BOOKS BY

H. C. TOLMAN, Ph. D., M. R. A. S,

LATIN.

CAESAR'S GALLIC WAR. Eight books. By William R.^iney Harper, Ph. D., President of the University of Chicago (late of Yale University), and Herbert Cushing Tolman, Ph. D., of the University of Wisconsin (late of Yale University). i2mo, full cloth, 502 pages. Price, $1.20.

Syracuse University, Syracuse, N. Y. The men from whom this book emanates, are a strong recommendation at the outset. I think any person, whether a preparatory student or a post-grad- uate, could get great benefit from a careful study of .this book I should

greatly enjoy putting a college. class through the work. I think your book a fine addition to text-books for College Preparatory Schools, and shall not hes- itate to recommend it as occasion may arise. Frank Smalley, A. M.,

Professor of Latin.

Princeton College, Princeton, N.J. Its peculiar features, ingenious and scholarly, are admirably fitted to thor- oughly interest the young student It is altogether the best book in every

thing the teacher and pupil can wish for. Wm. A. Packard, Ph. D.,

Professor of Latin.

Centre High School, Northampton, Mass, A year's course in teaching from Harper and Tolman's Caesar will do as much good to an inexperienced teacher of the classics as it will do to the stu- dent who is taught. Clarence B. Roote,

Principal and Teacher of Latin.

"Wir sehen, das Buch ist reichhaltig und planmassig angelegt. Fiir die amerikanischen Studenten ist es gewiss sehr brauchbar, . . . ." — Rud. Menge, in Berliner Philologische IVochenschrifl.

PERSIAN.

A GUIDE TO THE OLD PERSIAN INSCRIPTIONS. By Herbert Cushing Tolman, Ph. D., M. R. A. S. i6mo, full cloth, 186 pages. Price, $1.50.

"Professor Tolman gives in forty-two pages the grammatical elements, including a classification of all the best forms which occur in the inscriptions. We gladly welcome this contribution to American scholarship, and we hope that other scholars may follow the example set by Professors Jackson, Lyon, Haupt, Tolman and others." — The Biblia.

AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY,

NKW YORK .-. CINCINNATI .'. CHICAGO .-. BOSTON .'. ATLANTA

THE BEHISTAN MOUNTAIN.

A GUIDE

TO THE

OLD PERSIAN

INSCRIPTIONS

HERBERT GUSHING TOLMAN, Ph. D. (vale)

FOREIGN MEMBER OF THE ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN

AND IRELAND ; ASSISTANT PROFESSOR OF SANSKRIT IN THE

UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN

N^W YORK /. CINCINNATI .'. CHICAGO .'. BOSTON .*. ATLANTA A.MERICAN BOOK COMPANY

Copyright, 1803, by H. C. Tolman.

Typcgraphy by Tracy, Gibbs & Co., Madison, Wi«.

TO

MY HONORED TEACHER,

WILLIAM D WIGHT WHITNEY, Ph. Z>., LL. D,

under whose instruction and guidance were spent five years of my study in the Sanskrit language^

this volume is

RESPE CTFULL Y DEDICA TED.

86278

TO THE READER.

This book does not claim to be a contribution to Iranian subjects. In these recent years there has been such an advancement in this line of scholarship that Sanskrit students have been compelled to surrend- er this field to specialists among whom in America the name of Dr. A. V. Williams Jackson of Columbia College is conspicio is. In 1862 Haug published an outline of Avesta grammar in the first edition of his essays. At that time seventy octavo pages were sufficient to con- tain the discovered material. Two years later Justi's grammar of one hundred and fifteen octavo pages was looked upon as practically exhaustive. The grammar of Spiegel appeared in 1867, that of de Harlez in 1878, that of Geiger in 1879. Kavasji Edalji's grammar (1 89 1) and Jackson's grammar (1892) extend four fold the horizon of Avestan scholarship as contrasted with the outline presented by Haug thirty years before, although the same quantity of text of the Avesta is the basis for grammatical work. This statement can enable the reader to realize the great strides this study has made during a few years. My work in the Zend Avesta and in the dialects of Per- sia has been simply an avocation from my chosen field of Sanskrit.

No book has been published in English containing the grammar, text and vocabulary of all the Old Persian Inscriptions. It was this fact that induced the author in 1891 to issue a little volume entitled "Old Persian Grammar" the copies of which have now been sold. The first fifty pages of the present volume, which contain the gram- matical principles, are based on this work.

The following features characterize this volume on Old Persian Inscriptions.

(I.) The grammatical principles arranged as a grammar of the language.

(2. ) The complete classification of all the verb-forms occurring in the inscriptions.

(3.) The transliterated text. The portion supplied by conjecture has been inserted without brackets unless the conjectural reading be doubtful.

(4.) The references at the bottom of the page in the text which call ihe attention of the student to the grammar on the first occurrence of a form or principle.

(5.) The cuneiform text.

(6.) The translation.

(7.) The vocabulary giving the related words in Sanskrit, Latin, Gothic, Anglo-Saxon, etc.

The author recommends to the reader the following books as being of interest in the history of the early decipherment of the inscriptions:

(I.) Die altpersischen Keilinschriften nach Hrn. Westergaards Mittheilungen. Zeitschrift fiir die Kunde des Morgenlandes heraus- gegeben von Dr. Christian Lassen. Leipzig, 1845.

(2.) Die persischen Keilinschriften mit Uebersetzung und Glossar von Theodor Benfrey. Leipzig, 1847.

{3.) The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, Vol. X, by H. C. Rawlinson. London, 1847. **

(4.) Memoire sur les inscriptions des Achem^nides, con?ues dans 1' idiome des anciens Persans, par M. Oppert. Journal Asiatique ou recueil de memoires d' extraits et de notices relatifs ei 1' histoire, k la philosophic, aux langues et k la litterature des peuples orientaux. Paris, 1 85 1. 1852.

(5.) Expedition scientifique en Mesopotamie ex^cut^e par ordre du Gouvernement de 185 1 i 1854 par MM. Fulgence Fresnel, Felix Thomas et Jules Oppert, T. II. pp. 154-256.

(6.) Memoir on the Scythic Version of the Behistan Inscription by Edwin Norris, M. R. A. S. (Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, Vol. XV, 1855.)

(7.) Memoire sur les rapports de 1' Egypte et de 1' Assyrie dans V antiquity ^claircis par 1' ^tude des textes cuneiformes, par M. Jules Oppert. Paris, 1869.

(8.) Die altpersischen Keilinschriften im Grundtexte mit Ueber- setzung. Fr. Spiegel, Leipzig, (two editions).

(9.) Zur Erklarung der altpersischen Keilinschriften von Dr. H. Kern. Zeitschrift der Deutschen morgenlandischen Gesellschaft, Band XXIII, 1869.

(10.) Inscriptiones Palaeo-Persicae. Cajetan Kossowicz, St. Peters- burg, 1872.

In my references to foreign journals, I have used abbreviations as little as possible. They are mostly of the nature of the following and need not be explained.

ZDMG. =Zeitschrift der Deutschen morgenVdndischen Gesellshaft\ f. vergl. Sprachforsch.=:fur vergleichende Sprachforsckung; idg.-=:indo- germanische; ai.^:^altindische; Wb.^Worterbuch, etc., etc.

The author is aware of the many faults this book contains as fully as the severest critic can be, and he shall be glad to receive all sug- gestions which may make it more useful to the reader,

Herbert Gushing Tolman.

Madison, Wisconsin, November 4th, 1892.

TABIvK OK CONTENTS.

Grammar, _..--_. 5

Verb-Forms, ._--.. 48

Inscriptions, ------- 53

Cuneiform Text, - - - - - * - 93

Translation, - - - - - - 115

Vocabulary, ------- 161

ABBREVIATIONS.

AOR.,

A. S..

AVEST

CF.,

ENG.,

GERM.,

GOTH.,

IMPF.,

IMPV..

- Aorist INF.,

Anglo Saxon LAT.,

Avestan PART.

Compare PERF.

English PRES..

- German SKT.,

Gothic SLAV.,

■ Infinitive

- Latin

Participle

Perfect

Present

Sanskrit

Slavonic

Imperfect I.S., etc., 1st person singular, etc. Imperative 1. P., etc., 1st person plural, etc.

GRAMMAR.

PREFACE.

The Old Persian language deserves a larger place in American scholarship than it has yet received. Here- tofore the work has been left entirely to European scholars, and it is due to a desire to awaken an inter- est in this old tongue among scholars of our own country that this little book has come into existence. I take the opportunity of expressing my gratitude to my pupil, WoLCOTT Webster Ellsworth, a gradu- ate of Yale and a member of the American Oriental Society, for help furnished me. He has taken my manuscript, which was in most part in the form of lec- tures, and arranged the whole work for the press. He also rendered much service in the transliteration of the cuneiform text.

I shall gladly receive all suggestions or corrections which may make this volume more helpful in impart- ing enthusiasm in the study of this our sister tongue.

H. C. T.

New HaveUj Conn.y June^ i8gi.

PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION.

The copies of the first edition are exhausted. The author has taken this opportunity to revise and am- plify the whole work. He wishes to express his grati- fication for the kind reception the previous edition has received and also to make acknowledgment of many valuable suggestions. H. C. T.

Madison, Wis.y Aug., i8p2.

INTRODUCTION.

Professor Grotefend was the pioneer in the decipher- ment of the cuneiform text. His first discovery was announced in the Literary Gazette of Gottingen, in the year 1802. About one-third of the Old Persian alphabet was determined by his transliteration of the names of Cyrus, Darius, Xerxes and Hystas- pes. Professor Rask added to this number the two characters representing M and N. A memoir of M. Burnouf published in June, 1836, and a work Ox Professor Lassen published at Bonn in May, 1836, entitled Die Alt-Persischen Keil-Inschriften von Per- sepolis, furnished a true determination of twelve addi- tional characters. Dr. Beer, of Leipzig, in a review published in Allgemein. Hall. Literat. Zeitung in the year 1838, announced the discovery of the two char- acters for H and Y. M. Jacquet is said to have made the same discoveries independently at Paris, and also identified the equivalents for C and JH.

It is evident that a cursive style of writing was em- ployed for epistolary purposes and had an existence contemporaneous with the cuneiform, since the char- acter of the latter rendered it fit only for lapidary uses, [Cf. Daniel VI, 9; Nehemiah II, 9; Herodotus VII, 100.]. No Persian cuneiform writing appears after the time of Artaxerxes Ochus, and we are safe in say- ing that it died out at the end of the rule of the Achsemenian kings.

The oldest inscription is that of Cyrus the Great, which perhaps may be his sepulchral inscription although the epitaph quoted by Strabo and Ctesias differs from the one on this Old Persian monument. The latest is

the inscription of Artaxerxes Ochus which exhibits many peculiarities of grammatical structure indicating the decay of the language. In this inscription two compound characters for BUM and DAH are intro- duced (cf. Cuneiform alphabet); also before this time in the tablets of Xerxes appears an ideogram for KHSHAY^THIY^, due undoubtedly to Semitic in- fluences.

The most important of the inscriptions is the great inscription of Darius carved upon the sacred mountain Behistan [BAGA and ST^N^ />lace of God]. This immense rock rose to a perpendicular height of 1700 feet from the plain below. On this conspicuous place Darius Hystaspes caused to be inscribed the history of his reign to be a legacy to succeeding generations. The figures of Darius and his attendants are executed with considerable skill, yet inferior to that shown in the bas-reliefs of Persepolis. Before Darius stand nine usurpers to the throne bound with a cord about their necks, while under the foot of the king lies the prostrate form of another. These are intentionally of rude design and small stature. Above the picture is the efifigy of the Persian god Auramazda.

The Old Persian language is most closely related to the Vedic dialect of the Sanskrit, yet the interpretation of the inscriptions depends upon the combined aid of the Sanskrit and Avestan together with the surviving dia- lects of Persia which have been in any degree faithful to their mother tongue. Where the cognate or deriva- tive word fails to appear in them, an arbitrary mean- ing must be assigned to the Old Persian to suit the con- text; hence I have given in the vocabulary the authority of the related languages for the signification of each word, wherever such authority can be obtained.

TJNIVERSITT

GRAMIVEAR.

PART I.

EUPHONY.

I. A conventional arrangement of the European letters, transliterating the Old Persian cuneiform char- acters, is as follows:

I guttural, a, a. Vowels, simple •< palatal, i. ( labial, u.

Diphthongs \ P^'!^'f '- ^'' ^'- ^ ^ ( labial, auy au.

SURD. SURD ASP. SONANT. NASAL.

^ guttural, k kh g —

palatal, c — j —

dental, t th d n

labial, p f b m

( palatal, y. Semivowels •< lingual, r. ( labial, v. j lingual, sh. I dental, s. Aspiration, h. Note i. The short a has no written sign (in the cuneiform text) unless it be initial. Therefore a (italic) has been used for this vowel in the transliteration. But when it is initial the same sign is employed for short a as for long a (vide infra), since the native characters make no distinction; e. g., ad<3;m

Note 2. The long a is transliterated in all cases by a simple a (in Roman type), e. g., Pars^.

Sibilants

12

EUPHONIC COMBINATION.

2. Two similar vowels coalesce, forming the cor- responding long vowel; thus, p^sav^ for pasa, and av^.

Actual examples can be cited of no vowels coalescing except a-vow- els, yet undoubtedly should other successive vowels occur, they would suffer the above treatment.

3. The short a combines with a following i-vowel and

u-vowel to ai and au respectively; thus, Pars^iy for

Pars<^ 4- iy; the long a to ai and au; thus, aniyauva

for aniya -f- uva.

Note. An example of a and i forming ai (as in the Sanskrit the long a and i combine into e [ai] ) instead of ai, is found in the com- pound partita for p«ra and ita.

4. An i-vowel and u-vowel interpose their cor- responding semivowel before a dissimilar vowel; thus, bumiya, bumi -f a; isuvam, isu -|- am. Sometimes, however, the vowel is converted into its semivowel (especially if it be the final vowel of a diphthong); thus, ab^v^, for ab^u + a.

For exception, cf. dnraiapiy.

5. No vowel (except a and a) nor diphthong can end a word. There is inserted as a protection the corresponding semivowel; thus, up^riy, for up<3:n; patuv, for patu; Pars^iy, for Pars^i.

Note i. An exception seems to be adari (NRa). Note 2. Hau retains the v even before ci, mai, and tai; e. g. hrtuvci (I). Also occur p«ruvnam, p«ruvz«nanam.

6. Final a is sometimes made short before an en- clitic; thus, av<2d^shim, for av^dashim; m^n^ca, for m<3:naca. Many examples remain, however, of the long a preserved; thus, utam<3;iy, y^thasham, etc.

7. The semivowel is often connected with a pre- ceding consonant by its corresponding vowel; thus, adurujiy^, for adurujy^.

13

8. A root is often expanded by vowel-insertion; thus, duruj, for druj (Skt. druh).

9. Every Old Persian word must end in sh, m, an

a-vowel, or a semivowel. Should any other letters stand as finals etymologically, they are dropped; thus 3.]a, for aj^nt.

10. The dental S, when preceded by any vowel except a and a, is changed into the lingual sh; thus, Dar<3;y<3:vush, aish<a;, (for exceptions cf. isu, usrtt^sh<^n^, V^umisa, Nisay^): also after kh, and sometimes after r; thus, khshapa, ad^rshn^ush, (^but tarsatiy, Pars^, etc.).

Note. In the root had (originally sad) the influence of a-preceding i is felt, even with the augment; thus, niyashadayam.

11. The final S, after being changed into h, is lost; thus, Pars<2(h) m«rtiya(h).

12. The dental before t is changed into S (as in Avestan); thus, hasta, bound, for b^dt^.

The semivowel r sometimes causes a preceding con- sonant to become aspirated; thus, c<3:khriya (from k^r), Mithr^, ufr^^st^m.

14. Final h has gone over into the palatal j in the root duruj (Skt. druh), the influence of the aspiration being felt only in the form durukht^m. This exhibits the treatment of the palatal, namely, that it reverts to its original guttural if followed by any other sound than a vowel.

Note. Final h of ihah becomes s befcre t; thus, thastanaiy.

15. Medial h has a tendency to fall away; thus, thatiy, for th^h^tiy; mahya for mahahya, (but Aur^- m^zdah^).

PART II.

ETYMOLOGY.

NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES.

CASE ENDINGS.

i6. Endings: Singular, a. The usual masculine and feminine ending in the nominative is S. Stems in a and a have allowed the S to pass over into h (cf. II ) which has dropped away, thus leaving the bare stem. Stems in i and U retain the S in the form sh (cf. lo). By consonant forms it is euphonically lost. Neuters(except ^-stems, which add m) show the sim- ple stem in this case. The pronominal ending for this gender is historically t, which is dropped at the end of a word, but changed to sh before the enclitic ciy. The common ending of the personal pronouns is ^m (which is found also in the plural).

B. The accusative ends in m or am. in masculine and feminine nouns. The neuter has the same end- ing as the nominative.

C. The instrumental ending is a. In the pronom- inal declensions the nasal (n) is inserted between the stem and ending.

D. The ablative of ^-stems doubtless ended in the historical t or d, which being final has been dropped euphonically (cf. 9). Elsewhere the ablative has the same ending as the genitive.

E. The genitive of ^-stems adds hya (for original •sy^). The ending of consonant stems is a for ^h (original ^s). Masculine stems in i and u have regu- larly the historic ending ^s, the a of which combines

15

with the vowel of the stem into al (ai) and au, the S being preserved in the form sh (cf. lo). Feminine stems take the fuller ending, a for ah (original as) sep- arated by an interspersed y.

F. The locative ending is i in consonant and a- stems, Avhich appear euphonically in the form iy, aiy (cf. 5). In masculine u-stems this case ends in au (euphonically ^uv for an original avi). If this case oc- curred in a masculine i-stem, the form would be anal- ogous, i. e., <3:in(euphonically <3:iy for an original ^yi). An artificial ending of feminine stems is the addition of a to the masculine ending; thus, ^uva, a'lya. The true locative ending of this gender appears probably in one or two words in the form a, (duvaraya,, d^st<2:ya? perhaps loc. dual, Arbiraya).

G. The vocative ends in the simple stem.

Dual: a. The ending of the nominative, accus- ative, and vocative is a as in the Veda.

B. A doubtful form of the locative occurs as a, (dastaya.. )

Plural: a. In the nominative the masculine and feminine ending aha appears, (corresponding to the Vedic asas). The shorter ending a, ah. (original as) is also in use. Pronominal ^-stems have the mascu- line nominative in ai. The neuter stems in a end in a.

B. The accusative ending is a for ah (original [^]ns) in consonant-stems. In ^-stems the case appears in the form a. Neuter stems have this case like the nominative.

i6

C. The instrumental has everywhere the form bish, uniting with ^-sterns into <3:ibish.

D. In the genitive the ending is am. In stems ending in a vowel, the nasal n is inserted, before which a short vowel is lengthened. In pronominal declen- sions s is the inserted consonant, before which a be- comes di.

E. The locative ending is suva. When preceded by a or a, the S passes over into h and is dropped, the form becoming uva. When preceded by other vowels the S is preserved, and the ending appears as shuva (cf. lo).

17.	The normal	scheme	of endi	ings	is as follows:
	SINGULAR.		DUAL.		PLURAL,
N.	s(m)		a.?		a\ia, a (a)
A.	avi\. m		a.?		^(a)
I.	a				bish
Ab.	a		—		—
G.	a, (a)s,	hya	a.?		am
L.	i(a)		a?		Suva, uva

For convenience in comparison the case endings in Sanskrit are added.

(a)

	SINGULAR.		DUAL.	PLURAL.
N.	s(m)		a(au)	^S^S, «S,
A.	^m, m.		a(au)	^s, n, (a)
I.	a		bhyam	bhis, ais
D.	e		bhyam	bhy^s
Ab.	as, (^d)		bhyam	bhy^s
G.	^s (as) s,	sy^.	OS	am
L.	i (am)au		OS	su

17

DECLENSION I.

1 8. Stems (masculine and neuter) in a. pies : haga, m. , god ; \\amaxana, n. , battle.

Exam-

SINGULAR.

N. haga

A. hagam

I. b^^ga

Ab. hagsi

G. b^g^hya

L. b^grtiy

V. hags.

SINGULAR.

N. hamaranam A. hamaranam

N.A. b^ga? (g^usha) L. b«g<^ya? (d<3:st^ya)

	PLURAL.		PLURAL.
N.	b<?:gah^, b^ga	N.	hamaran3.
A.	b^ga	A.	hamarana,
I.	b^g^ibish
G.	b^ganam
L.	b<2:g^ishuva

Examples of peculiar forms are :

A. The gen. sing, in hy^ for hya (G^rm^p^d^hy^).

B. The abl. sing, in a for a (darshama).

C. The loc. sing, in y for iy (dur^y).

D. The accusative of d^r^y^ is identical with the

stem in SZb.

DECLENSION II.

19. Stems (masculine) in a. m<2zda m., Auramazda.

Example : Aur*^-

N. Aur^m<2:zda

A. Aur^zm^zdam

G. Aur^ih<2zdaha, or Aur<3:m^zdah^

i8

DECLENSION III.

20. Stems (masculine) in i and u. Example of i-stem : C^zishpi, m., Caishpis.

SINGULAR.

N. C<^ishpish

A. Crtishpim Ab.G. C^ishp^^ish, or C^ishpaish

Example of u-stem : gathu, m., place.

SINGULAR. PLURAL.

N. gathush G. gathunam

A. gathum 1. gathva

Ab.G. gath^ush L. gath^uv

Note : The genitive singular of Darayavan is Darayavahaush.

DECLENSION IV.

21. Stems (feminine) in a, i, and u. Example of a-stem: t<^uma, f. , family.

SINGULAR. PLURAL.

N. tauma, G. t^umanam

A. taumam L. t^umaiiva

Ab. G. t^umaya L. t<3:umaya or t^um<3;ya

Example of i-stem: Bumi, f., earth.

SINGULAR.

N. bumish

A. bumim

Ab. G. bumiya

Note : The ending sh of the nominative singular is dropped before the enclitic shim in hiapism (Bh. I, 19).

19

Example of u-stem: d^hyu, f. , country (perhaps irregular).

SINGULAR. PLURAL.

N. d^hyaush N. dahyava

A. d<7hyaum or d^hyum A. d^hyav^

G. d^hyunam

L. d^hy^^uva L. d^hyushuva

DECLENSION V. 22. Stems in ar. Example: fr^^mat^^r m., leader.

SINGULAR.

N. fr<?mata

A. fr<^matarrt:m or fr<i;mat<7r^m

G. fr<^matr<rz (pitr^?)

DECLENSION VI. 23. Stems ending in a consonant.

A. Examples: n^z-patjm., grandson; vith,m., clan.

SINGULAR.

N. n^7pa

A. nrtpat^zm(?)

I. n^7pata(.?)

L. n<^pati(.?)

PLURAL.

A. vith<^m

I. vitha I. vithibish or vith^bish

L. vithi

B. Stems in an (m^n, van). Examples: Vi(n)- dairan, m., Vindafra ; nam<3:n, n., name; asman, m., heaven; khsh<2tr^pav^n, m., satrap.

SINGULAR.

N. Vi(n)d«fra

A. Vi(n)d«fran^m

20

	SINGULAR.
N.	nsLvna
A.	nam^
A.	asman^m
N.	khsh^tmpava
c.	Stems in ^s, ish.	Examples: raucas,	n., day;
h^dish,	n., site.
	SINGULAR.	PLURAL.
N.	rauca	I. r^uc^bish
A.	rauca

N. h^dish

A. h^dish

HETEROCLITES. 24. Nouns of other declensions have a tendency to assume forms of declension I. Thus, Khsh^yar- sh^hyafor Khsh^yarshaha ; Dar<3:y^v^(h)ush^hya for Dar<2:y«v^h^ush ; bum<2m for bumim ; also n^m^: some- times takes the form of a feminine noun in a ; thus, n^ma for nama.

COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES. 25. The comparative and superlative endings are t^r^ and tama ; also iy^s and isht^ make correspond- ing forms of comparison.

PRONOUNS.

26. The pronouns of the first and second persons are thus declined : ad^m, I ; tuv^m, thou. N. adam N. v<3;y^m

A. mam (enc. mam) G. amakh^m

Ab. (enc. m^) G. mflina (enc. m^iy)

21

N. tuv^m

A. thuvam

G. (enc. taiy, tay, Bh. IV, II.)

27. The demonstrative pronoun 3.va is declined as follows :

SING.

A G

a.va (with enc. ciy, av^shciy) av^hya

avrtm — avahya. —

PLUR. M. F. N.

N. avaiy ava —

A. av<^iy

G. av<3:isham — —

28. The declension of the other demonstrative hauv (Skt. asau), that, he ; ait^ (Skt. etat), this ; and [yarn (Skt., ay^m), this, is as follows:

SING. M.

N. hauv

N. im^iy ima ima A. imaiy ima ima

N. iy^m iy^m im<2:

A. im^m imam

I. ana

G. — ahyaya, or ahiyaya

SING. M.

N. ait^ A. ait^

29. Enclitic forms of the pronoun of the third person are :

SINGULAR.

A. shim G. sh^iy

A. shish G. sham

A. dim A. dish

30. The declension of the relative (hy^ [Skt. sy^] ty^m, etc.) is as follows: ■

22

N. hya hya tya N. ty^-iy — tya

A. tyam — A. ty^-iy — —

I. ty^na — — G. ty^iisham tyrt:isham —

31. The interrogative pronoun occurs only in the vocative (masculine singular) ka.

The indefinite pronoun is formed by adding the neuter of the pronominal stem ci ; thus, k^sciy, cishciy.

32. The adjective aniy^, other, forms its neuter according to the pronominal declension ; thus, ani- y<2shciy ; its ablative is aniy^xna, after the analogy of the instrumental. Hama, all, has the genitive fem- inine singular h^m^hyaya.

VERBS.

33. The scheme of the normal endings of the verb is as follows :

PRIMA R Y ENDINGS.

I. 2. 3.	ACTIVE. SING. PLUR. SING. mi m^hy a\ hy - - ti ^(n)ti t^i
		SECONDARY ENDINGS.
I. 2. 3-	am (h) (t),s	ma i a(v\), sh^(n) ta
I. 2. 3.		I M PER A T, VE ENDINGS.
(^)di tu	ta uva — tarn

<2:(n)ta

Note. The ending of the second person hy appears in the form h<^/ before the enclitic dish.

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SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 34. The mood-sign of the subjunctive is a, which is added to the tense-stem. If the tense-stem end in a, the combination results in a. The inscriptions show the primary ending's ; thus, ah<3:tity f rom ah, \>a- vatiy from bu (tense-stem havd).

OPTATIVE MOOD. 35. The inscriptions show ya as the mood-sign of the optative, which takes the regular series of sec- ondary endings. Doubtless the simple i was taken by the tense-stems in a and by the middle voice. The ya is connected with the stem by the union-vowel i.

IMPERATIVE MOOD. 36. The imperative has no mood-sign ; it adds its endings directly to the tense-stem.

AUGMENT.

37. The augment is a prefixed a. If the tense- stem begin with the vowel i (or u) the augment com- bines with it into the strengthened diphthong ai (or au) instead of the regular a\, aw.

A. In a few cases the augment appears as a ; thus, patiyaharam. It is possible, however, to regard this a as the combination of the augment and the prefix a.

REDUPLICATION. 38. Old Persian reduplication shows the prefix- ion to a verb-root of its initial consonant and vowel.

A. A long vowel is made short in the reduplica- ting syllable ; thus, ad<^da from da.

B. A palatal is substituted for a guttural as the consonant of the reduplicating syllable ; thus, c^khriya from kar.

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THE CONJUGATION-CLASSES.

39. The present system (composed of the indic- ative, subjunctive, optative and imperative) is divided into the following classes :

I. ROOT-CLASS.

In this class there is no class-sign ; the personal endings are added directly to the root, unless there be a mood-sign, as in the subjunctive and optative.

II. REDUPLICATING-CLASS.

In this class the present-stem is formed by prefix- ing a reduplication to the root.

III. THE NU-CLASS.

This class forms' its present-stem by adding the syllable nu, which is strengthened to nau in the sing- ular.

IV. THE NA-CLASS.

The syllable na (in the plural ni) is added to the root to form the present-stem.

V. THE ^-CLASS.

The present-stem is formed by adding a to the root, which (i) is strengthened or (2) remains un- changed.

VI. THE Y^- CLASS.

The class-sign is ya, which is added to the simple root.

VII. THE ^Y^- CLASS.

This class adds aya to the strengthened root.

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I. ROOT-CLASS. 40. Example : jan, smite.

PRESENT INDICATIVE.

ACTIVE.

1. ]a(n)miy

2. j<a:(n)hy

3. j^(n)tiy

1. —

2. ]anahy

3. ]anatiy

1. j^niyam

2. j^niya

3. j^niya

2. ]a(n)diy

3. j«(n)tuv

MIDDLE. PLUR. SING. PLUR.

]a(n)mahy janaiy —

j^n^(n)tiy ]a{n)ta[y —

PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE.

? ]anataiy —

PRESENT OPTATIVE.

j^niyama .? —

? j^niyata ?

PRESENT IMPERATIVE.

j^(n)ta

]<7nuva — j^(n)tam —

IMPERFECT.

aj^(n)ma 2i]aniy

1. aj^n^m

2. aj^ — — —

3. Si]a 3.]ana(n) aj^(n)ta aj^n^(n)ta

The form aitiy, (SZb) from root I shows that the root is strengthened, if it is able, in the three persons of the singular active.

As an example of a root beginning with I, illustra- ting the heavy augment, the form nijay^im (for nijai^m) from root I, *go,' can be quoted.

The verb ah, be, preserves the original s before t. Its forms are as follows :

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PRESENT INDICATIVE.

SINGULAR. PLURAL.

1. amiy amahy

2. ahy —

3- astiy h^(n)tiy

PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE.

3. ahatiy

IMPERFECT ACTIVE.

1. aham —

2. — —

3- 3ha ah^(n)

IMPERFECT MIDDLE.

3. ah<a;(n)ta and aha(n)ta

II. REDUPLICATING-CLASS. 41. Example : da, put.

Present Imperative, 3. s., d^datuv. Imperfect, 3. s., ad^da.

Note. The root sta, stand, takes the vowel I as reduplication, and shortens the stem-vowel : aisht^ta.

III. NU-CLASS.

42. Examples: j^d, ask; d^rsh, dare, Present Imperative, 2. s., j^dn^utuv. Imperfect, 3. s., ad^rshn^ush.

The verb k^r, do, shortens the root to ku in the present and imperfect. Its forms are as follows :

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PRESENT subjunctive: SING. PLUR.

2. kun^vahy imperfect:

I. akun^v^m akuma (for akunuma)

3. akun^ush (in [S],akun<^sh) akun^v^(n)

MIDDLE imperfect:

3. skunavata. (in Bh. I, 12, akuta).

Note. The union-vowel a sometimes follows nu, which is strength- ened to nav; thus, vainavatiy, kunavahy, for varnava-a-ti, etc.

IV. NA-CLASS.

43. All forms of this class are regular (except Imperf. I. s., adin^m, from di, for adinam) ; thus,

SINGULAR.

1. adinam

2. adina, etc.

V. ^-CLASS.

44. Examples : gub, call ; bu, be ; b^r, bear ; jiv, live.

Note. In the following classes, the stem-final a is lengthened to a before m of the 1st personal endings, but is lost before ^m of the 1st sing, imperf. and the 3d pi. endings, and the short a of the ending remains (or vice versa). The imperative takes no ending (unless it be a, which unites with the class-sign into a).

(I.) Examples of the strengthened root (cor- responding to the unaccented <a;-class of the Sanskrit) are gub and bu. Roots in u (and i) strengthen their vowel to au (and ai) which before the case-sign ap- pears as av (and ay).

PRESENT MIDDLE : SING. PLURAL.

3, gauhataiy

PRESENT ACT. SUBJ.

2. b<3:vahy

3. b^vatiy

IMPERFECT.

1 . 3.hayam

2. ahava

3. ahava ab^v^z(n).

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(2.) Examples of the unchanged root (correspond- ing to the accented ^-class of the Sanskrit) are bar and jiv.

PRESENT ACTIVE. SING. PLURAL.

2. harahy

3. haratiy hara(n)tiy

PRESENT ACT. SUBJ.

2. b^rahy

3. harsLtiy

IMPERATIVE.

2. jiva

3. jiv^tuv

IMPERFECT ACTIVE.

3. 3.hara ab<3;r^(n)

IMPERFECT MIDDLE.

3. aharata. ab^r^(n)ta

VI. Y^-CLASS.

Note i. The passive formation is the middle-endings added to the class-sign.

Note 2. The class sign is often connected with the root by an interposed i.

Examples : duruj, deceive ; m^r, die ; th^h, say.

A. Examples of the simple class in active are duruj, mar. present active, sing.

1. durujiyamiy

pres. act. subj.,

2. durujiyahy

imperfect active,

3. adurujiya

imperfect middle,

3. amariy^ta

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B. Example of the passive formation is th^h, which verb adds the active ending in the first person plural.

PRESENT, PLURAL.

I. th^hyam^^hy

Note 3. The passive formation of k^r, do, is upon the strength- ened stem; e. g., Imperf. 3. s., akun^vyata.

Note 4. It is possible to regard the form ath^hy^? as the imper- fect 3d sing., with the active ending, instead of the middle, yet pos- sessed of a passive sense. I prefer to read, however, athahy, believing it to be the passive aorist with short vowel in the stem. (Cf. 50 N.)

VII. A FA-CLASS. 46.

Note i. A causative conjugation is made from this class, but all verbs belonging to this class have not a causative value. Note 2. The class-sign is added to the strengthened root.

Examples : d^r, hold ; ish, send ; sta, stand.

A. Examples of the simple class are d^r, and ish.

Present, i. s. , dar<3:yamiy Imperfect, 3. s., adsLvaya

IMPERFECT, SING.

1. aish^y^m

2. a.ishaya

B. Example of the causative conjugation is sta.

IMPERFECT, SING.

I. astay^m

3. astay<^

Note 3. Sometimes the class-sign appears as aya; thus, agarbay- am, ag^rbaya, etc.

Verbs sometimes make their formation in more than one class; thus, j^diyamiy and ]adna\ituv.

THE PERFECT. 47. The Old Persian has left us only one exam- ple of the perfect; i. e., Optative, 3 s., c^khriya from kar.

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THE AORIST.

48. There have been preserved two aorists; (i) the root aorist, which adds the personal endings di- rectly to the root, and (2) the sibilant aorist, which takes sa as a tense-sign. An example of the root aorist is the form ada, 3d person singular of da. Ex- amples of the sibilant aorist are aish^a;, 3d person sing., and aish^(n), 3d person plur. of root I.

49. The aorist adds the secondary endings to the tense-stem, to which the augment has been prefixed.

50. The root-aorist has a peculiar formation,

which is passive in meaning, corresponding to what

the Hindu grammarians call the "passive aorist" of

the Sanskrit. The third person singular of the middle

is the only form in use. This person is made by

adding i (which it has borrowed from the first person)

to the root. Euphonically, the form appears as iy or

y. The root is usually strengthened; thus, adariy

or adary from dar.

Note. In the root thah, the stem-vowel remains short; thus, ath^hy (for athahy). The Hindu grammarians mention certain roots of the Sanskrit in avs\, which preserve the short a ; thus, agami, avnrdhi, etc.

51. The optative of the root-aorist doubtless ap- pears in ag^miya from g^m.

Note. The root bu loses its stem-vowel in this mode; e. g., biya.

FUTURE. 52. The Old Persian has left no future-system. A periphrastic future is built out of a nomen agentis and the auxiliary bu; thus, j^ta biya (Bh. IV, 17), let him be a killer; i. e., let him kill (he shall kill).

PASSIVE PARTICIPLE. 53. The passive participle is formed by adding ta to the simple root; thus, k^rt^ from k^r.

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INFINITIVE.

54. The Old Persian infinitive is formed by the suffix tana (Lat. tinus in crastinus, diutinus) which appears always in the locative case; thus, ka(n)ta- naiy from kan.

Note. The infinitive of k^r change the initial guttural of the root to a palatal: e. g., cortanaiy.

PREPOSITIONS.

55. With accusative: abiy, ant^r, athiy, up^riy, upa, prttiy, p^tish, prt:riy.

With instrumental: p^tiy, h^da. With genitive: abish, p^tiy, p^sa. With ablative: haca.. With locative; anuv, p^tiy.

VERBAL PREFIXES. 56. atiy — across, beyond ud, us — up, out. ap^ — away, forth. upa — to, towards.

a.va — down, off. ni — down, into.

a — to, unto. nij — out, forth.

p^ra — away, forth.

fr<3: — forward, forth.

h^m — together.

PRIMARY SUFFIXES.

57. a, 2Lj ah, i, ish, u, t<3;r (forming nouns of agency and relationship), ti, tu, tha, thi, thu, tr^, da, na, m^n, ma, ya, yu, ra.

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SECONDARY SUFFIXES.

58. iya, pertaining to (used also to form the pa- tronymic).

a.ina, consisting of.

ka (an adjectival suffix).

ta (having an ablative value and often used for that case).

ta (adverbial suffix).

tha (having a local sense).

da (adverbial suffix).

na (adjectival suffix).

ra (adjectival suffix).

v^n, 'possessed of. '

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PART III.

SYNTAX.

59. Although the Old Persian language can be called syntactical, yet there exist many traces of that loose and free construction (paratax) which is original to speech.

USES OF THE NUMBERS.

60. One or two peculiar constructions call for notice.

A. A collective noun in the singular often has the government of a plural noun, both over a verb and a

pronoun; thus, imam bumim ty^^sham ad^m

Sithaham a.va akun^v^ta (NRa) 'This earth

what I commanded them (i. e., this earth) this was done.'

B. The singular of the personal pronoun a.dam can be expanded in a following clause into the plural; thus, p<7tish mam h^m^r<^n^m c^rt^^n^iy p^sav^ hamaranam akuma. (Bh. I, 19) 'to engage in battle against me, afterwards we engaged in battle.'

C. The plural can be used for the dual; thus, av<^thasham h^^m^r^in^m kartam. (Bh. II, 6) 'thus the battle was fought by them.' (i. e., the army of Vi- darna and the rebellious army); Anam^k^hy^ mahya II r<3:uc^2:bish (Bh. I, 19) 'on the 2d day of the month Anamaka' (lit., with two days).

USES OF THE CASES.

THE .NOMINATIVE.

61. The nominative is the case of the subject of a finite verb, and of all words qualifying the subject, both attributively, predicatively, and appositionally. A few peculiar uses .ire^to be noticed.

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A. The nominative is used often in the weak syntax common to the Old Iranian languages. Artificially it can be explained as the subject of astiy supplied, the idea being repeated in the form of a pronoun; thus, m<^rtiy^ Frada na.ma a,vam m^thisht^m akun^v^(n)ta (Bh. Ill, 3) 'a man, Frada by name, him they made chief.'

Note i. The pronoun is sometimes omitted, leaving the nomina- tive where the accusative of the direct object would be expected; adrt'm fraishrzyrt-m Dad(7rsis nam<7 Parsrt^ mana. ha(n)daka (Bh. Ill, 2) 'I sent forth my subject, Dadarsis by name, a Persian.'

Note 2. This free use of the nominative is shown in such expres- sions as Kug^m<7krt nam^: vadanam (Bh. II, 3) 'there is a town, Ku- ganaka by name; (lit. there is a town, [its] name is Kuganaka). That na.ma is nominative, not accusative, is shown by the fact that it some- times agrees in gender with the noun, if that be feminine, e. g., Sik- aty^uvatish nama dida Nishaya namad^/hyaush (Bh. I, 13) 'there is a stronghold, Sikatyauvatis by name; there is a country, Nishaya by name. '

B. The nominative is used in the predicate after a verb in the middle voice which has the force of a pas- sive; thus, hya 'Nah\ik(u)dracara ag^ub^ita (Bh. I, 19) 'who called himself (i. e. was called) Nabukudracara.*

THE VOCATIVE.

62. The vocative is the case of direct address. The following peculiarity needs to be considered,

namely: The vocative of the personal pronoun tuv^m is made indefinite by the insertion of the interrogative ka in the same case; thus, tuv^m kahy^ ap^r^m imam dipirrt v^inahy (Bh. IV, 15) *0 thou (whoever thou art) who wilt hereafter see this inscription.'

THE ACCUSATIVE.

63. The accusative is the case of the direct object of a verb, and of all words which qualify the object, both attributively, predicately, and appositionally; e. g. Aurrt-m^zda hy^ imam bumim ada (O.) *Aura- mazda who created this earth.'

35

64- Some verbs which allow two constructions may take two accusatives, one in each construction; e. g. , verbs of asking", taking, etc.; as ait« ad^m Aur^m<?zdam j^diyamiy (NRa.) 'I beg this of Aura- mazda.' khsh<i:tr<^mshim ad^m adin^m (Bh. I, 13). *I took the kingdom from him.'

A. The verbs k<^r and da admit two accusatives, one as object, the other as predicate; thus, hya Dara- yava(h.)um. khshay^thiy<?m akun<2us. (O.) 'who made Darius king;' h^uv D a.r ay av a (h.)um khshay^thiy^m adrt:da (H.), *he has made Darius king.'

B. A few verbs strengthen the verbal notion by adding their past passive participle, which becomes an accusative in agreement with the direct object; thus, av^m (h)ub«rt<^m aharam (Bh. I, 8) 'I supported him well; (lit, him well supported I supported.)'

65. The accusative can follow nouns which have such a verbal character that they share the construc- tion of a verb; thus, Aur^m^^'zda thuvam d<2usta biya (Bh. IV, 16) 'may Auramazda be a friend to you.'

66. The accusative stands as the limit of motion, b)oth with and without a preposition; thus, y^tha mam kam« (Bh. IV, 4) 'as the wish (came) to me' (i. e. as my wish was); a.dam (karam) iraishayam Uvajam, (Bh. I, 17) *I sent an army to Susiana;' K^(m)bujiy^ Mudrayam ashiy^va (Bh. I, 10) 'Cambyses went to Egypt;' (karam) fraish^y^ abiy Vivan^zm (Bh. Ill, 9) 'he sent the army to Vivana.'

67. The accusative expresses extent and duration, both with and without a preposition; thus, khsh<2p^va raucapativa ava akun^v^y^ta (Bh. I, 7) 'this was done day and night.*

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A. The time in which an action took place seems to have been expressed at times by the accusative. One case occurs in the inscriptions; Garmapadahya mahya I rauca th^k^ta ah^ av^thasham h^m^r^n^zm kartam (Bh. Ill, I.) *on the first day of the month Garmapada then it was that thus the battle was fought by them.' This idiom appears occasionally in San- skrit.

68. The accusative of specification defines the ap- plication of a noun; thus, h^ca Pirav^; nam^ rauta (SZb.) 'from a river, the Nile by name.' Cf. 6i, A. n. 2.

THE INSTRUMENTAL.

69. The instrumental is the case denoting associa- tion and accompaniment originally, and as a derived notion, instrument and means.

70. The instrumental of accompaniment usually takes the preposition h<2da; thus, aish^ hada, kara (Bh. I, 19) *he went with his army.'

A. In enumeration the instrumental may be used in the sense of association, when the same case as the preceding nouns would be expected; thus abacr/ris g^ith^mca maniy^mca v(i)thibishca .... avastayr/m (Bh. I, 14) *I restored the commerce and the cattle and the dwellings and together with the clans' (i. e. , and the clans.)

71. The instrumental of means or instrument is very frequent; thus, v<7shna Aur^m^zdah^ (Bh. I, 5.) *by the grace of Auramazda.' ardrtistan^ . . . .vithiya karta (L.) 'the lofty structure was made by the clan.'

72. The prosecutive instrumental denotes the as- sociation of time with an event; thus, Viy<7khn^?h\a mahya XIV r^uc^bish th<3:k^ta aha y^diy udirpat^rta

37

(Bh. I, ii) 'on the 14th day of the month Viyakhna, then it was when he rose up (lit. in connection with iz^ days).' Cf. 6j, A.

73. The instrumental is sometimes used in the sense of the locative, denoting the point in space; thus, ad(a;mshim'gathva avastay^'m (Bh. I, 14) 'I put it in its place.' m^na data ap^riyayrt(n) (Bh. I, 8) 'they fol- lowed in my law.' v<^siy aniy^sciy n^ib^^m k^rt^m ana Parsa (D.) 'there is many another beautiful work in this Persia.'

THE DATIVE.

74. The dative case has no existence in Old Per- sian, its place being taken by the genitive.

THE ABLATIVE.

75. The use of the ablative is to express separa- tion or distinction. The preposition h^ca is usually joined to this case.

'j^. The ablative denotes issue, removal, release, and like relations; thus, khsh^tr^m tya h^ca amakh^rm t^umaya p<^rabrtrt<7m ah<7 (Bh. I, 14) 'the kingdom which was taken from our family.' h^uv hrtcam<3 hrtmitriy^ ab^v^ (Bh. Ill, 5) 'he became estranged (rebellious) from me.'

A. The notion of this ablative passes over to that of cause; thus, kar^shim h^ca d^rsh^m^ at^irs^ (Bh. I, 13) 'the state feared him on account of (hisj violence.'

j'j. The ablative expresses defense, which is a de- velopment of the idea of removal; thus, h^ca dn^uga p^tip^y^zuva (Bh. IV, 5) 'protect yourself from deceit.' imam d^hyaum Aur^m<7zda patuv h^ca h<?inaya h^ca d(u)shiyara h^ca dr<^uga (H.) 'may Auramazda pro- tect this province from an army, from failure of crops, and from deceit.'

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A. The ablative follows tars, to fear. Such an ablative contains this same idea of removal (i. e., re- coil from a dread object), h^ca aniy^na ma t^rs^m (I) 'let me not fear a foe.'

78. The ablative is the case of comparison. This use is simply a special application of its original no- tion of distinction; thus, a.pataram haca. Parsa (NRa) 'another than a Persian' (lit. another from a Persian.)

THE GENITIVE.

79. The true use of the genitive is to qualify a noun with the same powers as the adjective enjoys. The genitive, however, did not remain restricted to this adjectival construction, but is employed with verbs and adjectives.

80. The subjective genitive, including the author and possessor, expresses the subject of the action; thus v<3:shna Auramazdaha ad^m khshay(3:thiy<3: amiy (Bh. I, 5) 'by the grace of Auramazda, I am king.^

A. The genitive regularly follows kartamy perhaps on account of a substantive idea in the participle; thus, av^thasham hamaranam k^rt^m (Bh. Ill, 10) *thus the battle was fought by them.'

Note. The genitive expressing means is found in Sanskrit.

B. The genitive follows p^sa; thus, kar^ Pars^ p^sa mana. ashiy^v^ (Bh. Ill, 6) 'The Persian army followed me.'

C. The genitive expresses manner; thus, hama- hyaya th^rd^ (Bh. IV, 7) 'in every way.'

81. The partitive genitive denotes the whole of which a portion is taken; thus, ad^m Dar^y/?v<7(h)ush khshayrt:thiy^ khshay^thiyanam (Bh. I, i) 'I am Da- rius, the king of kings.'

39

A. The genitive is dependent on an adjective (especially a superlative) which has substantival char- acter enough to allow a partitive construction; thus Aurrt:m<2zda hya m^thisht^ b^ganam (F.) 'Auramazda, who is the greatest of the gods.'

82. The objective genitive, which designates the noun as the object of the action, occurs nowhere in the inscriptions.

83. The datival genitive expresses the indirect object; thus, kar<3;hya avrt:tha athaha (Bh. I, 16) 'thus he said to the state.' Auram^zda khsh<a:tr<3:m m<^na ivdhara (Bh. I, 5) 'Auramazda gave the kingdom to me.'

Note. This use is simply a pregnant construction of the posses- sive genitive; e. g., khsh(7tr(?m mrt'na irabara, he gave the kingdom to me (made it mine by giving). This same power of the genitive is shared by the Prakrit and the late Sanskrit.

A. The verb duruj, ''to deceive,' is followed by the genitive once in the inscriptions; elsewhere it governs the accusative. Kar^hya av<3:tha adurujiy^ Bh. I, 1 1 'thus he deceived the people.'

B. The genitive enclitic sham follows a.]anam in place of the accusatfve of direct object in Bh. IV, 2 ad^msham aj^n<3:m, T smote them,' and patiyakshaiy NRa.

THE LOCATIVE.

84. The locative is the case denoting location and condition. The locative expresses situation, both with and without a preposition; thus, ad^m khsha- y^thiy^ Pars^iy (Bh. I, i) *I am king in Persia.' hy^ Mad^ishuva m<3:thisht^ aha Bh. II, 6 *who was great- est among the Medes.' vardanam anuv Ufr<2t<a:uva (Bh. 1,(19) 'a town on the Euphrates.'

A. The locative takes the place of the instrumen- tal in the expression nip^diy, 'on foot;' e.g., atiyaish^.

40

passiva Vivan^ hada, kara nip^^diy (Bh. Ill, 1 1) *after- wards Vivana followed with his army on foot.'

B. The locative can take the place of the partitive genitive; thus, Mad^ishuv^ m^thishta (Bh. II, 6) 'the greatest among the Medes.'

THE PECULIARITIES OF THE INSCRIPTIONS OF AR- TAXERXES MNEMON AND ARTAXERXES OCHUS.

85. These inscriptions exhibit such careless irreg- ularities that they call for special treatment.

A. The nominative is attracted into the case of the preceding noun, although the predicate appears in the nominative; thus,thatiy Art^khshrttraDar<3:y^v^(h)ush- ahya. khshay<2thiy<2:hya putr<2 Dar ay av a (h.)ushahy a. Ar- takhsh<2thrahya khshay^thiy<3:hya putr<3! (S.) 'says Artaxerxes, the son of Darius, the king ; Darius (was) the son of Artaxerxes, the king.'

B. The nominative appears for the accusative with a qualifying pronoun in the accusative; im^m ap^dana (S.) '(Darius made) this structure.'

C. The genitive is attracted into the case of the subject or the predicate nominative and appears in the nominative; thus, Art<3:khsh^tra Dar^y^v^(h)ush khshay^thiy^ putr^ (P.) 'Artaxerxes, son of Darius, the king.'

D. The nominative is thrust into the accusative, yet the passive construction is retained; thus, im^m usat^sh^nam atha(n)g«nam mam upa mam k^^rta (P.) 'this stone lofty structure was built by me for myself.'

E. The accusative expresses means, taking the place of the regular genitive construction after k^rt^m; thus, ty^ mam k^rta (P.) 'what was done by me.'

F. A substantive in the singular takes its partici- ple in the plural; thus, tya mam k<3:rta (P.) 'what was done by me.'

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THE ADJECTIVE.

86. The adjective and the participle agree with the substantive in gender, number, and case. A few peculiar cases are to be noticed.

A. The adjective can be hardened into a neuter substantive and in this way enter into the relation of an appositive or a predicate noun; thus, ciyk^^r^m ava dahysLva (NRa.) 'beautiful are the regions (lit. a beauty these regions are), h^uv kamanam a.ha (Bh. II, 6) 'that was faithful (lit. a faithful thing).'

B. The adjective is used, most often in the singu- lar, to take the place of the name of a country; thus, Pars^, 'Persia (lit. Persian).' Mad^, Media (lit. Me- dian).'

Note i. Sometimes the plural occurs, and in a few cases alter- nates with the singular; thus, Yauna and Yauna (NRa) 'Ionia (Jit. Ionian and lonians).'

Note 2. The real name of the country appears a few times; thus, Uvarazmish (NRa.), Harauvatish (Bh. I, 6).

C. The noun vith, 'clan,' when used apposition- ally takes the place of the regular adjective vithiy^ai; thus, h<2da v(i)thibish b<3:g^ibish (H.) 'with (his) fellow gods (lit. with the gods [namely his] fellows).'

D. In the inscriptions of Artaxerxes Ochus the masculine of the pronoun agrees with the feminine noun; thus, im^m us^t^sh^nam (P.) 'this lofty struc- ture.'

I

PRONOUNS.

87. The demonstrative pronouns av^ and h^uv supply the place of the third personal pronoun.

88. The relative pronoun ty^, beside enjoying its ordinary functions, has the following important uses:

A. The relative pronoun frequently serves to con- nect the noun with whatever qualifies it, either appo-

42

sitionally, adjectively, adverbially, genitively, or loca- tively. In this capacity its independent character is lost and it agrees with its antecedent, not only in gender and number but also in case, thus becoming the equivalent of the Greek article; thus, v(i)th<2m tyam amakh^m (Bh. I. 14) 'the clan of ours. ' ty^na m<2na data (Bh. I, 8) *in my law.' khsh^tr<^m ty^ Babir^uv (Bh. I, 16) 'the kingdom at Babylon.' kar^m tyam Mad^m (Bh. II, 6) 'the Median army.' Nabuk(u)dr^c«r« amiy hy^ Nabunit^hya putr*^; (Bh. II, 16) 'I am Nabukudracara the son of Nabunita.'

B. The relative can be used in the place of a demon- strative; thus, kar^m fraish^y^m ty^ip<a:tiy (Bh. II, 13) <I sent an army against these.'

USES OF THE VOICES.

89. There are (as in Sanskrit) two voices, active and middle. The passive notion is conveyed through the middle Voice by means of a definite class-sign.

One or two peculiar constructions call for notice.

A. The active with direct object can take the place of the middle; thus, thuvam msitya durujiyahy (Bh. IV, 6) *do not deceive yourself.'

B. The middle without the passive sign sometimes contains the passive signification; thus, hy^ N^buk(u)- dracara ag^ub^ta (Bh. I 19) 'who was called (lit. called himself) Nabukudracara. 'agrtrbay^ta(Bh. II, 13) «he was taken.' an^yata (Bh. I, 17) 'he was led.'

C. The passive participle of neuter verbs has no passive notion, but simply an indefinite past tense; thus hrt(n)gmrtta (Bh. II, 7) 'having come together.'

43

USES OF THE MOODS.

THE INDICATIVE.

90. The indicative is used in the recital of facts.

THE SUBJUNCTIVE.

91. The subjunctive has a general future meaning, denoting what is possible and probable. This use is perhaps the historic one from which the nicer and more elaborate values of this mood in the cognate languages have been developed; thus, tuvam ka hya aparam imam dipim p^tip^^rsahy (Bh. IV, 6) *0 thou who wilt hereafter examine this inscription.'

A. Conditional sentences introduced by y^diy, 'if, take their verbs in the subjunctive; thus yadiy avatha. m<3:niyahy (Bh. IV, 5) 'if thus thou thinkest.'

B. Purpose clauses introduced by y^tha, 'in order that', take their verbs in the subjunctive; thus, yatha. khshnasahy (NRa.) 'in order that you may know.'

C. The negative maty*^; (ma and ty^) denoting pur- pose or warning takes the subjunctive; thus, maty^ mam khshnasatiy (Bh. I, 1 3) 'that (the state) may not know me.'

D. The subjunctive with the negative ma.tya is used to express prohibition, less peremptory than the imperative, more so than the optative; thus, p^tik<a:ra Tn^tya visanahy (Bh. IV, 15) 'thou shalt not destroy (these) pictures.'

E. The temporal conjunction yava takes the sub- junctive in its ordinary future sense ; thus, yava t^uma ah^tiy (Bh. IV, 16) 'as long as (thy) family shall be.'

THE OPTATIVE.

92. The optative denotes what is desired, in which capacity it is the equivalent of a mild impera- tive. In a weakened sense it denotes what may or can be.

44

A. The optative with the negative particle ma expresses a desired negation, not direct prohibition ; thus, utat^iy t^uma ma biya (Bh. IV, li) 'may there not be a family of thine.'

THE IMPERATIVE.

93. The imperative expresses a command or a desire; thus, paraidiy av^m j^diy (Bh. II, 7) *go, smite that (army).'

THE INFINITIVE.

94. The infinitive, in its fundamental and usual sense, expresses purpose, as the dative infinitive of the Veda. It has also become employed in a freer sense as the simple complement of a verb ; thus, ais^ h^^da kara p^tish mam hamaranam cartanaiy (Bh. I, 19) 'he went with (his) army against me to engage in battle,' kasciy naly ad^rshn^ush cisciy th<^st^n^iy p<3:riy G^^umat^m (Bh. I, 13) 'no one dared to say anything against Gaumata.*

USES OF THE TENSES. 95. A few peculiar uses deserve notice.

A. The present with diivita.taranam denotes that the action was begun in the past and continues in the present. This peculiarity is to be compared with the Latin use of the present with iam diu, etc.

B. The indicative forms of the imperfect and aorist appear without augment. With the loss of this augment the imperfect and aorist sacrifice their own peculiar character and take on other notions. After ma prohibitive the sense is that of a subjunc- tive or optative ; thus, h^ca aniyana ma t^rs^m (I.) * may I not fear an enemy. '

45

C. Yata in the sense of "while" takes the imper- fect; in the sense of ''until" it takes either the imper- fect or aorist.

D. The passive participle, both with and without an auxiliary verb, is used in the sense of a passive perfect; thus, amata am^hy (Bh. I, 3) 'we have been tested (or prolonged).' B^rdiy^ av^j<2:t^ (Bh. I, lo) 'Bardiya was slain.'

DEPENDENT CLAUSES.

96. Final Clauses. Cf. 91, B. and C.

97. Consecutive Clauses. Tya (the neuter of the relative) introduces clauses expressing result, and takes the verb in the indicative ; thus, dr<^ug^dish h<7mitriya akun^ush ty^ im^iy kar^m adurujiy^sh<3:(n) (Bh. IV, 4) 'a lie made them rebellious so that they deceived the people.'

98. Conditional Clauses. Cf. 91, A.

99. Causal Clauses. Y^tha expressing cause takes the verb in the indicative ; thus, Aur/^m<a:zda

up<i:stam ahara y<3:tha n^iy arik<a; ah<^m (Bh. IV,

13) 'Auramazda gave aid, because I was not un- friendly.'

100. Temporal Clauses.

A. Y^tha, "while," takes the indicative; "in order that," the subjunctive.

B. Yata, Cf. 95, C.

C. Yava, "as long as," prefers the subjunctive. Cf. 91, E.

INDIRECT DISCOURSE.

101. A form of indirect narrative is hardly devel- oped in the language. Statements are expressed

46

usually in the most simple direct manner; thus, yadiy av^^tha m^niyahy d^hyaushm^iy duruva ah<2tiy (Bh. IV, 5) 'if thus thou thinkest, may my country be safe.'

A. This influence of the direct form of statement is felt often by the pronoun in a dependent clause; thus, kar<3:m avaj^niya maty^man khshnasatiy (Bh. I, 13) 'he would smite the people that they may not know him (lit. that they may not know me)'; the idea being expressed as it was conceived in the mind of the author.

B. A tendency towards indirect discourse is mani- fested by the use of the neuter of the relative ty^; thus, kar<^hya n^iy azda ab^v^ ty^ B^rdiy^ av^j^t^ (Bh. I, 10) 'there was ignorance on the part of the state that Bardiya was slain.'

Note. The relative pronoun yat in Sanskrit appears to have a few times this same function. I refer to a case I have met recently in my reading, namely in the Khandogya Upanishad.

COMPOUNDS.

102. Copulative. The composition of two nouns in coordinate construction as if connected by the con- junction "and" does not appear in the inscriptions.

103. Determinative. The composition of two words, the former of which qualifies the second, either as a noun in case relation, adjective, or verb, occurs; thus, sarastiharaf 'having bows', Aur^m^zda, SLsahara, etc.

104. Adjective. The determinative compound by assuming the idea of • 'possessing" becomes an adjec- tive; thus, Art^khshatr^j, 'Artaxerxes* (as a determi-

47

native, 'lofty kingdom'; as an adjective compound, ^'possessing a lofty kingdom'.) zurakara, 'possessing power as action', (h)uv^sp«, paruzana, etc.

Note. The compound paruzana has its two members separated, yel preserves the meaning and value of a compound; thus, paruv zananan

(Ca) (Cb) (K).

I02. Prepositional. The composition of two words, the former of which is a preposition governing the second, is found often; thus, passLva, 'after this', taradaraya patipadam iraharvamf etc.

48

A complete classification of all the verb-forms oc- ring in the Old Persian language,

Aj (?), drive. (See vocabulary.) Impf. 3. s., Sijata.

Akhsh (?), see. (See vocabulary.) Impf. I. s., akhsh<2iy.

Ah. be. Pres. I. s., amiy; 2. s., ahy, 3. s., astiy; 1. p.; am^hy: 3. p., h^(n)tiy; 3. s., ah^tiy(subj.). Impf. i. s., ah^m; 3. s., ah^; 3. p., ah^(n); 3. p. (middle) ah^(n)ta, (ah^[n]t^).

Av^h, ask aid. Impf. (middle) I. s., avahaiy.

I> go- Pres. 3. £., aitiy; 2. s., idiy (impv.); 2. p. ; ita (impv.) Impf. I. s., ay^m, 3 p., ay^(n). Aor. 3. s., aish^; 3. p.,aish^(n).Part., ita

Ish, send. Impf. I. s, aiishayam 3. s., aish^zy^.

K^n, dig. Pres. 3. s., k^(n)tuv (impv.). Impf. I. s., ak^n^m; 3. s., ak^. Aor. (passive) 3. s., ak^niy. Inf. k<3:(n)- t^n^iy.

J^ar, do.

Pres. 2. s., kun^vahy (subj.), k^rahy (subj.) 2. s. k^ra (impv.) Impf. i. s., akun^^v^m; 3. s., akun^iush, (akunash: S), i. p., akuma, 3. p. akun^v^(n), 3. s. (middle) akun^v^ta, 3. p. akun^va(n)ta, (akuta), 3. s. (passive) akun^vy^ta; Perf. 3. s. c^khriya (opt.). Inf. cartanaiy; Part k^rt^.

OF run.

XTNIVERSITT

Khshi (?), rule. (See vocabulary.) Impf. (middle) i. s, akhsh^iy.

Khshnas, know.

Pres. 2. s. khshnasahy (subj.), 3. s. khshnasatiy (subj.)

Gam, go. Aor. 3. s. gm^ta, 3. s. jamiya (opt). Part gmata.

Garb, seize. Impf. I. s. a.garha.yam, 3. s., agarhaya, 3. p. ag^r- bay<3:(n), 3. s. (middle) ag^bayata,

Gud, hide. Pres. 2. s. g<^ud^yahy (subj.); Impf. 3, s. agaudaya,

Gub, speak. Pres. (middle) 3. s. g^ubd:t^iy, 3. s. g^ubat<3:iy (subj.); Impf. 3. s. ag^ub^ta.

Jady ask. Pres. I. s. j^^diyamiy, 3. s. j<^d<2:n^utuv (impv.)

]an, smite. Pres, 2. s. jadiy (impv.), 2. p. j^ta (impv.) j^niya (opt.); Impf. I s. ajanam, 3. s. aj^, 3 p. a]ana (n); Part. j<2t^.

Jiv, live. Pres. 2. s. jiv^hy, 2. s. jiva (impv.)

T^khsh, fashion. Impf. (middle) I s. at^khsh^iy, 3. s. at^khsh^ta, 3. p. at^khsha(n)ta.

TaVy cross. Impf. I s. at^r^(m?) (Bh. V, 4) 3. s., at^r^ (t^rti- yana.?), i. p. atarayama; Part. t^rt^.

so

T^rs, fear. Pres. 3. s. tarsatiy; Impf, i. s. ditarsam, 3. s. atarsa.

Thad, go.(?) Impf. 2. s. Sithadaya.

Th<3:h, say. Pres. 2. s. thahy, 3. s. thatiy, I. p, (passive) th^h- yam^hy; Impf. i, s. ath^zh^m, 3. s. athaha; Aor. (pas- sive) 3. s. ath<a:hi; Inf. thastanaiy.

Trar, guard. Impf. I. s. atrarayam.

Dan, flow. Pres. 3. s. danauvatiy.

Dar, hold. Pres. I. s. dar<2yamiy; Impf. 3. s. adaraya; Aor. (passive) 3. s. adariy (adary, adari).

D<3:rsh, dare. Pres. (middle) I. s, d^rsh^iy; Impf. 3. s. ad<2rsh- n^ush.

1. Da, know. Impf. 3, s. adana.

2. Da, put.

Impf. 3. s. ad^da; Aor. 3. s. ada, ad^da.

3. Da, give. Pres. 3. s. d^datuv (impv,)

I. Di, see. Pres, 2. s. didiy (impv.)

2. Di, take. Impf. I. s. adin^m, 3. s. adina; Part. dit^.

51

Duruj, deceive. Pres. 2. s. durujiyahy (subj. ;) Impf. 3. s. adurujiya, 3. p. adurujiy^sh<7(n); Part, durukht^.

Duv<^r, make. (?) Part, duvarta.

Ni, lead. Impf. I. s. a.nayam, 3. s. anayay 3. s. (middle) an^- y^ta.

Fat, fall. Impf. 3. s. (middle) apatata.

Vars, examine. Pres. 2. s. p<^rsahy (subj.) 3. s. p<^rsatiy (subj.) p«rsa (impv.); Impf. i. s. ap<2:rs^m; Part, fr^^st^.

Pa, protect. Pres. 2. s. padiy (impv.), 3. s. patuv (impv,,) 2. s. (middle) p^y^uva (impv.) Part. pat^.

Pish, rub. Impf. 1. s. apish<^m; Inf. pishtrt:n<3:iy; Part, pisht^.

B<7(n)d, bind. Part. b^st^.

Bar, bear. Pres. 3. p. b<3:rrt:(n)tiy, haratya?, 3. s. b^r^tuv (impv.); Impf. I. s. abaram, 3. s. ab^ra 3. p. ab^ra(n), 3. p. (middle) ab^r«(n)ta; Part, barta.

Bu, be. Pres. 3. s. b^vatiy (subj.); Impf. i. s. ahavam, 3. s. ab^va, 3. p. abava(n); Aor. 3. s. biya (Opt.)

M^n, think. Pres. 3. s. maniyatiy (subj.)

M^n, remain. Impf, 3. s. 3imanaya.

52

M^r, die. Impf. (middle) 3. s. am^riy^ta.

Ma, measure. Part. mat^.

R^d, leave.C?) Impf. 2. s. Sitada.

KaSy come. Pres, 3. s. r<3:satiy (subj.); Impf. i. s. ar^s^m, 3. s. ar^s<3:.

Vain, see. Pres. 2. s. v^inahy (subj.) 3. s. (middle) vainataiy; Impf. 3. s. divaina.

Vaj, lead. Impf. I. s. avajam.

Yar, cause to believe. Pres. 3. s. v^rn^vatiy (subj.) 3. s. (middle) warna- v^tam (impv.)

S^n, destroy. Pres. 2. s. s^nahy (subj.)

S^r, kill.(?) Impf. (middle) 3. s. as^riy^ta.

St^r, sin. Impf. 2. s. astarava.

Sta, stand. Impf. 3. s. aisht<3:ta, 1. s. astay^m, 3. s. astay^.

Shiyu, go. Impf. I. s. ashiy^v^m, 3. s. ashiy^v^, 3. p. ashiy^j- v^(n).

H^(n)j, throw. Impf. I. s. ah^(n)j^m.

H^d, sit. Impf. I. s. ahad<2y^m.

TRANSLITERATION

OF

THE INSCRIPTIONS

I.

INSCRIPTION OF CYRUS.

INSCRIPTION OF MURGHAB. (m.)

*Ad^m *Kurush ^khshay^aithiy^?; ^HakhRmanishiya.

lAdara. 36. 2Kurush, IC. ^khshay/^thiya. 18. '•H^kham^ni- shiyrt, 58.

II.

INSCRIPTIONS OF DARIUS HYSTASPES.

THE INSCRIPTION OF BEHISTAN. (BH. )

1. Adam Dar^y<3:V(3:(h)ush* khshayathiya vazraka khshay(3:thiy^ khshay^thiyanam khshay^thiy^ Pars^^iy khshay^thiy^ M^hyunam V(i)shthasp(^hya putm Ar- sham^hya 'naps. H^kham^nishiy<3:. 2. ^Thatiy Data- y^v<3:(h)ush khshay^thiy^ mam, '^pita V(i)shtasp^ V(i)shtasp<2hya pita Arsham^ Arsham^hya pita Ariya- ramna Ariyaramn^^hya pita [C^ishpish] ^C^ishpaisb pita H^kham^nish. 3, Thatiy Dar<3:y^v^(h)ush khshay^thiy^ av^hy^radiy vayam H^kham^nishiya ^th^hyam^hy haca. ^p^ruviy<7t<^ ^amata ^am^hy haca p<^ruviy^t<3^ "hya amakh^m "t^uma khshay<2thiya dLha(n). 4:. Thatiy Dar^y<2v^(h)ush khshay<^thiy<3; VIII m<3;na t^umaya ty<3!iy paruvam khshay^thiya ah^(n) adam navamalXduvita.tarnam vayam khshay^- thiya am^hy, 5. Thatiy Dar^y^v<2(h)ush khshay^- thiy<3: v<2shna "Auramazdaha adam khshay^thiy^j: amiy Aur<3:m^zda khsh«tr<2m '^m^^na irahara. 6. Thatiy Dar<3:y^v<3:(h)ush khshay^thiy^ ^'*ima d<^hyav^ tya mana '5prt'tiyaish(3;(n) v^jshna Aur<7m^zdah(3; '"ad^msham khshay^thiy^ ah^m Pars^ (H)uv^j^ Babirush Athura

*The author not feeling ready to accept the theory of Linder (Literar. Centralblatt, 18S0, p. 358) respecting the derivation of the second member of the compound (cf. Spiegel: Die Altpersischen Keil- inschriften, 2nd edition) retained the old spelling 4-vush in his first edition. The otherwise anomalous genitive +vah<7ush has induced him to transliterate +v<7(h)ush. See vocabulary.

id^hyunam, 21. ^^^pa, 23. "thatiy, 15; 39, V. "pita, 22. 'C<zishpaish, 20. ®thrthyamr?hy, 45, b. ^p^ruviyrttfl, 58. ^amata, 95, D. •amahy 40 (end)- i^hya, 30; 87, a. ^U^uma, 21. ^^Aura- mflzdaha, 19. ^'mana, 83. ^*ima, 28. i''prttiyaishrt(n), 48. *«ad«m- sham. 29.

55

Arahaya Mudray^ tyaly darayahya, Sp^rd<3! Y^una Mad^ Arming Katapatuka Tarthava Zara(n)ka Harai- va Vvsirazamiya Bakhtrish Sugud^ G^(n)dar^ Saka Thatagush H^r<a:uv^tish Maka haharvam dahyava XXIII. 7. Thatiy Dar^y^v^(h)ush khshay^^thiy^ ima dahydiva tya mana pat{y3iisha(n) v^shna Aur^- mazdaha m^na b^(n)d^ka aha(n)ta. mana. 'bajim ^a.ba- r^(n)ta ty^sham h^cam^ ath^hy khsh^p<3;va raucapa- tiva ^ava *a,kunavyata. 8. Thatiy Dar^y<3:v^(h)ush khshay^thiy<3; a(n)t^r ima d^hyav<3: martiya hya ag^ta aha avam ^(h)ub<^rt^m ab^r^m hya arik<^ ah^: av^m (h)uirastam ap<^rs^m v<3:shna Aur^m^zdah^ ima da- hyav^ ty^na m^na data ap<3;riyay^(n) y<^thasham ha- cam^ ^ath^hy av<3;tha ^akun^vy^^ita. 9. Thatiy Dara- yava(h)ush khshay<3:thiy<^ Aur<^m^zda m<3:na khsh<i:tr^m irahara Aur<^m(^zdam^iy up^stam ^ahara 'yata im^ khsh<^tr<3;m *°adary v^shna Aur^m^zdah^ im^ khsh^- tr^m "dar<^yamiy. 10. Thatiy Dar<2y^v^(h)ush

khshay<^thiy<3: im<2: ty<3; m<?na "k^rt^m pasava y^itha khshay<7thiy^ ab<3:v^m Ka(m)huyiya nama Kur<7ush putva amakh<2m t<2umaya ^^hauv p^ruv^m ida khshay^- thiy<^ aha avrt:hya K<^(m)buj iy<^hya brata B^rdiy*^ ''^nam^ aha h^mata h<3;m(3:pita K<3:(m)bujiy<2hya pasava Ka(m)- bujiy^ av^m B<2rdiy<3:m ^^avaja y^^tha Krt'(m)bujiy^ B<3:rdiy<3:m avaj^ kar^hya n^iy azda ahava tya B^^rdiy^^; ava]ata pasava K<3:(m)buji}^ Mudrayrt-m ashiy<^v<3: y^tha Krt'(m)bujiy^ Mudray^m ashiy^v^ pasava kara arik^ ab^^v^ pasava drauga d^hy^uva v^siy ab^v^ uta Pars^iy uta Mad^iy uta aniyauva d^hyushuva. 11. Thatiy T) ar ay av a (h)ush khshay^thiy^ pasava I mrtrtiy<^ M^^gush ah<^ G<2umat<2 nam^ h^uv ud<3:p^t<7:ta h<3;ca P^ishiyauvadaya Ar<3:k^drish nama k<3:uf^ haca.

1 bajim. 20. * a.haTa{n)ta, 44, 2. ^ ^va, 27. ■* akun^vyata, 45, N. 3. s (h)ub^?rt^m, 64, b. « athahy, 45, N. 4; 50. N. ^ akun^v- yrtta, 42. ^ abara, 44. ® yata, 95. 1° adary, 50. ^ ^ danzyamiy 46 i2kflrtam, 53. i^hauv, 28. i ^ nama, 23, b. - -

56

Sivadasha Yiyakhnahya mahya XIV ' r<3;uc^bish tha- katSL oha yadiy udayatata. hauv karahyd. av^tha 'adu- rujiy^ a.dam B^rdiy^ amiy hya Kur^ush putr^ K^(m)- bujiy^hya brata pasa.va kara haruva h^mitriy^ ab^v^ h^ca K^(m)bujiya abiy SLvam ashiy^v<3! uta Tarsa uta Mad<3: uta aniya d^hyav^ khsh^tr<3:m h^uv 3.garha.yata. Garmapadahya mahya IX r<^uc^bish th^ik^ta aha av^tha khsh(3;tr<3:m agarhayata pasava 'Ka(^m)hu]iya (h)uvam^rshiyush am^riy^ta. 12. Thatiy Damy^- v^(h)ush khshay^thiy^ aita khsh<2tr^m tya G<3:umata ^ hya Magush ^adina K«(m)bujiy«m aita khsh^tr^m h^ca paruvlyata amakh<2m t^umaya ah^ pasava Gau- mata hya M<3;gush adina K<3:(m)bujiy^m uta Pars^m uta Mad^m uta aniya d<3:hyav<^ h<3;uv ay<3:sta uvaip<7shi- yam akut<3; h^uv khshay^thiy^ ahava. 13. Thatiy Dar^y<3;v^(h)ush khshay^thiy^s: n^iy aha martiya na'iy Varsa naiy Mad^ n^iy amakh<3;m t<3:umaya ^k^^shciy hy<3; avam G<2umat^m ty<2m Magum khsh<2tr<2m dit^^m *c^khriya kar<2shim h^ca darshama at^rs^ kar^m v^siy avaj^niya hya paranam B^rdiy<3;m adana av<a;hy<^radiy kar^m avaj^niya '^maty^mam khshnasatiy ty^; ad^m n^iy B<3:rdiy^ amiy hy^ Kur<7ush putr^ k^shciy n^iy ad^rshn^ush cishciy th^st^n^iy p^riy G^umat^m ty^m M^gum yata adam avasam pasava adam Aur^m^zdam p<3;tiyav<^h^iy Aur^m^zdam^^iy up^stam ahava Bag<3:- yad^ish mahya X r^uc^bish th^k^ta ah^ av^tha ad<a:m h^da k<3!m^n^ibish martiy^ibish av^m G^umat^m tyam. M^gum avaj^n^m uta ty<2ish<3:iy iraiama martiya anushiya ah<a:(n)ta Sik^y^uv^tish ^nama* dida Nisay^ nama d^hyaush Mad^iy av^d<3:shim avaj^n^m ^khsh^- tr^mshim ad^m adin^m v^shna Aur^m^zdah^ ad^m

*For forms nam<7 and nama cf. the Grammar; but see Bar- tholomae, Arische Forsch. I, 58; also Thumb, Zeitsch. fiir vergl. Sprachforsch. (1891)

1 rrtucrtbish, 23. * adurujiy^/, 45. * adina, 43. * k^shciy, 31 . •cflkhriya, 47. « maty^rmam, 101, A. ^ nama, 24; 61, A, Note 2. * khshatrarashim ad^/m zdxnam, 64.

57

khshay<i:thiy^ ahavam Aur^m^izda khsh<3:tr<7m m^^na irsihara. 14. Thatiy Darrt:y<^v^(h)ush khshay<7thiy^ khsh^tr<3;m ty^ ^h^ca amakh^m t^umaya parahartam aha dva adam patipadam akunavam ad^^mshim *gathva^ avastay^m y^tha paruvamciy av^tha ad^m akun^v^m ayadana. tya Gaumata hya M<3:gush,viy^k^ adam niyatrarayam kar^^hya abac^rish g^ithamca maniy^mca 3v(i)thibishca tyadish G<3:umat^ hya M^gush adina ad^m kar^m gathva avastay<^m Pars^mca Ma- d^mca uta aniya d^hyav^ y^tha p<3:ruv<2mciy av^tha ad^m tya parabartam patiyaharam v^shna Aura- m<2zdah<7 ima adam akun^v^m ad^m h^m(3:t(7khsh^iy yata v(i)th<3:m tyam amakh^m gathva avastay^^m y<2tha p^ruv^mciy av^^tha ad^tm hamatakhshaiy v^shna AuramayAaha y^tha G^umat<^ hya M^gush v(i)th^m tyam amakh^m na'iy parabara. 15. Thatiy Dar<3:y^v<^(h)ush khshay<^thiy<7 ima tya adam akuna- vam pasava y^tha khshay^thiy^ ahavam. 16. Thatiy T> ar ay av a (h)ush khshay<7:thiy<3: y^tha ad^m G^umat^m tyrt:m M^gum avajanam pasava I martiya Atrina nama \Jpadara(n)mahya putr^ h^uv udrt:prtt^ta (H)uvaiaiy kar^hya av^tha athaha adam (R)uva]aiy khshay^thiy^ amiy pasava (H)uv<7Jiya h^^mitriya ab^- va(n) ably avam Atrin^m ashiy<2v^(n) h^uv khshay^- thiy^ ab^v^ (H)uvaiaiy uta I martiya Babiruviy^ N^dit^bir^ nama Aina - - hya putr^ h^uv ud^p^t^ta Babir^uv kar^m av<ztha adurujiy^ ad^^m N<^buk(u)dr^- cava amiy hya N^bunit^hya putr^z p^sav^ kar^ hy^ Babiruviya haruva abiy avam N<3:dit«bir^m ashiy^v^x Babirush h^mitriy^ ab<3;v^ khsh<^tr^m tya Babir^uv hauv ag^rbay<a:ta. 17. Thatiy Dar<^y<?V(^(h)ush

khshay<^thiy<3; pf^-sav^^ adrt;m (kar^m) '^fraish^y^^m

*It is possible to regard this form as a locative (gathava) with post- positive a (cf. note on {H)ufratauva I, 19; but the instrumental seems preferable).

1 h<7ca amakh^m taumaya, 76. ^ gathva, 73. ' v(i)thibishca, 70, a. '* fraish^yrtm (H)uvajam, 66.

58

(H.)uva]am hauv Atrin^ hasta anayata, abiy mam ad<^mshim a.va.]anam. 18. Thatiy Dar^y<3;v^(h)ush khshay^zthiy<a; pas3.va a.dam Babirum ashiy^v^m abiy av^m N^ditrtbir^m hy^ ^^ahuk(u)dracara ag^ub^ta kara hya It^aditahirahya. Tigram adar^^y^ aisht^ta uta abish naviya ah^ pasa,va ad^m kar^m-m^kauva ava- "kanam aniy^m d^sh^barim akun^v^m a,niyahya. ashm . . . ^n^y^m Auramazda.maiy up^stam shara v<^shna Auramazdsha Tigram viy^t^^r^yam^ av<^da kar<3:m ty^m N^dit^bir^^hya ad^^m a.]anam vasiy Atriyadiy^- hy^ mahya 'XXVII r^uc^bish thakatd. aha av^tha hamaranam akuma. 19. Thatiy Da.rayava(h.)ush khshay^thiy^ p^^sav^ ad^m Babirum ashiy^v^m athiy

Babirum y<2tha ay<2m Zazan^ nam^ v^rd^-

n^m ^anuv (H)ufrat^uva* av^da h^uv N^xdit^^bir^ hy^ Nrtbuk(u)dr^c^r^ ag<^ub«ta aisha ^h^da kara ^p^tish mam h^m^r^n^m cartana'iy pasava h^m^^r^n^m akuma Aur^m^zdam^iy up^stam ahara v^shna Aur^m^zdah<2 kar<7;m ty^m N^dit^bir^^hya ad^m aj^^n^m v^siy aniy^ apiya - h - - a . . apishim parahara Anam^k^hy^ mahya *II r^uc^bish th^k<3;ta ah^ av^tha h^m^r^n^m akuma.

*(H)ufrrttmva: The a which occurs at the end of this locative termination is doubtless the prefix a of ths Sanskrit. For a full dis- cussion of this postpositive a; cf. Bazzenbergers Beitrage, XIII; also for the same postpositive a in Avestan, cf Jackson Am, Or. Society Proceedings (1889) and Kuhns Zeitschrift. XXXI. Cf. Grammar,

IC. F.

* Nrtbuk(u)dr^c«rez ag<zub«ta, Gl, B. ^XXVII r^uc^bish, 72. » anuv (Hjufratrruva, 84. * h<7da kara, 70. "^ p^rtish mam -c<^tan<7iy, 54. N.; 60, B; 94. « II raucabish. 60, C.

59

II.

1. Thatiy Dar^y^v<^(h)ush hkshay<?thiy^ pasa.va T<^aditahira hada. k<2m<^n<^ibish asbaribish abiy Babirum Rshiyava pasa.va a.dam Babirum ashiy^v^m v^shna Aur^m^^zdah^ uta Babirum ag<3;rbay^m uta av^m NrtJdit^bir^m ag^rbay<3:m pas3.va a.vam N<^dit<7bir^m a.dam Babimuv avaj^n<7m. 2. Thatiy Dar<3;yrtv<7(h)ush khshay^thiy(3: yata ad^m Babir<2uv sham ima d^^hyav^ tya h^cam^ h^^mitriya ab^v«(n) Pars^ (ll)\ivaja Mad^ Athura Arming Farthava M^rgush Th^^t^gush S^k^. 3. Thatiy Dar^y<3;v<3:(h)ush khshay<7thiy^ I m^rtiy^ Martiya na.ma Cicikhraish putr<3; 'Kug<^n«ka nam<^ v^rdrtn^m Pars^iy av^da adamy^ h^uv udapatata. (H)uva]a\y kar^hya av^tha ath<2h^ ad<^m Im(^nish amiy (V[)uvd]aiy khshay^thiy^. 4. Thatiy Da.raya- \7z(h)ush khshay^thiy^ adrtk^iy ad<3:m ashn^^iy ah^m

abiy (H)uvrtj^nTi p^sav^^ h<^cam<2 (H)uv«jiya

av^^m Martiycim agrtrbayrt(n) hy^sham m<^thisht<^ aha utashim avaj<7n«(n). 5. Thatiy D a.r ay av a (h)ush. khshayrtthiyrt I m^rtiy^^ Fr^v^^rtish nam^o: Mad^ h^uv ud^^p^t^ta Mard^iy kar^^hya av^xtha atht^h^ ad^m Khshrtthrit^ amiy (H)uvrtkhshrt:t(7mhya t<^umaya pasa.va ka.ra Mada hya v(i)thap(^tiy ah^ hacama hrt;mitriy<7 abava abiy av<^m Fr^v^rtim ashiy<^v^ h^xuv khshayrtthiy<^ ab^v<^ Mad^iy. 6. Thatiy 'Davaya- vrt(h)ush khshay<7:thiy^ kar« Pars^ uta Mad^a; hy<^ upa mam ah^a; 'h<^uv k^m^n^^m ah^ p^sav^: adrt'm kamm fraish(7y<^m Vid^rn^ nam^ Pars^ m^na b^(n)d«k^ av^msham m^thisht^m akun^v^m avrt:thasham ath«- h^m p^^r^ita av^m kar^m ty^m Mad<a:m j^ta hy^ mrt:na n^iy g^ub^t^iy p^sav^a: h^uv Yidavna hada. kara ashi- yawa y^tha Mad^^m p^rar^s^ Ma . . . nam<2 v^rd^n^m Mad^iy av<^da hamaranam akun^^ush h^da Mad^^ibish hy^ Mad<3;ishuva m^thisht<^ aha hauv ad<3:k<^iy kama- n^mciy n^iy a.daraya Aur^m^zdam^iy up<2stam ahava

^ Kug^q^ka m.va.a, 61 a, Note 2. ^ h^zuv ]s.amavL(im aha, 8G a.

6o

v^shna Auramazdaha ksLva hya Vid^rn<2hya av^m kar^m tyam h^mitriy^^m a.]a vasiy Ana.makahya mahya VI r^uc^bish th<2k<3:ta aha ^ av<3:thasham hama- ranam kartam pasa.va hauv kara hya mana, K^(m)- pada nama d^hyaush Mad^iy av^da mam cita ama- naya yata ad^m a.rasam Mad^m. 7. Thatiy Da.ra- yava(K)ush. khshay^thiy^ pasava Dad^arshish nam^ Arminiy<^ m<^na ha(n)daka av^m ad^im fraish^y^^m Arminrt;m av^thash^^iy athrt;h(^m p^rrt:idiy kar<?; hya h^mitriy^ m^na naiy gauhataiy av^m j^-diy p^sav^ Dad^rshish ashiyava y^tha Armin^-m pararasa pasava h^mitriya ''ha(n)gmata. p<^r<2ita p^^tish Dad^^rhim ha-

maranam cartanaiy nam<i; avahanam. Arm^-

niy^^iy av^^da h^^m^mn^m akunava(n) Aiir<i'm(^zdam(^iy uprtjstam ahara v^shna Aur^m<7zdah<^ kam hya mana, a.vam kar^m ty<3;m hrt-mitriy^im . . a]a vas'iy Thur<3:va- havahya mahya VI r^uc^bish ihakata. aha av<^thasham hamaranam k^rt^'^m. 8. Thatiy Dar^y(^vrt(h)ush khshayrtthiy<7 p<?tiy duvitiy^-m h^^mitriya ha(\\)g\'nata paraita p^tish Dad^rshim hamarauam Qartanaiy Tigr^ nama dida Arm^niy<^iy av^da h^m^Tr^^in^^m ak\xnava{n) Aur^^m^^zdam^^-iy up^stam ahara v<7shna Aumm^zdah^ kar^ hy^ m<7na av^m kar^m ty^m h^imitriy^m a]a was'iy Thur^vah^mhy^ mahya XVIII r^uc^bish th^- k^ta ah^ av^thasham h^'m^r^n^m kaviava. 9. Tha- tiy Dar^y^v^(h)ush khshay^thiy^ p<^tiy tritiy^m h<2mitriya ha(n)gma\.a. p^^r^ita p^-tish Dad^rshim ha- m^r^n^m cavtanaiy U . . . . am^; nama dida Arm^- niy<?iyav^da hamaYanava akunrtv^(n) Aur^m^zdam^iy uprt-stam ahara v^shna Aur^-m^zdah^ kar^ hy^ m^?na av^m kar^m ty^m h^mitriy^m a]a vasxy Thaig^rc^-ish mahya IX r^ucrt;bish thakaia. aha av<'7thasham h^m^- rarxam k^rt^m p^sav^ Dad^rshish cita mam aman^y^ . a. . . yata ad^-m arasavn Mad^m. 10. Thatiy Dar<^7- y^v^(h)ush khshay<'?thiy^ p^rsav^ V^umis^ nanirt!

* avrtthasham, GO, c. * h//(n)gm^ta, 80, c.

6i

Pars^ mana. ha(n)da]<a av^m a.dam fraish^^iy^m Armi- n^m av^thashrtiy ath^^h^m paraidiy kara hya ham'i- triya mana. naiy gauhataiy av^m j^diy p^sav^a: V^umis^ Sishiyava yatha, Armin^m pararasa pasa.va h^mitriya ha(n)gmata, paraita p<?tish Vrt;umis<3:m

hamaranam cartanaiy - - I nama d^hyausk Athu-

raya av^da hamaranara akun^v^(n) Aur^m^zdajn^iy up^stam ahara v^shna Auramazdaha kara hya mcma. a,vam kar-^m tyam h<^mitriy^m a]a vasly Anam^k^hy^ mahya XV muc^bish th<^k<^ta aha av^thasham hama- ranam kartam. 11. ThatiyDar<2:y<2v^(h)ushkhshay<a:- thiya pat'iy duvltiyam h^mitriya ha(n)gmata, p^r^ita p^tish V<?umis^m hamaranam. cartanaiy Autiyar^ nama d^hyaush Armin^iy av^da hamaranam akun^- v^(n) Aur^m<?zdam(^iy up^stam ahara v<3;shna Aur^- m<3:zdah<2 kar^ hya m^na a.wam karam tyam h^mi- tiiyam aja vasiy Thuravaharahya mahya - iyamanam patiy av<^thasham hamaranam kartam pasava Vau- misa cita mam amanaya Armin^iy yata ad^m ar^s^^m Mad<^m. 12. Thatiy D ar ay av a (h)ush khshay^thiy<3: p^sav^ ad<^m nijay^m haca, Babir^ush ashiy^v<a;m Mad<a;m y<3:tha Mad«m para.rasam Kud(u)rush na,ma vardanam Mad^^iy av^da h^uv Fr^v^rtish hya Mad^iy khshay<7thiy^ agauhata. aish^ h^da kara p^tish mam hamaranam cartanaiy p^sav^ h^m^r^n^m akuma Aur^m^zdam^?iy up^stam ahara v<?shna Aur^m^zdah^ kar^m ty^m Fr<2v^rt(^ish ad<2:m a.]anam. vasiy Aduk^- n<3:ish mahya XXVI r<^uc<3:bish th^k^ta ah<3: av^tha hamaranam akuma. 13. Thatiy D a.r ay av a (h)ush khshay<2thiy^ p^sav*^ h^uv Fr^v<3;rtish h<2:da \:ama- n^ibish asbaribish amuth<3: Raga, nama d.'zhyaush Mad^iy a^vada. ashiy^v<a; pasa.va adam kar^m fraish^- yam ^tyaipatiy Fr<3;v^rtish "" agarhayata. anayata. abiy mam ad^msh^iy uta nah<3;m uta g^^usha uta izavam hajanam utash^iy ma a,va]am duv^r^yam<a:iy

1 tyrtip^tiy, 88, b. ^ ago rha.yata. anayata, 89, b.

62

hasta adariy h^ruv^shim kara a.valna passiva ad^m H^(n)gm«tan^iy uzamayapatiy akun<^v<3;m uta mar- tiya tyaishaiy iratama. anushiya ahrt;(n)ta av^iy ¥la(n)gmata.naiy a(n)t<?r didam frah«(n)j<^m. 14. Thatiy Dar^y«v<^(h)ush khshayrtthiy^ I martiya Citra(n)t^khm^ na.ma Asagartiya h^uvm<3:iy hami- tr'xya abava kar^^hya av^tha a.thaha ad<2m khshay^- thiya amiy As^g^^rt^iy (H)uvakh.shatarahya. t^umaya pasa.va ad^m kar^m Pars^m uta Mad^^rn fraish<3:y^m T^khm^spad^ nam^ M3.da mana.ha(n)daka av^^msham m<7thisht^m akunavam av^aithasham Sithaham. paraitdi kar<7m tyavs\ h<7mitriy^m hya m^na na'iy gauhditaiy av^m j^ta p^sav^ T^khm<?spad^ h^da kara ashiy^v^ hamaranam akun<2ush h^da Citr<3;(n)t^khma Aur^m<^z- dam^iiy up<?stam dhava v^shna Auramazdaha ka.ra hya mana. a.vam kanzm tyam hamitriyam a.]a uta Citr<3:(n)- t<^khmrt:m agarha.ya ax\.aya abiy mam p^sav^sh^iy adrt;m uta nah<3;m uta g^usha fraj^n^m utashrt'iy - - shm^ avrtj<2m duv<2r<^yam<a:iy b^st^ adariy h^ruv^shim kar^ a.va\xia p^sav^shim Arbiraya uz<3:m^yap<a:tiy aku- r\avavci. 15. Thatiy Dar^y^v<a:(h)ush khshay^thiy<3: im^ ty^ m^na k^^rt^m Mad^iy. 16. Thatiy 'Daxaya-

v<^(h)ush khshay<2thiy<3: P«rth<3:v^ uta Narka.na

va Fr^v^rt<3!ish ag<3:ub<3:ta V(i)shtaspa

m^na pita h kar^ a.vahar atara pasava

V(i)shtasp^ ab anushiya ay^ Visp<3:uz --

tish nam^ v^rd^n^m da h^m^r^^n^m akun^v^

avtfthasham h^m^r^nam k^rt^m.

63

III.

1. Thatly Dar^y<^v<^(h)ush khshay^thiy<3! p^sav^ 3.dam kar^m Pars^m fraish«y<^m abiy V(i)shtasp^m haca. R<7gaya y<^tha hauv ka.ra pararasa abiy V(i)shtasp^m p«sav<3;V(i)shtasp(3; ay<3:sta av^m kar^m ashiy^v^ Vati- ^rabami n3.ma vardanam Tarthavaiy a,vada. hamavanam akun^ush h^da h^a-mitriymbish Auramazda.maiy upas- tam ahara vashna Auramazdaha V(i)shtasprt; avam kar^m tyam h^mitriy<3:m aja vasiy Garmapadahya mahya *I rauca th^krt:ta ah^ av^thasham hamaranam kartam. 2. Thatiy Dar<7y^v^(h)ush khshay^thiy^ yasava d<3:hyaush mana ahava ima tya mana kartam Varthavaly. 3. Thatiy Dar^y<^V(^(h)ush khshay<3:thiydf M<7rgush nama d^hyaush h<^uvm^iy h^shitiy^ ahava 'I martiya Frad^ nama Mavgava avam m^thisht^m akun^v<2(n)ta p^sav^ ad<3:m 3fraish^y<3;m Dad^rshish nama Farsa mana b^(n)d^k^ Bakhtriya khsh^xtr^pava abiy avam avathashaiy ath<3:h<3:m p^r^idiy av^m kamm j<3:diy hy^ mana naiy gauhataiy pasava Dad^rshish hrt:da kara ashiy^v^ hamaranam akun^ush h^da Mar- g<7y<^ibish Auramazdamaly up^^stam ahara v^shna Aur^m^zdah^ kar^ hya m^na avam karrttm . . tyam h^^rnitriy^m a]a v^siy Atriyadiy<^hy^ mahya XXIII r<3:uc<a;bish th^k^ta ah^ av^^thasham hamaranam kar- tam. 4. Thatiy Dar^y^v^(h)ush khshay^iJthiy^ p^sa- v^ d<2:hyaush m^na ahava ima tya mana kartam Bakhtriya. 5. Thatiy D ar ay av a (h)ush khshay^thiy^ I martiya Vahyazdata nama Tar^va nama vardanam Yutiya nama d^hyaush Pars^iy av^da adar^y^ hauv ■duvitiy^m ud<3:p<3:t^ta Pars^iy kar^hya av^tha athaha ad^m B<a:rdiy^ amiy hy^ Kur<2ush putr^ pasava kara Tarsa hya v(i)thaprttiy h^ca yadaya iratarta hauv l[\acama h^mitriy^ ab^v^ abiy av^m V^hy^zdat^m ashiy^v^ h^uv khshay^thiy^ ab^v^ Pars^iy. 6. Tha-

1 1 vawca, 46, a. ^ j martiya Frada - avam, 61, A. ■ fraishayam Dadarshish, 61, a, Note 1.

64

tiy D3irayava(h)ush. khshay<3;thiy^ pas3.va adam kar<?m Pars<^m uta Mad^m iraishayam hya upa mam aha Artavardiya nama Pars<3; mana hai^n^daka av^msham m^thisht^m akun^v<7m hya aalya kara Varsa ^pasa mana ashiy^v^ Mad<7m pasava Artavardiya hada kara ashiyava Pars<3:m y^tha Pars<3;m pararasa R^kha nam^ vardanam Pars^iy av<a:da h^uv Yahyazdata hya Bar- d'lya agauhata aish^ h<3:da kara p<7tish Artavardiyam h^^m^rrt-n^^m cartanaiy p^sav^x h^m^r^in^m akun^vrt(n) Aur^m^zdam^iy up^stam ahara v^shna Aur<7m^zdah<3! kar^i: hya m«na av^m kar^m ty^m V ahyazdatahya a]a Yas\y Thur^^vah^^r^hy^ mahya XII raucah'ish tha- kata aha av^thasham hamaranam k^^rt^m. 7. Thatiy D ar ay av a (h)ush khshay<2thiy<3: p^sav^ hauv Yahyaz- data hada k^^m^ri^ibish as^^baribish amuth^ ashiy^v^ Prt;ishiyauvadam haca avadasha kar^^m ay^^sta hyap^- r^m aish^ p^^itish Art<3:v^rdiy<^m h^m^r^n^m cartanaiy Yaraga nam^ kauia av^da h^^m^^r^n^m akun^v«(n) Aur^^m^zdam^iy up^stam ahara v^shna Aur^m(7zdah<i: kar« hya m^na av^m kar<^m ty^m V^hy^zdat^hy^ aja vasiy Garmapadahya mahya VI r^uc<7:bish th^k^ita aha av<3:thasham hamaranam kartam uta av^^m Ya- hy^zdat^m ag^rbay^(n) uta m^rtiya ty^ish^iy fr^t^ma anushiya ah^(n)t« ag^rbay^(n). 8. Thatiy Daraya- v<2(h)ush khshay^thiy^ p^sav^ ad^m av^m V^hy<2z- dat^m uta m^rtiya tyc-zish^iy fr^t^ma anushiya ah^(n)t^ Uvadrtid^y^ nam« v^rd^n^OTn Pars^iy awa- d^shish uz^mrtiyap^tiy akun<2v^m. 9. Thatiy Dara- y^v^(h)ush khshay<^thiy^ h^uv V^hy^zdat^ hy^ B^r- diy^ agrtubrt:ta h^uv kar^im fraish^y<a; H^r^uv^tim Vivan« nam^ Pars<2; m^na brt(n)d<^k^ H<^rrt:uv«tiya khsh^tr^pava abiy av^m utasham I m^rtiy^m ma- thishtrtm akun^ush av^thasham ath^h^: p^r^ita Viva- rium j^ta uta av^m kar^m hy^ Dar^y^v^hush khshay^thiy^hya g^ub^t^iy p^sav^ h^uv kara ashiya-

1 pasa mana, 80, b.

6s

ya ty^m V^hy^zdat^ fraish^y^ abiy Vivan^m hama- ranam cartanaiy Kapish^kanish nama dida av^da hamaranam akun<2v^(n) Auramazdamaly up^stam abara v^shna Auramazdaha ksiva hya mana, a.vam karam tyam h^mitriy^m a.]a vasiy Anam^k^hy^ ma- hya XIII r^uc<2bish th^k^ta aha ^av^thasham hama- ranam kartam. 10. Thatiy Dar^y^v<3:(h)ush khshay^- thiya p^tiy hyaparam h^mitriya ha(n)gmata, paraita. p^tish Vivan<3:m hamaranam cartanaiy Ga(n)dutava nama d<3:hyaush av^^da hamaranam akun^v^(n) Aur^- m^zdam^iy up<3;stam ahara v<3:shna Aur<3:m^zdah^ kar<3: hya mana, a.vam kar<3;m tyam hamitriyam a]a wasiy Yiyakhnahya mahya VII rawcahish th^k^ta aha a,wa- thasham hamaranam kartam. 11. Thatiy Dar^y^- v^(h)ush khshay<2thiy^ p<3:sav^ h^uv martiya hya av^^hya kar^hya m^thisht^ aha tyam YahyazdaXa iraishaya abiy Vivan<3:m h^uv m^thisht<3: h<3:da kama- n^ibish as<3;baribish ashiy<2v<3: Arshada nama dida }laraMvat\ya. a.vapara. atiyaish<3; p^sav^ Vivan^ h<2:da kara *nip^diy ty<2iy ashiy<^v^ av^dashim a.garha.ya uta m^rtiya ty^ish^iy iratama, anushiya ah^(n)ta avaj^. 12. Thatiy Dar^y<3;v^(h)ush khshay^thi}^^ pasa.va d^hyaush m^na ab^v^ im<3: ty^ m^na k^rt^-m H^r^uv^tiya. 13. Thatiy Dar^y^v^(h)ush khshay<3:- thiy^ yata ad^m Pars^iy uta Mad^iy ah^m p^tiy duvitiy^m Babiruviya h<3:mitriya ab^v^(n) h^cam<a: I m<a:rtiy^ Ar<a:kh^ nam<3; Arminiy^ H^n(?)dit^hy^ putr<35 hauv ud<3:p<2t(^ta Babir<3;uv Duban(?)^ nama d<2:hyaush h^ca a,vadasha hauv ud^p<3:t^ta av<3:tha adurujiy^ ad^m "^ahukudracara amiy hy^ N(3:bunit<3;hya putr^ p^sav^ kara Babiruyiy^ haca.ma h^mitriy<3: abava abiy av^m Amkh^m ashiy^v^ Babirum hauv ag(^rbay<3;ta h^uv khshay^thiy<3! ab^v^ Babir<3:uv. 14. Thatiy Daraya- v<3;(h)ush khshay^thiy^ pasa.va adam kar<3:m fraish<3:- y<3;m Babirum Vi(n)d^fra nam^ Mad<2 m^na b^(n)d<2k^

^ avflthasham hamaranam kartam, 80, a. * nipadiy, 84, a.

66

avam m^thisht^m akun^v^m av<3!thasham dLthaham pa- raita. a.vam karam tyam Babir<3:uv ]ata, hya mam, naiy gauhataiy p^sav<3; Vi(n)d<3:fra hada. kara ashiyava abiy Babirum Aur^mzdam^iy up^stam ahara v^shna Aur^-

mazdaha Vi(n)d^fra Babirum a.garha,ya mahya

II r^uc^bish th^k^ta aha avatha ava

ap^tiy a,sanyata..

67

IV.

1. Thatiy Da.rayava(h)ush. khsha-yathiya Ima tya man3. kartam Babir<3;uv. 2. Thatiy D ar ay av a (h.)ush. khshay^thiy^ ima tya adam akun^v<a:m v^shna Aur^- mazdaha aha hamahyaya tharda pasava y^tha khsha- y^thiya h^mitriya ahava(n) adam XIX hamarana akun^v<;7m v<2shna Aur^m^zdah<3: 'ad^msham ajanam uta IX khshay^thiya agarhayam I G<2:umat<3; nama Magush. aha hauv adurujiy^ av^tha athaha adam Bar- d\ya amiy hya Kur^^ush putr<3: haww Yaxsam. hami- txiyam akun^ush 1 K\.xma nam« (H)uv<2J<2iy h^uv adurujiy^ avatha athaha adam khshay^thiy<aj amiy (H)uv^j<3;iy h^uv (H)uvaiam h^mitriy<a:m akun<7ush mana I N^dit^bir<3; nama Babiruviy<2 h^uv adurujiy^ avatha ath^h^a; ad^m Nabukudr^c^r^ amiy hya N^bu- nitrthy^ putr^ h^uv Babirum h^mitriy^m akun^ush I M^rtiy^ nam<3; Parses; h^uv adurujiy^ avatha ath^h^ ad^m Im<3:nish amiy (H)uv^j«iy khshay^thiy^ h^uv (H)uv^j^m htxmitriy^m akun^ush I Fr^v^rtish nam^ Mad^ h^uv adurujiy^ avatha ath^h^ ad^m Khsh^- thrit<2: amiy (il)uvakhshatarahya t<2umaya h<3:uv Ma- d<a;m h^mitriy^m akun^ush I Citrrt(n)t<^khm<a: nam^ Asagartiya hauv adurujiy^ avatha athaha adam. khshay<2:thiy^ amiy Asagartaiy (H)uv^khsh^t<3:r^hy^ t^umaya h^uv Asagartam h^mitriy^m akun^ush I Frad<a! nam<3; Marg^v^ h^uv adurujiy^ av<3:tha athaha adam khshay^thiy^ amiy M^rg^uv h^uv M^rgum h^mitriy^m akun^ush I V^hy^zdat^ nam^a; Pars^ hauv adurujiy<3: av<3:tha athaha adam Bardiya amiy Kur^ush putra hauv Pars<2:m h^mitriy^m akun^ush I Ar^kh^a; nam^ Arminiy<a: h^uv adurujiy^ avatha athaha adam 'Nahukudracara amiy hya Nabunit^hy^a: putr<3; hauv Babirum h^mitriy^m akun<a;ush. 3. Thatiy Daraya- va(h)ush khshay<2thiy^ im^iy IX khshay^thiy^ ad«m ag<2;rbay«m a(n)t«r ima hamarana. 4. Thatiy Data-

1 adflmsham ajanam, 83, b.

68

yava(h)ush. khshay^thiy^ dahya.va ima tya h^mitriya ab^v^(n) draugadish akun^^ush ^tya im^iykar^m adu- rujiy<3:sh^(n) pasRva dish Aur<3;m<a:zda mana, dastaya akun<3;ush yaths. 'mam kam^ av^tha di - - . 5. Tha- tiy Dar^y<3:v^(h)ush khshay^thiy^ tuv^m ka khshay<3:- thiya hya a.param ahy ^haca. dr^uga d^rsh<3:m patipa- y^uva m^rtiy^ hya drau]ana ah^^tiy av^m (h)ufr<^st^m p^rsa y^diy avatha, 4m<^niyahy d(a:hyaushm<^iy duruva ah^tiy. 6. Thatiy Dar ay av a (h.)ush'khsh.a.yathiy a ima tya adam akun^v^m v^shna Aur^m<2!zdah^ ^hama- hyaya tharda akun<2v^m tuvam ka hya aparam imam dipim ^p^tip^rsahy tya m^na k^rt^^m varnavatam 'thuvam maty<3J durujiyahy. 7. Thatiy Darayava- (h)ush khshay^thiy^ AuramavAa taiyiya y<3:tha im<a: hashiyam naiy durukht<3:m ad^m akunrt;v<2m hama- hyaya tharda. 8. Thatiy D ar ay av a (h)ush khshay^- thiy^ v^shna Aur<2m^zdah« -- am^iy aniy^shciy v^siy astiy kartam ava ahyaya dipiya n^iy nipisht^m ava- hy^radiy naiy nipisht<2m maty^ hya aparam imam dipim p^tip<3:rsatiy av^hya paruv tha .... tya mana kartam n<3:ishim varnavatiy durukht<3:m m^niyatiy. 9. Thatiy Dar«y^v^(h)ush khshay^thiy^^; ty<3:iy p^ruva khshay<2thiya - a ah<2(n) av^isham n<3:iy astiy k^rt<a;m y<3:tha m<3:na v^shna Aur<3:m<3:zdah<2 h^m^^hyaya duvar- tam. 10. Thatiy Dar^y^v^(h)ush khshay^thiy^

nur^m thuvam varnavatam tya mana k^rt<a:m ava-

tha av^hy^radiy ma apagaudaya yadiy imam

h<2(n)dugam n<3:iy ap^g^ud^yahy kar^hya thahy Aura- mazda thuvam d^ushta ^biya utat^iy t^uma v^siy biya uta dra(n)gam jiva. 11. Thatiy Dar^y«v^(h)ush khshay^thiy^ y<3;diy imam h^(n)dugam ap<3:g^ud^yahy n^iy thahy kar^hya Aur^m^zdat^y j^ta biya utat^iy t^uma ma biya. 12. Thatiy Dar^y^v^(h)ush khsha- y«thiy<3J im^ tya ad^m akun^v^m h^m^hyaya th^rd^

1 tya imaiy karam adurujiyfl-shafn), 97. ' mam kam^z, 66. " hacB. drfluga, 77. * maniyahy, 91, a. «* h</m«hyaya th<7rdrt!, 80, c. •pati- parsahy, 91. 'thuvam matya durujiyahy, 89, a. ® biya, 51, N.

TORARy

69

v<2shna Auramazdaha dkunavam Aur<7m<3:zdam^iy up(^stam ahara uta aniya b^gah^ ty^iy h«(n)tiy. 13. Thatiy Dar^y^v^(h)ush khshay<2thiy^ av<^hy^radiy Aur^m^zda up<2stam abara uta aniya b^gah<3! ty^iy h^(n)tiy y^^tha naiy arika aham naiy drau]ana aham

naiy zurakara a}\am im^iy t^uma up^riy

ab<a:shtam up^riy mam naiy sh^k^urim huv^-

tavci zura akun<3:vrt:m ty^m<^iy hy^ h^m^t^khsh^ta ma- na vithiya av<^m (h)ub<2rt^m ab^r^m hy^ iyani . . avam (h)ufr^st<^m ap^rs^m. 14. Thatiy Dar^y^v^(h)ush khshay<2thiy^ 'tuv^m ka khshay^thiy^ hy^ ap^r^m

ahy m^rtiy^ hy<3: drau)ana ah^tiy hy<3;va - tar aha-

tiy av<^iy ma d^ushta av^iy ahiteshtadiy p^rsa. 15. Thatiy D ar ay av a (h.)ush. khshay^thiy<3: tuv^m ka hy<^ aparam imam dipim v<^inahy tyam ad^m niy^pish^m im<^iva p^tik<3:ra maty^ 'vis^nahy yava jiv^^hy ava(?) avrttha p^rik<2ra. 16. Thatiy Dar^y^v^(h)ush khsha- y^thiy^ y^diy imam dipim v^inahy im<7iva p^tik<2ra n^iydish vis^nahy utam^iy ^yava t^uma ah^^tiy pari- k^rah^dish Aur^m^zda '♦thuvam d^ushta biya utat^iy trtuma v^siy biya uta dra[n)gam jiva uta ty^ kun«-

vahy av^t^iy Aur^m^zda m m j<7:d^n^utuv. 17.

Thatiy Dar^y(^v«(h)ush khshay^thiy<3: y^-diy imam dipim im^iva prt:tik<3:ra v^inahy vis^nah^idish utam<3:iy yava t^uma ah^tiy n^iydish p^rik^^rahy Aur^a^m^zda- t^iy ]ata biya. utat^iy t^uma ma biya uta tya kuna- vahy av<^t^iy Aur^^m^zda nik^(n)tuv. 18. Thatiy Dar«y^v<2(h)ush khshay^thiy^ im<a:iy m^rtiya ty^iy ad^k^iy av^da ah^(n)ta yata ad^m G^umat^m ty^m M^gum avaj<^n^m hy^ B<3:rdiy^ ag^ub^ta ad<7k<3:iy im^iy m^rtiya h^m<3;t<3:khsh^(n)ta anushiya m^na Vi(n)d^fr^na nam^ V^y^spar^hya putm Pars^ Utan^ nam^ Thukhr^hya putr<3; Pars^: Gauharuva nama Mar- duniy^hya putr^ Pars<3! Vid^rn^ nam« B^gabign<3!hya

1 tuvrtm ka, 62. 2 vig^nahy, 91, d. ^ yava t^iuma ah^tiy, 91, e. * thuvam d^zushta biya, 65.

70

putr^ Pars^ B^g^bukhsh^ nam« Daduhy^hya putr^ F3.rsa Ardum^nish nam^ V^h<3:uk^hya putr^ Pars^. 19. Thatiy Dar^y^v«(h)ush khshay^thiy<3: tuv^m ka khshay^thiy^ hya aparam ahy tyama vidam t^r- tiyana — tya Dar^y^v^(h)ush - — ----_-___ - - akun^v^m.

71

1. Thatiy Dar^y^v^(h)ush khshay^thiy^ ima tya

ad^m akunavam ma . r thardam - - tha khsha-

yathiya vajanam d<3:hyaush h^uv haca.-

ma h^mitriya shava I martiya - imaima na.ma (H)uv^- jiya a.vam m^thisht^m akun^v<3;(n) pasa.va a.dam kar^m fraish^y^m (H)uva]am I martiya Gauharuva nama Tdivsa mana. ha(^n)daka av<^msham m^thisht^m akun^a:- v^m passiva hauv Gauharuva hada. kara ashiy^v^ (H)uv^j^m hamaranam akun^ush h^da h^mitriy^ibish

pasa,va utash^iy marda uta .... a.garha,ya uta

aniy^ abiy mam d^hyaush ]anam a.va-

d^shim .... 2. Thatiy Dar<3:y<2v^(h)ush khshay^- thiy^ a . . . uta d^h . . . Aur^m^zda . . aya . . . v^shna Auramazdaha . . .thadish akun^v<3:m. 3. Thatiy Da- Tayava(h)ush. khshay^thiy<3: hy^ aparam imam ya, . . .

. .hrttiy uta jiv^hya 4. Thatiy Dar^y<3;v^(h)ush

khshay^thiy^ ashiy^v^m abiy St^kam

Tigram b^r^ty<2 iy abiy d^r<^y^m av^zm ....

... .a pisa viyatara aj^n^m aniy^m agar-

bay^^m abiy mam uta S<7ku(n)k^ nam^

av<^m ag^rbay^m avada aniy<3;m m^thisht^m

am aha pasava da 5. Thatiy Dara-

y<^v<3:(h)ush khshay<^thiy<^ ma n^iy Aura-

mazda y<3:diy v<3:shna Aur^m^zdah<3:

akun<^v^m. 6. Thatiy Dar<^y<3;v^(h)ush khshay^thiy^

Aur^m^zdam yadata uta jiva-

hya uta . .

72

Smaller Behistan Inscriptions,

OVER THE PICTURE OF DARIUS.

Adam Dsirayava(h)ush. khshay<2thiy^ vazraka khshay^thiy<3; khshay^thiyan^m khsha.yathiya Par- saiy khshay^thiy<3: d<3;hyunam V(i)shtasp^hya putr^ Arsham^hya napa H^kham^^nishiy^s; Thatiy Dar^ya- va(h)ush. khshay^^thiy^ mana. pita V(i)shtasp^ V(i)sh- tasp<3:hya pita Arsham^ Arsham<3;hya pita Ariyar^mn^ Ariyar<a;mn^hya pita C^ishpish C^ishp(3:ish pita H<3;kha- m^nish Thatiy Dar<3;y^v<3:(h)ush khshay<3:thiy<3; Sivahya^ radiy vayam H<3;kham<3:nishiya th^hyam^hy haca, p^ruviy^t<3: amata am^hy haca, paruviyata hya ama- kh^m t^uma khshay^thiya aha(n) Thatiy Daraya- v^(h)ush khshay^thiy^a; VIII mana. t^umaya ty^iy p^ruv^m khshay^thiya ah<a:(n) ad^m navama IX duvi- tat^rn^m vayam khshay^thiya am^hy

b.

UNDER THE PROSTRATE FORM.

lyam Gaumata hya M<3;gush adurujiy^ av<3^tha ath^a;- ha adam B^rdiy^s; amiy hy^ Kur^ush putr^ ad^m khshay^thiy^ amiy.

c.

OVER THE FIRST UPRIGHT FIGURE.

ly^m Atrin<2 adurujiy^ av^tha a.thaha a.dam khsha- yathiya amiy (H)uv^j^iy.

d.

OVER THE SECOND FIGURE.

ly^m N^dit^bir^ adurujiy^ av^tha athaha ad^m 'Nahuk(u)dracara amiy hya N^bunit^hy^ putr^ add;m khshayathiya amiy Babir^uv.

73

e.

UPON THE LOWER PART OF THE ATTIRE OF THIRD FIGURE.

lyam Fr^v<3:rtish adurujiy^: av^tha a.thaha d.dam Khsh<a;thrit<3; amiy (H)uvakhsha.yatarahya t^xumaya ad^m khshay^thiy^ amiy Mad^iy.

f.

OVER THE FOURTH FIGURE.

lyam M^rtiy<3: adurujiy^a: av^tha a.th.aha a.dam Ima- nish amiy (H)uv^j^iy khshay^thiy^.

OVER THE FIFTH FIGURE.

Iy<^m Citr^(n)t^khm<3: adurujiy^ av^tha athaha adam khshay^thiy^ As^g^rt^iy (H)uv^khsh^t^r^hy^ tau- maya.

h.

OVER THE SIXTH FIGURE.

lyam Vahyazdata adurujiy^ av^tha athaha a.dam B<3:rdiy^ amiy hya Kur<3;ush putr^ ad<3:m khshay^thiy^a amiy.

OVER THE SEVENTH FIGURE.

ly^m Arakha adurujiy^ av^tha athaha adam N^- buk(u)dr^c^r<3; amiy hya N<3:bunit^hya putr^ ad^m khshay^thiy^ amiy Babir^uv.

OVER THE EIGHTH FIGURE.

ly^m Frad^ adurujiy^a: sLvatha, aihaha adam khsha- y^thiy^ amiy M^rg<a:uv.

k.

OVER THE NINTH FIGURE.

ly^m S<3!ku(n)k^ hya Saka.

74

III.

The Inscription of Alvend. (O.)

"Baga vazraka Aur^m^zda hya imam bumim ada hya divam asman<3:m ada hya martiyam ada hya shiya- tim ada martiyahya, hya ^Da.rayava(h)um khshay^- thiy<3:m aivam p^runam fr<3;matar^m Ad<3:m Daraya- v<3:(h)ush khshay<3:thiy^ vazraka khshay^thiy<3; khsha- y^thiyanam khshay^thiy^a: d<2;hyunam p^ruz<^nanam khshayathiya ahyaya bumiya v<a;zr^kaya dur^iy apiy Vishtasp^hya putr^ H<2kham<a:nishiy^.

^ Dar<zyava(b)um kbshayatbiyam akunaush, 64, a.

75

IV.

Inscriptions of Suez. (SZ.)

Dar^y^v^(h)ush khshay<3;thiy^ vazvaka khshay^- thiy^ khshay<3:thiyanam khshay^thiy^ d^hyunam Vishtasp^hya putm H^kham^nishiy^.

'Baga vazvaka A\iramazd3. hya avam asman<3:m ada hya imam bumim ada hya martiyam ada hya shiyatim ada m^rtiy^hya hya Dar^y<3;v^(h)um khshay^thiy<3:m akun^ush hya Darayavahaush khshay^thiy^hya khsh<3:tr<3:m irahara tya vazrakam tya .... Ad<3:m Dar<a:y<3;v^(h)ush khshay^thiy^ vazvaka khshay<3:thiy<2: khshay^thiyanam khshay^thiy^ d<3:hyunam pavuvza- nanam khshay<3:thiy<3: ahyaya bumiya vazvakaya. du- raiy apiy Vishtasp^hya putr^ H^kham^xnishiy^ Tha- tiy Dar^y<3:v^(h)ush khshay^thiy<3; ad^^m Tavsa amiy h<3:da Parsa Mudray^m ag^rbay^m a.dam niy^shtay<a;m imam yuviyam ka(n)taviaiy haca. ^Fiva,va via.ma vauta tya Mudray^iy d^n^uv^tiy abiy d^r^y^ tya haca. Parsa aitiy pasdiva iyam yuviya (akaniy) av^(da)

y^tha ad^^m niy<3:shtay^m ut ay^ta haca, . . . ya

mam yuviyam abiy pa ta y<a:tha ma

* Piravtf namo rauta, 68.

76

V.

Inscription of London. Ad^m Par^yav^(h)ush khshay<3;thiy^.

77

Inscriptions of Persepolis. H.

ABOVE THE WALL SURROUNDING THE PALACE OP PERSEPOLIS.

Aur<2m<2zda vazxaVa hya maihishta b^^ganam h^uv Dar^y^v<2(h)um khshay^thiy^m ad^da h^ush^iy khsh<2;tr<3:m irahara v^shna Aur<3;m^zdaha DsLvaya- v^(h)ush khshay<2thiy(2; Thatiy Dar<3;y^v^(h)ush khsha- yathiya iyam d^xhyaush Pars<2 tyam mana. Aur^m^zda irabara hya, naiha ([h]uv^spa) (h)um^rtiya v<2shna Aur^m(^zdaha manaca, Darayavahaush. khshay<3;thiy^- hya haca. aniy^na naiy tarsatiy Thatiy Daraya- v^(h)ush khshay^thiy^ mana Aur^m^zda up^stam haratuv hada vithibish hagaibish uta imam d<3:hyaum Aur<3:m<2zda patuv h<^ca h<3:inaya haca. dushiyara haca. dr<2uga aniy<a: imam d<3;hyaum ma. . aj^miya ma h^ina ma dushiyar<3:m ma drauga a.ita adam yan - - m j^diyamiy Aur^m^zdam h^da 'vithibish b^gmbish ait^m<3!iy Aur<2m^zda d^datuv h^da vithibish b^g^ibish.

I.

ANOTHER INSCRIPTION ABOVE THE WALL.

Ad^m Dar^y<3:v^(h)ush khshay^thiy^ v^zr^k^ khshay^thiy<2 khshay^thiyanam khshay<3:thiy<2 d<2hyu- nam ty<3:isham p<3;runam Vishtasp<2hya putr^ H^kha- m^nishiya Thatiy Dar^y^v^(h)ush khshay^thiy^ v^shna Aur^m^zdaha ima d^hyav^ tya ad^m ad^r- sh^iyh^da ana Parsa kara tya hacama at^rs<2(n) m^na bajim a.hara(n) (H)uv^j^ Mad<3; Babirush Arahaya Athura Mudraya Arming K<2t^p«tuk^ Sp^rd^a; Y^una ty<a:iy (h)ushk<2hya uta tya'iy darayahya. uta dahyava tya p^r^uvi^iy As^g^^rt^ Varthava ZaTa(n)ka Haraiva Bakhtrish Sugd<2: (H)uvar^z<3;miy^ Th(3:t<3:gush Harau- v<2tish Hi(n)dush G^(n)dar^ S^ka Maka Thatiy Dar^- y<2;v^(h)ush khshay^thiy^ y^diy av<2tha m^niyahy

1 vithibish b^goibish, 86, a

78

^hacsi aniyana. ma tarsam im^m Pars<3;m kar^^m padiy yadiy ka.ra Farsa pa.ta ah^'tiy hya duv^^isht^m shiya- tish akhsh^ta h^uvciy Aura nir^satiy abiy imam vitham.

B.

OVER THE PILLARS IN THE PALACE.

Dar^y^v^(h)ush khshay^thiy^ vazraka khshay^- thiya khshay<3:thiyanam khshay<3:thiy<3! d<2;hyunam Vishtap^hya putr^ . Hakham<a:nishiy^ hya im^m taca- ram akun^ush.

1 haca aniyana ma tarsam, 11, a; 95, b.

79

Inscriptions of Naqshi Rustam. (NR)

a.

Baga vazraka Aur^m^^zda hya imam bumim ada hya a.vam asman«^m ada hya martiyam ada hya shiya- tim- ada martiyahya, hya Dar^y^v<2(h)um khshay^- thiy<3:m akun<2ush aiv^m p^ruvnam khshay<2:thiy<2m aiv<3:m p^ruvnam fr^mat^r^m Ad^m Dar<3'y^v^(h)ush khshay^thiy^ vazraka khshay^thiy^ khshay^thiyanam khshay^thiy^ d<2hyunam visp^z^nanam khshay^thiy^ ahyaya bumiya vazakaya, dur^iy apiy Vishtasp^^ihya putr^ H«kham<3:nishiy^ Pars^ Tavsahya, putra Ariya Ariya citr^ Thatiy Dar^y<3:v^(h)ush khshay<3:thiy^ v^shna Aur^im^zdaha ima dahya.va tya ad^m a.gar- bay^m ^ap^t^r^^m haca, Parsa *ad^msham patiya- khsh^iy m^^na bajim ab^r^(n)t(a) ty^sham h^cam<a: ath^hy a.va akunava(n) dat^m tya mana, a.\ta adari Mad^ (H)uvrtj^ Vavthava Haraiva Bakhtrish Sugud<3: (H)uvar^z<3:mish Zara(n)ka H^xr^uv^tish Th^t^gush G<3:(n)dar<a; Hi(n)dush S<3;ka Humavarka, Saka. Tigr^- kh^uda Babirush Athura Ar^bay<3J Mudraya Armin<a: K.atapatuka Sparda ^Yauna Saka, ty^iy t^r^d^r^y^ Skudr^ Y^una Takahara, Putiya Kushiya M^ciya K<3:rka Thatiy Darayava(h)ush khshay«thiy<^ Aura-

vaazda. yatha. a.vaina imam bumim yu p^sav^-

dim m^na irahara mam khshay^thiy^m akun^ush ad^m khshay<3:thiy^ amiy v<^shna Aur«m«zdaha ad^m- shim gathva niyrt:shad<^y<a:m "^tyt-zsham ad^m ath^h^m 3iva akun<2:v«(n)ta y<3:tha mam kam« ah^ y<2diy^diy ty^ 5ciy^(n)k^mm ava dahyava tya, Dar^y^v^(h)ush khshay^thiy^ adavaya p^tik^r^m didiy tyaiy ma- na gathum b<2r<3:(n)tiy y^^tha ^khshnasah^dish ad<3;- t^iy azda b^vatiy Pars^hya martiyahya dur^y arsh- tish p^ragm<2ta adata\y azda b<2vatiy Pars^ mfl^rtiy^

* apatar^m haca Parsa, 78. * adamsham potiyakhshaiy, 83, b. ^Yauna, 86, b, Note 1. ■* tyarsham - akunava(n)ta, 60, A. •ciya{nj- }s.axam ava dahyava, 86. * khsbaasabadisb, 83, B.

8o

duray hacz Parsa hamaram patlya]ata Thatiy Dara- y^v^(h)ush khshay^thiy<3: aita tya kartam ava vis^m v^shna Aur^m<2zdaha akun^v^m Auramazd3.maiy up^stam ahara yata kartam akunavam. mam Aura-

m^zda patuv haca, sar utam^iy vith<3:m uta imam

d<3:hyaum 'aita adam Aur^m<2zdam j<3;diyamiy aita- maiy Aur<3:m^zda d^datuv M<2:rtiya hya Aur^m^^zdaha fmmana h^uvt^iy g^sta ma thadaya p^thim tyam ras- tam ma avarada ma starava,

b. Baga vazraka Aur^m^zda hya aca f

- - m tya va ada shiyatim m<:2:rtiy^hya

- - u - - - a aruv^st<3:m up^riy Dar<3:y^v<3:(h)um khsha-

y<3:thiy<3:m iyasaya Thatiy Dar^y^v^(h)ush khsha-

yjzthiya v^shna Aumm<^zdaha kar

iy<3; tya a tarn ya d^ush

athiy n sh uva ya

yim k^rimish v^sim tya

r iya im riyish

ava - - m m m m dar ------

ush a uvish a miy

ya astiy darshama da ya au

iyahya darshama

c.

Gauharuva Patishuv<3:rish Darayavahaush khshay^- thiy^hya sharastihara.

d.

Asp<2C^na Darayavahaush khshay^thiy^hya isuvam dasy^ma.

ly^m M^ciya.

1 a\ta adam Auramflzdam jadiyamiy, 64.

VI.

THE INSCRIPTIONS OF XERXES. The Inscriptions of Persepolis.

UPON EACH ONE OF THE FOUR PILLARS OF THE ENTRANCES TO THE PALACE OF XERXES.

Baga vazvaka Aur^m^zda hya imam bumim ada hya m^rtiy^m ada hya shiyatim ada m^rtiy^hya hya Khsh<^yarsham khshay^thiy^^m akun<a;ush aiv^m p^ru- nam iramRtRvam Ad<^m Khsh(^yarsha khshay^^thiy^a: vazraka khshay<^thiy^ khshay^^thiyanam khshay^thiy^a; d^hyunam p<2:ruvz<?nanam khshay^thiy^ ahyaya bu- miya vrt:zr^kaya dur<^iy apiy Dar^^y^v^^h^ush khshay^- thiy(^hya putr^ H(^kham<^nishiy(3: Thatiy Khsh^iyarsha khshayrtthiy<^ v^zr^k^ v^shna Aurt^m^zdaha im^m duv(^rthim vis^d^hyum ad^^m akun<^v^m v^siy ani- y^shciy n^ib^m k^rt^m ^ana Parsa tya ad^^m akun^^;- v^m utamaiy tya pita akun^^ush ty<7p<^tiy kartam vainataiy n^^ib^^m a.va vis^^m v<^shna Aumm^zdaha akuma Thatiy Khsh^yarsha khshayf^thiy^:? mam Aur^- m^zda patuv utamaiy khsh«tr<^m uta ty^ m^na kar- tam uta ty^m^iy pitri k^rt^m av^^shciy Aur^m^zda patuv.

UPON THE PILLARS ON THE WESTERN SIDE OF THE PALACE.

Khsh^^yarsha khshay^thiy^ v^zr^^k^ khshay<^thiy^ khshayrt;thiyanam Damyrtv^h^ush khshay<^thiy^hya putr<^ H<^kham(^nishiy^.

1 ana Parsa, 73.

82

Ea.

UPON THE WALL BY THE STEPS OF THE PALACE.

Baga vazraka Aur<7m<2zda hya imam bumim ada hya av^m asman^m ada hya martlyam ada hya shiya- tim ada martiyahyd, hya Khsh<3:yarsham khshay^- thiy^m akun^^ush aiv^m p^runam khshay^thiy^m 3.ivam prt:runam fr<3;matar^m Adam Khsh^^yarsh^ khshay<3;thiy^ vazraka khshay<3:thiy<^ khshay<2thiyanam khshay<2thiy^ d^hyunam p^ruvz^nanam khshay^thiy^ ahiyaya bumiya v<3;zr^kaya dur<^iy SipiyDsLvayavahaush khshay<2thiy<3:hya putr^ Hrt;kham^nishiy<3: Thatiy Khshi^yarsha khshay^thiy<3: vazraka v^^shna Auramaz- daha ima h^dish adrt;m akunavam mam Aur<2m«zda patuv h^da b<3:g^ibish utamaiy khsh<3:tr^m uta ty^m^iy k^rt^m.

Eb.

Baga vazraka Aur^m^zda hya imam bumim ada hya a.vam asman^^m ada hya m^rtiy<3:m ada hya shlya- tim ada m^rtiy<3:hya hya Khsh^yarsham khshay^thi- y^m akun^ush aiv<3:m p^runam khshay<3:thiy^m aiv^m p^runam fr^matar^m Ad«m Khsh<3:yarsha khshay^j- thiy^ vazraka khshay^thiy^ khshay^thiyanam khsha- yathiya d(3:hyunam p^ruvz^nanam khshay^thiy^ ahiyaya bumiya v^zr^kaya dur^iy apiy Darayava- h^ush khshay<2thiy^hya putr^ H-^kham^nishiy^ Thatiy Khsh^yarsha khshay<^thiy<3; vazraka v^shna Aur^m^z- dah^ im^ h^dish ad<^m akun^v^m mam Aur^m^zda patuv h^da b^g^ibish ut^m^iy khsh^tr^m uta tyam^iy k^rt^m.

Ca.

UPON THE HIGHEST PILLAR NEAR THE SOUTHERN STEPS.

"Baga vazraka Aur^m^zda hy^ imam bumim ada hy^ av^m asman^m ada hy^ m^rtiy^m ada shiyatim ada m^rtiy^hya hy^ Khsh^yarsham khshayizthiy^m

83

akun^ush aiv^m p^runam khshay^thiy^m aiv^m p^runam iramat3.vam Ad^m Khsh(2yarsha khshay^- thiya vazraka khshay<^thiy^ khshay^thiyanam khsha- yathiya d^hyunam 'p<^ruv z^nanam khshay^thiy^ ahyaya bumiya v<^zr^kaya dur^^iy apiy "Da-rayavahaush khshay<3:thiy<3:hya putr^ H(a:kham^nishiy^ Thatiy Khsh(^yarsha khshay^thiy^ v^zr^k^ v^shna Aur^hy^ Mazd^ha ima h^^dish D 2.r ay av a (h)ush. khshay^thiy^ akun<7ush hya mana. pita mam Aur<2m^zda patuv h^da b^g^ibish uta ty«mrt:iy k^rt^m uta tyama'iy pitr<2 Da- r^y<^vrth^ush khshay^thiyrt:hya kartam av^shciy Aura- m^zda patuv h^^da b^g^zibish.

Cb.

Baga vazraka Aur^^m^izda hy^ imam bumim ada hya av^m asman^^m ada hya m^rtiy^m ada hya shiya- tim ada m^rtiy<7;hya hy<3! Khsh^yarsham khshay^- thiy<^m akun<^ush aiv<?m p^runam khshay^thiy^m aivam p^runam fmmatamm Ad^m Khsh^-yarsha khshay(^thiy<2 vazraka khshay^thiy^ khshay^thiyanam khshay^^thiy^ d^hyunam 'p^ruv z^nanam khshay^- thiy^ ahyaya bumiya v^zr^kaya dur^^iy apiy Da.raya- v^hrtush khshay^thiy^aihya putr^ H<a:kham^nishiy(3: Thatiy Khsh^^yarsha khshay^thiy^ v^zr^k^ v^shna Aur^hy^ M^zdah^ im^ h^^dish T)a.rayava(h)ush khsha- yathiya akun^^ush hya mana, pita mam Aur^m^zda patuv h^da b^^g^ibish uta ty<7m<^iy k^rt^m uta ty^- maiy pitr^ Dar<^y<^v^h<7ush khshay<^thiy^hya k^rt^m av^shciy Aumm^zda patuv h<2da b^g^ibish.

A.

UPON THE STEPS OF THE PALACE.

Baga vazraka Aur<7m<7zda hy^ imam bumim ada av^m asman^m ada hy^ m^rtiy^m ada hy^ shiyatim ada m«rtiy<?hya hy^ Khsh<^yarsham khshay^thiy^m

^ paruv zananam, 104, Note.

84

akun^ush aiv^m p<3:runam khshay^thiy^m aiv<3:m p^ru- nam fr^^matamm Ad^m Khsh<^yarsha khshay^thiy^ vazxaVa khshay<^thiy<3; khshay^^thiyanam khshay<7thiy(3: d<2hyunam p^ruvz^nanam khshay^thiy<^ ahiyaya bu- miya v^zr<2kaya ^wxa'iy apiy Dar(2y<^v<^h<2ush khshay^s:- thiy^^hya putr<3; Hakham<^nishiy<^ Thatiy Khsh^yarsha khshay^thiy<2: v^'zr^k^j; \.ya m<^na k^rt^^m ida uta X.ya- mrt-iy apataram kartam a.va vis^m v^^shna Auramaz- daha akun^v^m mam Aur^m^zda patuv h^da bagai- bish utam<2iy khsh^tr^m uta tyamaiy kartam.

8s

Inscription of Alvend. F.

B^^^^ vazxaka Aur^m^zda Yiya m^thisht^ b^ganam '\\ya imam bumim ada \iya av^m asman^m ada \iya m^rtiy^m ada \iya shiyatim ada m^rtiy^hya hy<2: Khsh^yarsham khshay^thiy^m akun^ush aiv<^m p^ru- nam khshay<2thiy<3:m aiv^^m p^runam fr^matan^m Ad^m Khsh^yarsha khshay^thiy*^; vazxaVa khshay^- thiya khshay^thiyanam khshay^thiy^x d<3:hyunam p^ruz<2nanam khshay<a:thiy^ ahiyaya bumiya vazxa- kaya dur^iy apiy Dar^y^v^h^ush khshay^thiya hya putr^ H^kham^nishiy^.

S6

Inscription of Van.

K.

"Baga vazraka Aur(3:m<7zda hya m<^thlst^ haganam hya imam bumim ada.hy<a; av<a;m asman^m ada hya m^rt'iyavn ada hya shiyatim ada m^rtiy^hya hya Khsh^yarsham khshay^thiytxm akun^ush aiv^m p^ru- nam khshay^thiy^m aiv^m p^^runam tematar^m Ad^m Khsh^yarsha khshay^thiy^^; vazvaka khshay<3:- thiya khshay^thiyanam khshay<^thiy^ d^^hyunam ^pa- ruv z^nanam khshay^thiy^ ahyaya bumiya v<3:zr^kaya dur<^iy apiy 'Da.rayavahaush khshay<3;thiy<?hya putr^ H«kham<2nishiy^ Thatiy Khsh^yarsha khshay^thiy^ Dar^y^v^(h)ush khshay^thiy^ hya m^na pita hauv v^shna Aur^m<^zdaha v^siy ty^ n^ib^m akun^ush uta ima stan^m hauv niy^^shtay^^ k^(n)t^nmy yanaiy dipim n^iy nipishtam akun^ush pasava ad^m niy^sh- tay<3;m imam dipim nipisht<?n«iy (Mam Aur^^m^zda patuv hada, b^g^ibish utam^iy khsh^tr^m uta tyamaiy k^rt<a:m).

Qa.

UPON THE VASE OF COUNT CAYLUS.

Klish^yarsha khshay^thiy^ vazraka. ^ paruv zananam, 104, Note.

87

VII.

INSCRIPTIONS OF PERSIAN KINGS

AFTBR

XERXKS.

ARTAXERXES I.

Inscription at Venice. Qb.

UPON THE VASE IN THE TREASURY OF ST, MARKS.

Ard«khc^shc<3; khshay<^thiy^ Yuzvaka.

88

DARIUS II.

Inscriptions of Persepolis. L.

ABOVE THE POSTS OF THE WINDOWS IN THE PALACE OF DARIUS HYSTASPES.

Ard^stan^ 3.iha(n)gama Da.r ay avahaush khshay^- thiyahya. vithiya karta.

89 ARTAXERXES MNEMON.*

Inscriptions of Susa. (S.) a.

UPON THE BASE OF THE PILLARS OF A SMALL ROW OF COLUMNS.

Ad^m Art«khsh<^tra khshsiyathiya wazxaVa khsha- ya'Osxiya khshay<a:thiyanam 'Dar<3;y^v<3:(h)ush<3:hyakhsha- y^thiy^hya putr<3;.

b.

UPON THE BASE OF THE PILLARS IN THE LARGE ROW OF COLUMNS.

Thatiy Atr^^khsh^tra khshay<3;thiy^ vazxaVa khsha- y^thiy^ khshay^thiyanam khshay^thiy^ d^hyunam khshay^thiy^a; ahyaya bumiya Dar^y^v^(h)ush^hya

1 Darayrtva(h)ushahya, 85, a; 24.

* An ingenious attempt to make syntax out of the loose construction shown in these inscriptions of Artaxerxes Mnemon and Artaxerxes Ochus, is the following:

Darfl'yav«(h)ush Vishtasp^hya nama putra "D. sohn eines mit na- men V." Das folgende jedoch Vishtaspahya Arsham^^ nama putra zeigt wie die vorhergehende genealogische aufzahlung eine anakoluthe verbindung zweier nominative, von denen der eine zum andern im genetivverhaltnis steht. So merkwiirdig das anakoluth in P) ist, so wird es doch durch ein analogon gestiitzt: es entspricht genau der construction Sz b) h^ca Pirava nama xavXa. In bei- den fallen ist statt eines obliquen casus der nominativ gesetzt in folge einer art verkiirzung einer bei den alten Persern haufigen pleonastischen ausdruckweise; wie h<7ca — Pirav^ nama rayxia voll- standig lauten miisste hrt-ca r^-uta — Piravii: nam^: xawia — hr/ca ada, ebenso an unserer stelle m^'rtiyrthya — Arshamfl; nam^ mfl-rtiya — av«- hya putr^. Eine solche lose anreihung zweier in abhangigkeitsver- haltnis zu denkender glieder ist etwas ganz gewohnliches, z. b. Nisaya namrt d<7hy<7ush — av^d^shim avaj'rn^m (Bh. I), (V^rumisa) nam^ Pars« b«(n)d«ka av<zm ad^ra fraish^ya'm (II). Diese construc- tionen unterscheiden sich von der unsrigen nur dadurch, dass die wiederaufnahme des abhangigen satzgliedes durch eine oblique pro- nominalform sowohl Sz b) wie an unserer stelle nicht stattgefunden hat. Es ist eine jedermann verstandliche vercinfachung jener um- standlichen und schwerfallinen ausdrucksweise.

In P) ist auch das wort nam^, welches urspriinglich die be- dingung der anakoluthen construction ist, als entbehrlich iiber bord geworfen: ArtokhshrttraDarayavrt(h)ush khshayathiy^ putra ist also die

90

khshay^thly^hya putr^ Dar^y^v^(h)ush^hya Art^- khsh^trahya khshayathiy^hya putr^ Art«khsh<3:trahya Khsh^yarsh<a:hya khshay^thiy^hya putr<3: Khsh^yar- sh^hya Dar<2y^v^(h)ush^hya khshay^thiy<3:hya putr<3: Dar<a:y^v^(h)ush«hya Vishtashp^hya putr<3; Hakha.ma- nishiy^ ^Imam a.pad2ina Da.rayava(h.)ush. ap^nyak<3:m<3f ■akuiK^sh ahiyapara . . . .pa Art^khsh^tra nyak^m<3;. . . Anahata uta Mithr*^ vashnsL Auramazdsha ap^dana a.dam akunavam Aur^m^zda Anahata uta Mithr<3r mam patuv . . .

weiterentwicklung und vereinfachung des Slteren typus Artakhsha- tra khshay«thiyrthya — Dar«yavrt!{h)ush nam« khshay^thiyrt: — avahya putr« ' 'A. sohn eines konigs — es ist ein konig Darius mit namen — dessen sohn."

Noch eine andere eigenheit enthalt die inschrift, nSralich den gen- etiv Vishtapahya, wo wir einen nominativ erwarten. Dieselbe construction findet sich durchgangig in S. Die wiederholung des namens im genetiv statt im nominativ dient zu emphatischer her- vorhebung und ist eine assimilatorische anlehnung an den vorher- gehenden genetiv, wahrend das subjekt aus dem genetiv zu erganzen ist: Darayava(h)ushahya khshay^thiy^hya putr^, Dar^v^y^z(h)ushahya (hy«) Artokhshatr^hya putr« "des Darius sohn, (jenes) Darius, (der) des Artaxerxes sohn (war), jenes Artaxerxes, der des Xerxes sohn war u. s. w. —

1 Imam apfldada, 85, b. 'akuntzsh, 43.

91

ARTAXERXES OCHUS.

Inscription of Persepolis. P.

UPON THE STEPS OF THE PALACE OF DARIUS HYSTASPES AND ARTA- XERXES OCHUS.

Baga vazraka Aur^m^zda hya imam bumam ada hya avam asmanam ada hya m<^rtiy^m ada hya shay^- tam ada m<3:rtihya hya mam Art<2khsh<^tra khshay^- thiya akun^ush aiv^m paruvna.Tn khshay^thiy^m aivam p^^ruvnam iramataram Thatiy Artrt:khsh<2tra khshay<3:thiy« vazraka khshayathiya khshay<^thiyanam khshay^thiy<^ d^^hyunam khshay^^thiy^a: ahyaya bumiya Adam Artakhsh<^tra khshay^^thiy^a: putr<3; Art<3;khsh^tra D ar ay av a (h)ush khshay^^thiy^ putra Art<3:khsh(a:tra khshay<^thiy<^ putr<^ Art^khsh<3:tra Khsh^yarsha khsha- yathiya putr<3; Khsh^yarshaDar<3;y«v^(h)ush V(i)shtas- p<a:hya nam^ putr^ V(i)shtasp<^hya Arsham<3: nam<3: putra H<2kham(3:nishiyrt; Thatiy Art<2:khsh<3;tra khshay*^:- thiy<a: im<^m us«t<3;sh^nam 'ath«(n)g«nam mam upa mam k<3;rta Thatiy Art^khsh^tra khshayathiya mam Aur^m<3:zda uta M(i)thr<3; haga patuv uta imam d<3;h- yum uta ^ty^ mam k^rta.

1 'D3iTayava(h)ush, 85, c. ^ atha(n)g^mam, 85, d; 86, d. ^ tya mam k^rta, 85, e and f.

ARSACES. R.

INSCRIPTION UPON THE SEAL OF GROTEFEND.

Arsh<3:k^ nama Athiyad^ush^n^hya putr^.

THK

CUNEIFORM TEXT

OF th:^

INSCRIPTIONS OF DARIUS

AT

ALVEND, SUEZ, PERSEPOEIS

AND

NAQSHI RUSTAM.

*The inscriptions are taken from a pen sketch made by the author.

For the Cuneiform text of the Behistan the student is referred to the great work of Rawlinson in Vol. X of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. The author is under much obligation to Dr. Kossowicz, Professor of Sanskrit in the Imperial University of St. Petersburg.

/,,«K.9!»Af-JVr/f>'

THE TOMB OF DARIUS.

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TRANSLATION

OF THE

INSCRIPTIONS.

THE "SEPULCHRAL' INSCRIPTION OF CYRUS. (M.)

(PERSIAN, MEDIAN, ASSYRIAN.)

The oldest inscription of Persia is found on that structure generally believed to be the tomb of Cyrus. At Pasargadse, in the midst of the plain of Murghab, stands a building of white marble rising to the height of thirty-six feet from the ground. Its base is forty- seven feet long and forty-four feet broad. A figure in bas-relief carved on a pillar, perhaps the portrait of the king himself, strengthens the theory that this structure is the tomb of Cyrus. A narrow doorway leads into an inner chamber, where Arrian says, the body of Cyrus was placed. Under the relief is the cuneiform inscription, the translation of which follows:

TRANSLATION.

I (am) Cyrus, the king, the Achaemenide.

For the sake of comparison the reader is referred to the epitaph of Cyrus quoted byStrabo, (XV, 3.)

Ii8

THE INSCRIPTION OF DARIUS HYSTASPES AT BEHISTAN.* (Bh.)

(PERSIAN, [median, ASSYRIAN.])

1. I (arn) Darius, the great king, the king of kings, the king of Persia, the king of countries, the son of Hystaspes, the grandson Arshama, the Achaemenide.

2. Says Darius the king my father (is) Hystaspes, the father of Hystaspes (is) Arshama, the father of Ars- hama (is) Ariyaramna, the father of Ariyaramna (is Caispis), the father of Caispis (is) Achaemenes.

3. Says Darius the king therefore we are called the Achaemenides: from long ago we have extendedf from long ago our family have been kings.

4. Says Darius the king VIII. J of my family (there were) who were formerly kings: I am the IX: individ- ually we were (lit. are) kings.

5. Says Darius the king by the grace of Aura- mazda I am king : Auramazda gave me the king- dom.

6. Says Darius the king these are the countries which came to me : by the grace of Auramazda I became king of them, Persia, Susiana, Babylon, As- syria, Arabia, Egypt, which are by the sea, Sparda, Ionia, Media, Armenia, Cappadocia, Parthia, Drangi- ana, Area, Chorasmia, Bactriana, Sogdiana, Gandara, Saka, Thatagus, Haravatis, Maka, in all (there are) XXIII countries.

*This inscription contains nearly one thousand lines. Cf. Intro- duction.

fThe Persian word amata is connected with the Sanskrit root ma to measure (Cf. Zend ma and Latin me-to). The A is doubtless a prefix corresponding to the Sanskrit a (hither), amata would mean meas- ured hither or to the present time, i.e., reaching to the present. It is possible to emphasize the idea of the root ma (measure): hence the word might signify measured, tested, tried.

:}:The numerals are represented by horizontal wedges for units and oblique for the tens. Cf. Cuneiform alphabet

119

7- Says Darius the king these (are) the countries which came to me : by the grace of Auramazda they became subject to me : they bore tribute to me : what was commanded to them by me this was done night and (lit. or) day.

8. Says Darius the king within these countries what man was a friend* him well supported I sup- ported : who was an enemy him well punished I pun- ished ; by the grace of Auramazda these countries followed my law : as it was commanded by me to them, so it was done.

9. Says Darius the king Auramazda gave me the kingdom : Auramazda bore me aid until this kingdom was established : by the grace of Auramazda I hold this kingdom.

10. Says Darius the king this (is) what (was) done by me after that I became king ; Cambyses by name, the son of Cyrus (was) of our family: he before was king here : of this Cambyses there was a brother Bardiya (i. e., Smerdis) by name possessing a com- mon mother and the same father with Cambyses ; afterwards Cambyses slew that Bardiya: when Cam- byses slew Bardiya there was not knowledge t (on the part) of the state that Bardiya was slain : after- wards Cambyses went to Egypt : when Cambyses went to Egypt, after that the state became hostile, after that there was deceit to a great extent in the provinces, both Persia and Media and other prov- inces.

11. Says Darius the king afterwards there was one man, a Magian, Gaumata by name ; he rose up from Paishiyauvada ; there (is) a mountain Arakadris, by

* The Persian word is of doubtful interpretation. It looks like the NOMEN AGENTis of GAM to go^ a goer hither or a comer. The transla- tion/rzVwo' is a conventional one.

f AZDA, a doubtful word. I connect it with the root da to ktww which occurs in the compound aur^m^zda.

120

name; from there on the 14th day* of the month Viyakhna then it was when he rose up : he then de- ceived the state ; I am Bardiya the son of Cyrus brother of Cambyses : afterwards the whole state be- came estranged from Cambyses fand) went over to him, both Persia and Media and the other provinces: he seized the kingdom ; on the 9th day of the month Garmapada then it was he thus seized the kingdom ; afterward Cambyses died by a self-imposed death, f

12. Says Darius the king this kingdom which Gaumata the Magian took from Cambyses, this king- dom from long ago was (the possession) of our family : afterwards Gaumata the Magian took from Cambyses both Persia and Media and the other provinces ; he acted in accordance with? his own power? he be- came king.

13. Says Darius the king there was not a man neither a Persian nor Median nor any one of our fam- ily who could make Gaumata the Magian deprived of the kingdom ; the state feared him vehemently (or because of his violence) ; he would smite the state utterly which knew the former Bardiya ; for this rea- son he would smite the state that it might not know mej that I am not Bardiya the son of Cyrus; anyone did not dare to say anything against Gaumata the Magian until I came ; afterwards I asked Auramazda for help; Aurama/da bore me aid; on the loth day of the month Bagayadis then it was I thus with (my) faithful? men slew that Gaumata the Magian and

*Lit. with fourteen days; a use of the instrumental which denotes the association of time with an event. This idiom is employed in all like temporal expressions. Cf. Grammar, 72.

t The word uv^MrtRSHiYUSH can be divided into xjva self [Ci. Skt. swa Lat. se) and MrtRSHivusH die (Cf. Skt. m^r Lat. morior). The meaning also corresponds to the statement in Herodotus III 64-65, that Cambyses died from a wound inflicted by his sword as he was leaping from his horse.

X Note the direct form of expression.

121

what men were his foremost allies; there (is) a strong- hold Sikayauvatis by name ;^ there is a province in Media Visaya by name ; here I smote him ; I took the kingdom from him ; by the grace of Auramazda I became king : Auramazda gave me the kingdom.

14. Says Darius the king — the kingdom which was taken away from our family, this I put in (its) place; I established it on (its) foundation; as (it was) formerly so I made it ; the sanctuaries ? which Gau- mata the Magian destroyed I restored. The com- merce ? of the state and the cattle and the dwelling places, and (I did this) in accordance withf the clans, which Gaumata the Magian took from them, (I restored) ; I established the state on (its) founda- tion both Persia and Media and the other prov- inces ; as (it was) formerly so I brought back what (had been) taken away ; by the grace of Auramazda this I did ; I labored that our clan I might establish in (its) place; as (it was) formerly, so (I made it); I labored by the grace of Auramazda that Gaumata the Magian might not take away our race.

15. Says Darius the king this (is) what I did, after that I became king.

16. Says Darius the king when I slew Gaumata the Magian afterwards there (was) one man Atrina by name the son of Upadara(n)ma; he rose up in Uvaja; (i. e. , Susiana) ; thus he said to the state; I am king in Uvaja; afterwards the people of Uvaja became re- bellious (and) went over to that Atrina; he became king in Uvaja; also there (was) one man a Babylon- ian Naditabira by name the son of Ain . . . . ; he rose up in Babylon; thus he deceived the state; I am Na-

*Nam^ is not the accusative of specification, but is attracted into the case, and even the gender of the subject. Lit. there is a strong- hold (its) name (is) Sikayauvatis. Cf. Grammar, 61, A. Note 2, but cf. Bartholomae, Arische Forsch. I, 58.

f Cf. Grammar, 70, A.

122

bukudracara the son of Nabunita; afterwards the whole of the Babylonian state went over to that Nad- itabira; Babylon became rebellious; the kingdom in Babylon he seized.

17. Says Darius the king afterwards I sent forth (my army) to Uvaja; this Atrina was led to me bound; I slew him.

18. Says Darius the king afterwards I went to Babylon against that Naditabira who called himself Nabukudracara; the army of Naditabira held the Tigris; there he halted and was on shipboard; after- wards I destroyed the army one (army) I made

submissive, of the other I led; Auramazda bore

me aid; by the grace of Auramazda we crossed the Tigris; here the army of Naditabira I slew utterly; on the 27th day of the month Atriyadiya then it was we thus engaged in battle.

19. Says Darius the king afterwards I went to

Babylon; when to Babylon ;

there (is) a town Zazana by name along the Eu- phrates; there this Naditabira who called himself Na- bukudracara went with his army against me to engage in battle; afterwards we engaged in battle; Auramazda bore me aid; by the grace of Auramazda the army

of Naditabira I slew utterly

the water bore it away; on the 2nd day of the month Anamaka then it was we thus engaged in battle.

123

II.

1. Says Darius the king afterwards Naditabira with (his) faithful ? horsemen went to Babylon; afterwards I went to Babylon; by the grace of Auramazda I both seized Babylon and seized that Naditabira; afterwards I slew that Naditabira at Babylon.

2. Says Darius the king while I was in Babylon these (are) the provinces which became estranged from me, Persia, Uvaja, Media, Assyria, Armenia, Parthia, Magus, Thatagus, Saka.

3. Says Darius the king there (was) one man Mar- tiya by name, the son of Cicikhris — there (is) a town in Persia Kuganaka by name — here he halted; he rose up in Uvaja; thus he said to the state; I am Imanis king in Uvaja.

4. Says Darius the king then* I was near by Uvaja;

afterwards from me the people

of Uvaja seized that Martiya who was chief of them and slew him.

*01d Persian ad<7k^iy. For various theories respecting the meaning and derivation of ad;7K<7iy, cf. F. Miiller (Wiener Zeitschrift fur d. k. des Morgenlandes in), 150, Bartholomae (Bezz. Beiter X. 272). The theory contained in a late number of the Zeitschr. f. vergl. Sprchfg. is especially deserving of mention. The first element of the compound is Ava (Cf . Skt. adh^, Lat. inde, Gr. pvOa) and the second contains the stem of the interrogative pronoun, Ka, (Cf. Skt. ca, Lat. que, Gr. rs) Cf. Lat. TUN-c. ,,Den indefiniten und enclitischen gebrauch des fragestamms finden wir abgesehen von andern sprachen (z. b. gr. Ttoiy 7t7]) auch im apers. ciy (*qid), welches einerseits den interro- gativstaram selbst indefinit macht (k^rshsciy), andererseits adverb eine indefinite nebenbedeutung verleiht (p^/ruv^/mciy ,,fruher'). Genau wiedas eben angefiihrte p^ruv<?mciy ist unser ad(^?k^7iy gebildet: das dem -ciy entsprechende kaiy hat nur eine andere casusform. Deren locativische function ist bewahrt (,,in einem gewissen punkte"), hat aber in verbindung mit der zeitpartikel eine temporale bedeutungs- modification erhalten. ad<^?-krtiy bedeutet demnach ,,da zu einer ge- wissen zeit" ,,da einmal" d. i. ..damals. " Die deutsche partikel ,'damals" und adr?k<7iy stimmen also nicht nur in der bedeutung, sondern auch in der bildungsweise und bedeutungsentwicklung voU- koramen tiberein."

124

5- Says Darius the king one man Fravartis by- name, a Mede, he rose up in Media; thus he said to the state; I am Khshathrita of the family of Uva- khshatara; afterwards the Median state which was in clans became estranged from me (and) went over to that Fravartis; he became king in Media.

6. Says Darius the king the Persian and Median army, which was by him, it was faithful ? (lit. a faith- ful (.?) thing); afterwards I sent forth an army; Vi- darna^ by name, a Persian, my subject him I made chief of them; thus I said to them; go smite that Me- dian army which does not call itself mine; afterwards this Vidarna with the army went away; when he came to

Media there (is) a town in Media by

name — here he engaged in battle with the Medes; he who was chief among the Medes did not then hold (the army) faithful.?; Auramazda bore me aid; by the grace of Auramazda the army of Vidarna smote that rebellious army utterly; on the 6th day of the month Anamaka then it was the battle (was) thus fought by them; afterwards my army — there (is) a region Kafmjpada by name — there awaited me until I went to Media.

7. Says Darius the king afterwards Dadarsis by name, an Armenian, my subject, him I sent forth to Armenia; thus I said to him; go, the rebellious army which does not call itself mine smite it; afterwards Dadarsis went away; when he came to Armenia, after- wards the rebellious ones having come together went

against Dadarsis to engage in battle a village

by name in Armenia; here they engaged in

battle; Auramazda bore me aid; by the grace of Aura- mazda my army smote that rebellious army utterly; on the 6th day of the month Thuravahara then it wa^ thus the battle (was) fought by them.

*Cf. Grammar, 6i, A, and note i.

125

8. Says Darius the king a second time the rebel- lious ones having come together went against Dadar- sis to engage in battle; there (is) a stronghold, Tigra by name, in Armenia — here they engaged in battle; Auramazda bore me aid; by the grace of Auramazda, my army smote that rebellious army utterly; on the 1 8th day of the month, Thuravahara then it was the battle (was) thus fought by them.

9. Says Darius the king a third time the rebellious ones having come together went against Dadarsis to engage in battle; there (is) a stronghold, U. . . .ama by name, in Armenia — here they engaged in battle; Auramazda bore me aid; by the grace of Auramazda my army smote that rebellious army utterly; on the 9th day of the month, Thaigarcis then it was thus the battle (was) fought by them; afterwards Dadarsis awaited me until I came to Media.

10. Says Darius the king afterwards Vaumisa by name, a Persian, my subject, him I sent forth to Ar- menia; thus I said to him; go, the rebellious army which does not call itself mine, smite it; afterwards Vaumisa went away; when he came to Armenia afterwards, the rebellious ones having come together went against Vaumisa to engage in battle; there (is)

a region, by name, in Assyria — here they

engaged in battle; Auramazda bore me aid; by the aid of Auramazda my army smote that rebellious army utterly; on the 15th day of the month Ana- maka, then it was thus the battle (was) fought by them.

1 1. Says Darius the king a second time the rebel- lious ones having come together went against Vaumisa to engage in battle; there (is) a region Autiyara by name in Armenia — here they engaged in battle; Auramazda bore me aid; by the grace of Auramazda

ihy army smote that rebellious army utterly;

of the month Thuravahara thus the battle

126

(was) fought by them; afterwards Vaumisa awaited me in Armenia until I came to Media.

12. Says Darius the king afterwards I went from Babylon; I went away to Media; when I went to Media — there (is) a town Kudurus by name in Media — here this Fravartis (i. e., Phaortes) who called him- self king in Media went with (his) army against me to engage in battle; afterwards we engaged in battle; Auramazda bore me aid; by the grace of Auramazda I smote the army of Fravartis utterly; on the 26th day of the month Adukanis then it was we engaged in battle.

I J. Says Darius the king afterwards this Fravartis with faithful ? horsemen — in that place (was) a region Raga by name in Media — here went; afterwards I sent forth my army against them; Fravartis was seized (and) led to me; I cut off (his) nose and ears and

tongue, and to him I led; he was held

bound at my court; the whole state saw him; after- wards I put (him) on a cross at Ecbatana, and what men were his foremost allies, these I threw within a prison at Ecbatana.

14. Says Darius the king one man, Citra(n)takhma by name, a Sagartian, he became rebellious to me; thus he said to the state; I am king in Sagartia, of the family of Uvakhshatara; afterwards I sent forth the Persian and Median army; Takhmaspada by name, a Mede, my subject, him I made chief of them; thus I said to them; go, the rebellious army, which does not call itself mine, smite it; afterwards Takhmaspada went away with the army (and) engaged in battle with Citra(n)takhma; Auramazda bore me aid; by the grace of Auramazda my army smote that rebellious army utterly and seized Citra(n)takhma (and) brought (him) to me; afterwards I cut off his nose and ears, .and to him I led; he was held bound at mv

12/

•court; the whole state saw him; afterwards I put him on a cross in Arabia,

15. Says Darius the king this (is) what (was) done by me in Media.

16. Says Darius the king Parthia and Hyrcania

of Fravartis called himself;

Hystaspes my father army after- wards Hystaspes . . . allies town ... by name

they engaged in battle thus

the battle (was) fought by them.

128

III.

1. Says Darius the king afterwards I sent forth the Persian army to Hystaspes from Raga; when this army came to Hystaspes, afterwards Hystaspes with that army went away — there (is) a town Patigrabana by name in Parthia — here he engaged in battle with the rebellious ones; Auramazda bore me aid; by the grace of Auramazda Hystaspes smote that rebellious army utterly; on the first day of the month Garmapada then it was that thus the battle (was) fought by them.

2. Says Darius the king afterwards it became my province; this (is) what (was) done by me in Parthia.

3. Says Darius the king there (is) a region Margus by name; it became rebellious to me; one man Frada, a Margianian, him they made chief; afterwards I sent forth Dadarsis by name, a Persian, my subject, satrap in Bactria against him; thus I said to him: go, smite that army which does not call itself mine; afterwards Dadarsis with the army went away (and) engaged in battle with the Margianians; Auramazda bore me aid; by the grace of Auramazda my army smote that re- bellious army utterly; on the 23rd day of the month Atriyadiya then it was thus the battle (was) fought by them.

4. Says Darius the king afterwards it became my province; this (is) what (was) done by me in Bactria.

5. Says Darius the king one man Vahyazdata by name — there (is) a town Tarava by name; there (is) a region Yutiya by name in Persia — here halted; he a second time (i. e. , after Gaumata) rose up in Persia: thus he said to the state; I am Bardiya the son of Cyrus; afterwards the Persian army which (was) in clans departed from duty; it became estranged from me (and) went over to that Vahyazdata; he became king in Persia.

6. Says Darius the king afterwards I sent forth the

129

Persian and Median army which was by me; Artavar- diya by name, a Persian, my subject, him I made chief of them; the other Persian army went with (lit. after) me to Media; afterwards Artavardiya with the army went to Persia; when he came to Persia — there (is) a town Rakha by name in Persia — here this Vahyazdata who called himself Bardiya went with (his) army against Artavardiya to engage in battle; afterwards they engaged in battle; Auramazda bore me aid; by the grace of Auramazda my army smote that army of Vahyazdata utterly; on the 1 2th day of the month Xhuravahara then it was thus the battle (was) fought by them.

7. Says Darius the king afterwards this Vahyazdata with faithful.? horsemen then went to Paishiyauvada; from thence he went with an army again against Arta- vardiya to engage in battle; there (is) a mountain Paraga by name — here they engaged in battle; Aura- mazda gave me aid; by the grace of Auramazda my army smote that army of Vahyazdata utterly; on the 6th day of the month Garmapada then it was thus the battle (was) fought by them and they seized that Vahyazdata and what men were his foremost allies, they seized.

8. Says Darius the king afterwards — there (is) a a town is Persia Uvadaidaya by name* — here, that Vahyazdata and what men were his foremost allies, them I put on a cross.

9. Says Darius the king this Vahyazdata who called himself Bardiya he sent forth an army to Harauvatia — there (was) Vivana by name, a Persian, my subject, satrap in Harauvatis — against him (he sent an army)

♦The reader has noticed the constant use of paratax. Instead of bringing the words of the sentence into syntax independent construc- tions are employed. In no other language is this loose arrangtment (which we must feel was original to speech) shown to better advantage than in the old Persian inscriptions. Cf. Grammar, 59,

I30

and one man he made chief of them; thus he said to them: go, smite that Vivana and that army which calls itself of Darius the king, afterwards this army, which Vahyazadata sent forth, went against Vivana, to engage in battle; there is a stronghold Kapisha- kanis by name — here they engaged in battle; Aura- mazda bore me aid; by the grace of Auramazda my army smote that rebellious army utterly; on the 13th day of the month Anamaka then it was thus the battle (was) fought by them.

10. Says Darius the king again the rebellious ones having come together went against Vivana to engage in battle; there (is) a region Ga(n)dutava by name — here they engaged in battle; Auramazda bore me aid; by the grace of Auramazda my army smote that rebellious army utterly; on the 8th day of the month Viyakhna then it was thus the battle (was) fought by them.

11. Says Darius the king afterwards this man, who was chief of that army which Vahyazdata sent against Vivana, this chief with faithful ? horseman went away — there (is) a stronghold Arshada by name in Harau- vatis — he went beyond thence; afterwards Vivana, with an army on foot went (against) them; here he seized him and what men were his foremost allies he slew.

12. Says Darius the king afterwards the province became mine; this is what was done by me at Harau- vatis.

13. Says Darius the king when I was in Persia and Media a second time the Babylonians became es- tranged from me; one man, Arakha by name, an Armenian son of Han(i*)dita,* he rose up in Babylon;

♦The N in Handita as well as the N in Dubana conjecture has sup- plied. The combination of wedges in the cuneiform text resembles no other characters on the stone and perhaps is the sign for L which otherwise would be wanting in the Old Persian alphabet. I, however, feel that it is simply a careless writing of the nasal.

131

there (is) a region, Duban(?)aby name — from there he rose up; thus he lied; I am Nabukudracara, the son of Nabunita; afterwards the Babylonian state became es- tranged from me (and) went over to that Arakha; he seized Babylon; he became king in Babylon.

14. Says Darius the king afterwards I sent forth my army to Babylon; Vi(n)dafra by name, a Mede, my subject, him I made chief; thus I said to them; go, smite that army in Babylon which does not call itself mine; afterwards Vi(n)dafra with an army went to Babylon; Auramazda bore me aid; by the grace of

Auramazda, Vi(n)dafra seized Babylon

on the 2d day of the month then it was thus. . .

132

IV.

1. Says Darius the king this (is) what was done by me in Babylon.

2. Says Darius the king this (is) what I did; by the grace of Auramazda it was (done) wholly in (my) way;"^ after that the kings became rebellious I engaged in XIX battles; by the grace of Auramazda I smote themt and I seized IX kings; there was one, Gaumata by name, a Magian; he lied; thus he said; I am Bardiya the son of Cyrus; he made Persia rebellious; there (was) one, Atrina by name, in Uvaja; he lied; thus he said; I am king in Uvaja; he made Uvaja rebellious to me; there (was) one, Naditabira by name, a Baby- lonian; he lied; thus he said; I am Nabukudracara the son of Nabunita; he made Babylon rebellious; there (was) one, Martiya by name, a Persian; he lied; thus he said; I am Imanis king in Uvaja; he made Uvaja rebellious; there (was) one Fravartis byname, a Mede; he lied; thus he said; I am Khshathrita of the family of Uvakhshatara; he made Media rebellious; there (was) one, Citra(n)takhma by name, in Sagartia; he lied; thus he said; I am King in Sagartia, of the fam- ily of Uvakhshatara; he made Sagartia rebellious; there (was) one, Frada by name, a Margianian; he lied; thus he said; I am a king in Margus, he made Margus re- bellious; there (was) one, Vahyazdata by name, a Persian; he lied; thus he said; I am Bardiya the son of Cyrus; he made Persia rebellious; there (was) one, Arakha by name, an Armenian; he lied; thus he said; I am Nabukudracara the son of Nabunita; he made Babylon rebellious.

*HAMAHYAYA TH«RDa is of doubtful intetpetation. Rawl suggested • 'the performance of the whole"; Oppert "dans toute ma vie; dans toute I'annie, toujours"; Spiegel "in aller Weiser." Many attempts have been made to connect tharda with the Sanskrit 9arad, autumn used in the Veda metaphorically for year. Cf . Grammar, 80, c.

I Or smote theirs^ i. e., their forces. Cf. Grammar, 83, b.

133

3- Says Darius the king these IX kings I seized within these battles.

4. Says Darius the king these (are) the provinces which became rebellious; a lie made them* .... that these deceived the state; afterwards Auramazda made them in my hand; as desire (moved) me, thus

5. Says Darius the king O thou who wilt be king in the future, protect thyself strongly from deceit; what- ever man will be a deceiver, him punish well (lit. him well punished punish. Cf. , 1. 8), if thus thou shalt think **may my country be firm."

6. Says Darius the king this (is) what I did; by the grace of Auramazda I did (it) wholly in (my) way;t O thou who shalt examine this inscription in the future, let it convince thee (as to) what (was) done by me; do not deceive thyself.

7. Says Darius the king Auramazda (is) a witness.? that this (is) true (and) not false (which) I did wholly in my way.|

8. Says Darius the king by the grace of Auramazda

(what) else (was) done by me to a

great extent, that (is) not inscribed on this inscription; for this reason it (is) not inscribed lest whoever will

examine this inscription in the future

it may not convince him (as to) what (was) done by me (and) he may think (it) false. §

9. Says Darius the king who were the former kings, by these nothing (was) done to a great extent as (was)

*Perhaps we can supply with Spiegel hamitriya a He made them rebellious.

fCf. IV. 2.

XQi. IV. 2.

§Although much has become obliterated yet we have enough to enable us to gain the sense of the passage. The idea is: should I write the memorial of all my achievements, they would be so many that men would lose faith in the testimony of this stone.

134

performed* wholly by me through the grace of Aura- mazda.

10. Says Darius the king let it convince

thee (as to) what (was) done by me; thus

for this reason do not hide (this monument); if thou shalt not hide this monument (but) tell (it) to the state, may Auramazda be a friend to thee and may there be to thee a family abundantly and live thou long.

11. Says Darius the king if thou shalt hide this mon- ument (and) not tell (it) to the state, may Auramazda be a smiter to thee and may there not be to thee a family.

12. Says Darius the king this (is) what I did wholly in (my) way;t by the grace of Auramazda I did (it); Auramazda bore me aid and the other gods which are.

13. Says Darius the king for this reason Auramazda bore me aid and the other gods which are, because I was not an enemy, I was not a deceiver, I was not a

despot family above law, above me

I did that whoever for me

helped those belonging to my race, him well supported I supported; whenever. . . '. him well pun- ished I punished.

14. Says Darius the king O thou who art king in

the future, whatever man shall be a deceiver

shall be (be) not a friend to these; punish

these with severe punishment.

15. Says Darius the king O thou who shalt see this inscription in the future which I inscribed or these pictures, thou shalt not destroy (them) J as long as thou shalt live; thus guard them.

*Cf. IV. 2, but here THaRDa fails to appear.

fCf. IV. 2.

JOld Persian yava. ..Fflr das auffallige — a scheinen mir und zwei mOglichkeiten offen: es konnte yava nach abfall des t als flectierbarer a-stamm vom sprachgeftihl aufgefasst an das femininum t^uma sich formell anschliessen (mit einbusse der conjunctionalen bedeutung),

135

l6. Says Darius the king if thou shalt see this in- scription or these pictures (and) shalt not destroy them and shalt guard them for me as long as (thy) family shall be, may Auramazda be a friend to thee and may there be to thee a family abundantly and live thou long and whatever thou shalt do, this for thee (let) Auramazda let him grant thy prayers.

19. Says Darius the king if thou shalt see this inscription or these pictures (and) shalt destroy them and shalt not guard them for me as long as (thy) fam- ily shall be, may Auramazda be a smiter to thee and may there not be to thee a family and whatever thou shalt do this let Auramazda destroy for thee.

18. Says Darius the king these (are) the men who were there then when I slew Gaumata the Magian who called himself Bardiya; then these men co-operated as my allies; Vi(n)dafranaby name, the son of Vayaspara, a Persian; Utana by name, the son of Thukhra, a Per- sian; Gaubaruva by name, the son of Marduniya, a Persian; Vidarna by name, the son of Magabigna, a Persian; Bagabukhsha by name, the son of Daduhya, a Persian; Ardumanis by name, the son of Vahauka, a Persian.

19. Says Darius the king O thou who art king in the future, what what Darius

I did.

Oder es hat nach analogic von yfl-tha, yata {,,bis, warend")und andern auf -a ausleutenden conjunctionen selbst langen auslaut erhalten.

Wenn allerdings Bh. IV, 71 yava ji[vahy ] zu lesen ist, so bleibt die zweite erklarung allein iibrig. Die gegenseitige beeinflussung von partikeln bietet nichts auilallendes: es kann avSV? (Brugmann Griech. Gramm. §200) neben avev, ngr. avtU neben avtiy Torffneben tore u. a. nach analogic von yUfjpi-^ etc., sowieiiberhauptdasum- Bichgreifen des auslautenden -s in griech. partikeln {OVtOD-<sy 00? y etc.) verglichen werden." (A. T.)

J. Schmidt explains yava as neuter plural (172).

136

V.

I. Says Darius the king this (is) what I did

way

king province; this became

estranged from me; one man ..imina by name; the (people) of Uvaja made him chief; afterwards I sent forth (my) army to Uvaja; one man Gaubaruva by name, a Persian, my subject, him I made chief of them; afterwards this Gaubaruva with an army went to Uvaja; he engaged in battle with the rebellious

ones; afterwards

and to him

he seized and led to

me provmce

thus it

2. Says Darius the king

Auramazda by the grace of

Auramazda I did.

3. Says Darius the king whoever in the future ....

4. Says Darius the King I

went against Saka

Tigris to the sea

I seized the enemy to

Saku(n)ka by name, him I seized

there another as chief

afterwards

5. Says Darius the king not

Auramazda if by the grace of Auramazda

I did.

137

6. Says Darius the king worship? Auramazda

Kossowicz remarks: "Notatu dignum, omnium, quantum scio, im- peratorum, qui armorum vi atque gloria celebres extiterant, nisi duo, Darium Hystaspi nerape et Napoleonem I — mum, commilitonum nomina; victorias suas recensendo, in publicis monumentis memoriae tradidisse. ' *

138

The Smaller Inscriptions of Behistan. a.

OVER THE PICTURE OF DARIUS.*

I (am) Darius, the great king, king of kings, king of Persia, king of the countries, the son of Hystaspes, the grandson of Arshama, the Achaemenide. Says Darius the king my father (is) Hystaspes, the father of Hystas- pes (is) Arshama, the father of Arshama (is) Ariyaram- na, the father of Ariyaramna (is) Caispis, the father of Caispis (is) Achaemenes. Says Darius the king there- fore we are called Achaemenides; from long ago we have extended; from long ago our family have been kings. Says Darius the king VUI of my family (there were) who were formerly kings; I am the ninth IX; in- dividually we are kings.

UNDER THE PROSTRATE FORM.

This Gaumata the Median lied; thus he said; I am Bardiya, the son of Cyrus; I am king.

c.

OVER THE FIRST STANDING FIGURE.

This Atrina lied; thus he said; I am king in Uvaja.

d.

OVER THE SECOND STANDING FIGURE.

This Naditabiralied; thus he said; I am Nabuk(u)- dracara, the son of Nabunita; I am king in Babylon.

e.

UPON THE GARMENT OF THE THIRD STANDING FIGURE.

This Fravartis lied; thus he said; I am Khshathrita of the family of Uvakhshatara; I am king in Media.

♦Cf. I. 1-4.

139 f.

OVER THE FOURTH STANDING FIGURE.

This Martiya lied; thus he said; I am Imanis, king- in Uvaja.

OVER THE FIFTH STANDING FIGURE,

This Citra(n)takhma lied; thus he said; I am king in Sagartia, of the family of Uvakhshatara.

h.

OVER THB SIXTH STANDING FIGURB.

This Vahyazdata lied; thus he said; I am Bardiya, the son of Cyrus; I am king. ♦.

!.

OVER THB SEVENTH STANDING FIGURB.

This Arakha lied; thus he said; I am Nabuk(u)dra- cara, the son of Nabunita; I am king in, Babylon.

J.

OVER THE EIGHTH STANDING FIGURE.

This Frada lied; thus he said; I am king in Margus.

k.

OVER THE NINTH STANDING FIGURE.*

This (is) Saku(n)ka, the Sakian.

*Herodotus mentions the high cap which was peculiar to the garb of the Sakians. It is interesting to note that the figure lis represented on the stone wearing this national head-dress.

I40

The Inscription of Alvend. (O.)

(PERSIAN.)

This inscription is engraven upon two niches on a large block of stone near the base of Mt. Alvend. Not only is the monumental fame of Darius perpetuated by the Behistan mountain, but in different parts of the Persian empire this monarch caused to be inscribed historic records of his reign. At Persepolis the pal- aces declare the name of their founder and his prayers for the protection of heaven. To Darius beyond all others we are indebted for what we have of the Paleo- graphy of Persia.

I TRANSLATION.

A great God (is) Auramazda who created this earth, who created yonder heaven,* who created man, who created thet spirit? of man, who made Darius king, one king of many, one lord of many. I (am) Darius the great king, king of kings, king of the countries possessing many kinds of people, king of this great earth far and wide, the son of Hystaspes, the Achae- menide.

*AsMAN {heaven) is literally a stone as we know from its cognate in Sanskrit. Probably the Persians regarded the sky as a solid dome; cf. the Hebrew word raqi(a) (Gen. I, 8.) and our firmament (firma- mentum).

f The old Persian shiyatis is the Avest. shaiti. The Assyrian trans- lates the word by dumqu ' 'blessing. ' ' But cf . Fick, idg. Wb. I' 233, and J. Schmidt Plur. d. idg. Ntr. 418.

141 The Inscriptions of Suez. (SZ.)

(PERSIAN, MEDIAN, ASSYRIAN, EGYPTIAN.)

A crowned head is carved upon the stone together with the following legend:

TRANSLATION. A.

Darius the great king; king of kings, king of the countries, the son of Hystaspes, the Achaemenide.

Above are a dozen lines of Persian cuneiform text the translation of which follows:

TRANSLATION. B.

A great god (is) Auramazda, who created yonder heaven, who created this earth, who created man, who created the spirit*? of man, who made Darius king, who gave the kingdom to Darius; what great

I (am) Darius the great king, king of kings, king of the countries possessing many people, king of this great earth far and wide, son of Hystaspes, the Achaemen- ide. Says Darius the king I am a Persian; with (the help of) Persia I seized Egypt; I commanded to dig this canal, t from the Nile by name a river which flows in Egypt, to the sea which goes from Persia; after- wards this canal was dug there as I commanded ....

»Cf. note under (O). tCf. Herodotus, IV. 39.

142

The Inscription of London,

(PERSIAN, MEDIAN, ASSYRIAN.)

The following short inscription can be seen in the British Museum on a cylinder which furnishes a fine specimen of gem engraving. A warrior in his chariot is represented as attacking at full speed a lion,* the symbol of power. This warrior from his crown we can interpret as King Darius. ,He holds his bow ready for action, while the charioteer urges on the steeds. This cylinder was carried to England from Egypt.

TRANSLATION.

I (am) Darius the king.

*On the Persian sculptures, the lion and bull occur often, as em- blems of strength. Metaphors of this kind are frequent in all oriental literature. In making a list of the epithets of the god Indra in the Veda, one is struck with the repeated comparisons of this sort. How- ever, the Vedic poets drew from the stall as the most fertile source of metaphors, and it was the later Sanskrit which used the beasts of the forest more extensively for that purpose, (e. g. , the tiger of men, etc. ) In Biblical literature the reader is referred to Ezekiel i. lo. "As for the likeness of their faces, they four had the faces of man, and the face of a lion on the right side.'* Daniel vii. 4. "The first was like a lion and had eagles' wings." The familiar national emblems of later date, the Roman eagle, the British lion, etc., all had their origin in this early conception.

«F run

UNIVERSIT

143 ^N..£^H£0^^

The Inscriptions of Darius at Persepolis.

(PERSIAN, [median, ASSYRIAN.])

The inscriptions of Persepolis show that same spirit of patriotism which characterizes the record on Mt. Behistan. The superiority of Persia over the pro- vinces of the empire is set forth by the monarch with the purpose of elevating the feelings of his country- men and of keeping alive ever in their hearts the love of country. The palace of Darius shows the ruins of several departments with external chambers which were evidently guard-rooms. The roof of a large room, fifty feet square, was supported by pillars, the bases of which remain to-day. This edifice is one of those ruins which represent the combined work of several successive Achaemenian kings. All the structures stand upon the same platform around which are great walls of hewn stone. Two inscriptions are found above the wall and one on two pillars, which read as follows:

TRANSLATION.

H.

ABOVE THE WALL SURROUNDING THE PALACE.

The great Auramazda, who (is) the greatest of the gods, he made Darius king; he gave to him the king- dom; by the grace of Auramazda Darius (is) king. Says Darius the king this (is) the country Persia which Auramazda gave me, which, beautiful, posses- sing good horses, possessing good men, by the grace of Auramazda and (by the achievements) of me Darius the king, does not fear an* enemy. (.?) Says Darius the king let Auramazda bear me aid with (his) fellow gods and let Auramazda protect this country from an army, from misfortune, from deceit; may not an enemy .... come unto this country, nor an army,

*0r, THE Other (i. e., Ahriman). Cf. note to (I).

144

nor misfortune nor deceit; this I pray of Auramazda .... with (his) fellow gods; this let Auramazda give me with (his) fellow gods.

ANOTHER INSCRIPTION ABOVE THB WALL.

I (am) Darius the great king, king of kings, king of many countries, the son of Hystaspes, the Achae- menide. Says Darius the king by the grace of Auramazda these (are) the provinces which I subdued with (the help of) that Persian army, (and) which feared me (and) brought to me tribute; Uvaja, Media, Babylon, Arabia, Assyria, Egypt, Armenia, Cap- padocia, Sparda, Ionia, which (are) of the dry (land) (and) which (are) of the sea, and the provinces which (are) in the east, Sagartia, Parthia, Zara(n)ka, Har- aiva, Bactria, Sugda, Uvarazamiya, Thatagus, Harau- vatis, India, Ga(n)dara, Saka, Maka. Says Darius the king if thus thou shalt think **may I not fear an enemy,"* protect this Persian state; if the Persian state shall be protected, may this goddess (namely) this spirit (of patriotism) for a long time unharmed^ descend upon this race.

B.

OVER THE PILLARS IN THE PALACE.

Darius the great king, king of kings, king of the countries, the son of Hystapes, the Achaemenide, who built this palace. '

* Dr. Julius Oppert understood the Old Persian word ANiYd: (other) to be the only notion of ah rim an found in the inscriptions. He ar- gued that the word ANiYa never means "enemy:" The prayer he translated ' ' The good Principle, which has always destroyed the Hater (DUvaisaTaM) will descend on this house."

145 The Inscription on the Tomb of Darius. (NR.)

(PERSIAN, MEDIAN, ASSYRIAN.)

Naqshi — Rustam is the burial place of Darius.

On the face of a mountain which rises to the per- pendicular height of 900 feet are cut the excavations which are doubtless tombs. These relics have a com- mon external appearance. They are carved into the rock fourteen feet deep in the form of a cross, the upright section of which is about ninety feet, the transverse division about fifty feet. Four pilasters about seven feet apart ornament the transverse sec- tion, in the midst of which is the door of the tomb. On the division above the fa9ade of this sepulchre are the sculptures. A double row of fourteen figures supports two cornices. Two bulls form the pillars at each end of the upper cornice. On an elevated ped- estal of three steps stands a figure dressed in a flow- ing robe, holding his bow in his left hand. Without doubt this is the effigy of him who lies buried be- neath. Opposite the standing form, on a pedestal of three steps, is an altar, upon which the sacred fire is burning, while above is a disk, probably represent- ing the sun, of which the fire blazing at the shrine is the symbol. Above is the image of Auramazda. One of these structures Ker-Porter visited, and with great difficulty explored its interior. Although he was not able to read the inscription, yet he conjectured that this was the tomb of Darius. I quote him at this point. **The second tomb is the only one whereon the m.arks of an inscription can be traced; but over the whole tablet of the upper compartment letters are visible wherever they could be introduced; above the figures, between them and the altar, along the side, from top to bottom; in short, everywhere we see it covered with the arrow-headed characters and in good preservation. What a treasure of information

146

doubtless is there to the happy man who can de- cipher it. It was tantalizing to a painful degree to look at such a sealed book in the very spot of mys- tery, where probably its contents would explain all. But it certainly is a very distinguishing peculiarity of this tomb that it alone should contain any inscrip- tion, and that the writing on it is so abundant; a cir- cumstance that might warrant the supposition of this being the tomb that was cut by the express orders of Darius Hystaspes to receive his remains." (Travels in Georgia, Persia, Armenia, ancient Babylonia, etc., etc., by Sir Robert Ker-Porter, vol. I, p. 523.)

Before translating the inscription I wish to call the attention of the reader to Herod. Ill, 88.

TRANSLATION.

A great god is Auramazda, who created this earth, who created yonder heaven, who created man, who created the spirit* of man, who made Darius king, one king of many, one lord of many. I (am) Darius the great king, king of kings, king of the countries possess- ing many kinds of people, king of this great earth far and wide, son of Hystaspes the Achaemenide, a Per- sian, the son of a Persian: an Aryan, an Aryan off- spring. Says Darius the king by the grace of Aura- mazda these (are) the provinces which I seized afarf from Persia; I ruled them; they brought tribute to me

what was commanded to them by

me, this they did; the law which (is) mine that was established; Media, Uvaja, Parthia, Haraiva, Bactria, Suguda, Uvarazamis, Zara(n)ka Harauvatis, Thatagus, Ga(n)dara, India, Sakae, Humavarkae, Sakae Tigrak- haudae, Babylon, Assyria, Arabia, Egypt, Armenia,

*Cf. note to (O). f Or, EXCEPT Persia.

147

Cappadocia, Sparda, Ionia, Sakae]beyond the sea, the lonians wearing long hair* Patians Kusians, Macians, Karkians. Says Darius the king Auramazda when he

saw this earth afterwards gave

it to me; he made me king; I am king; by the grace of Auramazda I established it on (its) foundation; what I commanded to them, this they did as desire came to (lit. was) me. If perchance thou shalt think that manifold (lit. a manifold thing) are these provinces which Darius the king held, look at the picture (of those) who are bearing my throne, t in order that thou mayest know them; then to thee will be the knowledge (that) the spear of a Persian man hath gone forth afar; then to thee will be the knowledge (that) a Persian man waged battle far from Persia. Says Darius the king this (is) what (was) done; all this by the grace of Auramazda I did; Auramazda bore me aid until this was done, let Auramazda pro- tect me from and my race and this

country; this I pray of Auramazda; this let Auramazda give me. O man, what (are) the commands of Aura- mazda, may he (make them) revealed to thee; do not err; do not leave the right path, do not sin.ij:

*Cf. the Homeric KaptjKOJ^GJOvreS.

fThe northern throne of the great palace contains five tiers of ten warriors supporting the platform on which the king is represented sit- ting, surrounded by his attendants.

JCf. Bartholomae Bezz. Beitr. X. 269, and Kern (ZDMG. XXIII, 222). For meaning of. ma STaRaya, cf . Melanges, Asiat. Ill, 344. Thumb (Zeitschrift fiir vgl. Sprachforsch, 1891) translates ,,0 mensch! lass dir die lehre des Auramazda gesagt sein. Verabscheue sie iiicht den richtigen weg (d. h, die lehre des A.), beflecke ihn nicht. " I quote an extract,

"Zunachst halte ich dieerklarung von gaista: als,,stinkend — wider- wSrtig" wegen der raerkwurdigen bedeutungsiibertragung insethische fiir unwahrscheinlich und ziehedie von selbst sich aufdrangende zuge- horigkeit zu ai. gad ,,sagen, sprechen" vor. Kern hat dies schon langst gesehen und in dem worte das part, auf -ta erkannt; aber bei einem transitiven verbum durch die annahme medialer bedeutung

148

B.

A great god (is) Auramazda who

made spirit ? of man

above Darius the king

Says Darius the king

by the grace of Auramazda

... .is violence violence

jenes verbaladjectivs den activen sinn ,,(er) hat gesagt" herauszu- bringen, ist nicht weniger gezwungen. g^?sta ist regelmassiges passives particip und muss mit hya zusammenconstruiert werden, welches ich als optativ der copula (*siet) fasse. Es istdaher zu iibersetzen: ,,m6ge dir gesagt sein die lehre des Auramazda," ,,lass dir gasagt sein, " d. h. ,,halte fest an- ... ". Einen optativ hat in hya schon Bopp (Lautsystem d. apers. p. 149) vermutet, wenn auch seine weitere erklarung eine ganz andere, verfehlte ist. Wir gewinnen durch die von uns vorgeschlagene constructionsweise eine genaue parallele zu J. 22 f. hya duv^/istrt'm shiyatis akhsata: in beiden fallen ist hya von dem nachfolgenden passiven particip getrennt und das subject in die mitte genommen; nurder gebrauch des optativs ist verschieden. An unserer stelle bezeichnet er den einer aufforderung fast gleichkommenden wunsch.

Eine gewisse wahrscheinlichkeit, dass hya das pronomen hy^; nicht sein kann, sehe ich in dem umstand, dass mit ausnahme des einen hya amakh(7m t.7uma (in gleicher v^^iederholung Bh. I 8 und A 12) die verbindung hy^ + genetiv+ substantiv durchaus ungewQnlich ist. (Ein solches hya (oder tya) is dagagen beliebt zv^^ischen subst. und nachfol- genden gen. Bh. I, 85. 89. 95. II, 69. Ill, 38 Bh. I, 69. 71. II, 27- 35-40. 46. 55.)

Die positiv ausgedriickte aufforderung wird mit den folgenden in- junctiven nochmals in negativer form wiederholt. Die alte erklarung von ma thadaya ist nun natiirlich unmoglich gewordeu; es ist die 2. pers sing, des injunctivs wie die folgenden formen auch. Ich ziehe th'd zur ai. wurzel ^ad. ,,abfallen" und sehe dieselbe wurzel im ger- man, hatjan ,,hassen", fiir das man meines wissens noch keine an- knupfung in den vervvandten sprachen gefunden hat (s. Kluge, Etym. Wb. s. v.). Die bedeutungsentwicklung ist,, abf alien, verwerfen, ver abscheuen, hassen ' ' An imserer stelle haben wir die wahl zu tiber- setzen ,,falle nicht ab" oder , , verabscheue nicht". Im letzern fall© bildet ap. thad den tibergang in der bedeutungsentwicklung von ai. pcd zu german. hassen. Die zweite bedeutung ..verabscheuen" darf auf grand des durch die medische tibersetzung festge&tellten sinns

SUPPLEMENTARY NOTE TO NRa.

As this volume goes to press an article (published in 1893) comes from the pen of the distinguished scholar Hiibschmann. He insists on "iibel" as the signification of Ga^^Ta (NRa) against Thumb's argu- ment (published in 1891) which I have quoted at some length on p. 147. I add a few extracts.

" Auf diese erklarung Kern's greift nun A. Thumb zuriick, ohne die griinde, die fiir Spiegel's deutung sprechen, zu erwagen. Diese griinde aber sind durch- aus stichhaltig und werfen Thumb's erklarung um. GaS>Ta ist in der keilschrift 2. gattung durch ein wort

iibersetzt, das fruher siyiuiika, von Oppert

visnika, von Weisbach niiisJuiika gelesen wird,

dessen bedeutung aber nicht zweifelhaft ist

und sein aequivalent im Babylonischen text ist bi-i-shi, das ,,bose" bedeutet."^

Wie mit Oa'$r\:a, steht es auch mit TY^axyaYa; die alte

erklilrungt ist die richtige Meine iibersetzung

lautete: O mensch, der befehl des Ahuramazda, er soil dir nicht iibel erscheinen." t

*BiSHU seems to render into x\ssyrian the Persian arika (ARr?^^?) "enemy."

fi. e., As an augmentless imperfect third singular (Cf. Grammar 95B.) and connected with Avestan s^m "seem".

:j:Cf. Oppert' s translation of the Median "homo quae est Oromazis doctrina, ilia tibi mala ne videatur". Also cf. translation of the Median given in foot note on p. 149.

149

Gaubaruva, a Patisuvarian, spear-bearer of Darius the king.

D.

Aspacana, quiver-bearer?, a server of the arrows of Darius the king.

E.

This (is) a Macian.

vorgezogen werden, warend ich andererseits die richtigheit meiner erklarung der ganzen stelle mit der med. und assyr. iibersetzung mehr in iibereinstimmung finde als die friihere interpretation: Med. quae Oromazdis doctrina earn ne malam putes. Assyr. ,,was Ormuzd be- fiehlt, lehne dich nicht dagogen auf" (Bezold).

Fiir ma starava scheint mir weder Bollensens iibersetzung ,,falle nicht ab" noch Bartholoraae's ahnliche ,,verliere, verlasse nicht den pfad" geniigend von den vorhergehended aufforderungen sich abzu- heben, und ich haltedaherBartholomae's zweiten vorschlag ,,beflecke ihn (den pfad) nicht'' (zu avest. a-star«ieti) fiir richtiger." For Thumbs' connection between O. P. thad and Skt. fad, cf. Brugmann, Grunde. I, 397.

ISO

THE INSCRIPTIONS OF XERXES AT PERSEPOLIS.

(PERSIAN, MEDIAN, ASSYRIAN.)

TRANSLATION. D.

UPON EACH ONE OF THE FOUR PILLARS OF THE ENTRANCES TO THE PALACE OF XERXES.

A great god (is) Auramazda who created this earth, who created yonder heaven, who created man, who created the spirit? of man, who created Xerxes king, one king of many, one lord of many. I (am) Xerxes the great king, king of kings, king of the countries, pos- sessing many kinds of people, king of this great earth far and wide, the son of Darius the king, the Achae- menide. Says Xerxes the great king by the .grace of Auramazda, this entrance possessing all countries I made; much else (that is) beautiful (was) done by* this Persian (people) which I did and which my father did; whatever (that has been) done seems beautiful, all that we did by the grace of Auramazda. Says Xer- xes the king let Auramazda protect me and my king- dom and what (was) done by me and what (was) done by my father, (all) this let Auramazda protect.

UPON THE PILLARS ON THE WESTERN SIDE OF THE PALACE, WHERE XERXES IS REPRESENTED STANDING WITH TWO ATTENDANTS,

Xerxes the great king, king of kings, the son of Darius the king, the Achaemenide.

*I have followed the old interpretation, (Cf. Oppert, Journal Aslat XIX, 177 "avec cette Perse, aid^ par ce peuple Perse"). If wo can regard ana as the equivalent of the Avest. prep, ana (of. Gr. ava) we can translate "through Persia" (Parsa being the instr. sing, or bet- ter ace. plr.; Cf. Grammar, 86, B. Note i.) Cf. Zeitschrift ftlr ver- glelcbende Sprachforschung. p. 127 [1891]).

151 Ea.

UPON THE WALL BY THE STAIRS OF THE PALACE.

A great god (is) Auramazda who created this earth, who created yonder heaven, who created man, who created the spirit? of man,, who made Xerxes king, one king of many, one lord of many. I (am) Xerxes the great king, king of kings, king of the provin^ ces possessing many kinds of people, king of this great earth far and wide, son of Darius the king, the Achae- menide. Says Xerxes the great king by the grace of Auramazda this palace (lit. seat) I made; let Aura- mazda protect me with the gods and my kingdom and what (was) done by me.

Eb.

The above inscription is repeated on the western stairs of the palace,

Ca.

UPON THE HIGHEST PILLAR NEAR THE SOUTHERN STAIRS.

A great god (is) Auramazda who created this earth, who created yonder heaven, who created man, who created the spirit ? of man, who made Xerxes king, one king of many, one lord of many. I (am) Xerxes the great king, king of kings, king of the provinces possessing many kinds of people, king of this great earth far and wide, son of Darius the king, the Achae- menide. Says Xerxes the great king by the grace of Aura* Mazda this palace (lit. seat) Darius the king made who (was) my father; let Auramazda protect me with the gods and what (was) done by my father Darius the king, (all) this let Auramazda protect with the gods.

* Notice that the two members of the compound are separated. CI Original Text of the Inscriptions.

152

Cb.

The above inscription is repeated upon the walls of the southern stairs.

UPON THE STAIRS OF THE PALACE.

A great god (is) Auramazda who created this earth, who created yonder heaven, who created man, who created the spirit ? of man, who made Xerxes king, one king of many, one lord of many. I (am) Xerxes the great king, king of kings, king of the provinces possessing many kinds of people, king of this great earth far and wide, the son of Darius the king, the Achaemenide. Says Xerxes the great king what (was) done by me here and what (was) done by me afar, all this I did by the grace of Auramazda; let Aura- mazda protect me with the gods and my kingdom and what (was) done by me.

153

The Inscription of Xerxes at Alvend.

(PERSIAN, MEDIAN, ASSYRIAN.)

F.

The following inscription is engraven upon two niches cut into a small rock:

TRANSLATION.

A great god (is) Auramazda, who (is) greatest of the gods, who created this earth, who created yonder heaven, who created man, who created the spirit ? of man, who made Xerxes king, one king of many, one lord of many. I (am) Xerxes the great king, king of kings, king of the provinces possessing many kinds of people, king of this great earth far and wide, the son of Darius the king, the Achaemenide,

154

The Inscription upon the Vase of Count Caylus.

(PERSIAN, MEDIAN, ASSYRIAN, EGYPTIAN.)

Qa.

This vase contains the three customary forms of cuneiform writing and a line of Egyptian hiero- glyphics. The relic is preserved in Paris. Four fragments of similar alabaster vases containing the same quadrilingual inscription have been found by W. K. Loftus in Susa, and are to be seen to-day in the British Museum.

TRANSLATION.

I (am) Xerxes, the great king.

155

The Inscription at Van. K.

(PERSIAN, MEDIAN, ASSYRIAN.)

This inscription is about sixty feet from the plain below, engraven upon a niche in an enormous rock which rises to the perpendicular height of one hundred feet.

TRANSLATION,

A great god (is) Auramazda who (is) the greatest of [the gods, who created this earth, who created yonder heaven, who created man, who created the spirit? of man, who made Xerxes king, one king of many, one lord of many. I (am) Xerxes the great king, king of kings, king of the provinces possessing many kinds of people, king of this great earth far and wide, the son of Darius the king, the Achaemenide. Says Xerxes the king, Darius, the king who (was) my father, he by the grace of Auramazda did what (was) beautiful to a great extent, and he commanded to carve this

place ? he did not make the inscriptions inscribed;

afterwards I commanded to inscribe this inscription; (let Auramazda protect me with the gods and my kingdom and what (has been) done by me.*)

^Supplied from the Assyrian version.

156

THE INSCRIPTION OF ARTAXERXES I. (Qb)

(PERSIAN, MEDIAN, ASSYRIAN, EGYPTIAN.)

This inscription, which is quadrilingual is engraven upon a vase which is preserved in the treasury of St. Mark's at Venice.

TRANSLATION.

Artaxerxes,* the great king.

*The cuneiform text spells the name of the monarch on the vase ARDAKHCASHCA. This spelling must be due either to foreign pronun- ciation or to the ignorance of the workman. Elsewhere the cunei- form characters given the regular artakhshatra. Cf. Original Text of the Inscriptions.

157

THE INSCRIPTION OF DARIUS II. (L.)

(PERSIAN, MEDIAN, ASSYRIAN.)

TRANSLATION.

ABOVE THE POSTS OF THE WINDOWS IN THE PALACE AT PERSEPOLIS.

(This) lofty stone structure (has been) made by (one belonging to) the race of Darius the king.^

*The Median and Assyrian translate the last of this legend "in the house of Darius the king."

158

THE INSCRIPTION OF ARTAXERXES MNEMON AT SUSA.

(PERSIAN, MEDIAN, ASSYRIAN.)

This inscription is upon the base of one of the col- umns in the ruins of what once must have been a great palace. Much of this building was used for the pave- ment of other edifices by the races which in after time possessed this spot.

TRANSLATION.

a.

I (am) Artaxerxes, the great king, king of kings, the son of Darius* the king.

b.

UPON THE BASE OF THE PILLARS IN THE LARGB ROW OF COLUMNS.

This palace seems to have been fashioned after the model of that of Darius at Persepolis. In connection with this edifice it is interesting to refer to Dan. viii. 2. **And it came to pass when I saw, that I was in Susa (or Shushan) in the palace," etc.

TRANSLATION.

Says Artaxerxes the great king, king of kings, king of the countries, king of the earth, the son of Darius the king; Darius (was) the son of Artaxerxes the king; Artaxerxes (was) the son of Xerxes the king: Xerxes (was) the son of Darius the king; Darius (was) the son of Hystaspes, the Achaemenide; this

building Darius, my ancestor made

Artaxerxes (my) grandfather Anakata

and Mithra by the grace of Auramazda the

building I made; let Auramazda, Anahata and Mithra protect me

♦Cf. Grammar, 24. DARaYava(H)usH (Darius) although having a stem in u is treated like nouns whose stems end in a. So in Prakrit there is a strong tendency for the so-called first declension to trespass upon the others, thus breaking down the barriers which were observed by the Sanskrit.

159

THE INSCRIPTION OF ARTAXERXES OCHUS AT PERSEPOLIS. (P.)

(PERSIAN. )

TRANSLATION.

UPON THE STEPS OF THE PALACE.

A great god (is) Auramazda who created this earth, who created yonder heaven, who created man, who created the spirit? of man, who made me, Artaxerxes, king, one king of many, one lord of many. Says Artaxerxes the great king, king of kings, king of countries, king of the earth. I (am) the son of Arta- xerxes, the king; Artaxerxes (was) the son of Darius the king; Darius (was) the son of Artaxerxes the king; Artaxerxes (was) the son of Xerxes the king; Xerxes (was) the son of Darius the king; Darius was the son of Hystaspes by name; Hystaspes was the son of Arshama by name, the Achaemenide. Says Artax- erxes the king this lofty stone structure (was) made by me during my reign (lit. under me). Says Artax- erxes the king let Auramazda and the god Mithra protect me and this country and what (was) done by me.

THE INSCRIPTION OF ARSACES,

(PERSIAN.)

TRANSLATION.

UPON THE SEAL OF GROTEFEND.

R.

Arsaces by name, son of Athiyabaushana.

PERSIAN-ENGLISH

VOCABULARY,

VOCABULARY.

For the sake of convenience in comparison, the same method of transliteration is adopted for Sanskrit and Avestan words as for Old Persian.

A.

A, — prefix, to. Skt., a; Avest. , a; Lat. a(?) 'from'. (For postpositive a, cf. Bezz. Beitr. XIII.)

Ai, — pron. root in ait<2, aiv<^.

Ait<7, — n. pr., this, that. Skt. et^t; Avest., aet^d; Lat., iste; Goth., thata; Eng., that.

K\na, — name of the father of Naditabira.

Aiv^, — one. Skt., ek^; Avest., aev<^.

Autiyar^, — name of a country in Armenia.

Aur^ or A(h)ur^, — i) m., master, ruler) 2) f., god- dess. Skt., asur^; Avest., ahur^.

Aur^m^zda or A(h)ur^m^zda, — the name of the greatest deity. Aur^, see above; m^izda, com- pound of m^z, great: Skt., m^h^t; Lat., mag- nus; Goth., mag; AS., magan; Eng., might; and da, give: Skt., da; Avest., da; Lat., do: or da, know.

Akhsh, — to see, Skt., akshi; Lat., oc-ulus. (Cf. Paul Kretschmer in Zitsch. fiir vergl. Sprach- forsch, p. 432 [1 891]).

— with p^ti, to oversee, rule.

Akhsh^ta,- — whole, entire, perfect. Fern, of an ad- jective, akhsh^t^. Skt., aksh<3:t^.

1 64

Ag^ta, — nomen 2igQr\t\s', coiner^ frtend{}). Cf. g^m.

Aj(?), — drive, do. Skt., aj; Lat., ago. (It is pos- sible to refer 3.]ata to j^n, smite.)

Atiy, — yerhsX^r&^i'K, beyo7td, across. Skt. . ati; Lat., et; Old German, anti(.?); Germ., und(.?); Eng. , and(.?).

Ath<3:(n)g^in<3;, — stony ^ built of stone,

Athura, — Assyria.

Atrin<3;, — proper name.

Atriyadiy<^, — name of a month.

Ad(^, — then, thereupon.

Ad<^k<a:iy, — then.

Ad<^m, — /. Skt., ah^m; Avest., azem; Lat., ego; Goth., ik; AS., ik or I; Eng., L (For kh in amakham, cf. idg. Forschungen, p. i86 [1892]; for position of m^iy and mam, cf. Wachernagel, Uber ein Gesetz der idg. Wortstell, ibid.).

Aduk^nish. — name of a month.

An^^h^t^, — Genius of the waters.

Anam<3:k<3;. — name of a month.

Aniy<^, — i) indef. pron., another] 2) enemy} Skt.^ a.nya; Avest., any a.

Anuv, — prep, with loc, along, by. Skt., anu.

Anushiy^, — follower. See anuv and shiyu; cf. Lat., comes (con-eo).

A(n)t^r, — prep, with diCc, within, in. Skt, ant^r; Avest., ant<3:re; Lat., inter; Goth., undar.

Ap<2, — verbal prefix, /r(?;;/. Skt., ap<3:; Avest., ap^; Lat., ab; Goth., af; Eng., of.

Ap^t^r^, — remote, another. Comparative of ap^-.

i6s

Ap^dan^, — work^ temple^ building.

Ap^^nyak^, — ancestor.

Ap<3:r^m, — adv., afterward.

Ap^riy, — near by.

Api, — zvater. Skt., ap; Avest. , ap.

Apiy, — to, also. Skt., api; Avest., api.

Abac<3;rish, — commerce.

Ab^shta, — law.

Abiy, — prep, with ace, to, against. Skt., abhi; Avest., aibiy; Lat., ob(.?), ambi.

Abish, — prep, with loc, by, at.

Amuth^, — there, then. Skt., amutr^.

Kya<\aVia, — ace. pi., ay<^d<^na, sanctuaries, homes.

Ay^sta, — adv. or prep, with ace, according to, withy unto (?).

Ar^k^drish, — name of a Persian mountain.

Ar^kh^, — name of an Armenian.

Ar^bay^, — i) Arabian; 2) Arab, Arabia.

Arik<3!, — enemy. Skt., ari.

Ariy^, — i) Aryan; 2) noble. Skt., ary^; Avest., airya; New Persian, Iran; Keltic, erin; Eng., Ir-ish.

Ariyar^mn^ or Ariyaramn^, — name of the great- grandfather of Darius. Ariy^ and r^m, to rejoice. (For change of stem, cf. Bartholomae, idg. Forsch., p. 180 [1892]).

Aruv^st^m (.?)

Art^khsh^tra, — Artaxerxes. Arta (Avest., areta), lifted up; and khsh^tr^, kingdom.

i66

Artavardiya, — name of one of the commanders of Darius Hystaspes.

Ard^khC(^shch^, — name of Artaxerxes as pronounced by the Egyptians.

Ard<3:stan<^, — /li^-Zi structure.

Ardum<^nish, — name of one of the Persians who swore with Darius against Smerdis.

Arbira, — Arbela\ a city upon the confines of Media.

Arm^niy<7, — i) Armenian\ 2) Armenia,

Arming, — name of Armenia.

Arminiy^, — Armenian.

Arsh<3:k^, — Arsaces.

Arshada, — name of a fortress in Arachasia.

Arsham<3!, — name of the grandfather of Darius Hys- taspes.

Arshtish, — spear. Skt., rshti; Avest., arsti.

Arshtib^^r*^;, — spear-bearer.

Ava, — dem. pron., this, that. Avest., avrt:; Slav., ova.

Av^, — verbal prefix, /r^;/^. Skt., av^.

Ava, — so long. Correl. to yava.

Av^tha, — thus.

Av^da, — i) there'y 2) thither.

— In ablative sense with sufifix sa, from thai place ^ thence.

Av^p^ra, — thence.

Av^shciy, — whatever, anything, all. Awa-oXy.

Av^h. — aid, guard. Avest., avo.

16/

Av^h, — denom. from preceding.

— with prefix p^tiy, to seek aid.

Av^hy<3;radiy, — for this reason^ therefore. Composed of gen. of pron. av^, and loc. of rad.

Av^h^n^m, — village] from root v^h, to dwell. Skt., vas; Lat., vesta; Germ., woh-nen; AS., wesan; Eng., was.

Ksagavta, — Sagartian.

As^g<2rtiya, — Sargartian.

As^bari, or asbari, — soldier) properly, a horseman.

Asp^c^na, — a proper name in Persia. Probably from asp^, horse; according to Herodotus, the name of a man. (For asp^, cf. Meyer in idg. Forsch., p. 329 [1892]).

Asm^n, — heaven. Skt., a9m<3;n.

Ashn^iy, — near.

Azda, — knowledge.

Ah, — to be. Skt., as; Avest, ah; Lat., es-t; Goth., is-t; Eng., is.

Ahifr^stad, — severe punishment,

I

I, — to go. Skt., I; Avest, I; Lat.. i-re.

— with prefix atiy, to go beyondy carry farther.

— with nij, to go forth.

— with p^tiy, to go against.

— with p^ra, to proceed.

— with ap(^ri, to follow, obey.

Ida, — here. Skt., ih^; Avest., idha.

i68

Ima, — pron., Ms. Skt., ima; Avest., ima.

Im^ni, — name of a man in Susa, who excited a tumult against Darius.

Ish, — to send. Skt, ish; Avest., ish.

— with prefix fr^, to send forth,

Ishu, — arrow. Skt, ishu.

Izav<3;, — tongue.

U

(H)u, — good, well. It occurs only in the beginning of a compound. Skt., su; Avest., hu.

Uta, — and. Skt., uU; Avest., ut^.

Utan«, — name of one of the six who dethroned false Smerdis.

Ud, — verbal prefix. Skt., ud.

Up^, — prefix, under, to. Skt, up^; Avest, upa; Lat., sub.

Upa, — prep, with ace, under. Cf. above.

Up^d^r^(n)m^, — name of a man in Susiana.

Up^riy, — prep, with ace, above, over. Skt., up<3:ri; Avest., upara; Lat., super; Goth., ufar; Eng., over.

Up^sta, — aid, help. Upa and sta; cf. Germ., bei- stand.

(H)ufr^st^, — see p^rs.

(H)ufratu, — Euphrates. From u, well; and fra (per- haps a Semitic root), to flow.

(H)ub<3!rt^, — see b^r.

(H)um«rtiy<2, — possessing good men.

(H)uv^khsh^t^r<3;, — name of a king of Media.

1 69

(H)uv^j^, — Susiana.

(H)uv^jiy^, — an inhabitant of Susiana.

(H)uv^sp^, — possessing good horses.

(H)uvaip^shiy^, — one's own pleasure, independence, (h)uva, self; Skt., sv^; Lat. , suus.

Uvad^id^y^, — name of a city in Persia.

(H)uvam<3:rshiyush, — committing suicide. (h)uva, self; Skt., sv<3;: and m^rsh; Avest., meresh, to die.

(H)uvar<2z^mi or (H)uvar^z^miy^, — Chorasmia.

Us,— cf. ud.

Us^t^sh^n^, — lofty building, temple. Us (see above) and t^sh; Skt., t^^ksh; Avest., t^sh, to form; Lat., tig-mum.

(H)ushk«, — dry. Avest., hushka. (Cf. idg.

Forschungen, Bartholomae, p. 488 [1892]).

Uz^ma, — cross.

Uhyam^, — name of a castle in Armenia.

K

K^, — interrog. pron., who. Skt., k^; Avest., Va\ Lat., qui.

— with personal or relative pronoun having an in- definite force: {whomever.

Y^UMia, — mountain.

K«t^p^tuk<3:, — Cappadocia.

Y^an, — to dig, scratch. Skt., kh^n; Avest, Vax\\ Lat., cun-iculus.

— with prefix av^, to throw down with violence^ displace.

— with ni, to dig down, destroy,

— with vi, to destroy.

I70

Kamana, — de sir ouSy faithful. Skt, Vava^ to desire; few}

K<3;(m)p^d^, — name of a province in Media.

K^(m)bujiy/3:, — Cambyses.

K^r, — to do. Skt., kr; Avest.. Vax\ Lat., cre-o.

— with prefix p<3;ri, to guard. K^shciy, — indef. pron., whoever,

— with preceding n^^-iy, no one. Karkay — name of a people.

Kapish<3:kani, — name of a fortress in Arachasia.

Kam^, — wishy desire. Skt., kam^.

Kar<3:, — i) people] 2) army. Cf. kar.

Kug^n<7:ka, — name of a city in Persia.

Kud(u)ru, — name of a city in eastern Media.

Kuru, — Cyrus.

Kushiy<3;, — name of a people.

Kh

Khsh^tr^ — nom. and ace, khsh^tr^m; rule, king- dom. Skt., ksh^tr^; Avest., \i\\s\ia\}i\ra.

Khsh^tr^^pav^n, — nom., khsh(2tr<2pava; satrap. From khsh^tr<aj (cf. above) and pa (to guard, protect).

Khsh^thrit<3;, — name of a man who excited a tumult against Darius in Media.

Khsh^p^, — ace, khsh^p^; night, Skt, ksh^p; Avest., khsh^p.

Khshay^thiy^, — king. (Cf. Brugmann in idg. Forschungen, p. 177 [1892]).

Khsh^y arsha, — Xerxes.

171

Khshi (?)

— with prefix p^ti, to rule, reign. (It is possible to refer patiy^khsh^iy to akhsh, see).

Khshnas, — to know. (Perhaps connected with Skt. , J;2a; Avest., khshna; Lat., co-gno-sco; Goth., kaun; Germ., kann; Eng. , know, can).

G

G^^itha, — flock, herd.

Qa\}S:>axwva, — Gobryas. The name of a man.

G^umat^, — name of a Magian.

G^ushrt:, — ace. dual, g^usha; ear. Avest., g<3:osh^.

G^(n)dut<^v^, — name of a country in western Ara-

chosia. Qia{yi)Aaxa, — name of a country near the Indus.

G^m, — to go. Skt., g^m; Avest., g^m; Lat.,veniD (for guemio .?); Goth., quam; Germ., kommen; Eng. , come.

— with prefix a, to approach, come.

— with h^m, to gather ones self together,

— with p^ra, to depart.

G^rb, — to seize, take. Skt., gr^bh; Avest., g^rep; Germ., greif-en (J); Eng., gripe (.?).

G<^rm<3;p^d^, — name of a month.

G^st^, — revealed, declared. Skt., g^d.

G<^thu, — \) foundation, firm place', 2) throne. Avest., gathu.

Gud, — Skt., guh; Avest., guz.

— with prefix ap<^, to conceal.

Gub, — to speak) middle, to be called ox named.

172

C

Cmshpi, — son of Achaemenes.

C^shm^, — eye.

Ca, — end., a7id. Skt., Q.a\ Avest, ca; Lat., que.

Ciy, — neut,, ciy and cish; who, what. Skt., cit; Avest., ci.

— cishciy, whatever. (For change of etym. t to sh before c, cf. idg. Forschungen, p. 488 [1891]).

— anivrtshciy, some other. Ciya(n)k^r^m, — how many, manifold, Cicikhri, — name of a man.

Cita, — so long as. Citr^, — seed, offspring. Citr^(n)t^khm^, — name of a man.

J

J^, — to supplicate, pray; to grant prayer, Jatar, — nom. j^ta, enemy. Cf. j^n. J^n, — to smite. Skt., h^^n; Avest., ]axi.

— with prefix av^, to smite down, kill.

— with fr^, to cut off.

Jiv, — to live. Skt., jiv; Avest., jiv; Lat., vivo. Jiv^, — life.

T

T^iyiy^ or maly'iya, — doubtful word (witness ?).

T^uma, — race, family. Avest., t^okhma.

T«k^b<3;r^, — epithet of the Greeks, wearing crowns, wearing long hair.

173

Takhmaspsida, — name of one of the commanders of Darius.

Tt^khs, — fo construct^ build. Skt. , trt:ksh ; Avest. , t^sh.

— with prefix h<^m, to work together, help, work.

Tacava, — building, temple.

Tar, — to cross, put across. Skt., tr ; Avest. , t^r; Lat., in-tra-re, trans; Old German, durh; Eng., through.

— with prefix fr^, to go forward.

— with vi, to put over or across.

Taradaraya, — across the sea) from t^r<3;, across, and davaya, the sea.

T^rs, — to tremble, fear. Skt., tr^^is; Avest., t^rs-ti.

Tar<3;va, — name of a city in Yutia of Persia.

Tigr^, — name of a fortress in Armenia.

Tigra, — Tigris] perhaps feminine of an adjective, tigr^, sharp. Skt., tij. Cf. Dionys. perig. v. 984, ''The Medes call the Tigris an arrow."

Tigr<i:kh<^ud^, — name of a Scythian tribe.

Tuv<^m, — thou. Skt., tv^m; Avest., thw^m; Lat., tu; Germ., du. (Cf. Wachernagel, tiber ein Ge- setz der idg. Wortstellung, idg. Forsch., p. 403 [1892]).

Ty^, — rel. pron., who, that. Skt., y^; Avest., hy^;

— ty^patiy, whatever.

174

Th

Thai^^rci, — name of a month.

Thakata., — t/ien (?). (This meaning is a conventional one. A recent theory proposes a widely differ- ent signification, but at present both the etymol- ogy and interpretation of the word are doubtful).

Thatagush, — name of a people.

Th^d, — ^0 £•{?, err(?). (Perhaps connected with: Skt., sad; Lat., sideo; Got., sat; Eng., sit).

Th<3:h, — U say^ speak. Thatiy for Th^h^tiy.

Thukhr^, — name of a Persian.

ThwraYshara, — name of a month.

Th^rd, — kind, sort, manner,

Tr

Tr<3:r.

— with prefix ni, to restore.

Tritiy^, — third. Skt., tritly^; Avest., thrity^; Lat., tertius; Goth., thridya; Eng., third.

D

D(3;usht^r, — friend,

D<3:n, — to flow.

D^r, — to hold, to hold one's self) to delay, halt, Skt. , dhr ; Avest. , d^r.

D^r^y^, — sea.

D^rsh,— /^ dare, subdue. Skt., dhrsh; Avest, d^resh; Eng., durst.

D^rsh^m, — strongly, very.

D^rsh^m^, — insolence, ferocity ^ violence.

175

D^st^, — hand. Skt., \ias\.a\ Avest., zasta. D^sh<3;bari, — stretching out the hand^ submissive,

D^hyaush, — region^ province. Skt., d<a:syu; Avest.,

daqyu.

Da, — to give. Skt., da; Avest., da; Lat., da-re.

Da, — to place y create, do, make. Skt., dha; Lat., con-do, cre-do; AS., dom; Eng., doom.

Da, — to know, understand. Avest., da.

Dat^, — law. Cf. da.

Dad^^rshi, — a name of an Armenian and Persian.

Daduhy<3:, — one of the six who, with Darius Hystas- pes, deprived false Smerdis of his kingdom.

Dar^y^V(^(h)u, — Darius. Cf. d^r; for second mem- ber of the compound, cf. Skt. v<7su, good; as a noun, wealth: perhaps from was, to shine (like Eng. splendid). Cf. Lat., us-tus, Ves-uvius; Eng., East.

Dasy^m^n, — he who stretches forth, serves; an at- tendant (perhaps).

Di, — pron. root, this. (Cf. Wachernagel, iibdi- ein Gesetz der idg. Wortstellung, idg. Forsch., p. 405 [1892]).

Di, — to see. Avest., di.

Di, — to remove, take away,

Dida, — castle.

Dipi, — letter, inscription. Perhaps connected with Skt., lip.

Duban<3!, — name of a country in Babylonia.

Dur^, — loc. durmy, dur<3:y, and dur^^i; far^ distant. Skt., dur<^.

176

Duru j, — to deceive, be false. Skt. , druh ; Avest. , druj.

Duruv^, — firm, well, sound, secure. Skt., dhruv^.

Duv^isht^m, — a long time.

Duv^r, — to make, accomplish (?).

Duv^ra, — door, court. Skt., dvar<^; Avest, ^vata,

Duv<3:rthi, — gate.

Duvitat^rn^m, — separately (?), for a long ti7ne {J).

Duvitiy^^, — second. Skt., dvitiy^; Avest., bity<^; Lat., duo, bis; Goth., tvai; AS., twa; Eng., two.

Dushiyar^, — misfortune, from dush. Skt., dus, ill, and yar<3;; Avest., yare.

TixaM^a, — lie, falsehood. Cf. duruj.

T>xa\x\axia, — false, deceiving,

Dr<a;(n)g<3J, — a long time,

N

N^ib<3;, — beautiful, pretty.

N<^iy, — not.

N^dit^bir<^, — name of a man who excited opposition

against Darius in Babylon.

N^pa, — grandson. Skt., n^pat; Avest., napat; Lat., nepo(t)s; AS., nefa.

N^bukudr^c^r<3;, — name of a Babylonian king.

N^bunit^^, — name of the last Babylonian king.

N^v^m^, — ninth. Skt., n^v^m^; Avest., n<?v^zn; Lat., novem; Goth., niun; AS., nigan; Eng. , nine.

177

Nam^n, — name. Skt., nam^n; Avest., nam^n; Lat., nomen; Goth., namo; Eng., name.

Nau, — ship. Skt., naus; Lat., navis.

Nah<3:, — nose. Skt., nasa.

Ni, — to conduct, lead. Skt., ni.

Nij, — verbal prefix, /r^w. Skt., nis; Avest., nish.

Nip^d. — loc. nip^diy, footprint, on foot. Ni, down (Skt., ni; Lat., in; AS., in), and p<^d, foot (Skt., p<^d; Avest., p^dh^; Lat., pe(d)s; Goth., fotus; Eng., foot).

Nisay^;?, — name of a country in Media.

Ny<2k^, — grandfather. Avest., nyak^,

Nur^m, — nozv.

P

P^^ishiyauvada, — name of a region.

P^t, — to fall. Skt., p^t; Lat., peto.

— with prefix ud, to rise up.

YaXXy, — prep, and verbal prefix. \) in \ 2) against \ 3) throughout. Often postpositive. Skt., pr^ti; Avest., p<?iti.

Ya\Skaxa, — image, effigy.

P^tigr^^b^na, — name of a cit}^ in Parthia.

P^tiprt:d^m, — in its own place. From p^tiy (cf. above) and p^d (cf. nipcid).

P^tish, — with ace, tozuards. Cf. p<^tiy.

P^thi, — way, road. Skt., p^-zth^^; Avest., p^nth^n; Lat., pon(t)s; Old Germ., pad, fad; AS., padh; Eng., path.

P^r^uv^, — eastern.

178

Taragay — name of a Persian mountain.

"Parana, — former.

Tara, — prep., postpositive, and verbal prefix, from, backward. Skt., p^ra; Lat., per; Goth., fra; Old Germ., fer; Germ., ver; AS., for, as in Eng. , forgive.

P^riy, — prep, and verbal prefix, around, about, con- cerning. Skt., p^ri; Avest., pairi.

P^ru, — gen. plur., p<3:runam and p<^ruvnam; much, many. Skt., puru; Avest., pouru; Lat., plus; Goth., filu; Germ., viel.

Yarwva, — anterior eastern; ace. neut., paruv<a:m: be- fore. Avest., "^aoViXYa.

YarMviya, — before, anterior', in abl. sense, h<7ca p<«- ruviy^ta. Skt. Ved. , purvy^; Avest., p/^ourvy^.

P<3;ruz^n^, — gen. plur., p^ruz^nanam and p^ruvz^na- nam; possessing many kiyids of peoples.

Tarthava, — Parthia.

P^rs, — i) to ask', 2) to inquire about something. Skt., pr^ch; Avest., p^res; Lat., preco; Goth., frah; Germ., fragen.

— with preceding (h)u, to examine carefully^ punish'y part. (h)u-fr<2st^m.

— with prefix p^ti, to examine, read. P^sa, — after.

P^sav<3:, — afterwards, thereafter. P^sa and av^.

Pa, — to protect, sustain. Skt., pa; Avest., pa; Lat., pa-vi, pa-scor.

Patishuv^ri, — a race inhabiting a portion of Persia.

Pars^, — Persia, Persiaft.

179

Titar, — father. Skt., pitr; Avest., pit^; Lat., pa- ter; Goth., fadar; Germ., vater; AS., faeder; Eng., father. Cf. pa.

Pish, — to scrape, graze. Skt., pish; Lat., pinso.

— with prefix ni, to zurite on.

Pirav^. — Nile.

Putiy^, — name of a people.

Putr^, — son. Skt., putr<^; Avest., puthr^; Lat., puer (.'').

¥ra, — verbal prefix, before, for. Skt, pr^; Avest., ira] Lat., pro; Eng., fore.

Fr^^t^m^, — first, leader.

Fr^mana, — authority, command, precepts.

Fr^v^rti, — proper name, PJiraortes.

Fr^h^rv^m, — ace. neut. in adverbial sense, altogether. From fr^ and h^rv^:, h^ruv^.

Frad^, — name of a ruler in Margia.

B^g^, — god. Skt., bh<^g^; Avest., b^gh^; Goth., ga-bigs.

B^g^bukhsh<^, — name of one of those who with Da- rius dethroned false Smerdis; Megabyzos.

B^gabign^, — name of a Persian.

B^(n)d, — to bind, Skt., b^ndh; Avest., b^nd; Goth., bindan; Eng., bind.

B<^(n)d<3:k<2, — subject, servant.

i8o

B^r, — to bear ^ sustain^ protect, Skt. , bhr; Avest. , b^r; Lat., fero; Goth., bairan; AS., beran; Eng., bear.

— with prefix p^ti, to bring back^ replace^ restore.

— with p^ra, to bear azvay.

— with iva, to carry off, assign.

B^rdiy^, — name of the brother of Cambyses, Smerdis.

Bakhtri, — Bactria.

Bag^yadi, — name of a month.

Baji, — tribute', from root \>a). Skt., bh^j, to allot.

Babiru, — Babylon.

Babiruviy^, — Babylonian.

Bu, — to be. Skt., bhu; Avest., bu; Lat., fuo, fui, perhaps bam (in amabam); AS., beom; Germ., bin; Eng., be.

Bumi, — ground, earth. Skt., bhumi; Avest., bumi.

Brat^r, — brother. Skt., bhratr; Avest., brat<7r; Lat., frater; Goth., brothar; AS., brodher; Eng., brother.

M

yidka, — name of a people.

yiagu, — Magian, a Median people from whom the priests were elected.

M^ciy^, — name of a people.

M^thisht^, — the greatest, leader.

yian, — to thijik. ponder. Skt., m^n; Avest., m^n; Lat., mens; Germ., meinen.

M^zn, — to remain. Avest., man; Lat., maneo.

I8i

M^r, — to die. Skt., mr; Avest., m^r; Lat., mo- rior; AS., mordh.

M^irgu, — name of a region east and north of Areia.

M^rtiy^, — i) mortal, man\ cf. vaax above. 2) name of a man who excited a tumult against Darius. In P. the gen. sing, is contracted to m^rtihy^a:.

M^a-rduniy^, — name of a man, Mardoniiis.

Ma, — to measure. Skt., ma; Avest., ma; Lat., meto.

— with prefix a, past part., am^t^, tested^ triedy prolonged.

Ma, — prohibitive particle, 72^/. Skt. , ma; Avest., ma.

Maty^, — that not, lest.

Mad^, — Median, Media.

Maniy<3:, — place of remaining, dwelling. Qi. m^zn.

Marg^y^ or Marg<2v^, — Margianian.

Mah^, — montJr, contracted gen. mahya. Skt., mas^; Lat., mensis; AS., mona; Eng., month.

M(i)thr^, — name of a Persian God.

Mudray^, — Egypt', nom. plur., Egyptians.

Y

Y^una, — Ionian, Ionia. Skt., Y^v^n^.

Y^tha, — i) as, when; 2) because', 3) in order that^ that. From rel. root, ya.

Y<a:da, — duty.

Y<3:diy, — i) ^y*; 2^ when. Skt., y^di; Avest., yedhi.

— with p^diy, if perchance. Y^n^iy, — (i')

1 82

Yata, — i) during, while) 2) until. From rel. root, ya. Yan^, — favor. Avest., yan<3;. Yava, — as long as. Skt., yav<^t. Yutiya, — name of a region in Persia. Yuviya, — canal.

R^uc^, — ace. sing., rauca; day. Connected with Skt. , rue, to shine; Lat., luceo; AS., leoht; Eng., light.

R^ut^, — river.

Rrtkha, — name of a city in Persia.

R^ga, — name of a district in Media.

R^d(?),— Skt, r^h.

— with prefix av^, to relinquish, leave.

R<7s, — to come. Desiderative: cf. Brugmann in idg. Forsch., p. 173 (1892).

— with prefix p<^ra, to arrive.

— with prefix ni, to descend. Rad, — joy, delight.

— loc. sing., radiy with gen., for the sake of

— av<^hyaradiy, for the sake of this thing, for this reason.

Rast^, — right.

V

V^in, — to see, behold. The middle is used in the passive sense. Avest., vaen.

V^umis^, — name of a Persian.

i83

V^j, — to lead. Skt., v^h; Avest., vaz\ AS., wegan.

V^y^spar^, — name of a Persian.

V^r, — to declare, make {o7te) believe^ convince,

V^rkan^, — Hyrcania.

Yardana, — nom. sing., v^rd^n^m, fortified town,, city, state. Connected with Skt. vr dh, to increase; Avest., va-red; AS., waldan, weald.

V^siy, — much, very, greatly. (Possibly connected with Greek incoVy "nach Wunsch". Barthol- omae).

V^shn^, — desire, power, grace. Cf. v^s, to desire.

Vrtzr^k^, — great.

Yahyazdata, — name of a man who excited a tumult against Darius Hystaspes.

Vrt:h^uk<^, — name of a Persian.

Va, — enclitic particle, or. Skt., va; Lat., ve.

Vith, — i) clan; 2) race, fellow.

Vithiy^, — pertaining to the same race.

Vithin(i'), — possessifig the same race. The instr. plur. vithibish, which alone justifies the sup- position of the existence of this adjective, I have explained in grammar (86, c) as from noun vith.

V\da,— {J)

Vid<3:rn^, — name of a Persian.

Vi(n)d^fra, — name of a Mede.

Vi(n)drtfr^na, — name of a Persian.

Viy^khn^, — name of a month.

Viy<3:t^r^y^m, — see t^r.

Vivan^, — name of a Persian.

1 84

Vis^, — all, every, Skt., vi9va.

Vis<3:d<7hyu, — ace. sing, ra'3.'=>z.v\sa^a\iy\xv(\, possessing all provinces.

V\s>i^azax\a, — g-en. plur. masc. visp<3:zanam, possessing all kinds of peoples.

Vishtasp<3:, — Hystaspes, the father of Darius.

S

Saka, — Scyth ian, Scyth ia.

S<2ku(n)k<7, — name of a man who excited opposition among the Sakae against Darius Hystaspes.

S^n,— (.?)

— with prefix vi, to destroy. ^av,— to kill.ij)

Sik^y^uv^ti, — name of a fortress in Media.

Sugud<^, — Sogdiana.

Skudr^, — name of a people.

St(3;r, — to sin.Q)

Sta, — to stand. Skt., stha; Avest., sta; Lat., sta-re; AS., standan; Eng., stand.

— with prefix av^ (caus.), to establish, constitute.

— with ni (caus.), to enjoin, command. Stan^, — place.

Sp<2;rd^, — name of a people.

Sh

Sh^ and Shi, — stem of a pron. end., 3 pers. Skt., s^; Avest., he. (Cf. Wackernagel, iibcr ein Ge- setz der idg. Wortstellung, idg. Forsch., p. 404 [1892]).

185

Sharastihara, — hozv-bearer\ or perhaps for arshti- \iaxa, spcar-bearer.

Shiyati, — spirit, intelligence, wisdom. (J) (shay<7- tim, P.)

Shiyu, — to go, set out.

Shugud^?, — see Sugud^.

Z

7.axa{x\)Va, — Drangiana.

Z<7zan<7, — name of a fortified town