 1706); again distinguished him- self at (he defence of the town of Lerida, n-liicli capitulated after an obstinate de- fence ; was appointed a brigadier-general on IJan. 1707; commandt-d 1,500 marines and a Spanish regiment in Sardinia (170S), and reduced Cagliari. He was promoted major- general on 1 Jim. 1709, and appointed com- mander-in-chief of the forces on board Ad- miral Baker's fleet on 17 June in the same W'ills fought at Almcnaro in 1710, and commanded an infantry brigade at the battle of Sarogossa. He was thereupon recom- mended to Queen Annu for promotion to thegrade of lieutenant-genera! lAforWoroHiiA Dfi^tchm, T. 168), which rank had been already conferred on him in Spain by Charles HI, the titular king. In the unfor- tunate action at Brihuega on 1 Dec. 1710, Wills earned fresh laurels, and was men- tioned in General Stanhope's despatches as having been ' during the action at thu post which WB3 attacked with most vigour and which he as resolutely defended.' After sufiering a rigorous imprisonment of some I I months, \\'illa was allowed to return to EnKltiiid. When Preston was taken by the Jacobite forces in 1715, Witlg, wlio was then com- manding in Cheshire, asBcmbled his troops at Manchester, and then marched to Wiran, where be arrived on 11 Nov. He had at , hii disposal Che uavair; regimentB of PitI, | Wynne, Honeywood, Dormer, Munden, and ^ Stanhope, and Preston's foot reifiment. At WigBn Wills received intelligence thit Lieutenant-(feneral George Carpenter [<]■ v.l was ndvanciDg from Durham by forced marches with about nine hundred cavalrv, and would be ready to take the enemy in flank. Early on 12 Nov. Wills marched towards Preston, and at one in the after- noon he arrived at the bridge over the Ribble, and found thereabout three hundred of the rebel horse and foot who upon the approach of the royal troops withdrew hastily into the town, where barricades had been erected. On coming before Preston a reconnaissance was made by Wills in pet^ Eon, and, in consequence of his party bein? fired upon and two men killed, lie ordered an immediate assault by Preston's foot regiment, which corps behaved with ^reat hrayerr. At the anme time Wills ordered the whole town to be surrounded, to the right and left, by the cavalry. The rebels, being well posted behind the barricades, in- flicted great loss on Preston's regiment (the Cameroniana), which was commanded by Lieutenant-colonel Lord Forester. After two barricades had been gallantly charged, and the troops repulsed with equal courage. Wills drew offhismon, and, all the avenues to the town having been effect ual I v secured, the cavalry were ordered to stand at their horses' heads all that night. At nine o'clock next morning General Carpealer arrived with three dragoon regiments. The rebela witnessed the arrival of the reinforcements from the church steeple, and, losing heart, their commander was anxious to capitulate. ' Unconditional surrender ' were the only terms that Carpenter and Wills would give, and after stormy debates within the be- leaguered town the rebels laid down their arms and sLirrendered ne.it morning [see FoBSTEJt. Thohas, 1675P-1738i and Ox- BXTRQH, HeNBI]. A good deal of friction occurred between Carpenter and Wills on this occasion, the former being the senior officer, and it ■was increased by George I bestowing the rank of lieutenant-general on Wills directly news of the surrender of the rebels at Preston reached London, no notice being tlien talcen of Carpenter's share in the success. In .lanuary 1716 Carpenter sent achallengr by General Churchill to Wills (Li/e >^ Geoiye, Lord Carpmtrr), but the duel was honourably compromised by the generous intervention of tlie Dukes of Marlborough and Montagu. Wills was appointed colonel of Ibo 3rd foot on 5 Jan. 1716, governor of Portsmouth 1717, lieutenant- general of the ordnance on 22 April 1718, R.B. on 17 June 1725, colonel of the grenadier guards on 20 Aug. 1726, general commanding the foot in 1739, M.P. for Totnes (17U~41), and one of George I's privy council. Wills died unmarried in London on 3-5 Dec. 1741, and was interred in Westminster Ab- bey ; there is a memorial inscription in the Guards' Chapel, Westminster). It appears from the 'Political State of reat Britain' for September 1726 that there was an intention, unrealised owing to 'ge I'a (loath, of creating Wills a peer with the title of Baron Preston. With the — ^eptiou of a few legacies and an annuity of 200/. per annum to his nephew Kichard Wills, Sir Charles bequeathed all his for- tune, which was a very considerable one, to his executor, General Sir Kobert Rich, bart. This will was unsuccessfully contested by Sir llichard Wills in the probate court. ijohn Burcht^tt's Hist, of thp most remork- e Transflctiona at Sea ; Life of George Locd Carpuater; Dulboo's Eagllah Army Lista, iflCI- ITU, V'll. hi. ; Dr. John Friend's Xcmoir of tha E«rlof PeterimroughiGeorgiaQEfB; Hamilton's Hist, of the Grenadier Guards i Hist. MS3. Comm. nth Sep. App. pt. iv., wherein an socrral letters rebiting to Freston Sght. ITlf; London Qaxeltcs, eapraially those far 10 Uaj 1T03 and 4 Oct, 1708; Bayer's Queen Anat, 1736, pp. 2fli, 418, 48S; Lord Mahon's War of the Succei«ioa in Spain ; Parochial Hist. o( Comwnll, vol. ii,; Rapin's Hist, of EngUnd; VisiUUons of Cornwall, ed. Vivian (ISBT), which coutaia a pndigroe of the Willa fandty dmwnupby theltev. J.V.Wms; Warburtan's Memoir uf the Earl of Pet^rboroogh ; RegisM™ of Westminster Abbey.] C. D-m. WILLS, JAMES (1790-1808), poet and man of letters, born on 1 Jan. 1790, was Uie younger son of Thomas Wills of WilUgrove, CO. Roscommon, a country gentleman be- longing to afamily of Comish extraction long settled in Ireland, who had married as his second wife a daughter of Captain Jamea Browne of Moyne, co. Itoscommon. Ue re- ceived his education at Dr. Millers achool at Blockrock, CO. Dublin, and from privat« tutors. lie entered at Trinity Collie, Dub- lin, on 1 Nov. 1809, taking a high place at entrance. During his university career h* formed ooe of b brilliant circle of undergra- duates, which included Charles Wolfe [q.v.], John Sjdnej Taylor fq. v.], John Analer fu. T.], and Samuel O'SuUiTan [see under XySVLUVis, MusTiitEBl. He inherit«d aa joint'heir with his brother a very consider- kble eatsle, which came into bb family through his mother; and in enrlv manhood waa in very easy circumstances. &ut shortly niter leaving tlie university the improvidence of the elder brother, who managed to squan- der the property of both, left the younger with very slender resources, and W ills Wft3 obliged to abandon the notion be had formed of embracing the profession of the bar, though be had taken the first steps towards getting called, and hod entered at ihe Middle Temple in 18il. Returning to Ireland, Wills spent several years at Bny.in the neighbourhood of Dublin, BngBged in desultory literary pursuits, and wrote many of his subseauentir published poems at tills period. Here also he met Ctiarlea Itobert Maturin [q. v.], and wrote hiswell-knownnoen), 'The Universe.'which wu published by, and long attributed to, Maturin, and the authorship of which was long B subject of literary controversy (cf. Netet and Queries, Bth ser. iii. -JO. 172. 240, 280,340; Dublin Unti: Mag. October 1875; Jrith Quarterly Eecieic, March 1852). For thia poem, which is now proved to have been entirely the composition of Wills, Ma- turin received 500/. from Colbum. In 1H22 Wills married Katbertne, daugh- ter of the Rev. W. Gorman, niece of Chief- justice Charles Kendal Bushe [q. v.], and graudniece of Sir John Doj'ie [q.v.j He took orders on bis marriage in the expecta- tion of receiving a presentation to a crown living through the chief justice, a hope which was defeated through a change of government. From the date of his marriage until 1638 he resided in Dublin. In 1831 he published ' The Disembodied, and other Poems,' in Dublin, and became a constant contributor to 'Blackwood's Maga- zine,' the 'Dublin University Magazine,' the 'Dublin Penny Journal,' and other period! ' , To the 'Dublin University Magazine, connection with which originated in a iriew of George O'Brien's criticism of ie's 'Round Towers' [see O'Bbibh, kt], he wns one of the earliest contri- TS; and later in his career he waa asso- it«d with Cicaar Otway Jq. v.] in founding e ' Iriali Quarterly' Review.' In 1835 he ^ iblished the ' Philosophy of Unbelief,' a "work which was afterwards republished, and which acquired considerable popularity in America, Wills combined with a strong imarkable aptitude , is. Of several ess , read by bim before the Royal Irish Academy, nthe 'Spontaneous Association of Ideas' said by Archbishop Richard \\'hateiy [cj. v.] to overturn Dugald Stewart's theory oil the same subject. In 1835 Wills was nominated to the sinecure curacy of Suir- ville, CO. Kilkenny, of which parish he was appointed vicar in 1846. In 1849 he was further advanced to the living of Kilmacow in the same county, and ultimately, in 1860, to that of Attanaeh in co. Kilkenny. In 1845 Wills published ' Drain ntic Sketches and other Poems,' which were followed iu 1 S46 by ■ Moral and Religious Epistles.' But his most important literaiy venture was the valuable biographical work known as ' Lives of Illustrious and Distinguished Irishman,' of which the first volumes were published in 1839 and 1840. Thiswork, which was com- pleted in 1847 and forwhich its author re- ceived 1,000/., aims at giving a history of Ire- land in a series of biographies ranging from the earliest to the most modem times, and is divided into six periods, to each of which Wills prefixed a valuable historical intro- duction. It was reissued subsequently under the title of ' The Irish Nation,' the con- cluding volumes of the revised edition ap- pearing after the author's death, under tne editorship of his son, Mr, Freeman Wills. The work has been accorded by a very com- Citent authority, John Thomas (afterwards ard-ebancellor) Ball, in the 'Dublin Uni- versity Magoiine,' the praise of ' great re- search, patient investigation, and sound iudg- naent, free alike from sectarian and political prejudices,' and as ' the most elaborate and the most complete record of the history and biography of Ireland as yet (1847) given to the Inali public' The book is, however, very deficient in point of style and arrange- ment, and, like all works of reference on so large a scale by a single hand, is In parts perfunctory. Wills was appointed Donellan lecturerin tbe university of Dublin for 1856-6, and delivered a course of sermons, published in 1860 under the title of 'Lectures on the Antecedent Probability of the Christian Re- ligion.' Healso edited Chief-justice Bushe'a posthumously published ' Summary View of the Evidences of Christiauitv.' In 1868, shortly before his death, he published 'TTie Idolatress, and other Poems,' which, like the ' Dramatic Sketches ' of an earlier date, was a collection of scattered contributions various periodicals. His verae is not with- out merit ; the shorter pieces breathe a strong spirit of Irish patriotism of the best kind ; I I I J W Wills < and atitramis IrUh nationalist ia said tohave embraced thfold cler^man on lt'ftrniiiBtl>at he was the aulhor of ' 'The MinBtrel's Walh.' He died at Attanagli in November IWS. Wills was aa iiuusually brilliant conver- aationlst, and some of hiS more ambitious poems show much of the dramatic power wliich descended to bis son, William Gorman Wills [q. v.] [Webb's Compendium; Dublio Unirersity Masuine; W.G. Wills, Drammiet and Painter, by FrBcmanWilla ; Iriab Quartcrljlteviov, March 18S2; Alii bonu'H Dirt, of Engl. Lit.: Todd's Oro- diMtes of Dublin UniTereilj: Burke's Land.«d Gentry ; Brooks's UecolleetionB of the Irish Church. 2nd ser.] C. L. F. WILLS, JOHN (1741-1806), benefactor of Wadbaro Colle(fe, Oxford, the only son of John WillsofSHaborough, Somerset, was bom B.C Seaborough in 17-11. He matriculated from Hertford College, Oxford, on 18 March 1758, aged 17, graduated B.A. in 1761, be- coming a follow of the society in 176.1. In the some year be proceeded nf.A. He w^s preferred to the college rectory of Tyd St. Mary in 1778, and in 1779 was presented to the rectory of Seaborough by Adam Martin; five years later he rebuilt the par^ionage of liignative village. W'illswaselected fifteenth warden of Wadham College on 7 July 1783, in succession to Dr. James Gerard. He took the d^ree of D.D. in the same year, and tLe office of vice-chancellor devolved u]ion him ia 179^. After an uneventful headship he died at Wadham on 16 June 1806, aged 05. In Wills Wadham found its grentest bene- factor since ita foundation. He left 400/. a year to augment the warden's stipend, at tbo same time bequeathing his books and furni- i ture to his successor, Dr. William Touma.y. | He left 1,000/. to improve the warden's lodgings : two exhibitions of lOOf. each an- ! nually to two fellows of the coll^, students | of law and physic ; two schotarBhipB of 20/. each for the same faculties; stipends of thirty guineas yearly for a divinity lecturer and preacher, and annuities of 76/. and 50/. | to superannuated fellows, besides a reoditiB ' prize and minor benefactions. He alio left an estate at Tyd St. Giles, worth about 150/. per annum, to the v ice-chance i lor for the tine being, ' in aid of the great burthen* of his olfice I ' 100/. per annum to the senior \ Bodleian librarian : 100/, per annum to tbe , theatre, and 100/. per annum to the Oxford Infirmary. After some private bequests ho made the residue of his estate over to the college for the purchase of livings. Owing to Willa's liberality the Wadham gardens reached their present eitent, the parterres ■nd clipped yews and statuettes of Dr. Wills Wi]kina'8time,Bs described hv .John Evclvn, giving plope to the ' romantic * garden de- igned by Shipley. Thf portrait of Wilb " >Tronr~ *' ''"" ""■ **''"-*' [Jackson's Wailbam College, pp. 121. 147, 181, 187, 216; Gent. JUg. 1806, i. SS9-80 ; Fosters Alumni Oion. 1715-1886.] T. S. WILIS, RICHAnD (/. 1558-1573), author. [See Wieles.] WILLS, THOMAS (1740-1802), evan- gloa-justa-Camelford), who married Mmt Spry. Tbe mother and twio-alstpr, both of whom were buried in Truro church, died at his birth, The father died a year or tiro later, and was also buried there. The two surviving sons were adopted fay the eldHt aunt, Lucy Spry of Truro, who died in 17BB, leaving most of her fortune to Thomas. Tbe elder boy. John Wills (d. 11 Oct. 17U4), be- came a lleuti^nant in the navy uniltir fait relative. Admiral Spry. The younger son, after his aunt's death, was piit under the care of her brother-in-law, Tliorans Michell of Croft West, near Truro, and placed at Truro grnmmar sch'iol, where he attended the ministry of Samuel Walker [l. v.] Wills matriculated ^m Magdalea Hall, Oxford, on 28 Itlarch 1757, and graduated B.A. 11 Dec. 1780. While at the university he became friendly with Thomas Hawels [q. v.], a brother Coniisbman and pupil at Truro si-hool, and was numbered among his religious associates. He was ordained dea- con by the bishop of l.lxford in 1702, and priest by the bishopof Exeter on Trinity Sun- day 1764. In 17^ he was appointed tothe curacy of Perraniabuloe and St. Agnea, two parielicB on the north coast of Cornvrall, of which James Walker, a brother of Samuel Walker, was vicar. His connection with Peiranzabuloe ceased in 17B'), I>ut he re- mained at St. Agnes until January 177**. In the autumn of 1772 Wills made tbe of the Countess of Iluntini^aa Intheauti city, and on 6 Oct. 1774 he married Selina Margaretta, third daughter of the Itev. Gran- ville Wheler of Otterden Place, near FaveP- sham, Kent, by his wife, Lady Catherine Maria Hastings, Lady Huntingdon, his wife's aunt, viaited them at St. Agnes in the autumn of 1775, and established her chapels In Cornwall. \\'ill8 was appointed 47 Wills chaplain in Januarv 177S, andtbereupon jmeJ hia curacy. _, Wills neit proceeded to Ladv niinting- "don's cotleife at Trevecca, and then to BriKU- ton. For hie irrcffular conduct in preaching U the S^ Fields chapet in 17S1 hn wus served with & citation ov the Rev, William Sellon of St. James's, Clerkenwell. Next year he took the oath of allegiance as a dia- seutinc minister, Sni was appointed mini- ater of Spa Field* chnpel. He officiiited there and in the several chnpela of I-ady Huiitingdon's connexion throughout Eng- land forseTeralyeai-s, Bndon9 March 1783 be and another minister held ' the priisarj (Hdination' of Ijidy HuntinRdouB con- nexion in Spa Fields chapel. Ue took tem- porary leave of thatcongreeation on 12 Au)f. 17^. DiOerences ensued between him and Lady Huntingdon, and he did not miniater "■"* »agBinmitil30Marchl788. Hepreached 'net sermon in the chapel on July 1788, a few days liter was dismissed by her. After preacbtng occasionally at Surrey cliapel and elsewhere Wills was enffaged by the propiietorg of Dr. Peckwell's chapel, in tlie Great Almonry at Westminster, and alao by those of Orange Street chapel, Leicester Square, to officiate in their re- (pectiTe buildings. The chapel at Silver ^leet, near Aldersgate Street, waa let to him firom Michaelmas 1789 for a lecture on Thursday evenings, and at the following Christmas he took the building on lease. Its interior was then altered, and the liturgy of the Engliflh church, an organ, and the hymns of the Countess of Ilnnlingdon were introduced. He ceased in 1789 to preach in Orange Street chapel, and in 1701 he vaie up Westminster chapel ; but tn 17t).^ he began preaching in lalington chapl. Tbera and at Silver Street chapel he re- matned preaching the doctrines of Calvini.im ■with anabated popularity for several years. About 1797 his congregation dwindled, through the popularity of an Antinomian preacher in Grub Street, and his own health began to decline. His mental faculties nve way, and in 1700 a stroke of paralysis incapacitated him from prencliing. lie look leave of his congrcBnti"" nt Silver Street on 28 Feb. 1800. and retired to Boakenna in the parish of St. llurvjin. dimwall, the seat of James Paynter. ITe dii-d there on 12 May 1602, and was buried on the north side of Bury an churchyard in a vaulted grave which he had constructed for himself and hia wife. A monument to his memory was placed in the church by his widow, who died at Boskenna on 3 April 1814. Aa a popular preacher Wills was second only to George Whitefield, and hia preaching ia the open air, especially on Tower Hill, attracted great crowds, lie was the author of ; 1 , ' Aemarka on Polygamy Madan's " ThelyphthoraV" 1781. 2. 'Au- theutic Narrative of the Primary Ordination in Ladv Huntingdon's Chapel, 9 March 1788;' 2nd e^. 178(1. 3. ' The Spiritual Register.' 171*1-95,3 vols.; he bad previously sent some of the cases (o the 'Prolestajit Magazine.' 4. 'A Farewell Address lo the Oouiitess of Huntingdon's Chapels, and especially Spa Fields,' 1788. He also published some singltt sermons, and edited several religious works, including 'Letters from the late I!ev. William Romaine to a Friend,' which passed through many editions. A portrait, by Sir Thomas Iiawrenco, of Wills was engraved by H, It, Cook, and on a larger scale by Fittler. A print of him, drawn and engraved by Ooldar, is prefijted to the 'Spiritual Register' and the 'New Spiritual MagBKJne,' vol. i. Another print, by Hidley. published by T. Chapman on 1 May 17M, is ia the 'Evangelical Maga- [MtmoifortliBBev.T.Willa,bya£riend,ien4: Life lit the Countess of Huntingdon,!, 310, 3U3- 331, ii, S3-0, 76. 203-4,310-18,414-33,479-81 ; Lifa of S. E. Pierce, pp. 59-92, B2-B; Wilson's DiBBPQtbg ChnrrheB, iii, 116-23: Nelson's Islington, pp. 273-S : Bennett's Silver Street Church, pp. 21-2; Foster's Alnmni Oron. : Gent. UHg. 1774 p. 494, 1S03 i. S8A, ISU i. ^IH; Parochial Hist . of Cornwall, i. 162; Boaie and Counnoy's Bibl. Comub. ii. 890-1 ; Wlll- cocks'a Spa Fields Cbipul, pp 34, 38.1 W. P. C. WILLS, WILLIAM OORMAN (1828- IPiH), dramatist, son of James Wills [q. v.], was bom Bt Blackwell Lodge, Kilmurry, on 28 Jan. 1838. He was educated at Water- ford grammar school under Dr. Price, and at Trinity College, Dublin, where he entered on 6 Nov. 1845. hia college tutor being Dr. Frank Sadleir [q.v.] lie did not proceed to a degree, but established a reputation among the Htiidenta by his poem on ' Poland,' for which he won the vice-chancellor's medal in 1848. He showed a strong bent for por- trait-painting, but received no training in art beyond that which the Royal Hibernian Academy, then in a very ilecreptt slate, could afford. Like Goldsmith when an un- dergraduate, he aeems to have rioted upon a minute allowance, earning a precariouR guinea now and again by a portrail contributing loan ephemera! magazine ealleJi 'The Irish Metropolitan,' through the pages of which ran his first serial story entitled ' Old Times,' published in volume iom reaching ^^H rer ^M e author ^^| I I I ^ Wills jean later, in IBST. AtDr. Anster'sboiise be met with u fellow-contributor and congenial 3iirit, the brlUiunt univeraitv Boliemisn, barlea Pelham Mulvaaj [q, t.J In 1863, after sevpral years of very desnl- torv occupation, or, as he atyled it, ' daisy- B':king ' in Ireland, Wills settled in London, B took rooms with bis friend Elenry lluin- pbreysia Clifibrd'a Inn. His efforts to inalce alivelihood by hia pen were not (^ncourag-ing. In ]863BppeBredhiB'No1ice toQuit,' a story conceived after the manner of Eugene Sue, which was praised for itadramatic situations but met with little success. In October of this same year Wills obtained the Itoynl Humane Society's inedal for a brave at- tempt to rescue a drowning lad near Old Swan Wbarf. ' The Wife's Evidence ' (1861, reissued 1876), a story of considerable melo- dramatic power, gained him an introduction to the ntagazinea, and be wrote ' David Chantrey' (18651 for ' Temple Bar,' and fcr ' Tinaley'^H Magaiine ' ' The Three Watches ' (1885), and 'The Uve that Kills' (1867), in which he remauipulates material already used in ' Old Times,' His father's death in 1608 impelled Wills to undertake the support of bis mother. He reverted to portraiture as his best means of earning' money, look a studio at 15 The Avenue, Fulbam Koad, and worked very successfully in paste! drawine^, mainly of children. He eihibited in the Grosvonor Oallery, and was soon oskinK twenty ^lineas for a small picture finished in three or four sittings ; and for a time there was no lack of fashionable sitters. Incurably unconven- tional. Wills, in response to a command to visit Osborne to draw the royal grand- children, pleaded a prior engagement. The Princess Louise wna inleroated in Willa's of his Htunio, which was haunted by stray C4ta, by monkeys and other unclean animals, &nd also by numerous parasites and loafers, attract«d by the painter's easy-^xng babit of inviting; visit^irB to stay, and keepin); his spore (jiange in a tobacco jar on the cbimnej- piBCe. Absent-mindedness, inherited, it is said, from his father, who once boiled bis watch in mistake for an egg, grew upon Wills to an extent which prejudiced hia career. He became oblivious of nodal ec- «ould not be found to reeeire them, for- (fot or travestied the names of people who entertained hira, and prided himself in being as diapoasionate b.^ Dr. Johnson on the subject of clean linen. In liis ! Wills later years he did most of his composition in l>ed. MeanwhileW'ilU was turning bis attention to writing for the stage. A first dramatic attempt, an adaptation from the German of Van UolfKi, entitled -A Man and his Sbadow' (1865), was followed by the pa- thetic ' Man o' Airlie,' which was put on at the Princess's in July 186", with Mr. Her- mann Vei'm in the title-part. Though the receipts were small, the plav rarely failed to move its audience, and the author was eneoorsged to write two other plays, sug- gested and produced by Mr. Veiin : ' Uinba, or the Headsman's Daughter' (founded upon Ludwig Storcb's historical novel), produced at the Queen's Theatre in September 1871; and 'Broken Spells,' written in conjunction with Westland Marston, and produced at the Court in April 1872. A short time before this date Wills was introduced by Vexin to the Butemans, and after the ap- pearance of ' Hinko ' be was retained by Colonel Bateman as ' dramatist to the Ly- ceum ' at a yearly salary of 3001. Upon tbii endowment he produced in turn ' Mede* in Corinth' (JulylSra), 'Charles I' (38 Sept. 1872), and 'Eugene Aram* (April 1878). The first two of these plays contain Willa's best work. ' Charles I,' though inferior to its predecessor in form, caught the taste of the public, and enabled Mr. (now Sir) Henry Irving to coniirm the reputation which he had made for himself in the ' Bells.' The portraiture of Charles was in harmony with v'ao Dyok, and the suggestion of calm and dignified suffering that disdained to resent or protest is decide<llT effective. Like Scott, Wills was a atauncli cavalier, and he was as little concerned with historical accuracy as Dumas. In his next biatorical play, ' Marie Stuart' (Princess's, February 1874), he caricatured John KnoK with the same gusto with which he had defamed Cromwell, He was now in grent demand as a verse playwright, and produced in quick succession " Sappho,' given It the Theatre Royal, Dublin, in 1876j Buckingham ' (Olympic. November 187^; Jane Shore' (PrincGSs's, September 187^; and ' England in the Days of Charles U' (Drury Lane, September 1877). Hia second great success was with ' Olivia ' (based upon Goldsmith's' Vicar of Wakefield'), of wKeh the best that can be said is that it has rarely been surpaeaed aa an adaptation of a novet It was produced at the Court Theatre in March 1873 under the management of Mr. MHrp, with William Terrias [q. v.] as Squira nhiU and Miss Ellen I'erry as Livyj both players were seen in their original parts ^phen the piece was Huceessfully revived at the Lyceum in 18S5. The dramatUt now produced with great npiditv a qiinntity of very inferior work. •Sell Owyime,' given at theKoyaltyin May 1878; * VandenlecWtn,' based upon the le^nd of the 'Flying Dutchiuan' (Lyceum, June 1878); 'Ellen,' aftrrwards called 'Braff" tHftvmarket,April 1879); 'Bolivar' (Tbeaire Hoyk!, Duhlin, Noveniher 187i>); 'Xinnn' (Adelpbi, Februari- 1880); 'Forced from Home' (Duke> Theatre, February 1S80) ; ■lolanlhe' (Lyceum, Mav 1880); 'William and Susan' (St. James a, October 1880): •Jnaoa' (Court. Mav 1881); 'Sedgmoor' (Sadler's WeUs, Au^st 1881): and Jane Ettb' (Globe, December 1882). In ISBd Henry Herman, Mr. Wilson Barrett's manner, provided a ' plot ' on which Wills was coaxed into basing the play ' Claudian ' (socceMfully produced at the Princess's in December 1883), a strange compound of tinsel and faollow columns, in which the old legend of the Wandering Jew is turned to melodramatic pnrpnse. ' Grinpoire,' given at the Prince's Tliealre in June 1885, was followed in December by Wilb's version of ' Faust ' for the Lyceum. In this, as in ' Clandian,' he appeared merely as the sofa his aub-arcbaic verbiage was not devoid of romantic resonance and was scrupulously cut into bUnk-verse lengths. Like qualities are conspicuous in his ' Melchior,' a blank- rerse poem in thirty-two cantoa, dedicated to Robert Browning and published in 1885, The long-drawn descriptions are often mere pinchbeck, but Will» had some of the faculty of an Irishman as a ballodist, clearly shown in (uch nongs as ' I'll sinpf thee sonjfS of Araby ' and ' The BaUad of Gnif Brum.' In the intervals of dramatic work Wills ipent much time at £:tretat and a few weeks occasionally at Paris, where he rented a studio. His real interest wbe still in oil- painting : his oil-psiniing of Ophelia is now 10 the loyer at the Lyceum. His plays were a by-product, in which he took little interest after De bad furnished the manuscript. He wldom attended rehearsals, and his recom- mendations, even when feasible, were gene- rally uitheeded by the actors ; he was never present at the premiere of one of bis own pUys. On 3 April 1887 Wills'a mother died, and her loss removed one of the few incentives h« bad to exert himself. He moved his 'studio' to Waihaoi Green, was henceforth Gllle seen by his friends at the Qarrick Club or elsewhere, and wrote little. His health began to breali, and at the close of 1891 10L. LXII. he waa bv his own request removed to Guy's Hospital,' where he died on 13 Dec. 1891. Many of the leading actors and playwrights of the day were present at his interment in Bromplon cemetery. His lost piece, 'A Royal Divorce,' was being played at the Olympic at the time of his death. A previous play, on the subject of ' Don Quixote.' wns produced at the Lvceum with very motlerate success iu May 1895. ' Charles I ' and his adaptalion of the lirat. part of ' FausI ' are the only plays by Wills which were issued in printed form. Wills was a bom writer of dramatic scenes, but his gifts were neutralised lo a large extent by bis inability to concentrate and by the essential lack ol firm taste and self-critical power. He Is ably summed up in the acute jud^ent of M. Filon: 'His Bohemian life, his impassioned character, his hasty methods of production, gave him in the distance the look of genius. But it was a misleading' look .... his pieces ore founded upon conceptions which crumble away upon analysis, and the versification is loo poor to veil or redeem the weakness of the dramatic [■W.G. Wills, DramrtliBtandPainlw,' a wpU- wnlten biognipliy by the dramntisi's broUier, Freomiin Wills, appeared in IHgH, with n good portrait nn4 facaimils autograph. See nl»a AiFher'i English Dramatists of To-day, ISHB, pp. 352-80; Arehi-i'sAh-iut theTlieatru. 1881. pp. 'iillaq. ; Pi Ion's English Stage, 1807; Pitx- gerald'g Hunry Irring, 1893, chaps, x'lv. xr. ; O'DonoEhue's Fuati of Ireland, p. 261; An Evening in Bohemia (Temple Bar, Jane 1890); CalBlritiaB of the Century; Times, lo Dec 1891; The Theatre. 1 Feb. 18B3 (with portrait) ; Era, 15 Dec. IBSI.] T. S. Wn^LS, AVILLIAM HENRY (1810- 1880^ miscellaneous writer, was born at Plymouth on 13 Jan. 1810. His father, at one time a wealthy shipowner and prixe- agent, met with misfortunes, and at his death the chief care of supporting his family devolved upon William Henry, or Unny Wills as he waa always called. Wills be- came a journalist, and contributed to periodical publications such as the ' Penny ' and ' Saturday ' ma^aiinea, and McCulIoch's 'Geographical Dictionary.' He was one of the original literary statf of ' Punch,' and had some share in the composition of the draft prospectus. He contributed to the first number (17 July 1841) the mordant epi- gram on Lord Cardigan called ' To the Blackballed of the United Service Club.' He waa for some time the recrular dramatic critic, inwhich capacity he ridiculed Jullien, the introducer of the promenade a '- Wills Urury Lane, and severely criticised the act- ing of Charles Kean. Among his other contributions ia prose and verse were ' Punch's Natural Jlistory of Courtship ' (illustrated bySirJohn Gilbert), 'Punch's Comic Mythology,' ' Information for Ehe People,' and skits Buch as 'The Burst Boiler and the Broken Heart,' and ' The Uncles of England,' in praise of pawnbroker*. In lH46 he wrote for the 'Almanac,' hut his contributions were thenceforth iufrequent. Wills began his lifelong association with Dickens in 1S46, when he became one of the Bulj-edilors of the ' Dully News ' under him. Soon al^erwards he went to Edinbui^li to edit ' Chambcrs'a Journal,' but two years later returned to London to become Dickens's Gucretarv. In 1649, on John Forster's sug- gestion.'Wills wax made assistant editor of ' HouBehold Words,' and was given the same position by Dickens when, ten years later, * All the \ ear Bound' was incorporated with it. Hia business capacity was invuluafala to Dickens, and he was one of the most inti- mate friends of the novelist in later life. At the end of 18S1 Wills accompanied Dickens on his theatrical tour in connection with the Guild of Literature and Art, to Iha temporary success of which Lis exertions laively contributed. In 1B68. while Dickens was in America, ^\'iUs Buftered concussion of the brain from an accident in the hunting field, and was disabled from his duties as editor of 'All the Year Round,' lie never recovered, and retired from active work. The remaining veara of his life Wills spent at Welwjn, llerlfordshire, where he acted as magislrale and chairman of the board of gunrdiauB. Ue died there on I Sept. 1880. Wills edited, id 1850,' SirHogerde Cover- ley by the Spectator,' illustrated by en- gravings from designs by Frederick I'aylor (1851, IBmo; Boston, Massachusetts, IS5I, 12mo ; reissued in the ' Traveller's Library,' 1856, evo). Willsalso published ' Old LeavEB gathered from Household Words' (I860, 8vo), dedi- cated to Dickens. The book oonsistsof thirty- seven descriptive sketches of places and events. In 1801 he issued a quarto volume, ' Poets' Wit and Humour,' illustrated by a hundred engravings from drawings by C. Bennett and O. H. Thomas. Two pieces, 'A Lyric for Lovers' and an 'Ode to Big Ben,' the latterof which originally appeared in ' Punch,' were from his own pen. The l»ok was republished in 1882. Wills also republished under the title ' Light and Dark ' some of hi.* contributions to ' Chambers's Journal.' Ue was a fluent writer both in Wills ^^^m prose and verse, with a faint tinge of pedsn- t.ry, which atTorded Dickens much amuse- ment. Douglas Jerrold was fond of exer- cising his wit at his expense, and Wills hod enough humour to enjoy the aituation. The Baroness Burdett-Coutts had for many years the advantage of Wil la's judgment and experience in the conduct of her philan* throj)ic undertakings. Wills married Janet, youngest sister of William and Robert Chambers, the Edin- burgh publishers. She was a woman of strcmg character, and a great favourilp with Dickens, In whose correspondence her name frequently appears. She had an extensive knowledge of Scottish literature, and a large fund of anecdotes, and was for many years ihecentreof a wide literary and social circle. She died on 34 Oct. 189:;. At her death the sum of 1,000/. accrued to the newspaper Eress fund, in whiuh Wills had interested imself after the failure of the Guild of Literature and Art. {AthenBUm. 4 Sept. isa". 29 Oct. 1892. ud 12 Nov, lSfi2; Fortter'sLifif of Dickena, )i.l2a, iii. 237, 454-fi ; Dickeoa's LeLtara, ed. Dickcvn nnd Hogarth, pnsstm ; Spielmana's Hisl. at lie's EIngl. Newi^pBra, ii. US ; AUibaDa'a . Engl. Lit. ; P. Fitzgerald's Memoirs of an Author, chap, iii., and BecrmtioDs of * Lit<iai7 Man, i. 74.] U. La O. S. WIIJS, WILLIAM JOHN 11834-1661), Australian explorer, the son of William Wills, a medical man, was bom at Toloes, Devonshire, on 5 Jan. 1834, and educated At Ashhurton school till 1830, when he wss articled to his father, and at intervals from 18S0 to 18ft:! studied medicine in Ijoodon, both at Ouy's and 9t. Bartholomew's hoi- pitals, Un 1 Oct. 18o2, carrying- out an idea which his father had already fOTmed, i he emigrated with his brother to Victoril, ' and started life as a shepherd at 30L a ' year and rations. In 1853 he was jnined by his father, and settled at Ballamt, where fur almost a year he acted as Uis father's assistant. He was, however, always pining for the open air and tlie bush, and in 1856 he obtained admission as a volunteer to the office of the surveyor of crown lands for the district. Here his aptitude for astronomic^ work and surveying was soon recognised. In 1858 he was employed on his first fielil Bun-ey for the department. In November 1858, on the institution of the magnetic and meteorological observatory at Melooume,h* was appointed to the staff. In 1860 Wills was appointed third in command of the exploring expedition sent Wills 5" Willshire t from ^'ictoTi& to iliecnver u route to ibti OSS Aiutralia. The party left Mel- iii 'iO Aug. 1860, and proceeded ^_U)wly OS fer aa tbe Darling river, where a t diSirenccoci^uiTed between tueleuder.Kobert I'O'Hnni Burke [q. v.j, and Landella, the Dcond in command, rtMulting in the retire- -MiRt of Luidells and tbe appointment of ■ WillH to be eecondincommand. OnlOOct. V Burke and M'ilU, with a portion of their ' nten, left Menindie with sixtDen cameU and flftmn hones, to push on in advance of the aat of tbe expedition. Travelling about wenty miles a day, they made Torowoto on (Jet., whence they sent back a despatch irith a report by Witla. Thta was the only ^ Arect mesaage ever received from them, and lis it Burke remarlts, 'I consider myself very [jfinunale in having Mr. Wills m my second in command. He is a capital officer, zealous nd untiring iu the performance of his duties.' f Aft«r leaving tbe Torowoto swamp the party I Wocenled by way of Wright's Greek to CooDcr'aCrevkiWhich was reached on II Dec. A. o^pot was formed, and on 16 Dec. Burke and Wills started northward with six cameU, « horse, and three months' provisions. Their rout« wasforthe moat part through a pleasant country and along good watprcouraes, and they reached the lidd waters of tbe Flinders tisrt on l-J Feb. 1861. Wills's own diarv is the source from which we learn the details of their advance, and he tells the tale in a simple and modest fashion. On 21 April they nrrired at the depot on their return journey, but only to find it abandoned. On 23 April they started down Cooper's Cnwk for Adelaide: hut after losing their remnining camels they began to fuel the anxieties of their position, without proper conveyance, and dependent on the natives or their own exHrtionsforsupplies. Between 37 May and 6 June Wills made a journey on foot and alone to the depot at Coopers CrMk and back to the camp on the road to Jlouot Hopeless. No help had come, and they were all in a desperate position. Wills's journal l«IU the tale of gradual starvation during the month of June ; the last entry ii on '2^ June, when be records that Burlie and King, the only other Knglishmen re- maining, are to leave him in the search for kelp from the natives, and that he does not expect to lost more than four or five days. King, tbe only eventual survivor of the p«rtv, returned within that time, and found thai' Wills liad already died, probably on 29 or 30 June. would have been attained without such loss of life. It is lii evidence that Wills on more than one occa- sion advised a course whieh would have eertainlv been rewarded by the safety of the partv (Uowiit). W^ills has been described by one of his friends as 'a thorough Englishman, aelf- relying and self-contained.' lie was modest yet strong of purpose, persevering, and to the last degree trustworthy. His passion for astronomy was remarkable, but study of all kinds was a part of his life. lie was thoughtful and religious. A national memorial of him and his leader stands in frant of the i'arliament House (it Melbourne. There is also a raa- morial of him at his native town of Totnes, and a tablet iu his old school at Ashburton. One of the streets in Ballarat is called after him. A print of a good portrait is given in his fathers memoir of his journey. London. 1863: Hewitt's Hist, of Liscovery ii Amtrnlia, ii. 13 1 K\q.\ Pari. Paper on the Burke and Willfl Exploring Expedition, Honsaaf Com- mons. 1882, No. 13D,1 C. A. H. WttLSHIEE, Sib THOMAS (1789- 1862), bart., general, born at Halifax, Nova Scotia, on 24 Aug. 1789, wag the eldest sur- vLrlng son of Captain John Willshire by Mary, daughter of Willium Linden of Dub- lin. The father was son of Noah Willshire, a merchant, and, as the latter would not bur him a commission, he enlisted in the 38tb foot, lie was made quartermaster in 1790, lieutenant and adjutant in 1793, and pay- master in 1801. He obtained commissions in the regiment for three of his sons while thev were still children : that of Thomas Willshire was dated 25 June 1795, and on & Sept. following he became lieutenant. Thomas Witlsmre joined his regiment at Saintes in tbe West Indies in January I "OH. It returned to England in 1800, and it was probably then Iliat he went to school, at King's Lynn and Kensington. He was pro- moled captain on 28 Aug. 1804, when a se- cond battalion was raised. The lirst batta- lion went to the Cape in 180i>, but he re- mained behind, and was second in a duel fought at Nottingham on 1 Jan. 1806. Ho joined the first battalion in South America 'm 1607, and took part in the attack on Buenos Avres. He went with it to Portu- gal in 1808. and woa present nt Kolico, Vi- miero, and Coruiia. He served with it in Walcheren, where his father died on 26 Sept. 1809. In June 1813 tbe first battalion of the 38th again embarked for the Peninsula, I I I Willshire 5« Willshire Willshire commandinf!^ the light company. It joined the army three days before the battle of Salamanca ('2'2 July), and was brigaded with the royals and the 9th in the o\\i (Leith'») division. Willshire re- ceived two wounds in the battle. He com- manded the light companies of the brigade in tlie action on the Carrion on 25 Oct. chase in the 46th. (le had command of it for some time at BalUrv, and in December 1824 he commanded a brigade in the force under Colonel Deacon which retook the fort at Kittoor. On 30 Auir. 1827 he was made lieutenant-colonel without purchase of the 2nd (queen^s), stationed at Poona. He served with it nearly ten vears, and during the retreat from Hurgos. In 1H13 , Sir Lionel Smith, after inspecting the regi- the division formed part of (iraham's corps ! ment in 1830, reported that he had 'never at Vittoria, and at the siege of San Sebastian. In the first aMuult tlie 38th was assigned the lesser hreacli. In the second assault it yet met so perfect a commanding officer.' On 10 Jan. 1837 he was made brevet colonel, with the local rank of brigadier- was at first in reserve, but was soon brought ' general in India. In 1838, while command- up in flnpy)ort of the stormers. Willshire's I ing a brigade at Poona, he was given one youngf'St brother was killed; he himself was given a brevet majority on 21 Sept. He commandfHl tlie light companies of the i in the *army of the Indus,' formed for the invasion of Afghanistan. In February 1839^ the army was reorganised, Keane becoming brigade at the passage of tfie Bidassoa, . commander-in-chief, and AVilkhire succeed- which he is said to hav(? been the first man i ing him in the command of the Bombay to cross, and in tlie act ions on the Nive ; division of infantry. His troops were the (9 11 Dec.) and tlu' ropulse of the sortie last to cross the bolan, and were harassed from IJnyonne (14 April 1814). He received ; by the tribesmen; but he reached Quetta n br^'vct lieutenant-colonelcy, and after- ' on '^ April, and Kandahar on 4 May. He wards the Peniusular silver medal with took part in the storming of Ghazni on Ht'.vcn cbisps. j 23 July, and went on to Kabul. In 1H15 his battalion was sent to the ' On 18 Sept. — the day after a grand in- Netherlands, but was too lato for Waterloo, vestiture of the Durani order, of which he It went on to I*aris, and Willshire was em- received the second class — he began his )loyed for a short tim«» on the staff. In , march back to the Indus with the Bombay )e(;erab<'r he n'turnfd with the battalion to division. After passing C4hazni he marched Kn^dnnd, and in .Jun*.' 1^18 wfnt with it to direct on Quetta, punishing some of the tlir* T-apt^ On his way out he wrote a tribes on his way, and arriving there on manual of * li^^ht eompany mameuvres in 31 Oct. He had been told to depose Mehrab conr»Tt with liattalion manceuvres,* which Khan of Kelat, and sent a column from was srnt. to Sir Henry Torrc^ns [n.v.], and was Quetta for that purpose on 3 Nov. Leam- prohably us<'d bv him in pr(']>anng the drill- | ing from Major (afterwards Sir James) Out- book of IHiJt. karly in 1819 Willshire was ram that resistance was likely, he joined it H<*nt to th<» fronti^T as commandant of = himself two days afterwards. It consisted |{ritish Kallraria. A (juarnd between the . of the queen's and 17th foot, the 31st Ben- chi»'fH, in which th»! British aiithorities gal native infantry, some local horse, six int«'rv»*n«?d, hid to an attack on Grahamstown guns, and some Bombay engineers, number- by Mokanna with six thousand Kaffirs on ing in all 1,1()() men. 22 Ajiril. Willshin; had only his own i lie reached Kelat on the 13th, and found company f»f thn *5^tli, with 210 local troops the khan's troops (about 2,000 men) posted and fivd guns. Tlu' attack was well planned on three hills north-west of the fort. He and d»!tormin<'d ; hut it was skilfully met drove them from these hills, captured their and n-pulsMfl with loss. Willshire followed guns, and tried to enter the fort along with up tin* Kuflirs, and forced Mokanna to sur- the fugitives. The gate was closed before rcudfT. Tin; territory between the Fish his men could reach it, but it was soon rivfT and the Keiskaninia was added to the opened by his guns, and after a determined coh)ny, anrl Fort Willshire was built in it. | resistance the fort and its citadel were He was hi^dily praiM'd by the governor, Lord , stormed, with a loss of 138 men killed and Charles Somerset, who was also commander ! wounded. Mehrab Khan died fighting at of the forces, and hv th(» Duke of York. the head of his men (Xo/ir/. Gaz. ErtrASreh, In 1HL>2 the :\Ht\\ went to ('alcutta, and , 1840). "Willshire was strongly recommended by The governor-general, in forwarding Will- Som(?rset to the jrovernor-peneral, I^ord i shire's report, commended his 'decision, Hastinpfs. He could not afford to purchase great nulitarv skill, and excellent disposi- his majority in the regiment, and on 10 Sept. tions ; ' and Outram speaks of * the cool 1823 he was given a majority without ]>ur- I and determined demeanour of our veter n Eaecii: Ue bad been made C.B. ia 1838. ir the campaign in Al'gbauislan ke received ihe thanks of parliamtint, and was made K.C.B. oa 20 Dec. 1H39 ; and for the cap- ture of Ketat he was created a barunct un « June 1840, After tnstalliiiK a neir klian, who was aoou displaced, Wlllahire left Kelat on 31 Nov. 1839, and resumed hia march to the Indiu. Ilia division iras broken up on 27 Dec,, and he returned to the command of bis brigade at Poona. In October 1840 • lunstroke obliged hioi to reairn this and go to England. On27NoT, 1841 he excbanjud from the queen's regiment to half-pay, hviag Appointed comniuidaat at Chalham. remained there till 1846, when he was pro- moted major-generat on 9 Nov. He wati Afterwards unemployed. He was made -colonel of the &lst foot on 26 June l»19, lieutenant-general on 20 June 18.54, general on 20 April 1861, and G.C.B. on 28 June 1861. Be died on 31 May im-2 at UiJl House, near Windsor. On 1 1 May 1818 he married Annette Loiiitia, eldest daugliter of Captain Berkeley Maxwell, ILA., of Tuppen- deoe, Kent ; be had two sons and three fUughteni. Willshire was a tall, athletic man, with Aquiline features. Ilia portrait, painted by T. Heaphy, was lent by Lady WilUhire to the Victorian Eichibition. In the 3Sth he Lad the sobriquet of ' Tiger Tom.' As a disdplioarian be ' was strict, indeed severe, but always impartial andjust.' [Low'i Soldiers of the ViMortan Arb, i. 1-104 ; OaoLHag. 1H62. ii. 631 ; Kenoedy's Camixiiga of the Army of tbe ladus ; noldaniiil'B Life of Ontram ; Dutatid's rirst Afghau War ; Burke's jMRige.] E. M. L, ^ WILLSON. [See also WiLSO-V.] ^k ■WILI^ON, EDWARD JAMES (1787- ^K|654), antiquary and architect, born at Lln- ^bolti on 21 June 1787, was the eldest son of I ■William Willson of Lincoln by bis wife Clarissa, daughterof William Tenney. l^> bert William Willson [q. v.] was his younger brother. He was brought up a Roman [ catholic, and, aAer education at tbe grammar cbool, began to leam business an a builder 'et his father, who had unusual know- « of theoretical construction. In a few s he abandoned building for tbe study f architecture, in which be obtained help n a local architect. He was engaged by rchdeacon Bayley in 1823 in the restora- {k>n of Messingham church, and euperin- Bnded repairs or restoratioua at llaxey, ^uth, West Rosen, Saundby, Staunton, and ir churches in the counties of Lincoln aud Nottingham. He designed Roman catholic chaiiels at Noi:titu;haDi, Hainton, Louth, Melton Mowbray, tirautham, and elsewhere, some of which may be regarded as early examples of tbe Goifiic revival. In l«>26 he designed the organ cose for Lincoln Cathe- dral, but beyonulihis (and occasional informal suggestions) be was not engaged on the cathedral restorations, conducted at that time in a spirit of wholesale renovation whicb he deprecated. Between 1834 and 1845 he restoi^ the keep, towers, and walls of Lin- coln Castle, and bad for more than twenty years the charge of that fabric as county surveyor. The I'elham Column, 128 feet high, on a bill at Caboum betneen Caistor and Grimsby, was designed by Willson for the Earl of Varborough. About 1818 an acquaintance with John Britton [q.vj and Augustus Charles Pugin [q.v.} started him upon an industrioua career as a writer on the phase of architecture then becoming popular. For Britton's ' Architectural An- l iquities ' (4to, 1807-20) he supplied accounts of Boston church, St. Peters, Barton, and the minsters of Beverley and Lincoln, and firobably took a large share in the cbrono- ogica! table attached to the fifth volume. He was associated with the same author's ' Cathedral Antiquities' (4to, 18I4-36J and ' Picturesque Antiquities of English Cities ' (4to, 1830). The ' .Specimens of Gothic Architecture ' which Augustus Cliarles I'ugin began to p'abliah in 1821 owed much to \\'illson's suggestions, both in the delineation of mould- ings and det^is (an advance on previous methods of recording architecture) and in the selection of the esamjiles. Willson wrote the whole of the letterpress for these two volumes, and supplied a valuable glos- sary of Gothic architecture, tbe first of its kind. For Pugin's 'Examples of Gothic Architecture' (4to, 1826-31) he also wrot« the text, including essays on ' Gothic Archi- tecture' and 'Mi^ern Imitrttion.' He was intimately connected with the movement for the cultivation and nomenclature of Oothio architecture with which Thomas Rickman [q. v.] and others were then associated. He was the author of various pamphlets on local subjects, aud collected a wealth of material for the architectural history of his county and cathedral, which lack of lime and health prevented liis putting into print. All branches of ecclesiastical history claimed bis attention, and he left notes u^n the disputed authorship of tbe "De Iinitatione Cbristi.' He was honoured as a citizen in Lincoln, and became a cily magistrate in. 1634 and mayor in 1852. I Willson 54 Willughby Willeon died at Lincoln on 8 Sept. 1854, He wfiE buriud at Hainton. Ue married, in 1621, Alan-, duughter al Thomas Mould. By her he lind two surviving sons. [Biiilder, IHfiS, liii iS ; inroTinHtinn from T.J. WillfioD, esq.: Gent. Mug. 185a, i. 321.1 P. W. WILLSON, ROBERT WILLLiM ) 1791-181)6), Roman catholic bwhop of IIobHrt, Tasmania, bom nt Lincoln in 1704, was thu third son of William Willson of Lincoln. Edward James Willson [q.v.lwns hia ddeat brother, lie entered the college of Old Oscott in 1816, waa ordained to tJie priesthood bv Bishop John Milner (1752- 1826) [q.v.]m Decumber 1834, and m Fe- bruary 1835 was stationed at Kottiagbatn, whera hs built thespaciouschurch of St. John, 'which was completed in 16:^8. Subsequently he erected the tine group of buildings that now constitute the cathedral of St. Barna- bas, with its episcopal and clerical residence, schools, and convent. At the suggestion of William Bernard Ullathome [4. v.] he was made the first bishop of Hobort Town, Tas- mania, being consecrated in St. Chad's Cathe- dral, Birmingham, on 28 Oct. 1843 by Arch- bishop Poldinr of Sydney. Bishop (after- wards Cardinal) Wiseman ssermon, preached on the occasion, has heen printed. Willson arrived at Hobart Town in 1844. Besides Norfolk Island, othcrpenal settle- ments at Port Arthur and on Marin, Island came within the jurisdiction of the new bishnp. Great social evils had been de- veloped under the prevailing system of penal discipline, but Willson efiepted many ame- liorations in the treatment of the convicts, especially on Norfolk Island. Indeed his representations to the colonial and imperial governments, backed by Sir William Thomas I)enison rq,v.],ultimatelyohtainedathorout^h reformation of this part of the system. So earnest was he in his purpose that be resolved to come home in order to let the British Go- vernment know the truth with regard to the sufferings of the convicts and the aorrars of Norfolk Island. He arrived in England in the middle of 1847, and he was listened to with respectful attention both by her majesty's government and by the select com- mittee of the House of Lords, lie reached Hobart Town agoin in December 1847, and, in consequence of his continued exertions, Norfolk Island was eventually abandoned as R penal settlement. Willson brought ahont other reforms in the penal discipline of Tas- mania, and he likewise elfected various re- forms in the treatment of the insane. Ilia services oa chief pastor of his own com- munion, and as a public man in the develop- ment of various colonial and local institu- tions, were warmly acknowledged by suc- cessive governors and by the community at large throughout Tasmania. He finally left the colony, in shattered health, in the spring of 186^, and settled at the scene of his earlier labours. Having formally resigned his preferment, he was translated by the holy nee on 32 June 188U from the bisliopric of Hobart Town to tluit of RhodiopoHs, i» partitas injidelium. Qp died at Nottingham on SO June 1806. nnd was buried in the crvpt of the cathedral church of St. Bom abas. [MamQir by Bishop UIIathorDo, London, 1887 (with Dhotagraphii.' portrait), reprinted from Dublin BBViflw. 3rd aer. iriii. 1-26 ; Cunsecra. linn Sennon by Cardinal Wiseman: Kelsli's PBraDn.ll Rei^ollretions of Bishop Willson, Ho- bnrt. 1882: Ullathorne's Autobioer. p. 282; Gent. Mjig. 1866, ii. 27U.] T. C. WILLUGHBY. [See also Willouohbt.] WILLUOHBY, FRANCIS (16.'W-1672), naturalist, was born at Middleton, Warwick- shire, in ItWo. He was eollaterally descended on his raalemul graudfather's side from Sir Hugh Willougbby fq, v.1, his father's &ther being Sir Percivall Willughby, the male representative of the Willoughbys of Eresby, and his father's mother the eldest daughter ond heiress of Sir Francis Willughby of Wolleton, Nottinghamsliire. His father, Sir Francis Willughby, who died 17 Dec. 1666, married Cassandra, daughter of Thomas Ridgeway, earl of Londonderry [q. v.], and Willughby was their only son. ' He was, from liis childhood,' savs llay, ' addicted to study. ... As soon as he had come to the use of reason, he was so great a husband of his time as not willingly to lose or let slip unoccupied tholeast fragment of it, . , . :cessive in the prosecution of his studies that most of his intimate friends wers of opinion that he did much weahen his body and impairhis health' (rAfOm/Motwy of Franca WUlughb^, 1678, pref.) Wif- lugbby entered Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1653, as a fellow-commoner, his tutor being James Duport [q. v.], who in 1660 dedicated his ' Gnomologia Homeri ' to Wil- lughby and three others. Itay, who was eight years Willoghby's senior, had entered Trinity College in order to become Duport'a pupil, but in 1653 was already himself Greek lecturer, and became soon after matbemnti- cal lecturer, and in 1655 humanity reader. Isaac Barrow, to whom Willughby's mathe- matical tastes recommended him, had been elected to a fellowship at the same time as a tlie uotes and fcjUjinle49. WillughbvgnnlualedU.A. f^ 1655-6, andtircJwedeU M.A. in 1659. In 1860 Willughby spent a. short time i Oxford in gnler to consult EOtue rare works in tlie libniriea there; and in the preface to his 'Cstologua Planlarum circa Canta- brigiam,' published in that year, Ray alludes I to help received from ^Villugliby and to his Lsttceesa in the itudy of insects. In a letter Eto him, dat«d 1669, llay asks for his help, ffcr WarwickHhlre and Nottinghamshire, to- B wards a catalogue of British plants (Vorre- W-mon'Uitff of John Ray, Hay Soc., p. I ). In ■ IBHI WitliighbT did not accompnny Itay P tax the second botanical journey described ' in ' Mr. Itnv's Ilineruriei*/ published 'Remaina' 'in 1700, though- -'- in Derham's ' Life of llay ' ne la Braiea in iisv« done ao, the naturalist's companion being Philip Skippnn («jr>. cit. p. 3), but in 3fay and June 1II02 he did accompany Ray on his third journey from Cambridge through the northern midland counties and \\'alefi. He appears to have parted company from him ill Ulouceatershire, to have chanced upon a find of Roman coins near Dursley, and to have fallen ill at Malvern {op. eil. ji. 5). WUIughby was at this time much inte- rested In mathematical questious,a« appears firora two letters of his, dated March 1663 and October 16()5, to Barrow, published by Derhaminthe'rhiloBophicalLetters^lTlfH). Barrow dedicated to him and others his edition of ' Euclid,' and is recorded in Cole's manuscripts to have said ' that he never hnew a gentleman of such ardor after real _ learning and knowledge, and of such ca- pacities and fitnesa for any kinde of learning.' ~ ItnuM have been at this time that, as Ray i;|lft«r*r&rds told Derham {MemoriaU qf Say, "^ 88), he and Willughby 'finding the '? History of Nature" very imperfect . . . litgreed between themselves, before their *^vel8 beyond sea, to reduce the several of things to a method, and to give itato descriptions of the several species ..I a strict view of them. And forasmuch Mr. Willughby's genius lay chiefl;f to i lmala. ihpwJore be undertook the birds, ^CMts, fishes, and insects, as Mr. Ray did pbe vegetable^.' Ray, having been deprived ^Vf hia fellowship in August 1162 by the meration of the Act of Uniformity, he and Willughby determined to go abroad, and iBft Dover for Calais on 18 April H)63, accompanied by Philip (afterwards Sir Philip) Skippon and Nathaniel Bacon, two of Ray's pupils. On 22 May Willughby WB8 included in the original list of fellows of the Royal Society, which had been in- corporated on 22 April. War with France compelled ibe travellers to turn a Flanders, after which they traversed Her- _ , Switferland. Italy. Sicily, and Malta. In August 16(U Willughby parted from tho others at Stontpelier, and accompanied a raercbant into Spain. His journey is siim- mariaed in a letter to Itay, written from Paris in December {C'wmwp. af Itay, p. 7). Many of the travellers' papers were tost on llieir return journey; ijut Itay published their ' Observations. . . . Whereunio id added a brief Account; of Francis Wil- lughbv, esq., his Voyage through a prent pnrt of Spain,' in 1673, and many of W;il- lugliby's specimens of birds, tishes, fossils, dried plants, and coins are still at Wollalon Hall. Recalled to England by the death of his fmher in Decemlwr Ittfift, Willughby vn» kept at Middluton Hall duringmnch of 1606; but on 22 July, in company with Itobert Hooke Bitd others, he observed the eclipse of the sun through Boyle's 60-foot telescopo in Ixindon (PAH. Ti-atu. 8 Sept. HMW). In October of that j-ear Dr. John Wilkins [q. v,] wrote aski[ig his assistance in drawing up tables of animals for hia ' Essay towards n RealChBracter,'which was published in 1668; and Ray spent the greater part of the follow- ing winter at Middleton, as he says in a letter tf) Martin Lister, ' reviewing, and helping to put in order, Mr. Wlllughby's collections . . . in giving what assistance I could to Dr. Wilkins in framing his tables of plants, quadrupeds, birds, lishes, &c., for the use of the universall character' {Memorialmf Ray, p, 17) ; in the dedication of his work, how- ever, Wilkins acknowledges his indebtedness to Willughby in respect of animals, and to Ray only in respect of plants. From June to September 1667 Willughby and Hay made a tour into the south-west of England iib. p, dl); but Willughby's marriage in 1668 temporarily suspended their collaboration. Ray was, however, re-established at Middle- ton Hall in September 1608, and in the following spring the two fnends carried out some important experiments on the rise of sap in trees (.Phil. Tran». iv. 963). In tte autumn of 1669 Willughby sent letters to the Royal Society on the 'cartrages' of rose leaves made hy leaf-cutting bees. I 1671 he wrote on the some subject and o ichneumon wasps, and from a letter from Ray to Lister in 1670 he see added considerably to the I at English spiders iCorreep. of Ray, p. 60). At the close of 1671 Willughby medilatrf a journey to .\merica to ' perfect his history of animals ; ' but, his health, never robust, failed him. He was token seriously ill it Willughby 56 Willughby Jane 1672, ami died U Uiddleton Hall on 3 Jdv 1QT3. lie »u buried in Middleton ebnrcn, his tomb being aurmouated by a bunt and bearing a Latin epitaph, probably by R«y. There is also a marble bust of him io Trinitj CkiUege Library, Cambridge, ■ad an oil portrait at Wollaton, from wliicb that bT Liian in Sir William Jardine'a ' Nftturaliiifs Libranr ' was engraved. The Kenaa WUhu/kbeia, an important group of Halsvan rubber plants, was d«di(«ted to him by William RoiburKh [q. v.] The ieat cutting bee dnscribed by liim bears bia name a« ' Megachile Willubuella.' WilJUKhb; married, ia l(itI8, Emma, se- cond daughter and coheiress of Sir Tbomag Bermird, by whom he had three children, Fnucis, Cassandra, and Thomas. FTancis, born in 1668, was created a baronet in iU7ti, no doubt as an honour to his father's me- mory, but died in 1688. Cassandra married James Brydges, first duke of Chandos ;[q. v.]; Kod Tbomai, who succeeded to the baronetcy in 1688, was created Baron Hiddleton in December 1711, being one of the batch of peers created in one day under Harley and St. John; he died in 1729. Mrs. Willughby in 1670 married Sir Josiah Child [q, v.] Ray was one of five executore of Wil- lughby'a will, under which he received an Annuity of sixty pounds. Until 1676 he acted as tutor Io tlie children of hifl friend, and, from letters printed in his ' Corre- ■pondeoco' (pp. 101. 103), he seems soon to have decided Ibat it was his duty to pub- lish what Willughby bad done lowards bis history of animals. ' Viewing,' he says, ' his manuscript! after his death, I found the several animals in every kind, both birdu, and beasts, and lishes, and insectB, digested into a method of his own contriving, but few of their descriptions or histories so full and perfect as he lot-ended them ; which he io sensible of that when I asked him upon bis deathbed whether it was his pleasure they should be published, he answered tbitt he did not desire it, nor thought them bo coi siderable as to deserve it . . . though he C(JI fest there were some new and pretty observi tions on insects. But considering that the publication of them might conduce some- what to the illustration of Qod's glory . . the assistance of those who addict them- eetves Io this part of philosophy, aud . . the honour of our nation ... he not contradict- ing, 1 resolved to publish them and first took in band the Ornithology' (Preface to The fJmithiilogy of Franms Willtighhv. 1678). This WM published in 1676 as ■'Francisci "Willughbeii . . . Omithologire libri tres in quibtu aves omnes ... in methodum naturis deacribuntur . . . Totum opuB recognovit, digeeait, supplevit Joannes Rains. Sumptus in cbalc^ntpbM fecit illustris». D. Emma Willughby vidua,' IjOndoD, pp. 312, fol. Uf this work Neville Wood says Willughby was " the firet nalu- ralist who treated the study of birds aa a science, and the first who made anything like a rational classijication . . . His sys- tem ... is without doubt the basis on which the ornithological classification of Liniueiu ij founded '(OmiVA(i/£^Mt'» Texl-bo<ik, pp. 3, 4). Itay next prepared an enlarged edition of this work In English, which he published in HJ78 OS 'The Ornithology of Francis Wil. lughby . . .' his own share in which ia de- scribed by the words, 'tranalited into English and enlarged with many additions through- out the whole work. To which are addod three considerable discourses: I. On the Art 'lin^ II, Of the Ordering of Singing niras. in. Of Falconrv,' London (pp.448, fol.) On 18 Feb. 1084 Hay, then settled at Black Notley, Essex, write« to Sir Tancred llobinson [q.v.] that be had extracted out of W i II ughby 'a papers,' re V ised , s upplied , aetho- dited, and fitted for the press,' the ' Ichthyo- logy.' The Willughby family not assist- ing in the publication of this work, as they had in the case of the former, it was issued at the expense of Bishop Fell and the Hoyal Society, various fellows of the society bear- ing the cost of the copperplate illustrations, and the work being prmted at the Oxford University Press underthe title of 'Francisci WiUughlieii . , . de Uiaturia Piscium libii quatuor . . . Totum opusrecognovit,coBptBvit, supplevit, librum etiam primum et seeimduni inti^ros adjecit Johanuea lUius . . . Oxonii,' 1686 (pp. 373, fol.) In the last year of his life lUy resolved to complete WiUughhy's ' History of Insects,' but, at Ilr. Tancred Hobinson'a suggestion, preceded it by his ' Methodua Insectorum,' published in 1705, just after his death. In August 1704 ha wrote to Dr. Derham of the larger work: ' The mKin reason which induce.* me to un- dertake it Is because I have Mr. WiUughhy's history and papers in my hands, who had spent a great deal of time and bestowed much nuins upon this subject . . . and it ia a pity nis pains should be lost ... I nly chiefly on Mr. "Willughby's discoveries and the contributions of friends ; as for my own papers on the subject they are not worth preserving.' Tbe ' Illstorla Insectorum' was published in 1710 as ' auctore Joanne Uaio,' edited by Derham for the Royal So- ciety : but it abounds throughout with ac- knowledgments of indebtedness to Wil- lughby, expressed in terms of the highest ^M deference. ^P clans l^y's ^1 ATiiim et 1 Willughby 57 Willyams b deference. There seems little reason to class liay's posthumous ' Synnjiaia Methodica ATiiiinet Pisciuni,' published id lTl3,araoag works raninly due to the Isboure of Wif- lughby: but when we remeinber the inti- mate friendship of the two men, their un- doubted collaboration in the tables prepan>d for Dr.Wilkins's work,aQd the definite slate- menla as to Lis own share in the work made by Ray, a man of unquestionable modesty, we recognise that it is futile to attempt to ap- portion the credit. When Sir James Edward Smith writes ' we are in danger of attribut- ing too much to Mr. Willughby, and too little to' Ray (Lirmean Trajuiactiong,yol. i.), he errs only in a less degree than does Swainson in sayiug that 'all the honour thot has been ^ivsn to Hay, so fur as con- cerns systematic xoology, belongs eiclusi Tel T to' WiUughby. [Memoir by JoBhna Frederick Deahurn in Sir W. Jurdine^s N«Hir«Iist'» Library, vol, ivi.; aQthafitieR cited.] G. 8. B. WILLUaHBT, PERCIVALL (1596- 168.1), writer on obstetrics, was siith son of Sir Percivsll Willuifhby, knt., of WoUaton I Hall, NottinghamHbire, where he was bom tin 1596. Francis Willughby [q. v.] was his nephew. Percivall was educated at Trow- bnd|^. Rugby, Eton, and Oxford, where he mstnculaled from Magdalen College on 23 March 1620-1, his age being given as twenty-two, and graduated B.A. on 6 July 1621. Jn 1610 he was, at the suggestion of his uncli; Robert Willughby, himself a medical man, articled for seven years to Feamer van Ott«n, after which he was to have joined Ilia uncle; but Van Otten dying in 1624, Willughby soon after coramencwl practice for himself, and in 1631 he settled in Derby, where be married Elixabeth, daughter of Sir Frsncis Coke of Trusley, by whom he had two or three sons and two daughters. On W Feb. 1640-1 he was admitted an extra licentiate of the Royal Collie of Ffcyaicians. In 1665 he removed to London ' for the better education of his children,' but in 1660 he returned to Derby, where he lesumed his practice as a physician, enjoying a high reputation throughout the neighbour- iag counties for his skill in obetetrio opera- I tions. He deprecMedtheuseof the crotchet. Land, Cbamberlen's secret of the forceps not BliBving been an yet divulged, he endeavoured I'to overcome all diflicultiea by tumiug. At ■ 4n]e period he was to some extent assisted 1 by a daughter, whom he had trained us a nidwife to ladies of the higher claseei. lie Ji of high culture, powerful Jntel- ; the secrecy ^^M 'aries main- ^H and though. ^^ lect.and great modi-sty, scorning the secrecy which some of his contemporaries main- tained OS to their procedures ; and though, he committed to writing the conclusions at which he arrived after long years of study and observation, revising and transcribing the manuscripts in English and in Latin, be seems to bave hesitated to the lost at their publication, as if sensible of the want of some really scientific instrument (the forceps) for the perfection of his art. The earliest copy of his work is a closely written quarto,entitIed'DniWillougbaei,DerbiensiB, De Puerperio Tractatus,' in the Britiih Museum .Sloane MS. 629. The second, an amplification of this, and referred to by l)r. Denman in his ' Practice of Midwifery,' was then in the possession of his friend Dr. Kirkland ; while the third and greatly enlarged edition consisted of two exquisitely written copies in Latin and in English, which were quite recently the property of the late Dr. J. H. Aveling, the En^Visli version being in two parts, wiih the titles ' Observations in Midwifery ' and ' The Countrey Midwife's OpuBculum or Vade- mecum, by Percivall Willughby, Gentleman.' It was pnvately printed in 1863 by Henry Blenkinsopp, but a Dutch translation had been printed as an octavoat Leyden in 1764, though no copy is now to be had in Holland. He was the intimate friend of Harvey and of most of the scientific men of the century, and died on '2 Oct. 1681), in the ninetieui year of his age, being buried in St. Peter's Church at Derby, where within the rails of the chancel is a tablet to his memory. I Monks Coll. of PhjB.; Fosler's Alumni Oson, lfillO-17U; Sloana MS. 620.] E. F. W. WILLYAMS, COOPER (1762-1816), topographer and artist, bom in June 1762, probabty at Plaiatow House, Essex, was the onlyaoD of John WillyBraa(170r-ir79), com- mander li.N., by his wife, Anne Goodere, daughter of Sir Samuel Ooodere, and fiist he was contemporary with Charles Abbott, first lord Tenterden, Bishop Marsh, and Sir S. E. Brydges. In 1769 he preached the annual sermon before the King's School Feast Society (SiDEBOTUAM, CanUrbmy ScAutil, p. 24). Willyams was entered in October 1780 at Emmanuel College, Cambridge, and gra- duated ]t.A. in 1784 and M.A. in 178a In the spring of 1784 ha was in France with his friend Montagu Pennington [q. v.], and in that year he was ordained to a curacy near Gloucester, where his mother lived, I I VV^illyams 58 Willymat ffA tvf«« ni/if*nu*."A in 17%^ to tbfr Tic&raff^ lie d:^ &: Bernard Street, Russell Square, t,f V.tinnyt^ ut-.tif \ «; w ffiAr j<fr t. acd Jn 17<^-* to London, on 17 July l&lt5. He is said to Mff- rfjh,r/ 'tt Hi. JVt'T, \W*t Lvnn. X .r- LaT*r Ui-n buriei at Fulham, near lii« sister, f/>llr \u »i!>*«rr4*.'?^i account of Ex nir.z bv Beaia WiUvams id. 1791). He married h'ftn mi,i^»tf^A ^^» f-.^*'? * Topograph^rr' fr Sep- at Chrltenham. on I'D July 1801, Elizabeth h-fn^^r-f \i''^t '.!'' V'fJ-it, and he fumishrl iCebecca. ihirvl daughter of Peter SnelL Mhff tllri«*.r%/.i'/r«> to that periodical uii. They had four childi«>n. a-Vi; ^>ti|^ »v. J 7. U^}. H«j contributed to Willy ams was a clever artist. His journals ' 7 M.'r/f «;/h^;%l Mi'sC'rllanieb' < 179:^) a view and drawings of the expeditions in which he t^ K./'Kr«i^ Mail, n^rar Newmarket, lie r^ tookpartare* intelligent and useful.* Another tt^hf*} *Uf ^^rttiiiit:*T of Exning in 1**0*j. work by hi m was 'A History of Sudeley Castle' th tMfiy Uff. Willyams had imbibed a love ( 1791, folio), with an illustration of the ruins, t4 y\»f. ^M, and on 24 Nov. 1793 he started dedicated to Brvdges. It was reprinted in #4 / ha^Witi of the Ikjyne to the West Inditrs, octavo form, and without the view, at Chel- u* tUf, irxpe^iition under the command of tenham in lb03. Poems by Bryd^s referring l^i/.'ii'Tfiafit-jreneral Sir Charles Grey and to Willyams are in 'Censura Literaria* (iv. ^ it H-hfUtk\rtk[ Sir John Jervis. Through 79-100, viii. ^7, 91 1, and are reproduced iu t\»iHi\ik ir*nn yellow fever the ranks of the his * Uuminator* {\. 5, :K)9). tMrt:f% w»rnr luuch thinned; he himself suf- [Boase and Coortneys BibL Comub. ii. 891-2 ; <itf*>d from it, and during the latter part of Boase's Collect. Comub. p. 1271 ; Gent. Mag. i\uK rafiipaifrn was the onlv chaplain in the 1779 p. 1 J4, 1797 i. 50, ii. 1137« 1801 ii. 672, fc*j/«-djiJoij/The Fr*inch soldiers at Fort St. 1806 ii. 1240, 1809 ii. 1171, 1810 ii. 91, 1816 r'h«W/re,'iiJadeloupe,8urr»-'nderedon22April i. 91, 184; Brjdges's Antobiogr. i. 44-6, 147-9; <7'.M, and Willvams was appointed chaplain Annual Bio^r. i. G04-6(hy Br>-dge«); Faulkner's to th«- \'Mi[\\Ai "tffjops in that island, but the Fulham. p. 116; Reuss's Alphabetical Reg. of miHi^iry ai home would not confirm the ap- 4."'!*^"' ^®^^ ' Letters of Mrs. Carter (1817). i»>nntm*'Ut. He published in 1796, with »"• 216.] W. F. C. ijlijfttrations *An Account of the Campaign WILLYMAT, W11.LIAM (rf.l615),au- in l\i*.\\*'^i JndieK in 1794;* a German trans- thor, was probably a native of Cheshire. In l«ii«m of it came out at l^ipzig in Ift'OO. 1585he was presente<l to the rectory of Rusk- Hoiue detaiU of this war were instated from ington in Lmcolnshire by Thomas Howard hitt ♦ comprehensive and circumstantial Ac- (afterwards Earl of Suffolk) [q. v.] In 1603, I'oijfil' in Bryan Edwards's * Ilistor}' of the with the king's consent,he published a volume V\'<-ftt Indies '( 1891, iii. 414 et Heij.) of extracts from James I's * Basil ikon Doron,* Willyams U'came in 1797 domestic chap- which he rendered into Latin and English lain lo Karl St. Vincent, and from 24 May verse and entitled *A Prince's Looking- 179"^ he wTVi'd as cliaiilain of the iSwiftsure Glasse, or a Prince's Direction, very requisite (Captain II alio well), a v«'s.sel in the sijuadron and necessarie for a Christian Prince. \»U'T iiWU'T the eommand of Nelson, lie was , Printed by lohn Legat, Cambridge,* 4to. un-.^^.tiX. ill this vessel at the* battle of the The work was dedicatecl to Henry, prince S'Jiii, and liiH narrativ*', which was full of en- of Wales, for whose benefit the * Basilikon j/favingH frr>ni his own drawings, of * A Voy- j Doron' had been written. Encouraged by a(/«' iiji the .Mediterranean in the Swiftsure,' the favourable reception of his compilation, rontain<'d Mh'f first, tluMuost ])articular, and he published a companion volume in 1604 I he nioht authentic account of the battle.' ' entitled *A Loyal Svbiect's Looking-Glasse, A <i'Tnnin version was published at Ham- or a Good Subiect's Direction necessar}* and it^un^ Hi IHO.'J. Alter the death of Willyams requisite for euerj^ Good Christian . '. . at iheri: ii|ipi-ure<l in 1K2:^ a volume containing London, printed by G. Elde for Robert Boul- * .i rti:liTii(in of Views in Egypt, Palestine, ton,' 4to. This work was also dedicated to Mljodeh, 1 1 Illy, Minorca, and ( Jibraltar, with Prince Henry. Willymat enforced by pre- diibi riiMions in English and FrtMich.* cepts drawn from ancient and modem writers VV»llyiiMihlan<led at Portsraouthon lOSept. the subject's duty of obedience to his rulers. jHMI, and stayed s m" weeks with Brydges, , He devoted a large portion of his book to wh" iu I'^On appoint^^d him to the rectory rebuking reluctance in paying subsidies and <»r' KiiiK'^ton, near ('anterbury. In tin ^ same customs, asserting that the subject's only ^ , ioget her gious nature, which shows literary ability of yruduciidan income of over 1,000/. per annum. | a high order. It was entitled * Physicke to I tot Robert Boulton ' (8vo). and deditiled . _ his patron, the Earl of Suffolk (cf, AnoBR, TroTucripl of the Staliunenf jCg. iii. a69). A second edition wns puhlislied in 10U7. On 16 July itl!2 Willymnt petitioned the kin^ concerning the nrrears of a yearly pay- ment of 2/. to be made to the crown from the revenues of hia rectory, which had re- mained unpaid for forlj-seven years. He rmupBted the remission of the arrears due before the commencement of James I's reign, ofierinit to make ^ood aubseqiient arrears. HiB petition was granted, Willymat diedat Ituabinglon at tlie close of 161?, and his will waa proved at Lincoln on 19 Jan, I6I0-I6. By His wife Jlargaret he had two sons — miliam and James— and four daughters: Sai«h, ilargnret, Frances, and Anne. lie possessed land in Cheshire, which he be- queathed to hia brothers, James niid ItOR^r; in Kuskington, which he lefV to his son ^ViI• liam ; and in Bicker, which he bestowed on Ilia Kin Jamfs. The rest of bis poseessions I lu gave to his wife and three younger daugh- I ters, the eldest, Sarah, probably bein^ mar- [ned. Copies of all his works are m the ,iah MWum Library. [HaddisoD'a Lincolnshire WiUs, 1600-17. pp. taOl. 132-91; Hiinur*9 Cboriis Vaium in Brit. Tlma. Addit. Ma. a«B9, f. 103; Corser* Col- iDsa {Cliethiiiii Sue), t. 1II3~I1 ; Cooper's enteCantHlir.iL. 402-3.] E. I. C. 1 WILLYMOTT, WILLIAM (d. 1737). ian, born at Itoyston in Carobridge- s the second SOD of Thomas Willy- mott of lEoysIon, by his wife llnchoel, danriiteT of William i'indar. rector of Bos- ■well Springfield in EsBo.x. He was educ«led ^t Eton and admitted a scholar of King's I Oollege, Cambridge, on 20 Uct, 1603, gra- fAistin^ B.A. in 1H07, M.A. in 1700, and ^ItL.D. in 1707. He became a fellow, and r taking his master's degree went as iuher t<i Kton, After some years be left Itoa and commenced a privet e school at Isle- ponh. In 1721 he was an unsuccessful can - idaie for the mastership of St. Paul's school, _eing rejected apporently because he was sus- EMCied of on attachment to the Pretender. r pome time before this he studied civil law Fknd entered himself of Doctors' Commons, ' 'Irat, ebangiaghis mind, took orders, and in 17^1 was made vice-provost of King's Col- Ieg«, of which he was then senior fellow. In 1705 he was presented to the rectory of JAiiXtm, near Cambridge. He died, unmar' ried, on 7 June 1737, at the Swan Inn at Bedford, while reluming from «. visit to Willyraott was the author of n school books. Among ihem n _ tioned: I. ' English Particles exemplified in Sentences designed for Latin EjtercisM,' London,l"U3,8vo; Sthedit 1771. 2. 'The I'eculiar Use and Signification of certain Words in the Latin Tongue,' Cambridge, 1705, 8yo; 8th edit, Eton, 1790, 8vo; new edit. Eton, 1818, l2mo. 3. ' I'hMednw [/a^J his Fables, with English Xotes,' 4th edit. London, 1730, 12mo; new edit. 1728. He al«u translated 'Lord Bacon's Essays,' Lon- don, 1720, 8vo; new eait. 1787; and 'Thomas B Kempis ... his Four Books of the Imi- tation of Christ,' London, 1722, 8vo. [Nichola'g Lit, Aneal. i. a3G-7, 705-8, iv. 600; Hiirwoul's Alumni i:tflnensea, 1797, p. a97 ; Cu1l-b O'lleclions. ivi. 103.] E. I. C. WILMINGTON, Eabl op. [See Comp- Tos. Bpencee, l(jr3?-1743.] WILMOT, Sib CHARLES, first Vis- cousr WilmotopAthlone(1570!'-1644P), bom about 1570, was son and heir of Ed- ward Wilmot of Witnev, Oxfordshire, for- merly of Derwent, Gloucestershire, On S July 1587 he matriculated from Magdalen College, Oxford, oged 16, but left the uni- verslt J without a degree, and look service in I he Irish wars, probably in attendance upon liis neighbour, birThomis Norris [ij. v.], who was also a member of Magdalen College. In iri92 he became a captain, and early in 1695 he was sent to Newry ; in the snme year he was also in command of sixty foot at Carrick- fergUB. In 1597 Norria, now president of Muasfer, made Wilmot aergeont-mnjfir of the forces in that province, which office he dis- charged ' with great valour and sufficiency,' being promoted colonel in 1698. He was knighted by Essex at Dublin on 6 Aug. 1&99, and on the 16tb was sent with instructions to the council of Munster for its government during Norris's illness. On 23 June 1600 Mountjoy directed Curew to swear in Wil- mot as a member of the Munster council, and during the next two years he took n frominent part in suppressing the formidable risU rebellion. In July 1600 Wilmot was left by Carew in command of ' Carrygofoyle ' Castle on the Shannon; sborlly afterwards he was given command of a force of LOfiO foot and fifty horse,withwhiohin October be defeated Tho- mas Fitimaurice, eighteenth lord Kerry and baron Lixnaw fq. v.], and in November cap- tured Listowel Castle after sixteen days' siege. Florence Maccartby Keagh [q. v.] ia said to have urged Wilmot's aasaasinatioi at this time, but he wns warned bv Florence' wife. On 8 Dec. he was granted the offici I J Wilmot 60 Wilmot of «y^ii*rablft of Cai^tlemaine Castle, and in j J-^lj l*^)\ WBA appointed governor of Cork. A T«Ar Utffr Car»;w l»;ft Munster, suggesting }S'A:iifA'» app<^>intmHnt an vice-president; f>^;;l, however, wrote that the queen would nrA 'luJOfpt Wilmot or any such* {Cal. Carev: MHS. J60l-;J, p. 274;, but Wilmot h^:OtmH r;^immander-in-chief of the forces durin^r Carews absence, and in Septemb#ir ! Iflfy'J wa% ma/Je governor of Kerry ; in the aame month he captured 'Mocrumpe,' and throughout the winter was engaged tn clear- j ing Kerry of the rebels. In the last week of liecember and first week of January 1602-3 he inflict»;d a H*;riefl of reverses upon the Irish in IJeare and Jiantr^', completely over- running the country (ib. 1002 3, pp, 368, 4^J4 o; Stafford, Pacata Hihernia, ed. WMS, ii. 281-4). Thence, in February, he turne^l north-west, again captured Lixnaw, and f^uUlued the iJingle peninsula, effecting a junction with Carew over the Mangerton pass HUowKLL, Jrfilanfl under the Tudors^ lij. 420). In the following March Wilmot was asso- ciated with Sir (ieorgo Thornton in the go- vernment of Munster during Carew's ab- 0<;ncf*. Cork, however, refused to acknow- le<]ge his authority and proclaim James I, ana shut its gates against him. Wilmot sat down IjefDre it, and turned his guns on the inhabitants to prevent their demolishing tlie fort« erected against the Spaniards. He re- fused, however, to attack the city, and waited till Carew's return, when its submis- sion was arranged. Wilmot now settled down as governor of Kerry. In KKKJ ho was again acting with Thornton as joint- commissioner for the government of Mun- uter, and in Novemlxjr 1(K)7 was granted a pension of 200/., and sworn of tlie Irish privy council. On 20 May 1811 he was f granted in reversion the marshalship of Ire- and, but surrendered it on 24 Aug 1617. He sat in the English House of Commons for Launceston from 5 April to 17 June 1614. On 3 June 1616 he was appointed president of Connauglit, the seat ol his go- vernment being Athlone ; and on 4 Jan. 1620-1 he was created Viscount Wilmot of Athlone in tlie peerage of Ireland. Among the rewards for his services w^ere grants of the monastery of Hallinglass and abbey of Carriekfergus in 1614. While presidt^nt of Connaught Wilmot embarked on a scheme for completely re- building Athlone ; and in 1621 Sir Charles Coote accused him of leasing and alienating crown lands and reserving the profits to him- self {Cal. State Papers, Ireland, 1615-25, pp. 4'i6-7). These charges were referred to commissioners, bat Wilxnot's defence accepted for the time being, and on 7 Xot. 1625 he ruceired a pardon (MoKScr, CaL Patent RolU, Charles I, p. 41). Charles I also renewed hia appointment as premdent of Connaught, and in October 1(527 selected him as commander of a relief expedition to be sent to Rh6. His fleet was, howeTer, de- layed at Plymouth, first b^ want of supplies^ and then by storms, which damaged the ships and drove them back into port. Mean- while the English at La Rochelle had been compelled to retreat (Gabduter, yL 191> 192 sqq.), and Wilmot returned to Ireland, where he was appointed on 6 Not. 1629 general and commander-in-chief of the forces. On 11 Sept. 1630 Sir Roger Jones, first vis- count Ranelagh, was associated with him in the presidency of Connaught, and on 6 Aug. 1631 he was one of the commissioners ap- pointed to govern Dublin and Leinster dur- ing the absence of the lords justices. tn 1631, when it was resolved to super- sede the lords justices of Ireland by the nomination of a lord deputy, Wilmot enter- tained hopes of being selected for the post (Strafford Letters^ i. 61). Wentworths ap- pointment he resented as a slight on his own long services, and the new lord-deputy's vigorous inquisition into financial abuses soon brought him into collision with Wil- mot. In September 1634 the latter's pro- ceedings at Athlone were again called in question ; a commission of inquiry was issued early in 1635, and the Irish law offi- cers instituted suits against Wilmot before the castle chamber on the ground of misde- meanour and in the court of exchequer for recovery of the crown lands he had alienated. Wilmot, in revenge, abetted Barr*s petition against Wentworth {ib. i. 369,377,399,402, 421), but on 3 Oct. 1635 was forced to sub- mit, and on 13 July 1636 besought the lord- deputy's favour. W^entworth insisted on restitution of the crown lands, but appa- rently failed to make W^ilmot disgorge before his recall from Ireland. W^ilmot's age pre- vented his serving against the Irish rebels in 1641, but he retained his joint-presidency of Connaught till his death, probably in the earlv part of 1644. He was alive on 29 June' 1643, but dead before April 1644, when his son Henry and Sir Charles Coote were appointed joint-presidents of Connaught (Lascellbs, Liber Mun, Hib. ii. 188-90). Wilmot married, first, about 1605, Sarah, fourth daughter of Sir Henry Anderson, sheriff of London in 1601-2 ; by her, whose burial on 8 Dec. 1615 is registered both at St. Olave's Jewry and at St. Martin's-in-the- Fields, he had issue three sons — ArthuTi Wilmot Wilraot I Charles, and Henry —who were all IWina in 1 imi ( HoRKiy, Car. Patent Solh,Chaxlee I, f. 6*5). Arthur married the wcond daughter of I Sir UojSM Uill, proToat'iuarshal of I'Isttr, I but divd without issue on 31 Oct. 163:;, and Vas buried in St. NicLoliu'B Church, Dublin ' iLoT>eE,PKragfofIri-land,ii.S2l). Charles ftlao died without issue, the third, son, Henrv (afterwards first Earl of lioolinsler) [q. v.], aucceeding to llie viscountcy. Wil- Bot married, secondly, Mary, daughter of Sir Henry Collcy of Caatle Cnrberry and widow of Garret, first viscount Moore [q. v.], who died in 1637; she survived till 3 June 1664, being huried on 3 July with her first bnsband in St. Peter's, Droghuda; her cor- respondence vilh the parllaiDCintarians dur- ing the Irish wars gave Hrmonde some trouble (GiLBBttT, Cant. Sist. of Affairs, TOl. i pp.s :s). I [Cdl. State Fnpera, Ireland. 1S!)2>4. 1603- I63JS panini: Cal. Ciirew USA. 1980-1603; StrafTonl Le-tera, i. SI. Se", 3T7.390-i02, 421- 43a. 406, ii. 9-10, 81-:!, 102, 206, 280; Morrin's Cnl. Pntent Kollf, Irclnnd: L'nl. FianU (Dep- Kwper Rer. ITth Rep., IrrUnd); CaI. Stnle pBpen, Oom. : Lnsni'ln's Libcir Mnnenim Hi- liernieoruni ; Lorcla' JourDnl?, Iiplsad, i. 17, 63 ; Bowlioaon MS. D. 81. If. 12, 92; Egerton MS. 1687. f. fil ; OfficinI Retiims Memljcrs of Purl. ; fitafibrd'a Pnrntii Uibemia, <•!, 1806 pnssini; BigwfU'i Ireland onHcr Ihe Tudors, vol. iii.; Oardiner's Uist. of Englunil; Foster's Alumni dan, 1500-1714; Lodge's Irish, Burke'a Ex- tinct, and O.E.C[okfl)ne]'B Complete PeBraseB.] A. P. P, - WILMOT, SiH EDWARD (1693-1786), iMtmnct, physician, second ean of Robert Wilmot and Joyce, daughter of William Socheveretl of Staunton in Leiceslershire, was bom at his father's seat, of Oiiadd<'«den near Derby on 29 Oct. 1003. Bis ances- tors were of account at Sutton-upon-Soar, Nottin^amshire, for some centuries, and in IS39 migrated into Derbyshire, lie entered 8t, John's OoUe.ge, Cambridge, and graduated O.A, in 1714, was elected a fellow, took bis M.A. de^rree in 1718 and M.D.inl72fi. He vrB.i admitted a candidate or member of the CotUge of Physicians on 30 Sept. 1725, and wase!ectedRfellowou30Sept.l726. Inl739 ■fid 1741 he -nas a censor, and a Harveian omior in 1785. He was elected F.R.S. on 29 Jan. 1790. From 1725 he practised as a physician in London, and was elected physi- cian to St. Thomas's Hospital, ar ' ' '""'' appaint.ed physician-general to the : April 1731 he was appointi^d physic ordinary to Quean Caroline, and soon became fbysician in ordinary, and physi 'rederick, prince of Wales. He became physician to George II on the queen's death in 17.'!7. lie had a large practice for many venra. In 1730 John Fothergill [q, v.], who in afler life spoke with respect of his skill, became hispupil. When Henry Pelham bad lost two sons by sore throat in 1739, Wilmot f reserved the life of his wife. Lady Catharine 'elham, by lancing her throat (Nichols, Lit. Anted, ix. 738). In March 1761, with Matthew Lee [q. v.], h« attended Frederick, prince of Wales, in his last illness, and does notseem to have anticipated his death (Bubb DODIKOTOS, Diary, p. 98). Archbishop Thomas Herring [q. v.] was his patient in a serious attack of pleurisy in 1753 (letter of Herring in NiCliois's llliutrationn, iii. 457). He was created a baronet on 15 Feb. 1759. On the death of George II, Wilmot, with John Ranby [q. T.], acquainted George III with ttvo wishes whicii the late king had confided to them — that his body should bo embalmed with a double quantity of per- fumes, and that it should be laid close to that of the queen. Geor^ III at once assenled flloEACE Walpolb, ,l/em"(V#, 1894, i. 7). Wilmot became phvsician in ordinary to George III in 1760, 'left London nert year, and lived in Kottingliam, but moved ihence to Heringstone in Dorset, whfere he died on 21 Nov. 1786 (Gent. Mag. 1786, p. 1093), and wna buried in that county in the cliurcb of Monkton, where his epitaph remains. He married Sarah Marsh, daiign- ter of Richard Mead [q. v.] She died on II Sept. 1765, aged 63; her portrait, painted by Joseph Wright, A.K.A., belongs to the family, as does a portrait of Wilmot by Thomas Beach (Cat. Second LaoH Exhib. Nos. 610, 615). He was succeeded in his baronetcy by his son, llobert Mead Wilmot, and had also two daughters, Ann and Jane. [MuBk's Coll. of PhjB. ii. 106 ; Burke's Peer- age Aud BuronlJige.] N. M. WILMOT, HENRY, first Easl of Ro- CHESTur (1612f-1658). third but only lur- viving SOD of Charles, first vtscoimt Wilmot [q v.], by his first wife, wns bom on 2 Nov., prohabh in 1612(0. F,. C[oK»rsBJ, CompMe Peerage, vi, 480; Dotle, Ogieial Baronage, iii. 151). In 1635 Wilmot was captain of a troop of horse in the Dutch service ( Strafford Zefierc, i. 423, ii . 1 1 5 ; Co/, .S/a(e Prt«(T«, Dom. 1635, p. 54). In the second Scottish war ha -was commissary-general of horse inllie king's armv, and distinguiabed himself by his good conduct at Newbum, where be was rakeit prisoner by the Scots (I'A. 1640, pp. 4.3, 645; Tehri, ii/fl of Aleiander Leilir, pp. 118- 138), He represented Tam worth in the I^ong parliament, end took part in the plot fur bringing up the army to overawe the parlia- I I I I I Wilmot W'ilmot ment, for which he was committeJ fa the Tower on 14 Juno lil4l, and expelled from the house on Dec. following (CVimnwi/u' JoumaU, a. 175. 337 ; Styiort on thr Duke of Portland"! MSS. i. 18; Hcshand, Oi-di- 7u»n™#, 1643, pp. 318-20). Wilmotjoinedtheltingin Yorlohire when the civil wur beESn, eommandud a. troop of horse, and held tue posts of miisCer-m&ateT and com miasary-wn oral tPEACocit, Army Luts,p. 16; Old Parliamtntniy ffii(or!/,xi. 260). Clarendon blHme.i him for not prevent- ing' the relief of Goventrv in Atigfust 1643 (a. xi. 397 ; CtiBESDON, JUhtlUon, v. 446 «.) lie was wounded in the skirmish at Wor- cestor on 23 Hent. 1642, and commnnded the cavalry of the Icing's left wing nt the baltle of EdgehiU (ib. vi. 44, 85). \yiliuot cap- tured ihe town of Marlborough in December 164^, but his greatest exploit daring the war was the crushing defeat he inSicted on Sir WiUiam WaUer (1597 ?-1668) [a. v.] at Boundway Dowu, near Devizes, on 13 July 1643 (ih. vi. 156, vii. 1 15 ; Waylb.-j , Hittonf 0/ Marlbomugh, p. 160). 'In April 1S13 Wilmot was appointed lieu tenant-gen pral of the horse in the Icing's army, and on 39 June 1643 he was created Baron Wilmot of Adder- bury in OKford»hire( Black, Oj-/ur(iZ)wjwi"(j, pp. 26,53), Clarendon describoH Wilmot' OB an orderly officer in marches and governing his troops,' while nlao very popular with his officers on account of his good fellowship and companionable wit. The comparison, after the manner of Plutarch, between Wilmot andOoring is the most amusingpassoge in the ' Histoiy of the Itebellion ' (vm. 169). Ex- tremely ambitions and perpetually at feud with the king's civil counsellors, Wilmot was apccially hostile to Lords Digby and Colepeper. Prince Kupert, on the other liand, cherished a personal Wilmot, and Charles I had no great liking for him (». vi. 136, vii. 121, viii. 30, 94). In 1644 these diSerenC causes led lo Wilmot 'a fait. During the earlier part of the cam- paign the absence of Rupert and the hiGrmi- ties of the Earl of Brentford made him practically commander-in-chief of that part of the army which was with the kin^. According to Clarendon he neglected mili- tary opportunities and spent hia energy in cabals. At Cropredy Bridge, however.' on 39 June Wilmot again defeated Sir William Waller, In the battle he was wounded and taken prisoner, but was rescued again almost immediately (ii. viii. 05; Walkbb, Hiaftirical Daeourteir, p. 33 ; Dinry of Bichard Sy- mondt, p. 23). Afier this success the king Sues. The king, he was rpprled to , was a&aid of peace, and ibe only end the war was to set up the Prince of \Vales, who had no share in the causes of these troubles. A private message which he sent to Essex by the bearer of an official letter from the king to the parliamentary commander roused suspicion that be was en- deavouring by the concerted action of the two generals to impose terms on the king and porliameut, and on f Aug. he was ar- rested and deprived of his command. He also lost his joint presidency of Connaught, to which he had been appointed in April 1644, succeeding his father in that olface, and as second Viscount Wilmot of Athlone (LASCGLr.BS, Liber Mitn. Hibrmimrum, a. 189, 190; GiLBEBT, CoHl. Hut. vol. i.) His popularity, however, with the officers of the royal army, who petitioned the king on his behalf, prevented any further proceedings — ■- ~ '-'m, and he was released and allowed October 1647 Wilmot fought n duel with his old enemy, Lord Digby, and was slightly wounded (Cabik, Oriyinal Lftteit, i. 63, 146, 159). When Charles II succeeded his father Wilmot became one of the new king's chief advisers. He was appointed b genlleraan of the bedchamber on 3 April 1649, and con- sulted on questions of policy, though not a memljer of the privy council [ Baitlie Lettert, iii. 8H; Carte, Ori'jinal Lellert, i. 339). He accompanied Charles to .Scotland, at- tached himself to the Marquia of Argyll's faction, and was allowed to st-ay in the country when other English royalists wet« expelled. Rumour credited him with be- traying the king's design to join MiddletOD and the Scottish royalists tn October 1650 (Walker, Hieton'cal Diteottrta; pp. 158, 101,197; lilchotai Paperi,\..2a\-%). Wil- mot fought at Won:ester, accompanied the king in the greater part of his wauderinga after that battle, and helped to procure the ship in which both escaped to France in October 1651 (Clibbsdox, Ilehellim, siii. 87-106; Fe*, TheFliyhtoftkeKins,\Sen, passim). The common perils they had en- dured strengthened bia political position, and Wilmot, 'who had cultivated the king's afl'ection during Ihe time of their per^rina- tion and drawn many promises from him," was one of the committee of four whom Charles thenceforward consulted with in all his affairs (Clakenhos, RrbtlHon, xiii. 123; Clarendon Stale Papen, iii. 46). On 13 Dec. 1652 he was created Earl of Rochester (D0YI.B, iii, 153; CLAaENSOS,if«ie//iu», siiL I4T). Chscles also employed him od many diplotaktie misaioiu. Id Mav \ab2 tie was Bent to neroCiate witb the Duhe of Lorraine (NirholatPaptra, \, 30lJ. itnd in Deceraber of the same year he was despatclied to negotiate with the diet of tlie empire at Ratisbon, from whom he suceeeded in ob- taining a eubsidf of about lO.tiOU/. for the J(ing"> service (Cr.iBESDOif, Eebeltion, xiv. 6fi, 103). In imi, be watt sent on a misginn to the elector of Brandenbiirfr, from whom the king hoped for assiatance Co further the Tuing attempted bv the Scottish royaliBtH iCIarmdon Stnfe Papm, iii. 904, 220, 230, 25I>. In February 1656 Rochester went to England to direct the moTemenla of the nnalist coDspirators against the Protector, ■with power to postpone or to authorise an insurrection, aa it seemed advisable. He •utctioned the attempt, but at tbo rendei'.- Toiis of the Yorkshire cavaliers on 8 March kt Msraton Moor found himself with only about a hundred followers, and abandoned the bopeleiu enterprise. Clarendon iin- tuirly blames him for deeieting, hut royalists in general did not (Bebellioii, xiv. 1S5). Imnlcs to his skill in disgulaes, Rochester contrived to eflect bis escape, and, though MTested on suspicion at Aylesbury, (tot back to the continent earlv in June (Engluh Hit- torieal JUvkrr, 1888 p. 337, 1889 pp. 315. aifl. ;i3i). In 1656, when Charles II raised m lillle army in Flanders, Rochester was colonel ofoneofits four reKlment8{Cl.lRBK- Bov, Reiellwn, xv. 68). He died at Sluya on II) Feb. 1657-8, and was buried at Bruges bv Lord Bopton (Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1659, pp. 297, 300). After the Bvstoratioit his body is said to have been mm erred at Spelabury, Oxfordshire. Rochester married twice : lirdt,on31 Au^. I6,'13, at Chelsea, Frances, daughter of S^ir George Mopon of Clenston, Dorset, by 'Catherine, daughter of Sir Arthur Hopton of Witham, Somerset ; secondly, about 1044, 'Anne, widow of Sir Francis Henry Lee, bart. '(A 13 July 16;»;, and daughter of Sir John 'St, John, hart., by Anne, daughter of Sir noma* Leigbton. Portraits of hor and her 'Snt husband are reproduced in ' Memoirs of tliB Vemev Familv' (i. 24\, iii. 464). 8be wa* the friend of Sir Ralph Verney and of Colonel Hutchinson, and helped to Mve the life of the latter at the Restoration (Vebsbi, Mftnoin, i. 247, iii. 4ft4 : Life of Colonel Hufokiiuon, 1885, il. 258, 208. 396). She was also the mother of John, second ©arl of Rochester [q. v.], aun-ived her son, and was buried at Spelsbury, Oxfordshire, onl8Marcbl696(G.E.Cf0KAVNEl, Complete Jferaye, vi. 481). [Doyln's OfficiHl Baronnge, iii. C[okayn8]"8 Compl-to Peerage, vi. *H0 ; Clareu- lion's History of ihe BelniUioQ ; Clarendon Siata Papers , Nicholas pHpers. Many of Wilmol'a Isltera nra smong the correapondeoca of PrinCB Rupert in tbe lirlti'sh Museum, some of whith ars printed in Warburton's PrincB Hupert.l WTLMOT. JAMES {d. 1808), alleged author of ' The Letters of Junius.' [See undi-r Sgrres, Mes. Olivia Wiluot.] WILMOT. JOHN, second Earl of RoouEsTKB (1647-1680), poet and libertine, was the son of llenty "W ilmot, first earl of Rochester [q. vj, by "bis second wife. He was horn ut Ditcbley in tlifordabire on 10 April 1647. and on the death of his father on 9 Feb. 16r(7-8 succeeded to the earldom. He was left witb little besides the pretensions In the king's favour bequeathed him by his father's services to Charles after the battle of Worcester. Afterattending the school at Burford. he was admitted a fellow commoner of Wadham College, Oxford, on 18 Jan. 1659-60. His tutor was Phineaa Bury. He showed aa an undergraduate a happy turn for English verse, and contributed to the university collections on Charles Il'a restoration (1660) and on the death of Princess Mary of Orange (lOlilj. He was created M.A. on 9 Sept. 1661, when little more than fourteen. Neit year be presented to his college four silver piut pota, which Hre still preserved. On leaving (he univer~ sity be travelled in France and Italy under ihe care nf Dr, Balfour, who encouraged bis love of literature. In 1664 be returned from liis travels while in bis eiffhteentb year, and presented himself at Whitehall, In tbo Bummer of 1665 he joined as a volunteer Sir Thomas Teddeman fq. v.] on board the Royal Katharine, and toot part in too unsuccessful nssBiilt on Uutcb ships in the Danish har- Ijour of Bergen on 1 Aug. He is aaid to have behaved witb credit, lie again served nt sea in the summer of the following year in the Channel under Sir Edward Spraffge [q. v.], and dielinguiahedhimself by carrying IL measagii in an open boat under the enemy's Rochester bad meanwhile identified him- self with the most dissolute set of Charles II's courtiers. He became the intimate associate of Oeorge VilliHra. second duke of Bucking- ham; Charles SackviUe, duke of Dorset; Sir Charles Sedley, and Henry Savile, and, although their junior by many years, soon excelled all of them in profligacy. Burnet aays that be was 'naturally modest till the court corrupted him,'but befell an unresist- ing prey to every manner of vicious example. Wilmot Wilmot His debaucheries and were often the outcome of long spelli drunlceniiesB. Towards the end of bis mi he declared that he wa9 under the inSuenci of drink for five couBecutive years. At thi game time lie cultivated a brilliant faculty for amorous lyrics, obscene rhymes, mordant sntires in verse, and, although he quickly ruined his physical health by his eicceases, his intellect retaiaed all its vivacity tiU death. The king readily admitted him to the closest intimacy. He was Charles's com- panion in many of the meanent and most contemptiblo o^ the king's amorous adven- turea, and often acted as a spy upon those which he was not invited to share. But although his obscene conversation and scorn for propriety amused tbe king, there love lost between them, and Rocbester's position at court was always precarious. His biting tongue and his practical jokes spared neither the king nor the ministers nor the royal mistresses, and, according to Oramont, he was dismissed in disgrace at least once a year, It was (Pepya wrote) ' lo tbe king's everlasting shame to have so idle a rogue his companion' (Pbpys, viii. 231-2). He clearly exerted over Charles an irresistiblQ iascinntion, and he was usually no sooner dismissed liie court than be was recalled. He wrote many 'libels 'on the king, which reek«d with gross indecency, but his verses included the familiar epigram on the ' sovereign lord ' who ' never said a fonlisb tbintr and n did a wise one' ('Miscellany Poems' pended to MitaUlaneota H'vrki of Rovhetttr and Ruscommon, 1707, p. t3J)). He lacked all sense of phame, and rebulTs bad no m ingfor him. On 18 Feb. 1608-9 be aci panied tbe king and other courtiers dinner at the Uulch ambassador's. Oifended by a remark of a i'ellow-pueat, Thomas Kilii- grew, he bosed bis ears in the royal presence. Charles II overlooked tbe breach of etiquette, and next day walked publicly up and down, with llocbester at court lo ihe dismay of aerioiisly minded spectators. When he at- tempted to steal a Kiss from the Duchess of Cleveland as she left her carriage, he was promptly laid on his back by a blow from her hand ; but, leaping to bis feet, he recited an impromptu compliment. On oiw occasion, when bidden to with- draw from court, be took up bis residence under an assumed name in the city of London, and, gaining admission to civic society, dis- closed and mockingly denounced thedugraded debaucheriesofthekingandtheking'sfriends. Subsequently he Bi.'t up as a quack doctor under the name of ,\ieiander Gendo, taking frolics lodgings in Tower .Street, and having a alall -"- -■■ I on Tower Hill. He amused himself by dis- pensing advice and cosmetics ainong credu- lous women. A speech which he is said to have delivered in tne character of a medical mountebank proves him to have acted his part with much humour and somewbat less freedom than might have been anticipated (prefixed to the ' Poetical Works of Sir Charles Sedkv," 1710; GRkMom. Mrmnin). At another ti'me, according to 9olnt-£vre- mond. he and the Duke of Buckingham took an Inn on tbe Xewmarket road, and, while pretending to net as tavern-keepers, con *pi red to corrupt all the respecluble women of the neighboiirbood. On relinquishing the ad- venture 'they joined tbe king at Newmarket, and were welcomed with delight. With the many ladies of doubtful reputa- tion who thronged tbe court Hochester had numerous intrigues, but he showed their waiting women as much attention as them- selves. Elirabcth Barry [q.v.l, 'woman to the Lady Shelton of Norfolk,' he look into his keeping. He taught her to act, and in- troduced her to the stage, where she pursued highlyaiiccesaful career. Some of his letters her were published after bis death, A daughter by her lived to the ajfo of thirteen. Despite his libertine exploits, Kochester succeeded in repairing his decaying fortune a wealthy marriage. Tbekingencouraged him to pay addresses to Elizabeth, daughter of John fllalet of Enmere, Somerset, by Eliia- beth, daughter of Francis, baron Ha'wley of Donamore. Pepys described her as' tbegreat beauty and fortune of the north.' Gramont called her a ' melancholy heiress.' Not uih T nat urally she rejected R(]che8t^«Buit,wlu upon he resorted to violence. On 26 " 1 6(55 the lady supped with the kingf's mis , Frances Teresa btuart. (or Stewart) [q.T.], '' and left with her grandfather, Lord Hawley. At Charing Cross Rochester and his nganla stopped the horses and forcibly removed her to another coach, which was rapidly driven out of London, A bue and cry was raised, Hochester was followed to Uxbridge, where hewasarrested,and,onbeing brought to Lon- don, was committed lo the Towerby order of thBklng(PEPrs,2>i'a7y,ed.WUeatIey,lv.419). Miss Molet was not captured, and illocbester was soon released with a pardon. In lfW7 he married the lady, and remained on fairly good terms with her till his death (cf. hw letters to her in HTtartoniarta, 1727, vol. li.) Rochester's marriage did not alter his relations with the king or tbe court. In 1686 he was made a gentleman of tbe king's bedchamber. On 5 Oct. Id67, although still ■■ider age, he was summoned to the House Wilmot 6S Wilmot 1 Lords, and in 1U74 lie received a npecial I nark of myal favour lij being appointed F lueper of Woodstock Pnrk, with a lodRe ' called * High Lodge ' for residence. On 34 Not. 1670 Evelju met him at dinner at the lord treasurer's, and descrilx-d him as ' a proranewit' (Evelin, Diofy, ii. 254), In June 1676 he, (Sir) Qeor^ Etherege, and three friends engaged in a drunken frolic at Epaom, ending in a skirmiBh with ' the watch At Epsom,' in the course of which one of the roisterers (Uownee) rect^ived a fatal wound iSiit. JUSS. Comm. Tth liep. p. 467 ; Hat- ton Comnpondeace, i. 133). Meanwhile Rochester played the role of a ^tran of the poets, and showed character- istic fickleness in Ills treatment of them. He was a shrewd and exacting critic, as hia eaoetic and ill-natured remarks in his clever imitalion of the 'Tenth Satire' of Horace, bk. i,, and in the 'Session of the Poets' (printed in his works), amply prove. About 1670 he showed many attenlionsto Dryden, , who flattered bim extravagantly when dedi- | catins to him his 'Marriage h la Mode' (1673). But Rochester fell out with Dry- den's chief patroD, John Sheffield, earl of MulgT«Te [(J-v.l; he is said to have enga^ in a duel with MulrraTe and to have slio the white feather. By way of retaliating Hulgrave, he soon ostentatiously disparaged Drf den and encouraged Drydon'sfeehle rivals, Elkausb Settle and John Crowne. Ill wrote a prologue, which he spoke himself. Crowne dedicated to him his ' Charles VIII of Franca ' next year, and at the earl's sug- gestion he wrote the ' Masque of Calistd,' which Rochester recommended for perform- ance at court in 1675. The youngerdrama- tut« Nathaniel Lee and Thomas Otway also •bared his favours for a time. In ]675 he commended Otway's ' Alcibiades,' and in- Wreated the Duke of York in the young au- diOT. Otwuy dedicated to bim his 'Titus and Berenice ' in 1677 ; but when the drama- tist ventured to make advances to liochester's mistress, Mrs. Barry the actress, Rochester sbowedbimsmallmercy. Lee.whodedicatnd to Rochester ' Nero," his first piece, com- memorated his patronage in his description of Count Rosidorein his' Princess of Cleves,' which was first produced in November 1681. Aaotlier protfigfi, whom Rochester treated with greater constancy, was John Oldham (1653-1683) rq. v.] Sir George Etherege is Mud to have drawn from Rochester the cha- racter of the libertine Dorimant in the ' Man =hwas 1 1676 fETHBHBGE, Workt, ed. Verity, p. xiv; el. WsUkHK, I^ Public ft let Hommrf de Lettret n, AnsMrrre, ltWO'1744, Paris, 1881, pp. 02 sq.) In 1670 Rochester's beallU failed, although he was able to correspond gaily with his friend Henry Savile on the congenial topics of wine and women. During his conva- lesceuce in the autumn he, to the surprise of his friends, nought recreation in reading tbe first part of Gilbert. Burnet's ' History of the ReiormaCion.' Ue invited the author to visit him, and encouraged bim to talk of religion and morality. Rochester, in his feeble condition of body, seems to have found Burnet's ciinvprsation consolatorv. In April 1680 he lea I.ondon for the High Lodge at Woodstock Park. The journey aggravated his ailments, and he began (o recognise that recovery was impossible. He showed siains of penitence for his misspent life. After lis- tening attentivelv to the pious exhortations of his chaplain, Robert Persons (1(M7-17U) I [q. v.], be wrote on 26 June to Burnet begging him to come and receive hia death- bed repentance. Burnet arrived on 20 July, and remained till the 34th, spending tbe four days in spiritual discourse. ' I do verily be- lieve,' Burnet wrote, 'he was then so en- tirely changed that, if he had recovered, he would have made good all bis resolutions.' Rochester died two days after Bumet left him, on 26 July. He wajs buried in the north aisle of Spelabury church in Oxfordshire, but without any monumeut or inscribed stone todistiuguishhis grave (cf.MABHHiLL,iriioiJ- ttock, suppl. 1874. pp. 25-36). His bed is still preserved at High Lodge. Rochester's will, with a codicil dated 22 June 1680, was proved on 23 Feb. 1680-1. His executors included, besides hia wife and mother, whom he entreated to live in amity with one another, Sir Walter St. John, his mother's brother, and Sir Allen Apsley (1610-1683) [q. v.] Settlements had already been made on iiis wife and sun; 4,000/. was left to each of his three daughters ; annuity of 40/. was bestowed on an infant named Elizabeth Gierke; and other sums were bequeathed to servants ( WUU from Doctort' t'ommom, Camd, Soc, pp. 139-41). Sympathetic elegies came from the pens of Sirs. Anne Wharton, Jack How [i.e. John Gruhham Howe, q, v.], Edmund Waller {Rcamai Mucellaneum. 1702), Tho- mas Hatman, and Oldham. Hia chaplai) Robert Parsons, preached a funeral sermo which gave a somewhat sensational accoui of his ' death and repentance,' and attracted general attention when it was published. A edifieatory account of Rochester's coo- I I I W'ilmot Wilmot Terabn, which tnade even greater tensatton than Parsons'ssitTmon, was pablifhed by Bur- net umier the title ' Some Pussaifea ot the Life and Death of John, Earl of Rochester,' 1680,Uto. Like Parsoiu's volume, it was con- Btantly reisaued. A modeni reprint, with, a ;reface b; Lord Ronald G'lwer, appenreil in 875. or the episode nf hia viait to RoeheS' ter'g dealhbt-d Burnet wrote : ' Nor was the king displeased with my being aent for bj Wilmot, earl of Uocbester, when he died. lie fancied that he bad told me many Ibinjj's of which I might make an ill use j jet be had read the book that I writ concerning him, and spoke well of it ' (Ddbnet, Oten 7ime», 1823,ii.t'88). Rochester's widow aurvivod liim about thirteen months, dying suddenly of apoplexy, and being buried at SpeUburj' on 20 Aug. 1681 (cf. Hutton Corrinjtondence, u. 0). By her he left a son and three daughters. The Bon, Charles, third and last earl of Rochester of the Wilmot family, baptised at Adderbury on2 Jan. 1870-1, aurvivedhis father scarcely two years, dying on I'i Nov. and being buried on 7 Dec. 1 68 1 by his father's side. The earl- dom thus became mtinct, but it was recreated in favour of Lawrence Hyde fq. v.] on 39 -S'ov. 166J. Rochester's eldest daughter and heiress, Anne, married, first, Henry Bayntun of Bromham, Wiltshire ; and, secondly, Francis Greville, leaving issue by both husbands, and being ancestre^ by her second husbaad of the GrevillcB, earls of Warwick. Elisa- beth, Rochester's second daughter, who is said to have inherited much of lier father's wit, married EMward Montagu, third earl of Sandwich, and died at Paris on 2 July ITS7, Rochester's third daughter, Malet, married John V'aughan, second viscount Lisbnme. The best portrait of Rochester is that by Sir Peter Leiy at Hinchinbrooke, the seat of the Earl nf Sandwich. In a jwrtrait at Warwick Castle he is represented crowning a monkey with laurel. A third jiortrait, by WlHsing, is in the National Portrait Gallery. A fourth portrait of Rochester in youth be- longed in 1866 to Col. Sir E. S. Prideaux, bart.(aif. Natiimal Portraitt al South Ken- tington, 1806V Twaengravingsof him were made by R. Wliite^one in large size dated 1081, and the otheronasmaUer scale, which was prefixed to the first edition of Burnet's 'Some Passages.' 1080. There is also an en- ([Taved miniature signed ' D[atid] L[oggan] RocheHter had as sprightly a lyric gift, as any writer of the Restoration. Aa a satirist he showed much insight and vigour, and, according to Aubrey, Marvell regarded htm ks the best satirist of his time. But he was fowley his lyrics were often deeply indebted. His literary work was disfigured by hia in- corrigibly ficentiouB temper. The sentiment in bis lova songs is transparently artificial whenever it is not offensively obscene. Nu- merous verses of gross indecency which have been put to his credit in contemporary mis- cellanies of verse may be from other pens. But there is enough foulness in his fully authenticated poems to give him a title to be remembered as the writer of the filthiest verse in the language. His muse has been compared to a well-favoured child which wil- fully and wantonly rolls itself in the mud, and is BO besmeared with dirt that the ordi- nary wayfarer prefers rather to rush hastily by than pause to discover its native charms (Sir. EfUnund Gosso in Wisd's Enytith Poett, ii. 425). It is said tliat on hia deathbed Rochester directed all hia licentious writing* to be de- stroyed, and that after his death hJs mother ordered a scandalous history of contempo- rary court intrigues to be burnt (Cibber). Uf that work nothing is known, and the order may havo been carried out, hut much else survives. The bibliography of Rochester's poems is difficult owing to the number of Coems that are attributed to him in miscel- ineouB collections of verse of which he was probably not the author {of. Ponn* on Affnin of Stale, passim; Kr/imen Alitcelloneuia, 1703). No complete critical collection ef bis works has been attempted. His 'Satires against Mankind,' his poem on ' Nothing,' aitd otiiers of ' his lewd and profane poems ' and lil>els appeared bk penny broadsides in single folio sheets at the close of his life — in 1679 and 1080— doubtless surreptitiously. Ac- cording to the advertisement to Parsons'* Mf- mon, ' they were ery'd about the street." The letter in which he summoned Burnet to his deathbed also appeared aa a broadside in 168U. Within a fewmonths of his death a short series nf ' Poems on several Occasions bjthe Right Honourable the E. of R ' was issued, prore-ssedlyat ' Antwerpcn,' but really in Lonclon(1080,8vo). The volume was re- printed in London in 16S5, with some omis- sions and modifications, as ' Poems on seve- ral Occasions, written by a late Person of Honour.' Some additions were made to another issue of 1691, in which are to be found all hia authenticated lyrics. This was reissued in 1696. Meanwhile there appeared an udaptalion by Rochester, in poor taste, of Beoiunont and Fletcher's trajredy of ' Valentinion,' under the title ' Valentinian : a Tragedy. Wilmot «r Wilmot I As \ia Altet'd hf the lute Earl of Rochester l.snd Acted at the Theatre Royal. Together ' with a Preface concerning tlie Author and his Writinga. Bj one of his Frienda' (i.e. Robert "WoUeley, eldest Bon of Sir Charles Wobeley [q.v.]), London, 1685, When the play was produced in 1G86, Better! on played Aecins with much success, and Mrs. Barry appeared aa Lucina (Downbs, Roicaa, p. 65). Tliree prologues were printed, one heing hy ilr*. Behn. I tolerable foulness hoa been put to Itochester's discredit. It is entitled ' Sodom,' and was >ub)iahed at Antwerp in 168i as ' by the E. of R. ; ' no copy of this edition is known ; to have been burnt by Richard Heber. Two manuscripts are extant ; one IB in the British Museum (Ilarl. MS. 7312, S>. 118-4-'], B volume containing many of ocheflter's authentic compositions), and the Other is in the town librory of Ilsmburg. ^e piece is improbably said to Iiave been ■cted at court; it was doubtless designed te a Kurriloiis attack on Charlea II. In a ■bort poem purporting to be addressed lo "^e author of the play (in Rochester's col- '~ '«! poems), he mockin|;ly disclaimed all jwngihilily for it, and it has been sltri- Diled to a youngbarrister named John Fish- lioume, of whom nothing is practically faionn (Baker, BL'yr. Drain.) Internal aridence unhappily suggests that Rochester ! ^d the chief hand in the production. French Sdaptations are dated 1744, 1752, and 1767 'itt. PlHAHOs Frixi, Cmtvria Libtvrum A/i^ ~TOiufi*(<»rwiii, London, privately printed, 1879). An edition of Rochester's ' Works ' which iraa issued by Tonson in 1714, 12mo, included Us letters to SaTile and Mrs. * * *, the 'Ingedy of ' A'alentinian," a preface by Ry- mer, and a pastoral elegy by Oldham. There WNsaportraitbyVau^Qucht, Thefourth edition of this is dated 1732. Rochester's ' Remains,' including his * Satyres,' followed ■ft 17ia Probably the completest edition is ■ ' Poetical Worlis of the Earl of Rochester,' |l73l-2, 2vo1b. A leas perfect collection of lus ' Works ' ' icludfnl the poems of the Eitrl of Roscnm- . The first edition appeared before 1702, jiobsceneappendixwas called 'The Delights t Venus, now first published.' The eecond s dated 1702 ; others appeared in lB'07 (and in 1714) with Saint'-Evremond's neraoir of Rochester and an additional poem r outrageous groosness called 'The Dis- [ A volume containing not only Rochester's OK, but also those of this Piarls of Roa- Btnmon and Dorset and the Dukes of Devoushire aud Buckingham, first appeared in 1731, and waa frequently reissued, often with an obscene appendix by various hands, entitled 'The Cabinet of Love," London, I 1739,2 vols. 12mo; 1757,1777. A privately printed reissue of excerpta from the 1757 edition appeared in 18M. Itochester's poems, expureated by George Steevens [q.v.], ap- peared in Johnson'a collection, and were reprinted in the collections of Anderson, Chalmers, and Park. Rochester's letters to Savile and to Mrs. Barry were published, with a varied corre- Bpondence collected bv Tom Brown, in 'FamiUar Letters,' 16SG, 1697, and 1699, and seven letters — two to his son, four to his wife, and one to the Earl of Lichfield— ' are in ' Whartoniann," 17^7, ii. 161-8. A few more are appended to ' A New MtseeU Inny of tirigina! I'oems,' 1720 (with preface by Anthony Hammond [q. v.]) [3nint-i:rri-nioQd'a Memoir. prpHxad to Ho- chester's MieeellnnBouB Works. 17U7; Savilo Correspond enoa {Camden Soc); Ciiiber's Lives, it. 260-3UU ; Grnmont's Memoirs; Burnet's 0*n Times; Aubrey's Lives, «l. Andrew Clark; Poems on Affairs of Stale, passim; Marshaira Woodstock, with Suppltment. 1 873-1 ; Uunter'a Chonia Vntum in Brit. Mna. Addit MS. ^4*61 ; Jofansan's Liies of the Foeti, ed, Cunniiighain ; Q. K. C[okiijDe]'s Cooiplelo PeflrBge. Kouhua- ter's deiklli in desoribed for ndiHcalory pBrposes ■ onljinPareooB'sSecmon, 1680,andBurnet'H IB FusBaeu<i. IGBO, Irnt also ia The Libertine Overthrown, 1680, and in The Two Noble Coq. verts. 1681). His career is depirtud in no inlen- tiotinllj onBdifying light in J. G. M. Ruther- ford's Adventures of tbs Duke of Buckint;ham Cbnrtes II, and the Earl of Itochester, 18S7, am in Singulsr Life ... of the ronowoed Earl ol Kochester, 1864?] S. L. WILMOT, Sir .lOlFN R.\RDLEY (1709-1792), chief justice of the com: pleas, second son of Robert Wilmot of Os- maston, Derbvahire, by Ursula, daughter of .Sir Samuel Niarow, hart., of Berkswell, Warwickahire, was bom at Derbyon 16 Aug. 1709. Sir Robert Wilmot, hart, (so created on 19 Sept. 1772 in recognition of long ser- vice as secretary tosuccessivelords-lieutenunt of Ireland) was his elder brother. The bro- tliers were grandsons of Robert Wilmot, M.P. for Derby 1690-5, who married Eliza- beth, daughter of Edward EardLey of Eard- ley, Staffordshire. Their great-grandl'ather WON Sir Nicholas "Wilmnt, serjeant-at-law (knighted at Hampton Court on 20 July 1674), whose elder brother Edward was grandl'ather of the eminent physician ijir Ed- ward Wilmot [q.v.] The future chief justice received his earlier education at the free school, Derbi', and, like y2 I Wilmot Wilmot Bevere] other judges [cf. Nobi., Wir.r.nw; PaKKEB, SlETKOMiS; WlLLES, SikJoHN], Ht Kiag Edward'ti school, Lichlield, where he wttBBlig-htly senior to David Garrici and con- temporary with Samuel Jolmson. In 1724 he was removed to Weatminster achool, where lie formtd n lifelong friendship with Henry Bilson Leggo, tlin future chancellor of the exchequer. At Cambridge, where he Hoon afterwards matriculaled from Trinitj Ilall,he did not graduate, but ncquireda taste for learned leisure which he never lost. His predilection was for the church, and it was only in deference to his father's wishes that he adopted the legalprofession. During biB residence at Trinity Hull, however, be duti- fully studied the civil law, and in June 1732 he was called totbebaratthelnnerTempte. In 1745 he was elected F.S.A. Wilmot BOan made a distinguished 6gani both in the courts of common law and at the parlitunent-ary bar (in election petition coses), but found the profesiion uncongenial. In 1753 he refused silk, and in the following year be retired to bis native place with the intention of confining himself to local firactice. Early in 1755, however, he ■was ured back to Weatmitister by the offer of a Euisne judgeship in the king's bench, and, aving Been knighted and iaveated with the coif, was sworn in as justice (11 Feb.) lie proved BO efficient a puisne that when, on the resignation of Lord Hardwicke, it be- came necessary to put the great seal in inated one of the STiFTOBD, - , - , -- office he held with increasing credit from 19 Nov. 1766 to 20 June 1757, when the seal was delivered to Lord-keeper Ilenley [see IIcKLEr, Kobbbt, first Eabl of Nobth- Afler eight years more of service in the king's bench, Wilmot began again to ililnk of retirement; but the easy post of chief justice of Chester, which he hoped to secure, proved unobtainable, while that of chief justice of the common pieaa was literally thrust upon him on the elevation of Lord Camden to the vrooUack. After soine demur he accepted the proffered dignity, and was sworn in accordingly on 20 Aug. 1766, He was sworn of the privy council on 10 Sept. following. As puisne Wilmot fol- lowed Mansfield's lead in the cases which arose out of the publication of Wilkes's celebrated'NorthBriton'No.45[cf.WiLrE8, Jouk]. As chief justice assistant ta the House of Ijords during the proceedings on Wilkes's writ of error he sustained (16. Ian. 1769) Mansfieid's judgments in the king's^ bench. Tn the common pleas, when Wilkes's long-delayed action against Lord Halifax came on for hearing 1,10 Nov. 1769), he sought to temperjustice with mercy bydirect- ing the jury that, though precedent did not justify the issue of the general warrant, it ought to be taken into account in miti- gation of damages. Wilmot thrice declined the great seal : once on the dismissal of Lord Camden, again on the death of Charles Yorke [q. v.] and once more pending the subsequent com- mission (cf. BiTiicHST, Hbxbt, 1714-1794]. Unlike Yorke, Wilmot bad no such party ties— he had held aloof from i>oli tics through- out his coreor — aa rendered his refusal of office obligatory ; and no one but himself doubted his capacity. His refusal was dic- tated by the same pococurantism, now in- veterata and reinforced by failing health, which he had twice before exliibited. It was the more to be regretted by reason of the glaring incompetence of the commis- sioners. But there is no reason to suppoce that in Wilmot the country lost a great - chancellor. His understanding was indml sound and strong and his learning exten- sive, but there is no evidence that he pos- sessed tfie subtlety and originality which characterise the masters of equity. Wilmot resigned the chief-justiceflbip on 26 Jan. 1771. He at finit declined afl recompense for hia services, but at length accepted a pension of 2,400/. He continued to take part in the judicial business of the privy council until 1(82, when he withdrew entirely from public life. He died at his house in Oreat Ormond Street, London, on 6 Feb. 1792. His remains were interred in Bcrkswell church. By his wife Saisb ((«. in 1743), daughter of Thomas Rivel^ M.P. for Derby 1748-54, Wilmot had, with two daughters, three sons. The second son, John Kardley-Wiimol fq. t.1, succeeded to bis estates. Bobert, the eldest son, died married in the East Indies. Wilmot'sdeoieionsarereported by Burrow and Wilson. His own Tuotcs of Opinions and Judgments delivered in different Courts,' edited by his son John Eardley-Wilmot, ap- peared at London in 1802, 4to. Some o[ his letters are printed in his' Memoirs' (sm wfra: and cf. Biet. MSS. CoTam. 5th Rep. App. p. 369, Cth Rep, App. p. 242). Engravings from portraits by Reynolds and UancB are in the British Museum and prefixed to the works above mentioned. [John E^rdlej-Wilmol's Memoirs of the Lifr of iho Right Hon. Sir John E«rdley Wilmot, Knight, with some Oriffinat LatUrs. 1B03, Loo- dun, 4tQ (Sud edit, with additions. IBU); L« Wilmot 69 Wilmot I Kero's PedigrwB of lbs Knigbts (Hiirl. Soc.}. p. 291 ; KLmber md Jobosoa's Baniuetagc, iii. ISl; Gept. Mag 17SS p. 92, 1792 i- IS7; Ann. Reg. 1765 p. 69. 1766 pp. 165. IB6, 1771 p- 71, 1772 p. 162; Lj»OBBBMiig. Brit. Tol.T.p,livi; Hanrood'* Lichfield, p. 199; WalpoVa Memoire ot xbe Rflign of George II, ed. Holland, ii. 273 ; Slemoira oJ the Reign of Goorgp III, e<l. Lo Mar- fhimt, and Rusbi'U Barker, 1894, and Letters, ed. Cunninghnm ; Grenvills Piipen, ed. Smitb. iii. 4S, IT. 110, 115,392 ; Grnftoo's Autobiography, «L Adsod ; CorrespODdence of George III with Lord North, ^. Donne, p. 53 ; Hnrria's Life of Lord Chaneallor Ilardwiclie ; Wj-nne's Serjesnt- JU-Liiir ; Uofdji Cat. of Cbancellon ; Huwells SUte Trials, lit 1027, 1127, U07 ; L»w Mag. »iii. 3o6; Cmnpbell's Chief Juatie™ : Foss's Lives of tlie Jiirtges ; Eurke'a Peerage and B«ro- celiige; FuHler'a BHrouGlnge.J J. M. R. WILMOT, JOHN EARDLEY- (1750- 1815), politician and author, second son of Sir Jobn Eardlev -Wilmot [q. t.], lord chief Justice of the common pleas, by Sarab, daughter of Thomas llivelt of Derby, waa bom in 1750. He was educated at Derby tfnunmar school, Westminster school, the Ituyal Academy, Brunswick, and the uni- Tereity of Oxford, where ha matriculated from UniTersitT College on 10 Jan. 1706, and graduated ll.A. in 1769, being elected fellow of All Souls' College in the same ?B«r. He WM called to the bar at thelnner emple m 1773, and In 1781 was appointed to a mastership in chancery, which he held ontll 1801. He represented Tiverton, De- TODAhire, in parliament from 1776 to 1781, and eat for Covenlry in the parUaments of 17W-90 and 1790-6. la the House of ( mona he aeldotn spoke, but from his ' Short Defence of the Opposition, in Answer Funpblet entitled " A Short History of the Oppowtion "'(London, 1778, 8 vo), it appears tbat he was an independent whigwhostrongly condemned the {lolicy which precipitated the American war. In 1783 he was appointed by act of parliaxoent commissioner to inquire .islo the claims of the American loyalists to iflotnpensation for their losses suffered during '*' . In 1790 he organised the Free- Hall committee for the relief of the French refugees. He retired from public life inI804. Inl813heaisumedbyrovallicense (20 Jan.) the additional surname o'f Eardley. He died at his bouse, Bruce L'aatle, Totten- ham, on 2S June 1815. He was elected a fellow of the Royal Society on 18 Nov. 177a, and of the Society of Antiquaries in 1791. Wilmot married twice: (1) on 30 April 177(i, Frances, only daujfbter of Samuel Sainthill ; (2) on 29 June 1793, Sarah, daugh- ter of Colonel Haslam. He had issue only fay his first wife. Letters from and to Wilmot are preserved n Additional MSS. 5015 f. 29, and 9828, and Lord Lansdowne's collection I Hut. MSS. Comm. eth Hep. app. i. 242). From materials collected bv Wifmot, John Rayner edited Kaoulf de Glanville's 'Trnctalus de Legibua et Consuetudinibus Regni Anglis' (London. 1780, 8vo). Wilmot edited ' Notes of Opinions and Judg;mentB delivered in dif- ferent Courts' by his father (London, 1802, 4to). fiesidesthe pamphlet mentioned above, he was author of: 1. 'Memoirs of the Life of the Ri^ht Hon. Sir Jobn Eardley Wilmot, Knt., with some original letters, London, 180S, 4to; 2nd ed. with additions, 1611, 8vo. 2. 'The Life of the Rev. John Hough, D.D„ Bucoesuvely Bishop of Oxford, LichHeld and Coventry, and Worcester,' London, 1812, 4to. 3. 'Historical View of the Commission for Inquiring into the Losses, Services, and Claims of the American Loyalists at the close of the War between Great Britain and ber Colonies in ]78>'t; with an Account of the Compensation granted to tbem by Par- liament in 1786 and 17Se,' London, 1815, 8vo. By bis first wife Wilmot had, with four daughters, a son, John Eardley (1783-1847), bom on 21 Feb. 1783, educated at Harrow, and called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn on 9 May 1^08. He resided at Berkswell Uall, WarwickshirBjthenorthem division of which county he represented in purliament in the liberal interest from 1832 lo 1843. On 23 Aug. 1821 he was created Sir John Eardley Eardley-W'ilmol, bart. In 1843 (27 March) he was appointed lieutenant- governor of Van Diemen s Land, but, in con- sequence of his supposed indifference to the morals of the convicts under bis charge, was superseded on 13 Oct. 1846. He died at Hobart Town on 3 Feb. 1847. He was D.C.L. (Oion.), F.R.S., and F.L.S., and author of ' An Abridgment of Blnckstone'a "Commentaries'" (London, 1822, l2mo; 2nded.,byhi8 son Sir John Eardley Eardley- Wilmot [q. v.], 1853, 8vo: 3rd ed. 1855). He married twice : first, on 21 May 1808, Elisa- beth Emma {d. 1818), fourth daughter of Caleb Hillier I'arrj-. M.D., of Batb, and sister of Admiral Sir Edward Parry; se- condly, on 30 Aug. 1819, Eliza (d. 1869), eldest daughter of Sir Robert Cheater at Bush Hall, Hertfordshire. He had issue by both wives. [Fosters Alnmni Oioa. and Baronetage ; Burke's Peemga snd Baronetage; Lnn List; Gent. Mug. 1776 p. 191, 1793 ii. 670. 1808 i, 45S, iei5ii. B3, ISId ii. 272, lS47ii. 20fl ; Aon. Bee 1743,11,333; Menioiraof Sir John Esrdlej- Wilmol(l802),p. .18; Pari. Hibt. lii. 37, 787, axiii. til ; Madams D'ArbUy's Diary, vi, I I Wilmot Wilmot Georgiau Era; Cbilniert's Biogc. Diet.; List of Itoyal Socjoty. 1797; hist of Kocinty of Aoli- qii«ries(18i 2) ; Korthcote's Cniteof Sir Dirdloy- Wilmot (1847); HiulUid's Austmliim UicL of Ihttee.] J. M. R. WILMOT, Snt JOtIN EARDLEY EARULEV- (_1810-I892), bBCQnet.burrialer and politician, bom on 16 Nov. ISIO, waa eldest wm of Sir John Enrdley Eiirdky- Wil- mot, first baronet, and grandson of Jolin Eani ley- Wilmot [q. v,] He was educnted at Wincliesler, wnere he received the gold medal in 1828, and at BaUiol College, Ox- ford, where he matTiculated on 22 March 1828, and obtained a scholarship. Regained the chancellor'a gold medal for Latin Terae in 1820, gmdusting B.A. in 1831. On 18 May 1830 he became a student at Lin- coln's Inn, and he was called to the bar on 28 Jan. 1843; h« joined the midland circuit and Warwick, Coventry, and Birmingham HBHsiona. From ia]2 until 1874, when he rttsiffned the post, he was recorder of War- wicfe, and he was judge of the county court at Bristol from January 18o4 to 18(13, and subsequently trom 1863 to 1871 of the Mary- leljone district in London. He represented Bouth Warwickshire in parliument in the conaen-ative interest from 1874 lo 1885, where he introduced hilU in 187& and 1876 to amend the criminal law by diiferentiatinc two claases of murder, and to furthar extend vocate, thougli a practised speaker. He took great interest in the Question of local govern- ment foe Ireland, advocating the develop- ment of IriEli industries aud the establish- ment of B royal residt'nce in Ireland, and acting as chairman of a harbour board in Ireland. His persevering efforts procured the release of Edmund Oalley, who had been wrongly convicted of murder and sen- tenced to penal servitude for life. Wilmot died at hin residence in Tburloe Sqiiarf, London, on 1 Feb. 1893. He married, on 27Aprill839,Eliia Martha, afth daughter of 8ir Robert Williams, ninth baronet. She died on 23 Oct. 1887. and had issue six sons »nd two daughters. He was succeeded in the title by bis eldest son, WiUiam Assheton Enrdley Wilmot, of the Northumberland Fusiliers, who was bom in 1841, married in 1876 Mary, third daughter of David Watts Russell of Biggin, Noithamptoushire, and died in 1890. Wilmot was author of ; 1. 'A Digest of the Law of Burglary,' Liondon, 18-"il, 12mo. '2. ' Lord Brougham's Acts and Bills from 1811 to the present time, now first collected and arranged, with an Analytical Review, sliowing their n-suits upon the Amendment of the Law,' London, 1837, 8vo. 3. ' Remi- niscences of the late Thomas Assheton Smith,' Loudon, 1860, 8to; 5th edit. 1893, 4. ' A Safe and Constitutional Plan of rarliamenlary Reform,' London, 1865, Sro. He also edited his father's ' Abridgment of Blackstone's Commentaries,' London, 1863, 8vo; 1855, 12mo. He frequently contri- buted letters to the ' Times ' and other newi papers on the legal and poli which he was interested, besides writJngi publishing various pamphlets. [TiinoB, 2 and y Feb. I8B2; Law Tli 6 Keb. 18B2; Law Journal, 6 Feb, 1892; brett's House of CommoDS and Judicial Bencb; Burke's PeoTago ; Foaler's Alomni Oion. 1715- 1886; FoBtor'sMenat tbeBnr; Official Retunu of Members of Parliament ; private inrormatioa.] R. J.8. WILMOT, LEMUEL ALLEN (II 1378), governor of New Brunswick, 1 on 31 Jan. lt<09 at Sunbiiry.on theSt. J( "' '" Brunswick, daughter of Daniel' Bliss (1740-1800); chief justice of the court of common pleas in New Brunswick. On his father's aide he was descended from a New England family, his Krandfathor, Major Lemuel Wilmot, being a loyalist refugee. Lemuel Allen was portly educated among the French community at Madawasha, and he aflerwards entered the university of King's College at Fredericton. He was a successful student, and had the dis- tinction of being ' the best swimmer, skater, runner, wrestler, boatman, drill-master, speaker, and musician ' of his time. In 1830 he became an attorney, and two years later was called to the bar of New ftrunswick. On31 July 1834 he was elected to the houst- of assembly for the province of York. He declared himself a liberal in politics, advo- cating responsible government and opposi- tion to the system of family compacts, and soon was acknowledged the liberal leader. In 1830 he moved an address to the governor for a detailed account of tbe crown land fund, and be and William Crane were sent to England as delegates to obtain for the representative assembly the control of the crown lands. They were cordially received by the colonial secretary, Sir Charles Grant, Sir Archibald ('ampbell (1769-1843) [q.y.],withheld his approval and tendered his resignation. The delegates wem again sent to England, where their eflijrts wore finally successfuL Campbell's resigns- lion w«e accepted, and the control of t!ie rcvetiue of lh« crovrn lunds was vested in the lusembl; oa coadiliait of calablishing a {wrmBnent civil list out of it. lu 1838 Wilmot waa made a queen's couiiael. In 1814 he accepted a sent in ihe exwiilire council without a portfolio ; but when thii lieutenant-governor, Sir Willinin Colebrooke, without consulting liis advisers, appoiuted hia aon-in-law 1o the office of Jrovincinl secretary, Wilmot, with three col- ■oguBs. rrsJened bis place in the cabinet. Ill 1(*47 Ekrl Grey, the colonial secrctsrj", ileclart>d that mombers of the executive council should bold office only whili! the; possessed tha confidence of llio niajoriiy of Hie people. In 1848 the New Bruns- 'wick bouse of oEiemblj- passed a reso- lution approving of Enrl Grey'a despatch, and Wiunot, who mudi> a grent speech on the occaiion, was culled on to form u go- Temment- He accepted the task, and bis eatuDHt bflciunn b, coalition ministry with liberal tendencies. He himself held office a« attontey-genernl, a post which he first till«doii24 M:ayl848. In this capacity and as prvmier he took au active part in the eoiuolidalion of criminal and muuicipal law. la 1850 he attended the international rail- way convention at Portland in Maine. In the Male year he took part in negotiations in Waahiugton on tbe subject of comtuer- eial reciprocity, A treaty waa concluded fcur years later by Lord Elgin. In Jannary I8.7I Wilmot was appointed a Jodge of tbe supreme court. While holding I-Jlus office he received ibe honoran' defjree iflf D.CL. from the university of King's jOeihege. When the question of federation *tKam» prominent in ifitili be espoused the <«*aBs of union, and after federation was ac- ^tompltshed hu was nominated to the post of iBwitenanr-govemor of New Brunswick on }«7 July 1868- Ho held office till 14 Nov. '3S7S,irhen he received a pension as a retired Ifttdge. In 1875 he became second com- liiissioner under tbe Prince Edward Island {ISttchase Act, passed in that year, and he iWU mlao nominated one of the arbitrators in '^e Ontario and north-west, boundary com- lauwion, but deatb prevented bim serving. 'Ma died at Fredericton on 20 May 1878, ■ad was buried near tha town. Wilmot waa twice married : first, to a daughter of tbe Rav. J. Balloch ; and, secondly, to a daughter of William A. Black of Halifax, a member of tbe legislative council. [Lutbern's Hon. Judgo Wilmot, 1881 ; Do- mi nionAnnaiil Register, 1878. p. 371 ; Applslon's Cytl. of Amorican Biogr. ; Withrow'a Hi«t. of Ciuuula, 18S8, p. 606 ] E. 1. C. WILMOT, ROBEBT {/, 1568-1608), drauinlist, was presented by Uabrie] Poynlx on 38 Nov. 166:i to the lectory of North Okendon, now Uekiindon, aboui six milea from Romford in Espfi, and by tbe dean and chapter of St. I'nut's Cnthedrul, on 2 Dec. 1 58ii, to tbe vicarage ofHorndon-on-the-lIill, a few miles away from Ockendon. He is described in l^iHS as M.A. (NRWtocBT, /ffr- perlorium, ii. 447, 343), It does not appear when tbe vicarage at Homdoo waa vacaled, but in 1608 the crown, by lupso of the ! laCroii'srigb t, appointed to Ockendnnanothee iobert Wilmot, whose death took place in Iflla Wilmot puhlisbed, in 1591, ' Thelragcdie of Tiincred and Gismund, compiled by tha Gentlemen ofthelnnerTempIe, and by them presented before her Majeatie. Newly re- vived and polished according to the decorum of these dales. By K. W. London,' 1591 ( lfi92 in some copies), 4to. The pkv is dedi- cated by ' Robert Wilmot ' to ■ Liidy Mnrie Peter and Ihe Lady Annie Graie ; ' the latter was the wife of Henry Grey, esq., of Pirgo. After the dedication comes a letter 10 the authorfrom Guil. Webbe[see WKoaE, W'li,. LTam], dated ' from Pyrgo in Eases, August tbe Eight, 1691.* Webbu claims from Wil- mot the performance of an 'old intention' of publishing this play. He refers to the gentlemen of the Inner Temple, 'by Ihfn »th*ify that the play framed and no less eiyiously acted ii of her Majeslie, by wuoin it was then aa princely accepted as of tliu whole honorable audiencenotably applauded.' After this letter follows an address by Wilmot to the ' Gentle- ment students of the Inner Temple and Gentlemen of the Middle Temple,' in which he mentions his doubt ' whether it wore convenient for the commonwealth, with the indecorum of my culling (as some thinke it ), that the memorie of Taucred'a Truftedie should be agaiue bv my meanes revived.' This seems a reference to his clerical profea- aion. He apeaka of hia acquaintance with the Temple us having lasted twenty-four years. Before the play there are compli- mentary eonnelB to ' the Queenes Maidens of Honor.' Tbe play was acted before Queen Eliinbeth in 1568. In Wilmot'sversiun Ihe initials of five composers are given at llie end of the five acte as follows : Itod. Staf. t Hen, No (Henry Noel P) ; O. Al. ; Ch. Hat tChristopber Haltonl : R. W. (Robert WJI- mot). "The play Is taken from Boccaccio, It ' mar still claim to be designated tha oldest known English play of which the plot is certainly («ken from an Italian novel.' The story is told in Painter's 'Palace of i Wilraot I'leaaure,' tale 39, The original Tersion ia extuiit in seveml manuscripla, of which Lansdowne MS. 78(i is the buat. From this it appears thnt originally the pUy was in decasyllabic rhyming quatrains, Wilmot in 1591 macUi it into blank verse, by that time fiuhiouablej but tbe play must be classed along with early plays like ' Uorboduc ' and Other imitationB of Seneca. It has dumb shows to commence and choruaes to termi- nate the acts. It ' poanesses no mean lite- rary merit ' (Ward), The 1691 edition was reprinted in Dodsley's 'Collection,' to), il., in 1780 (4th edit, by Hailitt, 1874, vol. vii.) Hunter mentions a second work by Wilmot, ' Syrophenisia, or the Canaaultiah Woman; con Diets at Qorndon-on-the-Uilt in the County of Essex,' 1598. (WbhI's EnRlish Uramntie Lil«rature, 1898. i. 2U; Collier's History otUrAOialic Poetry, ii. 399; Arber's Intri)diii;lion to reprint of Wrbbe'a Dis- eoursB of Engliiih Poetrie ; Balliini'a Lit. of Europe, ii. 16Tl Inderwicks Ciil. InaerTomple BKurds, 1890, vol. i. pp. liii-Uiii ; Bnntrr's miauscript Chorus Vacam ; Warton's English Postry.iv. 269, 338 rFleay'sHialory of the Stage, p. 1 7, and English Drama, ii. 271.] R. B. "WILMOT, ROBERT (d. IfllK), commo- dore, is first mentioned in July I6&9 as second lieutenant of the 70-gnn ship Exeter, then fitting out in the Medway. In the fol- lowing March he was promoted to command the Cygnet fireship, in which be was present at tbe battle of Beachy Dead on 3U June. Un 19 Auff. he was moved to the newly named fireship Hopewell, and shortly afteov words to the Dreadnought, to take that vessel round from Portsmouth to the river. The Dreadnouglit, an old 6:i-guu skip, built in 16i>4, was no longer seaworthy, and ' foun- dered bv her leakmessin her passage.' off the South j'orelaud, By thecourt-martial held on 8 Dec. I6SK) Wilmot was fully acquitted, and on <i Jan. 1690-1 he was appointed lo command the Crown of 48 guns for cruising ■ervice in the Channel. In Iti92 he com- manded the Wolf, hired ship, also of 48 guns, and convoyed the trade to Virginia and home. EInrly in 1(193 he wa.'^ amminted to the 70-gun ship Eliiabeth, one of the grand fleet which, after accompanying Bir George Uooke [q. v.] past Ushant, returned to Torbay on 21 June, and remained there for a couple of months. During this time WUmot quar- relled with Ensign Roydon of Ingoldsby's regiment, a detachment of which was serving Oil board the Elizabeth as mnrinca. The quarrel resulted in a due! fought on shore, andRoydoit was kOled. Wilmot wascharsfed with manslaughter, arrested by tbe marshnl of the admiralty, tried at the assizes in Devonshire in ihe following March, and ac- quitted. On25Aprit lti94he waareappointed lo theEliziboth^ED-iE, Suron/af t/ie Soyal Marina, i. 387; Admiralty Minute liookt, 30 Aug., 4 Sept. lB9il, h March I6()3-4). In the following October he was appointed to the 00-gun ship Dunkirk, and tlie com- mand of an expulition sent to the Weet Indies, where it was to co-operate with the Spaniards against the French settlements In Ilispaniola. The squadron appointed for this service, consisting, besides the Uuniiirk, of three 60-gun ships and some smaller vefljels, together with transports carrying twelve hundred soldiers commanded by Colonel Luke Lillingston [q.v.j, sailed from Plymouthon22 Jan. IB95. InWarehitwaa at St. Christopher's, and after some corre- spondence with the Spanish governor of St. Domingo It sailed for Savana on tbe 38th. At Savana, however, it was found thBt.can- trarv to the hopes the governor had held oat, the Spaniards were not ready, and it was the end of April before Cape Fnuifab could ba attached. This the French evacuated after setting on fire, and It was some weeks before the different eleniealB of the assailing force could agree on what was next to be dona and how It was to be done. At length they attacked and on 3 July look Port de la Paix, out of which they collected a booty e.'itimated as worth about 200,000/. This seems to have been the cause of the bitter quarrel which broke out between Wilmot and Lil- lingston, though the particulars are unknown. Wilmot was anxious, late as the season was, to go on and capture Petit Goave and Leo- gane ; but the eichly state of the troops, and probably also Lillingston's ill will, rendered tliis impossible, and leaving the 50-gun ships behind for the protection ofJamaica, Wilmot sailed for England on 3 Sept. But the fever, which had killed so many of the soldiers, had now spread to the shi]is, and very many of the seamen died, Wilmot himself among the first, on 15 Sept. Lillingston afterwards published a pamphlet accusing Wilmot of several irregularities, none of which, how- ever, he could substantiate by any evidence except his own assertion ; and Wilmot waa dead! In the account of the expedition pub- lished by Burchett, who, as secretary of tlie admiralty, was in abetter position for learn- ing the truth than any other man could pos- sibly be, the accusations of LilLngston tuv passed over with contempt. [ListbooksintiiePublieReeordOffiu; Char- nock's Biogr. Nar. ii. 375; Burchntl's Ttms- nctions at Sm. pp. 631-7; LillinReton's Ro- HeptioneouBiirchutt's Memoirs; Ledianl's Naval Hist. pp. 700-3.1 J. K, L. I I HaTmi WILMOT-HORTON, Sir liOBEItT JOILS (17R4-1B41), politiciil inuniilikteer. [See IIoRTOS.J WILSON. Mrs. (d. 1786), actress, wIiobb [iiuiden naine vim Adcock, wits presumsbly ■ milliner in the llsyniarket [flee A\'b8ton, , Tuauk6,i7-d7'\77fi]. She ia first heard of in York, wlierv, as Mrs. WcsCod, iu iLh suid- [ iner of 17"^ she played Lucy l^ockit in the * Beggar's Upera,' Miss Notahle in the ' Lady's LiLst Stake, and other comic parts. After Appearing in Leeds, where she became a fiivuurito, and in Glasgow in 1774, she came to London. There she come to know Richard Wilson (see helow), and aa Mrs. Wilson she played at the IJaymarket on 19 May 1773, Betay Bloflsom in the " Coienera,' and Lucy in the * \'irgin Unmasked.' The name of Wilson she henceforward retained, hut is once and again heard of as Mrs. Weston. Weslon and Wihton were iu the same com- |Mny with her. Weston died in 1770, but it u known that he quarrelled with and forsook his wife no long time aflermarriage. Under ame or other she was seen in her first latket season oa Lucy in the ' Mirror,' Devil to Pay,' Lydia in the Bankrupt,' Sophy in the ' Dutchman,' and Juletta(annriginal part) in 'Metamorphoses' (30 Aug. 1776). OnSOAprillirSahewasatCoventGarden, for Wilson's benefit, Uoydeu in the ' Man of Quality.' In the summer of 1776 and that of 1777 she was in Liverpool, where, among Many other parts, she enacted Miss Hard- caalle in 'iShe atoons to conquer,' Lady Jtaekct in 'Three Weeks after Marriage,' llahana in the ' Miser,' Charlotte Kusport in the ' West Indian,' Jenny in the ' Pro- Tobed Husband,' Mrs. Sullen in the ' Beaux' Stratagem,' Estifania in * Rule a Wife and have a Wife,' Phsdra in 'Amphitryon,' <^helia, Alaria in the ' Twelfth Night,' Lady Harriet in the ' Funeral,' Oamet in the Good-natured Man,' and Mrs. Sneak in the ' Mayor of (iarratt.' At Covent Garden •he had played meanwhile Polly lloncj- comhe in Colman's piece so named, Mrs. Pinchwife in the ' Country Wife,' and Kilty in ' High Life below Staim.' Un 2 Feb. 17B0 she was the tlrst Betsy Blossom in Pilon'a * Deaf Lover,' and on 6 Aiij^. at the Uaymarket the first Bridget in Miss Lee'a 'Chapter of Accidents.' She was also seen at the Heyraarket aa Xerissa and Miss Prue in ' Love for Love ; ' and at Covent Harden aa Jacinths in the '.Mistake,' Mrs, Page in the ' Merry Wives of Windsor,' Margery in ■ Love in a Village,' Edging in the ' Careless Husband,' Damarii in ' Barnaby Brittle ' on 18 April 1781, and on 10 May Betty Hint in the ' Man of the World,' the lost two oricinal parts. At the Eaymarket she was on 16 June 1781 the original Comfit in O'Keefie's ' Deod Alive,' and played Filch in the ' Beggar's Upera,' with the male parts played by women and viae vena; she played also N^sa in ' Midas ' (16 Aug.), and Flippant-a m the ' Confederacy.' Mias Tumbull, an original part in Hofcroft's ' Duplicity,' was seen at Covent Garden, 13 Oct. ; Kitty in Mrs. Cow- ley's' Which is the Man,' 9 Feb. 1782; Nancy in O'Keeffe's ' Positive Man,' 16 March; and Kil tyCarringt on inCumherland'a 'Walloons,' ^0 April. She was also Miss Leeson in the ^ School for Wives,' and Jenny in the ' Pro- voked Husband.' Her original parts in the next season (at Covent Garden) included Catftlina in O'KeelTe's 'Castle of Andalusia' on 2 Nov., and Minette in Mrs. Cowley's ' Bold Stroke for a Husband ' ou 25 Feb. 1783. ShealsoappearedaaMrs.Cadwallader in the ' Author,' Floretta in the ■ Quaker,' and Foi- ble in the ' Way of the World.' Viletta in ' She would and she would not,' Fatima in ' Oymon,' Lucetta in ' Two Gentleman of Verona,' and Mrs. Haughty in ' Epiccene,' were given during the next season, in which she was on 8 Nov. the first Corisca in the 'Magic Picture,' altered from Mossinffer; Miss Juvenile in Mrs. Cowley's ' More W ays than One' (fl Dec.); and 17 April 1784, Annette in ' Robin Hood,' In 1781-5 she is credited with Tilburina in the ' Critic,' Muslin in the ' Way to keep Uim,' Parly in the 'Constant Couple,' Nell in the 'De\-il to Pay,' and Fine Ladv in 'Leihe.' She was on 29 March 178fi tue original Mary the Buxom in Pilon's 'Baratario,' on 2 April Grace in Macnally's ' Fashionable Levities,' and on 23 Oct. Fish in Mrs. Inchhald's ' Ap- pearance is against them." She also played Lucetta in the ' Suspicious Husband,' Susan in ' Follies of n Day,' aud Margery in ' Lovo in a Village.' She did not act after this season, and died in Edinburgh in 1788. A Mrs. Wilson, ac- cording to Oenest, ' carefully to he distin- guished fromhernamesake at Covent Garden,' ^laved at Drurv Lane the same class of parts from 1783 to IVOO. Mrs. Wilson or Weston was a good actress, but ' died a martyr to her own fully,' snya Tate Wilkinson, who adds that she was ' past reclaiming.' Mary Julia Young, in the 'Memoirs of Mrs. Crouch,' says of her Filch : ' Though a very pretty little woman, [she] appeared to bo in reality as complete a young pickpocket as could bo found among the boys who lurk about the doors of a theatre, and song her songs as if I I Wilson Wilson ehe bai] always freqticiited bucL Hael(>t;. Gay himHelf could nuver Luvb wisbed for a bettor Filch' (i. 115). Her husband, niCHARD Wilson (Jt.mi- 1792), barn In Durham, played duritie mnny years comic characterB at Covent Garaea anil the Hay market. He wad a good actor in comedy, taking parts such as IlardcaattH, Justice Woodcoclt, Sir Anthony ,\bsolute, Tony Lumpkin, Slalvolio, Touchstone, Fal- Btaff, Ben in ' Love for Love,' Scapin, Shy- lock, Fluellen, Poloniua, Sir Pertlnax Macsy- copliant, and Sir llui;h Evans. His original nlfl included Don Jerome in the ' Duonna.' rd Lumbercourt in the ' Man of the World,' Father Luke in the ' Poor Soldier,' Mayor in ' Peeping Tom,' John Dory in ' Wild Oats,' and Sulky in the ' Road to Ruin.' According to a rather extravagant and scarcely credible account of Lee Lewes, he marrli'd in the country, as a seventh husband, a Mra. Grace, who ia said to have been the original Jenny in the ' Provoked Huaband." She was, in fact, Myrtilla, Mre. Cibber playing Ji'uny. She must have been fifty years of age, and Wiloon little over twenty. Wilson then married, it is said, a daughter of Charles l^ee I«wea [q. v.], and aflerwarda, it is to be pre- sumed, Airs. Weston. Richard WiUon wae a good actor. O'Keeffe (Srcotlfielimin, 11. Sffil) says he succeeded Shulcr at Covent Gorden, that ' hia mannerwas broad, full, and power- ful,' and that he was ' ever true in loyalty to bis poet, his manager, and his audience.' [OnneslB Aci-ount of the EiigliBh Stage, vols. T. and vi. pHEHim ; Young's MeniuirA of Mrs. Cmueh ; Tate Wilki a nan's Wandering Pufntee ; Oallou's U'story of the lAodun Theatres ; Lee Lewss's Mnmoira ; O'KsoBTb's Rctiillectionii ; Doran's Singe Aiimis, ed. Lnwe; Notes nod Qaeries, Sth ear. ii. 349.] J. K. WILSON, SiK ADAM (1814-1891), Canadian judge, was bom at Edinburgh on S2Sept.iei4, and educated inthatcitv. He emigmted in 1830 to Trafalgar, co. Haltou, in Upper Canada, and went into the employ of his uncle, who owned milla and stores at that placo ; but after three years he decided to go to the Canadian bar, and in 1834 be- came articled to Robert Baldwin Sullivan ; he was called in Trinity term 1839 to the bar of Upper Canada, having already made such an impression on his tutor that he was in 1840 admitted into partnership with him and Robert Daldwin, the reform leader. He waa successful in practice, and became Q.C in 1600; he was shortly afterwards elected a bencher of the I^aw Society of Upper Canada. In mtHS he was appointed to the committee for revising the public statutes of tiiB Canados. Wilson removed to Toronto before 1955, and in]8C9and l^^OOwasmayorof that city. In 1639 he entered the legislative aasembly of Upper Canada as member for the Konn Riding of York. Joining the reform party, he becmne an uncompromising opponent of the Cartier-Macdonald ministry, chiefly on the question of their views as to popular representation. In 1800 he waa again re- turned, but in IBOl was defeated in tbd election for Weet Toronto. In ] 803 he waa elected for his old constituency, and oa< 24 May of (hat year became solicit ur-genenl4 in the coalition ministry led by John •Sani'f held Macdonald. On 11 May 1H63 Wilson resigned jiolitical life on his appointment as puisne judge of the court ofqueen's bench for L'pper Canada. On S4 Aug. he was transferred to the court of common pleas ; but at Easter 1866 he again returned to the court of queen's bench. In 1871 he was a member of the law reform commission. In 1676 he wus appointed chief justice of the court of common plea*, and m 1834 chief justice of the court of queen's bench of Ontario. He wa$ knighted in 1888. He died at Toronto on a9 Dec. 1891. He was author of ' A Sketch of the Office of Constable,' 1861. Wilson married the daughter of Thomufl Dalton, editor of the Toronto 'Pair . adopted daughter, Julia Isabella Jorda^J married George Shirley. wnaoN, ALEXANDER (iTiJ-iraem first professor of astronomy at Qlaegow Um-J rersily, and the father of Scottish lettord founders, son of Patrick Wilson, town dtA- I of St. Andrews, was bom at St. Andrews in 1714. He studied at the university therti, and graduated M.A. on 8 May 1733. In ITitT he became assistant to a London surgeon and apothecary. I Ine day he [Miid a visit to a type-found IT, and, after examining the proceBses,theideaof an improved method of manufacture of types struck him. He relinquished his profe»siou and returned to St. Andrews in 1739. In 1742, with a friend named Bain, he started n letter- foundry at St. Andrews, which wag removed in 1744 to Camtachie, near Glasgow. In 1747 Bain settled at Dublin, butin 1749 the proved production of type.'. He furuiahed , Ilia friends, the brothers Foulia, with t tht! b«suly and artUttc finitib of the Foulia press [a«e Foolih, Robebi]. lie is specially referred to in the prEfsce to the ' Iloiner.' In 1760 Wibon was spiKiinted first profeaeoT of proctical astronomy in the uuiyersitv of Glasgow, tlirougli the influBnca of Ihtt Diike of .Irgyll. In ITUSI he mad< fais celebrated discovery regarding the solai ■pots, on account of which appeured in tht 'Philosophical Transactions' of tho Hojal Society of Loudon, 1774. His view was that the spots ore cavities or depressions in the luminous matter which surrounds the sun; u)d he was the hrst to establish this by a rigid induction. Wilsoa was also the author of a speculation in answer to the question, ' What hinders the fixed stare from falliug u^n one another.''' His viewwiis that this might depend upon periodical motion round aouus grand centre of gravitation. It was given to the world in an auonymous tract, 'Thoughts on Oentfral Oravitation, aud Views thence arieinui aa lo the State of the UniTBT*;.' Assisted by his sons, whom ho took into partnership, Vilsonstill continued and extended the buniness of tyiie-lbunding, ftnd in 1773 he published 'A specimen of some of the .Printing Tj'Pes cast in the Foundry of Alexander Wilson & Sons.' Wilson resigned the profesaarshtp in 1784, mddiedat EdinburghoiiieOet. 1786. He received the honorary degree of M.D. from St. Andrews on 6 Aug. ITtiS, and was one of the oi%inal wemben of the Huyal Society of Edinburgh. He was succeeded in his chair at the tybv his son Patrick Wilson (1743- ll^iWQohadmucb of the original thought d inventive genius of his fatner. He left 1,000/. to Glasgow University, the interest m which is used to purchase instruments for the professor of astronomy. His por- tnut, a medallion by James Taasio, is in the National Portrait Gallery, Edinburgh. The tvpH-foandiue business was continued by the W lUon family for many years, a branch being opened in 1632 in bdluburgh, while ill 1834 the bosinesa WOE removed from Glasgow to London. [Andenan'a Scottish Nation : Irring's Emi- Wnt Scotsmsn ; UuivDrsity of Glasgow, Old and Sew, IBSl. pp. 6S-S; London Literary Oaxattr, jut. p. 10; Rogera's Hist, of Rc. Andrens ; Addison's Roll of Glastjow Gradustos, ISSS.] G. 8.H. WILSON, ALEXANDER (1766-1813), ornithologbt, the son of Aluxaiider Wilson, a distiller, and afterwards weaver, of Paisley, was bom in that town on ij July 1766. lie was educated for a short time at a Bcbool in Paisley, but, owing to hie mother's death and ^nad luvei V],000/. U ^ mi wliinV » liis father's remarriage, had to be removed, and on ill July 177SJ was apprenticed for a term of three years to his eldest sister's husband, William Duncan, a weaver in Paisley. On the expiration of his appren- ticeship in nii2 lie continued weaving at Lochwinnoch and Paisley, but subsequently for nearly three years Lo triivelled as apack- From a very early period he had evinced a strong desire for learning, and had deve- loped a literary taste, especially for poetry. Ue had composed many poems himself, and nnsuccessfully sought when travelling to ob- tain subscribers towards their publication. These verses were nevertheless issued, and went through two editiona in 1790, reappear- ing in 17yl, under the title of ' Poems, bu morons, satirical, and serious.' Ilisliterary ed'orts being financially unsuccessful, he re- sumed weaving in Lochwinnoch, and after- wards in Paisley, but went to Edinburgh to take part in the debate held in the Pantheon by a society of literati culled 'The Forum' on the question whether Allan Komsay or lEobert I'ergusaon had done more to honour Scottish poetry. In his poem, which was Sthlished with that ou the same theme by beneior Picken [q. v.] in 1791, under the title of 'The Laurel disputed,' Wilson gave Preference to Hamaay, a verdict from which is audience dissented. Two other poems were composed and recited by him on this Ciccasion. He also, alter corresponding witli Burns, paid a visit to that poet in Ayrshire. In 1792 his poem 'Watty and Meg' appeared anonymously, and was at ilrst ascribed to A little later, having written a piece of severe personal satire against an individual 131 Paisley, he was sentenced to bum it in Rublic and impriaoned. After his release he 'ft for the American colonies, sailing from Helfast on 28 May 1794, accompanied by his nephew, William Duncan. The ship being full, they obtained passage only by agreeing to sleep on deck. On his arrival, literally Eennilea8,at Newcastle, Delaware, on 14 July, e shouldered his fowling-piece and walked to Pbiladelphin, shooting l>y the way his first American bird, a red-headed woodpecker. In Philadelphia he obtained employment with John Aitken, a copperplate printer, but afti.irwards took to weaving at I'eunypaek, and for a time in Virginia. In the autumn of 1795 he became a pedlar once more and travelled through New Jersey. On his return he opened a school near Frankford, Penn- sylvania, whence he removed to Millerstown and taught in the schoolhouse of that village. Here he studied hard, principally at mathe- I I Wilson Wilson opeaeii a aclioot at BloomSelil, New Jersey, miere he remained till early in 1302, when he received an appointment from the truBteea of the Union s^ool, close to Qrny'a Ferry, near Philadelphia. Here be mH<le the sc- quaintauce of William Bart ram, the botanist and naturalist, who owned an extensive garden on the west bank of the Schuylkill^ where ^\'ilson was able to gratifT to the full hia love of nature. His friends, becoming' anxious for his health, perausded him to re- lini^uiah poetry for drawing, and he took leaaona from the engraver, Alexander La waon. Failing in hia altempta at the human figure ', and at landscape-drawing, he was induced I by Burlram to attempt the Illustration of birds. In this he succeeded beyond his nn- | ticipat ion, and presently proposed the schema i of illustrating the ornithology of the United . States, for which he at once began to collect materials. In 1804, with two friends, be took a wait- ing tour to Niagara, which inspired the poem of 'The Foresters, ' published in the 'Port- folio,' In February 1806 ho made an un- Bucceaaful application to Treaident Jefferson (with whom he had previously had corre- epondence on ornithological matter.';) for the post of naturalist to the expedition then (it- ting out to explore the valley of the Mia- aissippl. In April of the same year he waa engaged at a liberal salary by the publisher, Samuel F. Hrndford, to assist in editing the Ameri- can edition of Rees's ' Cycloptedia.' This Esve him the opportunity of proceeding with is cherished scheme— the risk of which was taken by Bradford— and in September 1808 the first volume of ■ The American Ornitho- logy' appeared, the original edition of two hundred copies being augmented to five hun- dred before a year had elapsed, while the second volume was issued in 181U. In order to carry on thia work he made extensive i' (umeys through theStates, ononeof which e descended the Uhio alone in an open skiff from Pittsburg to near Louisville. iTie hard- ships and exposure he had endured on these travelsand hiaanxietyto complete the eigbtli volume brought on an attack of dysentery, A'om which lie died at Philadelphia, after ten days" illnesa, on 23 Aug. 1S13. He wae buried in Iho cemetery of the old Swedish church in that city. Wilson was unmarried. Wilson's portrait was painted by J. Craw ; another portrait, which is anonvmous, is in the National Portrait Gallery, Edinburgh. Engravings by W. H. Lizars are prefixed to Jameson's and to Jardine's editions of Wil- son a 'American Ornithology." In March 1812 Wilson was elected 1^3 member of the Society of Artiste of tha" United States.and the following year of ths American Philosophical Society of Phila- delphia. With respect to his great work it has been pointed out that in bis specific definitions be was loose and unsystematic, but that passages in his prefaces and de- scriptions are fine, and at the same time simple and natural. With perspective he was imperfectly acquainted, but his figures were superior to most of hia day. Vol. viii. of the 'American Umithology' was com- pleted, and vol. ix. brought out under the editorship of Qeorge Urd in 1814, A second edition of vols, vii-ii., the last with a lifo of the author, was brought out by Ord in I824-G, while a second AmericaJi edition in three vols, appeared in 1828-9. Between 18:^5 and ISS^J Prince Oharles Lucien Jules Sonaparte published four volumes containing figures and descriptions completing Wilsona work. An edition of ibeir united! works in four volumes, edited by Kobert Jameson [q. v.], waa issued in 1831 (8vo, Edinbuiiih and London), and another edition, with notes by Sir William Jardine fq, v.], in three volumes, in 18S2 (8vo, London). An octavo edition in one volume, edited hv T. M. Brewer, was Issued at Boston in l»li} and New York in lS6:i, other issues appear- ing in l8o6 and 1865. Tiie last edition of his 'Poems' seems to have been issued in 1816, ' WattyandMeg' went through several editions, but the last by the author appeared in the • Portfolio' in 1810. Of hia other poems 'The Foresters' {Paisley, 1855, l2mo), and ' llab and liingan' (Paisley, 1827, ]6mo), were issued separately ; the rest appeared in various journals [see Aixuone), and of these the best known is 'The Solitary Tutor,' which was published in ' Brown's Literary Mugaiine,' [Mumoir by William MuxwbII Hetherin^on [q.v.]. proflitd to JnmeBon's ed. of Amerif'ao Ornilh.; MsTnoir by O. Ord in vol, iz. Snd eJ. of Amsr. Ornilh. ; JHemoir in jBrdine'i ed. of Amer. Ornilh.; Brit, Mus, Cnt. ; Nat. Hist. MuBtrnm Cbi. ; Appletoa's CyolopiBdia of Aineri- con Biogmphv.] B. B. W. WILSON, ALEK.\NDER PHILIP (1770?-I85I F), physician. [See PHILIP, Ai,ESAHnBR Philip Wilsos,] WILSON, ANDREW (1-1&-1792), philosophical and medical writer, bom in 1718, was the only son of Gabriel Wilson (rf.lIFeb.l750),parishmim9terofMaxtonin Roxburghshire, by his wife, Ilacbel Co»an. After studying medicine at the university of Edinburgh, he graduated M.D on 29 Juno 1749 witb a tbeBia, 'Ue Luce,' Edinburali, 1749, 4lo. He was licensed to iirnctise by the RoynlCoUegeofPbyHicLana of Edinburgh I . . ' Aug. 1764, anil was admilled on Nov. or the same ;ea,r. He exercised hb profession at Newcastle and afterwards in London, where be was appointed physician lo the medical aiylum before 1777, Wilson was a ronn of sotne mental power, and a de- cided Ilutcbiasonian in his views. Besides medical treatiies be publislied anonymouelj aevernl pbilosopbical works. He died iu London on 4 June 1792. Hewos the author of: 1. 'The Creation tbe Clroundworlc of Herelalion, and Revela- tion the Language of Nature, or a Brief Attempt to demonetrate that the Hebrew Language is founded upon Natural Ideas, and that tht> Hebrew Writings transfer them to Spiritual Objects,' Edinburgh, 1750, Svo. 2. ■ tluman Nature surveveil by Pliilosopby and Revelation,' London. 1758, 8vo. 3. • An E«aayon tbe Autumnal Dysentery," London, 1761,8vo: 2tidedit.l777. 4.'ShortOb3en-a- tiona on the Principlea and Moving Powers Msumed by the present System of I'hilo- Bopbv,' 1764, 8vo. 5. ' An Explication and VinJication of tbe First Sect ion of the " Short 0baervation9,'"London,176t,Bvo. 6. 'Short Itemnrks upon Autumnal Disorders of the Bowels,' Newcastie-upon-Tyne, 170o, 8vo. 7. ' Reflections upon sorai' of the Subjects in Dispute between the Author of the " Divine Legation " and a late Professor in the Uni- TCrsilr of Oiford,' London, 1766, 8vo. 8. -On the Nioving Powers in tbe Circulation of the Blrtod,'1774,8yo. There is an Italian trans- lation of this treatise in Carlo Amoretti and Rranceseo Soave's ' Opnscoli scelti sulle set- enw esuUi arti,' ii. 255-72 (Milan, 1779, 4to). 9. * Medical Researches, beine an Enquiry into the Nature and Origin of Hysterics in the Female Constitution,' London ,1777,8vo. 10. 'Aphorisms on the Constitution and Dis- eaws of Children,' London, 1783, 12mo. 11. 'Bath Waters: a conjectural Idea of their Nature and Qualities, in three Letters, To which is added Putridity and Infection unjustly imputed to Fevers,' 1788, 8vo. [ScoU's Fusti Ecdes. Scotioans. i. ii. 5s7 : Scots Maga. I7D2 p. 310; Reuss's Peg. of Living Autbors, 1770-90; Allibone's Diet, of Kngl. Lit.: Onus's Bibliolh. Bibljcs, IS24; Kdinb, Medical Graduates, 1706-1 B66,p. 4 : Hist. Skeicb and Laws of \ho Rojd Coll. of Phjs. of blinb. 1882, p. 4.] E. I. C. WHflON, ANDREW (1780-1848), land- •cape-pointer, born in Edinburgh in 1780, came of an old familv wbo had suffered in the Jacobite cause. His father's name was Archibald Wilson, his mother's Elizabeth Shields. When quite young he commenced tostudyart undBrAle.xanderNasmyth[q.v,], and then, at the age of seventeen, went to London, where he worked forsometimeintbe schools of the Royal Academy. Proceeding to Italy, he studied the ^at works of the Italian masters, thus laying ibe foundation of a knowledge which afterwards proved of great use, and he became acquainted with the weil-known coUeolors Champemown and Irving. He also made many Bkeljih us, prin- cipally of the architecture in tbe neighbour- hood of Rome and Naples, Returning to London in 1803, he at once saw Ibe advan- tage of importing pictures by the old mas- ters, and went back to Italj for that pur- pose. The troubled stale of Europe made travelling difficult, but be reached Genoa, where he settled under tbe protection of the American consul and was elected a member of tbe Ligurian Academy. As n member of that society he was present when Napoleon Bonaparte visited ils eibibition, and on some envious academician informing the Inller, who had panned to admire Wilson's picture, that it was by an Englishman, ha was met bj tbe retort : ' Le talent n'a pas de pays.' In 1805 he returned through Germany to London with the pictures (over fifty in number) which be had acquired. Among tliem were Hubens's ■ Brazen Ser^ E'nt' (now in tbe National Gallery) and assano's " Adoration of the Magi ' (in the Edinburgh Gallery). Settling in London, he painted a good deal in watercolour, was one of the original members of the Associated Artists (I80S), and held for a period tbe position of teacher J of drawing in Sandhurst Military College; I but being in 1818 appointed master of th« >l Trustees Academy, be removed to Edin- burgh, where he exercised a considerable and beneficial influence upon bis pupils, among whom were Robert Scott Lauder g. v.], William Simson [q. v.], and Bavid ctavius Hill [q, v.] While in London ha contributed to !he Royal Academy, and in Edinburgh he supported tbe Royal Institu- tion, of which he WHS tbe manager as well as an artist associate member. But his pre- dilection for Italy was loo strong to be re- sisted, and in 1826, ti.king bis wife and family with bim, he again went south, and for the twenty years following lived in Rome, Florence, and Genoa, During this period bo was much consulted on art mat- ters, collected pictures for Lords Hopetoun and Pembroke, Sir Robert Peel, and others, and was instrumental in securing for the Royal Institution some of the most impor- tant works, which later helped to form tbe J ^r Wilson 78 National Oillery of Rcotliind. He also painted much in both oil and watercoloum, and his work, Rome of the finest of which never came to this country, was ia (Treat re- quest by artistic visitors to Italy. His pic- tures are delicate in handling, reHned in colour, pleasant 111 composilinn, and serene in effect. He is represented in the Scottish National Gallery by two Italian landscapes und a ' View ol" Burntisland " in oils, and iiy three walereolours in the watercolour col- lection at Bouth KensinKton. In 1817, leaving his family in Itnly, he revisited Scot- land, but, on the evo of returning, he died in Edinhurffh on 27 Nov. 184S. In 1H08 he married liachpl Ker, daujAtei of 'William Ker, descendant of the Inglis of Uanuer, and Lad a family of four sons and three daughters. The eldest Eon, Chnrlca Heath Wilson, is separately noticed, [RdiDbargh Annunl lUgister. IBIS; Cstu- logaoof thB Eihibliion of Worts l.y Stfollish jlrtists, Ediabur(>h.l863; Rederavp'RandBryaa'i Dictionnries ; Armslroog's Smttish PaiatBra. 18SS; Brydatl's Art in Scollnnd, 1889; Cnta- If^nes of Royal Initlitnlion, Edinbargli, Iloja! Aeademy, Sottish Nalional Oallprv. Huutb Keasinglon; intormalioafKim C. A. WiUon, esq., QBnojL] J. L. C. WHjSON, ANDUEW(;1831-188I>, tra- veller and author, bora in 1831, waa the eldest son of the learned missionary John Wilson (1804-18r5) [q,.v.l He waa edu- cated at the universities of Edinburgh and Titbingen, and afterwards lived iome time in Italy. He then went to India, where he began his career as a journalist by taking charge of the ' Bombay Times ' in the ab- sence of Qeorge Buist [i]. v.], and aa an oriental traveller by a tour in Baluchistan. After hie return to England he contributed to ' Blackwood's Magasine ' some verges en- titled ' Wayside Songs,' and in ]6a7 at- tracted gome attention by a paper ' Infante Perdu to." published in* Edinburgh Essays.' He maintained his connection with ■ Blaek- tvnod ' throughout his life. Returning in 1860 to the east, he edited for three years the ' China Mail,' accompanied the expiv dition to Tientsin, and vieited Japan. In 1880 he issued at Hongkong a pamphlet en- titled ' England's Policy in China,' in which he advocated that change of policy which waa afterwards carried out by Sir Frederick William Adolphua Bruce Tq- v.] at Pekin, by Mr. (now 3ir Robert) Hart at Shanghai, and by General Gordon in the field. He travelled much in southern China, and sent descriptive contributions to the ' Daily News" Pall Mall Gazette ' on eastern quea- tiona, aa well as to • Blackwood.' At the Wilson beginning of the civil war he paid a visit to the United Stales, and afterwards pasted some years in England, during which be wrote for papers and magUEines. Returning to India about 11^73. be edited fora time the ' Times of India ' and the ' Bombay Gaietle." Ill-lieallh deinved the publication til! 1^78 of his book ' I'he Ever-V'ictjiriouB Army T a History of the Chinese Campaigns under Lieutenant-colonel C. G. Gordon, O.B., R.E., I and of the Suppression of the Tai-Ping Re- j hellion,' which ia still the best account of the suppression of the movement of l^i()3-4. Wilsons chief source of information was Gordon's' Pri vale Journal," then unpublished. The clear and animated style in which the work is written gives it an additional value. In 1876 WiUon published an aceoimt of a veryadventurousjoumey under the title'The Abode of Snow: Observations on a Journey from Chinese Tibet to the Indian Cnucisus through the Upper Valleys of the Himalaya.' The hook ia based on articles in 'Blackwood's Alagazine.' A second edition was issued next year. 'TheAbode ofSnow'ia not only a vivid record of very arduous travel, it con- tains also valuable ethnological observations, and displays intense feeling for natural beauty expressed in excellent prose. Before his final departure from India Wilson made an excursion into the wild state of Kathia- war. His last contribution to ' Blackwood, written in the spring of 1877, was e, retro- spect of African travel (' Twenty Years of African Travel'). The last years of his life were passed in England m the Lake district. He died at Howtonon Ullswatcr on 9 June 1831. [Mon of tho Tims, lOth edit.; Blackwood's MiigaiinB, July 1881 (oliiluary notie*') ; Al^fr- nsum. 18 Juno 1S3I ; Wilson's ft'orks; Alli- bone's Dipt, of Engl. Lit. Suppl. vol. ii. ; Ann. Beg, June 1S81 (obituary) ; Mea of the Reign.] G, Le a. N. WILSON, ANTHONY (J. 1793), better known by his pseudonym ' Henry Bromley," author of the ■ Catalogue of Engraved Por- traits,' was born at Wigan in 17nO. He was perhaps connected with the Wilson family of kendal, which intermarried with that of Bromley, Wilson belonged to a mercantile firm In the city of London, and was a regular attendant at Hulchins'a »uc- tion-rooms, where he was detected on one occasion abstracting prints. He also fra- quent«d the sale-room of Nathaniel Smith, lather of the antiquary, John Thomas Smith (iree-ia-w) (q. v.] In 1793, stimulated by the increased de- mand for prints consequent on the publica- tion of James Grangers ' ]3iographical His- Wilson (1 709), "Wilson, under the xrj Bromiey, pabUshed ' A £iigritved Britisli Portraits' ■ ' ■ ■ I the Iroiu many leadini; antiquaries rfuosi, including Sir William Jlus- BTiive, Jameu Bindley [q. v.], and Anthony Morria Slorer [q. v,] In tlie ' CatalnguB ' WiUon ftimed at furnishing a complete list of engmveil British portraits, neglectina; only tbo»e which could not be iduntifled with their originals. lie divided his list into liisloric periods, and suhdivided it into pvtips accord in)^ to the rank or calling of the persons portrayed. Tlie date of Wilson's deatli b unknown. His portrait was en- j Suved by Barrett. There is a copy in the ntish Museum. Edward Evans (178»- 'ISM) [q. r.l the printseller. states that he was acontrihutor to the 'Qentlemun's Mugu- sine' (cf. a letter signed * A Oothamite,' in July I8U). [MiiDaacript note bj Eraaa, the printseller. inhij) co|y of Bromley's CutiilrieuB, HflentntiiB in the pOEseaaioa ef Sir Qeoi^e Schorf [q. v.] : C'«e to Bromley's Catalogiis; Evnna'a Caiii- e of Knprnved Portraila. vol. i. Kos. 13o2, ,11860; IU<)g race's Diet, of Artists, ».v. - Brom- ley.'] E. I. C. WII£ON, Sir ARCHDALE (1803- Jfiti), bart., lieutenant-general and colonel-' commandant roval (laie Bengal) artillery, bom on 3 Ang.'lSOa, was fifth son of the Ke*. fleorge Wibon of Kirby Cane, Norfolk, , youngest brother of the first Lord Itemers, I »ndrectorofBidlinglon, Norfolk, by his wife , Anna Maria, daughter of Charles Millard, chancellor of Norwich. Afterpassing through the oiililarv college of the East India Com- , pany at Aidiscombe, he received a commis- aion AS eecond lieutenant in the Bengal lutiUery on 10 April 1819. He arrived in India in the following Seplember, and was Emoted to be lieutenant on 7 April 18:J0. took part in the sit-ge of Bhartpnr in December lS:la and January 16:26 and in its capture by storm on 18 Jan., was men- tioned in despatches, and received the medal "n'tlson next had charge of the Saugor magazine: in May 18iK bei'ame adjutant of the Nimach division of artillerv ; was pro- moted to be brevet captain on I'O April 1834 and captain on 15 Oct. of the same year ; Jed (lie left wing of the second bat- rtiilery from March to August appninl«d on 2 Oct. to officiate adjutant-general of artillery ; in anded the artillery at I.ucknow, and in the following year the 5th hiittaliou at Cawnpore : from 12 Aug. 1840 acled 1837; as superintendent of the gun foundry at Kosaipur until 11 Nov. 1841, when he be- come su[ierintendent. liismanogeweulof it, until his resignationonlO Aug, 1S45, caused by promotion to the rank of major on 3 July, was considcnHl eapecisliy satisfactory and creditable by the court of djrectorg. After following promoted to be lieutenant-coloneL Wilson served in command of the artil- lery in the force under Brigadier-general (afterwards Sir) Hugh Mnssy Wheeler [q. v.] in the Jatandar Doab during the Punjab campaign, assisted in the reduction of tort Kalawaia in Uctober 1848 and in the capture of the heights of DuJlo in the following January, was mentioned in deiipatches, re- commended for honorary distinelion, and received Iho medal (see iojirfmi Ga::elte,7 aad '20 Miircli 1843). He served with the horse artillery in the Jalandar from IS.'K) to lbQ3. In January 1854 he was appointed com- mandant of the artillery at Dum Bum, with a seat on the military board, promoted to ba colonel on ^8 Nov., and given the command of the artillery at Mirat on his return frottt a year's furlough in March ISoB. When the mutiny broke out at Mirat, on 9 May lJS57, Wilson was in temporary com- mand of the Jlirat division. In obedience to ordera he marched towards Baghput, on the river Jamna, with a column to co-operat« with the force which the commander-in- chief was bringing from Amhala. On ap- E reaching Uhazi-ud-din-Nngar on the 30ui e was attacked by the rebels in force. Ha drove them from their giins, which he cap- tured, and fought brilliant and successful actions both on that and the next dny, when he wan iigain attacked. He joined Sir Ilenry Barnard [u. v.] and the Ambala column at Alipur on 7 June, The combined force routed the rebels at Badli-ke-Serai on the following dny, and then, fighting its way through the Sabii Mendi, established itself on the Itidge before Delhi. Wilson, who was mentioned in despatches for his services (see ib. 13 Got. 1857), now commanded the artillery before the city. On the 9th it was proposed to take the place by assault: but a misunder- standing on the part of Colonel Graves pre- vented the atlempt. When, on 2 July, all the reinforcements from tlie Punjab had ar- rived, and the efl'ective force amounted to over six thousand men, the proposal to atlempt a coup dr vuiin was revived, and the details of the assault were settled, hut the attempt was ultimately abandoned by Barnard in defi'rence to the criticism of Wilson and Reed. I Wilson Wilson On 17 July Majot^^ueral (Sir) Thomaa lleed [<j.v.], wlio bad asaumed the command of the Delui lieiil force on the death of Bar- nard (5 July), was compeUed to resign on »ccountofill-health,(ind made over the com- mand to Wilson, conferring upon him the rank of brigadier-genenJ, in anticipation of the sanction of the government, as he n&a not the senior officer in camp. The selection was eoafirmed, and Wilson was promoted by the govern or- general to be a major-gene- ral for special service on 29 July. He wos promoted to the eatablisliment of ntajar- geoerals oii 14 Sept. I&'i7. The details of the lightii^ outside Delhi are authoritatively given in Norman's ' Nar- rative of the Campaign of the Delhi Army,' 1858, while those of the aiege and the fight- ing inside will bu found in the works quoted at the end of this article. On 25 Aug, Wilson was still occupying the Ridge in front of Delhi, preparing for the siege operations, and awaiting the arrival of the siege guus, when he learned that a body of the enemy had moved out to attack his rear. He despatched Brigadier-genernlJohnNicholaou [q. T.], with 2,200 men and twelve guns, to meet them at Najofgarh, where a most sue- eessful action was fought. Both the governor- general and Sir John Lawrence now wrote to Wilson to urge the political importance of the capture of Delhi as soon aa an assault was practicable after the arrival of the siege train. Bui Wilson ' was ill ; responsibility and anxiety had told upon him. He had grown nervous and hesitating, and the longer it was delayed the mora difficult the task ap- peared to him' (LoBD ROBEETH, Forty-one Years in India, chaps. Ttvii. and iviii.) The siege train had arnved by 5 Sept., and the reiaforcemenls by the 8lh. The siege proper began on 7 Sept., when W^ilaon issued & spi- rited order to the troops. He was neverthe- less reluctant to incur the hazard of assault without more European troops. Colonel Hiehard Baird Smith [q. v.], the chief en- gineer, then Bent him a memorandum em- phatically in favour of immediate action; on this Wilson wrote a minute to the etl'ect that to him it appeared that the results of the proposed operations would be thrown on the baiard of a die, but having nothing better to suggest be yielded to the judgment of the cliief engineer {KlYB, Hint, of the Sepny War, iii. 653), The breaches became prac- ticable by the night of 13 Sept., and the assault ne^t day placed Wilson within the titj. When, however, he realised the failure of one column, the falling back of another, and the heavy losses sustained, bo anxiously '<vd whether he could hold what had been taken. Baird Smith's prompt and decisive, ' Wemtuf doso' (Kifb, lii. Gli^). The captureof the city was triun- Ehantly completed on 20 Sept., after much ard ughting, and the first decisive htoiv struck at the mutiny. Wilson's conduct as a commander at Delhi taking over the command, written in French to Sir John (afterwards first Lord) Lawrence (Katb, nist. of the Sepot, War, li. 689), threatening to withdraw to Kamal unless speedily reinforced; his draft to the governor- general of 30 Aug., holding out no hope of taking the ylace ' until supported hv the force from below ; ' and his contemplation of the possibility of a retirement to the Kidge on the afternoon of 14 Sept., when the suc- cessfid assault had placed bim within the city — these have been given as instances of a want of that energy, determination, and dash which have always carried with them victory over the natives of India, and the want of which, had it not been for strong and resolute advisers, might have proved fatal to success. On the other hand, it bas been maintained that, ill informed of what was going c, juntry, V and could be obtained if sufficiently pressed for. I^wrence. while deprecating delay, moat earnestly impressed upon Wilson the disastrous and far-reaching consequences that would result from failure, and it ia contended that the strongest minded man might have well hesitated to attack under such circumstances without adequate means. Moreover, a Fabian policy led the mutineers to continue to pour into Delhi instead of moving about the country in small bands, attacking weak places and murdering Euro- peans. Had there been a capable commander in the city, he could, without weakening the defence of the quarter attacked, have sent thousands of men to capture the Ridge camp, with the hospital, ammunition, and stores ; and it is adirnied that if any hesita- tion were shown bv Wilson as to holding on to Delhi on 14 Sept. it was due to his supreme anxiety for the safety of the Ridge and bia sick and wounded there, together with a desire for encouragement to proceed. The responsibility which rested uuon the general was indeed a heavy one, and Wilson, good soldier as he was, with all his expe- rience and distinguished service, was not a man of strong character. Fortunately he had with him resolute men who supported him, and upon whom he wisely, although For his services at Dellii Wilson ■was " mad? a K.C.B. on 17 Not. 185T, and was «o 6 Jan. 18fiS created a liaronet as Sir Archdale Wilson of Dulhi ; he received the thanks of both houses of pBrliament and the «ourt of direct ore of the East India Company, a pension of 1,000/. a year and the war medal and clasp iLondon Gw^tti; 17 and 27 Nov. 1857 and 2 Feb. 18581, He was appointed lo the divisional staff, Danapur, in Ljunary 1858, and commanded the whole of ^the artillery of the army of Sir Colin Camp- riieli (afterwurds Lord Clyde) [q. v,] at the I ^ege of Lucknow in March 1858 and ita FlKpture on the 17lh. Ue iras mentioned in ■ ^Mpatehes and received t he clasp for Ijuck- W no^ ('A. 2.5 May ISoS). He went on furlough 1 .to Enjflajidin April ]858,anddidnotretum to India. He waa nominated colonel-com- muidant of horse artillery in October 1858, decorated with the grand cross of the order «f the Bath, military division, on 13 March I 1867, and was promoted to be lieutenant- ' nCMarchlSeS. Hediedon9May l-fTr: [874. Wilson married, in IB42, Ellen (who sur- vived him), daughter of Brigadier-general Wnrren Hustinga Leslie Frith, colonel-com- mandant Bengal artillery. He left do issue, and was succeeded in tbe baronetcy by Roland Knyvet, second son of hia elder brother, Rear-admiral George Knyvet Wil- wn (1788-1800). [India OSiCB Raconla; Dpspatehes ; Times <LaDdon). 11 May 1874; United Serri™ Journal, IB74 ; Annnal Register, ISTl; Burke's Baronet- aft* : Boswonh Smith's L\te of Lord Lawreace : MBdl»jr'BA Venr'sCimpHignine in India, 18S7-8; The Chaplaio'e Narratire of the Siege of Delhi, by Ibe Rer. J. E, W. Botlon ; Shudwell's Lifo of Lord Clyde ; Colonel Da«£ White's Complele History of the ladiiin Mutiny; Fortnightly Jle- TiBW. April 1883 ; Thackeray's Two Indian Com- HJgns; Malleson's History of the lodisD Mutiny; KHje's lIlHory of the Hepoy War ; Normaa's Narmi ire of the Ciinipiilgn of the Itelhi Army, I85S ; Holmes's History of Ibe Indian Mutiny. 1888 ; atnbbs'sEiatory of Uie Beniwl Artiilery.l B. H. V. WILSON, ARTIItJR (l.)95-lfl52), bis- ' " n and dramatist, baptised 14 Dec. 1595, the son of .lohn Wilson (according to tfl baptismal register, hut of Richard accord- to the entry in tbe matriculation re- er) of Vannonth (Wood, Athena O.ron. Blitts, iii. 318). A.t tbe age of sixteen ^spending two years in France) Wilson's er aent him to John Davis of Fleot Street i laam courthand, after which he became ■ vol.. LXII. one of the clerks of Sir Henry Stiiller in the exchequer ol£ce, but was discJiarged two years later for hia quarrelsomeness (Peck, Desiderata C'uriosa, p. 481). He lived then for a year in London, writing poetry and reading, till his money was nearly spent. In 1619 he made the acquaintance of fAi. Wingfield,flteward to Robert Devereux, third earl of Essci [q, v.], and Wingfleld invited him down to Chartley in Slalibrdshire. While there Wilson saved a woman-servaut from drowning, and Essex, who saw the scene, took a liking to biro and made him otie of hia gentlemen-in-waiting. Wilson diatinguisbed himself by duels and feats of strength, which be relates in his autobio- graphy, and was selected b^ his master to accompany him in his foreign travels. He waa with Easel in Vere'a expedition for the defence of the palatinato (1320), in the wars in Holland (1621-23), at the siege of Breda (1624),and in the expedition to CadiE(1035). In 1630 Essex contracted hia second mar- riage, of which Wilson disapproved, and tbe countess taking in consequence a great dis- like to him, he was forced to leave Essex's service. Resolvine- to complete his some- what neglected education, ne now matri- culated at Oxford (25 Nov. 1631), as a. gi^ntleman commoner of Trinity College (Foster, ^;«mni Ojmju. 1500-1714; WooB, Athenit!). At Oxford he chieay devoted himself Co the study of physic, alternating it by sometimes disputing with ChiUingworth about absolute monarchy, and at other times driukinff ' with some of tbe gravest bache- lors of divinity there ' (Pbgi, p. 470). In 1633 Wilson left tbe university and entered the service of Robert Rich, second earl of Warwick [q. v,] In 1637 he accom- panied Warwick to the aiege of Breda, thus witnessing its capture by Spinola and its re- conquest by Prince Maurice. During the civil war Wilson lived peaceably on the estates of his master in Essex, his only adventures being the rescue of the Countess of Rivers from a mob in August 1642, and an attempt, to prevent the plunder by tbe cavaliera of the Earl of Warwick's armoury in June 164B. His autobiography ends in July 104a He died about the beginning of October 1652, and waa buried in the chancel of Felsted church, Essex {ib. p. 482). Wilson married, in November 1654, Susan Shitty of BromBeld, Essex, the widow of Richard Sjitty (lA. p. 471) ; Chesteb, Lon- don Marriage Licences, col, 1462). An abs- tract of his will is given by Bliss in bia additions to Wood's 'Atheofe Oxonienses,' wbich shows that his wife died before him aud that be left no issue (iii. 320j. I Wilson 1 Wilson wToUi several plays, whicii, iw- cording- to Wood, ' were ncted at the ISlack Friars in London by the king's pky«ra, and is tlie act time at Oxford, witb cood ■pplauxe, himself there present.' Of these onlv one is extant, Ti«. 'The Inconstant Lttiy,' which was entered at Sitttionera' Hall on 9 Sept. 1603, and was printed by Dr. Philip BIIm at the C^larendon Pr^ss, Oxford, in 1814. The titles of two others survived: (I) "The Corporal!,' liconsed for acting at BUckfriars by the kine'a men (a fragment exists in manusoript); (2) ' The Switier.' Both these wero entered in the ' Stftlioners' Kegister ' on 4 Sept. 1646 (3\'ood, iii. 322 ; FlraI, Chronicle ,■/ the English Dmna, ii. 378). Wilson's prose works consist of (1) an autobiOTTftphy of himself, atyled ' Observa- tions of GTod^ I'roTidence in the Tract of my Life,' which was first printed in Peck's 'Desiderata Ciiriosa' in 1735, and is re- Erinted in the appendix to ' The Inconstant lady;' (2) "The History of Great Britain, being the Life and lleign of Kin^ James I,' 1653, folio, with a portrait of l^ng Jamea hy Vaughan. This is reprinted in the second volume of Kennef.t's 'Complete History of England,' 17(Ht. As an historian Wilson is very strongly prejudiced against the rule of the Stuarts, but his work is of value be- cause it records contemporary impressions and reminiscences which are of considerable interest. At times he speaks as an eye- witness, especially in his account of the foreign expeditions in which he took part. lie quotes at some length the speeches of the king, the petitions or remonstrancee of the parliament, end other originnl docu- ments. ^^'illiam Sanderson's ' Iteign and Death of King James,' 1656, contains a de- tailed criticism and refutation of Wilson's attacks on that king and his government. He describes the history as ' truth and false- hood linely put together,' and asserts tliat Wilson's collections were 'shaped out' for Sublicfttion by on unnamed presbyterian octor. Heylyn, in his ' Examen Histori- cum,' 1659, calls Wilson's book 'a most in- fiimous pnsi^uil,' classing it witb ^'eldnn's ' Court of King James,' as libels in whicli ' it Wilson, be says, the English tongue, as well in writing as Bpeofaing. And lind he bestowed his en- deavours on miother subject than that of history, th<7 would without doubt have aeemed better. For in those things which he hath done are wanting the principal Wilson ^^^^H matters conducing to the completion of that faculty, Til. matter from record, exact time, name and place; which bv his endeavouring too much to set out his bare collections in an affected and bombastic Elyle are much neglected,' He concludM by complaining of ' a partial presbyterian vein that con- stantly goes through the whole work, it tieing the genius of those people to pry more than they should into the caurtA and com- portments of princes, to take occasion ther*- upon to traduce and bespatter them.' Wilson intended to complete his history by narrating the reign of CharlesI, hut died before he could carry out his plati. [Peck's DeBiiicratit Cnriosn, ed. 1770: Wood's Athens Oxon.. ed. Blits, iii. 318; Wilson's In- conslaot Lady, «4 Bliss, 18H.] C. H. F. WILSON, BENJAMIN (1721-1788), painter and man of science, bom at Leeds in the latter part of 1721, was the fourteenth and youngest child of a wealthy clothier named Major Wilson, hy his wife, Eliiabeth Yates. He WM educated for a short time at Leeds gmmmar school, but after a disagrve- raent between his father and the headmaster he was removed to a smaller school in thn neightioarhood. Hisloveof art wasawakened at an early age by tlie decoration of his father's house on Mill Hill, near Lt^eds, by ttie French artist Jacques Parmentier, and be afterwards received nearly twelve months' In- struction from another P>ench artist, named Longueville, who was engaged in executing historical paintings for Thomas Lister of Git- burn Park in Craven. While Benjamin wia still a youth his father fell into poverty, and he resmved to seek a livelihood In London. He walked most of the way, and on his arrival rt'ceived from a relative a suit of new clothes and two guineas as a start in life. The money, he states, kept him in food for a twelvemonth, and at the end of ihat time he gained employment as a clerk in the regialry of t!ie prerogative court in Doctors' Commons, where he saved two-thirds of his salary of three hair-<:rowns a week. ThuH achievements rest on Wilson's personal state- ments, but as he esteemed frugality the Gnt of virtues, it is possible that in his old t^ he exaggerated the abstemiousness of his youth. When he had amassed SOI. he ob- tained a more romuneraliva post as clerk to the registrar of the Charterhouse, and, find- ing his duties les.s laborious, he resumed )us artistic studies. In these he received tome encouragement from the master of the Char- terhouse, Samuel Berdmore [q. v.], and soma instruction from the painter Thomas llud- son(I701-177y)[ii.v.] Byperseverauceand y he msde himself hnnvni, and became Ae friendof Hogarth, Qtcrge Lsmbert [q.v.], * and otherleadingpoinlers. In August 1746 he visited Dublin, and in the spiing of 1748 returned ta Ireland to paint soine portraits for vrliich he had received com missions. lie remained tlii:re lill 1750, when he went back to Loudon, and established hineelf in Great Queen Street, I-incoln's Inn Fields, in the house previously occupied by Sir Godfrey Kneller ||<)_,Y.], to which he afterwards added the sdjominKhouse,fonnerly the dwelling of the great physician Join Radcliffe (1650- 1714) [t ■^■] AmonfT his first sitters were Btartin FolKes [q. v.], Lord Orreir. Lord Iheaterlield, David Gnrrielc, Samuel Foots, ^ in 1759 John Iladley, the physician. In it Queen Street also he pointed Garrick .omeo and Miss Bellamy as Juliet in the \t scene;, the picture was engraved hy tobert Laurif. His reputation as a por- Elnit-painter steadily increased, and it is pwd ttiat be enjoyed nn income of 1,oOO/., and lecltnud partnership with Hogarth. John ioSknv [qiV,] painted draperies for him, and, jcconfinp to common bebef, frei^uenlly ren- Udered him more material assistance (cf. Smith, XolUkeru and kii Timet, 1828, ii. lU). Among ^\'ilBon*a poriraits may tioned those of John Parsons in the Nstional Gall«ry, of the poet Gray at Pembroke C'ol- l»e, Cambridge, of Lord Lytteltun, Lord luxbrough, Sir Francis Dalaval, Lord Scar- hrough, Clive. the Marquis of Rockingham, and two of Sir George Snvile at Osberlon and at Rufford. He pointed a portrait of Shakespeare for the town-hall at Stratford on the jubilee of 1760; and in 1779, on the outbreak of the Spsoish war, he executed a statue of Queen Elizabeth on horseback, which was placed in the Spanish armoury at the Tower. Several of his works were eu- E«ved, among them Garrick as Ilatniet, enjamin Franklin, and Simon, earl Har- court, by James McArdell : Rockingham, John Thomas, bishop of Winchester, and Komeo and Juliet hy Richard Houston ; Gar- rick as t^iug Lear and Lady Stanhope as the Fair Penitent by Buire: and John Dol- land by John Itaphael Smith. He made seveml drawings after pictures by the old masters for Alderman John Boydell [ti. v.] Uc also engraved in meuotint, and of his trait from life of Maria Gunning dated l7'il. Wilson, who was a student of chemistryi took a great interest in the problems of electricity, and in 1740 he published 'An Efisay towards an Explication of the Phfe- of Electricity deduced from the .Ether of Sir Isaac Newton' {London, 8vo), which he followed iu 1750 by 'A Treatise Electricity' (London, 8vo: 2ndi-dit. 1752). } invented and exhibited a large electrical apparatus, and on 5 Dec. 1751 was elected tt fellow of the Itoyal Society. In conjunc- tion with the phvsician Benjamin Hoadly (1706-1757) [q. v.] he carried on other electrical researches, the results of which were mode public in 'Observations on a Series of Electrical Experiments' (London, 1756, 4to ; Had edit. 175y). About 1767 ha visited France, and repeated many of his experiments at St.Germain-en-Laye. Uehad a long controversy with Benjamin Fmnklin on thequeslion whether ligbtning-conduciors should be round or pointed at the top, and was supported in his view hy George III, who declared bis esjieriments were sufficient to convince the apple- women in Co vent Garden. He was nominated by the Royal Society to serve on a committee to regulatn the erection of lightning-conductors ou St. Paul's Cathedral, and was requested by the board of ordnance at a later period to inspect the gunpowder magaiines at PurBeet. In 1700 he received the gold medal of the Royal tiociety for his electrical experiments. His reputation as an electrician won hiro many friends among contemporary men of science both at home and ou the continent (cf. ^nn. Heg. 1760 i. 14U, 1761 i. 128-9, 1769 i. 85). In 1760 and 1761 Wilson exhibited por- traits in the Spring Gardens rooms. About this time the versatility of his talents gained influential patron. Through Sir John Savile, earl of Meiborough, he became known to the Duke of York, and won his favour as manager of his private theatre in James Street, Westminster, On the death of Hogarth in 1764 he succeeded him us serjeant-painter ; and on the death of Jnmes Worsdale [q. v.] in 1767 the Duke of York procured for him the appointment of painter to tbe board of ordnance. He shared tbe emoluments of the position with Worsdnle's natural son until 1779, when his colleiigus died, and he received a complete investment of the office. In 1767 'Wilson lost his great patron by death ; but in 1776 he attracted the notice of the king, who, after carefully ascertaining that he was not the landsca^- painter Richard Wilson [q. v.l treated him with great kindness, patronised his electrical researches, and encouraged him to come to Windsor. Wilson, according to a friendly critic, en- deavoured to introduce a new style of chiaro- scuro into his paintings, and hb heads had a2 I Wilson 84 Wilson more warmtb and nuture tbau thnae uxccut«d by tlif! gcnecality of bis contemporBriea, He (itched with great ability, tind is snid to have firoduced & Inndacspe in imitation of Iti^m- imndt's ' Companion to tbe Coacli' which deceived TbomoB Hudson and several other connoisseuro. Early in 1766, to please Rock- ingham, who Imd made him some promises of patronage, he elcbed tbe caricature el\- titled tbe ' Tomb-Stonu ' on ibe occasion of the death of the Dube of Cumberland, in which he represented Bute.Georgeftrenville, and Bedfanl dancing 'tbe Haze' on Cum- berland's tomb, and beld several oilier mem- bers of their party up to ridicule. The print met with much applause, and Gdmiind Burke and Grey Cooper besought him for another. The result was the famous carica- ture etched in 1766 at tbe time of tbe repeal of tbe American Stamp Act, in ridicule of the same political party, called ' The Repeal ; or, the Funeral of Miss Ame-Slamp. It was Bold at a shilling', and brought him 100/. in four days. On the fifth day it wa« pirated, ■nd two inferior versions produced at Bin- pence. Copies of several versions of these prints are in the British Museum {Cat. qf iSatirkal Printt, iv. 366-7, 368-73). Wilson from the hardships of bis early days acquired habits of parsimony. He vas also fond of speculation, and in 1766 was declared a defaulter on the Stock Eichange. Some years before bis death he found himself compelled to resign tbe post of painter to tbe board of ordnance on reiusinff to allow a de- Endent of tbe Uuke of Richmond to share t salary. After tbeae reverses he was ac- customed to bewail his poverty, but to the surprise of his friends he left a good fortune at his death. He died at 66 Great Russell Street, DIoomsburv'. on 6 June 1788, and was buried in St. Ueorge tbe Martyr's bury- iug-BJound. He was a member of seveml foreign learned Bocielies, among them of the Inatituto delle Science ed Arti Liberal! at Bologna, of which he was the first English member. His portrait, painted by himself, is in the possession of Earl Spencer. He made more than one engravingirom it. One of them is prefixed to the edition of his ' Treatise on Electricity ' which appeared in 1762. About 1771 liemurriedMissHethering- ton, whom he devotedly admired, ond whose excellences be characteristically summed up in the statement thafheeaved more money trony the time he first knew her than he bad ever done in the same space nf time.' By her he bad seven children. His third eon, Oeneral Sir Robert Thomas Wilson, is sepa- rately noticed. Besides the worlis already mentioned, WiUon was the author of: 1. 'ALetter la Mr. yEpinuB,' on the electricity of the Tour- malin, London, 1764, 4to. 2. 'A Letter to tbe Marquess of Rockingham, with some Observations on the Effects of Lightning,' I^ndon, 1766, 4to. 3. ' Observations Djpon Lightning and the Method of securing Buildings from lis Efiects,' London, 177S, 4to. 4. ' Further Observations upon Light- ning,' London, 1774, 4to. 5. ' A Series of Experiments relating to PhofT)hori,' London, 1775, 4to; ^nd edit. 1776, 4to, This work was communicated to several foreign leaned bodies, and was the subject of a memoir by Lconbard £uler,read at tbe Academia Scien- tiarum Imperialis at St. Petersburg ( HaoeH, inrffj Openim L. Eulrr, 1896, p. 481, and of a ' Letter ' from Giovanni Battista Beccaria of Bologna, to both of which Wilson replied. 6. * An Account of Eixperiments made at the Pantheon on tbe Nature and Use of Con- ductors,' l^ndon, 1778, 4io; new edit. 1788, 4to. 7. 'A Short View of Electricity,' London, 1780, 4to. Wilson also published fifteen communications on electricity in tbe 'Philosophical Transactions' between 1763 and 1769. A manuscript volume of letters lo Wilson from leading men of science and others, including John Smeaton fq, v.], Wil- liam Maaon (1724-1797) [q. v.], the poet, the Abb£ GuJllaume Moidax, Hugh Hamilton (1729-1805) [q. v.], and Tobenv Bergman, professor of chemistry at Upsala, is preserved in tbe British Museum (Addit. MS. 30094), as well as a letter to Hogarth (Addit. MS. 27995, f. 14). Wilson left a manuscript autobiography, which he had carried down to 1783, but he strictly enjoined that it should not be published. This injunction was disobeyed in the spirit by his son-in- law , Herbert Randolph, who gave an abridge ment in 'The Life of Sir Robert Wilson,' 1862. [Lifa of Sir Robert WilBon, 1 862 : Thoresbj's DuCHtUB Leod. nd. Wbitaker, 1816. pp. 3-1; Smitb'sCat. of Munmtinto Portraits; Redgrave') Diet, of Artists. 1878; Gent. JUoj;. 17S8 i. SM, ii. 6S6, 1791 ii. 819; Notes and Qaerira, 3nl ser. i. 488. ii. 339. 6th Sfr. lii. 407. 4Sa ; Watt's Bill. Brit.; Tbonuon's Hist, of tbe Royal Soc App. p. ilvi ; Edwarda's Anacdotss of Psiolera. 1808. pp. 146-50; AtbenKum, 1863, L ISO: Wbeattoy and Canniogham's taadoa Past ud Present, iii. 193.] K. I. 0. WILSON, BERNARD or BARNARD (1689-1772), divine ond author, bom in 1689, was the son of Barnard Wilson, a mercer of Nevrark-oa-Trent. His mother was descended from Sir A\'illiftni Sutton, bart.jofAverham, Nottinghamshire (B.Wit- SON, Vindication). The father failed in buBinaw nboot the period of Bernard's birth, liut was so respected by hia tieighboura that some of them subscribed a fund forltieeduciL- tion of his sod. The Utter was admitted at Westminster in 1704, and five years later proceeded to Trinity UolleEe, Cambridge. He gnduated B.A. In 171:i, M.A. in 1719, and D-D. in 1737. At the university Wilson Haiduouely cultivated bts social superiors. By one of these, Thomas Pelham-llolles, dulie of Newcastle [q. v.], he was presented in 1719 to the vicamge of his native place, Newarti. Some years afterwords, when he hkd attained an independent position, Wil- Mt) quarrelled with iiia patron. WiUon'a otlier chief patrons were Sir Oeoive Mnrk- liain, M,P. tor Newark, and Bisbop Reynolds of Lincoln. He laid the foundation of his &Toar with the former by an exceedingly fulsome dedication to him of a translalioa, published in 1717, of ' harangues by the most eminent members of the French Academy' (probably the Abb* Fleury's ' Discours Aca- Mmiques'). Markbam soon afterwards gave him the management of his large estaies, and recommended him as a husband to bis niece, Miss Oele, That lady induced ber uncle to leftve Wilson almost the whole of his pro- perty, to the detriment of her own brothers. After Markham's death in 1736 the elder of them disputed thewill, and Wilson retorted bj prosecuting ibe younger for libel, at the " e time issuing a 'vindication of bis own "at'erswere compromised by the It of 30,000/. to the Ogle family. But pTilson did not marry Miss Ogle, wbo subse- sntlybecamealunatic. After bavingbeen rejected by Lady Elizabeth Fane (afterwards wife of Lord Manslield) 'with marks of Euliar disdain,' he married privately at jpole, near Nottingham, a lady named Bradford, 'of reputable connections' and a fortune of her own, with whom be bad long been intimate. In 1747 a Miss Uavia of Holborn recovered from him 7,000/. damages for breach of promise of marriage. On 3 3I«v 1727 Wilson was presented to ihe prebend of Scamlesby, and on 18 Nov. 1730 to that of Louth in Lincoln Cathedral, In ibe latter year he also received a canonry U Lichfield, where Bishop Chandler gave him B house, and on 13 Oct. 1734 was nomi- nated to one at Worcester. He was also Ticarof Frisby, Lincolnshire. In July 1735 be was presented to the benefice of Bottes- ford ill the same county, but never took pos- Muion. At Newark he was now a person of great influence, being not only vicar, but also the master of St. Leonard's Hospital. Uis frivnte fortune amounted to not less than 00,000/. He was liberal in bis earlier years, but latterly became a miser, and at bis dejith 5,000/., in guineas and half-crowns was found in his house. He deserves the credit of having discovered and restored by means of litigation to their proper nses local charity estates left to Newark, He published a ' Discourse ' on the aubjecl in 1768. He left 40/. a year to be distributed among the poor and necessitous families of Newark, and 10/. to the vicar for preaching sermons on the days of distribution, 11 Jan. and ^1 Aug., his own and Markham's birthdays. Wilson died on 30 April 1772, and was buried in the south aisle of Newark parish church. His monumeut, described by Dick- inson as ' a splendid display of sepulchral girandeur,' bears a highly eulogistic Inscrip- tion by his nephew, Itohert Wilson Cracroil.. " ' children. nofai ecutliv ber of the Gentleman's Society at Spalding, nischiefpublicationwasan English version, which appeared in two folio volumes in 1729-30, of part of De Thoii's ' Historia sui Temporis.' The first was dedicated to the Dukcof Newcastle, the second 1o John, duke of Rutland. The translation is made from the Geneva edition of 1620, and includes only the firit twenty-sii books. [Dii'kinsna'a H>«t. of Nanark-oa-Trent, 1S19. pp. 236,268.303-1 3; Brown's Annals of Newark, pp. 209. 217, 21P-21 ; GenL Mog. 1747 p. 2B3, 1773 p. 247: Le Neve's Fasti Eccles. Anglic. ; Wflch'a Alnmoi WestniDn. 1863; Thorofon's NDtnn((hsm»Iiire ; Green's Survey of Worcester and Wilts; Nichols's Lit. Anecd. vi. 07 »., 120, 121; Clialmers'a Bto);r. Diet.; Allihoue's Diet. Engl. Lit.; Wilsoo's Vindication, 1736, and Dis- cour«, 1;B8,1 O. Lk G. N. WILSON, Mrs. UAEOLINE (1787- 1846), author, was bom at Tunbridge Wells on 31 Dec. 1787. She was the ninth child of .lohu Fry, a farmer in easy circum- stnncea. lie was ambitious for bia children, and gave the elder ones an excellent educa- tion. The eldest son, John (a. 1849), be- came rector of Dcsford, and had some repu- tation as an author. Caroline was instructed by her elder sisters, and read widely. Shortly before hiadeath, about 1803, her father printed end published at theTunhridgeWellslibrary a few hundred copies of a history of Eng- land in verse. Caroline had composed it for lierown schoolroom, atidthe production had a successful sale. During her father's life- time she led a very secluded life, and im- bibed high-church principles. At the age of seventeen she was sent to a London school for a year and a quarter, and then went to reside with a solicitor and hiswife at Blonraa- bury ; they iutrodiiced ber into society, and I Wilson Wilson ehe characrerUea the three joarB speat with ilii-m a« witliout serious interests or much religion. But, as \» shown by the chsract'er nf her writings, the friTolities of this period b&d little effect ou her deeply religious mind. In 1823 she commenced tringin^ out the ' Afisistsnt of Educaliou,' b perio<li- cal puljlication edited und ulmost wholly written by herself, In & letter to her brother in lS'J(i she says that ei^ numben) of her magazine ore ordered moutlily for his majeatv's library. It tilled ten volumes. •The 'Listener' (2 vol*.), the work by wJiicL she is best known, was compiled from the ' Asaistant of Education,' and con- tains moral essays and tales on such sub- jects as education, conduct, and practical reJigion. It parsed through thirteen editions between 183U, the dale of the first edition, and 1863, was printed In America, and tmns- lah-d into l-'rench (Paris, 1844). In 1631 she Tisited Paris, and in that year married Mr. Wilson. After her toarriage she lived at Bluekbeath and Woolwich, She continued to write Iiymns and religions hooks, ' Christ OUT Example' (8rd ed. 1632) had nine edi- tions between its first appearance and 1873; in a preface to the nmth edition Cnnon Christopher gives it the highest praise. Of her hymns the best known are ' For what shall I praise Thoe, my God and my King. and ' Often the clouds of deepest woe,' Sht died at Tunbridge Wells on 17 Sept. 184G. Tier portrait, painted in 1827 by Sir Tlirioias Lawrence, shows her to have been a very handsome woman. An engraving of her portrait by H. Robinson forms the frouli- Bpiece of the ' Autobiogruphy ' edited by heT husband in 1848. Other works by Mrs, Wilson are ; I Poetical Catechism,' 1821 ; 5th ed. 18[J7. •2. 'Serious PoeWy,' 1823; 2nd ed. 1823. 4. 'Death, and other Poems,' 1823. 5. 'The Scripture Reader's Guide," 1828; 16th ed, 1849; new edition, 1864 {this is part of the 'Assistant of Education'). 6. 'Scripture Principles of Kducalion,' 1833 ; 4th ed. 1839; new edition, 1864. 7. 'The Gospel of the Old Testament,' 1834. 8, 'Daily Scripture Readings,' 183o; 2nd ed. 1840. B, ''rheTableortbeLord,'1837. lO.'Gatber- ings,' 183D, 1849. 11. 'The Listener' ii Oxford, 1839, 1840, 12. ' AWordto Women, 1840. 13. ' Christ our Law,' 1842 ; Oth ed. 1893. 14. 'Sunday Afternoons at Home,' 1844 ; 2nd ed. 1847. 15. 'TbeGreat Com- mandment,' 1847. [Alliboae's Diet, of Engl. Lit. ; .Tulians Diet- of Hyninalo^, p, lS25i An Autobiography. Lottera andBemHiris of the author of Tba Listonar.ed. by b«i husband, IBiS.] E. L. WILSON". CHARLES HEATH (1809- 1882|, art teacher and author, eldest son of Andrew Wilson (1780-184B)[q. v.], theland- scape-pa inter, was bom in London in Sep- tember 1809. He studied art under bis father, in 1823 accompanied him lo Italv. Aftersevenyearsjhe returned to Edinburgh, where be practised as an architect, and was forsome time teacher of ornament and design in the school of art. His pictorial work vas principally landscape in watercoloiir, but he also etched a number ot book illustrations, of which the more important are In Pij&ri's 'Viaggio Antiqiiario' (Roma, IS32), and James Wilson's ' VovBge round the Coaais of Scotland' (Edinbursh, 1842). In 1835 he was elected A.R.S.A., but resigned in 1858. While in Edinburgh be wrote and published, in collaboration with Wil- liam Dyce [<I.'v.], a pamphlet (addressed to Lord Meadowhank) upon 'The Best Means of ameliorating the Arts and Manufactures of Scotland,' which attracted much attention. A copy in the British Museum is annotated by W ilson himself. Shortly afterwards Dyca was made director and secretary of the re- cently establLshed schools of art at Somerset House, but resigned in 1843: and Wilson, who had meanwhile been director of the Edinburgh school, was appointed his suc- cessor. His position there was not much more comfortable than Dyce's had been, and ill 1848 he also resigned, but the following year accepted thoheadmaster«hip of the new Glasgow school ot design. In 1840 he bad visited the continent to make a report la Sivomment ou fresco-painting, and while in Insgow he was occupied for nearly ten yenra under the board of trade in superintending the fillingof the windows of Gla^ow Cathe- dral with Muuich pictures in coloured glass. lie selected the suDJects and wrote a descrip- tion ot the work (prefaced by some account of the process), which went through many edi- tions. In 1864 the board of trade masl^r- hhipB were suppressed and Wilson was pen- sioned, but continued to live in Glasgow for some years longer, doing architectural work. In 1869 he and his family finally left Scot- land and settled at Florence, where he be- came the life and centre of a large lil>erary and artistic circle. Much interested in Italian art, on which he wrote occasionally, and par- ticularly in Michael Angelo, of whom he published a life (London and Florence, 1676; 2nd edit. London, 1881), which, b^in as a compilation from Gotti, developed into a quite independent work, ' enriched with not a few ingenious criticisms,' he had, for these and other services, the cross of the 'Corona d' Italia' conferred upon him by Victor •Ktta twice married: first, on 3 Oct. n Edinburgh, to Louisa Orr, daughter f HiiTgeon John Orr, E.I.C, with iasua one >n and two daughters ; and, secondly, on Au^. It<18,alao in Edinburgh, to Johannii "uthenne, daughter of William JohnThom- , portroit-paint^r, issue a son and a ' «r. A portrait of Wilson, as a jouiig y Sir John Watson Gordon, is in the n of his sun, C. A. Wilson. ■ Century of Paintare, ISflfl; JIIM, 17 July IS82 ; Academy, 22 July 1K82 ; ni. 16 Julyand 19 Ang. 1882 ; iuforaia- . (' A wfi^oo, esq., Qanoa.] J.L.C, "WILSON, Mhs-CORNWEIX BARON, ivTioae maiden name was AIARGA.BBT IIakbiES p797-l&46|, author, bom in Shropshire in 1707, WB« the only child of Roger llarcieB of Canoobuiy Place, Islington, and afterwards of Woburn Place, Russell Square, by his wifo Sophia, daughter of Matthew Arbouia m «f MiociDg Lane (cf. Pabey, Wdsh Melodie», LffoL iii.) Iter literary attainments were ver- Uile ; she wrote poems, romantic dramas, Dmic interludes, tioTels, and biogTBiihies. pBur first book of poems, ' Melancholy lloura,' F ^as published anonymously in lbl6i her Mcond, ■ Aslarte : a Sicilian Tale ; with other ' Pnems,' to which she prefixed her name, at- l_ tracts some altention. It reached a second Jition in 1818, a fourth in 1827, and was spnbUahed in 1«40. Un 15 April 1819 she Tied Comweil Ilaron Wilson of Lincoln's n Kelds, a solicitor. In 1829 Mrs. Wilson iOt« the words for the third volume of ry'» 'Welsh Mplodies.* Mrs. Hemans contributed the verses for the first ^plume. In 1833 she commenced an ephe- verftl publication, ' La Kinon, or Leaves for Ftfie Album,' which ran to three numbers. A fcurth number, entitled 'TheliasBleu'sScrap ' Sheet, or La Ninon improved,' appeared in tlie ume rear. In 18S3 «be also commenced to edit ' f he Weekly Belle Assembllc.' In I8S4 the title was chnnsed to 'The New ifonthly Belle Assemblfe. It continue<l to appeu- until 1870. In leSl Mrs. Wilson nined a prize for a poem on the Princess Victoriai awarded at the CurditT bardic festi- tbIj there were two hundred candidates. In Jnne 1836 her ' Venus in Arms, or the Petticoat Colonel,' a comic interlude in one act, adapted from the French, was pe^rformud »t thu Strand Theotre, l.ondon, with Sirs. Stirling in the title r6Ie(cf. Dukconbk, fn'f. ^Tkeatrt, vol. xxvi. ; Cuhberlahd, Minor ^htatre, rol. sit.) Her other dramatic ven- 'The Maid of Switierland,' a romantic drama in one act in prose (1630?) ; I, a Vestal,' a mythological drama in twoacts(lAlO). Her excursions into biography include ' Memoirsof Harriot, Duchess of St. Alban'e ' (3 vols. 12mo, l9Sd: 2ad edit. 1840; 3rd edit. 1886). In 1839 also appeared in two volumes her ' Life and Correspondence of Monk Lewis.' They are useful compilations, without much literary merit. Mrs. Wihwn died at Wobum Place, Lon- Jon, on 12 Jan, 1846. leaving several children. Other works byMrs. Wilson are: 1. 'Hours at Home : a Collection of Miscellaneous Poems,' 1826 i 'laA edit. 1827. 2. 'The Cyprees Wreath : a Collection of Original Ballads and Toles inverse,' 1828. 3. 'Poems,' 1831. 4. 'A Volume of Lyrics,' 1840. 5. ' Chroniclesof Life,' 1840. 3 vols. 6. ' Popu- larity: and the Destinies of Woman: Tales of the World,' 1842, 3 vob. 7. ' Our Actressos; or Glances at Stage Favourites past and present,' 1844, 2 vols, [AlliboDe'e Diet, of Engl. Lit. ; Osnt. Mag. 17U1 i. 480. iai!l i. 368. 181S i. GQ2.] G. L. "WILSON, DANIEL (1778-1858), fifth bishop of CiUcuttft, son of Stephen Wilson {d. I8l3), a wealthy London silk mauufac- t urer, by Ann Collett (d. 1829), daughter of Daniel West, one of Whit^field's trustees, was bom at Church Street, SpitalSelds, on 2 July 1778. He was intended for the silk businesa, and apprenticed to his uncle, Wil- liam Wilson, but in October 1797 he felt a call to the ministry, and, consent having been wrung from his ifither, he matriculated from St. Edmund Hall, Oxford, on 1 May 1 798, and graduated B. A. in 1602, and M. A. in 1804 (he was created D.D. by diploma on 12 April 1832). WhUe a graduate ot Oxford he won the chancellor's priie in 1803 for an essay on ' Common Sense ;' iiwinald Heber won a prize for his poem on 'i*alestlne' in the same year. Having been ordained, ho became curate of Richard Cecil [q. v.] at Chobham and Bisley in Surrey, was to a large extent moulded by Cecil, and became a strong evangelical preacher. He returned to Oxford a short while before 1807, when he became vice-prtncipal or tutor of St. Ed- mund Hall, at the same time taking mini- sterial charge of the small parish of Worton, Oxfordshire. In 1808 he wits licensed as- sistant curote of St. John's Chapel, Bedford Itow, Bldorasbur;^ (formerly the chief sphere of Cecil's great influence), and in 1812 he resigned his college othcea on becoming sole minister of that chapel, which during the tifelve years of his incumbency was well known as the headquarters of the evange- I I Wilson lioil party in Ijondon. Among his liearera at St. John's were CliBrles Grant (afterwards Lord Glenelff), Bishop Hjder, John Thorn- ton, Zachary Macaulay, the Wilberforcee, uidSirJamesStephen. In June 1824 Wil- son was appointed to the vicariige of St. Mary's, Islington, t)ie living being in the pttlronnge of his fumily. In 1832, mainly through the influence of Lord Glenelg and his brother, Sir Kobert Grant, Wilson wua nomin&tedbiabop of Calcutta, with a diocese extending over the entire presidency cf Ben- gal, and exercising a quasi-met ropulitan lurisdiction over the other sees of iiomhuy and Madras. He was apitointed visitor of Bishop's College, Calcutta, and insured an incomeof5,OO0Aa year. He was consecrated at Lambeth by the archbishop (Ilowley), assisted by Bishop Blomfield and other pre- lates, on 29 April 1832. On 16 May be rke at the East India banquet at the Lon- 1 Tavern, and on 19 Juno he embarked in the ship James Sihbald, sailing from Ports- mouth, and landing at Calcutta on 6 Nov. India bad been thrown open to mis- sionaries through tlie influence of Wilber- foTce in 1813, and in the following year Thomas Fanshaw Middleton [q. v.] bod be«n appointed English bishop of Calcutta. lie was succeeded in 1823 hy Reginald Ileber [q. r.], since whose death in 1826 the see hftd twice been vacated by death. Upon his arrival in Calcutta Wilson found the juris- diction of the bishop ill defined, the reins of authority much relaxed owing to the frequent vacancies in the see, and the records very deficient. Wilson, however, was a strong and masterful man, and, after a preliminary encounter with the presidency chaplains, he lost no time in showing his determination t,o establish his authority upon a firm basis. He made a large outlay upon the palace and of state, and was accused of L, as his predecessors Heber and Turner had been blamed for neglect in mat- ters of etiquette. Eventually, byslrict habits of business, in which he took delight, and by genuine administrative capacity, Wilson suc- ceeded in establishing his own sl^ndnrd of episcopal propriety. His relations with the govemor-goneml, Lord William Bentincli, were excellent, and, having been once ac- climatised at Calcutta, be enjoyed robnet health. The chief events of his epiacopste were the sevea visitations, in the first of which, in l^^,lieirisited Malacca and Ceylon, white in the last he net Dalhousie at Rangoon in November ISfiii, and foundud an English church there. On U Feb. 18.^3 he visited the venerable missionary William Carey (1761- 1834) [q, v.l and received his blessing. In January 1835 the bishop visited the scene of Schwartz's labours at Taniore, and took the important st«p of altogether excluding the caste system from the native churches of ioulbem India, in which it bad hitherto survived. In March 1839 the idea of build- ing a new cathedral for Calcutta first took posseasionofhismind. The foundation-stone was laid on 8 Oct. 1839, and henceforth the bishop dedicated a large portion of his income to this object. In 1845, having been attacked by jungle fever, he wiw ordered to England, and on 19 Match 1846 be woa introduced by Peel, and bad a private audience with the queen, to whom he submitted plans of the cathedral. The queen undertooii lo present the communion plate. He collected con- siderable sums for the building, and, after a farewell sermon at Islington on 31 Aug. 1846, he sailed for India the same evening. The cathedral church, St. Paul's, was finally consecrated on 8 Oct. 1847. During his later years the bishop spent much of hie time at Serampore, and he was there when the mutiny broke out in the spring of 1867. His last sermon upon 'Humiliation 'was preached in the cathedral on 24 July 1867, and was fnuttid with a dedication to Lord Canning, le died at Calcutta on 2 Jan. 16.^, and an extraordinary gazette requested the prindpal oSicers of the government to attend at his interment in the cathedral on 4 Jan. The cotfin WOA home by twelve sailors of tba warship Hotspur, and his remains buried at the east end of the chancel. A memorial was erected in St. Mary's, Islington, while four scholarships and a native pastorate fund were founded at Calcutta in his memory. A ' Bishop Wilson Memorial Hall ' was inaugu- rated at Islington in Januaiy 1891. Wilson married, on 23 ^ov. 1803, at St. Lawrence Jewry, Ann, the daughter of hia uncle, William Wilson; she died at Isling- ton on 10 May 1827. The yrogress of the courtship was thus recorded in his Latin journal; 'Ap. 1. Rem patriexposuide more. 25. Literaa ad patrem dedi. Mail 7. Con- senait avunculus. 14. Voluit consobrina mea. 17 Nov. Londininm perveni. 23. Nup- tin celebratiG felicissimis auspiciis.' Of a large family two survived him. Of these his eldest son, Daniel, bom in November 1805, graduated B.A. from Wadham College, Oiford, on 14 June 1827, and became vicar of Islington, in succession to hia father (1832). He became rural dean (1860), and prebendary of St. Paul's (Chiswick) in 1872, and died on 14 July 1886, aged 80. Both OS a parish priest and bishop Wilson was distiaguished for independence, resolu- I tion, and caexgy, and be accomplished much Tiiluable work both at borne and abroad. He was a tealous opponent nf the principles Daaiatained in the Oxford tracts, agBinst the tendencies nf which be both Bpoke and preached with vehemence. His style of preaching whs vigorous ; bis short pithy sen- tences were meant to have the effect of goads, and tbey were often punjient ; but, .LO^pl I jher admits, * things Bald m&tiy times that might have better been left unsaid. Hut though men might smile, thev never slept. India is a sleepy place, ■nd he e&ectuallj roused it.' As a European traveller bin narrowness is often conspicuous, uid he is too frequently congratulating his fellow counlrymen upon their freedom from 'gross popish impostures.' In bis spiritual egotism and his eminently technical view of religion he was a typical evangelical. But he did not pride himself upon bis taste or his tact; his (qualities were more of the primitive apostolic order, and for his pure umplicity of mind and artlessness of demea- nour h« has been termed ' a Dr. Primrose in lawn sleeves.' A portrait of Wilson by Claiton, now in the Town Hail, Calciittj*, was engmved by W, HdII for the ' Life ' by Josiah Bateman, -who married one of the bishop's daughters. WilBon'smostiraporlantpublicalionswere: 1. ' Sermons on various Subjects of Christian Doctrine and Practice,' London, 1818 and 1827,8vo. 2.' Letlecsfromanabseut Brother, containing some Account of a Tour through P«rt«oftheNetharlands,SwitMrland, North- em lUly.and France in theSummer of 1823,' London, 1825, 2 vols, (several editions). S.' The Evidences of Christianity: Lectures,' 183&-30, 2 vols. 8yo; 4th edit, i860, 12mo (ft rfchaufiii of Paley, praised by Mcllvaine in his aubscfjuent 'Lectures'). 4. ''rheDi- TJne Authority and Perpetual ObliMtion of the Lord's Day/ 1831, 1840. 6. 'Sermons in India during a Primary Visitation,' 1838, 8vo. 6, ' Sufficiency of the Scripture as a j Bule of Faith; 1841, 8vo. 7. 'Expository Xectures on St. Paul's Epistle to the Co- , 184.j,8voi New York, 1846; Lon- .don,3rdedit. 1853. In these lectures the writer protests against the erroneous teaching of the Oxford tracts. A similar view was Schoed in bis son's 'Our Protestant Faith in , Daager' (Ijjndoo, IS'iO). 8. 'The Bishop ' ot Calcutta's Farewell lo Engliind,' five ser- I ttons, Oiford, 1840, 12mo. | [Bateman's LifeoF the Rt. Rev. Or D.D , London, I BS<i, aud condcnaod, grtrait) ; Biehop Wilion's Journal Letters, mt- ated tn his Family during the first nine j«ar!i tit his Episcopalo. edited by his son, Daniel el Wilson, Wilson, London. 1863; Foster's Alumni Oion. 1716-1886; Oardiner's Wiulhani College Itigi- BlfTs; Gent, Mug. 1858, i. o52; Times, 4 Feb. IBfiS; Smith's Lifa of William Carey. 1887, p. 871; Hist, of ChriBtiaDity in India, Hiidras, 1 8Bfi ; Stock'e History of the Charch MiBsiooary Society, 1699, vols. i. and ii. passim ; Allen sod McClure'a History of the S.P.C.K. 18D8, pp. 208 cq, ; Smith's Life ot Aleiander Duff. 1879, ii.334; London BerJew. July 18S0; QuHrtarly Reriew, October 18B3; QoodWonlB, 1878, pp. 19B, 371 (an interesting chanctcr sketch by Sir John Kaje) ; Illustraled London News, 6 Fob. 1958 ; Anderson's Culonial Church, ii. 870 ; Whenlley and Cunningham's London, iji. 293 ; Brit, Mus. Cat.] T. S. WILSON, SiH DANIEL (1816-1892), archfeologist and educational reformer, was the son of Archibald Wilson, wine mei^ chant, of Edinburgh, who married, on 2 June 1812, Janet, daughter of John Aitken of Greenock, a land surveyor. He was one of eleven children: a younger brother was George Wilson (1818-'l859J [a. t.I He was bom in Edinburgh on 5 Jan, ISlo, and edu- cated first at the High School, then at the university of Edinburgh. Embarking on a literary career, he went to London in 1837, Bndwrote with varying success for the press; hut in 1842 he returned to Edinburgh, and g;ave special attention to archiBolcgical aub- jects, publishing in 1847 his ' Memorials of Edinburgh in the Olden Time,' which he illustrated with his own sketches ; arevised edition anpeared in 1891. In 1846 he was appointed honorary secretary of the Scottish Society of Antiijuaries, and in 1851 pub- lished his great work on the archteology of Scotland. In 1853 Wilson was appointed professor of history and English literature in Toronto University. From his arrival in Canada he devoted himself with marked success to the furtherance of education in the colony. In 1854 he was olfered, but did not accept, the' post of principal of McGiU UnivBrHity, Montreal. In 18>4 be became editor of the journal of the Canadian Institute, and in 1859 and 1860 was president of the institute. In 1863 he received the first silver medal of the Natural History Society for original research. In 1881 ne became president of Toronto University, in 1882 vice-president of the literature section of the Canadian Royal Society, and in 183.5 president of that section. He was knighted m 1888. Wilson's work in Canada is fairly de- scribed in his own words; 'I have reso- lutely battled for the maintenance of a national system of university education in opposition to sectarian or denominational I I i Wilson s __ _. Js OuB I have beon auccesaful, IfliitngfaA it as the great work of my U(e<' The potition now held by Toronto TTniveraity ia largely due lo Wilson. He diet! at Toronto on 6 Auff. 1802. He mar- ried, ill 1840, Margaret, dnugliter of Hugh Mackaj of Glasgow, A daughter survivt»l Apart from papers of high philosophic and Bcianti fie merit in journals of various learnod Bocietios, and articles in ihe ' Encyclopicdia liritannica,' Wilson's cliief works were : 1. 'Oliver Cromwell and Ihe ProUictoratu,* Edinburgh, 1848. 2. ' The Archteology and Prehistoric Annals of Scotland,' Edinbiirg-h, 1851 ; 2nd edit. 1863. 3. ' PrebUtoric Mao : Researchea into the Origin of Civilisation in the Old and New Worlds,' Cambridge, 1862 [ 3rd edit. London, 1876. 4. ' Ohatter- lon ; a Bio^phicol Stud^,' London, 1869. B, ' Caliban, the Missing Link," Oiford, 1873. 6. 'Spring Wild-Flowers: a collection of poems,' London, 1875. 7. ' Reminiscences of Old EdLnburgh,' Edinbiirffh, 1878. 8. ' An- thropologj-,' 1885, 0. ' William Nelson : u Memoir '^{privately printed), 1890. 10. 'The Right Hand: Left-handedness.' 1891. fTimes, Aug. 18112: Montraal Qazi-ttB, 9 Aag. 1892 ; Rose's CyclopieJia of Caaadiiul Biofjr. 2Qd edit.; Appleltin's Cyclap»dU of Ain«ricnn Biogr. ; Moruan's Bibl. CitiiadauBis ; Proceedings of Jtoyal Society of Oanada, xi. ii. S6.1 C. A. H. WILSON, EDWARD (d. 1694), ' Beau Wilson," WHS the fiftbsouof Thomas Wilson (d. 1609) of Keythorpe in Leicestershire, by Anne (d. 1723), eldest daughter, by hia second wife, of Sir Cbristopher Packe [q. v.] The Wilson fnmilv was of old standing at Didlingtou in West Norfolk, bul had beconm somewhat impoverished (for pedigree, sea Nichols, Zeicaifers/iire, iii. 523). About 1693 Edward, or, as lie was styled, ' Beau' Wilson, became thetalkofLondonon accou nt of the expensive style in which he lived t the younger son of one who had not above 200^. a year estate, it was remarked that ' he lived in tbe garb and equipage of the richest no- bleman for house, furniture, coaches, saddle horses, and kept a table and all things ac- cordingly, redeemed his father's estate, and gave portions to his sisters.' 'The mystery IS,' wrote Evelyn, ' how this so young a gen- tleman, very sober and of gootl fame, could live in such an expensive manner; it could not be discovered by all possible industry or ■Qtreaty of his friend to make him reveal it. It did not appear that he was kept by women, play, coining, padding, or dealing in che- mistry; but ]ie would sometimes say that ■hould be live ever so long, he hud wliure- He V , no great force of understanding. This wsa a subject of much discourse' (DUtrj/, '22 April 1094). Some people siud that he was sup- plied by the Jews, others that be had dis- covered Ibe pbiloGopber's stone, while certain good-naturedfolk averred that he bad robbed the Holland mail of a quantity of jewellery, an exploit for which another man had suffered On 9 April 1694 Wilson and his friend. Captain Wigbtman, were in the Foiintain Inn in the Strand when John Law, after- wards the celebrated financier, came in and fisedaquarrelupott Wilson. Thejprocepded to Bloomsbury Square, where after one pass the Beau fell wounded in tbe stomach, and died without speaking a single word. The quarrel arose, it was said, from Wilson re- moving bis sister from a lodging-bouse where Law had a mistress (one Mrs. Lawrence). Law was arrested and tried at the Old Bailej on 18 10 20 April 1694. Tbe prisoner de- clared that the meeting was accidental, but some threatening letters from him to Wilson were produced at the trial, and the jury, be- lieving (with Evelyn) that the duel -was unfairly conducted, held Law guilty of murder, and on 21 April be and ' four other criminals only,' says Lutirell, were con- demned to death. Law pleadnl benefit of clergy, on tbe ground that hia oiTence amounted only to manslaughter, and bis punisbmentwas commuted to a fine. Against this commutation Wilson's family used all tbeir iufluence, and on 10 May Law was 'charged with nn appeal of murtber at the king's bench bar ;' be escaped from tbe clut cbes of the Wilsons only by filing through the bars of the king's bench prison. 'Beau' Wilson lefl only a few pounds behind liim, and not a scrap of evidence to enlighten public curiosity as to the origin of his eitm- ordinary resources. An ' Epitaph on Bmu Wilson' by Edmund Killingworth appealed in the ' Gentleman's Journal' for May 1"' In 169(> appeared ' Seme Letters b«ti a certain late Nobleman (the Earl of I derlaud) and the famous Mr. Wilson, di^' covering the True History and Siirpassinr Grandeur of that celebrated Beau,' printed for A. Moore, near St. Paul's. Tbe work is curious, but tbe solution of the mystery is only hinted at ill the rumoured scandal of the day. In 1708, as an appeiidi.\ to the second edition of tbe Rnglisb translation of Mme. de La Mothe's (D'Aulnoy) ' Memoirs of ibe Court of England in tbe Ueign of Charles It,' entitled 'The Unknown Lady's Pacquet of ■eaied |h 16Uj . du- ■ I Letters' ■ Mauley) \ Wilson 91 Wilson I Mauley), tbi; first letter is described as ' A. I)iacovei'y and Account of Beau Wilson's eKcret support of liia public maimer of living and the occasion of bis Death.' According to the improbable story here related at great length, th« secret Bnancier of Wilson was nu other than Elizabeth VilHers [q. v.], the miatress of William III, and afterwards Countess of Orbney. Her arranf(emenls for assignations with the Beau were made with such extreme core, accordiog to this narra- tive, OS to reduce the chance of detection to It minimum. The lady itupplied Wilson Uvishly with money, stipulBting only tlmt the ineetingB should always take place in darkness, qualified with the light of but one candle, uud that be d n y hould be per- fectly concealed. Vi hen a leng h Wilson became incumlily nqui e he lady ar- mnged for his eu hanaa a and fnally sup- plied John Law n b he m ana of escaiM and a Urge sum of money W^hether this sto y was a mere nvention by an enemy of Lady Orkne> (as seems most probable_), or whether it be founded upon lact, it IS impossible to determine. Beau Wilson's mysterious life and death are woven with considerable skill into the early chap- s of Harrison Ainswortli's ' John Law, the Projector' (1804). [W.Kid'a Mamoire of Joha La*. 1824, p. 6 ; Wood's Hist, of Cnmond. I Ti)4, p. 1 S4 : Lundoa Juumal, 3 Dec. IT21; NichoU's Leicestershire, iii. 487; Cochut's The Financier Law. iHA9; ErelypB Diary, ed. Wheiillej; Lnttrell's Kriet Hi«t. Belntion, iii. 291,296: Chnmbars'H Book of Dara. ii. 6B0 ; Barke's Vicitsituden of Nuble Fiunlliea, 3nd ear. p. 3S4 ; Tiiabs's RomaDile of Loadoa, i. 4ZI> ; Kates aud Queries, 2nd ser. ii, 4O0. iv. 96, 219, 3r<J ser. r. 160, 2Si, vi. 4.'i9.] T. S. WILSON, EDWARD {IftU-lSTS), Australian politician, was born al Hampstead ill 1814. .\fter completing his education he wu employed in the London branch of a Mandiester firm. Finding this occupation not to his taste, he proceeded to Australia in 184:2. His first intention was to settle at Sydney, but on arriving at Melbourne he bought a small place ugion Merri Creek, and lununed there until 1844, when, in cou- jnnclion with J. E. Juhnston, he took up a cattle station near Dandenong. While thus empWed he wrote a series of letters, signed * Iota, aeverely criticising tlie administration of Charles Joseph Lalrobe [q. v.] Their nceptton encouraged him to turn to jour- nalism, and in l&ir he and his partner pur- chased the' Argus 'from William Kerr, who had founded it in the preceding year. In 1861 t he V also incorporated the Melbourne ' Daily News ' with the ' Argus,' Notwith- standmg the disorganisation of society pro- duced in 1853 by the discovery of gold, Wilson succeeded in continuing the oaily issue of his paper, and its circulation became in consequence extremely large. Prior to this Wilson took a leading part in opposing the inSux of convicts from Tasmania, co- operating with tlie Anti-transportation League founded in 1851 , and supporting the passage of the Ooovicts Prevention Act. lie advocated the separation of Port Phillip from New South Wales, denounced the con- duct of the governor. Sir Charles Holham [q. v.], towards the miners, and strongly op- posed the tendency of Earl Grey's order m council of 1847 to convert the temporary licenses of the crown's pastoral tenants into the equivalent of an assignable freehold. Hia vigorous attacks in the' Argus'on all kinds of abuses involved liimiu several libel actions, notable being that brought against closed Stephen's political career in Victoria, and that occasioned by hia exposure of the Qarra Bond lunatic asylum. Finding hia sight failing, Wilson relumed to England, and in 1864 published ' Rambles in the Anti- podes.' Iul»Oybe was one of the founders of the Colonial Institute, and in the same year he settled at Haves in Kent, where he died on 10 Jan. 1678. He was butned in the Slelbourne cemetery on 7 July. Wilson was the founder of the Acclimatisation Bo- ciety of Victoria in 1861 ; and while he ia credited with having introduced the lark and thrush into Australia, and with attempt- ing to naturalise the llama, he is also accused of having brought over the sparrow. [Heaton's Australian DietioDnrj, 1879 ; Hen- Dell's Diet, of Austnlian Biogr, 1892 ; Basden'a Hist, of Australia, 1S83, ii. A27. SlUi McCombie'a Hint, of Victoria, 1659, p. 320 ; Westgarth'a Colony of Vii:loria, 1884, pp. 297, 341', 371, 374, 383.] E. 1. C. WILSON, Sib EI! ASMUS (1809-1884), surgeon. [See WiLSO.s, SiH. Whliak Jdies EBiauiTA.] WILSON. FLORENCE C!504?-1547P), humanist. [See \'oi.178bsb.] WILSON, GEORGE (J. 1607), writer on cock-flgliting, was vicar of Wcetton in Norfolk. In spite of his profession he took a keen interest In the pastime of cock-fight- ing, and in 1607 he wrote ' The Coinmeudo- tion of Cockes and Cofk-fighling. Wherein is shewed that Oocke-tigbting was before the Commingof Christ . . . London. Printed for I Wilson c Henrie Tometi, and are Ui be sold at bia Shop, ouer agftiusl firaiw lune Gate iu Holburne, 1607,' 4Co. Iu this work, after descanliDg- with Home learning on the antiquity of the amuMment, he launches into a eulogy of tlie inanl; qualities wliich it fostered, and con- cludes with some instances of prowess which he himself had witnessed, mentioning with especial commendation a gamecock named Tarlton aftpr the famous comedian, bei^ause before combat it was accustomed lo drum loudlywith its wings. The tract was written partly with the object of reviving public in- terest in the sport. It was dedicated to Sir Henry Bedingfleld, and was aeveral times reprinted, reaching a third edition in 1631, and a tenth in 1655. [Wilson's CamiDendation of Coclies: Collier's Bibtiogr.CsLii. 529: Uadi It's Handbook re of Ore ; AUibo Engl. Lit.; Blackwood's Mug. 1827, xiii. 687.1 E, 1, C. ■WILSON, GEORGE (1818-1859), che- mist and religious writer, Hon of Archibald Wilson, a wine merchant — who came from Argvltsbire — and his wife Janet, was born at Edinburgh on 21 Feb. 1818 with a twin- hrotber, John, who died in 1836. Hia elder brother, (Sir) Daniel, is noticed separately, Wilson went to school first to a Mr. Knight, and, with Philip Maclagan and John Alex- ander Smith, founded a 'juvenile society for the aflvancement of knowledg'e.' He went in 1828 to the high school, which he left in 1632 to enter the university as a medical student. He was apprenticed at the same time for four years at the laboratory of the Itoval Infirmary. He attended the classes of Thomas Charles Hope [q.v.] and Kenneth Kempforchemistry, and tnatof(Sir) llobert Chriatison [q. v.J for materia medics. In September 1837 Le passed the examination of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edin- burgh, ' fell over head and ears in love ' with chemistry (A/nnoir, p. 08), and became assis- tant to Gliriatison. About this time he con- tributed to ' MagB,' a university magazine shortly after became unpaid masGrabam (1805-1869) [q. v.lat Univer- sity College, the other assistants being James Young (1811-1883) [q.v.] and Lyon (after- wards Baron) I'lajfair. With David Living- stone [q. v.], wlio was a student, Wilson ionnad a friendship. In Graham's laboratory heprepared his doctor's thesis, 'On the Exis- tence of Haloid Salts of the Eleetro-nega- tive Met«ls' in solution, an ingenious inves- tigation of the action of hydrobromic acid on ^Id chloride. I Wilson Somewhat disappointed with his position in London, he returned to Edinburgh in April 1839, and in the following June pro- ceeded M.D. In the autumn be went to the Ilritish Association meeting at Birmiagbam, and was present at the first ' Red Lion ' dinner. He was elected in ibe same year to the 'Order'inEdinburghfounded by Forbes, which included many of the most brilliant students of the university (I'A. pp. 2:15 etseq.) For medicine Wilson had no taste what- ever, and, after some futile applications for other chemical posts and the rejection of a chemical leccureehip in one of the smaller schools in London, be received iu 1840 a license from the Uoyal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh to lecture on chemistry, at- tendance at these lectures being recognised on behalf of candidates for their diploma. His lectures were the first chemistry lec- tures in what has developed since into the ' e\Era-muriil ' school. Simultaneously with the beginniug of his professional career his health began to fail, and be writes of himself about this time as ' bankrupt in health, bopes, and fortune.' A slight injury to his left foot, followed by severe rheumatism, led to its amputation at the ankle by James Syme [q. v.] in January 1843. In a letter to (Sir) James Young Simpson [q. v.] in ad- vocacy of the use of anesthetics — then strongly combated by some, who regarded them as ' needless luxuries '— (Simfson, Ob- atelric Memoirs, ii, 706), be speaks of ' the block whirlwind of emotion, the horror of great darkness, nnd the sense of desertion by God and man' that 'swept through' him during the operation. A little later he was attacked liy phthisis, of which he realised the gravity, and the rest of bis life is the record of an extraordinary and cheerful tight against ill-henlth. He soon won success as a lecturer, obtained private work as an analyst, and in 1843 was appointed lecturer at several Edinburgh institutiona— the Edin- burgh Veterinary tiJollege, the School of Arts, and the Scottish Institution, a girls' school. In 1844 he joined a congregational church belonging to \h.e independent section, al- though he still considered himself a baptist. In 1845 he was elected fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. To the Royal Scot- tish Society of Arts, of which he became president later, among other papers he con- tributed in 1845 one ' On the Employment of Oxygen as a Means of Resuscitation in Asphyxia.* In the same year he b^an m long series of researches on the distribution of Huorides, which lie showed to be present in small quantities in animal nnd vegetablo tisanes, in many minerals, and in sea-water. Wilson I In ISTfl he published in the collection of the ' Cavendisli Society' a 'Life of Henry CftTendish ' [ij. t.J. his most notable per- formance in scientilic liislory. which became hia favourite pursuit, Wilion fully eata- bliahed the priority of Cavendish with re- gard to the experimental results on which the theory of the composition of water is based ) he showed that the advocates of James Watl'a chiims, including James Patrick MuirheAd and Francis, lord Jeffrey [q.v.], had overestimated Watt's merits; but, in spite of much knowledge and labour, he djd not fully master the mass of material he bad accumulated relating to the ' waler con- troversy.' Their common interest in this matter "had already in 1846 (Life of Caven- (iMA,p.Titi)led to awarm friendship between Wilaon and Jeffrey. In 1852 Wilson pub- lished a IS letter addressed to Spencer ___ 'The Grievance of University Tests,' with reference to the chair of chemistiy vacant at Glasgow by the death of Thomas Thomson (irTS-lSSSi [q.v.] He published in the same year the > Life of Dr. John Reid ' [q. v.] (a personal friend), which reached a aacond edition immediately. In November 1863 Wilson published in the 'EdinbuTKh Monthly Journal of Medical Science ' the first of a long series of papers on ' Colour- Blindness,' continued in the 'Transactions of the lioyal Scottish Society of Arts,' and repnhliEhe'd with additions, under the title ' Kfcsearchee on Colour-Blindness,' in 1855. Wilson examined personally 1,164 cases of colour-blindness, and was the first in Eng- land to point out the extreme importance of testing railway-servants end sailors for this defect. The researches of the Abb& Moigno (1804-1S84), who claimed to have preceded Wilson in this, were unknown to bim. The Great Northern Railway at once ndopted Wilson's recommendations, and other bodies followed suit. James Clerk Sfaxwell [q.v.], then workinff at liis colour- top, contributed an appendix to Wilson's booh, of which he thought highly. In February ISK Wilson was appointed director of the Scottish Industrial Museum About to be founded, and, later in the same year, regius professor of technology in the Edinburirh University. Ilis inaugural lec- ture, ' What is Technology ? ' was published in extento. In the autumn of 185fi he pre- pared for the presa at Melrose his ' Five Gateways of Knowledgj," a popular and ing lecture for the session of 18-16-7, ' On the Physical Sciences which form the Basis of Technology,' written about the same time,' far more maturethaD Wilson's other popular lectures, and shows a real grip of the cor- relation of the various sciences, while his natural exuberance of imagination and dic- tion is chastened. In 1808 William Gre- gory (1803-1858) [q. v.], then professor of chemistry in the university, died, and Wilson became a candidate for the vacant chair; but, although assured that he would be elected unanimously, he withdrew hia can- didature on account of hia iU-bealth (Me- moir, p. 4fifl). His salary as director of the museum was at the same time increased from 300/. to 400/. a year. He had weakened steadily from year to year; in November 1859 a cold brought on by exposure proved fatal, and he died on 22 Nov. A public funeral was decided on, and he was buried in the Old Calton burial- ground on 28 Nov. 1859. lie was unmarried ; bis mother, his brother Daniel, his sister Jessie Aitken Wilson (now Mrs. James Sime), Ilia biographer, and another siater, survived him. Wilson's experimental work, although in- genious and solid, contains little of marked originality ; it is by his ' Life of Cavendish' and his work on ' Colo ur-Blindn ess ' that be will be chiefly remembered. From the literary point of'^ view his writings, both Erose and verse, show a fertile imagination, ut little judgment or reserve, although here and there the expression is striking, lieligion plaved an essential part in Wilson s life, and witliout a trace of either pedantry or unction he was genuinely anxious to exert religious influence over others. He pro- tested strongly against the existence of evil being' regarded as other than an unsolved problem ; but his religious views do not otherwiaediffermarkedlyfrom those of ortho- doxy. By hb popular lectures and writings, and still more by his force and charm of character, he exerted considerable influence on his Edinburgh contemporaries. A steel engraving of Wilson by Lurob Stocks, A.R. A., precedes tbe 'Memoir' by his sister; and there is another engraved portrait prefixed to the ' Counsels of an In- Besides the works mentioned Wilaon waa the author of: 1. 'Chemistry,' 1st edit. 1850; 2nd edit, revised by Stevenson Macadam, 1866; 3rd edit, revised by H. G. Madan, 1871. 2. 'Electricity and the Electric Tele- graph.'lstedit.lSM; 2nd edit. 1869. S.'The FiveGatewaysof Knowledge,' Ist edit. 1866; Sthedit. 1880. 4.'MemoirofEdw8rdForbea' (completed by Sir Archibald Qeikie,F.R.S.), 1862. 6. * lieligio Chemtci,' essays, chiefly scientific, collected posthumously and edited Wilson 94 Wilson by Jewio Wilson, 1862. 6. 'Counsels of an Invalid,' letters on reliKioussiibjectH collected poBthumauslj and edited by his friend, Dr. John Cairnit, 1802. The ' British Museum. Catalogue ' also containB a list of single lec- tures published separately. Tha Royal So- ciely'scatalogiiecontain«alistof fort^r-three paper* published by Wilson alone, one in con- junction with John Crombie Brown, and one with Jobann Oeorg FoFchhammer. Miss Aitken's 'Memoir' (original edition 18t(0, condensed edition l&fl6) contains a list of Wilson'spapersandof his contributions to the 'British (juarterly Review,' which include biographical sketclies of JohnDalton (17116- 1844) [q.v-l (I84fi), William Hyde Wol- laston [q. v.] (1849), Robert Boyle [q. t.] (1849),and of his verses piiblUhed in 'Blnck- wood's Slniaiine ' and ' Slacmi Han's Maga- zine.' William Charles Henry's ' Life of Dalton ' (1854) contains an appendix by Wil- son on Dalton s ' Colour- Btinda ess.' [BoBidra the noureoa qaoiBd, the Memoir of Wilson, by Jes«io Aiiken WiUon, 1870 (■hiirh *ontnin» roany letifrs To his hrothar Ituniel, his frisnd Daniel MncmillsD [q. v.], and others), with an appendii by John Henry GlftHftona, y.E.S., on WilFfOQ'H sdentiBc work ; Wilson's books and scientific (inpers: Brit. Mas. Cat,; Hac- millaa j[ Co.'s Bibhugmphy ; Trans, Rot. Soc. of Edinburgh, 1BA7, ixi. 069 ; Lord JeSrey's art. cm ' Watt or Cavendish ' in Edinbnrgh Ko- TJeir, 184S, Iziidi. 67 ; Jubilep of the Chemical Booioty, 18B6, pp. 25. 18* ; Nolo by J. 3yme in London and Edinburith Journal of Medical Science, 1843, iii. 274; North British EeTiow.art. by Sir David Breirstfli'(?), INfiS. xxiv. 32fi, nud Ohiluary. 186U. mxii. 226; Obitnary by Dr. John Cairns in Mnirniillaa's Magaiiiie, 1B60, i. IBS; Brown's Hone SnbaecivEe, 2nd ser. p, 161 ; Kopp's Beitrage znr Oesch. der Chemie. dritt«s Stiick, 1876. p. 239 : information kiudly given by Mrt. Jainoa Sime,] P. J. H. ■WTLSON, GEORGE (1808-1870), chair- man of the Anli-Cnrnlftw League, born at Ilalhersage, Derbyshire, on 34 April 1808, was the son of John Wilson, com milter, who removed in I8l9 to Manch<»tcr, where Le established a com merchant's busineaa. George was eiiucaled at the Manchester commercial school and in evenior classes, and wns ut otie time a pupil of Dr. John Dalton [q.v.], the ehemisl. He started businesa in the com trade, afterwards he becnmo a starch and gum manufacturer, but the greater part of his life waa taken up with political and railway work. He was, when young, president of the Manchester Phrenological Society, and an occasional wTiter for the preBs. He wna secretary to the committee which obtained the charter of incorporation for Manchester in 183(), and sat as n member of the town council from \Sl\ to 1M4. On the founda- tion of the Anli-Comlaw Association in January 1639, he became a member of the executive committee, and in 1841. when the title was changed to that of the Anti-Com- law League, he was elected chairman, and occupied that position until the nrpesl of tba I com laws was obtabed in February 1&4C, « During those five years Wilson presidedifl over larger public meetings than had eror^ before been held to agitate constitntionaUr " for a change in the law. The tact witi which he controlled a gathering of men at a time of great political excitement, and the patience and good humour with which he directed matters from tha chair, earned for him the reputation of being the best chair- man of the day; and when the league was dissolved the council of that body presented him with IO,OUO/. in recognition of the great ability with which he had organised its political action. The origination and orga- nisation of the great baiaars in aid of the cause in Mnnchester and London were diM I to kim. In 16.52, when Lord Derby's gOvV vummunt proposed to reimpose a 'raoderata'M duty on corn, the league, resuscitated undap^ Wilson's guidance, by a short campaign dis- posed of the protectionist reaction. Hb subsequently turned his attention to pap- liament^iry reform, particularly to the fair redistribution of seats, without which he believed that extension of the franchise would be futile. He kept the question in the front at the numerous public meetings and reform conferences at which he presided, and be became chairman of the Lancashire Keformera' Union in 1858, and in ]8IU was appointed president of the National Reform Union. In its operations be took on nctiva Cart until the time of his death. Wilaon ad many requisitions to become a candidate for parliament, aa well as overtures to take government office, but he declined alL A» a director of the Electric Telegraph Company he assisted in developingihe telegraphic sys- tem. With Joseph Adshead he established llie Manchester Night Asylum. Wilson joined in 1647 the board of directors of the Manchester and I«eds Railway, of which company he was deputy-chairnian in 1848. In 18(t0 he became managing director and deputy-chairman of the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway Company. In 1867 he wns appointed chairman. He died suddenly on 29 Dec. 1870 in the train, and was interred In Ardwick cemetery, Manchester. Wilson attended a Sandem an iati chapel, but was mo^t tolerant in his religious views, lie married, in 1837, Mary, daugh- Wilson 95 Wilson I I t«r of John RawsoD, mercliflDt and manii' tacturer, of Maoclieetcr, bj whom he had Bevea chiJdn^n- A portrait and a bust of Wilson, the former by Oeor^ Pntlen and the Intter by H. S. Leifchild, are preserved at the Mau- cheeler town-hall. Another portrait ap- prora in J. H. Herbert's picture of the coun- cil of the learue, now in Peel Park Mu«eum, Solford. Thii picture was engraved by IS. Dellin. Another portrait ia in the group of notables ennnected with the negotiation of the French treaty ofcommerce, which was engraved by Du Val. [MaDcheatei auardtnn, 3D Dec. 1870, and 6 Jan. ISTl: Preotii^e'ti History of the Aoii- Cornlaw Le«g;ue. 1853; Holjonke's Siity Tcwsofun Agitator'* Life ; Sir B.W, Wntkin's AldBimsD Cobden; llarloy'a Life of Cobdm; Stugg'tBemiii.ofMiDt^hDatrr, IKBI.p. 1U9 ; in- formation kindly supplied by T. Bright WilsoD, wqO C. W. S. WILSON, IlAimiETTE (_/(. 1810- 1635), woman of fashion, born about 178U, wa« tbedaughlerof John James Dubouchet or l>e Boucliet, of Swiss origin, who kept a small shop in Mayfair. She inherited Rond manners and looks from her mother, a lady to whose channa she tells us that few men (U«r father unhappily among them) were in- sensible, and she seems to have been brought up to apeak English and Prench, both in- differently. The ccmrsis of her early career would appear to be indicated in the title of a small uhapbook thrown out towards the close of her 'public life' as a sample of her • Memoirs ; ' it was called ' The Amorous Adfantures of llarriette Wilsoii ; ' her first introduction into private life as the kept mistrT'Ss of Lord Craven, her intrigues with the Hon. Frederick Lamb, and how she hecamekept mistresBof theUukeof Argyle' [18351. 'I think I supped once in her so- ciety, wrote Scolt in 1825, 'at Mat. Lewis's in Argvle Street, where the company chanced to bo fairer than honest. . . . ^he was far from beautiful, but a smart, aaucy girl, with good oyes and dark hair, and the manners of ■ wild schoolboy '(LocKHABT, Zi/r, lt*93, p. Sa.)). After about 1820 she resided to a large extent in Paris, whence by the kindness oi Sir Cliorles Stuart she was enabled to des- patch her correspondence throughthemedium of the foreign office bag. She was occupied " ' ' igue with the timed pwaimony of the Duke of Beaufort, who thought to compound b promised an- nuity of 6(X)/. by a single payment of I,:i00;., excited in llarriette, whose temper was impatient, a lasting sense of ill-treatment. Taking Tercsia Conatanlia PhiUips [q. v.] aa her model, she announced her inteution of publishing her memoirs, and she found a sympathetic publisher in John Joseph Stock- dale of the Opera Colonnade, Haymarkot [see under Stocedale, Joun]. The book was avowedly written to extort money. ' The Hon. fVed. Lamb,' wrote Harriette, ' has called on Storkdale to threaten us with prosecution ; had he opened his purse to give me but a few hundreds, there would have been no book, to the infinite loss of all persons of good taste and genuine morality.' The booK duly appeared in four small volumes in IS2S as ' Memoirs of Harriette Wilson, written by Herself,' andcreated such ascnsBlionthRtSlockdale'sdouTwasthronged ten deep on the mornings announced for the C' "ication of a new volume, and a special er had to he erected to direct the passage of the applicants. Over thirty editions were stated to nave been issued within the year. A French version, in six volumes, was pub- lished ' ehez L'lluillier, Itue Poup£c, Paris,' iu 1835. The translation is stated to have been ' corrig6e par I'outeur,' though the title 'Mfmoires d'llenrietteWilson ' is some- what misleading. A set of coloured plates were executed to accompany the test, and copies with these illustrations are now scarce (one was sold in 1896 for six guineas ; an uncoloured copy sold for 3/. 5b. in 1890), The work was denounced nsamoet'diBgusting and gross prostitution of the press \seeapamphlet tailed A t'ammmfan/ an tAe. JJcentiouM Liberty uf thf Prfi», Loudon, 18SG), but aa a mailer of fact the book is on the whole re- markably freefrom lubricity, while in point ol coarseness it does not approach the ' Memoirs of a LaJv of Quality ' interpolated in ■ Pere- grine PicEte.' Thediatogue is often amusing, but the loose and slipshod style does no credit to the editor, ' Thomas Little' (f Stook- dale). Tho pseudonym would seem to have been daringly borrowed from Tom Moore, and woa also employed for the ' Confessioiw J of an Uxoniau,' 1826, and for some pseudo-l medical works issued from the Opera Coloit- unde. 'Tlia gay world,' wrote Sir Walter Scott on !) Dec. \M5, 'has been kept in hot water lately by this impudent puhlicatiou... the wit is poor, but the style of the interlo- cutors exactly imitated, . . . She beat« Con I'hilips and Anne Bellamy and all former demireps out and out.' Among the well- known names that figure promiuentlv in the narrative arethose of the Uuke of Wellington, IheDukeofLeinster,LordH<.'rlford,MarquiK Wellesley, the Eiirl of Fife, Prince Ester- hozy. Lord Granville Leveson-Oower, liord Wilson 96 Wilson Ebrinslon, Beau Hrummetl, Henry \,\i and 'bis inseparable fat Nugenr, Vi* Ponscmby, Itichsrd Meyler, Lord Frederick Bentinck, Lord IJyron, and Flenry Brougha.in (wbo inattgated the writer, aa she inrarms ub, touDdertaKebercampaiKnagaiusttbe 'paltry conduct of bis grace of Beaufort'). Actions were brought by Mr. Blore, a stonemaaon of FlccBdillr, who was awarded 300/. damages, and by tlugh Evans Fisher, who received heavier daraagta in the court of common K" as on 21 May 1826 (Timrt, 23 May), rther iuatalmenla of the 'Memoirs' were threatened, but their appeaiunce was averted. Harriette's former ariBtocratic admirers appear to have made her np a purse, upon the strength of which she buried her past and married a M. Rocbefort or Rocbfort. It is doubtful whether she had any shore in 'Paris Lions and London Tigers' (London, 1826, Svo, with coloured plates, aereral edi- tions), a farcical narrative, dosctibing the TJsit of an English family to Paris. Nothing further is known of llarriette's career. AmongtheaisterswboeiDulatedbertriumpbs, and are frequently alluded to bynamein the ._. __ ' Memoirs,' may bo mentioned Fanny, who I lors', and from 1803 to 1824 woa second lived for many years as Mra. Parker, but master. He became curate and lecturer of ■whose last hours (described by llarriette St. Michael's Bassishaw, and lecturer of St. with an appearance of feeling) were soothed Matthias and St. John the Baptist, London, by tbe kindness of Lord Hertford (Thacke- 'n 1807, and in 1814 received in addition ray's 'Marquis ofSteyne'); Amy, whohaving the Townsund lecturership at St. Michael'a, relinquished the protection of Count Pal- ) '^-'-'- ' ■ - " -^ ' "— - ■ mella and 'JOOl. a month, 'paid in advance. ' married' the disreputable musician, Robert Nicolas Charles Bochea ; and Sophia, who married as a minor, on S Feb. 1812, at St. Marylebone, Thoma.a Noel Hill, second baron Berwick,anddiedat Leamington, aged 81, on 29 Aug. 1870 (/WiMfr.iourfonA'rtc?, 11 Sept. 1875). An engraving of Harriette is in tte British Museum print-room (_no name or date). [MamoiTB a( Harriettr Wilaon in British Mqs. Library: tbis is the RO'cnlted sti'oad edition, compleiG in faar ralumos, with an appendix. Other sets v«re ifsued by Slockdsls in eiglit volumes, considerably eipBDiled by tba Dominal editor, ' Thoniaa Littla.' and in 1831, as by the sams eJitor, wss isiiiied nn ' Index. Analytical, Referentinl, and Eiplanatory, of Persona and Matter.' which is very acarce. It is doubtful whether aoy selt wore issoed by SMwkdale subaf- quentlolh>''tbirty-tbird'e>lit)onof 182S, forttie proteclion of copyrigbt whb nnt oitended to the Tolamea, which Were pirated by T. Douglas and nrobably by others. Some of tho sets wers JBDed with plates, both plain and coloured, aad •ome have lu fnintispieces portraits of the four B'stars, ' Hurri ctlc,' ' Vnn ey.' ■ Amy,' and ' Hophy ,' with antogrHphs. .Slockilalc M>ught to coniinue tha blackmniling canjpsign io a wevkly periodi- ca! colled Stockdate's Budget, December 1826- .Tnoe 1B2T, which coDtaina several letters attri- buted to Harriette Rorhfort. .See also Biogmphio des Con temporal OS, Paris, 1831, vol. v. (Snppl.) p. B04; Amorous Adventaro* aod Intrigues of Tom Johnson, 1870, vol. ii. chap, i.; Cntena Li- brornm Tacendorom, 1888: A Commentitry on thi> LiceoiiouB Liberty of (he Pre™, London, 1825. 8vo: Times, 2 July 1829, 12MRylg26; British Lion. 3 April tSl.i: Blackwood's Mag. November IB29, p. 739; Book Prices Current; [Qay's] Bibliographie des OuvroKes relatifs iL I'amour, Nice, 1872, v. dl.) T. S. WILSON, HARRY BRISTOW (1774- 1853), divineandantiquarv, bomon23 Aug. ir7j „.. . ...„ of w'iui^ Wilson of iho He left admitted commoner of Lincoln College, Oi- ford, on 12 Feb. 1793. Elected scholar on the Trappes foundation in the following year (30 June), be graduated B.A. on 10 Oct. 1796, and M.A. on 23 May 1799. He proceedeil B.C. on 21 June 1810, and D.D. on 14 Jan. 1818. In February 1798 he became third master at Merchant Tav- Crooked Lane. On 3 /iug. L . collated by Archbishop Manners-Suiton to the united parishes of St. Marv Aldemary and St. Thomas the Apostle. There he was continually involved m litigation with his parishioners. Rut in apile of these dif- ferences he established a parochial lending library, and abolished fees for baptism. Wilson was a learned adherent of the evangelical school, with more ot the scholar than the divine. His chief theological works were a pamphlet ngainst the catholic claims ('An Earnest Address respecting the Catholics,' 1807, Svo), and a volume of ser- mons issued the same year. But he published some valuable antiquarian books. The chief of these was bJs ' History of Merchant Tav- loTs' School,' issued in two quarto parts in 1812 and 1814 respectively. He received a subsidy from the company of 100/. t-owards the expenses of publication. The work is scholarly, if somewhat diffuse. In 1831 Wilson published another quarto on ' the History of the Parish of St. Laurence Pountney, including four documents unpub- lished, an account of Corpus Cbristi or Pountney College,' within which Merchant Taylors' school was established in l.-,61. The work remained unfinished on account of the Wilson also publisbed : ' Obaervntions on the Lnw and Practice of the Sequeatration of Ecclesiastical Benefices,' ISSS. 8v-o; and ' Brief Notices of the Fabric and Glebe of St. Mary Aldermary,' 1640, Svo. The copy of the latter work in the British Museum » Harv Anne, daughter of John Moure(17'12- 1821 ) [(]. v.], by whom he Imd two sons and a dauf^hter. The elder son, Henry Bcistow Wilson, is separately noticed. [Gent. Miift. 1854. i. fl3.^. 536; Clnrk"> Uint. of Lincoln Coll. p. 187: Fo«ttr'H Alnmoi Oion. 1713-1886 ; Ah Aged Rfctora Valedirtory Ad- dresH. ISS3; Allilone's Diet. Enil. Lit.; Brit. Mas. Cat.] G. La G. N. WILSON, HENRY BRISTOW (1803- 1888), diviue, horn on 10 June 1803, was elder son of Harry Briatow Wilson [o.v.], by his wife Mary Aune, daughter of John was elected to St. John's College, Oiford, in lB-i\. Matriculating on 25 June 1821, he graduated B.A. in 1825, M.A. in 1829, and B.D. in 1834, and received a fellowship in 1825, which he retained until 1850. In 1S3I he was appointed dean of arts, and he acted as tutor from 1833 to 1835. He also filled the office of Rawlinsonian professor of Anglo-Saxon IroiQ 1839 to 1844. In 1850 he was prcsunted by St. John's CoUfgu to the vicarage of Oreat Staughton in Hunting- donshire, which he retained until hia death. I Wilson identified himself in theology with I tlie school of which Benjamin Jowett (after- I wards master of Balliol) and Frederick Temple (afterwards archbishop of Canter- bury) became the best-known members. In the spring of 1841 Wilson joined Archibald Campbell Tait [q. v.] in the 'protest of the fitnr tutors' against 'Tract XC In the Lent Itsrm of l&l he delivered the Bamptou Lectures, taking as his subject 'The Uom- munion of the Saints; an Attempt to illus- trate the True Principles of Christian Union' (Oxford, 1851, 8vo), His lectures were re- markable for eloquence and power, and stiU more as ' the first clear note of a demiind for freedom in theological enquiry.' The widening of theological opinion and of Christian communion was thenceforward the main interest of his life. In 1857 be con- tributed 'Schemes of Christian Compre- hension' to ' Oxford Essays,' and In 1861 he published a dissertation on 'The National Church' in 'EsaaysandEeviewa.' Passages in the latter essay were regarded as inculca- ting erroneous doctrine, particularly in regard to the inapiralion of scripture and the future state of the dead. John William Burgon (afterwards denn of Chichester) was especially disaatifified with his views, and in 18ti2 proceedings for heresy were instituted against Wilson in the court of arcbes. On 35 June Wilson, whose case was tried to- gether with that of Rowland Williams [q. v.], was found guilty on three out of eight of the articles brought against him, and was sentenced to suspension for a year by the judge, Stephen Lushington [q. v.] Wilson and Williams both appealed to the judicial committee of the privy council, and their appeals were heard together in 1863. Wilson's defence occupied IS) and 20 June, and WAS afterwards published. The appeal was successful, and on 8 Feb. 18tJl the judicial committee reversed Lushington'a decision. Wilson's health, however, was broken by the anxieties of hie position, and he never completely recovered from the strain, During later life he did not resi<Ie in his benefice, lie died, unmarried, at 1 Lawn Villas, EUhamltoad, Lee,on 10 Aug. 1888. Wilson wrote an introduction to ' A Brief Examination of prevalent Opinions on the Inspiration of (heOldandNewTestamenw' (London, 1801, 8vo). [Funeml Sermoi) by li. B. Kennard, 18S8; Faaler's YorkBhirf Pedigrsoa. 187*. vol. ii., a.r. ' FouDtayue WtUon ; ' Bohinson's Urg. of Mei^ chant Tailors' School, 18B3. ii. 188; Poster's Alamni Oxun. 171S-1S86 ; Mrs. Wilson's Life and Letters of Itowlaad WilliamB, 1874, vol. it.; Abbott and Camplx-ll's Lifs and Letters of Ben- jamin Jowett. 1897, i. 200. 273. 300-1. 404; BrodHck Hcd Fresmantle's Jud^nneats nf the Judicial Commitipe of tbe Privy Council. 1865, pp. 317-90 ; Liddon's Lite of Puaey, ii. 187, iv. 3^-68 ; Pri'thero's Life and Letters of Denn Stanley, 1893, ii. 30-«, 157-8; Kannard's Ksiays and Reviews, 1S63; Peterboroniih nnd Huntingdon ah ire Rtandard, 18 AoE. 1888 ; Men of tlie Time, 1887; AlUbooe's Diet, of Engl, Lit.] K I. C. WILSON, HORACE HAYMAN (1786- 18(!0), orientalist, was bom in London on 23 Sept. 1781). Receiving his general edu- cation in Soho Square, Lnndon, he com- menced medical studies in 1801 at St. Tho- mas's Hospital, and in 1808 was nominated aesistant-eurgeon on the Bengal establish- ment of the East India Company. The voyage occupied six months, and during it he commenced his oriental studies by learn- ing Hindustani. On his arrival he was appointed, owing to his proficiency in I Wilson oliemistrv aiul metallurgy, aasistiLnt to John Leyden fq. v.] at the CiUcuttii mint, wliere in 1816 he becaice agsit;-master. ' Excited by the example and biography of Sir Wm. Jones' (to use hia own ivords), he 'entered on the atudy of Sanskrit with warm interest, as Boon after' his 'arrival in India in 1S08 MS official occupations allowed.' In 1813v-e find him publishing hia limt Sanskrit work, an annotated text of the ' Mpghaduta of Kilt- dasa.' It is still more remarkable to note that as early as 1819 he complet^^ the lirst ' Sanskrit^Knglish Dictionary.' Itwasgreatlv improved in the second edition (1831), which remained until the completion of the great German lexicon in 1875 the slandard refe- Tence-book for European scholars. In the tame year (1819) he was sent by government . to Benares for tUe inspection of the college there, a visit which he utilised for the collec- tion of materials for bis great work on the Indian drama. During nearly the whole of hia stay in India Wilson held the oltice of Mcretary to the Asiatic Society of Bengal (appoint- ment dated 2 April 1811), contributmg to ita journal some of his most imporUnt papvrK. He was also secretary to tbe com- mittee of public instruction and visitor to the lAtnakrit College of Calcutta. In 1832 he was selected to fill the chair ofSanakritatOiford, which had been founded by Joseph Boden [Q^v.] in IS27, lie resided in Oxford from 1833 to 1836. when he suc- ceeded ^ir Charles Wilkins [q.v.] as HbraHan to the East India Company, and moved to London, merely visiting Uiibrd for a part of each term, but giving instruction to nil who needed hia help. lie became likewise examiner at the company's college at Hailey- burj, vixiting it twice yearly. In London he was an original meml>er of the Royal Asiatic Society (1823), in which be held (he office of director from 1837 till his death. Wilson was elected F.R.S. in 1834, and was member of numerous foreign learned societies. He died on 8 May 1830 in London at Upper Wimpole Street. He married a dausbter of George Siddons of the Benj^l lervice, who was a son of the ^at actress. Several descendants of this marriage survive. An engraving, dated 1851, by William Walker, gives bis portrait from a painting (now at the Royal Asiatic Socielv) by Sir John Wataon-Gordon. A portrait by Sir George Hayter is in possession of Wilson's grandson ai. Brighton, and several other pic- tures(including one by KobertTait), sketches, and drawintrs are extant. In the National IVjrtrait Gallery, IjOndon, is a sketch from life by James Atkinson. There is also a bust by Chantreyin the Bodleian library.and another bust on the fa;ade of the India office. Wilson did much to promote a real know- ledge of the verv numerous branches of In- dian learning wliicb he made hia own. Be- neath his writings and leaching tb^rc flowed an undercurrent of enthusiaHm which, in spite of a certain drniess of maimer and boldness of style, often communicated itself to pupils or readers. His point of view, natural to an early scholar educated in India, and the limitations of his scholarship were shown in an appreciation b^ Biithlingk and Roth, the greatest of Sanskrit lexicographers, who, while expressingtbeirsenae of Wilson's immense eruuition, lamented that be had taken the point of view of native scholars rather than advanced in thepalh of European students (^Sanshit Worlerlmdi, Bd. I., Vor- wort). A complete list, mainly compiled by him- self, of his separate works, editions, joint pro- ductions, and papers in journals, is given with Ilia obituarv in the ' Annual Report of tlie Royal Aaia'tic Society' for 1S60. Bendes the 'Dictionary' (1819, 1832, and ISi4) olreadv mentioned, the moat important are: 1. ' Select Specimena of the Theatre of the Hindus,' 182H~7, L' vols, (tbis haa gooe through several editions, and was transSited into French ; Wilson, himself an accom- plished actor, seems to bava entered into tblsworkwithspecialenthusiosin). 2. 'Cata- logue of the Mackenzie MHS..' Calcutta, 11*38, 8vo. 3. ' Sjiu-khya-kiiriliii,' London, IS37, 4to. 4. ■ Vishnupurnna,' London, 1810, 4to. b. ' Lectures on the Religious and Philoso- phical Systems of the Hindus,' 1840. ti. • Con- tinuatiou of Mill's British India, 1805-35,' London, 1844-6. 7. 'Translation of ike Rig-Yeda ' (according to the native school of interpretation), 6 vols. ; voL i. was published in 18i)0, and vols. v. and vi. have been com- pletedandpublisbedsiacehis death. 8. '(ilos- aarv of Judicial and Revenue Terms of . , ■ India,' London, I860, 4to. A collected edi- tion (IS vola.^ of his works was also pub- lished in London (18f!3~7I) under the editor- ship of Ueinbold Host jfl-v-], one of his suc- cessors at the India office. Wilson was a great collector of Sanskrit manuscripts, No fewer than fire hundred and forty, compris- ing both vedic and classical works, were brought together by bim, and form the moct important part of the Sanskrit manuscripts now in the Bodleian Library. [Annual Report of Royal Asiatic Society for 1860, andoihorrecordsof the Society; Memiiriala ot H^leyhury CoIIpRo (biogrBphy by Sir M. Slonier-Williiiras, Wilson's pupil and suMvsnr at Oiford); English Cydoped'a; Asiatic 3oc. Wilson 99 Wilson I I Bennl, CeatHitary ml.; mmmiuii rat ions from familr and from Profeasur Cowell. his pupil WkI fnend.] C. B. WILSON. Sir JAMES (1780-1847). major-geneml. bom in 1780,recei»ed a com- ensign in the 27tb footon 12 Dec. 17M8. Ilia flirt tier commission a weru diit«d : IJeiiMu&Dt, 31 Aug. 1799; captsin, 27 May ISOl ; maji)T,20 June 1811 ; brevet lieutenant- colonel, -27 April 1812; colonel, 32 J11I7 1630; tnaior-general, 28 June 1838. He eerred with hia reffimeDt iu the erpedition to the Helder in 1799, look part in the action on landing on 27 Aug',, in Ine actions of 10 •nd 19 Sept., ia the battle of Alkmaar or Bergen on 2 Oct., and the action of Bc- verwyk on 6 Oct. In July 1800 he accom- umied the expedition under Sir Jamea Pulteney to Ferrol, and under Sir Ralph Abercromby to Csdii, and in the followinc year want with Altercromby to Byypt, took pan in the battle on landing in Aboukir Bay an 8 March 1801, in the action at NicopoliB on the 13th, in the battle of Alexandria oa 21 March, and in the further operations of the campaign. Wilson exchanged into the 48th foot on July 1803. He served with Sir John Moore in Leon during the campaiign of 1808. In 1800 he accompanied the 48th to the Peninsula, and was at the battle of Talavera on^ and :}8 July, and of Bu9acoon37Sept., took port in the retreat to Torres Vedraa, and in the subsequent advance in 1810 in purauit of MasB^na. At tUu battle of Albuera OD 16 May 1811 Wilson succeeded, on the death of Lieutenant-colonel Duckworth, to the command of the 48th, and was twice severely wounded. He a^in commanded bis regiment at the aiege ot Ciudad Uodrigo in January 1812, taking part in the storm. He commanded the column of assault on the ravelin of Son Roque at the storm of Badajoz <m 6 April 1812, when he carried the gorge, And.withtheoasistance of Major John Squire [q.v.Jofthe royal engineers, established tiira- «elf in the work. lie was particularly men- tioned in despatches by Sir Thomas Picton and by the Duke of Wellington. Wilson commanded his regiment in the advance to the Donro, in the retreat to Cas- tnjon, and in the battle of Salamanca on 22 July 181J, when he succeeded to the command of the fusilier brigade, and was mentioned in despatches. He commanded a light battalion at the battle of Vittoria on 21 Jnne 1813, and during the operations in the Pyreaera, until he was twice severely wounded at the battle of Sauroren on 28 July 1813. Hewasagainmentinnedindespatchea. In 1814 he commanded th\i 4Sth in the I advance to the Oaronue, and was present at the battle of Toulouse on 10 April, was again ' wounded.and again mentioned in despatches. For his services he was made a knight com- : mauder of the order of the Bath, military ' division, on 2 Jan. 1815, and received the gold crosB, with clasp, for Albuera, BadajoK, Salamanca, \'ittoria, and Toulouse, and the I reward for distinguished service. He was also presented with a sword of honour by the officers of the 48th foot in memory <rf his having bo often led them to victory. 'He died at Bath in February 1847. [Desputehes ; RoyalMilitarjCal.1820; QBnl. Expedition to Egypt.] It. H. V. WILSON, JAMES (1795-1666), iroolo- giat, the youngest son of John Wilson {d, 1796), a game manufacturer, and hia wife Margaret (bom SymV was bom at Paisley in November 1795. 'Coristopber North' (John Wilson, 1785-1854 [q.v.J) was his eldest brother. The father having died during James's first year, the famUy removed to Edinburgh, where young Wilson passed his school and college days. In 1811 he began to study for the law, but bis health did not allow of his following this for long. In 1816 be visited Holland, Oermany, Snitxerland, and Paris. He afterwards returned to Paris to purchase the Bufresne collection of birds for the museum of the Edinburgh University. These he arranged in their new home, a con- genial employment for one who from boy- hood had had a great love for natural his- tory. In 1S19 he visited Sweden, soon after which symptoms of pulmonary disease appeared that compelled him to reside ia Italy during 1820-1. In 1824 be married and settled down at Woodville, near Edin- burgh, devoting himself to scientific and literaiy pursuits. Losing his wife in 1837, he took a winter residence in George Square, Edinburgh. In 1841, with Sir Thomas Dick Lauder [q, v.], he made a series of excursions round the coasts of Scotland, at the request of the liaheriea board, to study the natural history of the herring, and make other observations of interest to the fishing industry, Other I I followed at intervals between 1843 and I80O, besides which he took many fishing excursions inland. In 1854 he was offered but declined the chair of natural history in the Edinbiirffb University, then vacant by the death of Profeasor Edward Forbes [q. v.] He died at Woodville on 18 Mav 1856. Wilson when only seventeen, and was aUo a, fellow of the Royal Sociely of Edinburgh. lie wiu author of: 1. 'Illustrations of EntoiDologia Ei junction with James Duncan, Edinburgh, 8vo, 1834. 3. ' Treotifie on InsectB,' Edin- burgh, 1836, 8to. 4, • Introduction to the Natuml History of Quadrupeds and WhalfS.' Editiburgh, 1838, 4to. G. ' Introduction to the Natural History of Fishes,' Edinburgh, 1838, 4to. 0, ' tnlroductiou to the Natural History of Birds,' Edinburgh, 1839, 4iu. 7. -The Rod and Gun,' Edinburgh, 1840, 8vo; new edition, 1844. 8. ' A Voyage round the Coasia of Scotland,' Edinburgh, 184^, 2 vols. Svo. 9, ' Illustrations of Scripture. By an Animal Painter, with Notes by a Naturalist' [signed 'J. W.'], Edinburgh [1855], fot. For the 'Edinburgh Cabinet Library' he wrote the Koology of ludia, China, Africa, and the northern regions of North America; while he contributed thv S renter part of the natural history and el ife of IVofessor Forbes to the seventh edi- tion of the ' Encyclopsdia liritannica.' He moreover published many articles in the 'Quarterly,' in ' Blade wood,' and in other o \\"ilson cholera in London 1832), a thriving woollen manufacturer. His mother's maiden name was Elizabeth Richardson, and she died at Hawiclf in 1815. WiUon was placed from 1H16 to 1819 in the school at .^^kwortb belonging to the Friends, of which religious l)ody his father was a member, and then for six months in a similar school at Earl's Colne in Essex. His taste at this time was for books, and he wished to become a sohoolmaster. A desire for a more active life next iuspired him, and he wanted to practise at the Scottish bur, but the rules of the Society of Friends did not permit of this occupation. ', Heski^tta Wilsos (if. 1863>, was a daughter of Andrew Wilson of Main HouBf. She lost her mother in early life, but found a home with her grandmother and her uncle, Professor John Wilson (181^- 3688) [q. v.], in Edinburgh, Subsequently ■he went to live with her other uncle, James Wilson, at W'oodvUle, where, after the death of her aunt in 1837, she took charge of the house and remained till her • -^ "pt. 1863. Shu V r of: 1, ' (anon.), Edinburgh, 1851, through two German editions. 2. 'Things to he thought of '(anon.), Edinburgh, 185;), I'Jrao. 3. ' Homely Hints from the I'ireside ' (anon., the first edition of which appeared probably about 18-58 or 1859) ; Snd edit. Edinburgh, 1860, 12mo; new edit. ]86i. 4. ' The Chronicles of a (larden : its Pels,' London, 1863, 8vo; 2nd edit. 1864. [Memoi™ of 3. Wilson (with n poitrsit), by tba ReT. J. Hamilton : Encycl. Brit. 8th aiic. I»i. 871; Memuirof Hrnrietta Wilson, by tliB lUv. J. Hiimiltun. prelliedto her ■ Chroniclei ; ' Bill. Mas. fnl. ; AUiboii<i's Did. of Kngl. Lit,] ■WILSON, JAMES (1 80-J-l 860),pol'it ician •nd political economist, bom at Hawick in EoxburKlishireon3Junel805,thefourth8oii in a family of fifteen children, was the son Ot William WiUou (4, at Hawick 1764, d. af At the age of siiteen Wilson was ap- Ereuticed to a hat nianufacturer at Uawick, ut he still pursued far into the night the practice of reading and study. Aft«r n short time his father purchased the business for him and an elder brother named William. The two young men prospered in their undertaking, and their native town proved too small for their energies. In 1824 theji removed to London, and commenced busi- ness with a partner, the Srm being known as Wilson, Irwin, k Wilson. Their pecuniary gains were considerable, and James Wllsoo acquired a thorough practical knowledge of commeTciat life, both at home and in foreign countries. The firm was dissolved in 1831, but he continued, as James Wilson & Co., to carry on the business. On S Jan. 1833 he married EliEabeth I'reston of Newcastle, and voluntarily ceased to be a member of the Society of Friends. Ue moved to Dul- wioh Place, then a secluded spot, though only about four miles from the city. Hera be entertained his friends, and was fond of conversing with them on politics and For twelve years Wilson succeeded in business, but about 183(1 be was tempted into large speculations in indigo, and within three years nearly all his capital had vanished. He called his creditors together and made a proposition to them, which was accepted. aome time afterwards the property which he hud assigned to them was realised and did not produce the sum which he had antici- pated. He thereupon in the most honour- able manner, without any ostentation, mad^ good the deficiency. The firm was unaffected by his private failure, continuing itso^m- tions under another name and with Wtlson as a partner. In 1844 he retired from buai- Three works published before his retire- ment made Wilson's name conspicuous in financial circles. The first of Ibem, called ' Influences of the Corn-laws as Bt}*ecling all 'Wilson Wilson Classes of the ConuDUoily,' came out in the "ig- of 1830, and he third edition was sd in the nuit yenr. Its object was to show liiBt the duty on com did not beoBlit the agricultural interest any more than that of the manufacturers. The argutaent was rlearlj threshed out, and he fallowed \t up by frequent epeeches in the same sense. Hia reaeoninghad considerable inHiienoe over the mind of Cobden, and, by renjoving from the agitation the stigma that its obji-ct was to promote the interests of one class nt the ex- pense of another, had mucii elTect on the ■uccesa of the auti-cornlaw movement. In the second of these pamphlets, that on the ' HuotTiutions of Currency, Commerce, and MBDiifactures' (1840), Wilson traced their rise and fall to the artificial operation of the com laws. The third of them, ' The Revenue, or what shall the Chancellor do ^ ' 1841, was all but written in a 'single night,' «iid it contained an outline of the changes ■absequently introduced by Sir Robert I'eel and his follower in finance, Uladstone, lie urged the increase of direct taxation through the medium of the assessed taxes and the TeductioQ of the tnriH' regulating the custom and excise duties, as these had largely di- miniahed in yield from the decreased re- ■ourcesof themusBof thepeople. lie showed in detail how the consumption of colVee and «agBr had been augmented by the diminu- tion of the duties thereon. Wilson about 1643 wrote the city article and occasional leaders for the ' ftlorning Chronicle.' I'or several years he contri- bnted letters and articles to the 'Examiner,' and he was denirous of increasing his papers ia its columns, but the space was denied iiim. He thereupon, after consultation with Cobden and Yilliers, as the spokesmeQ of the Anti-Comlaw League (Moni.Er, Qibdrfi, i, 291-2), determined on estnbliahing a >reekly paper for linsncJal and commercial men. He invested in it moat of his capital and obtained some help from Lord Radnor, An ardent free-trader. ' The Economist,' which appeared for the first time on 2 liept. 184S, at once became a recognised power in the newspaper world, and has maintained its position ever since. It advocated the repeal of the com laws, and strenuously upheld the prboijiles of free trade. In the early stages of Its existence Wilson wrote nearly the whole of the paper. It was as a prac- tical nan, writing for those engaged in the dailf routine of business life, that he pri- marily expounded his Tiews, but the effect of his opinions was not limited to any single section in society. Under thetille of 'Capital Currency and Banlting' he published in 1847 a volume containing 'his articles ii Economist" in 1845 on the Bank Act of 1844, and in 1847 on the crisis. With a plan for a secure and economical currency.' A. second edition came out in 1850; it was issued in 1857 in the 'Biblioteca dell' Economista' (■2nd ser. vi. 455-662) ; and a tronslation was publisbedat Rio de Janeiro in I860. It embodied his criticisms on the currency acts of Peel, with an analysis of the panic of 1847 and of the railway mania which preceded it- He was a strenuous advocate for the sure convertibility of the banknote, but ' opposed to the technical restrictions of the act of 1844.' lie also advocated the repeal of the navigation laws, regarding them as ' restric- tions on our commerce.' A pamphlet by him on the ' Cause of the present Commercial Distress, and its Bearings on Shipowners,' was printed at Liverpool in l!H4-J, sad he printed in 1849 ft speech on ' The Navigation A chance conversation at Lord Radnor's table induced Wilson to become a candidate for parliament at the general election of 1847 for the borough of Westburr in Wiitahire. He was returned by 170 voles against 149 B'ven to his tory opponent, Matthew James iggins [q. v.], well known as 'Jacob Om- nium.' Hewas re-elected in 1852, when he wonby si.tTOtesonly. From 18.^7 until his departure for India he represented Devon- port. Wilson's first speech in parliament I the E ihtained consider- able influence as a speaker. Within six months of the date on which he took hie seat office was ofi*ered to him, and from 16 May 1848 to the dissolulion of Lord John Russell's ministry he was one of the joint secretaries to the board of control. '.)n the formation of the Aberdeen ministry Wilson was offered the important post of financial secretary to the treasury, and he remained in this place, dealing ably with tbo vexed questions doily referred to the holder of that position, from January 1853 until the defeat of Lord Falmerston's administration in 1858. During bis tenure of this office he was offered, but declined, first the vice-presi- dency of the board of trade inl856, secondly the chaii^mansbip of inland revenue in 1866. This was ' B. good pillow,' he said, ' but ho did not wish to lie down.' Lord Palmerstan returned to power in June 1859, when A\'ilson accepted the vice* presidency of the board of trade, coupled with that of payma*"ter-gen'-ral, and was created a privy councillor. He had scarcely beenseated in office when he was offered ths I Wilson Wilson fast of SDUDcial member of the council of adia, 'whicli bad just been created. He hesicated about accepting it, for he Ap- preciated his inftueuce iti uxe House of Com- inona, recognised the ' ^gnntic difficulties' whicli awaited him in India, and was not tempted b; the high salary, as through the Biiccees of his paper, aided by some prudent investments^ he was possessed of atlluence. Uu public grounds, however, he determined upon going thither, and on 20 Oct. 1659 he left Kagknd for bis new position. Through n ' fortunate accident' he visited immediately after his arrival the upper provinces of Hin- dustan. He travelleJ from Calcutta to Lahore, and back again, visiting every city and town of importance within that urea, tind returned much impreseed with the un- develoj>ed resources of the country. The piinciplea of his budget were explained b^ liira on 18 Ftb. ISOO. He found himself face to face with a great deficiency of re- venue and an enormous increase in public debt. He proposed certain increased import duties with a tax on home-grown tobacco, a small and uniform license duty upon traders of every class, and the imposition of an income-tax on all incomes above 200 rupees a year, but with a reduction for those not eiceeding 600 rupees per annum. Tliese propositions met with considerable opposi- liou.mainly through the action of Sir Charles Edward Trevelyaa [q-v.], but that official was promptly recalled. Wilson's budget and Trevelyan's recall BxciteUmuchcriticisna in England. Wilson's next act woa to establiiih a paper currency. He set up at Calcutta a govern- ment commission charged with the functions exercised in this country by the issue d^ partment of the Bank of England. Brancb latablishmenla were erected at Madras and ree presidencies were ) and redemption of notes iuto convenient districts called cur- rency circles. The notes were to be for 5, 10, 20, 60, 100, 600, or 1,000 ruwea, and they were to be redeemable with ailvor. Wilson then commenced a reformation of the tnjstem of public accounts. He it wae ' that first evoked order out of the chaos of Indian finance, and rendered it possible for ihe future to regulate the outlay by the in- For some time after his arrival in India Wilson remained in good health, but with (he advent of wet weather his phvsical Btrength declined. Under the pressure of work h.- nei;l<s7t(Hi his condition, but about the niL<ldl..-,jf July I860 he went for aweek'a Uarrackpore. He returned to labour with only a slight improvement ia his Slate. The dysentery increased, on y AUB. he took to bis bed, and on the even- ing o? 11 Aug. ho was dead. Mourning for his loss was universal in Calcutta ; he was buried in the Circular Road cemetery, where a monument was erected to bii memory. His widow died in London in 1886, and was buried in the churchvard of Curry Rivel, Somerset. Tiiey had sis daughters: the eldest, Eiimbetli, married Walter Bageliot [q. v.] ; the next, Julia, was the second wife of WiUiamRalhbooeGr^[q.T.]; the fourth daughter, Zenobia, married Mr. Orby Ship- ley ; the fifth, Sophia Victoria, married Sir. Stirling Halsey of the Indian civil service, Erivate secretary to his father-in-law until is death, Wilson was very active in his tempera- ment, fertile in ideas, and lucid in exposi- tion. To the last hour of bis life Ue was of a sanguine disposition. His memory was marvellous, his judgment was remarkably even, and an iron constitution enabled him to accomplish a vast amount of work. In society his vivacity of conversation was always conspicuous. He was a foreign asso- ciate of the Institute of France. A full-length atatue of Wilson, by Sleel" of Edinburgh, the cost of which was defrayed by the mercantile community of the city, is in the Dalhousie Institute at Calcutta. A marble bust, by the same sculptor, ia in the National Qallery of Edinburgh ; it was {ilaced there by the Royal Academy of Scot- and, in recognition of his services in ob- taining a grant from Ihe treasury for the erection of the buildings in its occupation. 'fhat body presented Mrs. Wilson in I8&9 with tt portrait of him by Sir John Watson Gordon. It is now in Mrs. Bagehot's pos- session ; a copy of it was given by Wilson's children to the gallery of local worthies in Hawick town-hall. A pen-and-ink sketch by Richard Doyle of Wilson, together with Sir William Moleaworth, is in the print- room at the British Museum. They are botli drawn with flowing hair, and underneath are the words: ' Is that your own hair, or is it tt whig?' He is also represented in J. R. Herbert's picture of the leading mem- bers of the Anti-Cornlaw Iieague, [Economist, snpplement by Waller BageUot to niunber for 17 Nov. 1B60; it was reprinted BBS separate publiealion in 1861. and included in his Literury Studios (1679), i. 367-406(1838 eiiit.), iii. 3<M-67 i Gent. Mng^ 1880, ii. 432; VaparoBU, 1868 ed. ; Entyclop. Bril. 8thed..a' by Mr. Bagehot ; information from Mrs. Wal Bagehot of Henia Hill, Langport, Somerset.] ^ W. P. 0. J WILSON, JAMES AKTIIUR (1795- I 1682), phiBician, son of Jamua Wtlaou, the r sni^on and teacher of anatomy at the Uun- terian school in Great Windmill Street, waa ' born in Great Queen Street, Lincola'B Inn I f ii^lda, in 1795. His mother was a daugliter of Juba Clarke of Wellingborough, and sister I to Sir Charles MausSeld Clarke [q. v.] Ue f was admit ted a king's scholar at Wu3'minat«r [ Kbool in 1808, and was elected to Christ Church, Oxford, on 9 May 18la. He gra- daat«d B.A. on 6 Dec. 1815, and obtained a first class in both classics and mathematics. On leaving Oxford temporBrilj-, he entered bis father's school in Great Windmill Street, and during the winter of 1817 be studied at Edinburgh. HeprocoededM,A.atOxfardoD 13 May 1818, M.B. on 6 Mav 1H19. and M.D. on 17 Mbj 1823. Ha was elected a Radcliffe tisvelling fellow In June 1831, and, having been nominated to a ' faculty studentship,' remaineda student of ChristGhurcb. In 1819 and 1820 he travelled through France and 8witierland to Italy as physician to Geurge Jobn Spencer, second earl tipencer, and bis wife, and in the enrly part of 1822 be left England for the continent, in compliance with Ibe requirements of bis Kadcblfu fi/l- lowsbip, and, with occasional intervals, was •broad for the five following years. He was admitted a candidate of the Cotle;i!e of Pbyeicians on 12 April 1824, a fellow on |_^_Marcb 182o, and was censor in 1828 and " ■ He delivered the materia medico X at the college in 1829, 1830, 1831. 3S2, the Lumleian lectures in 1847 i 1848 'on Pain,' and Ibe Harveian ora- I 1850: the last-named waa one of Mt original and noteworthy in matter i style of any that have been delivered ■' 'n the present cfnCury. Ue was elected cian to St. Oi^rge's Hospital on 39 May I, and held the office until 1867, when waa appointed cousulting physician. Wil- li died at Holmwood, Surrey, on 29 Uec. Wilson was author of: 1. 'On Spasm, I J^nguor, Palsy, and other Disorders termed ' IS of theMviBcular System,' London, 3mo. 2. ' Oratio Harveiana in Mdt- « Collvgii Kegalis Hedicorum babila die ^_ iiiiiicxix.,iii>ccCL., 'London, 18fjO,8vo. His . eoQtribntions to periodical literature were valuable and important. Among tbem were pBMrs on ' erysipelufl and rheumatic feverc," published in the ' Lancet.' Under the signa- ture of 'Maxilla' he contributed totbe'Lon- j doiiGai«lt«'of 1833aseriesofcbaracteristic LiUd interesting letters addressed to his friend tVeitibulua <Dr. George Hall of Brighton), dThese letters ure memorable in the nistory of the College of I'hysiciana, for they struck the keynote fur its reform. [Mnnk's Coll. of Phv^t. ; Roll of Westminater Scliuol; Foster's Alumni Oinn. 17l5-iB8B; Cat. Urit. MuB. Libr,} W. W. W. WnaON, JOHN (l.'39o-lfi74), musician, born at Faversham in Kent on 5 April 1S95, was distinguished as a lutenist, anil in 1835 succeeded Alphoneo Bales as musician to the kin^. Personal popularity won for his compositions something more than a just appreciation both at the court of Charles 1, when Oxford was the stronghold of the royal cause, and among the young men of the university. Wilson s intluenco in spread- ing the love of music bos been acknowledged aa far-reaching. ■ The best at the lute iu all England," be sometimes played the lute at the music meetings of Oxford, but more often presided over 'the consort' (Wood, JJ/e, p. xiiv). In 1644-5 Wilson graduated Mus. Doc. Oxon.; in 1046, on the surrender of the Oxford garrison, be entered the house- hold of Sir William Walter of Sarsden. On the re-<!8tahlisluuent in 1658 of the Ox- ford professorship of music, Wilson was ap- pointed choragus, the lectureship having by this time been diverted from the intention of its founder. In 1661 he resigneii Ibis post, for that of chamber musician to Charles II, and in 1662 he WHsappointed gentleman of the Chapel lioyal in the place of Henry Lawes. llelodgedat the Horseferry, Westminster, died there — ' aged 78 yeares, 10 months, and 17 dayes'— on 22 Feb. 1673-4, and was buried in the little cloister of Westminster Abbev. lie married bis second wife, -^nne Peniall.onal Jan. 1(!70-1. Wilson's portrait is among others belong- ing to the Oxford Music School. An ea- rving bv Coldwall (1044) was published Hawkins (Hitl. 2nd edit. p. 682; cf, Bhoulut, Cat. Eiiyr. Portr. p. loJl). The theory has been raised by Dr. liim- bault, but baa never been seriously accepted, that Dr. John Wilson waa identical with Shakespeare's Jack Willson, who sang ' Sigb lore, ladies,' and other lyrics. The folio i23 gives the stage direction, 'Enter the ce, Leonato, Claudio, and Jack Willson ' (Much Ado, act ii. sc. 3). That Wilson had frequent intercourse with contemporaiy com- posers of Shakespearean Ivrics, and himself set to music ' Take, ob ! take those lipe away,' sra known facts. That he bod a humorous nature and a love of practical joking, such as would better beseem an act or of those days, was commonly reported, and he was the Willson who, in company with Harry and Will Lawes, raised a tavern I i ^ Wilson 104, Ijrawl, is jHWaible {Harl. MS. 6395, quoted by RfMBAUi-T, Who was Jack IvUivn t IBJd). But tlieee coincidences are not of BulBcient weight to establish identity. On the other hand, there is a letter of SI Oct. 16^2 from Mandeville to the lord mayor and aldermen, soliciting for John Willson the place of one of the aerTants of the city for music and voice, vacant by the death of Richard Kails (lUnKmbram^a, \m. 46, 121 ), and a list of musiciane for the ' waytea,' 17 April 1641, records the same name. It is unlikely that Wilson commenced his career by these city appointments, which may be presumed to have been enjoyed by a humbler namesake, John Wilson, actor and The Playfords published aire and glees hy Wilson in (1) 'Soled Ayres," 1653; (2) ' Catch that cat«h can ; ' aud (3) ' Plea- sant Musical Companion,' 1667. In Clif- ford's 'Collection' (^nd edit. 1604) are the words of (4) Wilson's ' Hearken, Uod ;' (r>) ■ Psalterium Cujolinum, the devotions uf Uia Sacred Msieatie in his solitude and suf- fering, rendered in verse bj- T. Stanley, and set to musLck for three voices and an organ or theorbo," 1667; (6) 'Cheerful Ayre-s or Ballads, first composed for one single voice, and since for three voices,' Oxford, 1600, 3 vols. Tills was the first attempt at music printing at Oxford. In manuscript there are at tne British Museum many of Wilson's songs in Additional MS. 29396, most of which is said to bo in the handwriting of Ed. Lowe; an Evening SerTice in O (vol. v. of Tudway's 'Collection') and nine songs and part-songs in Additional MStj, 103^7 and 1KS08; and at the Bodleian Library music to several ' Odes ' of Horace and to passages in Ausonius, Claudian, Petronius Arbiter, and Statius. Among Wilson's com- positions was the air 'From the fairLavinian shore," from which (and Savile's ' The Waits') Sir Heniy Bishop compounded the popular glee ' O, by rivera.' [Burugy'a Hist, of Mnaic, iii. SSO ; Havliiii Hiat. ii. fiS2 ; OravaB Did, iv. 482 : Ch<-ii book of tbe Chapi^l Rojnl. p. 13: Abdy Williim Degn-aa of Mnaic, pp. 36, 82 ; Davey'a Hiat. pp. 279. 284, et tv^. ; Cal. SUie Papers. Dom. CUarlw I and Charlra II ; will in WBatmlnatDF Act Book, fol.Sfl; Notamnd Queries. 3rd »er. il. ITI.viii.4IS.6th ser. i. 465 ; Coll. Tap. st GeD. vii. 104; aalhoritiBB cited.] L. M. M. WILSON, JOHN (1627P-1090), play- wright, tbe son of Aaron Wilson, anatlvt of Caermarthen, who has, however, been claimed as of Scottish descent, was born ' London in 1637. Tbe father, Aaboh Wilbos (1589-1643), Wilson mntriculnted from Queen's College, Oxford, on 16 Oct. 1607, as 'cler. til. let. 18.' Ue graduated M. A. in IB15, and D.D. on 17 May 1639. He was collated rwtor of St. Ste- phen's, Walbrook, in December 1636, was appointed chaplain to Charles I and in- stalled archdcacoo of Exeter in January IfKU ; in this same year be became vicar of Plymouth (St. Andrew's), to which benefice be was instituted byCharles I. He and his flock quarrelled over temporalities, and he took proceedings in the Star-chamber, but failed to prove the alleged encroachments. The corporation, nevertheless, thought it wise to surrender the right of presentation to tha king, who regranted it under conditions. When the civil war broke out, the vicar was sent prisoner by the townsfolk to Ports- mouth ; he died at Eieler in July 1&13, be- queathing to his son an unswerving faith in tlie greatness o f royal preroga ti ve (see WoBTH , Plymouth, p. 241; Lamd. MS. 986, f. 31; HBiraBssT, Noi-um Sepert. p. cliv). John Wilson matriculated from Rxet«r CoUege on 5 April 1641, aged 17, but did not proceed to a degree; he was admitted of Lincoln's Inn on 81 Oct. Ifi46 ( li^i'ter, i. 254), and was called to ijie bar from that inn about 164!). His plays mads his name known to the courtiers, and bis high views on the subject of tbe prerogative commended him to James, duke of York, who recom- mended him for a place to James Butler, first duke of Ormonde. He may have ac- companied Ormonde to Ireland in 1677; in any case, he was appointed about 1681 te the office of recorder of Londonderry, and in 1682 he issued tvom a Dublin press bla ' Poem. To his escellenee Richard, Earl of Arran, lord deputy of Ireland.' Two Bjars later he dedicated to Ormonde 'A iscourse of Monarchy, more partlcalarly of the Imperial Crowns of England, Scot- land, and Ireland . . . as i( relates to ths Succession of His Royal Highness James, Duke of York,' London, 8vo, Esrly in the following year ha was ready with 'A Rn- darlque to their Sacred MajeEtifs Jamea U and bis Royal Consort Queen Mary, on thelrjoyntCoronation at Westminster, April 23, 1686,' London, folio. James pmbaUy mentioned his deserts to Richard Talbot, earl of Tvrconnel, and there is a suggestion that Wilson was employed by the new ")y during 1087 in the capacity of secre- His loyalty was equal to everv strain, a 16B8 be produced his erudite and itical 'Jus regiumcorouK, or the King's Supream Power in Dispensing with Penal Statutes' ([.^ndon, 1688, 4to), which be dedi- cated ' to the Honorable Society of Lincoln' 3--I ^K Ian.' A sec Wilson 105 Wilson d I Inn.' A serond part w&s projocted, butnevur appeared. Ileprobablj' returned thu recorder- snip until the sie^ of Uerry (April- August 16h9), during' vhich period^ in the absence of mayor and sherilf, the office muEt have been a dead lulter. It is evident thatWilaon Bhortlyafterwardawent to Dublin with a view to j oini nf^ Jamue Chere,BndtbRr.,countingupon the uUimate Irlumpb of the Jacobiti.- cauae, he stayed there for one or two years. He is said to have written his tragi-comedy of * Belphegor' in that city during 1690. He Dtftj have returned to London to see it pro- duced Bt Dorset Garden in the October of that year. Langbaine, writing in 16i)9, status that he died ' near LeiceBter Fields about three -S since.' There is a somewhat obscure [reference to John Wilson in (BiickiiiKham Land Rochester's?) * The Session of the Poets, I to the Tune of Cock Laure!.' Wilson was the author of two prose come- ^ i^ of merit, besidi^a a five-act trapidy in ( blank verse and a tragi-comedy. Lilie the ; SUodwells in the next generation, he was a ; follower of 'the tribe of Ben.' Ha was a j •choUr, and his plays are full of adaptations from the antiijue comedy ; but as a delineator j of rascality, if rarely original, he is always vieorons and often racy, with a strong moa- ' euline humour. His plays in order of pro- duclionare: l.'TheCheats: aComedy,'Lon- , A)n,1664,4to(1671,4tOi 3rd edil. 1684; 4th ' «dit. 16fl3, with a new song). This excellent | fiircica) comedy was written in 1662 (so we ! ftn; told in 'The Author to the Reader,' dated Lincoln's Inn, lU Nov. IdtiS), and performed with great applause by Killigrew's company »tVere Street, Clare Market, in 1663. Lacy played Scruple, the nonconformist minister, -who in bis fondness for deep potations 'too ffocid for the wicked: it may strengthen Uiem in their enormities,' strikingly antici- pates the Shepherd in ' Pickwick.' Both this character and Mopus the astrological t Quack are strongly suggestive of Jonson thiougboul. The time appears not to huve been quite ripe for the breadth of the sntire, forinBlettertoJohnBrooke,dat«d28March 1663, Abraham Hill remarks, ' The new play ' called " The Cheats '' has been attempted on the stage ; but it is so ectuidaluus that it is torbiddan ' (Familiar Jitters, p. 103). The piece is just mentioned by Downes in bis 'Roacius Anglicanus.' 2. ' AndronicusCom- TOenios: aTragedy,' Lotidon,1064,4to. The history is derived from the ' Cosmography ' I of Fet«r Heylyn [q. v.l and coincides with the narrative given in tne forty-eighth chap- tetof Gibbon. An anonymous play of little merit upon the same subject, written in 1643, had been published in 16(J1. The passage between Andronicus and Anna, the widow of his victim Alesius (act iv. sc. iji.) seems to have been inspired by the famous scene in ' Richard III.' The play was dedi- oated{i6Jan. 1663-4)'To ray fri-nd A.B.' 3. "Tliu Projectors: a Comedy,' Loudon, 1665, 4to. This comedy of London life was licensed for the press by L'Estrancra on 13 Jan. 1664-6, but Genest doubts if it were ever acted. U betrays more clearly than Moliere's 'L'Avare' its debt to their common original, the ' Aulularia'ofPIautus; Sir Gudgeon Credulous apain bears consider- able re8emt)l8Bce lo Fabian Fitadottrell in Jonson's 'The Devil ia an Ass,' while the She-Senate scene between Mrs. Godsgood, Mrs. Gotam, and Mrs. Snuceai is strongly reminiscent of the ' Ecclesiaiusie' of Aristo- phanes. The fault of the play remdes, not in the characters, which are excellent, espe- cially the Miser, Suchdry and his servant LeancUoi>s, but in the dearth of incident. There appears to be no connection between ' The Projectors ' and ' L'Avare,' which was hastily written in 168iil and ' transplantnd ' many years later by Henry Fielding (' The Miser,*^ February 17*33). 4. 'Belpbegor, or the Marriage of the Devil: a Tragi-comedy,* London, 1691, 4t«; the British Mueeumhaa a second copy with a slightly variant title- fage. Licensed by L'Estrange on 13 Oct. 690, this play was probably performed at; Dorset Garden at the close of 1690. The scene is laid In Genoa, and the story, which appears in tbe'Notti' of Straparola, was da- rived by Wilson from the English version of MachiavelU, published in 1QT4 (iJ. 1,65). A collected edition of Wilson's dramatio works was edited by Maidment and Logan for tbeir series of dramatists of the Hestora* tion in 1874. Besides his four plays and the tracts meit- tioned above, Wilson brought out in 1668 ' Moriie Encomium, or the Praise of Folly. Written originally in Latin by Des. Erasmus of Rotterdam, and translated into Englisb. by John Wilson,' London, l!2mo. [Wilson's Works. oflheBostoration, Characters of the Ec n. 149: Wntfs Bi . nid Englist) Plujs. 18flO : (renent'a Hist, of the English Stags, i. 31, 4SS, x. 13S-9: Dowuos's HuBoiuB Ansliesiiusi Ward's En^ish Dmm-itic Lit., 1898. iii. 337-40; BHker's Bio- gruphia DramHtica; Fost«r'a AInmni Oxen. lSOII-l7Ur NolBs aadQi Hailiit's Bibl. Hnndbook idCollirctionsiinil NfllPs: Poems on AtT^i Swto, 1716, i. 210-11; Adroootea" Libr. Ci Brit. Mus. Cat.] rith Memoir, in Dramiitlsta ^B H71 1 Langbains's Lives nod llish OramfttickPoBtB. 1712, I. Britanniea: HalUweU's Plujs. 18flO : (renent'a Hist. igB, i. Zi. 4S9, X. 13S-9: ^ iglicanusi Ward's Endish ^H , iii. 337-40; BHkcT's Bio- ^M ; Fost«r'a AInmni Oxan. ^^| ad QaeHp>< ; Haeaon's Mil- ^H : Hailiit's Bibl. Hnndbook ^H ■{fllPs: Poems on AtTnirs of ^H U; Adrocatea'Libr. Cikt.; ^H Wilson Wilson WILSON, JOHN (rf, 1761), bolanUt, was born nt Lau^leddal, neur Kendal, Wust- mocluad, and began lift: as a joumejmiiii BLoumnker, or, according to another account, M a stocking- maker. Being Dsthmntic, how- ever, he required an outdoor life, and acted as Bssiatant to Isaac Thompson, a well-known land survejor of Nuweastle-on-Tyne, while fais wtfu carried on a baker's shop. Probably in connection with this last trade he obtained the nickuame of ' Black Jack.' He possibly learnt his botonvinpart from John Robinson or FitiHobertB of the Gill, near Kendal, a correspondent of Ray and PstiTcr ; but with ■ ' uncommon natural parts ' ho made himself ' one of the most knowing herbalists of his time' l^Neweagtle Jountal, 27 July 1761), and is said at one time to have earned 00/. n year by giving lessons in botany once a week at his native place and at Newcastle, many pupils coming to him from the soutli of Scotland. It ia recorded of him that, being anxious to possess Morison's ' ilistoria Plantarum,' he determined to sell his cow, almost the sole support of his family, but a lady in the neighbourhood, hearing of the cireumstance, gave him the book. This anecdote and the character of his work show that Wilson must have acquired a knowledge of Latin. In 1744 he published " A Synopsis of British Plants,iii Mr, Ray's Method: . . . Together with a Botanical Dictionary. Illus- tTal«d with several Figures' (Newcastle- upon-Tyne, 8vn). This book is based upon, but not a mere translation of, DiUenius's edition of lijiy's 'Synopsis Stirpium Brilan- nicarum' (17^4), but is the first syBtematic account of British plants in English, and shows considerable original observation and thought (I'n.TBHBT, SkelvAei of the Proven <^Dutany, ii. a*>l-9). The introduction of the artificial Litin*ansystemled to Wilson's work being overlooked ; but Robert Brown, in his ' I'rodromiis Flora Novte Ilollandire ' (p. 490), dedicated the con volvulaceous genus Ifi'/jonia'inmemoriamJoh&nniBWilsoDauo- toris operis hand spemandi.' The descriptions of trees, grasses, and cryptogams, which were to have formed a second volume, were left in manuscript, whLch,in 1762, it was, according to I'ulteneyfop. cit. p.269), proposed topub- liah. Wilson (IiedatKeodalonl6Julyl7Gl, the last three or four j'ears of his life having been spent in so debilitated a state of health a» to entirely unlit him for work. [Hone"sY««r.Book,p.8a7; NichoUonB Annals of Keudal, p. 313.J G. S. B. WILSON, JOHN (1720-1789), author of 'The CIvdt',' son of William Wilson, farmer and blackBmith,wasbomin the parish of Lesmahagow, Lanarkshire, on 30 Jane 17^. lie was educated at Lanark grammar school till the age of fourteen, ^en the death of his father and the strwtened cir- cumstniices of his family constrained him to teach for a living. In 1746 be was appointed parish schooltniuter of I^esmaha- gow, whence Uo was invited in 1764 to superintend the education of certain familiea in Kuther^len, near Glasgow. In 1767 be was appointed master of the Greenock grammar school, a stipulation of his engi^^ ment being that he was to forsake 'the Srofane and unprofitable art of poem-making.' ;eferring to tais in 1803 as a survival of the puritanical covenanting spirit, Scott writes, ' Such an incident is tion as unlikely to happen in Greenock as in London' {Min- Kfrelty i(f thr Scottish Border, u. 1T6 n.> Wilson, burning his manuscripts, faithfully observed the conditions of his appointment, though conscious of passing ' on obscure life, Uie contempt of shopkeepers and brutish skippers' (Letter to his son, 21 Jan. 1779). He was a diligent and popular teacher, retaining office till two years before liia death, which took place at Greenock on 3 June 1789. Wilson married, on 14 June 1T51, Agnea Brown, by whom he had nine cliildren. James, tbeeldeat son, becoming a sailor, wu killed in 1776 in an engagement on Lake Champlain, his heroism on the occasion prompting government to bestow a small penaion on his father. A daughter ^'iolet, wife of Robert Wilson, a Greenock ship- master, supplied matter for Leyden's memoir, 1803. In 1760 Wilson printed 'A Ilramatic Sketch,' which he afterwards elaborated into ' Earl Douglas,' and issued along with ' The Clyde' in 1764. From an imperfectly amended and enlarged copy Leyden pub- lished the final version of ''The Clvde' in ' Seotish Descriptive Sketches,' IS03. The dramatic poem ia important mainly as an exercise, exhibiting in its two forms the author's skill and copiousness of expression and his growing sense of style. ' The Clyde ' is distinctly meritorious. Its heroic couplet* are dexterously managed, its historical allu- sions are relevant and su^stive, and il« descriptive passages reveal independent out- look and genuine appreciation of natural beautv. It ia, in Leyden's worde, ' the first Scottish loco-descriptive poem of any merit.' [Blograiihicul sketch uf Wilxon preRled to Scutish Descriptive Poema. od. Jofiu Leydsn, 1803; Lives of SBottish PufU by tlift Society of Ancient Scots; Grant Wilsou'a Pofu and Poetry of ScoUand.] T. B. WILSON, Sir JOHN (174l-1793),iudge, bom «i Tlie How, Applethwaite, ia Wesi- morland, on (> Aug. 1741, wm the sod of John Wilson, a niiin of proparty in the parish. He was educated at Stave!ey| near Ken'Jal, ■nd ea I ered feterhoiise ,Cambridge,pn^&Jaii. 17&B, graduating B.A. in 1761 m bi ■wrEJigler,BndM.A.in 17fti, and beinz elected to a fuilowBhip on 7 July 1764. Wliile still ftn undergraduate he is sud to have made ^^m able repl^ to iLe otlacli on Edward ^BVPiuinrs ■ Miscellanea Analylicn' bv Wil- Bbm ^iamuel Powell [q. v.], muter' of St. HKtbo'B College (Nichols, Lit. Anecrl. ^HlT). He entered the Middle Temple ^^J»naftry 1763, and. after being called to 1 b&r in 1766, he joined the northern circ in 1767, and noon acquired a considerable pnctic«. He was patronised by John Di Ining (nfler wards GrsC Baron AGhburtan) fg. v.], and in his turn he befriended John Kolt (afterwards Lord EldonJ (Twiaa, Life ^ Lord Eldon, 1846, i. 88). On 7 Nov. 3786 he was 8p])ointod by Thurlow to fill Che vacancy in the court of common pleas occasioned by the death of Sir George hares Jq. v.], and on \n Nov. he was knighted. On toe retirement of Thurlow he waa made a eoDunisfioner of the great seal on 15 June 1792, and held that om^e until 1>8 Jan. 1793, -when Lord Loughborough became lord chan- eellor. He was elected a fellow of the Royal Society on VA March 178:^. He died Kendal on 18 Oct. 1793, and wna buried tlie church, where a monument was erected to hie memory, wilh an inscription by his friend, Kichard Watson (1737-1816) fq-v.], hiahop of Llandafl". On 7 April 1788 lie married a daughter of James Adair [q. v.], Beljeant-at-law, By her he had a sod and two daughtera. [Atkin(ion"B Worlliies of WeslcnorliiQd, 1850, il.lUtl-8; Osnt. Miig. ITD2 i. 39, 1793 ii. 9^5. 1 794 ii. 1051 ; Townwnd'H Cat. of Knighu. 1833 ; Fosb'd Jmlgeg of Englsad, 1861 viii. 408-9.] KI. C. WILSON, JOHN (1800-1849), Scottish Tocalist, son of John Wilson, coach-driver, was bom in Edinburgh on So Dec. 1800. At the age of ten he waa apprenticed lo a printing hrm, and was aubsequenClv engaged wilh the Ballantynes, where he nelpd to •et np the ' Waverley Novels.' During the building of Abbotsford he was often chosen as one of the armed messengers who had to ride weekly to Tweedside wilh money to pay the workmen. He conceived an early liking for music, studied under John Mather bdo Benjamin Gleadhill of Edinburgh, and was « member of the choir of Duddingston parish church during the ministry of JohuTbomaoa (1778-1840) [q.r.], the painter. For soma time he was precentor of Roxburgh Plocs relief church, where his fine tenor voice drew great crowds, and from 1825 to 1830 ho held the same post at Si. Mary's Church, Edinburgh. After this he devoted himself entirely tomuaic teaching and concert giving. He studied singing in Edinburgh under Fin- lay Dun [q. v.], and afterwards in London under Geaualdo Lan/a [q, v.] and Crivelli, taking harmony and counterpoint lessons fromGeorge A^ull [q.v.] In March 1830 he appeared in Edinburgh as Harry Bertram in ' Guy Mannering,' and was subseqiiently engages in other operas — notably in Balfe's, in some of which he created the principal fart— at Covent Garden and Drury I^ane. lis acting wua, however, somewhat stiff, and he abandoned the stage to become an exponent of Scottish song ; in thatcharacter he appeared before the queen at Taymouth Castle in 1842. Hts Scottish song entertain- ments, both in this country and in America, were an itnmense success, and brought him a large fortune. He died of cholera at Quebec on 8 Jul^ 1849. David Kennedy [q. v.], the Scottish vocalist, restored his tomb there, and made a bequest for its perma- nent preservation. Wilson published an edi- tion of ' The Son^ of Scotland, as sung by him at hi* Entertainments on Scottish Music and Song,' London, 1843, 3 vols.; and 'K Selection of Psalm Tunes, for the use of tho Congregation of St. Mary's Church, Edin- burgh '(1825), in which appears the popular tune ' Howard,' generally attributed to him, although it is anonymous. He composed several songs, notably ' Love -wakes and sleeps,' and at bis entertainments introduced many which, though unclaimed, are under- stood to be his own. [Love's Scotlish Charch Masic : Baptrs'i MuBienlScotlaad; Dibdin's Annnlsof thn Edin- burgh Stage; GroTea Diet, of Music. Hodden's George Thomson, the Friend of Burn».p. 249; BniM'a John Tliomsnn of Dnddingston : Records of Canongate Parish. Cdinbunb ; informution from the lale Jamea Stillie, Edinburgh.] WILSON, JOHN (1785-1854), author, the 'Ohrialopher North' of 'Blackwood's,' and professor of moral philosophy in the university of Edinburgh, was bom at Pais- ley on 18' May 1785. His father, John Wil- son {d. 1796), was a manufacturer of gauxe, who had made a fortune in business; bis motlier, Margaret Sym (1763-1825), a lady of remarkable diguity of manners and im- periou.1 strength of character, was descended '~ the female line from the Marquis of Mont- I I Rev 9 the fourth child but eldest Wilson n son, being one of & family of ten. Hie youngest brother, James Wil90n(179'5-1856), IS noticed separately. John recoived bisfirat education In the grftramar school of Puisley and in tlie manse of Mearns, and in 1797 proceeded to Glasgow UnivecBily, where he was especially influenced by Jardioe, thepro- fesioT of logic, and Young, the professor of Greek. Ha obtained several prizes in logic, &nd Ilia career aa a student was in general highly creditable to him, though be was still more distinguished as au athlele. 'I con- aider Glasgow College as my mother,' he wrote, ' aTid I have almost a son's affection for her.' From Glasgow he migrated to Ox- ford, where he became a gentlemnn commoner at Magdalen College, and malriculated on 2(5 May 1803. llu bad previously, in May ISOl'.aflbrded an indication of the direction wbicb bis thoughts were taking by addressing a long letter, partly reverential, partly ex- postulatory, to Wordsworth, who returned the boy an elaborate answer, inaerted in his own memoir, and re-printed, with Wilson's letter, in Professor Knight's editions of his works. At Oxford ' he waa considered the strongest, the most athletic and most active man of Chose days, and created more interest among the gownsmen than any of his con- temporaries.' He also studied methodically, and obtained considerable distinction in the achoola, besides winning the Newdigate prize in 1806 (with a poem on ■ Tbe Study of Greek and Roman Architecture '). He made many university friends (among them ReginalH Ileber and Henry PLillpotls), bot none whose ecqitaintance appears to have been especiallv influential upon bis life. During the vacations he wandered over Great Britain and Ireland, associating with characters of all descriptions; buttheatory related by the Howitts of bis having actually married a S'psy is entirely devoid of foundation. In ct his deepest concern during the whole of his Oxford residence was his tender atta<?h- ment to the lady he celebrates as ' Margaret,' ' an orphan maid of high talent and mental graces, which came to nothing from the violent opposition of his mother. Hearts broken from sorrow ond disappointment, Wilson went up for his B.A. examination in the Easter term of 1807, under tbe full conviction that be should be plucked, but on the contrary passed 'the most illustrious examination within the memory of man.' He graduated M.A. in 1810. Hohadalreadv nurchased a cottage and land at Ellerav on Wmdermere, and thilber he betook himself to lead the life of a country gentleman, not at the lime contemplaliug the pursuit of any profeasioi" ^ o r The first four TearB of Wilson's life at Elleray were diviaed between improrementa to bis estate, outdoor recreation, and tbe composition of poetry. ' The Isle of Palms' and other pieces were written by ISIO, and pablished at the beginning of 1613. He also contributed letters to Coleridge'* ' Friend ' under tbe signature of ' Matheies.' On II May 1611 he had married Jane Penny, the daughter of a Liverpool merchant and ' the leading belle of the lake country,' who had removed to Ambleside to be near her married sister. The union was most fortu- nate; but four years afterwards a calamity overtook A\'il8on by the loss of his property (est imatedat 60,000/.) through tbediahonesty of an uncle who had acted aa steward of thi estate. Wilson, so fearfully excitable when the affections were in question, bore the lost of fortune with magnanimity, and even con- tributed to tbe Bupjiort' of the delinquent uncle. The blow was indeed in great measUTB broken by the hospitality of hia mother, who received bim and his family into her bouse; norwas he even obliged torelinquish Ellerav, though he removed from it for a tima. He WHS called to tbe bar at Edinburgh in 1815, but made little progress in a profes«ion in which neither taste nor ability qualified bim to excel ; of the few briefa which cam* to bim he afterwards said, ' I did not know what the devil to do with them,' He culti- vat^d literature to better purpose, follawioK lip ■ The Isle of Palms ' with ' The City o? the Plague' and other poems (1816). la 1S16 ho made a pedestrian highland tour in company with his wife, in those days an almost unparalleled undertaking for a lady- Encouraged by Jeffrey, who hod reviewed ■ The City of the Plague ' very kindly, Wil- son contributed on article on the fourth cant« of ' Childe Harold ' to the ' Edinburgh,' but was almost immediately afterwords caught in the vortex which swept tbelilerarytalent of ticottish toryism into the new tory organ, 'Blackwood's Magazine,' established in April 1817, Up to this time periodical lileratuTB in Scotland had been a whig monopoly : all the loaves and fi«bes had been on one aide, and all the pen and ink on tbe other. Thit was now to be altered, and although Wilson was not in reality a fierce, much less a bitter or intolerant, partisan, tbe vehemence of bi« temperament and the unwonted elrength of his language sometimes made bitn appear the very incarnation of political ferocity. The early management of 'Blackwood' was designedly involved in mvsterv, but Mrs. Oliphant's 'Annals of the' Publishing House of Blackwood ' has recently made it clear that the sole editor was William Uiactn- Wilson Wilson ■wood [q.T.] himself, BE d that, contrary to the Keneralbelirf at the time, neither Wilson nor Lockhart was ever entrusted with editorial fanctiona. The first six numbers had ap- peared as 'The Edinburgh Monthly Magazine,' under the nominnlconduct of James Cleg horn [q. T.] and Thomas Pringle [q. y.] The en- desvoiirs of theje gentlemen lo make them- lelTes Bomething tnore than editors by cour- nay epeedily^ estranged them from Black' irood : they seceded lo the riral publiHher Constable, and Blackwood organised a new ■lall', of which Wilson and John Gibson Lockhart [q. v.] were the most conspicuous ■Dentbcrs. Seluom has so great a sensation been produced by a periodical as that which atlendpd their first number (October 1817), overBowinr with boisterous humour and at the same time with party and personal ma- lifniity 'oo degree to which Edinburgh so- lely wai utterly unused. Beaides attacks on Coleridge and Leigh Hunt, able and tell- ing, but disgraceful lo the writers, the num- ber contained the renowned ' Chaldee Maau- •cript ' (afterwardB suppressed), which was in fact a satire, in the form of biblical parody. upnn the rival publisher and his myrmidons. l^e autiiorship was claimed by James Hogg ^q. v.], tbn 'Ettrick Shepherd;' but Fro- leaaor Farrier authentically slates that, al- though riogg conceived the original idea, not more than forty out of the 18U verses are Ktuall^ from hia pen. It may be added that the British Museum possesses a proof-sheet with numerousadditions suggested in manu- •cript by Hogg, not one of which was ■dopted. ■Blackwood,' now fairly launched, pur- fued a headlong and obstreperous but irrc- ttstibla course for mon^ years, Wilson's overpowering animal spirits and Lockhart's deadly sarcasm were its main supports, but 'The Leopard' and 'The Scorpion' were Cawerfullv assisted hj the ' Eltrick Shep- pnl,' bv William Mi^inn [q.v.], and Itobert Vaine 'Uilliea [q.v.} No one but BUckwood liimaelf, however, can bear a general respon- tibilily; liis correspondence with Wilson in the latter's life shows how invaluable he was to his erratic contributor, and also what fric- tion often existed between them. The at- tacks on Keats and Leigh Hunt, applauded at the lime, were in after days justlv re- garded as dark blots on the magazine. "Wil- ton luauredly was not responsible, and may even be deemed lo have atoned for them by the enthusiaslic yet discriminating enco- B of Shelley in tbe articles ha wrote at Itliia time, undtr the inspiration, us now lown, of Be Quineey, an old associate in e lake district. These were days of fierce exasperation on all sides, and much sllow- aneo should be made for the attitude of ' Blackwood,' which was nevertheless dis- approved even in friendly quarters. Jefirey was driven to renounce all literary connec- tion with Wilson ; and Murray, though the publisher of the tory ' Quarterly,' gave up hia interest in the magaiine. An unpro- voted attack by Lockhart on the venerable Professor John Playfair [q.v.] was especially resented. Wilson's temperament continually carried him beyond bounds. His correspond- ence with Blackwood reveals him as at least once in a condition of aWect terror at having committed himself, not from any fear of per- sonal consequences, but from the perception that be had spoken in a manner impossible to justify of men whom he really revered. During 1819 Wilson left his molber'sroof and removed with bis wife and family to a small house of his own in Ann Street, where Watson Gordon was his immediate neigh- bour, and where he also enjoyed ihe society of Itaebum and Allan. Next year the chair of moralphiloBOphvin Edinburgh L'niversity fell vncant.and Wilson, who had no obvious qualification and many obvious diaqualificoi- tions, was elected by the town council over the greatest philosopher in Britain, Sir Wil- liam Hamilton, by twenty-one volM to nine, given him on the one sufficient ground that he was a tory [see art. Stew art, BuaALS], Having so freely assailed others, his own re- putation was not likely to pass unassailed through the excitement of the contest. Hia wife 'could not give any idea of the mean- ness and wickedness of the wliigsif she were to write a ream ol paper;' and Wilson found it necessary lo get not only his literature but ills morals altested by Mrs. Grant of Laggan as well as t-ir Walter Scott. Opinion on the other side is summed up by James Mill, when he says, writing to Macvcy Jiapier, ' The one to whom you allude makes me sick to think of him.' The appointment was certainly an improper one, but turned out much better than could have been expected, ' He made,' says Professor Saintsbury, ■ a very excellent professor, never perhapa attaining to any great scientific knowledn in his subject or power of expoundinf ■* but acting on generation after generatio._ __ aCudenls with a stimulating force that is far more valuable than Ihe most eJihaustive knowledge of a particular topic' It is only to he regretted that his professorship was not one of English literature. There he would have been entirely at home ; hii geniality, magnanimity, and ardent appre- ciation of everything which he admired would have found an eager response from Wilson bis young auditon ; while the diffuseness and extra vssnnceoF diction which eogreutly mar his critical writinf<« would liave passed unnoticed in an oral address. For some years Wilson's more elsborati' efforts in 'Blackwood' beloDgedtotbe di-pitrt- inent of prose fiction. M<ml of tlic ' LiEhr^ and Shfulows of .Scottish Lit«' ajipeaTed in the magazine prior to their ci'llective publi- cation in 1822. 'Tlia Trials of Margaret Lyndnay'woa puhtished in 18:>3, aad 'The Foreatera' in I8:;5, Thew were all works of merit, but are little read now, and would acarcoly be read at all but for the culebrity of their aullior in other gelds. It was not until 1822 that Wilson found where his real strength lay, and began to delight the public with tis ' Soclta Arabrosianoe.' The idea of a symposium of coii){enial spirits is as old as I'klo, and Wilson's application of it bad been in some measure anticipated by Pea- cock. Bui Plato's banqueters keep to one ■abject, while Wilson's range over intermi- nable fields of discussion, usualir siif^etitMl by the topics of the day. As Plato created a Socrates for his own purposes, so WiUon embodied his wit and wisdom, and, more important than either, his poetry, iu the ' Ettrick Shepherd,' a character for which James Hogg undoubtedly sat in the first instance, but which improved immensely upon the original in humour, pathos, and dramatic force ; while the dialect is by common consent one of the finest examples extant of the classical Doric of Scotland. Wilson himself, as ' Christopher North,' ads in a measure as prompter to the Shephei^I ; yet many splendid pieces of eloquence are put into his mouth, and he frequently enacts the chords, conveyin); the broad common- sense of a subject. The literary form, or rather absence of form, exactly suited WilKon. Here at last was a great conversationalist writing as he talked, and probably few books so ^ell convey the impreasion of actual contact with a grand, primitive, and most opulent nature. The dramatic skill shown in the creation of the ' Shepherd,' though it ' has been much e\a^(erated, is by no means incouMderable : the othercharocters, Tickler (Mr. Robert Sjm, Wilson's maternal uncle), 'the opium eater,' De Quincev, and Ensign O'Dohertv, are comparatively insignificant. The original idea of the ' Noctes' seems to bnvo been Maginn's, and between 1832 and 183S they were the work of so many hands that Professor Ferrier has declined to include these early numbers in Wilson's 'Works.' Afterthisdate until their terminationinlfiSu they are almost eiitir*ily from bis pen. Their i coucluaion was probably thought to be ne- ' cesaifated by the death of IIoj^. who could no longer appear before the world as a con- vivial philosopher. But a blow was impend- ing upon Wilson himself which must have destroyedhispowerofcontinuinga work the first requisite of which was exuberant animal spirits. In 1837 he lost his wife, and was never the same man again. For nearly twenty years he had been enriching ' Black- wood, wholly apart from the ' Nocte*,' with a torrent of contributions^critical, descrip- tive, political— so representative of the gene- ral spirit of the periodical as fully to warrant the erroneous inference that he was its con- ductor. The death of William Blackwood in September 1834 was a severe blow to him, but he ' stood by the boys,' and bis relations with them continued to be much the same as they liod been with the father, troubled by occasional sugpicions and miHunderstand- ings, but on the whole as consistently ami- cable as was possible in the case of one so wayward and desultory. 'He was,' Mrs. Oliphant justly says, ' a man for an eraer- Kncy, capable of doing a piece of super- man work when his heart was touched,' but not to be relied upon for steady support. In some years the abundance of his contri- butions was amuiing, and in 18^3 he wrote no fewer than fifty-four articles for the ' Magaxine.' Among the most remarkable of his contributions before the death of Black- wood were a series of mpers on Homer and his translators, abounding in eloquent and just criticism ; similar series of essays on Spenser and British critics, and the memo- rable review of Tennyson's early poems, bitterly resented by the poet, hut which, in foci, allowing for ' Mogn's' characteristic horseplay, was both sound and kind. Of a later date were some excellent papers en- titled the ' Dies Boreales,' his loht literary labour of importance, and an edition of Wilson's spirits bod greatly waned ofler the death of his wife, and hia contribut'ions to 'Blackwood' became irregular, but he was unremitting io his attention to the duties of his professorsliip, and continued to fill tie conspicuous place he held in Edinburgh aa- oiety until ]8»0, when his constitution gave manifest signs of breaking up. In 1651 hs resigned his professorship, and a pension of SOOL was conferred upon him in the hand- soniBBt spirit by Lord John Kusaell, the object of ao many bitter attacks ftvim him. W ilson eihibit«d the same spirit by record- ing bis vote at the Edinburgh election of 1852 for his old political opponent Alacaulay. This was his last public appearance. Chi I April 1854 at his house in Gloucester Wilson PUce, Edinburgh, his home since 1826, be had k pkmWtic strolie, which tenniimted hia life t-wo days aflerwards. lie was buried in tbe Dean cemetery with an imposinK public foneral on 7 April, nnd a etmtuB of hun by John Steell was e^reuted in I'rinces Street la 1866. WilBon left two Bf>ns, John and BUir, one a clergyman of tbe church of £agland, the other for a time secretivry to the university of Edinburgh. lie had tbree dmughtersr Margaret Anne, married to l*ro- Ifector James Fredt^ric^ Ferrier [q-v.]; Mary, hia biographer, married to Mr, J.T. Oordoii, ^(rilF of Midlotbian ; and Jane Emily, I marri^ to William Edmonstoime Avtoun fa- H %Vi]aon was a man of one piecre. His personal and literary characters were tbe BABU. Tbe chief uhiiracteristic of both is a nuuTclIoualy rich endowment of fine qua- lities, marred by want of reislraining jndg- Uent and symmetrical proportion. As a fnanhe was the soul of generosity and mog- nnnimity. Init Bxaggerated in everything, aud by recklessness and wilfulness van fre- quently itajust where he intemled to he the reverse. As an author be must have at- tAJned high disltnction if his keen perception of and intense delight in natural and moral boautji luid b»en accompanied by any re- cAgnition of the value of literary form. In thu 'Noetea' this is in some measure enforced npon him by tbe absolute necessity of main- taining consistenKy and propriety among his iramatif penona. Elsewhere the perpetual freniyof rapture, although pe^ectly genuine irith liim, becomes wearisome. Ills style is undoublmlly colloquial and sometimes mere- tricious. Nassau Senior thought ho badly of both ' his dtilcia as well as bis frutia titia' t\att 'be would almost as soon try to read Carlyle or Coleridge.' Such a, verdict has no terrors now. Yet it is true that ibere are f»w vrriters of Wilson's calibre who dis- course at such length, and from whom so little ran be carried away. His descriptions both in prone and verso read like improvisa- tions, leaving behind n general sense of beauty and splendour, hut few definite im- pressions, lie will lire nevertheless by his ujitf^ imilnted but never rivalled ' Noctes,' vai should ever be held in honour for the DllinlineM and generosity of his character as Bn'Siilbor. The asme qualities characterised the mans of his criticism, although at times some insupembk prejudice or freak of pep- vertity intervened, as when in his old.oge he recanted his former sentiments respecting •Wordsworth in an essay which fortunately Biiver saw the light. Such wijre aberra- tions orjiidgmont: he was entirely free from malice or vindictiveness, and never cherished resentment. His review of his former ad' versnry Mocaulay's 'Idiys of Ancient Kome' aliect«d Mauaulay 'as generous conduct atfecta men not ungenerous.' Irf)ng before his death he wus entirelv reconmled to Jeffrey, aud he wrote in 18»4 of his bypine enmity with Leigh Hunt, 'The animosities die, hut the humanities live for ever.' Ilia own function.whether'at a painter of nntural or an expositor of Jiterarv beauty, moy ho truly and tersely summed up in another dictum, that it was to teach men to admire. Portrnits of Wilson, painted by Haehum and Watson Gordon, are in the National Portrait Gallery, Edinburgh, and in the National Portrait Gallery, London, respec- tively ; an engraving of the latter is prefixed to 'I'Tofessor Wilson: a Memorial and a Sketch' [by George Cupples], Edinburgh, biography of her father, Thomas Duncan painted ' Christopher in his Sporting Jacket ' (engraved by Armytage for the collected works), and a sketch from a statue Iw Macdonald, with a caricatured bal:kground, api^eared in tbe Maclisa Gallery in > Fraser'a Matntzine.' Wilson's works were collected in twelve volumes by his son-in-law, ProfesfMir Ferrier, 185r)-9. Four volumi'S are occupied by the ' Noctes Ambroaianw ; ' four by ' Esaaya, Cri- tical andImaginBtive;'two by 'The Recrea- tions of Christopher North,' one by the poems, and one by tbe tales. The col- lection is not complete, the earlier numbers of the 'Noctes' being omitted, as well aa tbe papers on Sjienser, 'Dies lioreales,' and other matt«T which but for space might well have bcrai reprinted. A complete and elabo- rate edition of the ' Noctes ' was published Rt New Vork by Dr. R. Shelton Mackenii» (in five volumes with an excellent index) and revised in 1868. {Chrigfiphor North: a Memoirof John Wilson by his Daughter, Mrs. Gordon, IH62 ; Mrs. Oli- phnnt's AiinnlB of the Fiiblishin!{ Hoasn of Blarkwoud, William BWJtwoml and Ha Soul, 1807; CuppWa Fraressor Wilson, a Hemorisl Htid EatimnlB by one of his Stiidenta. 18.«i BlflchvoDd's Mm;, Hny and Becember IBfi^; AtlmnMum, April 1851 and 8 July 1879 <a bril- liant but severe estimate of the ' Noctes,' which are proooimtad to ba 'dying of dropsy'); Quarterlj' Review, vol. ciiii.; Profeswr Forriar'a prefaces in Wilson's Works; Lang's Life of John Gibson Lockhart, lB97i De Onincey's Portrait Oallery and Aulobiograpbic Skslfbea; Oillies'a Memoirs uf a Literary Vueran, 18A1 ; DoaglaaTs The ' Blackwood ' Group, 1807 ; -Se lections fiom tile ComapaQdente ot Macvey Napier; Lock- I I Wilson Wilson hi* KinBfolk, toI. 1 ban's PpUt'b Letiara Qilfilli \a.y'» Peraonnl Msclise Portmit [DeQuincsy] io the Ediubafgh UtirrarjGuBtte of 1829] R. G. WILSON, JOHN (1774-1866), set paint«^r, son of Jamea Wilson, shipi ftther's pTofessiaa, chooaiiig llfryof Liierery PorlraiU; Find- I landacupeBndfamiTMdsubiecto withfiiturei. R«,,ll«tio..ofD.Qmn«j.l98B; I [oiUon'^ Viaw of the Ar.. of Desiga. 1816; R«igrBTe»' Century c Unive'B, Bryan's, Bnd Gravea'a AmiBtrong's Scottish PaiDtcra, 1888; Brydall's Art in Scaclarid, ISSS; Catalogae of Nation&l Oollery of Scitland.] J. L. C. WILSON, SiRjOHS{178O-l&50),g«ie. ml, bora ill 1760, was commissioned as ensign the 28th foot on 26 Murch 1794, and be- and Eleonora Mnaterton, hia wife, wan bom »t Ayr on 20 Aug, 1774 (Aifr ParUk Regii- ter). When tbirlMn years of y[e he was . . ■pprenticed to John Norie of Edinburgh, I camelieutenant on ISAug. 1796. lie went who, although by business a houso-paint«r, | wilhpartof the regiment to ihe West Indies not infrequently executed landscape panels | in 1796, and was present at the capture of of some merit in the rooms ho decorateo. On St, Lucia in May and of St. Vincent in June, the completion of his apprenticeship, which > He was made prisoner and taken to Guada- ■was not without influence upon his future, I loupe in July, and, after he had been ei- he had aome lessons in picture-painting from | changed, he was again made prisoner in the Alexander Nosmyth [q.v.], and then prac- nritish Channel in \1W7. He rejoined his tised as a drawing-master in Montrose fori regimentatQibraltar,andlookpartintheeap- two years, at the end of which he went to | lureofltinorcainNovember 1798.0nl8Jaa. Lonuun, There he soon found employment ' 1799 he ' I scene-painter at Astley's Tne IjAmbetb Koad, and his scenery is said tn have been good. Ilia name appears for the flrat time in the Itoyal Academy catalogut „ . _.. a company in the newly I formed Slinorca (afterwards the 97th, or I queen's German) regiment, lie served with it in the expedition to Egypt in 1801, and waa present at the battle of Aleiandria on of 1807, hnt, although he eihibiled a good 21 March, where the regiment greatly dis- manj pictures there, his principal works tinguished itself. He was promoted major were sent to the British Institution and the j on 27 May 1802. Society of British ArtisU. In 1826 he was ' In 1808 the 97th was sent to Portugal, awarded a 100/. premium for a picture of the It landed on 19 Aug,, and two days after- battle of Trafalgar (purchased by Lord wards fouiht at Vimiero as part of An- Northwick), painted in competition for a struther's brigade. Wilson was severely priie offered by the directors of the former , wounded. On 22 Dec. he obtained a lieu- society, and in the formation of the latter in tenanl>-colonelcy in the royal York rangeTH. 1S23-4 he took a leading part. He was also In January 1809 he went back to the PenJn- etected an honorary member of the [lioyall ' aula and joined the Luaitanian lenon raised Scottish Academy in 1827, and contributed by S'lrBobert Thomas Wilaon[q.v?) Hi regularly to its eihibiliona. His later yi were spent at Folkestone, where he founu congenial subjects for his pictures, which usually represent coast scenery and the saa with shjnping. His work is fresh and vigo- rous, and, if somewhat lacking in delicacy, pictorial in motive and arrangement, while It is marked by much truth of observation and directness of expression. He was n prolific painter, and between 1807 and 1856 showed 0^5 pictures at the three London exhibitions already named. There are two pictures by him in the National Ciallery of Scotland and one at South Kensington Mu- seum, On 20 April 18Q2 he died at Folke- Btone. Wilson, who was familiarly known BS 'Old Jock,' wasof asociabledlsposilion,a keen observer, a brilliant converSHlioniat,anii his storied of liohen Burns [q. v.] and other famous men he hod met were in great request among (hose who knew him. In 1810 he married a Mias Williams, and their son, John W. Wilson, whodied in 1875, employed with it in the neighbourhood of Ciudad Rodrigo, harassing the French posts, one of which he surprised at Barbara de Puerco, atthe end of March In 1810 he was made chief of the staff of Silveira, who commanded the Portuguese troops in the northern provinces. In August he saved the rear-guard of the corps, ' in circumstances of such trying difficulty that he received tha public thanks ' of Beresford (Napibb, bk.xi. chap, vj. In October orders cameout forhim to rejoin his regiment (York rangers), but Wellington represented that ' the loss of his services will be seriouslv felt ' {DespatiAer, vi. 543), and he remained with the Portu- guese army, At this time he was harassing the rear of Mosafna'a army at Coimbra, in concert with Colonel (afterwards 'Sir' Xi- cholos) Trant [q. v.] In 1811 he was made govemorof the pro- vince of Minho, At the head of the Minbo militia he had a successful affair at Celorico on 22 March, and was actively engaged on I the fronlier throughout that year and 1813. In June 1S13 Le joined \V'ellington's army, and commanded an independent Portuguese brigade at the »iege of San Sebaatian, the paseaee of the Bidassoa, and the battle of Hive lie. He was severely wounded on 18 Nov. during the establishment of the outpoats before Bayotiue. He was made knight-commander of the Portuguese order 4lf the Totver and Sword, a distincllon which, it Beemti, he would have received two 4SS). He was made brevet colonel on 4 June 1B14 and was knighted, and in 1815 he was made C.B. He received the gold medal for Sbh Sebastian, and afterwards the silver medal vith clasps for Vimiero and Nirelle, He was placed on half-pay on 3o Dec. 1816, thod promoted major-general on 27 March 1825. He commanded the troops in Ceylon from December 1830 till hia promotio lieutenant-general on 28 June 183H. waa mode K.C.B. on 6 Feb. 1837, and colo- nel of the 82nd foot on 6 Dec. 1836, from trhJch he was transferred to the llthfoot on 10 May 1841. He became general 11 Nov. 1851, and died at 67 Weathou; Terrace, London, on 22 June 1850, aged 70. [Annual Register, 18d6, p. 2011 ; Timsa, 2a Juno ISoS; eent. Mag. 1856, ii. 267: Narsl and Military Oaiette, 23 .luna IGaS; Narrntivo of tbs Campaigns of the Loyal LnHitauinu Legion.] E. M. L. WILSON, JOHN (1804-1875), mis- slanary and orientalist, bom at Lauder in Berwieksbireonll Dec. 1804, was tbeeldeat of Andrew Wilson, for more than forty a councillor of the burgh of Lauder, his wife Janet, eldest daughter of James inter, a farmer of Lauderdale. When aboat four years old he was sent to a school in Lander taught by George Murray, and about a year later be was transferred to the eriah school under Alexander Peterson. hisfourteenth year he proceeded to Gdln- bnrgh Cniveraity with a view to studying for the tninislry. In his vacations he was employed at first as schoolmaster at Horn- dean on the Tweed, and afterwards as tutor tOthesonsof.TohnCormack.ministerofStow in Midlothian. While at the university he became more and more inspired by Christian seal, and on 22 Dec. 1825 he founded the 'Edinburgh Association of Theological Stu- dents in aid of the DitTusion of the Gospel.' His attention was drawn to the mission field, and in the same year he offered him- self to the Scottish Missionary Society as a miasionsry candidate. In 1828 he published anonymoualy ' The Life of John Eliot, the TOL. LSII. Knnol Hn^hif I while acting as tutor to Cormack's nephews, the sons of (Sir) John Ituse, an Indian sol- dier, and by the influence of Brigadier-gene- ral Alexander Walker [q.v.J, former resident at Baroda ; and to prepnre himself for work in that country he studied anatomy, surgery, and the practice of physic at Edinburgh in 1827-8. In 1828 he was licensed to preach by the presbytery of Lauder, and on 21 June was ordained missionary. In the same year be was married, and sailed from Portsmouth in the Sesostrls, East Indiamnn. On his arrivol at Bombay In 1^*29 Wilson devoted himself to the study of Marat hi, and made such rapid progress that he was able to preach in tlie tongue in six months, de- livering his first sermon on 1 Nov. After visiting the older stations of the Scottish Missionary Society at HarnnI and Bankot, Wilson and his wife returned to Bombay on 26 Nov. 1829. Wilson immediately com- menced to labour energetically among the native population, and ly 4 Feb. 1831 be had formed a native church on presbyterian Erinciples. In 1830 he founded the 'Oriental hristian Spectator,' the oldest Christian periodical In India, which continued to ap- pear for thirty years. About 1830 an important undertaking was begun by Mrs. Wilson with her hus- band's ad vice^the establishment of schools for native girls, the first of their kind in India. The first school was opened on 27 Dec. 1829, and half a vear later six others had been set on foot. These, and some ele- mentary schools for boys established by Wilson, were supplemented on 29 Marcu 1832 by the foundation of a more advanced college for natives of both aeses, Wilson's institution invites comparison with that founded almost contemporaneously in Cal- cutta by Alexander Duff [q. v.] Wilson devoted more attention to female education, and gave more prominence to the study of langungea. While Duff's instrument e English tongue, Wilson employed ■maculars of a varied population — Marathi, Gujarathi, Hindustanf. Hebrew, and Portuguese; with Persian, Arabic, and Sanskrit for the learned classes. Both sys- 18, however, wore equally adapted to tlieir 'ironment: neither could have flourished amid the surroundings of the other same differences with the Scottish Missionary Society, Wilson and bis colleagues in India were transferred to the church of Scotland, and the school was denominated theScottlsh Wilson MiMJ on School. In 1888 the arrival of John Mumy Mitcliell,B student, of Marlachal Col- lege, Aberdeen, nnd the return of the mis- Bionsry Robert Nesbit (d. 18ij5l, rt^iidered it [lowible to organiBe the school on a more extended ba^is, and it became kaown m the General Asaembly's Institution. A new buildiDg was completed in 1843, but Wilson was immediately afterwards oblired to re- linquish it on quitting the church of Scot- land at the time of the disruption. He cur- ried on his school in another buildingwhicb was finished in 1865. The present ' Wilson CollefTB ' was completed about 1887. Wilson did not, nowever, confinehis efforts with the Miiharamiidans and Partis, ills courtesy and knowledge of oriental litera- ture made no less impression than his logic, and by familiarisiog the native mind with Chrietian modes of thought he prepared the way for further progress. In 1837, however, a dispute arose which threatened serious coneequences. Some of the Pars! pupils at the institution having shown an intention, of becoming Christians, one of them was carried off by his friends, while two others evaded capture by taking refuge in Wilson's house. After various violent attempts a writ of habeas corpus was taken out for one of them, and on 6 May 1839 he appeared in court and declared hia intention to remain with Wilson. The consequence of these proceedings was the removal of all but fift^ out of :^84 pupils at the institution, and it was Bome years before the former numbers were regained. In the meantime Wilson sought to spread the influence of the mission beyond Bombay by tours through various parts of the coun- try. In 1831 , with Charles Pinhom Farmr, the father of Dean Farrar, he proceeded to Niisik on the Godavari, through Poona and Ahmadnagar. In the following year be went eastward to Jalna and the caves of Ellora in Jlaidarabad, and in ibe cold season of 1833-4 he visited the south Marjithi country and the Portuguese settlement at Goa. In 1835 he journeyed through Surat, Baroda, and Kathi&war; and between 1686 anil I&12 he visited the Oairsoppa Falls and Rajputina, besides returning to E£tliiawar and Somnath. These frequent expeditions were used by Wilson as opportunities fnr spreading religious teaching, while at the same time he collected oriental manuscripts, and by constant intercourse with tbenatives increased his slock of oriental knowledge, which hew ^ tion. Be w bav Literary Society in J 830, and became president in 1835. On 18 June 1636 he was elected a member of the Itoyal Asiatic Society. He was the first to partially de- ciphertbe rock inscriptions of Asoka at Gir- nar, which had so loug remained an enigma to weetern sarants, and on 7 March 1838 James Prinsep [q.v.] made a full acknowled^' ment of his services lo the Itoyal Asiatic Society. From I83t? onward he was fre- quently consulted by the supreme court and by the executive government on qiiestioiu of Parsi law and custom. In 1843 he pub- lished 'The Parsi lieligion unfolded, refuted, and contrasted with Christianil; ' (Bombay, 8vo), a work which obtained the favourable notice of the Asiatic Society of Paris, and which on 7 Feb. 1815 procured his election as a fellow of the Royal Society. In 1843 WUson was compelled by ill- health to take a furlough, and visited Egypt, ^ria, and Palestine, on hia way to Scotland. The fruit of his observations was the 'Landa of Ibe Bible visited and described' (Edin- burgh, 1847, 2 vols. 8vo). He arrived in I Edinburgh immediately after the disruption j of the church of Scotland, and without oesi- I tfttion he joined the free church. After addressing the general assembly at Glasgow in Uctaber he accompanied liobert Smith j Candlish [q. r.] to England, and advocated the cause of Indian missions at Oxford and I London. The establishment of the Kiigpur I mission under Stephen Hislop was largely ' the result of bis insistence of the need of a mission in Central India. Wilson returned to India in the autumn of 1847, and in 1849 he commenced a tour in Sind, in which he was joined bv Alex- ander Duff in the following year. The con- quest of Sind had just been achieved, and Wilson was the first Christian missionary to traversethe country. From 1846 to 1862 was inteUectually the most fruitful period of Wilson's career. About 1848 he was nominated president of the 'Cave Temple Commission' sppoinled by government, chiefly through his instances and those of James Pergusson ^1808-1880) [q. v.], to examine and record the antiquitieg connected with the cave