c:J w_ - -- c u -, :T tJ' = _ - :T Ü. - -== cO -- " iñ --'" ::. ......, = I'T1 :J . f>:- /r. .. '" - L 'BAAt\' . . c \.... I ::.' 1 " . ..... - " . I " I . ! dnß damJ Nrw-inrlt wribuut EDITION HARPER'S ENCYCLOP ÆDIA of UNITED STATES HISTORY FROM 458 A.D. TO 1905 BASED UPON THE PLAN OF BENSON JOHN LOSSING, LL.D. SOMETIME EDITOR OF "THE A:\IERICAN HISTORICAL RECORD" AND AUTHOR OF .. THE PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK OF THE REVOLUTION" .. THE PICTORIAL FIELD- BOOK OF THE WAR OF 1812" ETC." ETC., ETC. WITH SPECIAL CONTRIBUTIONS COVERING EVERY PHASE OF AMERICAN HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT BY El\II ENT AUTHORIrIES, INCLUDING JOHN FISKE. THE AlliER/CAN HISTORIA.V WM. R. HARPER, Ph.D., LL.D., D.D. PRESIDENT OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO ALBERT BUSHNELL HART, Ph.D. PROF. OF HIS10RY AT HARVARD JOHN B. MOORE. PROF. OF INTERNATIONAL LAW AT COLUillEIA JOHN FRYER, A.M., LL.D. PROF. OF LITERATURE AT l',VlV. OF CALIFORNIA WILLIAM T. HARRIS, Ph.D., LL.D. u. S. CO.Jf.JflSSIONER OF EDUCATIO.V WOODROW WILSON, Ph.D., LL.D. PRESIDENT OF PRINCETON UNIVERSITY GOLDWIN SMITH, D.C.L., LL.D. PROF. OF HISTORY UNIV. OF TORONTO MOSES COlT TYLER, LL.D. PROF. OF HISTORY AT CORNELL EDWARD G. BOURNE, Ph.D. PROF. OF HISTORY AT YALE R. ]. H. GOTTHEIL, Ph.D. PROF. OF SE.JflTIC LANGUAGES AT COLl'MBIA ALFRED T. MAHAN, D.C.L., LL.D. CAPTAIN U.V/TED STATES NAVY (Retired) ETC., ETC., ETC., ETC. WITH A PREFACE ON THE STUDY OF AMERICAN HISTORY BY WOODROW WILSON, PH.D., LL.D. PRESIDENT OF PRINCETON UNIVERSITY AUTHOR OF .. A HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE" ETC., ETC. WITH ORIGINAL DOCU.ðfENTS, PORTRAITS, .ðIAPS, PLANS, &c. COMPLETE IN TEN VOLUMES VOL. I HARPER & NEW YORK BROTHERS 1905 PUBLISHERS LONDON Copyright, I<)OS, by HARPER & BROTHERS. Copyright, 1<)01, by HARPER & BROTHERS. All rt&,hts rue. ved. WRITERS ON SPECIAL SUBJECTS Hístorlans aná Scholars LYMAN ABBOTT, D.D., LL.D., AUTHOR, AND EDITOR OF The Outlook, NEW YORK. EDWARD GAYLORD BOURNE, PH.D., PROFESSOR OF HISTORY AT YALE UNI- VERSITY. RICHARD T. ELY, A. L, PH.D., LL.D., PROFESSOR OF POLITICAL ECONOMY AT THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN. FREDERICK WILLIA:\I FARRAR, DEAN OF \VESTMINSTER ABBEY. JOHN FISKE, FORMER PROFESSOR OF PHILOSOPHY AT HARVARD UNIVERSITY, AUTHOR OF II AMERICAN POLITICAL IDEAS," ETC. jOH FRYER, A.M., LL.D., PROFESSOR OF LITERATURE AT THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. CARDINAL GIBBONS, THE HEAD OF THE ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH IN AMERICA. W ASHI GTON GLADDEN, D.D., LL.D. EDWIN LAWRENCE GODKIN, A.M., D.C.L., FORMER EDITOR OF THE NEW YORK Evening Post. RICHARD j. H. GOTTHEIL, PH.D., PROFESSOR OF SEMITIC LANGUAGES AT COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY. WILLIAM R. HARPER, PH.D., LL.D., D.D., PRESIDENT O THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO. ALBERT BUSHNELL HART, PH.D., PROFESSOR OF HISTORY AT HARVARD UNIVERSITY. JOSIAH GILBERT HOLLAND, EDITOR AND AUTHOR. THE MOST REVEREND JOHN IRELAND, ARCHBISHOP OF ST. PAUL. JOHN B. MOORE, LL.D., PROFESSOR OF INTERNATIONAL LAW AND DIPLOMACY AT COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY. GOLDWIN Sl\lITH, D.C.L., LL.D., PROFESSOR OF HISTORY AT THE UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO. MOSES COlT TYLER, A.M., L.H.D., LL.D., FORMER PROFESSOR OF HISTORY AT CORNELL UNIVERSITY. WOODROW WILSON, PH.D., LL.D., PRESIDENT OF PRINCETON UNIVERSITY. Statesmen aná Publicists JAl\lES G. BLAINE, FORMER SECRETARY OF STATE OF THE UNITED STATES. HENRY SHERl\IAN BOUTELL, A.:\1., l\IEr-.1BER OF CONGRESS FROM ILLINOIS. WILLIAi\I I. EVARTS, FORMER UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM i\"EW YORK. JOHN ,V. FOSTER, LL.D., FORMER SECRETARY OF STATE OF THE UNITED STATES. WILLIAl\I E. GLADSTONE, FORMER PRIME MINISTER OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. BENjA:\II HARRISON, FORMER PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES. GEORGE FRISBIE HOAR, LL.D, UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM MASSACHU- SETTS. HENRY CABOT LODGE, UNITED STATES SENATOR FRO I 1\IASS-\CHUSETTS. JOHN TYLER 1\1 ORGA.N, UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM ALABAUA. JUSTI S. 1\IOHRILL, FORMER UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM VERMONT. EDWARD j. PHELPS, LL.D., FORMER UNITED STATES :\IINISTER TO THE COURT OF ST. JAMES. THO::\IAS B. REED, FORMER SPEAKER OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. WILLIA1\I F. WHARTON, FORr-.fER ASSISTANT SECHETARY OF STATE OF THE UNITED STATES. HENRY WHITE, SECRETARY OF THE Ar-.IERICAN EMBASSY TO GREAT BRITAIN. HIS EXCELLENCY WU TING F A G, CHINESE MINISTER TO THE UNITED STATES. Scientists and Specialists OSCAR P. AUSTIN, CHIEF OF THE UNITED STATES BUREAU OF STATISTICS. A. E. BOSTWICK, SUPERINTENDENT OF THE CIRCULATING BRANCH OF THE NEW YORK PUBLIC LIBRARY. THOl\IAS C. CL_\RKE, PAST PRESIDENT OF THE SOCIETY OF CIVIL ENGINEERS. CHARLES H. CR.\:\IP, HEAD OF TIm SHIP-BUILDING FIRM OF WILLIAr-.l CRAMP AND SONS. JOHN HANDIBOE, JOURNALIST. WILLL\1\I T. HARRIS, Pn.D., LL.D., COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION FOR THE UNITED STATES. JOHN P. HOLLAND, THE INVENTOR OF THE HOLLAND SUBMARINE BOAT. W. H. HOTCHKISS, CIIAIR lAN EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF REFEREES IN BANKRUPTCY. RAMO REYES LALA, THE FILIPINO AUTHOR AND LECT'GRER. SIR HIRAM STEVENS i\IA.XUf, C.E., 1\1.E., THE INVENTOR OF THE MAÀIr-.l GUN. HERBERT PUTNAM, LITT.D., LIBRARIAN OF THE CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES. HARRY PERRY ROBINSON, EDITOR OF THE Railway Age. HA \ILIN RUSSELL, POLITICAL ECONOMIST. ELIZABETH CADY STANTON, AUTHOR AND ESSAYIST. ii FREDERICK W. TAYLOR, SECRETARY OF THE F A Rl\IERS' INSTITUTE l\lANAGERS. ELIHU THO IS0N, A.M., PH.D., ELECTRICIAN, CHEVALIER AND OFFICER OF THE LEGION OF HONOR. Men of Adíon LORD CHARLES BERESFORD, C.B., REAR-ADMIRAL R.N., AUTHOR OF " THE BREAK-UP OF CHINA." J. H. GIBBONS, LIEUTENANT UNITED STATES NAVY, A WRITER ON l AVAL SUB- JECTS. FRANCIS V. GREEKE, l\IAJOR-GENERAL LATE UNITED STATES VOLUNTEERS. ALFRED T. MAHAN, D.C.L., LL.D.. CAPTAIN UNITED STATES NAVY (Retired). ELSON A. l\IILES, LIEUTENANT-GENERAL U.S.A., COMMANDING UNITED STATES ARMY. iü CONTRIBUTIONS BY SPECIALISTS Historical Essays AMERICA'S SHARE IN \YEST:\IlNSTER ABBEY, BY DEAN FARRAR. AN APPRECIATION OF THE LIFE AND CHARACTEI OF CHARLES SU1U. l'\ER, BY GEORGE F. HOAR, UNITED STATES SENATOR FRO\I MASSA- CHUSETTS. DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE IN THE LIGHT OF MODERN CRITICISM, BY IOSES COlT TYLER, A.M., L.H.D., LL.D., FOIU.IER PROFESSOR OF AMER- ICAN HISTORY AT CORNELL. DEMOCRACY IN THE UNITED STATES, BY WOODROW WILSON, PH.D., LL.D., PRESIDENT OF PRINCETON UNIVERSITY. LIFE AND CHARACTER OF WILLIAM HENRY SEWARD, BY RICHARD GRANT WHITE. 'MANIFEST DESTINY, BY PROFESSOR JOHN FISKE. THE BUDDHIST DISCOVERY OF A;\IERICA BY HUI SHEN, BY JOHN FRYER, A.M., LL.D., PROFESSOR OF LITERATURE AT THE UNI\TERSITY OF CALI- FORNIA. THE CAPTURE OF FORT WILLIAl\I A D MARY, BY BALLARD SMITH. THE FEDERAL UNION, BY PROFESSOR JOHN FISKE. THE FUTURE OF THE 1\1ISSISSIPPI VALLEY, BY ALBERT BUSHNELL HART, PH.D., PROFESSOR OF HISTORY AT HARVARD U IVERSITY. THE TOWN MEETING, BY PROFESSOR JOHN FISKE. Political A A GLO - A:\IERIC.\N UNDERSTANDING, BY REV. LYMAN ABBOTT, D.D., LL.D. A EXED TERRITORY, BY BENJAMIN HARRISON, FORMER PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES. CHINA AND THE POWERS, BY LORD CHARLES BERESFORD, REAR-ADMIRAL ROYAL NAVY OF GREAT BRITAIN. CHINESE-Al\JERICAN RECIPROCITY, BY HIS EXCELLENCY Wu TING FANG, CHINESE MINISTER TO THE UNITED STATES. iv CONSULAR SERVICE, BY HENRY WHITE, SECRETARY OF THE EMBASSY AT LONDON, AND BY WILLIAM F. WHARTON, FORMER ASSISTANT SECRETARY OF STATE. FREE TRADE, BY THE RT. HON. WILLIAM EWART GLADSTONE: FORMER PRIME MINISTER OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. FREE TRADE AND PROTECTION, BY JUSTIN SMITH MORRILL, FORMER UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM VERMONT. PROTECTION OR FREE TRADE, BY JAl\'l.ES G. BLAINE, FORMER SECRETARY OF STATE OF THE UNITED STATES. THE ALASKAN BOUNDARY QUESTION, BY JOHN B. MOORE, LL.D., PROFESS- OR OF INTERNATIONAL LAW AND DIPLOMACY AT COLUMBIA UNIVER- SITY. THE BERING SEA ARBITRATION, BY JOHN W. FOSTER, FORMER SECRETARY OF STATE. THE FEDERAL CONTROL OF ELECTIONS, BY HENRY CABOT LODGE, UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM MASSACHUSETTS. THE FEDERAL ELECTION BILL, BY THOMAS BRACKETT REED, FORMER SPEAK- ER OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. THE NICARAGUA CANAL, BY JOHN TYLER MORGAN, UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM ALABAMA. THE NICARAGUA CANAL, BY THOMAS B. REED, FORMER SPEAKER OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENT A TIVES. THE STATES AND THE POPULAR VOTE IN PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS, BY JOHN HANDIBOE, JOURNALIST. THE SUPREME COURT, BY EDWARD j. PHELPS, LL.D., FORMER MINISTER TO THE COURT OF ST. JAMES. UNITED STATES COLONIAL CIVIL SERVICE, BY EDWARD GAYLORD BOURNE, PH.D., PROFESSOR OF HISTORY IN YALE UNIVERSITY. THE UNITED STATES SENATE, BY EX-SENATOR WILLIAM A. PEFFER THE SPEAKER OF THE HOUSE, BY GEN. A. W. GREELY. HOW THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES DOES BUSINESS, BY THOMAS BRACKETT REED, EX-SPEAKER. Eáucatíonal AMERICAN PUBLIC EDUCATION, BY DOCTOR JOSIAH GILBERT HOLLAND. ELE:\tENT ARY EDUCATION I THE UNITED STATES, BY WILLIAM T. HARRIS, PH.D., LL.D., {TNITED STATES COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. FREE PUBLIC LIBRARIES, BY HERBERT PUTNAM, LITT.D., LIBRARIAN OF CONGRESS. NEW YORK PUBLIC LIBRARY, BY A. E. BOSTWICK, OF THE NEW YORK PUB- LIC LIBRARY. THE CARE OF DEPENDENT CHILDRE , BY HENRIETTA CHRISTIAN 'VRIGHT. U IVERSITY EDUCATION IN THE UNITED STATES, BY WILLIAM R. HARPER, PH.D., LL.D., D.O., PRESIDENT OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO. V Military and Naval NARRATIVE OF THE BATTLE OF MANILA BAY, BY RAMON RE1'ES LALA. N \RRA TIVE OF THE NAVAL BATTLE OF SANTIAGO, BY HENRY CABOT LODGE, UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM l\IASSACHUSETTS. NA VAL SHIPS, BY ALFRED T. MAHAN, D.C.L., LL.D., CAPTAIN UNITED STATES NA VY (Retired). THE BATTLE OF SAN JUAN, BY PRESIDENT ROOSEVELT. THE BUILDING AND l\IAINTAINING OF WAR-SHIPS ON THE GREAT LAKES, BY HENRY SHERMAN BOUTELL, MEMBER OF CONGRESS FROM ILLINOIS. THE GREAT LAKES AND THE NAVY, BY LIEUTENANT j. H. GIBBONS, U.S.N. THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS, BY IAJOR-GENERAL F. V. GREENE. THE SPANISH-A.:\lERICAN WAR, BY LIEUTENANT-GENERAL NELSON A. MILES, U. S. A. COMMANDING. Scientific ELECTRICITY IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY, BY PROFESSOR ELIHU THOMSON, A.I\I., Pu.D., CHEVALIER AND OFFICER OF THE LEGION OF HONOR. ENGINEEIUNG I THE UNITED STATES, BY THOMAS C. CLARKE, PAST PRESIDENT OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF CIVIL ENGINEERS. EXPLOSIVES FOR LARGE GUNS, BY SIR HIRAM STEVENS I\lA1!..IM, INVENTOR OF THE MAXIM GUN. INVENTION OF THE STEAl\IBOA T, BY CHANCELLOR ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON, WITH LETTERS BY ROBERT FULTON. THE HOLLAND SUB:\IARI E BOAT, BY JOHN P. HOLLAND INVENTOR OF THE HOLLAND SUBMAIUNE BOAT. Inåustrial and Economic \ CENTURY OF CO\BIERCE, BY O. P. AUSTIN, CHIEF OF THE UNITED STATES BUREAU OF STATISTICS. A:\IERICAN VERSUS FOREIGN l\'EWSP \PERS, BY E. L. GODKIN, A.M., D.C.L. RANKRUPTCY. BY HON. W. H. HOTCHh.ISS, CHAIRMAN OF THE EXECUTIVE LO:\IMITTEE OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF REFEREES IN BANK- RUPTCY. BI:\lETALLISM, BY WILLIAM 1\1. EVARTS, FORMER UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM l\EW YORK. FARMERS' Ii\'STITUTES, BY FREDERICK W. TAYLOR, SECRETARY OF THE FARMERS' INSTITUTE MANAGERS. PAUPERIS:\1 IN THE UNITED STATES, BY RICHARD T. ELY, A.M., PH.D., LL.D., PROFESSOR OF POLITICAL Eco:'-:O:\IY AT TJ-IE UNIVERSITY OF \nSCONSIN. vi THE INDIAN PROBLE I, BY REV. LYMAN ABBOTT, D.D., LL.D. THE NAVIGATIO ACTS.-A TREATISE ON THE CAUSES WHICH LED UP TO THE PASSING OF THESE ACTS AND THE RESULTS, DIRECT AND INDIRECT, WHICH THEY ACCOMPLISHED, BY CHARLES H. CRAMP. THE SINGLE TAX, BY HAMLIN RUSSELL. THE STATE REGULATION OF RAILWAYS, BY H. P. ROBINSON, EDITOR OF The Railway Age. Religious FREE THOUGHT, BY PROFESSOR GOLDWIN SMITH, D.C.L., LL.D., AUTHOR OF " THE POLITICAL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES." JEWS AND JUDAIS:\i, BY PROF. R. J. H. GOTTHEIL, PH.D. PROTESTANT CHURCHES, BY REV. WASHINGTON GLADDEN, D.D. THE RO:\IAN CATHOLIC CHURCH, BY CARDINAL GIBBONS, HEAD OF THE ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH IN AMERICA. vü ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS, TREATIES, JOURNALS, PROCLAMATIONS, AND NARRATIVES FROM ORIGINAL SOURCES Original Documents l\L\G A CHARTA, TEXT OF THE CHARTER BETWEEN KING JOHN AND HIS BAR- O S, IN 1215, WHICH IS THE BASIS OF INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS. TIlE DUTCH DECLARA TIO OF INDEPENDE CE O JULY 26, 1581. THE PETITIOX OF RIGHTS Al'\D LIBERTIES, 1628. THE GRAXD RENIO STRAl\'"CE, 1641. A PROTEST BY THE HOGSE OF COMMONS AGAII';"ST THE ACTS OF CHARLES I. THE AGREE:\JE T OF THE PEOPLE, 1647. AN AGREEMENT SETTLED IN 16 4 8 IN ENGLAND LIMITING POWER OF RULERS AND 1\1EMBERS OF PAR- LIAMENT. I STRUl\IENT OF GOVERNl\lENT, 1653. ACT OF PARLIAMENT MAKING CROM- "ELL PROTECTOR OF ENGLAND. THE BILL OF RIGHTS, 1689, DECLARING THE RIGHTS OF INDIVIDUALS AND DEFINING THE POWER OF THE KING OF ENGLAND. QUEEN ELIZABETH'S CHARTER TO SIR WALTER RALEIGH FOR DISCOV- ERY AXD COLONIZATION IN A:\JEHICA. THE ST A:\JP ACT, 1765. THE ARTICLES OF CONFEDEH.\ TION, 1775. THE FIRST UNION OF THE COLO- NIES. TIlE l\JECKLEXBURG DECL.\RATION. A DECLARATIO:\T OF INDEPENDENCE OF ENGLAND SAID TO HAVE BEEN l\JADE BY CITIZEI';"S OF NORTH CAROLINA PRIOR TO THE DECLARATION OF 1776. THE DECLARATION OF H\'DEPEl\DENCE. ARTICLES OF CAPITULATION, YORKTOWN, 1781. THE ORDINANCE OF 1787. PASSED BY CONGRESS, FREEING THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY FRO:\I SLA YERY, ETC. THE CO STITUTIO OF THE UXITED STATES. THE VIRGINL\ RESOLUTroxs OF 1798. THE KE TUCKY RESOLUTIONS OF 1798. COrçSTITUTION OF THE SOUTHERN CONFEDERACY. COMPLETE TEXT. viii THE CUBA CONSTITUTION OF 1901. THE DECREE OF AUTONOMY AND Doc- UMENTARY HISTORY OF NEGOTIATIONS PRECEDING THE WAR WITH SP AIN. Journals and Narratives THE NORTHMEN'S VOYAGES TO VINLAND. FIRST NARRATED IN THE ,. HAUSBOK," WRITTEN ABOUT 13 0 5. Ai\IERICUS VESPUCIUS. THE JOURNAL OF HIS VOYAGES TO AMERICA, WITH DETAILS OF HIS FIRST SIGHT OF LAND. CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS. JOURNAL OF HIS FIRST VOYAGE TO AND DIS- COVERY OF AMERICA. CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS. HIs REPORT TO KING FERDINAND AND QUEEN ISABELLA OF HIS SECOND VOYAGE, WITH THE REPLIES OF THEIR l\IAJES- TIES TO HIS REQUESTS. FERDINAND COLU:\IBUS. NARRATIVE OF HIS FATHER'S VOYAGES TO AMERICA. VERRAZZANO. HIS NARRATIVE OF A VOYAGE TO NORTH AMERICA, 15 2 4. CABEZA. JOURNAL OF HIS TRIP THROUGH NEW l\IEXICO DURING THE YEAR 15 2 8. CORONADO. RELATION OF. HIS JOURNEY IN 1540 THROUGH WHAT IS Now THE SOUTHWESTERN PART OF THE UNITED STATES. PHILIP Ai\IIDAS. JOURNAL OF HIS VOYAGES TO VIRGINIA IN 1584 AND HIS ODSERV A TIONS ON THE NEW LAND. JOURNAL OF HENRY HUDSON'S DISCOVERY OF THE HUDSON RIVER, BY ROBERT jUET. CORTEZ'S ACCOUNT SENT TO CHARLES V. OF HIS JOURNEY THROUGH l\IEXICO. THE SETTLEMENT OF NEW SWEDEN, BY REV. I. ACRELIUS, 1638. THE FIRST GERl\IAN SETTLE1\IENTS IN PENNSYL V ANI.-\., BY FRANCIS DANIEL PASTORIUS, ESQ., 1683. GOVERNOR HUTCHINSON'S ACCOUNT OF THE BOSTON TEA-PARTY. LAFAYETTE. HIS NARRATIVE OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION COVERING THE PERIOD WHILE HE WAS IN AMERICA. GEORGE ROGERS CLARK. NARRATIVE OF Ills CAPTURE OF VINCENNES IN 1779, FROM HIS MEMOIRS. THOMAS JEFFERSON. ACCOUNT OF 1\lERlWETHER LEWIS'S LIFE AND Ex- PEDITION. (LEWIS AND CLARK.) THE ASCENT OF FRÉ1\10NT'S PEAK. 1842, BY JOHN C. FRf-:MONT. ADl\IIRAL DAVID PORTER'S ACCOUNT OF THE SINKING OF THE" ALBE- MARLE,"' BY WILLIAM B. CUSHING. Treaties, Proclamations l "Bíl!SI and Papers TEXT OF THE ALASKAN BOUNDARY TREATY CONVENTION, 1834. BE- TWEEN ENGLAND, RUSSIA, AND THE UNITED STATES, AND THE MODUS VIVENDI OF 1899. ix THE CLAYTON-BULWER TREATY. TREATY INVOLVING THE CONTROL OF AN ISTHMIAN CANAL BETWEEN NORTH AND SOUTH A IEIUCA. THEA TY OF \\ ASHI GTON IN RELATIUN TO ALABAl\IA CLAIl\IS. THE TREATY "\\ ITH SPAIN, DECEMBER 10, 1898, ENDING TIlE SPAI\'ISH- AMERICAN WAR. SAl\lOA: TREATY OF WASHISGTON A:'>JNEXING THE SA.'lE, DECEMBER 2, 1899. . TREATY OF THE COURT OF INQUIRY ON INTERNATIONAL ARBITRATION, 18 99- 1 901. THE HAWAIIAN ISLAl\"DS. PRESIDENT HARRISON'S MESSAGE, SENATOR FOSTER'S LETTERS, AND THE TREATIES OF 1893 AND 1897, TOGETHER WITH THE RESOLUTIONS OF ANNEXATION IN 1898. ALIEN A1'.'1) SEDITION LAWS OF 1798- JOINT RESOLUTION OF CONGHESS .\Nl\'EXIl\'G TEXAS, JULY 4, 18 45. TEXAS ORDINANCE AXD JOINT RESOLUTIO , 18 45. FERN.\NDO ".OOD'S l\IESS.\GE SUGGESTING THE SECESSION OF NEW YORK CITY, 1861. TIlE FORCE BILL OF 1871. THE EDl\IUNDS .\ D THE EDl\IUNDS-TUCKEH .\CTS AGAIl\'ST l\10Rl\10 IS:\I, 1882 AND 1887. TIlE D.DIIGRATION ACT OF 1891. LIMITING IMMIGHATION BY AN EDUCATIONAL AND FINANCIAL TEST. THE DIl\'GLEY T.\IUFF OF 1897. TIlE GOLD ST.\l\jD.\HD ACT, 1900. ACT OF CONGRESS ESTABLlSIIING GOLD STANDAHD AFTER THE DEFEAT OF THE DEMOCRATIC SILVER PLAT- FORM. NATURALIZATION L\WS IN ALL THE STATES. THE LAWS OF TIlE STATES REL\TING TO TIlE ELECTIVE FR.\NCHISE. STATE LAWS ON EXEl\IPTION FRO:\1 TAXATION. DIVORCE LAWS. LEGISLATION UPON TIllS SUBJECT THROUGHOUT THE STATES AND TERRITORIES OF THE UNION. TIlE LETTERS OF JOHN BROWN. GIVING IN Ills OWN WORDS Ihs VIEWS AND CREED. JEFFERSON DAVIS'S DOCTHIl\'E OF STATE RIGHTS. THE GRAl\'T-LEE CORRESPOXDEl\'CE, IN\.OLVING TIlE TERl\IS OF SUR- REl\'DER OF THE COI\'FEDEHA TE AR:\IY, 186 5. THE I:\IPEACIIl\lENT PROCEEDINGS AGAIXST PRESIDE:\"T JOHNSON. JOIIN A. LOGAN ON TIlE CASE OF GE:'\ERAL FITZ-jOHN PORTER. GE EHAL GRAi\T ON THE CASE OF GENERAL FITZ-jOIIN PORTER. GENER.\L l\IcCLELLAN'S ACCEPTANCE OF THE l\O:\n ATIO TO THE PRESIDE CY. ADl\IIRAL SAl\IPSON'S AKD AD:\IIRAL SCHLEY'S REPORTS OX THE NA VAL BATTLE OF SANTIAGO. GEXERAL MERRITT. REPORT ON THE CAPTURE OF THE CITY OF l\IANILA. GENERAL MACARTHCR. PROCLAMATION TO THE FILlPI OS, PROMULGATED IN 1900. x THE LAST PROCLAl\IA TION AND THE UNCONDITIONAL SUBMISSION OF AGUINALDO. MAJOR ANDRÉ. POEM, fl COW CHACE." WRITTEN IN RIDICULE OF GENERAL WAYNE AT EUZABETHTOWN, 1780. VENEZUELA ARBITRATION AWARD, OCT. 3, 1899. BILLS VETOED BY THE PRESIDENTS, 179 2 - 18 9 8 . THE WHEELER COMPROMISE, 1875. THE FUGITIVE SLA YE LAW, 185 0 . THE OSTEND MANIFESTO. FRANCIS HOPKINS. POEM, fl THE BATTLE OF THE KEGS." A MOCK-HEROIC POEM CALLED FORTH BY AN EPISODE OF THE REVOLUTION. THE HAY-PAUNCEFOTE TREATY, 1902. Jet EPOCH-MAKING ORATIONS AND ADDRESSES jA;\IES OTIS'S SPEECH AGAIKST WRITS OF ASSISTANCE, 1761. JOHN HA:'-JCOCK'S ARRAIGNl\IENT OF GREAT BRITAIN IN 1774. PATRICK HEi\'RY'S "LIBERTY OR DEATH" SPEECH, 1775. ED IU D BURKE'S ORATION ON COi\'CILIATION OF THE COLOKIES IN 1775. FISHER A:\lES'S SPEECH IN FAVOR OF jA V'S TREA TV, IN CONGRESS, APRIL 28, 1795. JOSIAH QUINCY. ADDRESS ON THE Er\'IBARGO, 1808. JOHN QUINCY ADA:\IS'S EULOG Y OF LAF A VETTE. GENERAL HENHY LEE. FUNERAL ORATION ON GEORGE WASHINGTON. ROBERT YOUNG HAYNE'S SPEECH ON FOOTE'S RESOLUTION ON SECES- SION, 1830. DANIEL WEBSTER'S REPLY TO H.--\ Yl\'E. \YE DELL PHILLIPS'S ADDRESS ON THE FREEDO:\l OF THE PRESS IN 18 37, AND THE WAR FOR THE Ui\ION, 1861. JUBILEE OF THE COKSTITUTION, 1839. DELIVERED BY JOHN QUINCY ADAMS. THO:\IAS H.\RT BENTON. SPEECH ON THE ANNEXATION OF TEXAS IN 18 44- THOl\IAS COR\n . ORATION ON THE WAR WITH ::\IEXICO, AGAINST YOTING FUNDS TO CARRY IT ON. CALHOU 'S SPEECH ON THE RIGHT OF SECESSION. HENRY CLA V'S ORATION O THE CONSEQUENCES OF SECESSION, 18 5 0 . LOUIS KOSSUTH. SPEECH IN F ANEUIL HALL'IN 1852, DURING HIS F Al\IOUS VISIT TO THE UNITED STATES. CHARLES SU I;\,ER'S PROTEST AGAI ST SLAVERY, MAY 25, 1854. STEPHEN A. DOUGLAS'S SPEECH 01'\ THE KANSAS-NEBRASKA DILL. PRESTO SI\IITH BROOKS'S DEFEl\CE OF HIS A TT ACK ON CHARLES SUM:XER. CHARLES SUl\lNER, ADDRESS BY. TIlE CRIME AGAINST KANSAS. THEODORE PARKER, ADDRESS BY. THE DANGERS OF SLAVERY. JEFFERSON DAVIS. INAUGURAL ADDRESS TO THE CONFEDERATE STATES IN 1861. BENJAMIN F. BUTLER. FAREWELL TO THE CITIZENS OF NEW ORLEANS IN 1862. ALEXANDER H. STEPHEl\'S. ORATION AT SAVANNAH ON SLAVERY AS THE CORNER-STONE OF THE CO FEDERACY. xii STEPHEN A. DOUGLAS'S SPEECH OPENI G THE F A:\lOUS LINCOLN-DOUG- LAS DEBATE. ABRAHAM LINCOLN'S REPLY TO STEPHEN A. DOUGLAS. HENRY WARD BEECHER'S SPEECH AT LIVERPOOL ON SLAVERY, 1863. EDWARD EVERETT. ORATION ON THE OPENING OF THE NATIONAL CEMETERY AT GETTYSBURG, 1863. GEORGE BANCROFT. FAMOUS ORATION ON THE DEATH OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN. HORACE GREELEY. ACCEPTANCE OF THE PRESIDENTIAL NOl\IINATION IN 1872. ROSCOE CONKLING. RENOMINATION OF GENERAL ULYSSES S. GRANT FOR A THIRD TERM IN THE PRESIDENCY. WILLIAM LLOYD GARRISON. ORATION ON THE LESSONS OF INDEPENDENCE DAY, DELIVERED JULY 4, 1876. L. Q. C. LAMAR'S ADDRESSES O THE SILVER BILL OF 1878 AND THE RACE PROBLE:\I OF 1876. CHARLES FRANCIS ADAl\IS. SPEECH ON THE ANNIVERSARY OF INDEPEN- DENCE DAY AND OF THE BATTLE OF GETTYSBURG. WILLIAl\f l\IAXWELL EVARTS. SPEECH ON BIMETALLISM, AT THE PARIS CONFERENCE IN I 8 I. GEORGE WILLIAM CURTIS. ORATION ON THE EVILS OF THE SPOILS SYSTEM, DELIVERED 1881. JAMES G. BLAINE. ORATION ON JAMES A. GARFIELD, FEBRUARY 27, 1882. HENRY W. GRADY. ORATION ON THE NEW SOUTH, DELIVERED IN NEW YORK, 1886. ROBERT G. INGERSOLL. EULOGY ON THOMAS PAINE. JOHN JA IES INGALLS. EULOGY ON SENATOR BENJAMIN H. HILL. HENRY CABOT LODGE. SPEECH ON RESTRICTION OF bIMIGRATION, 1891. CHAUNCEY MITCHELL DEPEW. W ASIIINGTON CENTENNIAL ORATION. WILLIAM JENNINGS BRYAN. ORATION ON H THE CROSS OF GOLD," AT THE CHICAGO DEMOCRATIC CONVENTION OF 1896. JUSTIN S:\IITH IORRILL. SPEECH ON THE REMONETIZATION OF SILVER, 1898. JOHN TYLER MORGAN. SPEECH ON THE NICARAGUA CANAL. ARCHBISHOP IRELAND. LAFAYETTE AND AMERICA. JULY 4, 1900. THEODORE ROOSEVELT. ADDRESS IN l\IINNEAPOLIS, SEPTEMBER 2, 1901. WILLIAM McKI LEY. ADDRESS IN BUFFALO, SEPTEMBER 5, 1901. JOH COTTON'S SER:\10N, U GOD'S PROl\IISE TO HIS PLANTATIONS:' PROTEST AGAI ST TAXATION, 1764, BY SAMUEL ADAMS. STEPHE HOPKINS'S GRIEYANCES OF THE Al\IERIC\N COLONIES, 1765. RIGHTS OF THE COLONISTS. 1772, BY SAMUEL ADAMS. BENjA:\UN FRANKLIN'S VINDICATION OF THE COLONIES, 1775. THE FIRST PRAYER IN THE CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES. DE- LIVERED BY DOCTOR DUCHIE. ALEXANDER HA:\HL TON'S REPORT ON THE COINAGE IN 1791. EDWARD LIVINGSTON'S PLEA FOR THE ABOLITION OF CAPITAL PUNISH- ME NT. THE DEFECTS OF THE UNITED STATES ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION, BY RICHARD RUSH. Áui JOHN GREENLEAF WHITTIER. NARRATIVE OF THE ANTI-SLAVERY CON- VENTION, 1833. THE NEWBURG ADDRESS A D 'V ASHINGTON'S REPLY, 17 8 3. ROBERT CHARLES WI THROP. CENTENNIAL ORATION, 18 7 6 . ALEXANDER STEPHENS. SA V ANNAH ADDRESS, 1861. JY\IES WILSON. YINDICATION OF THE Al\1ERICAN COLONIES, 1775. 1tiv PRESIDENTIAL MESSAGES AND PROCLAMATIONS GEORGE WASHI GTON. FAREWELL ADDRESS, CONTAINING THE GERMS OF WHAT AFTER\\ARDS BECAME KNOWN AS THE MONROE DOCTRINE. FIRST AND SECOND INAUGURAL ADDRESSES. SEVERAL ADDRESSES TO THE CHURCHES IN THE UNITED STATES. LETTERS ON THE CONSTITUTION TO JAY, l\IADISON, KNOX, PATRICK HENRY, ETC. JOHN ADAl\JS. MESSAGE ON THE THREATENING ATTITUDE OF FRANCE, !\1-\.Y 16, 1797 THO:\JAS JEFFERSON. FIRST INA"LGURAL .ADDRESS. J.-\:\JES l\1.-\.DISON. FAMOUS l\IESSAGE ON BRITISH AGGRESSIONS. -- :\JESSAGE ON THE TREATY OF PEACE, FEBRUARY 15, 1815. -- PROCLAl\L\TION DECLARING WAR AGAINST ENGLAND. JX\JES :\JOl\"l OE. l\JESSAGE TO CONGRESS, DECEMBER 22. 1822, DECLARING WHAT IS KNOWN AS TilE :\JONROE DOCTRINE. JOH;\J QUINCY .\D.\:\IS. :\JESS-\GE TO THE SENATE ON A PAN-Al\IERICAN UNION. - ADDRESS ON THE JUBlLFE OF THE CONSTIrUTION, 1826. A DI EW JACKSON. PROCLAMATION IN RELATION TO THE QUESTION OF NUL- LIFICATION. i\L\.RTI VAN BCREN. l\IESSAGE ON THE PANIC OF 1837. WILLL\.l\1 HENRY HAH.RISO . INAUGURAL ADDRESS AT WASHINGTON, 1841. JOHN TYLER. IESSAGE TO CONGRESS CONCERNING THE BOUNDARY - LINE BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA. l\JESSAGE ON NEGOTIATIONS WITH GREAT BRITAIN ON THE UNITED STATES l\"ORTIIFRN DOUND -\lUES. l\JESSAGE ON TIlE ANNEXATION OF TEXAS, APRIL 22, 18 44. J .\:\JES K. POLK. SPECIAL l\IESSAGE IN HEGARD TO THE :\IEXICAN \V AR. -- INAUGURAL ADDRESS DELIVERED AT WASHINGTON, 1845. Z.\CIL\RY T.\ YLOJ . l\IESSAGE ON TilE CENTRAL _\l\IERICAN STATES, MARCH 1850. (ON NICARAGUA AND PAN -\1\I-\ C -\NALS.) -- l\IESS.\GE CONCERNING THE STATUS OF CALIFORNIA, NEW \IEXICO, AND TEXAS (.JUNE 23. 1850). :\I1LL.\HO FILL:\IORE. l\IESSAGE ON TIlE TEXAS BOUNDARY CONTIW\ ERSY, 18 5 0 . F; .-\.:\KLI;\J PIERCE. SPECIAL l\IESS -\GE ON KANSAS, 1856. xv JAMES BUCIL\.iXA . MESSAGE TO CONGRESS ON THE PROSPECTS OF CIVIL WAR. ABRAHAM LINCOLN. PROCLAl\1ATION FREEING ALL THE SLAVES IN THE UNITED STATES. ABRAHAl\I LIl\COLN. ADDRESS DELIVERED AT THE COOPER INSTITUTE, 1860. _ FIRST AND SECOND INAUGURAL ADDRESSES, AND THE SPEECH AT GETTYS- BURG. 1865. ANDREW JOH SON. ANSWER TO THE ARTICLES OF IMPEACHMENT, 1868. L'"L YSSES S. GR.\ T. DEFENCE OF GENERAL FITZ-JOHN PORTER. __ FIRST INAUGURAL ADDRESS, 1869. LAST l\IESSAGE TO CONGRESS, 1876. __ ADDRESS AT THE CENTENNIAL EXHIDITION, 187 6 . RUTHERFORD B. HAYES. INArGURAL ADDRESS AT WASHINGTON, 1877. _ MESSAGE ON MILITARY INTERFERENCE IN ELECTIONS. JA:\IES A. GARFIELD. INAUGURAL ADDRESS AT WASHINGTON, 1881. _ ADDRESS ON THE WESTERN RESERVE. CHESTER A. ARTHUR. l\IEsSAGE VETOING THE CHI ESE IM lIGRATION BILL IN 1882. GROVER CLE\9ELAl\"D. PROCLAMATIO , SEPTEMBER 27, 1894, OF _\MNESTY TO THE MORMONS. __ TARIFF ;\IESSAGE OF 1887, AND l\IESSAGE ON THE VENEZUELAN BOUN- DARY QUESTION, 1895. BENJA:\II HARRISON. INAUGURAL ADDRESS DELIVERED AT WASHINGTON, 1889. __ WASHINGTON CENTENNIAL ADDRESS, 1889. WILLIA:\I l\lcKI LEY. SECOND LETTER OF ACCEPTANCE, 1900, REVIEWING THE HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES FRO l 1896 TO 1900. _ SECOND I AUGPRAL ADDRESS AT WASHINGTON, 19 0 1. THEODORE ROOSEVELT. MESSAGE TO CONGRESS, DECEMBER 3, 1901. XVI SPECIAL TOPICS NEW NETHERLA DS.-THE BEGINNING AND GROWTH OF THE COLONY. THE AMERICAN INDIAN.-LEGISLATION GOVERNING INDI\.NS. THE PANfu\IA CANAL.-ATTEMPTS THAT HAVE BEEN MADE TO PIERCE THE ISTHMUS OF PANAMA. LABOR ORGANIZATIONS. - THE HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF LABOR UNIONS AND THEIR WORK. CONFEDERATE STATES OF AlVIERICA.-GENERAL SKETCH OF THE COMPO- SITION OF THE CONFEDERACY. COMMERCE OF THE U ITED ST A TES.- THE BIRTH, GROWTH, AND PRESENT STATE OF OUR COMMERCE (WITH TABLES). ABOLITION A D THE ABOLITIONISTS. ACQUISITION OF TERRITORY. ARCTIC EXPLORATIONS. THE CABINETS OF THE PRESIDENTS SINCE 1789. THE CENSUS OF 1900 (WITH COMPARATIVE TABLES). A:\IERICA'S PAHT I THE SUGGESTED PARTITION OF CHINA. DIPLO:\L-\ TIC SERVICE OF THE UNITED STATES. THE DEBT OF THE UNITED STATES FROM 1791 TO 1901. W ASHINGTONIANA. l\lONETARY REFORM.-THE INDIANAPOLIS CONFERENCE. RELIGION IN THE UNITED STATES (WITH TABLES). CHRONOLOGY OF THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR, 1775-83. CHRONOLOGY OF THE EYENTS OF THE CIYIL WAR. THE WAR WITH SP.--\I -A CO:\fPLETE CHRO OLOGY. SAMPSON'S AND SCHLEY'S REPORTS ON THE NAVAL BATTLE OF SANTIAGO. CHRONOLOGY OF THE PHILIPPINE INSURRECTION. ARMY.-Ä CHRO OLOGICALLY CLASSIFIED STATEMENT OF THE BIRTH AND GROWTH OF THE ARMY OF THE COLONIES AND OF THE UNITED STATES. NA VY.-CHRONOLOGICAL SKETCH OF THE AMERICAN NAVY, FROM REVOLU_ TIONARY TIMES TO THE PRESENT DAY, WITH A LIST OF ALL THE VES- SELS IN THE UNITED STATES NAVY ARRANGED BY CLASSES. PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIO S, 1789-190I.-POPULAR AND ELECTORAL VOTES. PRESIDENTIAL ADl\lINISTRA TIONS, 1789-1901. xvii POLITICAL PARTIES I THE U ITED STATES. PLA TFOR IS OF THE l\II OR POLITICAL PARTIES. LIST OF THE HIGHER OFFICIALS OF THE UNITED STATES FEDERAL GOVEH.:'ÜIENT-EXECUTIVE, LEGISL.\TIVE, .\ D JUDICIAL, 1902. .\ IEHIC\N LE.\R ED SOCIETIES.-A LIST OF ALL THE IOST rUPORTANT. .\ IEHICA:'J LAI30R AHBITHATION (NATIONAL CIVIC FEDERATION).-A RIS- TOR Y OF TIlE :\IOVEMENT AND A LIST OF ALL THE l\IE mERS. TARIFF LEGISL.-\. TION, 17 8 9- 1 9 00 . THEATIES OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES.-EACH OF THE STATES AND TERRITORIES OF THE UNION IS TREATED IN A SEP ARA TE ARTICLE, WITH A CHRONOLOGY OF THE CIIIEF EVENTS FROM ITS FIRST DISCOVERY OR SETTLEUENT IN EACH CASE TIllS ARTICLE HAS BEEN VERIFIED BY TIlE GOVEHNOn OF THE STATE OR TERRITORY, HIS REPRESENTATIVE, OR THE HISTORICAL SOCIETY. IN ADDITION TO THESE, THERE IS A CHRONOLOGY OF THE UNITED STATES FROM 149 2 TO 1902, AND A PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE EARLY DISCOVERERS AND EXPLOHERS. CO FEDER.\TE STATES OF A IERICA.-GIVING THE NAMES OF ALL THE l\IEl\tnEHS OF THE PROVISIONAL CONGRESS, THE SENATOHS OF EACH STATE, TilE FULL LIST OF GENERALS ABOVE THE RANK OF DlUGADlEn- GENEIU.LS, AND M.\NY IMPOHTANT LISTS AND SrATISTlCS. x\'Ïii LI ST OF PLATES PRESIDENT JOHN ADAMS PRESIDENT J. Q. ADAMS Frontispiece . Facing page 48 THE FLEET OF COLUMBUS ApPROACHING THE NEW \VORLD u u I12 PRESIDENT C. A. ARTHUR u u 224 THE BOSTON IASSACRE, l\IARCH 5, 177 0 u " 3 80 PRESIDENT JAMES nUCHANAN " " 43 2 VIEWING THE BATTLE OF BUNKER HILL " " 444 MAPS UNITED STATES, SHOWING ACQUISITION OF TERRI- TOHV . . Facing page 16 ALASKA " " 7 8 PREFACE THE SIGNIFICANCE OF AMERICAN HISTORY By WOODROW WILSON, PH.D., LL.D., Professor of Jurisprudence and Politics at Princeton University THE study of American history has changed its whole tone and aspect within a generation. Once a plain and simple tale,-though heroic withal,- of a virgin continent discovered in the "\Yest, new homes for the English made upon it, a new polity set up, a new np.,tion made of a sudden in the hot crucible of war, a life and a government apart,-a thing isolated, singular, original: as if it were the story of a separate precinct and parish of the great world,-the history of the United States has now been brought at last into perspective, to be seen as what it is, an integral portion of the general history of civilization; a free working-out upon a clear field, indeed, of selected forces generated long ago in England and the old European world, but no irregul lr invention, no histrionic vindication of the Rights of l\Ian. It has not lost its unique significance by the change, but gained,. rather, a hundred- fold both in interest and in value. It seemed once a school exercise in puritan theory and cavalier pridc; it seems now a chapter written for grown men in the natural history of politics and society, a perfect exposition of what the Europcan civiJization of the !=;eventeenth and eighteenth centuries was to produce in the nineteenth ccntury. 'Vhat formerly app('ared to be only a by-proiluct of the creative forces of ociety i now clearly enough seen to be the epitome of a whole age. "\Ye see it all. now that America, having rome out of her days of adolescence and preparation, has taken hcr place among the powers of the world, fresh and still in her youth, but no stranger among the peoples,-a leader, rather, and pace-maker in the wide field of affairs. The history of the United States is modern history in broad and open analysis, stripped of a thousand elements which, upon the European stage, C"onfuse the eye and lead the judgment astray. It spans a whole age of the xxi PREFACE world's transformation, from the discoveries, the adventure, the romance of the shteenth century, with its dreams of unbounded wealth in the far Indies and marvels at the ends of the earth, to the sober commerce and material might of the twentieth, with its altered dreams, of a world mastered, if not united, by the power of armed fleets patrolling it from end to end, in the interests of peace and European and .l\merican trade. At its outset Am<,rican history discloses a novel picture of men out of an old world set upon the coasts of a new to do the work of pioneers, without suitable training pither of thought or hand,-men schooled in an old civiliza- tion, puzzled, even daunted, by the wilderness in which they found them- selves as by a strange and alien thing, ignorant of its real character, lacking all the knowledge and craft of the primitive world, lacking everything but courag<', 8agacity, and a steadfast will to succeed. As they pushed their gigantic task they were themselves transformed. The unsuitable habits of an old world fell away from them. rrheir old hlood bred a new stock, and the youth of the race to which tlley belonged was renewed. And yet they did not break with the past, were for long scarcely conscious of their own transformation, held their thoughts to old channels, were frontiersmen with traditions not of the frontier, traditions which they cherished and held very dear, of a world in which there were only ancient kingdoms and a civiliza- tion set up and perfected time out of mind. rrhcir muscles hardened to the work of the wilderness, they learned woodcraft and ranged the forests like men wi th the lJI'<,eding, the quick instincts, the ready resourcc in time of danger of the Indian himself, and yet thought upon deep problems of re- ligion, pondered the philosophy of the universities, werc partisan and fol- lowers of statesmen and parties over sea, looked to have their fa hions of dress sent to them, with every other old-world trapping they could pay for, by the Europ<,an ships whieh diligently plied to their ports. Nowhere else, perhaps, is there sO open and legible a record of the stiffnes of thought amI the flexibility of action in men, the union of youth and age, the dominion of habit reconciled with an unspoiled freshness of hold initiative. And with the tram;plantation of men out of the old world into a wilder- ness went also the transplantation of in titutions,-with the same result. 'I'he new way of life and association thrust upon these men reduced the com- plex things of gm'ernment to their simples. 'Vithin those untouched fore ts they resumed again, as if by an unconscious instinct, the simple organization of vilIage communities familiar to their race long centuries before, or here anò there put palisades about a group of huts meant to s<,rve for refugf' and fortress against savage enemies lurking near at haml in th<, coverts, and lived in their" hundreds" agilin nnder captains, to spread at last slowly into counties with familiar sheriffs and quarter-sessions. It was as if they had xIi PREFACE brought their old-time polity with them, not in the mature root nor even in the young cutting, but in the seed merely, to renew its youth and yield itself to the influrnces of a new soil and a new environment. It was drawn back to its essential qualities, stripped of its elaborate growth of habits, as they themselves were. All things were touched, as it were, by the light of an earlier age returned. The study of American history furnishes, as a conse- quence, materials such as can be found nowhere else for a discrimination between what is accidental and what is essential in English political practice. Principles developed by the long and intricate processes of the history of one country are here put to experimental test in another, whrre every element of life is simplified, every problem of government reduced to its fundamental formulæ. Thrre is here the best possible point of departure, for the student who can keep his head and who knows his European history as intimately as he knows his American, for a comparative study of institutions which may some day yield us a sane philosophy of politics which shall forever put out of school the thin and sentimental theories of the disciples of Housseau. This is the new riches which the study of American history is to afford in the light that now shines upon it: not national pride merely, nor merely an heroic picture of men wise beyond previous example in building States, and uniting them under a government at once free and strong, but a real under- standing of the nature of liberty, of the e!'sential character and detcrmining circumstances of self-government, the fundamental contrasts of race and E:ocial development, of trmprr and of opportunity, which of thrmselves make governments or mar them. It may well yield us, at any rate, a few of the first principles of the natural history of institutions. The political history of America was the outcome of a constitutional struggle which concerned Englishmen in England no less deeply than it concerned Englishmen in the colonies, a struggle whose motives were com- pounded both of questions of conscience and of question::; of civil liberty, of longings to be free to think and of longings to be free to act. ...\nd English- men on the two sides of thp sea were not wholly divorced in the issue of that struggle. Not America alone, but the power to rule without principle and restraint at home as well, was once for aU cut off from the crown of England. But there was sharp contrast, too, between the effrets wrought in England and the effects wrought in _\merica. On one side the sea an ancient people won their final hattle for constitutional govprnmrnt; on the other side a new pC'ople was created,-a people set free to work out a new experience both in the liberty of it!' churches anil in its political arrangC'mf'nts, to gain a ne'" consciousness, take on a distinctive character, transform itself from a hody of loosely associated English colonies into a great commonwealth, not Eng- lish nor yet colonial merely, but transmuted, within little more than a xxiii PREFACE generation, into a veritable nation, marked out for an independent and striking ca reer. At the Revolution the American States did hardly more than disengage themselves from the English dominion. Their thoughts, their imagina- tions, were still held subject to policy and opinion over sea. By the close of the 'Var of 1812, these last, impalpable bonds were also thrown off. American statef:men had got their freedom of thought, and, within a genera- tion, were the leaders of a nation and a people apart. One has only to contrast the persistent English quality and point of view of the English colonies of to-day, self-governing communities though most of them are whieh have led their own lives for generations together under parliaments and ministers of their own free choosing, with the distinctive character of the rnited States to realize how much of the history of nations is spiritual, not material, a thing, not of institutions, but of the heart and the imagination. This is one of the f:ecrets American history opens to the student, the deepet:;t of all secrets, the genesis of nationality, the play of spirit in the processes of history. Of course the present separateness and distinctive character of the United States among the nations is due in part 10 the mixture of races in the make- up of their people. :Men out of every European race, men out of Asia, men out of Africa have cro Hled in, to the bewilderment alike of the statesmen and of the historian. An infinite crossing of strains has made a new race. And yet there is a mystery here withal. \Vhere, when, in what way, have our institutions and our life as a people been turned to new forms and into new channels by this new union and chemistry of bloods? There has been no break in our constitutional development. Nothing has been done of which we can confidently say, This would not have been done had we kept the pure Saxon strain. All peoples have come to dwell among us, but they have merged their individuality in a national character already formed; have heen dominated, changed, ahsorbed. 'Ye keep until now some of the char- acteristic differences of organi7.ation and action transplanted to this conti- nent when races were separate upon it. \Ye !'ingle out the nutch dement in the history of Kew York, the French element in the hi!'tory of Loui!'iana, the Spanish influence in the far \Ye!'t. But these things remain from a time when Dutch and French and Spanish had their E:eats and their power apart and were independent rivals for the possession of the continent. Since they were fused they have given us nothing which we can distinguish as their own. The French who have come to us sinee that final settlement on the heights of Quebec have contributed nothing distinctive to our civilization or our order of government. The Dutch who have been immigrants amongst us since New Netherlands became Kew York have no doubt strengthened our xxiv PREFACE stock, but they have adopted our character and point of view. No foreign stock long keeps its identity in our affairs. The fact should a little daunt those who make much of physical heredity and speak of the persistence of race characteristics as a thing fixed and inva- riable, if they are to apply tlwir theory to communities which are dominated by one and the same national idea, and fused to make a common stock. It is where races act separately that they act in character and with individual distinction. In this again the history of the United States demonstrates the spiritual aspects of political development. Nations grow by spirit, not by blood; and nowhere can the significant principle of their growth be seen more clearly, upon a more fair and open page, than in the history of the United States. It is this principle which throws a light as if of veritable revelation upon the real nature of liberty, as a thing bred, not of institutions nor of the benevolent inventions of statesmen, but of the spiritual forces of which institutions themselves are the oJÌspring and creation. To talk of giving to one people the liberties of another is to talk of making a gift of character, a thing built up by the contrivance of no single geneTation, but by the slow providence which binds generations together by a common training. From whatever point of view you approach it, American history gives some old lesson a new plainness, clarification, and breadth. It is an off- shoot of European history and has all its antecedents on the other side of the sea, and yet it is so much more than a mere offshoot. Its processes are so freshened and clarified, its records are so abundant and so accessible, it is spread upon so wide, so open. so visihle a field of observation, that it seems like a plain first chapter in the history of a new age. As a stage in the economic development of modern civilization, the history of America consti- tutes the natural, and invaluable, subject-matter and book of praxis of the political economist. Here is industrial development worked out with in- comparable logical swiftness, simplicity, and precision,-a swiftness, sim- pJicity, and precision impossible amidst the rigid social order of any ancient kingdom. It is a stuely, moreover, not merely of the make-up and setting forth of a new people, but also of its marvellous expansion, of processes of growth, both spiritual and material, hurried forward from stage to stage as if under the experimental touch of some social philosopher, some political scientist making of a nation's history his laboratory and place of demon- stration. The twentieth century will show another face. The stage of America gròws crowded like the stage of Europe. The life of the new world grows as complex as the life of the old. A nation hitherto whoUy devoted to do- mestic development now finds its first task roughly finished and turns about to look curiously into the tasks of the great world at large, seeking its special xxv PREFACE part and place of power. A ncw age has comc which no man may forccast. But thc past. is thc key to it; and the past of Amcrica lics at thc centre of modern history. -- PRINCETON, NEW JERSEY, September Ð, 1901. The American School of Historical Writers By ALBERT BUSHNELL HART. Professor of American History at Harvard University, and author and editor of many works on American History Al\fEJUCAN HISTORY is fortunate not only in the romantic setting of it!' earlier periods, and in the suece8 ion of great events, mompntous to man- kind, but quite as much in the interrst of Americans to recorù and to de- cribe the development of their own country. Before the reader anù the !'tudent can come into contact with his ancestors, a C'ohort of men must clear away the obscuring notele facts, and must leave standing the men and WOmf'1l of might and influence in the hi!'tory of the United States. Now hundreds of chroniclers, cores of zealous invf> tigators, and a throng of econdary writers have taken part in the work of making their country known to itself. Looking oyer the whole field of American historiography, it is easy to recognize a sucC'es ion of literary impulses; first come the narratives of such discoH'rers and explorers as Champlain, written with many different pur- pMes, but muC'h alike in the fre hnf>!'s and life which they put into their story. A few years later, in the first half of the seventeenth C'entury, arise a group of writl'rs of whom 'Vinthrop is a type. builders of C'ommonweaHhs, who have left us a heritage of wisdom on the cOTIflitions of colonization. About the beginning of the eighteenth century we find con!'cions hi torians pieeing togethf'r conditions anù rcconls, and trying to see tlw mPaning amI Ilfoportions of previous events; they reach from Cotton .:\father to Hutch- inson. .T ust aftpr the Rpvolntion. a nC'w national self-consciolHHH'8s led to s<,veral effort!' to it,ll at somc> length the history of that great struggle. The beginnings of the literary period of Amerimn hi tory, about lX:W, inchul('tl new anù amhitious attpmpts to compress tlw whole history of the country into onp yst('matie work: in thif; Iwriod {i('orgC' R;1Jlcroft i:-; the mo!'t signifi- t,lllt namc. illee tIll' Civil \Yilr a nt'w thool of hi torian:-; has arisen, for c XXTii HISTORICAL WRITERS the most part choosing limited periods and treating them intensively; of these Henry Adams is a type. \t the outset must be made clear the distinction between the recorders of events and the ('ritical analytic writers; the first, mcn like Columbus, are al- . ways a part of the event which they describe; while the second may look back- ward from a distance of centuries, as did John Fiske; but at both e tremi- ties of our national history we find some writers who combine first-hand and contemporary knowledge with the power to see th(' spirit animatingJhe body politic; lI('h were Bradford almo:-:t three centuries ago, ana Hopes and Yon Hoh t to-day. rro enumerate all the good servants of ...\merica in either category is impos ible; but the best nnd the typical may be f'clected. rrhe first discoverers and explorers not only laid the foundation on which later generations of writers have built; they also left us narratives which, in directnes8. simplicity, and elevation of thought, make them comparable with Herodotus and the Yenerahle Bede. 'Yhat mny be raIled the first school of American historians is made up of those who themselves felt the sting of the salt spray; heard the breakers beating upon l1lj'sterious sllOres; saw the painted savages come down to view the great white-winged monsters from \\ hieh came forth a rm.e of white men of inl'alculable wealth and unearthly powers; smcH the Innd odors from uncleared forests; find brought home pearls and hpuvers and savnge captives. The letters of Columbus, despitt some ign(\ule boasting and a certain f:ordidness which ill becnme so great a man, wpre memorials of n splendid achievement worthy of handing down to his children's dlildren. So the nflrratives of Gomara and Pizarro on the conquest of Ie il'o and Pf>ru give an -unfading picture of the harsh, con- quering 1'3Cf>, and of that heroic f:pirit through which a handful overcame a multitude. The Gentleman of Elvas somehow appf>als to the native Amer- ican sense of humor when he tells us how D(' oto was hemmed in between the 1Iis<.::i<.::sippi and his enemies; "and on Loth sides there were many Inù- ian , and hi power was not now so great, but that he had need to help him elf rather by flight than by force." 'rhe narratives of the fir:-;t ] ngli h explorers have the same quality of virility, intensity, and unrlaunted spirit. Doubtless Bir Francis Drake was a gentleman" ho could make a good deal of trouble to-day on a twenty-knot ship in the midst of an enemy's commerce, and he would hardly understawl the nicetips of the law of contrabanù of war; but who c.1n hdp enjoying his roljirking vOY:lge to the Pacific, with its store of unctuous enumerations of plundf'r: "a f'ilver chalice, two cruets, èwd one altar cloth"; "thirteen }Jë1l'S of- iIver, each weighing four }1UIHlred ducats, Sp(lni h ": " eight llamu:4, or hel"p of I\'ru, everyone of \\ hic.ll sh('(T) had on its back two hags of leather, X1\: \'iii HISTORICAL WRITERS each bag containing fifty pound weight of fine silver"; "a chest full of royales of plat.e and goodly stores of silks and linen cloth".; "great riches as jewels and precious stones"; "thirteen chests full of royales of plate, . fourscore pound weight of gold, and six-and-twenty ton of silver." \Vhat adventurous boy would not to-day be proud to share the life of such a pirate, and to I'evel in the riches of perfidious Spain? Kor do the voyagers have all the romance of history to themselves. While the English language lives will live honest John Smith who has been o painfully misunderstood because his historical novel, although carefully 8tudied on t.he spot and singularly accurate in its setting, came early to }JC accepted, mid has many times been criticised as though it were sober history. . It is fortunate for later generations that so many of the early worthies could either handle the pen themselves, or had a companion or scrivener to set down in order the details of whatever was strange in scenery, in inhabitants, in wild animals, and in products. Nowadays we do not realize the absolute:' novelty of the new world, for nowadays no part of the world is remote, except perhaps the Antarctic continent. The sense of discovery was very 'stimulating: men like Champlain could with equal ease explore, fight, founù communities, and write the most engaging narrative; heroes like Father J ogues have left us not only a most complete account of the natives of America, but an imperishable record of the superiority of soul over suc:h accidents as tomahawks and IJone-breaking gauntlets, and red-hot coals. In real richness, variety, and romance, American history is full, even whe'n we c:ompare it with the contemporary accounts of European countries; anù we know actually more of the conditions, the standards, and the social life of the American Indians in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries than we know of the life of the English, French, or German peasantry of that time. 'Vhat wonder if the early writers were a little hampered by the attempt to describe a Ilew barbarism in terms of an old civilization? \Vhy should not the early historian make an "emperor:' out of a naked savage who had at least t.he physical power to sweep the Europeans off the new continent if he chose? 'Vas it not mltural that" kings" and" princesses" and" noble- men" should stalk out of lodges that really held unclean and untrust- worthy savages? To Virginia, to New Amsterdam, to New England, the Indians were a mighty military power, often superior in battle, and all but victorious in the great camp3ign which lasted more than a hundreil years. If the red man had had the musket and the white man th(' how and arrow, we should to-day he writing the history of the United States" as the lion would have painted it." Tn these contemporarv narratives, many of t]wm interfused with fancy, and few recognizing the real sfJualor. degradation, and sinfulness of savage life, we haT"e a gTeat cycle of historical material xxh HISTORICAL WRITERS told in the simplest historical fashion; and this is the first school of writers of American history. As soon as English colonization actually begins, we find a seconù group of writers of whom two, Bradford and "ïnthrop, stand pre-eminent; men who recorded the annals of the time in the full faith that we to-day should earpfully read them, and should finù disclosed in them the soul of the earliest éommonwealths. It is of great significance that throughout the colon it's, and espef'ially in New Englanù, there were highly educated men capable of leaving a record, reasonably accurate, and phrased in the big, broad, rugged English of the time. If one of the objects of the historian is to dis- cover motives, what can be more significant than Bradford's long and ana- lytic account of the reasons for the foundation of Plymouth plantation? The opening words of the 1'C Of Plimoth Plantation" seem like the stately gate.. way to an epic. "And first of the occasion and inducements thereunto, the Wlli(.h that I may truly unfold I must hC'gin at the very root and rise of the same. The ",hid} I shall entlpayor to manifest in a plain style with sincere rpgard unto the simple truth in all thingï;;, at least as near as my slendN jlHlgment ran attain the same." In this manuscrIpt, rovpring- the period 1 G08-1 G45, so carefully written, so long preservpd, used fly PrinC'e, II ubhard, Cotton 1ratJICr, amI Hutchim;on, to disappear, and to comp to light again in the palace of the Bishop of London at FuJJlam, almost in our own day- in this rrecious memflrial, we have the first attempt at a consciously re{}SOIwtl history of America. Rl':1clforù tells only that part whic.h he knew; he de- pendell upon his O'WI1 memory and the immf'diate communimtions of his friends; Lut the book is a remarka}jle accmmt of what we now call the con- stitutional history of tne community. Indeed, there is much in Bradford to reward the student of mankind, the sociologist, the economist, the lawyer, the ecclesiastical historian, and the lover of picturesque narrative. Here Wl.. nave tIle foundations of an English colony and the growth of its polity, the slow building of the waJJR of a government Wllich was at the same time a municipality; here we rpad of Indian warR, stratagems, powwows, and peace- makings; nere is the record of an important e-xppriment in cornmuniHJIl, pnding like all 811Ch experimpnts in the final parceling ont to inllivillna Is of fmeh territory and property as wag ]pft 'VC' IC'tun somdhillg of what emigrants' food and quarters were on hoard ship, whi}p cro Ring tJlC Atlantie: we have an im ight into fisnC'ries and agric.ulture amI trade, amI interpst awl profit at " tnf' rate of cpnto ppr cpnto" ; :mcl in the midst of affairs we 11.a,'p the splendid Rtory of ealm. re olutp, lln hrinkin.!r men, slowly pi('í.ing togethc.r 8 political communit.v :mcl prC'parin the way for the later Unitpd St:ltp . The other great historical writer of tllig pprioc1, John Winthrop, is far Ie8s '\\'\ HISTORICAL WRITERS systematic and argumentative. An annalist and yet possessed of a keen sense of selection, in the midst of much that is trivial and some things that reveal the intense Puritan curiosity about things better left undisturbed, he still deals in the main with the imposing problems of free government. The staples of his history are the interplay of man against man, of class with class, the rivalries of the grave magistracy with the pushing General Court; the final compromise by which a legislature of two houses was organ- ized in fassachusetts. In his story of the period from 1630 to 1648, he gives us not simply crude materials, but a description of the farthermost bases of American political ideas, as worked out on American soil. Bradford and \Vinthrop are hy no means the only men of that period who deal with events as the warp and woof of a systematic narrative. Cap- tRin Edward Johnson, in his 1Vonder Working Providence of Sion's Sav.iour, pubJished in 1654, essays what he calls a History of New Eng- land, from those beginnings "when England began to decline in religion like lukewarm Laodicea," till" these soldiers of Christ first stood on this western end of the world." But Johnson and other writers of similar worthy purposes had neither the literary skill nor the sense of continuity for which Bradford and \Vinthrop are remarkable. No others left a well- founded and wen-knit narrative extending over so many years. No others felt so clearly that they were both upbuilders and recorders of their own upbuilding . For the inner life of most of the New England settlements besides Plym- outh and fassachusetts, there is a painful dearth of contemporary narrative. The histories of Rhode Island, Connecticut, and New Hampshire have to be pieced out of scattered and minute references in journals and public records It is much the same in the middle and southern colonies; except for the vivacious accounts of the settlers of the Jerseys and Pennsylvania, written by Gabriel Thomas and others, there is hardly any contemporary history of the middle colonies, though much material for 'history. On the founda- tions of Virginia and 1\faryland there are interesting contemporary notices by Stradley, John Smith, \YingTIcld, "nite, and others; but no man writes with the feeling that he is drawing out the real meaning of the events which he describes, for the use of later generations; no man foresees the oak which is to spring from his acorn. T'he separate history of the Carolinas came much later and must be conated from many s('attered narratives. When Georgia WRS founded in the eightC'cnth ('cntury, t'he historical sense was more developed, and of that colony there are several excellent contemporary ac- coun ts. We must leap across more than half a century from the end of Bradford xxxi HISTORICAL WRITERS and 'Vinthrop's histories to reach a third school made up of local historians Rnd annalists, most of whom have now become simply material for later writers. Of these the first and the worst is Cotton :\Iather, whose magnum opus is the lflagnalia Christi Americana, or the Eccles.iasllcal History of New England, first published in 1702. It would be hard to cap this SlU- gular production for whimsicality, variety of contents, and treatment; it is everything except history. To Cotton Mather's mind nothing came amiss: tratlition, rumor, gossip, memory, experiences, every-day facts, were aU equally put to his service. So far as a naturally keen and well-practised memory could go, he sounded and verified these various sources, but it was not in his mind to reject a statement because he could not show it to be probably true. The make-up of the book is a monument to the perverted learning of the time. Anagrams, prefatory poems, attestations, introductory poems, general introductions, epitaphs, old sermons pitchforked in, little biographies, contemporary letters, squibs, polemic pamphlets, dialogues, prophecies, the last dying speeches of criminals, wonderful prodigies, and "remarkables" of Indian wars-all was fish that ('a me to rather's net; and it is one of the tasks of the present-day historian to delve in the many fonts of type of this ponderous book in order to discover how much is truth, how much prejudice, and how much downright error. Contemporary with ltlather is the first really good local history Beverley's llisiory of l'ïrginia, published ahout 1705; and it is worth noting that Bev- erley had in his mind the modern conception that history includes a view of the social conditions and standards of the time. He makes it his busineR not only to deF.cribe the foundings of the commonwealth of Virginia, for which he had to depend on material made by others, but also to tell us of the products, the social institutions, the education, and the labor system of his time. Here we have really the first example of an _\merican history, written not from personal experiences, or from the memory of those who had gone through such experiences, but from printed and even written records, or at least from a restatement of such printed narratives as he could find. Beverley set an example which unfortunately was followcrl by few writers of his century. To be sure there arc some other agreealJle hooks of the same kind: Smith's J[istory of New Jersey, pub1iRhed in 176;); \Yilliam Smith's Hi.sforJI of Jt C1l1 r or7.. , written in the eighteenth century, though not puh- lished till many years later; Stith's Virginia (to ]()24), puhlished in ]747; and FeT"eral ecclf'siastical histories of merit. especia lly Neal and Backus. But thesp writers are lnòepenòpnt of each otller, are local and had but a Jimited circle of readers. One m m deserves to be specially noticed becauFie he made it his task to accumulate mall detail8, and was the first to estab- lish many of the accepted conventions of \merican history. Thomas Prince, xxxii HISTORICAL WRITERS in the preparation of his Annals, published from 1736 to 1755, made a collection of documents which served him as the basis for a chronological conspectus of the history of New England, which, unluckily, reached only to 1633. Like his follower, Abiel Holmes, he has long since been forgotten, except by specialists; the work of both Prince and Holmes was that of laying rough stones which are hidden out of sight by the finished structure. The first general historian of America upon the model of the three great contemporary English writers, Hume, Robertson, and Gibbon, was Thomas Hutchinson in his History of 1Ilassachusetis Bay. An official, a man of prop- erty, of high connections, much experiences in town and colonial government, he began to publish in 1764. His second volume was published three years later, when the storm-cloud of the Revolution was already gathering. A third volume, which includes the unhappy history of the pre-revolutionary controversies, did not appear till long after his death. In Hutchinson as in ]Jrince, we have a study of historical sources, though very Jimited in kind; he seems scarcely to have known that there were manuscript records of the lower house of the :Massachusetts legislature, and his history is directly founded on private papers and the records of the governor and coupcil. \Yhat is really important in Hutchinson is his attempt to write a history in a narrative form, covering a century and a half, which should deal with events in their right proportions, and in which he should also apply the same methods of judgment and segregation to a period within which he had himself lived. Nobody now reads Hutchinson for his style, and his account of early "Massachusetts is long since surpassed, but the experience of the trained public man gives a permanent value to his conclusions, and his is dis- tinctly a genuine historian's work. Among the evidences of a quickened national consciousness was the growth of a new school of historians immediately after the Revolution. Among them were several notable historians of a single commonwealth-Proud's Pennsylvania, Trumbull's Connecticut, Burk's Virginia, and-far the be t of them all-Belknap's New IIampshire. At the same time ar08P several conscientious and hard-working writers, who wrought upon the history of their country, taking into view not a colony nor a section, but the whole nation; and they also conceived the modern idea of choosing a limited field and treating it with thoroughnesR and in detail. Of these the most notable are Ramsay, }'fercy \Varren, ani! Timothy Pitkin. Dr. Ramsay, whose book, published in ] 811, describes much of the military side of the Revolution, and ineludes an invaluable discussion of the effects of that great struggle on the political and ocial life of Americans. l\fercy "Tarren was the first woman to pubJish a narrative history, which, however one-sided, was written xxxiii HISTORICAL WRITERS by an eye-witness, and that eye-witness a woman of high education and great spirit. It was this able person, called by her friends the Marcia of the American Revolution, who ventured to attack the great John Adams and accused him of leaning towards monarchism. Better than all the others is honest Pitkin, whose history, published in 1828, covers with clearness anù insight the history of the foundation of the American republic from 1763 to 1791, with a few foot-notes referring to the scanty sources available at that time. Pitkin had a strong liking for statistics, and his books remained until up to a few years ago almost the only well-thought discussion of the political and economic conditions of the colonies, as a background for a discussion of the causes of the Revolution. Besides these important studies of material at first-hand, the great libra- ries contain many so-called histories of the United States, published in the first third of the nineteenth century. It seems to have been a habit of the New England country clergy to combine with the country newspapers to produce a history; the parson furnished scissors, paste, and circumambient rhetoric, and produced a manuscript chiefly out of extracts from his predp- cessors; the printer f'et it up on the off days when the week's paper was printed and copy for the next had not yet appeared. This process, not un- known in later and wiser generations, adds nothing to American histori- ography and needs no further description. Although up to 1830 there had appeared no account of the development of America which is now read as a classic, and still less any first-hand Amer- ican history of a foreign country-the foundations were laying upon which historians might safely build. During the whole time from the beginning of the Revolution down, materials were being collected and made available, without which the work of Hildreth and Bancroft would have been impos- sible. It is the happy fortune of .America that the great men of the revo- lutionary period either kept copies of their letters or wrote such important documents that they were preserved by those who received them. In Hw letters of \Vashington and Franklin, of John Jay, of Jefferson, of Madison, of Monroe, and a seore of other revolutionary worthies, we find the trne spirit of their times, and in ] 791. Dr. Jeremy Bclknap, him!,(']f the author of the excellent history of New Hampshire, founded in Boston the Ma!'Ra- chusetts Historical Society, the first in time of a long series of public-spirited organizations, whose aim it has been to collect memorials which would other- wise perish, and to put them in permanent form for later generations. Our ancestors have always been rather tenacious of public records, partly because of the importance of such evidence in settling questions of property, and partly from an instinctive fecling that what they were doing was worth remembrancing. It is this sense of doing something worth while which XAxi v HISTORICAL WRITERS finds expression in the famous resolutions of the Cambriàge town meeting in 1765: "that this vote be rec(lrded in the town book that the children yet unborn might see the desire their ancestors had for their freeùom and hap- piness." Accident, neglect, the Revolutionary War, caused the loss of many precious records, especially in the South, but enough remained to make an almost inexhaustible mine for the antiquary and investigator. Three dif- ferent influences were brought to bear side by side with each other to effect the publication of historical material: the historical societies; the state gov- ernments, in many cases animated hy the societies; and the strong historical spirit of a few investigators. Of these latter, the chief is Jared Sparks, who published his edition of the lVritings of Washington in 1836, followed hy his Franklin's lVorks, and by his Correspondence of the American Revolution; he also estahlished a series of brief hiographies, all of them edited and several written by Mr. Sparks. It is hard to overestimate the influence of this man, endued as he was with an immpnse capacity to take advantage of his great opportunities. According to the historical canons of his time he was a most intelligent editor; he thought it his duty to correct the mis- takes of grammar or expression in the originals he fore him, so that he might more clearly bring out the sense; and it wounded him that the Father of his Country should misspell. Sparks's edition8, therefore, overlay the originals with literary shellac and varnish, but he does not coneeal the original grain. Himself a conscientious investigator, a careful historical writer, he combines within his own achievements three historical triumphs: he opened up great evidences of truth; he was the first exemplar of the co-operative method of writing history; and he was himself no mean author. Upon the foundations thus laid, and infused with that lively national spirit which hegan to be distinctly felt after the \Yar of 1812, there now appears a writer who had a comhination, almost unexampled in America up to that time, of an historian's qualities: ambition, training, wealth, social connections, political experience, and an intense desire to write a histoiY of his country from its earliest beginnings down to the end of his own time. That man was George Bancroft, who, beginning his self-imposed task about 1830, in 1883 was still systematically engaged on it. A whole cycle of national history had passed by between the beginning and end of his work, and his fifty years of lahor was enough only to bring him from the discovery of America down to the adoption of the federal Constitution in 1788. Here at least was a different conception of history, so different from those who preceded him that he became the founder of a new schoo1. Besides a capacity for vast labor, Bancroft created a machinery for the assembling of material up to that time unknown in America: he sent all over ihe world xxxv HISTORICAL WRITERS for transcripts of documents; he collected a valuable library; as Secretary of the Navy under Polk, he had opportunities for intimate acquaintance with the archives of the federal government; he wrote patiently, and repeat- edly rewrote his own work, which in its most elaborated form includes twelve good-sized volumes. That Bancroft is to-day rather the companion of the scholar than of the patriot reader is not strange; he began and carried on his work in the midst of an atmosphere of what may be called professional history; his intellectual predecessor was Robertson; his intellectual compeers were Macaulay and Prescott. He wrote to be read and chose the style which most attracted readers half a century ago; he wrote to justify his fathers for the Revolution, and his mind was quicker to grasp the grievances of the colonies than the difficulties of the English ad- ministration. A sincere and honest man whose public service has been enor- mous, Bancroft is now neglected by readers, and his example is avoided by writers. It is unfortunate for Bancroft's permanent fame that a considerable part of his work has no foot-notes; his reason was that other people followed him on his authorities, without giving him credit; he thus cut off not only a means of checking his conclusions, but also a useful aid to inquirers. Ban- croft has often been charged with rearranging and docking his quotations. His habit of referring to many materials available only in his own collection of transcripts makes it difficult to examine this charge, but where he ref('r to printed materials he does not seem consciously to have altered the sense of a quotation by omission or transposition. Side by side with Bancroft is a writer much less known and much less appreciated, who nevertheless has deserved well of his countrymen-Richard Hildreth, who attempted the same task as Bancroft, and in six volumes, the last of them published in 1856, brought down his history from the earliest colonial times to ] 820. In many respects Hildreth more nearly approaches to the modern standard of the historian than anyone who preceded or accom- panied him. He has such a grasp of facts and so well knows how to assemble them, and to discriminate among them, that almost any event of large im- portance that has happened in our history is mentioned in his volumes. lIe, too, had his thesis to prove; strongly federalist in sympathy, his later vol- umes are to a considerable degree a justification of the Hamiltonian theory of government; and like Bancroft, he does not see fit to append those foot- notes which are a restraint upon a writer, an opportunity to examine his ground, and a useful equipment for later investigators. Only one other gçneral history of the United States in the period from 1830 to ]860 need be mentioned here. Tucker's II stor!1 of the United States, published in 1857 and coverin the period from 1774 to 1841, is the only work of the kind written by a Southern man. Just why most of the xxxvi . HISTORICAL WRITERS history-writing down to the Civil War was done by New England men is not easy to discover; traditional interest in history, good libraries, the in- fluence of a live State historical society, the nearness of a book-buying public, the close connection between literary and public life-these are some of the reasons. Tucker aimed to look at our history from a different angle, but he has little of the method or style of the trained historian, he does not attract the reader, and is less quoted than his careful work deserves. So far, most of the interest of American writås had been given to their own country; it was a mark of a growth in cosmopolitanism when two writers _ chose for their themes fields of European history, though in both cases there .was a connection with American history in its wider aspects. Prescott chose first the Spaniards in America, and then the Spanish monarchy in the six- teenth century. In his time he was considered one of the safest as well as one of the most brilliant historical writers. Brilliant he is, and he chose for his theme the romantic period which connected European civilization with the earliest phases of American history. His Ferdinand and Isabella, his Conquest of Peru, his Conquest of :Mexico, his Charles V., his Philip 11.. published during the two decades from 1837 to ] 858, were read with interest and enthusiasm by scholars, business men, and school-boys, just as l\Iacaulay was read at the same time both in England and America. In every way he is a notable figure, this man almost blind, working patiently year after year in his Boston library and slowly committing to the press his beautifully written volumes, which are still among our best historical works, although the meth- ods of the author 8nd his judgment of his sources are no longer accepted as final. 1Ifotley came a little later, chose a similar theme, but without a direct con- nection with American history. His Dutch Republic, his United Nether- lands, his John of Barneveld, have been sources of inspiration to thousands .of readers; and if the maturer student now searches them in vain for any insight into the organization of the marvellous military people whom he described; if he finds little about their colonies and nothing about their gov- ernment; if he learns not the source of their wealth. nor the secret of their national persistence, he does get a striking picture of the heroism of the late1'- day. Athenians contending against the Persians of the sixteenth century. Motley was really not an historian, but a describer of mighty historic deeds. :Motley began to publish in 1856, and continued long after the Civil 'Yar, but he belongs to the ante-bellum school, and that school, notwithstand- ing its great flervices, had as ypt treated history only in partial fflghion. ra- terials were col1ected and much learning was expenòed in explaining ana an- notating them and in brief articles and papers founded upon them. Upon the other side) several ambitious attempts had been made to give in one con- XJ:xvii HISTORICAL WRITERS spectus an account of what was most noteworthy in the whole history of the natIOn. A Rchool of biographers had also arisen, some of whom had pub- lished elaborate works like the painfully minute Rives's JIadison; or history was grouped about the life of one individual as in Marshall's Washington, or Irving's Columb'lls. As yet, however, there was little grouping of great masses of related facts in monographs, and few examples of historians who took a brief period as their whole field. For some years after the Civil \Var, :!\Iotley and Bancroft were still the noted American historians, and the development of a nC'w spirit in history is due first of all to the achievements of another writer, whose work, though begun long before, was ended only in ] 885. Francis Parkman is the greatest of all the writers who have ever made America their theme or have written as American sdIOlars, and his greatness depends upon three qualities rarely brought together in one man; he was a matchless investigator, a man of the most unflinching tenacity, and somehow he knew how to write so that men loved to read him. His method was that of the special field, long enough in his case, but narrow in geographical dimensions. He wrote upon what he himself called" the history of the woods," upon the century and a half of hostile contact between the French colonists and the English colonists, ac- centuated by the fierce savages who were between them. Back of the romance of history was the romance of Parkman's own life. One of the most una suming and modest men who ever lived, he went or:. his way without sepming to know that he was a hero; but in an autobiographical fragment, drawn up in ] RGR, he has revealed the inner man. At the age of eighteen he had forul('ù the f1plenùid plan of his history, all of which he lived to complete, and while till a young man he made that adventurous overland trip to Oregon, which is faithfully commemorated in his Oregon Trail, published in 1851, an account of a journC'y intended to give him an "inside view of Indian life." He rcturuC'd with a physique naturally feeble, further weakened by the hardships of the prairie, and resulting in a state whieh he describes as foJIows: "The conditions were threefold: an extrem{> weakness of sight, disabling him even from writing his name except with eyes closed; a condition of the brain prohibiting fixed attention except at occasional and brief intervals; and an exhaustion and total derange- ment of the nervous sy tem producing of necessity a condition of mind most unfavorable to effort." After 1851, he says that there had not been "any waking hour whcn he has not been in some degree conscious of the presence of the malady"; although later "the con- dition of the sight has 80 far impro,'ed as to permit reading, not exceeding, on an average, five minutes at a time. . . . By reading that amount and xxxviii HISTORICAL WRITERS then resting for an equal time, this alternative process could generally be continued for about half an hour, then, after a sut1icient interval, it would be repeated, even three or four times in the course of the day." It was thus that large parts of his literary monument were prepared; and the difficultirs but enhanced the result, for they make it evident that it is not the fascination of the subject nor the pleaE:ure of breaking new ground, nor the careful prep- aration of material that fix Parkman as the greatest of all American his- torians, but the soaring spirit, which had its message to tell and could not be fettered. Parkman is a kind of bridge between the older and the newer school of his- torians, for he began with the same traditions as Bancroft and Hildreth, and he furnished a model and an impetus for Henry Adams, :M:c Iaster, \Vinsor, Rhodes, and Roosevelt. Before describing the more recent group of writers, most of them still living, it is necessary to show what an awakening came over the country in historical matters during and after the Civil 'Val'. U it be true that interest in athletic sports and open-air life is to be traced from the Virginia and Georgia campaigns, it is equally true that, just as in the post-revolutionary period, the country awoke after 1865 to a new sense of the dignity and importance of its own history and institutions. This con- sciousness took form in various directions: first, in the systematic training of young men to be writers and teachers of history; second. in the appearance of a new literature of carefully wrought monographs, resembling thongh usually snperior to the German doctors' dissertations; and third, in the devo- tion of their lives to historical writing by a new series of historians. Most of the elder historical schools in America from the days of Bradford and 'Vinthrop down to Hildreth and Palfrey were made up of college-bred men; and most of the writers are grouped about one little New England college. 'Vinthrop was a founder of Harvard; Hutchinson, a graduate, Ban- croft, Hildreth, Parkman, Belknap, Prescott, Iotley, were its sons; Jared Sparks, its president. And yet that college made no effort, and no other college made effort, to train young men in historical methods, and very little was done to instruct thrm in historical data. Each successful writer was his own teacher, and handed down few traditions. Tn several of the colleges were intelligent and highly eòucated men, who taught history by hearing formal recitations from a dnll text-book; but the creative and inspiring side of teaching commonly went into mental and moral philosophy. Early in the seventies arose two fishers of men, Charles Kendall Adams in the University of 1\Iichigan, and Henry Adams in Harvard University.. and about the same time began a new system of graduate instruction in Johns Hopkins University, where for twenty-five years Herbert B. Adams was xxxix HISTORICAL WRITERS the inciter of historical teachers and writers. All these men, and others who speedily followed them, made it their task, not only to inform their students, but also to make them searchers for truth. Henry Adams had the habit on the first day of the term of deliberately frightening out of his course all but the most eager and undaunted students; and from the residuum he built up an enthusia tic company of ahle young men. He edited and published a volume of essays on \.nglo-Saxon J...aw, prepared under his guidance by j::tudents whose names have since been attached to many more formal works; but he grew tired of enforcing historical truths through other people, and he withdrew to the ten years' labor of preparation of his masterpiece. Charles Kendall Adams, at the University of 1\Iichigall, introduced with some useful modifications the German seminary method, and he also sent out students imbued with his methods, to be college professors and presidents. This "as also the method steadily and effedively applied at Johns Hopkins, and the young men trained there llave been widely distributed throughout the coun try. In 1877, Justin 'Vinsor came to Harvard, and 80 long as he lived he was the greatest force for historical learning in his university. This remarkable man in many ways resemhled Sparks; he was a great organizer, and as libra- rian of the Boston Pub1ic Library and of the Harvard College Library fur- nished models to the world of libraries in which the main purpose was to have books used. As an editor and historical writer he has left three series and various independent volumes; but one of his greatest services to learTling was his untiring interest in the YOlmg men and young women, students of history, who came under his influence. Himself a man of method and ac- customed to deal with great masses of material and to draw from them his conclusions, he infused into all those who came into contact with him the spirit of scientific historical work. Perhaps 1[1'. 'Vinsor's chief claim to eminence in his craft was his profound acquaintance with practical bibli- ography, Dot only a knowledge of hooks, but a consciousness of what books are important, a power of discrimination; and upon the period of American history from discovery to the War of 1812, his Narrati1'e and Critical 1/1"..,- lory is an example of broad scholarship applied with high intelligence to the service of science. Although he gave but few college courses, :Mr. 'Vin- SOl' was in effect a teacl1er and a trainer, as well as a librarian and an author, and he drew into his co-operative labors the most ardent young men. l\fr. Winsor's labors were to a large degree monographic. lIe secnred from various other people short studies of episodes and movements, all founded upon a minute study of our('eg, and each nnnotated by the author and supplemented by l\Ir. 'Vinsor's own unfathomaùle learning, with precisc l HISTORICAL WRITERS references to the original material. Similar monographic work has for twenty years b{'en going on all over the country and particularly in the uni versities. Following the example of Johns Hopkins, other universities after 1880 founded special graduate schools and developed syst('matic instruction and preparation looking towards the degree of Ph.D. The fl('dgling doctors were expected to write theses, and their results, in most cases printed, con- stituted a new stratum in the historical materials of America. In many instances they were published in separate volumes, like \Y oodrow \Vilson's Congressional Government,. others were grouped in various series, of which the oldest is the J ohns Hopkins Studies, comprising a volume every year since 1883, and thus has been furnished an opportunity of reaching the world on a subject which did not stimulate the ordinary publisher, or commend itself to the magazine editor. Later, other institutions took up the system: Columbia University, the University of Pennsylvania, the University of "Michigan, the University of ""Tisconsin, the University of Nebraska, Corn('ll University, Brown Univer- sity, Harvard Univerf1ity, and other institutions have taken the responsibility for the publication of single or grouped studies, often representing the well- directed labor of several years. Here many historical writers who have later blossomed out into more general literary work have tried their prentice hands; here young men and young women have the opportunity to put upon record evidence of their power to deal with historical subj('cts, an evidence often of much service to them through the effect which it may have upon the mind of the coUege presidentR and other grandees who have the power to hold out the golden sceptre. Tn such monographs the residuary results. drawn from the distilling of great masses of othprwise undig('sted material, are made available for other writers. The stream of such publications goes on unceasingly, and their character tends to improve as the opportunities for study and for direction from older men increase. The better writers out- grow their doctor's th('s('8, and sometimes wonder that their judgments were e,.er 80 crude; but the result is an opening up of fields of great importanre which had long remain{'d untilled. For example, until a few years ago there was no-where to be found any account, based upon the sources, of Presidential elections, of the Speakership of the House of Hepresentatives, or of the Senate, or of the veto power, or of Congressional committees, or of the actual system for nomination for office: the student of .American institutions has now the benefit of careful studies in all these subjects: and it is worth noting that within this field of practical politics some of the best work of collecting and generalizing from the scat- ten'd materials has been don(' hy women. Twenty years ago there wa almost nothing in the way of careful, flrst-lumd studies of tIw slavery que - xli HISTORICAL WRITERS tion; now we have able monograpns on various individual commonwealths, on fugitive slaves, on slavery in the District of Columbia, on the slave-trade, and on the underground railroad-nearly everyone a result of scientific study under the direction or impetus of college teachers. The system of monographs has done much to make the conditions and the merits of historical writing widely known. "There half a century ago one man knew how to write an acceptable historical narrative, forty persons have now had some experience. One of the influences which has done much to stimulate investigation in limited topics has been the American Historical Association, founded in 1884. Tn its two functions of holding mectings at which younger men are brought into as::-:ociation with older writers, and of printing an flllnual report in which shorter or longer paperò may be printed and distributed to an impatient world, the Association has made the path of young writers easier; and its list of presidents has included most of the foremost historic-al writers of the time. The most widely known and most useful series of monographs, a revival of Sparks's idea of brief biographies by experts, is the widely read A_merican Statesman Series, which is edited, and of which several volumes have been written by John rl\ 1Iorse, Jr. Similar to it in scope are the American },[en of Letters, }'lakers of America, Beacon Biographips and other like combina- tiom" all in prinriple an attempt to tell the story of a brief period through the lives of public men who stood for fl dominant idea. Under modern conditions one of the measures of the interest in a sc ence is the kind of journals which are created to represent it. In many respects the publications of the various state and local historical societies have for more than a century been soher periodicals: besides the more special iRsues of Collections, such societies annually print Transactions, or Records whieh contain briefer and less imposing matter, and in several cases, as for e - ample thp ppnn ylv:mia Historical Society, this publieation has not only the character but the form of a magazine. From the founding of Carey's American },[useum, in 1787, and especially after the c::5tahlishment of the North American Reriew, in 1815, there has alwa)s been a medium for his- torical articles, often elahorate enough to be monographs. :Not till 18;)7 was there. a periodical devoted entirely to history; Dawson's lIistorical }'Iag- azirze, which kept up a re ppctahle e:xi tence till 1875. Then followed the }'Iagazine of American History from 1877 to 1896. These were both private enterprises, which were able to get very little aitl and comfort from the cstablishpd historical writers of the time, and they received little that was significant from the new race of monographists. Tn 1895. a journal was founiled under the title of the American Historical Review, with the express purpose of uniting scattered historical forces, of xlii HISTORICAL WRtTFRS dealing with all fields and phases of history, and of offering an opportunity for the publication of the result of the latest scholarships. Through a re lation established with the \merican Historical Association in 1898, the circulation and influence of this review were much increased, and history remains one of the few great fields of learning in America on which rival universities have not established rival and struggling journals. The illustrated magazines of the time, and the political reviews also give scope for historical articles, often of great excellence, by able hands, and in many cases drawn out into a series which eventually becomes a book. No historical writer, young or old, need suffer for a medium through which to make his conclusions known, provided he really has conclusions worth draw- ing; and in the pages of the special and general periodicals future writers of history will find a fund of valuable materials. The connection of history with universities has had some admirable effects; among them has been an intimate relation between the profession of teaching history and the profession of writing history. rrhe American historians of half a century ago were, with few exceptions, litlérateurs, men of private station and of private means, who gave up a large part of their lives to histm'ical writing for the love of scholarly occupation and the hor e of fame. The collection of materials was a tedious and expensive task; they were the men who had the time and money to travel afar, in order to get tho proper horizon, and to m:lke some acquaintance with other countries and languages. In the Sparks m nuscripts, in the Parkman manuscripts and the Bancroft manuscripts, are many extracts copied from records not avail able in print. A man at down to write a history as he now sits down to found a review, with ambition as a frontlet and with money in his pocket. Sometimes gooù Uncle Sam gave them a diplomatic position in which they might pUT ue their investigation ; thus Prescott was made :Minister to Spain, l\fotley to the Netherlands, Bancroft to Germany. The growth of scientific instruction in history has developed a new rare of historical writers who have gone forth to supersede the older type; among the present beFt-known American writers upon history, :Mc Iaster is a pro- fessor in a university, chouler is a lecturer in a university, Charles Francis Adams is a most ardent overseer of a college, John Fiske was once an in- structor in history in a college anù a college librarian, Von Holst was a pro- fessor, )Ioses Coit Tyler was a professor, and 'Vinsor was a coHege librarian. This academic connection is the more striking when we remember that in pure literature the most noted writers to-day have mostly come up outside university precincts and are little associated with college life. Some reasons for the taking up of formal history by college men are ob- vious; sinre the scientific basis of history has become recognized, history is D xliii ISTORICAL WRITERS mor likely to be undertaken by those who have had a scientific training and a scientific opportunity. From the other direction, the publication of an excellent history often leads to a call which for the rest of a man's daYd connects him with some college; thus )IcMaster's first volume led to his transference írom an instructorship in mathematics to a professorship in American history. It has become a tradition that the university professor of history ought to have part of his time for literary duties, and he often has the use of superior libraries. Perhaps the best explanation is simply that preparation for classes and preparation for publication run on all fours with each other; and the enthusiasms of both pursuits are alike. All explanations, however, fail to account for the fact that among the many American teachers of ancient, mediæval, continental, and English history, hardly a single one is at work on a magnum opus in his own field; so far, text-books, brief histories, or an account of an episode, are all that have been exhibited. '\Vhile Doyle and Lecky and Trevelyan place them- selves among the best writers on American affairs, what American professor has undertaken a history of England, or of any part of it, as a life-long task? The few considerable pieces of such work do not come from the universities at all: Henry C. Lea is a publisher; Hannis rraylor's England, James Breck Perkins's France, Tom Watson's bizarre France, a kind of etherealized Georgia, are written by hard-working lawyers or politicians; '\Villiam R. rrhayer has made Italian history his theme, and Professor Charles :U. Andrews is author of a history of modern Europe; while Professor Sloane's best-known work is his Napoleon ,; they alone of American historians of Europe arc in close touch with universities. Two remarkable exceptions must be noted to the general rule, that the more noted living writers of history are given up to American history. Captain J\fahan has so far chosen. to write chiefly on the naval history of Great Britain; but aside from the interest of the trained naval officer in that country which has taught the world most about fighting at sea, he has really in mind a principle of national polity which he thinks hi countrymen ought to keep ill mind he is nn American writing for the instruction, first of all, of America, and then of all mankind. Henry C. Lea, in his Ftudi s of eccle- siasticism. and especially in his IJislory of the Inquisition, has shown a rare cosmopolitan spirit. In general it iF safe to say that the chief interC'st of American historical writers is in the affairs of their own country, and almost all the living writers give themFelves up to a distinct and limited area. Perhaps no competent f'dwlar will ever write a complete history of America from the sources; the last attempt was ,\Yinsor'B. and he was unable, even by his skilful use of the co-operative method, to get much be .ond the beginning of the nineteenth xliv mSTORICAL WRITERS century. Each man now assumes that he may begin on the foundations laid by somebody el e. John Fiske has, in his own method, traversed the ground of Bancroft and Hildreth, to the adoption of the Constitution. Edward Eggleston has chosen the era of commonwealth building. James Schouler has written a history in six volumes, extending from the end of the Revolu- tion to the end of the Civil \Var. Professor Ic:Master has chosen the same l,eginning, and appears to look forward to about the same date for his end. Hhodes has ehm.,en to begin at 1850, long enough before the Civil War, so that he may make plain the reason for that titanic struggle, and he expects to bring the work down to a point near the present day. Henry Adams chose the sixteen years, 1801-]817, from the inauguration of Jefferson to the end of :Madison's administration, and having finished that period has apparently abandoned further historical writing. No attempt has been made in this articJe to enumerate all the good writers in or on Americ.a, for the aim is to describe tendencies and not men; and prophecies as to what is to be accomplished by the fledglings would only cause distrust in the prophet's judgment. It is, however, safe to say that, through a long process of development, in which the recorders of history and the critics of historical events have united to bring together a vast body of materials, we have now reached a point where there is a permanent body of active, highly trained, ambitious writers of history who, with the aid of the monographcrs, the patient earth-worms who prepare soil to bear fruit, constitute what may not unreasonably be called the American School of His- torical .Writing. One of the leading spirits in this favored present was the late John Fiske. Gibbon is like the march of an army; legion after legion, cohort after cohort, trumpets faniaring at regular intervals, horses cavalcading, all glowing in shining armor; perhaps Fiske might be compared to a holiday procession, men singers and women singer , both young men and maidens, flutes, harps, and psalteries, and children dancing in the rear. There is a wholesome, sunny serenity about his yolumes; he does not go very deeply into the 1Velt- schmerz, but he tells the story so that he who runs may read. His books are the books of the prosperous man, who likes to see the evidence of hpalthy growth in hig country. Pprhaps illu tration may 1)e clearer than statement on this point. Five living writers of American history stand out plainly as the present heads of their craft: Herman von Holst, Henry _\.dams, Henry C. I...Iea, Alfred T. !\Iahan, and James Pord Rhodes; what they do is the best that is now being done. Von Holst has finished his Ianor of thirty years, on what is substantially a history of the slavery contest from 1828 to 18GO. He fights the Lattle JiJv HISTORICAL WRITERS over again, for he loves intensity. His chief service has been to bring home to Americans the inevitableness of a contest, after the traditional principles of free government were so violently contradicted by slavery. A good hater, a powerful hitter, Von Holst has done much to hreak in pieces the con- ventional apotheosis of our public men, and to lead us to see the real elements of the Civil \Var. H nry Adams seems to have given up historical writing; a man of in dependent fortune, he likes to diverge around the world and to give sage advice to young politicians. He need never put pen to paper again in order to assure his reputation as one of the world's great historical narrators. It is his forte to be at the same time scientific, careful, and imaginative, to penetrate the intricacies of complex characters, to seize the spirit of bygonf' times; his is the study of motive, the discerning of guiding principles of national character. He has almost a lordly disregard of his own foot-notes; he gives a reference, not because he feels the need of a backer, but because he has o many reserves that he may give them or withhold them as he pleases. His style, less absorbing than Parkman's, is equally limpid, almost equally effective. Henry C. Lea has chosen a theme apparently remote from our participa- tion: his three great works are histories of the monastic orders, of torture, and of the Inquisition. Steady, sane, infinitely painstaking, resolute, and impartial, he is a model of the careful haùits of the business man applied to the ascertaining of historical truth; his books are intere8ting, they are just, they are permanent. In interest of subject, in insight of investigation, in the power to reach and state conclusions, and in style, he stands among the best of American historical writers, and exemplifies the value of the study of other peoples and their civilization. Captain Mahan is the only American military or naval officer to win dis- tinction as an historical writer. His theme in all his books is the Sea rower, the strength of the naval country: to impress that power on the reader h(' masses his argument and illu trations; and he has carried the world; he has altered the purposes of mankind. Rhodes i8 the latest knight to besiege the enchanted castle of literary fame, and he is the only one of the four who reveals the intellectual forces that lie outside the colleges; only a short time a college student, never a college teach('r, brought up to business in a bustling \Vestern cit}" he has wooed both Lady Fortune and the mlls(' of history, and both have smiled upon him. ITi8 most characteristic mf'rits are his care, his impartiality, his clear and read- able style, and, ahove all, his aùility to discover the ruling motives of a people in a time of paf: ionate stress. 'fhe impression made upon the observer of historical writing is hopeful. xlvi HISTORICAL WRITERS Our greateBt historian, Parkman: lives only in his imperishable books; but leaving him out, there has never been an American historian equal to the best living writers in training, in conception of what historical research means, in discrimination, in insight, or in genuine historical style. Where are the poets to replace I..owell and Longfellow and Whittier? "'here are the es- sayists to equall merson? \Vhere the novelists to measure height with Haw- thorne? Yet in historical writing the authors of the golden age give way to the present American School in popularity among readers, and in usefulness to scholars; and perhaps some day a new generation of authors may arise to whom the historians of this quartf'r-century will give God-speed. : , I. HARPERS' ENCYCLOP ÆDIA OF UN ITED ST A TES HISTORY A. AI, a symbol used in the record of reports induced the United States govern- American and fmeign shipping and in ment to establish a weatl}er bureau. He Lloyd's Register of British and Forp;gn was appointed meteorologist to the UNITED Hhipping, in rating vessels for insurance. STATES SIGNAL SERVICE (q. v.) in 1871, Al is the highest. Hence Al is used of and in 1879 became meteorologist to the the highest mercantile credit, and, collo- UNITED STATES \VEATIIER BUREAU (q. v.). quially, Al is first-class, first-rate. Abbett, LEOY, statesman; born in A. B. Plot. See page 11. Philadelphia, Pa., Oct. 8, 18: 6; removed Abbadie, 1\1. D', ro 'al governor; born to New Jersey in 1859; member of the about 1710; came to America in I7G3 to State Assembly 18G9-70, and Senate take charge of a vat'iety of bURiness inter- 1875-78; elected governor of New Jersey, e<;ts that King Louis XV. had established 1883 and 1889; appointed judge of the in New Orleans, and also to exercise the ew Jersey Supreme Court in 1893. He authority of military commander of the died in Jersey City, Dec. 4, IS94. province. Owing to the sale of Louisiana Abbey, EDWIN AUSTIN, painter; born to Spain, he was directed in 1764 to turn in Philadelphia, April 1, 1852; was edu- over his command to a Spanish official. cated at the Philadelphia Academy of Fine He was a man of noble impulses, had pro- Al.ts, and in 1871 entered the publish- tl'cted the Indians, caused the masters to ing house of Harper & Brothers, for which treat their slaves more kindly, and in he went to England in lR7S. He became many ways had endeared himself to the widely noted for his book illustrations, people of the province. The surrender of and in 1890 exhibited his fit'st painting, his command to those whom he regardt'd A. .1lay Day JI01'ning. He was elected a as enemies grieved him so seriously that member of the Royal Aeadf'I11Y in 1898, of he dif'd Feb. 4, '7t;5. See LOUISIANA; the Royal Water Color Hocif'ty in London, XI<:W ORLEANS. amI of the National Acadf'my of Design in Abbe, CLEVELAND, metf'orologist; horn 190 . He was an American juror on in New York, Dec. 3, 1838. He was grad- painting at the Paris E-xposition of 1900. uated at the Col1ege of the City of Kew The last of his notable works in the York in 18;)7; studied astronomy with rnited tates was the design of a series Hrunnow at Ann Arbor, Mich., and with of paintings iHustrating the Holy Grail GouJd at Camhridge, Mass.; and, after for the walls of the new Public Library sf'rving four years in the Pnitf'd tates in Roston, [n March. I!IIH. he was eom- f'oa;;;t and Geodetic urvev, he hf'eame missionI'd by King Edward Y[I. to paint director of the Cincinnati Obsernltory Ow s(,f'ne of his coronation in \Vestmin- in 1868. The value of his local Wf'aUII'r stf'r Abbey. I.-A 1 ABBOT-ABBOTT Abbot, BENJAMIN, educator; born, liü2. He was graduated at Harvard in 1788. Phillips Academy, Exeter, N. H., was conducted by him until 1838. Among his pupils were George Rancroft, Lewis Cass, Edward Everett, John G. Palfry, Jared Sparks, and Daniel Webster. He died in ] xeter, N. H., Oct. 25, 184H. Abbot, EZRA, theologian; born in Jack- son, Me., April 28, 1819. He was gradu- ated at Bowdoin College in 1840, became as ociate librarian at Harvard College in 1836, and from 1872 till his death was Professor of New Testament Literature and Interpretation at the Cambridge Divinity School. He was a member of the American Committee of New Testa- ment Revisers, was one of the editors of the American edition of Smith's Bible Dic- tionary, and published numerous works in Biblical criticism. He was especiallydistin- guished in the line of Greek scholarshi p. He died in Cambridge, Mass., larch 21, 1884. Abbot, HENRY LARC01>I, military en- gineer j born in Heverly, Mass., Aug. 13, 1831. He was graduated at the United States Military Academy in 1854, entered the Corps of Engineers, in which he I'cac'hed the rank of colonel, and was re- tired in 18 )5. In the Civil War he com- manded the siege artillery of the armies operating against Richmond, designed the systems of submarine mine defences and of mortar batteries for the government, and was brevetted major-general of volun- teers and brigadier-general U. S. A. After Jlistions between but to our moral support. The United Great TIritain and the United States. It States is quite as much interested as Eng- is for this reason I urge the establishment 12nd in the opening of trade with China, 5 ABBOTT, LYMAN if not even .plore interested. Our western sea-coast is as yet undeveloped; our eastern trade is yet in its infancy. When the un- numbered millions of China shall wake up, when they shall begin to feel the vivifying influence of civilization, when they begin to demand railroads and telegraphs, bicy- cles and buggies, elevators and electric lights, cars for their streets, mills for their water-courses, agricultural implements for their farms, carpets for their floors, pianos and cabinet organs for their boys and girls, -in short, the conveniences and comforts of modern civilization for their awakening population, it will be alike our interest, our right, and our duty to have a free op- portunity to share in the work of provid- ing them with this equipment of a higher life. What is so evident respecting China that the dullest of vision may see it, is equally, though as yet less evidently, true of other great unreached populations. The United States is only less interested than Great Britain in the larger life of India; and in the civilization of Africa, which still seems remote, but not so remote as it did before the travels of Livingstone and Stanley, and which, when it comes, will add a new incentive to the fruitful industry of our mills, as well as of English mills, if we are wise in our statesmanship to forecast the future and to provide for it. If England and America join hands in a generous rivalry, they can lead the world commercialJy. On that road lies our highway to national prosperity. 2. PolitiC"al advantages as well as ('om- mercial advantages call on us to establish and maintain a good understanding with Great Britain, and to be ready to formu- late that good understanding in a more definite alliance whenever the occasion shall arise which necessitates it. The Cuban revolution and the consequent em- broglio with Spain, threatening as I write to break out any hour into war, illustrate thE' difficulty of avoiding altogether col- lisions with foreign powers. This is the most pressing and immediate illustration. but not the onlv one. \Ve have interests in Turkey which have been strangely dis- regarded, though not overlooked. Ameri- can property has been destroyed, the peací' of American citizens disturbed and their lives threatened. Turkey is far away, and it has been difficult, perhaps impossible. 6 so to press our claims upon the Porte as to secure satisfaction for the outrages per- petrated with its connivance, if not by its authority. The injuries to our commerce inflicted by Algel'ine pirates, our long en- durance of those injuries, and our final naval warfare against the marine ma-raud- ers, are matters of familiar American ldstory. With Americans not only travel- ling everywhere on the globe, but settling and engaging in business wherever there is business to be done, no one can foresee when an international complication may arise, involving strained relations between ourselves and some other nationality. It would be no small ad vantage under such circumstances to have established such re- 13tions with Great Britain that she would be our natural friend, would give to us her moral support, and would, perhaps, in case of exigency, lend support that would be more than moral. I am not considering in this article the practicability of such a relationship. I do not stop to discuss the question whether Great Britain would be likely to enter into it with us, or whether we should be likely to enter into it with Great Britain. \Vriting for American, not for English, readers, I do not attempt to point out the advantages to Great Britain as well as to ourselves. :My object is simply to show that there would be a real, a tangible, a practical advantage, one that can be measured in dollars and cents, in the establishment of such relationship be- tween these two great Anglo-Saxon com- munities, that they would be recognized by the civilized world as standing together in amity, making a common cause, not against the rest of the world, but in favor of one principle to which they are alike committed, and in which they are alike interested-the principle expressed by the one word, liberty. It may be assumed that the United States will never desire to encroach upon the territory of any European power; that, if it comes into the peril of war, it will be 110t through its desire to colonize on uncivilized territory. nor its desire to seize upon some fragment of civilized territory belonging to another nation, but from its passion for liberty; a passion sometimes exhibited in strong national sympathy for a struggling people such as the Cubans, sometimes in the strong determination to ABBOTT, LYMAN preserve the liberty of our own people, as in our war against the Algerine pirates. If England and America were thus to stand together for liberty it would be diffi- cult to form a combination which could withstand them so long as they were moderate, just, and rational in their de- mands. 3. Both the commercial and the political advantages of such a good understanding, growing into a formal alliance a.s is here suggested, are dependent upon the moral advantage to the world which would grow out of it. It is true that in a sense the United States is neither a Christian nor an Anglo-Saxon nation. It is not officially Christian, if thereby is meant a nation which ghes political or financial advan- tage to one religion or another. It is not Anglo-Saxon, if thereby is meant a nation which sets itself to confer political power upon one race over another. But though it is officiaJIy neither Christian nor Anglo- Saxon, it is practicaHy both. Its ethical standards are not those of Mohammedan- ism or Confucianism, but those of Chris- tianity. Its ruling force in the country, educational, political, and, on the whole, commercial, is not Celtic, nor Sclavic, nor Semitic, nor African, nor Mongolian, but Anglo-Saxon. Thus in its religious spirit, though not altogether in its religious in- stitutions, in its pra.ctical leadership, though not in the constituent elements of its population. and in its national history and the gc>nesis of its political institu- tions, the United States is of kin to Great Britain. The two represent the same es- sential political ideals; they are both democratic; they both represent the same et hical ideals; they are Christian; and they both represent the same race leader- f'hip; they are Anglo-Saxon. In so far as their conjoint influence dominates the world, it wiII carry with it a tendency towards libertyin the political institutions organi7ed, a tendency towards Christianity in the ethical spirit of the society created, and a tendency towards that energy, that intelligence, and that thrift which are the characteristics of the Anglo-Saxon race in the ]ife promoted. It is from the combina- tion of these three elements in society- pelitical liberty, Christian ethics, Anglo- Sa"'Con energ-y-that what we call civiliza- tion proceeds. And it is out of thif'; civ- ilization thus inspired by Anglo-Saxon energy, thus controlled by Christian ethics, and thus given opportunity for growth by political liberty that industrial prosper- ity, commercial wealth, and human earthly well-being are founded. Thus the moral ad- vantages of such a good understanding be- tween Great Britain and the United States as is here suggested are more important than the commercial and political advan- tages. because the commercial and politi- cal advantages are dependent upon the moral. It is indeed impossible to separate them, except in statements and for the convenience of clear thinking. Great Britain and the United States cannot com- bine to promote the commercial prosperity of either nation, or the political protection of the citizens of either in communities less free than their own, except as they combine to promote that world civilization which is founded on political liberty, Christian ethics, and Anglo-Saxon energy. Let Great Britain and the United States work together for the world's civilization, and, on the one hand, no reactionary forces can withstand their combined influence; and on the other, no imagination can esti- mate the pecuniary and the political ad- vantages, first to these two nations, and next to the whole world, which would come from such a combination. \Vhoever in either country sows discord between the two is, whether he knows it or not, the political and commercial enemy of both countries, and the enemy of the world's civilization. Thus far I have suggested only" a good uJlderstanding," because this is immedi- ately practicable, yet I have in my imagi- nation an ideal towards which such a good understanding might tend, but which would far transcend anything suggested by that somewhat vague phrase. Let us suppose, then, that Great Britain and the United States Were to enter into an alli- ance involving these three elements: first. absolute reciprocity of trade; second, a tribunal to which should be referred for settlement, as a matter of course, all questions arising between the two na- tions, as now all questions arising between the various States of this Union are referred to the Supreme Court of the United States; third, a mutual pledge that an assault on one 7 ABENAKES-ABERT sllOuld be regarded as an assault on both, army; was made major-general in 1756, so that as towards other nations these iwo lieutenant-general in 1759, and general in would be united as the various States of 1772. He came to America in 17.36, where this Union stand united towards an other he held the chief militarv command until States. Such an alliance would include the arrival of Lord Loudoun. After the not only our own country and the British departure of that officer, Abercrombie re- Isles, but all the colonies and dependencies sumed tIle command. In July, 1758, he of Great Britain-Canada, Australasia, attacked TICO DEROGA (q. v.) with a large nd in time such provinces in Asia and force, but was repulsed with a loss of Africa as are under British domination about 2,000 men. He was succl'eded by and administration. It would unite in the General Amherst in Septemher following; furtherance of a Christian civilization all returned to England in 1759, and became the Anglo-Saxon peoples, and all the peo- a member of Parliament, wherein he ad- pIes acting under the guidance and con- ,ocated the obnoxious measures that led troJJing influence of Anglo-Saxon leaders. to the War of the Revolution in 1775. It would gradual1y draw into itself other He died April 28, 1781, while Governor of peoples of like minds though of foreign Stirling Castle. race, such as, in the far East, the people Abercrombie, JAMES, military officer; of .Tapan. It would create a new con- son of Gen. James Abercrombie. He federation based on principles and ideas, }.ad served on the statT of General Am- not on tradition, and bounded by the pos- herst, in America, and was commissioned sibilities of human development, not by a lieutenant in the British army in :;\[arch, eographical lines. It would give a new li70. While leading the British Grena- significance to the motto "E Plurihus diers in the battle of Dunker (Breed) Hill, LTnum," and \\ould Cloeate a new United June 17, 1775, he was mortally woundpd, States of the World. of which the Lnited dying in Boston on the 24th. See BUNKER States of America would be a component HILL. part. \\"ho can meaFure the advantage to Abercrombie, JOlIN JOSEI'll, military liberty, to democracy, to popular rights officer; born in Tennessee in 1802; was and popular intellig(>nce, to human graduated at the United States Mili- progress, to a frpe and practical Christian- tary Academy in 1822. Entering the 1st ity, which Sllch an aJJiance would bring Infantry, he was its adjutant from 1825 with it! Invincihle against enemies. il- to 1833. Serving in Florida and Mexi- limitahle in influence, at once inspirinq co, he was promoted to brevet lieu- and restraining each other, these two na- tenant-colonel for gallantry in the battle tions, embodying the energy, the enter- of l\lonterey, where he was severely wound- prise, and the conscience of the Anglo- edo He was commissioned lieutenant- Sa on race, would by the mere fact of colonel in May, 18.32, and colonel in Feb- their co-operation produce a result in ruary, IR61, and was brevetted brigadiu- human history which would suppress all g'pneral, U. S. A., March 13, 1865. In that present imagination can conceive or June following he retired. He was a brig- present hope anticipate. See ANGLO- adier-general of volunteers in the Civil AMERICAN LEAGUE. \Var, and commanded a hrigade in Patter- Abenakes, or Abnakis (" Men of the son's division on the Upper Potomac in Eastern T-and"), a group of ALGONQPIAN IR61. He was transferred to Dank's divi- (q. v.) tribes of Indians, orig-inally occu- sion in July. } arly in 1862 he joined the pying the territory now included within Army of the Potomac, and was slightly the State of Maine. They included the wounded in the ba ttle of FAIR OAKS (q. v.). Penobscot, Norridgewock, and Arosgunta- He died in Rosl 'n, N. Y., .Tan. 3, 187ï. cook families, and in the disturbances of Abert, JOliN JAMES, military engi- the day adherpd to the French, whose mis- neeI'; horn in Shepherdstown, Va., Sept. sionaries converted most of them to 27, I ì78: was graduat(>d at the Unit(>d Christianity. States [ilitary Academy in lRll; f100n Abercrombie, JAMES, military officer; afterwards refligned; studied law, and was born at Glassaugh, Scotland, in 1706. In admitted to the bar; served as a private 1746 he became a colonel in the British soldier in the defence of the national capi- S ABINGDON-ABOLITIONISTS tal in the War of 1812, and in 1814 was of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wis- re-appointed to the army as a topographi- consin, and part of Minnesota, was secured cal engineer, becoming chief of the corps by the Ordinance of 1787. In 1807, Con- in 1838. He was associated with the con- gress passed an act for the abolition of the struction of many of the early national slave-trade on Jan. 1, 1808. Slavery in works of engineering, and was one of the part of the Louisiana Purchase, including organizers of the National Institute of the present States of Iowa, Oregon, Kan- Science, which was merged into the sas, Nebraska, part of Colorado, and part S nTIISOXIA '" I STITUTION (q. v.). He of :Minnesota, was abolished by the Mls- died in \Y ashington, D. C., Dec. 27, 1863. SOURI CmlPRoMISE (q. v.), whose validity Abingdon, a town in 'Vashington was rejected by the Supreme Court (see county, Ya., 315 miles' southwest of Rich- DRED SCOTT DECISION) ; but the provision mond. It has valuable deposits of salt, for abolition was embodied in the consti iron, and gypsum, and is noted as being tutions of these States as they were the place from which the greater part of severally admitted. In course of time the salt used in the Southern States and gradual abolition took effect in the States the Confederate army during the Civil which had adopted it by statute, and in "'ar was obtained. Burbridge's division 1850 slavery as an institution had practi- of F;toncman's cavalry defeated the Con- cally disappeared from them. Slavery was federates under Echols, and captured the finally abolished from all the territory of town. Dec. 15, 1864. the United States by the Emancipation Abolition. During the early Jears of Proclamation of Prpsident Lincoln and the our national history, abolition was a de- adoption of the Thirteenth Amendment to sire rather than a purpose, and mo!'t the national Constitution, in 1863-65. humane and thinking men, Korth and See CONSTITUTION, NATIONAL; E1.IANCIPA- South, were abolitionists. Previous to TION PROCLAMATIONS. the meeting of the first Continental Con- Abolitionists. The first society estab- gress, in 1774, many of the colonies had liE,hed for promoting public sentiment in made protests against the further impor- favor of the abolition of slavery was tation of slaves, and at least two of them, formed in Philadelphia on April 14, 1775, Virginia and Massachusetts, had passed with Benjamin Franklin as president and l"csolutions abolishing the traffic. The Benjamin Rush as secretary. John Jay Quakers, or Society of Friends, had, since was the first president of a society for 1760, made ",lave-holding and slave-trading the same purpose formed in New York, a matter of church discipline. The 'Var Jan. 25, 1785, and called the" New York for Independence, and the adoption of the Manumission Society." The Society of Constitution, in 1787, which included the Friends, or Quakers, always opposed sla- compromise resolution that provided for very, and were a perpetual and active aho- the continuation of the slave-trade, by per- liUon sodety, presenting to the national mission, until 1808, caused very little Congress the first petition on the subject. cnange in the sentiment of the people, and OtJwr abolition societies followed-in all hoped that in some way, not yet Rhode J sland in 1786, in MarJland in 178!), imagined, the gradual and peaceful aboli- in Connecticut in 1790, in Virginia in 1791, tion of slavery would be accomplished. and in N"ew Jersey in 1792. These societies In 1777, Vermont, not yet admitted to held annual conventions, and their opera- the Union, formed a State constitution tions were viewed by the more humane abolishing slavery. Like constitutions slave-holders with fjome favor, 8ince they were adopted by Massachusetts, including aimed at nothing practical or troublesome, Maine, in 1780. and by Xew Hampshire in except petitions to Congress, and sprved as 1783. Gradual abolition was secllrpd bv a moral palliative to the continuance of statute in Pennsylvania in 1780, in Rhod'e the practice. The aholition of the African Island and Connecticut in 1784, in Kew slave-trad(" by Great Britain in 1807, and York in 17!)!}, and in New Jersey in 1804. by the United States in 1808, came as a Aholition of slavery in the Northwest Ter- great relief to the abolition societies, ritory, north of the Ohio and east of the whi{'h had grown discouraged by the evi- Mississippi, including the present States dent impossibility of effecting anything in fI ABOLITIONISTS the South, and were now ready to accept from Wilberforce, Zachary ::-.racaulay, Dan- this success as the Hmit of possibility for iel O'Connell, and other English abolition- the present. In 1801, Thomas Jefferson ists,a condemnation of the colonizationists. and Gov. James Monroe, of Virginia, In December, 1833, the American Anti-Sla- had considerable correspondence on the very Society was organized, in Philadel- subject of colonizing free blacks outside phia, by an abolition convention of which of the country. In the autumn of 1816, a l3eriah Green was president and Lewis society for this purpose was organized in Tappan and John G. Whittier secretaries. Princeton, N. J. The Yirginia Legislat- I.'rom this time the question became of ure commended the matter to the govern- national importance. Ablt." and earnt."st n-.ent, and in December, 1816, the "Ka- men, such as \Veld, J\Iay, and Phillips, tional Colonization Society" met in \Vash- journeyed through the Korthern States ington. Its object was to encourage eman- as the agents of the Kational Society, clpation by procuring a place outside of founding Rtate branches and everywhere the United States, preferably in Africa, to lecturing on aboHtion, and were often met which free negroes could be aided in em i- b ' mob violence. In Connecticut, in 1833, grating. Its indirect object was to rid the Miss Prudence Crandall, of Canterbury, South of the free black population, which opened her school for negro girls. The had already become a nuisance. Its Legislature, by act of May 24, 1833, for- branches spread into almost every State, bade the establishment of such schools, and for fourteen years its organization and imprisoned Miss Crandall. Being set \\ as warmly furthered by every phil an- at liberty, she was ostracized by her neigh- thropist in the outh as well as in the bors and her school broken up. For a Korth. It is noteworthy that, though the year George Thomson, who had done much sûcit."ty made no real attack upon slavery, to secure British emancipation in the a an institution, nearly every person, "-est Indips, lectured throughout the noted after 1831 as an abolitionist, was be- North. H(' was mobbed in Boston, and fore that year a colonizationist. At first escaped from the country in disguise, in free negroes were sent to the British col- November, IS35. On Nov. 7, IS37, ELIJAH ony of Sierra Leone. In 1820, the society P. LOVEJOY (q. v.), a Presbyterian minis- hied and became dissatisfied with Sher- tel', who had estahlished an abolition news- brook bland, and on Dec. 15, IS21, a per- paper in AIton, Ill., was mobbed and shot manent location was purchased at Cape to death. These occurrences did not cease Uesurado. In IS.!7. the colony declared it- entirely until the beginning of the Civil s If an independent republic under the \Var, in 1861. In the South rewards were name of IjIBERIA (g. v.), its capital being otlered for the capture of prominent abo- Monrovia. litionists, and a suspension of commercial It was in IS30 that the abolitionist move- intHcourse was threatened. The Southern ment proper bpgan. In 1829-30, William States objected to the use of the mails Ijloyd Garrison engaged with Benjamin for the circulation of anti-slavery litera- Lundy in publishing The Genius of Uni- ture. A bill forbidding such use was rcrsal Emancipation, in Baltimore. Gar- voted on in Congress, but lost, and in its rison's first efforts were directed against stead the care of abolition documents was the Colonization Society and graùual abo- Ipft, with final success, to the postmasters lition. He insisted on the use of every and the States. 'l'he Garrisonian abo/i- means at all times towards abolition with- tionists were always radical. They criti- <,ut rt."gard to the wisht."s of slave-owners. cised the Church, condemned the Consti- The effects were almost immediately ap- tution, refused to vote, and woman's parent. Abolition. with its new elements rights, free lo\'e, community of property, of effort and intention, was no longer a and all sorts of noyel social ideas were doctrine to be quietly and beni antly dis- espoused by them. In 1838J.he political cussed by slave-owners. On Jan. I, IS31, abolitionists. including Birney, the Tap- Garrison began publishing The Liberator, pans, Gerrit Smith. Whittier, Judge Jay, in Boston; the New England Anti-Slavery F.dward Beecher, Thomas Morris, and Society was formed Jan. I, IS 2; in 1833 others seceded, and in IR40 organi2:ed Garrison vi!'ited F.ngland, and secured thc American and Foreign Anti-Slavery 10 ABOVILLE-ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Society, and under this name prosecuted ford. After the committee had exonerated their work with more success than the t.he Secretary, "Ir. Edwards was recalled original society. In 1839-40 the LIBERTY to substantiate his charges, but failed to PARTY (q. v.) was formed, and in the do so. This episode became known as the Presidential election of 1844 Birney and A. B. Plot. Morris received 62,300 votes, most of which Abraham, HEIGHTS OR PLAINS OF, near would have gone to Clay, and thus made Quebec, named from Abraham )Ia.rtin, possible the election of Polk, the annexation who owned a piece of land there in the of Texas, and the addition of an immense early times of the colony. On this plateau amount of slave territory to the United was fought a battle between French and States. In the next two Presidential elec- English, Sept. 13, ] 759, gaining Canada tions the abolitionists voted with the FREE- for the English. Both commanders, Mont- SOIL PARTY (q. v.), and after 1856 with the calm and Wolfe, were killed, the latter at Eepublicans, though rather as a.n auxiliary the moment of victory. See CANADA; than as an integral part of the party. MONTCAJ.l\I DE ST. VÊRAN; 'VOLFE, JAMES. During the period 1850-60 the most active Academy of Arts and Sciences, exertions of the abolitionists were cen- AMERICAN, an organization founded in tred in a!mpt to plant a settlement there was by Acadians because they were helpless in De :Monts, in 1604, who obtained a charter their lack of knowledge of English laws, from the King of France for making set- and they were continually robhpd of their tJements and carrying on trade. In that rig-hts and property by English officials. dlarter it is called Cadié, and by the early Wa any of their prop<"rty demanded for s(.ttlers it was known as L'Acadié. A set- the public service, they were "not to be tJement was made at a place named Port hargained with for payment"; so the Hoyal (now Annapolis), by Poutrincourt, orders ran. Under various pretences they a bosom friend of De Monts, but it was "ere continually shorn, yet they meekly broken up in 1613, by Argall, from Vir- submitted to the tyranny of their masters. ginia. These French emigrants built cot- The English offic('rs were authorized to tages sixteen years before the Pilgrims punish Acadians for what they might deem landed on the shores of New England. misbehavior, at their discretion. and, if When English people came, antagonisms nritish troops should be annoycd by them, arising from difference of religion and they might inflict vengean('e on the nearest nationality appeared, and. after repeated Acadians" whether guilty or not." Final- struggles between the English and French ly, pprsuaded by the Frpnch government for the possession of Acadia, it was ceded and their priests, the A('adians ahandoned to Great Britain by the treaty of Utrecht nearly all the peninsula, amI settled them- in 1713. But for many years not a dozen selves in a fertile region on the isthmus be- }:nglish families were seen there. The de- tween the northern extremity of the nay of scendants of the early French settlers oc- Fundy and Northumberland Strait. The cupied the land, and were a peaceable, o"ject of the movement was to make them pastoral people, who never engaged in the form a barrier againi"t the enproa('hmpnts forays of the French and Indians along of the English. Thpr<" the French huilt the New England frontiers. They were two forts, the principal of wl1ich was Reau attaphed to their fatherland and their Rf.jour, on the Hay of Fundy, wl]('re the religion, and they refused to fight against isthmus is only 15 milps wide. In .TtIllP, the former or abjure the latter. This at- 171):"j. a land and naval armament came titude was accorded to them by solemn from Roo;;ton. landed at the head of the agreements, and they were known as nay of Fundy, captured the forts. and "French Keutrals." They were happy in took military possession of the country of thpir neutrality, and in their isolation the Fren('h Nputrals. The Frpnch solðiers Uley formed one great and 100'ing family. w('re spnt to Louishurg, and the Acadian I'ure in morals, pious without bigotry, who had been forcpd into the French ser- honpst, industrious, and frugal, th('y pre- vice were g-rantpd an amnesty. They read- s<,nted an outline picture of Utopia. ily took an oath of allegiance, exppcted \Vhen New-Englanders began to coloniz<" forbparance, and went on quietly cultivat- Nova Scotia vigorously, their priests. fired ing their land. Hut the exasppration of with zeal for the Church, disturbed their the people of New England. hecause of the repose hy dread of "heretics" and warn- horrible forays of the Frpnph amI T ndian!õl ings not to take the oath of allegiance to on their frontiers, had to he apppaspd, and 12 ACADIA nngeance was inflicted upon these in no- ing hymns, while on each side of the sad cent people. It was resolved to banish the procession was a row of women and chil- }'ren(h Neutrals from their country. dren on their knees, imploring blessings Governor Shirley had proposed it years upon the heads of dear ones. They were before, in order to supply their place with all finally distributed in the various Eng- Protestants; and the British government ]ish colonies. Many families, separated had promoted emigration thither, that a at the outset by the cruel arrangements strong admixture of Protestants might for their transportation, were never re- neutralize the efforts of the priests to united; and for a long time the colonial make the Acadians disloyal. Now Shir- newspapers contained advertisements seek- ley's scheme was adopted, and General ing information about fragments of dis- \Yinslow, who commanded the invaders, membered families. They were dropped was made the encutor of it. along the shores of the English colonies, It was beliend by the English that if from the Penobscot to the Savannah, with- the Acadians were permitted to go to out resources, and ignorant of the lan- Canada or Cape Breton, they would thus guage of the people among whom they were strengthen the enemies of the English; thrust, excepting in South Carolina, where to distrihute them would destroy their the Huguenot families treated them with strength and prevent attempts to return. great kindness. They abhorred the alms- To accompJi h this, a disgraceful artifice house and dreaded service in English was employed. The EngJi h authorities families. They yearned intensely for their i sued a proclamation, ordering" both old native land and kindred in language and and young men. as wen as an the lads of religion. Many wandered through the ten years of age," to as'ìemble on Rppt. 5, forests to Canada and Louisiana-men, 1755, at def'ig71ated places. They obeyed. women, and children-sheltered in bush- The proceedings at one place afford a fair camps and kindly cared for by the Indians, picture of those at all others. At Grand- that they might rest under French do- J'r(i, 418 unarmed men and youths were minion. Some families went to sea in s emhled. and marched into the church. open boats, to find their way back to There General \Yinslow told them they Acadia; and, coasting along the shores of had been caned together to hear the de- New England, were there met by orders cision of the King of England in regard to from Nova Scotia to stop all returning the .French inhahitants of the province. fugitives. Many touching stories of par "Your lanrls and tenpments," he said. ents seeking their children. hushamls their "cattle of all kinds. and live-stoC'k of all wives, and lo\'ers their aflbnccd han been sorts. are forfeited to the crown, and 'ou. related. It is a sad, sad story of man's yourselves. are to be remo\-pd from this inhumanity to man. 11Ïs provin('e. I am. through his Iajest.r's Even in their bitter exile the Acadians goodness. directed to allow you liberty to were subjected to the hatred and cruelty carry off -our money and household goods, of English officials. 'Yhen LORD LOUDOUN as many as you can. without discommod- (q. t'.) was commander-in-chief in Amer- ing thp ypssel you (!o in. You are now ita. some of the Acadians settled in Penn- the ](irlfl'!OI prisorrers." sylvania ventured to address a respectful Evpry h01Is(>hold in Gnmrl-Prt'> was fillpd pptition to him. ÜffemlC'd hC'cause the with c nstermltion. At G1"anrl.Pr alone docnment was in the French language, the 1.!)2 mpn, WOIll(>n. find f'hilòrcn were driv- Earl seized five of the leading men who en on board British "NIseI!' at the point signed the pptition. and who had heen per- of the bayonet. Fully 2.000 werp thus sons of wealth and distinction in Acadia, expelled from U\('ir homes in AC'adia. The and sent them to England. with a request mf>n and boys a semhled at the church that, to pre\-ent their being troublesome wpnt first;' the sisters. wives. and in the future, they should be consigned to daughters had to wait for ot1lpr trans- hard service as common sailors in the ports. They marched from the church to royal na\"y. The King seems to have ap- the water's edge. some in sullen despair, prond the measure: and the Lords of others with hanòs clasppd and eyeR uplift- Trade, when the desolation of Acadia "as ed, pra -ing and weeping, and others sing- made complete, congratulated the profligate 13 ACCAULT-ACLAND monarch that the zeal of the governor of Kova Scotia, who had driven them away, had been "crowned with entire success." Exquisitely cruel was the treatment these poor people received at the hands of their conquerors. The method employed to le- gally dispossess the Acadians of their cov- eted lands was most disgraceful. They had taken the oath of allegiance, but refused to take an oath that they would bear arms against the French if required, and prac- tically abjure their religion. Exemption from this had been solemnly promised them. The governor of Nova Scotia re- ferred the matter to the chief-justice of the province as a technical question in law, whether one who refuses to take all required oaths could hold lands in the British dominions. The chief-justice de- cided against the Acadians, and it was determined to take their lands away from them and distribute them among the Eng- lish colonists. The French government asked Ipave for tIle Acadians to take with them their effects and to settle where they chose. "1\"0," replied their masters, " they are too useful subjects to be lost; we must enrich our colonies with them." Unfort- unately for the poor people, some of their best men presented a petition to the gov- ernor at Halifax. He would not receive it, and demand(>d that they should imme- diately take the oaths required before the council. "'Ye wilJ do as Our people may determine," they meekly replied, and asked permission to return home and consult them. The next day, perceiving the peril- ous position of their people, they offered to take the 03 ths. "By a law of the r('alm," said the governor, "Roman Cath- oJics who have once refused to take the oaths cannot be permitted to do so after- wards, and are considered Popish recu- sants!' Thcy were cast into prison. and the chief-justice dpddpd that alJ the Frpnch inhahihmts-hundreds of inno('('nt iamiJies who were ignorant of all th(' e pro('eedings-were "rebels and Popish re- cusants," and stood in the way of " Eng- ]i h interests" in the country, amI that they had forfeitf'd all th(>ir p ssessions to tJle crown. So thpir doom was s<,aJed. See Longfellow's Et"angdine. Accault, MICHAEL. explorer; was with I,a SalJe when the latter discovered the was with Burgoyne in his invasion of Mississippi River. Later, with l.ons JlorU)('rn Kew York in 1777, and at the 14 HENNEPIN (q. v.), in the summer of !Gi9, he was sent by La Salle to explore the sources of the .Mississippi. They went up the river as far the Fans of St. Anthony, where they were captured by Indians, but were rescued by Daniel Duluth, a French officer. In a few months they succe('ded in reaching the trading- Etation at Green Bay. Acerraderos, a to\\'n in the province of Santiago, Cuba, on the Cariblw3n 8<'3, a few miles west of the entrance to the har- bor of Santiago. It was here that Gen(>ral Oarcia, the commander of the Cuban army, established his camp just before the opening of the Santiago campai:-.rn in ums. The United States fleet arrived off Santiago on June 21, and as soon as pos- sible General Rhafter and Admiral Samp- son went ashore and arranged with Gen- eral Garcia for the co-operation of the Cu bans under his command. The land- ing of the United States troops and the operations of the American army from that time till tl\(> surrender of Santiago were greatly facilitated by General Garcia and his army. See DAIQrIRI. Acland, JOliN DYKE, military officer; / . \ .oS''' -::::::..., --....:: -=:::: -..... "- 'o- - . ,,,- '------. - " - -A'\: ... .,....... . \ > .."A' . ... I' .:' "','" * ..:' . :_ _: fJ -. / \ "" - -,; ..... -. Jt .f - ,"'II.. .'- / I t: I ø . {ìf!l .Vt'" , - - ./ --- 1]..:0 ;2:3 :::: / :;, fi'T MAJ. JOHN DYKE ACLAND. ACQUIA CREEK-ACQUISITION OF T RRITORY """ '71 .i' 7" I ..... i _ = ==-: t / / ff-: I ;' -:. , S:::::.-- It /" ñ ,I \ ' "" ' >'/ /r æ:/ Ii ß \ \\ . ' . '" (1 f(; v ll". . .,., r .%1 W/ , , f j ll \";:- \ . . . ' , / ;_ tI lv" II," .''''''' \ / V 1//1; ih , CHKISTIYA HARRIET ACLA:\IJ. Eame time he was a member of Parlia- ment. In the battle of Saratoga (Oct. 7, 1777) he was seyerely wounded-shot through the legs-and made a prisoner. Taken to the American headquarters on Bemis's Heights, his devoted wife, Lady Harriet, was pennitted to }Jass through the lines and attend him. She was kindly }"( ceived and treated by the American officers, and their bcaring towards their woundcd prisoners excited the major's gratitude and warm esteem. After his return to England he was provoked to give the lie direct to Lieutenant Lloyd, at a dinner-party, because the latter cast as- persions upon the Americans. A duel en- sued on Bampton Downs. The major was unhurt, but a se\'ere cold. which he con- tracted at the time of the duel, culmi- nated in a fe\'er which caused his death at his seat at Pixton, Somersetshire, Oct. 31, 1778. His wife, Christina Harriet Caroline Fox, was a daughter of the first Earl of II chester ; was born in 1730; mar- ried John D 'ke Acland in 1770; and died near Taunton, England, July 21, 1815. Acquia Creek. See AQUIA CREEK. ACQUISITION OF TERRITORY Acquisition of Territory. The origi- a great part of Alabama and Mississippi. nal territory of the United States as ac- Vermont was admitted as a separate State knowledged by the treaty with Great in 1791; Kentucky, then a part of Vir- Rritain, in 1783, consisted of the follow- ginia, in 1792; and Maine, till that time ing thirteen States: New Hampshire, Mas- claimed by Massachusetts, in 1820. s3.chusetts Bay, Rhode Island and Provi- Louisiana Pm'chase.-Spain's restric- dence Plantations, Connecticut, New York, tion of the navigation of the Mississippi, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, the great natural commercial artery of Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South the American continent, was a great an- Carolina, and Georgia. The boundaries noyance to the settlers on the western of many of these States, as constituted by slopes of the Alleghanies. It was not un- their charters, extended to the Pacific til Oct. 17, 17!H1, and aftcr many attempts, Ocpan; but in practice they ceased at the that Thomas Pinckney succeeded in nego- Mississippi. Beyond that 1"Ïver the tiating a trcaty of friendship. boundal"ies, territory belonged, by discovery and and navigation. On Oct. 1, 1800, by the settlement, to thc King of Spain. treaty of St. Ildefonso, Spain retroceded All the territory west of the prp\,>pnt to France the vast province of Louisiana. boundaries of the States was ceded by Bonaparte's design to revÎ\Te. in New 01'- them to the United States in the order If'ans, the former colonial glories of the named: Virginia, 1784; Massachusetts, French monarchy more and more menaced 1785; Connecticut, 1786 and 1800; South the United States; navigation was again Carolina, 1787; North Carolina, 1790; closed; and in Congress, James Ross, Sen- Georgia, 1802. This ceded territory com- ator from Pennsylvania, introduced reso- prised part of Minnesota, all of 'Viscon- lutions authorizing the President to call sin, Michigan, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio (see out 50,000 militia and to take possession NORTIIWEST TERRITORY), Tennessee, and oi :New Orleans. Instead of this, Con- 15 ACQUISITION OF TERRITORY gress appropriated $ ,OOO.OOO for the pur- by acts passed in set:ret, in January chase of the city, and sent James Monroe, and March, 1811, had authorized the a" minister extraordinary, to co-operate l'rf'sident to take temporary pOððession. with Livingston, minister to France, in In 1818, during the cminole \Var, be- the propospd purchase. April 11, 1803, ing annoyed by Spanish assistance given Livingston, who had already begun nego- to the Indians, Jackson raidcd east tiations for the purchase of New Orleans, Florida, captured 81. Iarks and Pen- was suddenly invited by Napoleon to sacola, and hanged Arbuthnot and Am. make an offer for the whole of Louisiana. brister, two British subjects who lUlIl gi\'t'n On the following day Monroe arrived in aid and comfort to the Indians. 'Ih;!' Paris, and the two ministers decided to demonstrated so completely that Florida offer $10.000,000. The price was finally was at the mercy of the rnitpd t:ltes fixed at $15,000,000, one-fourth of it to that the Spanish minister at \Vashington consist in the assumption by the United signed a treat)'. on }'eb. 22, ISH), by which States of $3,750,000 worth of claims of Spain ceded Florida, in return for the American citizens against France. The payment of claims of Amnican citizens trmty was in three conventions-to se- against Spain, amounting to $5,000,000. cure the ccssion, to ascertain the price, to The ratification by Spain was not securcd stipulate for the assumption of the claims till 1821, Spain attempting to obtain the -all sig-ned the same day, April 30, 1803, I.pfusal of the United States. to recognize by Living:õ;ton and Monroe on one part, the independence of the revolted Spanish- and Bal'bé- farbois on the other. This American colonies. The territory pur- vast purchase added 1,171,931 square chased comprised 59,2ÜS square miles. milps to the territory of tIle Lnited Oregon.-The trpaty with pain in btatcs, including Alabama and Mississippi 1821 settled the western boundary of the south of the parallel of 310; all of Lou- Louisiana purchase as follows: " Begin- isiana, Arkansas, Oklahoma, Indian Terri- lIing at the mouth of the Sabine, in the tory, Missouri, Nebraska, Iowa, North Gulf of rf'"Xico: up the west bank of the Dakota, South Dakota, and Montana; f:a bine to the thirty-second degrce of north 1\1innesota, west of the 1\1ississippi; Colo- latitude; tllence north to the Red River; rado and "'yoming, east of the Rocky along the south hank of the Rpd River to Mountains; and Kansas, with the excep- the one-hundredth degree of longitude east Uon of thc southwestern corner. The from Greenwieh: thence north to the Ar- western houndary was not finally settled kansas; thence along the south bank of the until after the purchase of Florida, in Arkansas to its source: thence south or 181 fl. north. as the case may he. to tlle forty- Plorida Purchuse.-The boundary be- second deg-ree north latitmlf'. and along tween Louisiana and Florida had been that parallel to the Pacific OC"ean." This long in dispute, Spain claiming all that put out of disputp the territory ('omprising territory south of the parallel of 31 0 and the prcsent States of \Vashington. Oregon, C"ast of the Iississippi River, and the Iòaho, and the westC"rn part of Wyoming, lTnitpd Statf's fixing it at the Perdido claimed hy the United Rtatps on the l iyf'r, the prcs(>nt houndary hptween Flor- grounds of discoyery (1 ï92), e"Xploration ida and Alabama. In 1810, the people of (1805), and settlf'mC"nt (1811). Thp west Florida met at Raton Rouge and de- boundary hptwepn the f'tatps of \Yashing- clared themsch'es independent, and Gov- ton and' Ic1allO, on onp siòe. and Canada. eruor ClaiboTnP, of the TC"rritor;\' of 01'- 011 the other, was finally dptermined in leans, was sent by the Presidmt to take 184ft l'()!-spssion; in 1812 the Pparl Rinr was Tr.l'ns.-In 18 . Tpxas. tlwn a part of maciC" thp eastern boundary of I ouisiana. the ],fpxi('an Rppuhlic, refm:pd to rpmain and tIle remainder of west Florida was a part of Coahuila. and on .\ pril 1 flnne"Xed to lissis;;;ippi Tprritory; in 1R1:i formed a lp"Xican Rtatp ('on titution of the fort and city of lobi1e were taken by its own. Thc greatpr part of its popula- GenEral \\ïlkinson. During this p(>riod t ion had pmigrated from thp sOllthwC"c:tprn a detprmination of gaining east Florida part of the nnited f'tatpo;. and. on tllP had been growing rapidly, and Congress, aho1i!'hment of the State constitutions, in 16 92' ke nnipeg ACQUISITION OF TERRITORY 1835, and the appointment of a dictator, declared itself inùependent of Mexico, March 2, 1!:!36. After a brief war, dis- tinguished by two brutal massacres on the part of the Mexicans at Goliad and the ALAMO (q. v.), Houston, the Texan com- mander, with 700 men, met Santa Ana, the Mcxican President, with 5,000 men, at San .f ncinto, and totally defeated him. Santa Ana, to gain his libcrty, signed a treaty rC'cognizing the independence of the Repub- lic of Texas. This treaty was never rati- fied by Mexico; but the United States, and afterwards England, France, and Belgium, recognizing the new republic, its indepen- dence was practically secured. From this time the annexation of Texas to the rnited States became a great political issue, both by the Southern politicians, who were anxious to add more slave terri- tory to the enited States, and by Texas herself, whose finances had fallen into fearful disorder through careless and extravagant c penditurcs. This was not made possible until the election of Polk to the Presidency, when the campaign cry of the South was, "Texas or Disunion." 'fhe fin,t rcsolutions were introduced into Congress in the Housc, Jan. 25, 1845; 11,\' joint resolution, in the Honse, Dec. I (i; and in the Senate, Dec. 22. Texas was admitted as a State without the for- mality of a treaty. It added 376,133 squarf" miles to the territory of the United Statcs. Mcæico and California.-This terri- tory, comprising 54.),783 square miles, and including the present States of Cali- fornia, Nenlda, and Utah, and a large part of Arizona and New Mexico, and part of Colonllio. mme to the United States as a rf"sult of the MEXICAN \V AR (q. v.), through conquest and purchase. The treaty, known as the treaty of Guada- loupe Hidalgo, was signe>d Ff'b. 2, 1848, and was ratifie>d hy the> Spnate March 10, the United States pa 'ing $15.000,000 in acldition to assuming the paynwnt of claims of American citizens against Mex- ico amounting to $3,250,000. fJad.r and extpmling from the Rio Grande, nmr EI Paso. on the cast, to the Colorado I.-B 17 Hiver on the west. GEN. JA1IES GADS- DEN (q. v.) was at that time minister to Mexico and negotiated the transfcr, and this territory, 4.),53:> square miles in ex- tent, has always borne his name. Alaska.-This valuable fur and mineral producing country was first claimed by Bussia by right of discovcry. By treaty of March 30, 1867, ratified by the Senate in special session, June 20, 1867, Russia ccded the whole of the territory, 557.390 square miles in extent, to the United States for $7,200,000. See ALASKA. Hawaii.-In January. 1896, a joint resolution was introduced into the Lower House of the United States Congress pro- viding for the annexation of the Hawaiian Islands, and was referred to the commit- tee on foreign affairs. On June 16, 1897, a treaty was signed in \Vashington by representath es of both governments and transmitted to the Senate. The commit- tee on foreign relations reported favor- ably upon it, but the Senate adjourned without action. In Hawaii, the treaty was ratified by both Houses of the Congress by Imanimous vote, Sept. 10. Many attempts were made in latcr sessions of Congress, but it was not till June 6, 1898, when the United States Senate adopted a direct an- nexation resolution, that anything was accomplished towards the acquisition of the islands. The President signed the resolution on the following day, and or- dered the cruiser Philadelphia to proceed to HonoluJu and raise the American flag. Commissioners were appointed to prepare a plan for the future government of the islands, and formal possession was taken on Aug. 12, 1898. See BLOUNT, JAMES H.; HAWAII. lVake [sland.-This Jow-Iyin atoH in the midst of the Pacific Ocean, half-way be>tween the Hawaiian Islands and th"e Philippines, was taken possession of, in the name of the United States, by a lanù- ing.party under the command of Com- mander Edward D. Taussig, of the U. S. S. B('nnington, Jan. 17, 18!)!). \Vake Island is said to have been by rights already American territory. since, in 1831, Ad- miral \Yilkes surnypd the place and as- serted title. As a cable station. in view of the Jaying of a Pacific cable, it will be inyalua ble. See \" AKE ISLAND. Porto Rico.-This large and fertile isl- ACQUISITION OF TERRITORY-ACRELIUS and, together with its outlying smaller stored negotiations were entered into islands, came into the possession of the which resulted in the partitioning of the United States at the close of the Spanish- islands and the surrendering by Germany Amcrican War, by the ratification of the and Great Britain of all rights to the treaty of peace (IS!}!}). At the time of island of Tutuila, containing the magnif- thE' suspension of hostilities General )Iiles icent harbor of Pago Pago, and all other was conducting a campaign in the island. islands of the Samoan group east of long. He had met with very little resistance, Iil O \Y. of Greenwich. The treaty was and had bcen treated by the natives on ratified in the Senate, Jan. 16, 11.100, and every hand more as a liberator than a con- formal possession of the islands was taken queror. The island has valuable natural by the President on Iarch lß. See resources and possesses a delightful cli- SAMOA; Tun;ILA. inate. See PORTO RICO. Cibitu and Cagayan.-The Peace CoUl- Philippine I slands.-After his great missioners in Paris (1899) who nego- victory in Manila Bay, !\Iay 1, 1898, Dew- tiated the transfer of the Philippine Isl- ey refrained from attacking the city until ands froUl Spain to the United States he could receive co-operation from the drew a geographical boundary-line fixed land forces. General Merritt, as first mil- by meridians of longitude and parallels itary governor of the Philippines, was of latitude. The lines described a paraI- despatched immediately with a large mil- lelogram with the exception that there itary force, which was landed during the was an inset in the southwestern corner months of June and July. The first land to exclude some islands off the coast of engagement took place on Aug. 9, near Borneo. A year after the signing of the Malate, and the city was stormed and capt- treaty of Paris (1899), the fact was dis- ured on Aug. 13, one day after the sign- conred that in laying down these boun- ing of the protocol, a fact of which the daries the commissioners had excluded American gencrals were in ignorance. The the islands of Cibitu and Cagayan of final treaty of peace (1899) ceded the en- the Philippine group. After negotiations tire group of islands to the United States lasting for several months, in which Spain upon the consideration of a payment of refused to recede from her position of $ O.OOO,OOO. See PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. ownership, the Cnited States, in July. Guam.-The principal island of the lr.OO, in order to remo\'e cause of possible Ladrone group, in the Pacific Ocean, was irritation as well as to protect hen,eJf seized by the Unitetl States naval author i- from their future purchase by other Eu- ties on June 21, 1898, and was ceded by roppan powers, bought the islands from Spain to the enited States by the treaty Spain for $100,000. The islands are small of peace following the Spanish-American Hnd thinly populated. but aTf" valuahle \Var. Formal American possession was for their pearl and shell fÌsIH'rips. Rati- taken Feb. 1, 189 . On Oct. 4, 1900, by fÌcations of the treaty of cession were order of the Navy Department, Guam was exchanged in \Yashington on )[arch 23, made a s('parate naval and government IDOL station. The harbor of San Luis d'Apra Sec also A XEXED TERRITORY, RTAT{TR is said to be one of the finest in the OF; AXTI.ExPAKSIOXISTS; ATKIXSO , ED- world. See AOANA; GUA 1. WARD; BRYA , 'VILLIA I .TEXXIXGS; hl- Samoa.-The independcnce and neutral- PF.RIAT.lS1\1. ity of the Samoan Islands were guaran- Acre, one of the principal land meas- teed in 1890 by tripartite agreement be- ures in the United States. The Eng1ish tween Great Britain, Germany, and the imperial or standard acre, hy sbtutc United States. The political situation re- (George IV.. 18 4) contains 4.840 square mained very peaceable until 18!)!), when yard . anrl this is the accepted standard some of the followers of ::\Iataafa. the for- in thf" rnited States. mer king. then in exile. instigated a revo- Acrelius, ISnAEL, clergyman: horn in lution. This was quickly suppressed by Ostpraker, Swedm, Dpc. 25, 1714-; was the interference of the above powers. who ordained in I 74 : came to \merica to landed marines and put the insurgents to presid(' ovpr the S\ndish congregation'! in flight. Soon after quiet had been re- Kew Sweden in 1749. His work was ]8 ACROPOLIS-ADAIR marked with success, but after seven of this )'oU shall one day have proof, for years' toil he was forced to resign by ill- J have sworn to maintain an unsparing health, and returned to Sweden. His pub- conflict while one white man remains in lications include The Swedish Colonies in my borders; not openly in the battle-field, America (1759, translated into English in though even thus we fear not to meet you, 1874), and articles on America. He died but by stratagem, ambush, and midnight in FelIingsbro, April 25, 1800. See NEW surprisal." De Soto then demanded that bWEDE:S, FOUXDING OF. Acuera should yield obedience to the Span- Acropolis, a citadel, usually on the h:h monarch. "I am a king in my own summit of a rock or hill. The most cele- land," said the cacique, "and will never brated was the one at Athens. b('come the vassal of a mortal like my- Acta Diurna, the Roman gazette con- self. Vile and pusillanimous is he who taining an authorized account of daily submits to the yoke of another when he transactions. This was exposed daily in lHay be free! As for me and my people, the Forum. we prefer death to the loss of liberty and Acuera, a Creek Indian cacique, the the subjugation of our country." De Soto territory of whose peuple in Florida was could never pacify Acuera, and during early invaded by De Soto. The cruel- the twenty days that he remained in ties of Nanaez and De Soto in Florida the cacique's dominions his command suf- aroused among the native tribes feel- fered dreadfully. A Spaniard could not ings of the bitterest hatred. Narvaez go 100 paces from his camp without be- caused a captive cacique, or chief, to be ing slain and his severed head carried in mutilated after the first engagement with triumph to Acuera. Fourteen Castilians the hostile Indians. His nose was cut EO perished, and many were severely otl, and he was otherwise disfigured; and wounded. "Keep on! robbers and trai- the invadcr caused fierce blood-hounds to tors!" said the cacique. "In my province tear the chief's mother in pieces in the and in Apalacha you wiII be treated as presence of her children. Narvaez sup- )'ou deserve. 'Ve will quarter and hang posed this would strike terror, and make e,-ery captive on the highest tree." And conquest easy; but he was mistaken. De they did so. See DE SOTO and NARVAEZ. Soto had hlood-hounds, iron neck-collars, Adair, JA IES, author; lived among the handcuffs, chains, and instruments of tort- Chickasaw and Cherokee Indians in Ù35- me. wherewith to subdue the barbarians, 75. He held the opinion and attempted to who Wf're really less barharous than he. :;,how that the American Indians were de- He loaded his captives with cJlains, and scended from the Jews. He was the author made beasts of burden of them, regardless of a Hi,c;ffJr11 of the American lndian,c; (in of age or sex. After some acts of this which he elaboratf"d his opinion), and of kind, he sought to conciliate Acuera, whose vocahularies of Indian dialects. tcrritory he had invaded, for he was pow- Adair, .JOHN. military officer; born in edul, and commanded many warriors. De Chester county, S. C., in 1759, He served Soto invited the dusky overeign to a in the Continental army during the friendly interview. when he received from Rf'volution, and in the wars against the Aeucra thIs haughty r('ply: "Others of frontier Indians in 179}-93. lIe was your accur!"ed race [Xarvaez and his United States Senator in Con ress in men] have, in years past, distnrb('d our 1805-{); and as volunteer aide to Gen- ]'('aceful !'\hores. They have taught me eral Shelby at the battle of the Thames, what you are. '''hat i!'\ your employment 1 in 1813, he showed much bravery '}'p wander about like vagahonds from land and skill. He distinguished himself as to land; to roh the poor and weak: to be- <'Ommander of the Kentucky troops in tray the confiding; to murder the defence- the batt If" of New Orleans, in January, l('ss in cold blood. No! with such a peo- 1815. From 1820 to 1824 he was govern- p1e I want neithpr peace nor frif"ndship. or of IÜntucky, having served in the legis- War-never-pnding. exterminating war- lature of that State; and from 1831 to is all I a!'\k. You boast yourself to be 1833 was a Representative in Congress. ,,'aliant-and so you may be; but my He died in Harrodsburg, Ky., May 19, faithful warriors are not less brave, and 1840. 19 ADAIR-ADAMS Adair, WILLIAM P., born in 18 8. He was one of the chiefs of the Cherokee na- tion. and commanded a brigade of Indians organized by Gen. Albert Pike on behalf of the Confederacy. This brigade took part in the battle of Pea Ridge, Ark., in 18ß2. He died in 1880. Adams and Liberty. See PAI E, R. T. Adams,ABIGAIL (SMITH), wife of Pres- ident John Adams; born in \Yeymouth, !\Iass., Nov. 23, 1744; daughter of the Rev. William Smith; was married Aug. 25, 1 i64, when 1\Ir. Adams was a rising young law- 'er in Boston. In li81 she joined her hus- band in France, and in the following year went with him to London, where neither her husband nor herself received the cour- tesies due their position. In li89-181O she resided at the seat of the national government, and passcd the remainder of her life in the Quincy part of Braintree, d,ring Oct. 28, 1818. Her correspondence, preserved in Pamiliar Letters of Johl Adams and His Wife, Abigail Adams, dllr- 1l1g the Revolution, throws important light upon the life of the times which it covers. Adams, BROOKS, author; born in Quin- cy, 1\Iass., June 21, 1848; son of Charles llrancÏs; was graduated at Harvard Col- }('ge in 18iO; spent a year in the law school there; was secretary to his father while the latter was serving as an arbi- trator on the .4.1abama Claims, under the Treaty of \Yashington; and after his re- turn from Geneva he was admitted to the bar and practised till 1881, when he be- gan applying himself chiefly to literature. BeElides numerous articles in magazines and other periodicals, he has published The Emancipation of Jlassachusetts, The Law of CïvilizatiOfI and Decay, etc. Adams, CHARLES, lawyer; born in Ar- lington Vt., :\[arch 12, 178;;; educated himself for collf"ge, and was graduated at the Pniversity of Vermont in 1804. Dur- ing the Canadian difficulties of 183R he was the friend and legal adviser of Gen- eral \Yool, and subsequently wrote a his- tory of the events of that uprising under the title of The Patriot War. He attain- ed a large practice in his profession. and was a voluminous contributor to period- ical literature on the public events of his day. He died in Burlington, Vt., Feb. 13, 1861. Adams, CHARLES FOLLEN, humorous writer; born in Dorchester, 1\Iass., April 21, 1842; received a common-school edu- cation; and was wounded and taken pris- oner at Gettysburg while serving in the Union army. Since 18i2 he has become widely known by his humorous poems in German dialect, of which Leedle rawcob Strauss and other Poems and Dialect Ballads are the most popular. Adams, CHARLES FRANCIS, statesman; born in Boston, Mass., Aug. 18, 1807; .,-) ;:,.. ß / /f / "} 0 1 :ó 'J - Æ --y _..-=-- CIIAHLES FRANCIS ADA)I8. son of John (Juincy \dams; was gradu- ated at Harmrd College in IS ;;. He ac- companied his father to Rt. Petersburg and England, where he passed much of his childhood until the return of his family to America. in 1817. ::\Ir. Adams studied 13 w in the office of Daniel \Y ebster, and was admitted to the bar in 18 8, but neyer practised it as a vocation. In 18 !) he married a daughter of Peter C. Brooks, of Boston. For five ;years he was a member of the legislature of )I.lssachusetts. Hav- ing left the Whig Party, he was a candi- date of the FUEE-HOIL PARTY (q. 1".) in 1848 for the Yice-Presidency of the (Tnitc>d States, 1\Ir. Van Buren being the candidate for the Presirlency. They were defeated. In 1850-56 Mr. Adams published the Life mid Works of John Adams (his grand- father), in 10 yolumes. In 18!}9 he was elected to Con ress from the district which his father long represented. He was then a Rc>publican in politics. In )Iarch, 1861, he was appointed ministpr to Great Brit- ain, where he managed his diplomatic 20 ADAMS, CHARLES FRANCIS you and our whole country-were drawing bl'eath after the struggle of Gettysburg. For three long days we had stood the strain of conflict, and now, at last, when the nation's birthday dawned, the shat- tered rebel columns had sullenly with- drawn from our front, and we drew that long breath of deep relief which none have ever drawn who have not passed in safety through tlle shock of doubtful battle. Nor was our country gladdened then by news from Gettysburg alone. The army that day twined noble laurel garlands round the proud brow of the mother-land. Vicks- burg was, therea.fter, to be forever asso- ciated with the Declaration of Indepen- dence, and the glad anniversary rejoicings, as they rose from every town and village and city of the loyal North, mingled with the last sullen echoes that died awa.y from our cannon over the Cemetery Ridge, and were answered by glad shouts of victory flom the far Southwest. To all of us of this generation-and especially to sucll of us as were ourselves part of those great events-this celebration, therefore, now lIaS and must ever retain a special signif- icance. It belongs to us, as well as to our fathers. As upon this day, ninety- three years ago, this nation was brought into existence through the efforts of oth- ers, so, upon this day, six years ago, I am disposed to believe through our own ef- forts, it dramatically touched the clima:x of its great argument. The time that has since elapsed ('nables us now to look back and to Rce things in tJleir true proportions. Wp begin to real- ize that the years we have so recently paf:sed through, though we did not a.ppre- ciate it at the time, were the heroic years of American hi!'\tory. Now that their pas- sionate excitement is over, it is pleasant to dw('ll upon them-to recall the rising of a gl'eat people-the can to al'ms as it boomed from our hill-tops and c1aslwd from our st("eples-the eager patriotislll of that fierce April which kindled new sympathies in every bosom, which caus("d the miser to give fr("ely of his wealth. the wife with pager hands to pack the knap- sack of 11('1' husband, and mothers, with eye\'! glist('ning with tears of pride, to Six years ago, on this anniversary, we look out upon the glistening bayonets of -and not only we who stood upon the tlwir boys; then came the frenzy of impa- scarred and furrowed field of battle, but tien('e and the defeat entailed upon ns by 21 duties with much skill during one of the most trying times in our history-that of the Civil 'Val'. He remained as American minister in London until 18GS, when, in February, he resigned. In 1872 Mr. Adams was first a Liberal Republican, and then a Democrat, in politics. His labors in the fielù of literature were various. From 1845 to 18-18 he edited a daily newspaper in Boston, and was long either a regular or an occasional contributor to the North Ame?'wan Rel'iew. His principal task was the preparation of the Life and Wor1.:s of John Adams, and a Life of John A.dams, in 2 volumes. He also issued the Life a'l1.d 'Works of John Quincy Adams, in 12 volumes. He died in Boston, Nov. 21, 188G. When the spirit of secession was rampant in Congress late in Decem- ber, 18GO, he tried to soothe the passions of the South('rn politicians by offering in the House Committee of Thirty-three a res- olution, "That it is expedient to propose an amendment to the Constitution, to the efrect that no future amendments of it in r('gard to slavery shall be made unless pro- posed by a slave State and ratified by an the States." It was passed by only three dissenting voices in the committee. Adams, Cn.\RLES FRANCIS, lawyer and historian; horn in Boston, Mass., May 27, 1835; second son of Charles Francis, 1st; was graduated at Hal'vard College in 185G, and admitted to the bar two years afterwal'ds. During the Civil War he served in the Union army, attaining the rank of brevet brigadier-general. Hc was appointed a member of the Hoard of Railway Commissioners of Mas- sachusetts in 18(jD; and was presiùent of the Union Pacific Railway Company in 1884-91. [n 1895 he was elected presi- dpnt of the Massachusetts Historical So- ci(.ty. His publications include, Railroads, their Origin and Problems ; Massachusetts, its Historians and its History ' Three Episodes of .11 assachusetts History; [.life of Ollarl('s Francis Adams; Richard Hen?"!! Dana, a Rio[lraphy, etc. 'J'lIe Double .4.nniversary, '76 and '63.- On July 4, lAG!), lle delivered the follow- ing historical address at Quincy, l\Iass.: ADAMS, CHARLES FRANCIS rashness and ine perience, before our na- tion settled down, solidly and patiently, to its work, determined to save itself from destruction; and then followed the long, weary ,years of fear and hope, until at last that day came six ,years ago which we now celebrate-the day which saw the flood-tide of rebellion reach high-water mark, whence it never after ceased to re- cede. At the moment, probably, nOne of us, either at home or at the seat of war, realized the grandeur of the situation-the d.amatic power of the incidents, or the Titanic nature of the conflict. To you who were at home-mothers, fatllPrs, wives, sisters, brothers. citizens of the common country, if nothing else-the agony of sus- ppnse, the anxiety, the joy, and, too often, the grief which was to know no end, which marked the pa.ssage of those days, left little either of time or inclination to c1well upon aught sa\"e the horrid reality of the drama. To others, who more im- nwdiately participated in those great events, the daily vexations and annoy- ances-the hot and dusty day-the sleep- less, anxious night-the rain upon the unsheltered bivouac--the deep lassitude which succeeded the excitement of action -the cruel orders which recognized no fatigue and m3.de no allowance for labors undergone-all these small trials of the soldier's life made it possible to but few to realize the grandeur of the drama in which they were playing a part. Yet we were not wholly oblivious of it. Kow and then I come across strange evidences of this in turning over the leaves of the few wpather-stainpd. dog-eared volumes which were the companions of my life in camp. Tlw title-page of one beal's witne s to the fact that it was my companion at Gettys- burg, and in it I recently found some lines of Browning's nohle poem of Saul marked and altered to express m,y sense of our situation, and b('aring date upon this very 5th of .July. The poet had described in them the fall of snow in the spring-time from a mountain, under which npsUed a valley; tIle altering of a fcw words made them well describe the approach of our a rmy to Gettysburg. " 'old on fold, all at once. we crowd thun- drously down to your feet, And there fronts you. stark. black but alive yet. your army of old, With Its rents, the successive bequeathing of conflicts untold; Yea I-each harm got In fighting your bat- tles, each furrow and scar Of Its head thrust 'twlxt you and the tem- pest-ail hall! here we are!" And there we were. indped, and then and there was enacted such a celehration R<; I hope may never again be witn('ssed there or elsewhere on another 4th of July. :Even as I stand here befOl'e you, through the lapse of years and the shifting expe- riences of the ncent past visions and memories of those days rise thick and fast before me. \Ve did, indeed. C'1'owd thun- drously down to their feet! Of the events of those three terrible days 1 may speak with feeling and yet with modesty, for small indeed was the part which those with whom I served were called upon to play. When those great bodies of infan- try drove together in the crash of battle, the clouds of cavalry which had hitherto eovered up their movements were swept aside to the flanks. Our work for that time was done, nor had it been an easy or a pleasant work. The road to Gettysburg had been paved with our bodies and water- ed with our blood. Three w('eks bpfore, in the middle days of June, I, a captain of cavalry, had taken the field at the head of 100 mountcd men, thp joy and pride of my life. Through twenty days of almost incessant conflict the hand of death had heen heavy upon us, and now, upon the eve of G('ttyshurg. thirty-four of th(" hun- drNI only remain('d. ami our comradcs were dead upon the tield of battIf>, or languish- ing in hospitals, or prisoners in the hands of the enem v. ix brave young fp1lows we had buried in one grave where they fEll on the heights of Aldie. It was late on the evening of the If't of July that there came to us rumors of heavy fighting at Gett,ysburg, near 40 mih'M awa;\'. The regiment happenrd then to he detached, and its ordprs for the 2d were to 1I10\"e in the rear of Sedgwick's Corps and spe that no man left the column. All that day we marched to the sound of the can- non; Sedgwick. very grim and stern. was pI ('ssing forward his tired men, and we soon saw that for once there "ould be no stragglers from the ranks. As the day g'rpw old, and as we passed rapidly up from the rear to the head of the col- 22 ADAMS, CHARLES FRANCIS umn, the roar of battle grew more dis- go abroad for examples of endurance and tinct, until at last we crowned a hill, and soldierly beaÚng. The achievement of the contest broke upon us. Across the Sedgwick and the brave 6th Corps, as they deep valley, some 2 miles away, we could marched upon the field of Gettysburg on see the white smoke of the bursting that second day of July, far excels the shells, while below the sharp, incessant vaunted efforts of the French Zouans. rattle of the musketry told of the fierce Twentý-four hours later we stood upon struggle that was going on. Before us ran tImt same ground; many dear friends had the straight, white, dusty road, choked yielded up their ,young lives during the with artillery, ambulances, cai sons, am- hours which had elapsed, but, though munition trains, all pressing forward to 20,000 fellow-creatures were wounded or the field of battIe, while mixed among dead around us, though the flood-gates of them, their bayonets gleaming through the heayen seemed open and the torrents fell dustlike waveleb, on a river of steel, tired, upon the quick and tIle dead, yet the ele- footsore hungry, thirsty. begrimed with ments seemed electrified with a certain sweat and dust, the gallant infantry of magt\etic influence of victory, and, as the S..ùgwick's Corps hurried to the sound great army sank down overwearied in its of the cannon as men might have flocked tracks, it felt that the crisis and danger to a feast. Moving rapidly forward, we was passed-that Gettysburg was im- crossed the brook which I'uns so promi- mortal. nl.ntly across the map of the field of bat- May I not, then, wen express the hope tJe. and halted on its farther side to await that ne,Ter again may we or oms be called our orders. Hardly had I dismounted upon so to celebrate this anniversary? from my horse when, looking back, I saw And yet now that the passionate hopes that the head of the column had reached and fears of those days are all over-now the brook and deployed and halted on its that the distracting doubts and untold anx- other bank, and already the stream was ieties are buried and almost forgotten, filled with nak('d mcn shouting with pleas- we love to remember the gathering of the urc as they washed off the swmt of their hosts, to hear again in memory the shock long day's march. Enn as I looked, the of the battle, and to wonder at the mag- noise of the battle grew louder, and soon nificence of the drama. The passion and the symptoms of movement were evident. the e citement is gone, and we can look The Tap pel was heard, the bathers hur- at the work we have done and pronounce riedly clad themselves, the ranks were upon it. I do not fear the sober second formed. and the sharp, quick snap of the judgment. Our work was a good work; it percussion-caps told us the men were pre- was well done, and it was done thoroughly. paring their weapons for action. Almost Some one has said, 'Happy is the people immediately a, general officer rode rapidly which has no history.' Not so! As it is to the front of the line, addressed to it a better to have loved and lost than never few brief, energetic words, the short, sharp to have loved at all, so it is better to have order to move by the flank was given, lived greatly,even though we have suffered followed immediately bJT the 'double greatly, than to have passed a long life of quick,' the officer placed himself at the inglorious ease. Our generation-yes. we head of the column, and that brave in fan- ourselves-have bpen a part of great things. try, which llad marched almost 40 miles \Ve have suffered grpatly and greatly re- since the setting of yesterday's sun-which joiced; we have drunk deep of the cup during that day had hardly known either of joy and of sorrow; we have tasted tIle sleep or food or re!>t or shelter from the agony of defeat; and we have supped full July heat-now, as the shadows grew with the pleasures of victor,y. \Ve have long, hurried forward on tIle run to take prond our!"elves equal to great deeds. and its place in tIle frent of battle, and to bear have learned what qualities were in us, up the reeling fortunes of the day. which, in more peaceful times, we our- It is said tImt, at the crisis of Solfe- selvps did not suspect. I'ino, Marshal l\Iac lahon appeared with And. indeed, I would here, in closing. his corps upon the field of battle, his men fain address a few words to SUell of vou. ha ving run for 7 miles. We need not if any such are here, "ho, like Il1 ' elf, 23 ADAMS may have l)(>('n soldiers during the 'Var country and not to the exigencies of party of the Rebellion. We should never more polities; it is for us ever to bear in mind be partisans. \Ve IJave been a part of the higher allegiance we have sworn, and [;reat events in the service of the common to remember that he who has once been a country, we have worn her uniforms, we soldier of the mother-land degrades him- have received her pay, and devoted our- self forever when he hecomes the slave of I"('lves, to the death if need be, in her ser- faction. Then, at last, if through Hfe we yiee. 'Yhen we were blackened by the ever b('ar these lessons freshly in mind, E>moke of Antietam, we did not ask or will it be well for us, will it be well for ('arc whet]wr those who stood shoulder our country, will it be well for tllOse te, shoulder beside us, whether he who led whose name we bear, that our bones also us, whether those who sustain('d us, were do not moulder with those of our brave J>emocmts or Republicans, Conservatives comrades beneath the sods of Gettysburg, or Radicals; we a::;ked only that they or that our gravcs do not look down on might prove as true as was the steel we the swift - flowing Mississippi from the grasped, and as bmve as we ourselws historic heights of Vickshurg. would fain have been. \Vhen we stood Adams, CHARLES KEXDALL, educator like a wan of stone vomiting fire from the and historian; born in Derby, Vt., Jan. heights of Gettysburg, nailed to our po- 24, 183;); was graduatcd at the University Eition through three long days of mortal of :Michigan, Rnd continued his studies in heU, did we ask each other whether that Gf'nnany, France, and Italy. In 186i-R5 brave officer who fell while gallantly lead- he was Prof('ssor of History in the rni- ing the countcr-charge, whether that cool ,ersity of Michigan; in 1885-92 was pres- gnnner steadily serving his piece hefore ident of Cornell rninrsity; in 1892-1901 us midst the storm of shot and shell, was pr('sid('nt of the University of \\'is- whether the poor, wounded, mangled, gasp- consin; and from 1892 till 18D5 was iug comrades, crushed and torn, and dying editor-in-chief of the revised edition of in agony around us, had voted for Lin- Johnson's f]ni,'crsal Cydopædia. lIe was coIn or Douglas, for Breckenridge or Bell? author of LJcmocracy and Jlonarchy in We then wet'e full of other thoughts. We l'ranccj IInnual of Historical Litcmfurcj Iii'ized mpn for what they were worth to British Vrations ' Christopher Columbu8, the common country of us all, and reeked his Life and Work, etc. He dicd in Hed- lIût of empty words. \Vas the man true, Jands, Cal., July 26, ID02. was he brave, was hp earnest, was all we Adams, CYims CORXELIUS, geog-rapller; thought of then, not did he vote or think born in Naperville, Ill. Jan. 7, 1840; with us, or label himself with our party was educated at the Pniversity of Chi- name. This lesson let us try to remember. cago, in lR76. On the founding of the \Ve cannot give to party all that we onCe Brookl,yn Institute of Arts and ciences, offered to country, but our duty is not yet was chosen president of its dppartment done. \Ye are no longer, what we have of geography. He i widely known as a been, the young guard of the republic; writer and lecturpr on geogr:lphical we have earned an exemption from the topics; has travelled e"XtC'nRÏ\'e1y; and dangen'! of the field and camp, and the old was a delpgate to the Intprnational musket or the crossed sabres hang harm. Geograpllical Congrpss, in London, Eng- less over our winter fires, never more to be land, in 18!)5, and 11 sp('aker at the Afri- grasped in these hands henceforth devoted ('aU Congress, in Atlanta, Ga., the same to more peaceful labors; but the duties of C'ar. He has made a special study of the citizen, and of the citizen who has re- the geograpllY of Africa, and has cO])f>ctp{1 c'eived his baptism in fire, are still incum- for the Brook1yn InRtitute over 2.fiOO bc'nt upon us. Though young in years. we slwcimens of appliances used in the ten should rcmemlwr that hpncpforth, and a!'l prindpal countrips of the world in gC'o- long as we live in HI(' land. we arf> tlw graphical education. nnciC'nts, the yptprans of the repuhlic. As Adams, FORT, one of the largC'st and snch, it is for lIS to protect in peaee what strongest defl"nsiye works in the L'nitpll we prespn-ed in war; it is for us to 100k f'tat('s; near Brenton Cove, 3 milp... at all things with a view to the common from the city of Newport, R. I. For 24 ADAMS e.everal years the War Department has was published in 1832. 1\Iiss Adams was been engaged in providing for the most !'mall in stature, very deaf in her old age, thorough fortification of Kewport Har- fond of strong tea, and an inveterate Lor. In 18!).! preliminary plans were snuff-taker. She derived very little pe- completed calling for batteries of six- cuniary gains from her writings; but her teen mortars each, to be grouped in sec- friends established a comfortable annuity bons of four mortars, and provided with for her. She was one of the pioneer a casemate for the gunners, and a wall literary women of the United States, pos- of sufficient strength to resist hostile at- sessing rare modesty and great purity of tack. Two of these hatteries were planned character. She died in Brookline, Mass., to be erecteù at Dutch Island and Fort Kov. 15, 1831. Her remains were the Adams. At both of these points there first interred in Mount Auburn Cemetery. were already torpedo casements. The new Adams, HENRY, historian; born in lattery at Fort Adams was designed to Boston, Mass., I"eb. If), 1838; third son a sist in fortifying the main entrance to of Charles Francis, ] st; was graduated at Narraganset Day, while the one at Harvard College in 1858; acted as pri- Dutch Island would aid in resisting the vate secretary to his father while the approach of an enemy through what is latter was American minister to Great called West Passage. Fort Adams Britain, in 18GI-68; was Associate Pro- mounts 460 guns, and besides being a fessor of History at Harvarù in 1870-77; work of protection for the city and har- and editor of the Xorth American Review bur of Npwport. it also protects the in 1870-76. His principal works are, United States torpedo station on Goat Histo'rical Essays; Documents Relating Island. and the training station for naval to New England Pedemli.l'!'ity of lichigan since h(>r father's house before she had arrived lR87. Director of the division of trans- at full womanhood. lIeI' father, a shop- portation of the eleventh census; statis- keeper, failed in business when she was tician to Interstate Comnwrce CommiRsion seventeen years of age, and his children since 18R7; president American Economic were compelled to help themselves. Dur- Association from 18!J5-97. Ill' has writ- ing the war for independence she sup- ten Lf'cturcs on Political Economy; Rtafe rorted herself by teaching and lace-mak- in Relation to Indusf1-ial .4ction; Public in;!. Miss Adams wrote a History of thp. D"ht. : The ,C;;:"icnce of Finance. Jpu;s, in which she was assisted by the Adams, HERBERT BAXTER, historian AbM Grðgoire, wito whom she corr - and editor; born in Shut(>sbur v, Mass., sronded. She also wrote a History of April 16, 1850; was graduated at Am- New Enrlland, puhlisIled in 17f)!J. She Ilerst College in 1872 and at Heidelherg also wrote books on religious suhjects; University in 1876: and in 187R-81 was and, in 1814. published a Cont1"oversy 1l"Íth successively A!"sociate Professor and Pro- Dr. lIlorse (TIpv. Jedidiah). Her auto- fesRor of History in Johns Hopkins rni. biography, continued by :Mrs. G. G. Lee, versity; also in 1878-81 lecturer in Smith 25 ADAMS College, Xorthampton, Mass. He had been for many ;years secretary of the American Historical Association and edi- tor of its Reports, editor of the Johns Hopkins /Studies in Historical and Politi- cal Science, and editor of Contributions to A 1Ilcricon Educational History, pub- lished by the Vnih"d States board of edu- cation. He wrote a large number of edu- (.ational and historical monograplls. He died in Amherst, .Mass., July 30, 1901. Adams, ISAAC, inventor; born In Rochester, N. H., in 1803; learned the cabinet-maker's hade; in 1824 settled in Boston and worked in a machine shop. He invented the printing-press to which his name was given in 182R, and two yearjJ later it was perfected and soon came to be generally used. In 1840 he Wa.s elccted to the Massachusetts Senate. He died in Sandwich, N. H., July 19, 1883. ADAMS, JOHN Adams, JOHN. second President of the speaker and most useful committee-man United States; from 1797 to 1801; Fed- in the Continental Congress until he was eralist; born in Braintree (near appointed commissioner to France late Quincy), Mass., Oct. 30, 1735. He was in 1777, to supersede Deane. Ill' advo- graduated at Harvard College in 1755, cated, helped to frame, voted for, and and immediately afterwards taught school signed the Declaration of Independence, at " orcester, where he began the study of and he was a most efficient member of law. His father was in moderate cir- the Board of \\'ar from June, 17iG. cumstances-a selectman and a farmer. until December, 1777. He reached Beginning the profession of law in Brain- Paris April 8, 1778. where he founù a tree in 1758, he soon acquired a good feud between Franklin and Lee, two practice; and, when he was twenty-nine other commissioners. He advised in- 'ears of age. he married Abigail Smith, trusting that mission to one commis- an accomplished woman possessed of great sioner, and Franklin was made sole common-sense. His first appearance in ambassador. He was appointed minister the political arena was as author of In- (I7i!)) to treat with Great Britain for 6trurNons of the Town of Braintree to peace, and sailed for France in Novemher. it. Repre. entatil'es on the Subject of the He did not serve as commissioner there, Stamp .4.ct, which was adopted by over but, in July, 1780, he went to Holland to forty towns. Associated with Gridley negotiate a loan. He was also received and Otis in supporting a memorial ad- by the States-General as enited States dressed to the governor and council, pray- minister, April 19, 1iR2. He obtained a ing that the courts might proceed with- loan for Congress of $2,000.000, and maùe out the use of stamps, Adams opened the a treaty of amity and commerce. He re- case by declaring that the Stamp Act turned to Paris in October, and assisted was void, as Parliament had no right to in negotiating the preliminary treaty of make such a law. He hegan early to peace. \yith Franklin and Ja)'. he nego- write political essays for the newspapers; tiat('d a treaty of commerce with Great and. in liG8, he went to Boston. when the Britain; and, in the following winter, he town was greatly excited by political dis- ncp-otiated for another Dutch loan. tllrbances. There he was counsel for ('ap- In 178.) Adams went as ministpr to the tain Preston in the case of thp "Boston English Court. and thpre he prppared his Massacre" (see BOSTON), and in the same Dfjence of the A. merican ("on8titll tion. 'par (1770) he was elected to a seat in Bping coldly received. he returned home......... the General Court. From that time John and. in 17R8. was elect('d Yice-President of Adams was a leader among the patriots the L"nited tates under the national Con- in Massachusetts. He was a delegate to stitution. He fmstained the poliey of the first Continental Congress (1774), Washington through tile pight years of hi where he took a leading part. Return- administration, opposed tIle French Revo- ing, he was elected a member of the Pro- lution. and was a f'trong advocate for the vineial Congress. He was an efficient neutrality of the United States. In 1796 26 ADAMS, JOHN he was chosen President by a small ma- Spain, and the Papal States, whose rulers jority O\-er Jefferson, and his administra- were enemies of republican government. tion was vehemently opposed by the new Lord Kanes uttered a similar prophecy in party known as Republicans, led by the 1765. latter, its real founùer. He had much On June 1, 1785, he was introduced by trouble with the French Directory the Marquis of Carmarthen to the King t.hroughout his entire administration, and of Great Britain as ambassador extraor- drew upon himself great blame for favor- dinary from the United States of America icg the Alien and Sedition Law. In his to the Court of London. The inexecution eagerness for re-election Adams offended a of the treaty of peace on the part of Great powerful faction of his party, and was Britain had threatened an open rupture beaten by Jefferson at the election in between the two nations. Adams was sent 1800. Then he retired to private life, with full powers to arrange all matters in where he watched the course of events dispute. His mission was almost fruit- \vith great interest for twenty-five years less. He found the temper of the British longer, dying July 4, 182G. His death oc- people, from the peasant up to the mon- curred on the same day, and at almost the arch, very unfriendly to the United States. same hour, as that of Jefferson, his co 1- He was never insulted, but the chilliness lcague on the drafting committee and in of the social atmosphere and the studied signing of the Declaration of Indepen- neglect of his official representations often dence, fifty :rears before. His biography, excited hot indignation in his bosom. But diary, pssays, and correspondence were his government, under the old confedera- ('dited and publiRhed, in 10 octavo vol- tion, was so weak and powerless that he umes, by his grandson, Charles Francis was compelled to endure the hauteur of Adams. Though courteous in his manner British officials in silence. They gave him usually, he was, at times, irritable and to understand that they would make no imperious. See CADINET, PRESIDENT'S. arrangements about commercial relations 'YhiIe he was teaching school at \Yorces- between the two governments; and when tel', in 175;'. he wrote a letter to Nathan he proposed to his own government to pass "'ehb, in which he remarked: "Mighty countervailing navigation laws for the states and kingdoms are not exempted benefit of American commerce, he was met from change. . . . Soon after the Reforma- by the stern fact that it possessed no pow- Hon, a few people came over into this newer to do so. At length, belie,'ing his mis- world for conscience' sake. This appar- sion to be useless, and the British govern- ently trivial incident may transfer the ment sturdily refusing to send a minister great seat of pmpire to America. . . . If to the Cnited States, Mr. Adams asked we can remove the turbulent Gallics, our and obtained permission to return home. people, according to the exactest calcula- Mr. Adams saw with alarm the con- tions, will, in another century, become tagion of revolution that went out from more numerous than in England itself. Paris, in 1 i8!), affecting England, and. in The unitpd force of Europe wiIJ not be a degree, his own country. It was differ- able to subdue us. The only way to keep ent, in form and substance, from that us from Ret ting up for ourselves is to dis- which had made his own people free. 'Yith unite us," Less than thirty years after- a view to avert its evil tendencies, he wards tlle prophet stood before the mon- wrote a series of articles for a newspaper. urch of "England as the rppresentative of entitled Discourses on Davila. These an American republic, where, only ten contained an analysis of Davila's History years before, were flourishing English col- of the Civil lrar in France, in the six- onies. And just a century after that teenth century. In tllOse essa.ys he main- rrophecy was utterpd the number and tained that, as self.esteem was the great strength of the people here eweedpd the spring of human activity, it was impor- calculation of young Adams. The popula- tant in a popular government to provide tion tllen was more than double that of for the moderate gratification of a desire England; and, while his country was for distinction, applause, and admiration. fiercely torn by civil war, its government He therefore advocated a liberal use of defied the power of Great Britain, France, titles and ceremonial honors for those in 21 ADAMS, JOHN oflìce, and an aristocratic Senate. He pro- posed a popular Assembly on the broadest democratic basis to counteract any undue influence; and to keep in check encroach- ments upon each other, he recommended a powerful executive. The publication of these essa;ys at that time was unfortunate, when jealousy was rife in the public mind concerning the national Constitution. His ideas were so cloudily e pressed that his meaning was misunderstood b,y many and misinterpreted by a few. He was charged with advocating a monarchy and a hered- itary Senate. The essays disgusted Jeffer- son, who for a time cherished the idea that Hamilton, Adams, Jay, and others were at the head of a conspiracy to overthrow the republican iW'Ititutions of the L'"nited States. The Threatening A ttitude of France.- On May 16, 1797, President Adams com- municated the following message to the Congress on the serious rplations which had sprung up between the United States and France: <.l.aily in their attachment to a s;ystern of government in proportion to their e peri- ence of its utility, ;yielding a ready and general obedi('uce to laws flowing from the l't'ason and resting on the only solid foun- dation-the affections of tIle people. It is with extreme regret that I shall he obliged to turn your thoughts to other circumstances, which admonish us that some of theRe felicities lllay not b(' lasting, nut if the tide of our pros}writy is full and a reflux commencing. a vigilant circumspec- tion becomes us. that we may meet our re- verses with fortitmll" and e tricah' ourselves from thpir consequ('ncl's with all the skill we pO<;SPRS and all th(' efforts in our power. In giving to Congress information of the state of the Union and rpcOlnmending to tlleir consideration such nwasures as ap- pear to me to bc n('cessary or f'xpf'dient. a('cording to my constitutional dut,y, tlU" causes ilnd the objects of the present ex- traorùinary spssion will be explain('d. After the President of the "Cnited States received information that the French gov- Gentlemen of the Senate and Gentlemen Hnment had expresspd serious discontents of the House of Representatives,-The per- at some proceedings of the gmof'rument of sonal inconveniences to the members of thesc States said to aff('ct thp intprp!';ts the :;;enate and of the House of Rep- of France, he thought it f'xppdipnt to s('nd resentatives in leaving their families and to that country a new minist('r, fuHy private affairs at this season of the year instructed to enter on such amicable dis- are so obvious that I the more regret the cussions and to give such candiJ xplana- extraordinary occasion which has rendered tions as might happily rpmove the dis- the convention of Congress inJiRpensable. contents and fHI..picions of thf' Fr('nch It would have afforded me the highest gowrnment and vindicate the conduct of satisfaction to have been able to con- the rnited States. For this purposp lw gratulate you on the restoration of pf'ace splpC'Ípd from among his fellow-citiz('ns a to the nation!" of Europe whose animosities charapt('r whose integrity. talpnts, exppri- have endangered our tranquillity; but we ('nee. and sprvices had placpd him in tlw have still abundant cause of gratitude rank of tIle most (,Rtef'merl amI rpsp('dpd t.) tIle Supreme Dispenser of national in the nation. Tlw dirpC'Í ohj('('t of his blessings for general health and prom- mission was exprpsspd in his Ipftp1" of cre- i!'ing seasons, for domestic and social hap- dence to the FT(,IWll nppuh1ic, heing "to pi ness, for the rapid progress and ample maintain that good und('rstanding whiC'h ac-quisitions of industry through extensive from the ('ommpnC('IllPnt of the a11iance }md t('rritori('s, for civil, political, and religious f;uh istpd hetwppn tIle two nations, and to liberty. ',"hile other states are desolated efface unfavorable impressions, hanisll with foreign war or convulsed with intes- snspicions, and restore that cordiality tine divisions, the United :;;tates prespnt ",hi('h was at On('(' tlw evidence and plpdge thE: pleasing prospect of a nation gowrnpd of a fripndly union." And his ino;;trl1C'- by mild !1nd equal laws. generally satisfi('d tions werp to the same effect, "faithfulIv with the possession of tlleir rights, neithpr to represpnt tIle disposition of the gO\:- envying the advantages nor fearing the ('rument aUfI people of the Pnitpd Rtatps power of other nations, solicitous only for (thpir dispoRltion b('ing one). to remov the maintenance of order and justice and .Í<'alol1s1Ps and obviatp complaintq by show- the preservation of liberty, inc1"pasing ing that they were grounò '''!'!s. to Testorp that 28 ADAMS, JOHN mutual confidence which had been so unfort- date and terminate differences, and as they unately and injuriously impaired, and to can treat only by ministers, the right of explain the relative interests of both coun- embassy is well known and established tries and the real sentiments of his own." by the law and usage of nations. The re- A minister thus specially commissioned fusal on the part of France to receive our it was expected would have proved the in- minister is, then, the denial of a right; strument of restoring mutual confidence but the refusal to receive him until we between the two republics. The first step have acceded to their demands without dis- of the French government corresponded cnssion and without investigation is to with that expectation. A few days before treat us neither as allies nor as friends, his arrival at Paris the French minister nor as a sovereign state. of foreign relations informed the Amer- \Vith this conduct of the French gov- ican minister then resident at Paris of ernment it will be proper to take into the formalities to be observed by himself view the public audience given to the in taking l('ave, and by his successor pre- late minister of the United States on his paratory to his reccption. These formalities taking leave of the Executive Directory. they observed, and on December 9 presented The speech of the I}resident discloses senti- officially to the minister of foreign relations, ments more alarming than the refusal of the one a copy of his letters of recall, the a minister, because more danp-erous to our other a copy of his letters of credence. independence and union, and at the same These were laid before the Executive time studiously marked with indignities Directory. Two days afterwards the min- towards the government of the United i ter of foreign relations informed the re- States. It evinces a disposition to sepa- calJed American minister that the Execu- rate the people of the lJnited States from tive Directory had determined not to re- the government, to persuade them that ceive another minister plenipotentiary they have different affections, principles, from the "Cnited States until after the re- and interests from those of their felIow- dress of grievances demanded of the Amer- citizens whom they themselves have chosen iean government, and which the French to manage their common concerns, and Hepuhlic had a right to expect from it. tIms to produce divisions fatal to our The American minister immediately en- peace. Such attempts ought to be repeJIed deavored to ascprtain whether by refusin with a decision which shaH convince to receive him it was intended that he Fmnce and tlle world that we are not a hould retire from the territories of the degraded people, humiliated under a colo- French Repuhlic, and verbal answers were nial spirit of fear and sense of inferiority, given that such was the intention of the fitted to be the miserabl(' instruments of Directory. For his own justification he foreign influence, and regardless of na- d(' ired a written answer, but obtained tional honor, character, and interest. nOne until towards the last of January, I should have been happy to bave thrown when, receiving notice in writing- to quit a veil over these transactions if it had the territories of the republic, he pro- been possible to conceal them; but they ('eederl to Amsterdam, where he proposed have passed on the great theatre of the to wait for instruction from this g'Ov- world, in the face of an Europe and f'rnmpnt. During his residence at Paris America, and with such cÍ1"cumstances of cards of ho!"pitality ","pre rpfuspd him, and publicity and solpmnity that they cannot lw was threatpned with being ubjeeted to be disguised and will not soon hp forgotten. the jurisòiction of the minister of po1icp; They have inflicted a wound in the Ameri- h11t with b{>cominq firmness he insisted on can breast. Tt is my sincere desire, how- tIle protection of t'he law of nation!': òue e,'er. that it mav be healed. to him as the known ministpr of a forpign It is my !':inc;'re dpsire. and in this I power. Yon will derive further informa- prp!"l1mp I concur with :vou and with your tion from his de!"patches, which \ViII be constituent!". to preserve ppaf>e and friend- laid before you. snip with an nations: and believing that As it is often n(>cessarv t'hat nation TIPit'hpr 1'he honor nor the intprest of the S'hOl1]d trpat for the ml1hI 1 advantage of Vnited Rtatps absolutelv forbid tlw repe- their affairs, and especially to accommo- tition of advances for ecuring these de- 29 ADAMS, JOHN sirable objects with France, I shall in- ascribed to the omission of duties demand- stitute a fresh attempt at negotiation, and able, considering the neutral situation of shall not fail to promote and accelerate our country, they are to be attributed to an accommodation on terms compatible the hope of impunity arising from a sup- with the rights, duties, interests, and posed inability on our part to afford pro- honor of the nation. If we have com- tection. To resist the consequences of mitted errors, and these can be demon- such impressions on the minds of foreign strated, we shall be willing to correct nations and to guard against the degrada- them; if we have done injuries, we shaIl tion and servility which they must finally be willing on conviction to redress them; stamp on the American character is an im- and equal measures of justice we have a portant duty of government. right to xpect from :France and every A naval power, next to the militia, is other nation. the natural defence of the United States. The diplomatic intercourse between the The experience of the last war would be United Stab"s and France being at present sufficient to show that a moderate naval suspendecl, the government has no means foree, such as would easily be within the oi obtaining oflicial information from that present abilities of the "Cnion, would have country. Newrtheless, there is reason to heen sufficient to have baffled many for- believe that the Executive Directory midable transportations of troops from passed a decree on the 2d of March last one State to another, which were then contravening in part the treaty of amity practised. Our sca-coasts, from their aud commprce of 1778, injurious to our grpat extent, are more easily annoyed and lawful commerce and endangering the lives 1l1ore easily defended by a na,"al force of our citizf'ßs. A copy of this decree will than any other. With all the materials be laid before you. our country abounds; in skill our naval \Yhile we are endeavoring to adjust all architects and navigators are equal to our differences with France by amicable any; and commanders and seamen will negotiation, the progress of the war in 1I0t be wanting. J.'urope, the depredations on our com- But although the establishmpnt of a merce, the personal injuries to our dti- permanent system of naval defence appears zens, and the general complexion of affairs to be requisite, I am sensible it cannot be render it my indispensable duty to recom- formed 80 speedily and extensively as the mend to your consideration effectual meas- present crisis demands. Hitherto I haw ures of defence. thought proper to prevent the sailing of The commerce of the United States has armed vessels except on voyages to the become an interesting object of attention, ] ast Indies, where gen ral usage and the wllether we consider it in relation to the danger from pirates appparPfl to rpnòer wealth and finances or the strength and the permission proper. Yet the restriction rpsources of the nation. \Vith a sea-coast has originated solely from a wish to pre- of near 2,000 miles in extent, opening a vent co11isions with the powers at war. field for fisheries, navigation, and com- contravening the act of Conp'ress of Jun merce, a great portion of our citizens 1794, and not from any doubt entertainpd naturally apply their industry and enter- by me of the policy and propriety of ppr- prise to these objects. Any serious and mitting our vess("ls to employ nlPans of permanent injury to commerce would not defence while engaged in a lawful foreign fail to produce the most embanassing dis- commerce. It remains for Congrpss to orders. To prevent it from being under- prescribe fluch regulations as will ('nahle mined and destroyed it is essential that our seafaring citizens to defpnd them- it receive an adequat(" protection. E>eh"es against violations of the law of The naval establisllment must occur to nations, and at the flame time restrain eyery man who eonsirlprs the injuries tl)pm from committing acts of hostility committed on our commerce, the insults against the powprs at war. In addition offered to our citizens. and the description to this voluntary pro\'ision for defPllce by of vessels by whicb these abuses have been individual citizens. it appears to me necps- practised. As the sufferings of our mer- sary to equip the frigates. and prm'ide cantile and seafaring citizens cannot be other vesspls of inferior force, to take Ull- 30 ADAMS, JOHN del' convoy such merchant vessels as shall political projects in contemplation is no remain unarmed. less necessary than if we were directly The greater part of the cruisers whose concerned in them. It is necessary, in G{:predations have been most injurious order to the discovery of the efforts made have been built and some of them partially to draw us into the vortex, in season to Equipped in the enited States. Although make preparations against them. Row- an effectual remedy may be attended with ever we may consider ourselves, the mari- difficulty, yet I have thought it my duty time and commercial powers of the world to present the subject generally to your will consider the Vnited States of Amer- onsideration. If a mode can be devised ica as forming a weight in that balance of by the wisdom of Congress to prevent the power in Europe which never can be for- resources of the United States from being gotten or neglected. It would not only converted into the means of annoying our be against our interest, but it would be trade, a great evil will be prevented. With doing wrong to one-half of Europe, at the same view, I think it proper to men- least, if we should voluntarily throw our- tion that some of our citizens resident selves into either scale. It is a natural ahroad have fitted out privateers, and policy for a nation that studies to be neu- others have vohmtarily taken the com- tral to consult with other nations en- mand, or entered on board of them, and gaged in the same studies and pursuits. committed spo1iations on the commerce At the same time that measures might be of the United States. Such unnatural and pursued with this view, our treaties with iniquitous practices can be restrained only Prussia and Sweden, one of which is ex- by severe punishment. pired and the other near expiring, might But besides a protection of our com- be renewed. merce on the seas, I think it highly neces- Gentlemen of the House of Representa- sary to protect it at home, where it is tives,-It is particularly your province to collected in our most important ports. consider the state of the public finances, and The distance of the United States from to adopt such measures respecting them as Europe, and the well-known promptitude. exigencies shaH be found to require. The ardor, and courage of the people in de- preservation of public credit, the regular fence of their country, happily diminish extinguishment of the public debt, and a Ole probability of invasion. Nevertheless, provision of funds to defray any extraor- to guard against sudden and predatory in- dinary expenses will, of course, call for ('ursions the situation of some of our prin- 'our serious attention. Although the im- cipal seaports demands your consideration. position of new burthens cannot be in And as our country is vulnerable in oUIPr itse1f agreeable, yet there is no ground to interPliits besides thosc of its commerce, doubt that the American people will ex- you will seriously deliherate wbether the pect from 'ou such measures as their mpans of general defence ougbt not to be actual engagements, their present security, increased by an addition to the regular and future interests demand. artillery and cavalry, and by arrange- Gentlemen of the Senate and Gentlemen ments for forming a provisional army. of the House of Representatives,-The \Vith the same view, and as a measure present situation of our country imposes which. eyen in a time of universal peace. an obligation on all the departments ought not to be neglected, I recommend to of government to adopt an explicit and vour consideration a revision of the laws dC"cided conduct. In my situation an ex- for organizing, arming, and disciplining position of the principles by which my tIle militia, to render that natural and administration will be governed ought not safe defence of the country efficacious. to be omitted. Although it is very true that we ought It is impossible to conceal from our- not to involve ourselves in the po1itical selves or the world what has been before system of Europe, but to keep ourselves ohsC"rvpd. that endeavors have been em- always òistinct and separate from it if we plo 'ed to foster and establish a division ean. ypt to effect this separation early. between the government and people of the punctual. and continual information of rnited States. To investigate the causes the current chain of events and of thp which have encouraged this attempt is not 31 ADAMS, JOHN affairs in Canada; but, if I could write with freedom, I could easily e011\ illl'p you that it would. anù explain to you the man- ner how. Many gentlemen in high sta- tions and of great influcnee ha\'e been duped, by the ministerial bubble of com- missioners, to treat; and in real, sinc('re expectation of this e\'ent, which Uwy so fondly wislwd, they ha\'e bC"f'n slow amI languid in promoting mC"asures for the re- duction of that province. OtIlI'rs there are in the colonies who really wishcd that our enterprise in Canada would be defeat- ed; that the colonies mig t be brought into danger and distress between two fires, and be thus induced to submit. Others really wished to defcat the expedition to Canada, lest the conquest of it should ele- vate the minds of the people too much to harken to those terms of reconciliation which they bclieved would be offered us. These jarring views, wishes, and designs oceasionC"d an opposition to many salutary mcasurf'S which were proposed for the sup- port of that expedition, and eausl'd ob- structions, embarras<;ments, and btmlied delays, which have finally lost us the province. All these causes, however, in conjunc- tion. would not han disappointed us, if it had not been for a misfortunC" which could not have been forC"s('('II. and p('rhaps could not have been prevpnted-I nwan the prev- alence of the small. pox among our troops. This fatal pestilf'J1ce completed our de- struction. It is a frown of Providence upon us, which we ought to lay to heart. Rut, on the other hand, the delay of this declaration to this time has many j:Teat advantages attending it. The hopes of reconciliation which wC"re fondl ' enter- tainpd by muItitud('s of honC"st and \\'C"ll- m('aning, though short-sightl'd ana mis. taken. people ha\'e b('en gradually, fina at last totally, extingui<;Iwd. TitJ1l' llas ))('en ginn for the whole people matur(']y to consider the gr('at qlwstioll of indpp('n- Had a declaration of independence been dr-nce. amI to ripen tlwir judgment, dis- made seven months ago, it would have },ppn sipate thC"ir fC"ar , fiß(l allurp tlwir 11Opes, attended with many great and glorious by discussing it in npwspapers ana pam- C"frects. \Ve might. he fore this hour, have phlC"ts. by debating it in assemhlies. con- formed alliance with foreign states. \Ve nntions, committeC"s of safety and insppc- should have mastered Quebec and bc('n tion. in town and county me('tings, as well in possession of Canada. as in private conversations, so tlwt the You win, pprhap8, wonder how much wholp pC"oplp, in every colony, have now a declaration would have influenced our adopted it as their own act. This will 32 necessaQ', but to repel, by decided and united councils, insinuations so derogatory to the honor and aggressions so dangerous to the Constitution, Union, and even inde- pendence of the nation is an indispensable duty. It must not be permitted to be doubted whether the people of the United States wiH support the gonrnment established hy their voluntary consent and ap- pointed by their free choice, or whether, by surrendering themselves to the direc- tion of foreign find domestic factions, in opposition to their own government, they will forfeit the honorable station they have hitherto maintained. For myself, having never been indiffer- ent to what concerned the interests of my country, devoted the best part of my life to obtain and support its independence, and constantly witnessed the patriotism, fidel- ity, and persevera.nce of my fellow-citizens on the most trying occasions, it is not for me to hesitate or abandon a cause in which my heart has been so long engaged. Convinced that the conduct of the gov- ernment has been just and impartial to foreign nations, that those intprnal regula- tions which have been estahlisl)ed by law for the preservation of peace are in their nature proper, and that they have been fairly executed, nothing will ever be done by me to impair the national engage- ments, to innovate upon principles which have been so deliberately and uprightly established, or to surrender in any manner the rights of the government. To enable me to maintain this declaration I rely, under God, with entire confidence on the firm and enlightpned support of tlw na- tional legislature and upon the virtue and patriotism of my fellow-citizens. JOHN AnA'ls. The Fourth of ,Tuly.-In a letter to his wif<>, datpd l)hiladelphia, .July 3. 1 iiG, Mr. Adams made the following predictions: ADAMS, JOHN QUINCY cement the union, and avoid those heats, and perhaps convulsions, which might have been occasioned by such a declara- tion six months ago. But the day is past. The second day of July, 1776, will be a memorable epoch in the history of America. I am apt to helien that it will be celebrated by suc- ('eeding generations as the great Anni- \'er!'ary }'estival. It ought to be com- memorated, as the day of deliverance, by !Oolemn acts of devotion to God Almighty. It ought to be solemnized with pomp, shows, games, sports, guns, bells, bonfires, and illuminations, from one end of the continent to the other, from this time for- ward forever. You may think me transported with enthusiasm; but I am not. I am well aware of the toil and blood and treasure that it will cost us to maintain this dec- laration and support and defend these States. Yet, through all the gloom, I can see the raJ"s of light and glory; I can see that the end is more than worth all the means. and that posterity will triumph, although you ami I may rue, which I hope we shall not. ADAMS, JOHN QUINCY Adams, JOHN QFINCY, sixth President 1802, and he occupied one in that of the of the United States; from 1825 to 1829; United States from 1803 until 1808, when Republican; born in Braintree, Mass., disagreeing with the legislature of Massa- July 11, JiG7; was a son of President chusetts on the embargo question, he re- John Adams; and was graduated at Har- signed. From 1806 to 1809 he was Pro- yard ColJege in 1787. In February, lii8, fessor of Rhetoric in Harvard ColJege. he aCl'ompanied his father to France, In the latter year he was appointed by where he studied the French and Latin Presid('ut Madison minister to Russia; languages for nearly two years. After and in 1814, while serving in that office, an interval, he returned to France and he was chosen one of the Pnited States resumed his studies, which were subse- commi!'sioners to negotiate a treaty of quentIy pursued at Amsterdam and at peace at Ghent. After that, he find Henry the University of Leyden. At the age of Clay and Albert Gallatin negotiated a fourteen years, he accompanied Mr. Dana commercial treaty with Great Britain, to Russia as his private secretary. The which was signed July 13, 1815. 1\11'. nf-'Ct year he spent some time at Stock- Adams remained in London as minister 1101m, Copenhagen, and Hamburg. He until 1817, when he was recalled to take afterwards a('companied his father (who the office of Secretary of State. This was was American minister) to England and at the beginning of what was popula.rly France and returned home with him early known as the" era of good feeling," the in 1785. After his graduation at Har- settlement of qu('stions growing out of the \ard, he studied law with the eminent war with Great Britain (1812-15) having Theophilus Parsons, practised at Boston, freed the government from foreign polit- and soon h!'came distinguished as a po- iC'al embarrassments and enabled it to liti('al writer. give fuller attention to domestic ('on('erns. In 1791 he published a series of articles During his occupation of this ofIice [r. in favor of neutrality with France over Adams was identified with the negotia- tl1e signature of "Pu'blius." He was en- tion of the treaty with Spain by which gaged in the diplomatic service of his Florida was ceded to the -enited States country as minister, successively, to Hol- for $5,000,000, and by which also the land, England, and Prussia from 1794 to b()undary between Louisiana and Mexico 1801. Hf> received a commission, in 1798, was established. He is credited with hav- to negotiate a treaty with Sweden. At ing been the author of the declaration TIprIin he wrote a series of Letters from known as the "Monroe Do('trine" (see Sile.<;in. Mr. Adams married Louisa, MONROE, JAMES). The closing part of daughter of Joshua Johnson, American his term as Secretary was marked by the consul at London. in 1797. He took a legislation of the" Missouri Compromise" seat in the Senate of Massachusetts in ( ee MIHSOlTRI). 'Yhen Presidpnt Monroe I.-C 33 ADAMS, JOHN QUINCY submitted to his cabinet the two ques- to he represented at the congress of Am('r- tions concel'ning the interpretation of the iean nation to be nf;sembled at Panama. act as passed by the Congress, :Mr. Adams to deliberate upon objects of peculiar stood alone in the opinion that the word concernment to this hemisphere, and that " forever" meant forever. this im"itation had been accepted. \Vhen Monroe's administration \\as Although this measure was deemed to drawing to a close, several prominent he within the constitutional compctenc ' Hwn were spoken of as candidates for the of the executive, I have not thought Prpsidency-William H. Crawford. John proper to take any step in it beforp as- Quincy Adams. Henry Clay. John C. Cal- cC"rtaining that my upinion of its expe- houn, and \ndrew .Jackson. The votes in diency will cOllcur with that of both the autumn of 1824 showed that the people branches of the legislatme, first, by the had nut elected either of the candidates; decision of the Spnate upon the nomina- and when the votes of the Electoral Col- tions to be laid before them, and, second- Ipge were counted, it was found that the ly, by the sanction of both Houses to the choice of Presidpnt devolYCd upon the fI ppropriations, without which it cannot House of Rcprp<;enta tives, in accordancp b<, carried into effect. with the 12th Amemlment. In February, A report from the Recretary of State, ] R ;), that body chose John Quincy Adams nnd copies of the correspondence with Prf'sident. :Mr. Adams receivpd the votes the South American overnments OIl thif< of 13 States on the first ballot, Gen- subject since the invitation given by th('1I1, (,fal Jackson 7 States, and l\Ir. CI'3.w- are IlPrewith transmittpd to the S<,nat('. ford 4 States. 1\11'. Calhoun received They will disclose thp objects of impor- the votes of 182 of the electors, against 78 tance whid1 are expectpd to form a suh. for aII others. The Electoral ColIe.Q'e had ject of discussion at this ntPeting, in ginn Jackson the largest vote of any can- which interests of high importance to didate--99-and Adams 84. See CABINET, this Union are invoh'ed. It will be s('('n PUERIDr;xT's. that the United States neither intend nor In 1831 1\11'. Adams was {>leded to Con- are expected to take part in any delibera- gress, and was continued in it by succes- tions of a belligerent character; that the sive election!"! until his death, whieh occur- motive of their attendance is neither to red suddenly in the Capitol, on Feb. 23, contract alliances nor to engage in any 1848. His last words were, "Thi is the undertaking or project importing hostility last of earth; I am content." 1\11'. Adams to any other nation. was a ripe scholar, an able diplomatist. a But the Southern American nations, in life-long opponent of human slavery, a bold the infancy of their independence, often anù unflinching advocate for its abolition. find themselves in positions with refer- When he was eighty years of age he ence to other countries with the prin- was called "The old man eloquent." He ciples applicable to which, derivable from \\ rote prose and poetry with almost equal the state of independence itself, they have facility and purity of diction. See LA- not been familiarized by experience. The j"AYETTE. result of this has been that sonwtinws in Pun-American Union.-On Dec. 2G, their intercourse with the United States, IS 5, President Adams sent the following they have manifested ùiRpositions to 1'('- message to the Senate, in which he aJr.ï,li- Herve a right of granting special fa\ors fi<,ù the views concerning a Pan - Ameri- and privileges to the Spanish nation as can union which he had expl"t:. :;s('(l in a the price of their recognition. At otherp previous message: they have actually established dutil's and impositions operating unfavoraLly to the To the Senate of the Cniteù :;;tates,- United States, to the advantage of other In the messages to ùoth Houses of Con- European powers, and sometimes they gress at the commencement of the session, have appeared to consider that they wight it was mentioned that the governments interchange among themselves mutual of the republics of Colombia, of :\fexico, concessions of exclusive favor, to which and of Central America had severa]]y in- neithpr Europf'an powers nor the United \ ited the go\'erllluellt of the Cnited States States should be adruitted. In ruOl:lt of 34 ADAMS, .JOHN QUINCY of a minister to anyone of the separate governments. The indirect influence which the United States may exercise upon any projects or purposes originating in the war in which the southern republics are still engaged, which might seriously atrect the interests of this Union, and the good offices by which the United States ma:r ultimately contribute to brin that war to a speedier t{'rmination, though among the motives which have convinced me of the propriety of complying with this invitation, are so far contingcnt and eventual that it would be improper to dwell upon them more at la rge. In fine, a decisive induccment with me for acceding to the measure is to show by this token of respect to the southern republics the interest that we take in their welfare and Our disposition to comply with their wi!'hes. Having been the first to recognize their independence, and sym- pathize with them so far as was compat- ihle with our natural duties in all their struggles and sufferings to acquire it, we have laid the foundation of our future intercourse with them in the broadest prin- ciples of reciprocity and the most cordial feelin,gs of fraternal friendship. To ex- t<:nd those principles to all our commercial rf-Iations with them and to hand down that friendship to future ages is congenial to the highest policy of the Union, as it will be to that of all those nations and their posterity. In the confidence that these sentiments will meet the approba- tion of the Spnate, I nominate Richard C. Anderson, of Kentucky, and .Tohn Ser- geant, of Pennsylvania. to he envoys ex- traordinary and ministcrs plpnipotentiary to the asspmhly of Amcrican nations at Panama. and "'illiam B. Ro<,hef'.ter. of N"fW York, to be secretary to the mission. JOIIX Qnxcy Ao,\1\1 S. On rarch 15. lR t). hp sC'nt the follow- ing reply to a House resolution: these cases their J"egulations unfavorable to us have yielded to friendly expostula- tion and remonstrance. But it is believed to be of infinite moment that the prin- <'iples of a liberal commercial intercourse should be exhibited to them, and urged with disinterested and friendly persua- sion upon them when all a!5sembled for the a,'owed purpose of consulting together "I'on the establishment of such prin- ciples as may have an important bearing upon their future welfare. The consentaneous adoption of princi- ples of maritime neutrality, and favorable to the navigation of peace, and commerce in time of war, will also form a subjcct of considera tion to this congress. The doctrine that free ships make free goods and the restrictions of reason upon the extcnt of blockades may be established by general agreement with far more ease, and perhaps with less danger, by the general engagement to adhere to them concerted at such a meeting, than by partial treaties or conventions with each of the nations òeparately. An agreement between all the parties reprC'scnted at the meeting that each will guard by its own means against thp establishment of any future European colony within its borders may be found advisable. This was more than two years since announced by my predpcessor to the world as a principle resulting from the emancipation of both the American COn- tÍlwnts. It may be so developed to th(" n('w southprn nations that they will all feel it as an essential appendage to their imlppendenee. Tltpre is yet another subject upon which, without entering into any treaty, the moral influpnC'p of the United Rtatps may }1('rhaps be ewrted with beneficial conse- qu('nc('s at such a meeting-the ad,"ance- nwnt of reli iou8 liberty. Some of the !'outhprn nations are evpn so far und('r the dominion of prejudice that tlwy hß.Ye in- corporated with their political constitu- tions an exclusive church, without tolera- tion of any oHler than thp clominant spct. To the House of RpI)l"(':,;entatives of the The abandonment of this last bad e of rp- United :-:itates,-In compliance with the lig-ious bigotry and oppression may he re!'olution of thp House of the fith p)"es pd morp pffectual1y by tIle unitpd px- ultimo. rpqlwsting- me to cause to he prtions of those who concur in the prin- laid hefnrp the Housp so mud, of the ciples of frpedom of conscience upon those C'orrespond(>1Ice hetween the government who arp yet to be C'on\'inced of their jus- of the Vnited States and the npW tice and wisdom than by the soJitaryefforts states of America, or thcir ministcrs, 35 ADAMS, JOHN QUINCY rebpecting the proposed congress Or nH'et- had of late found it neccs,..ary in a great ing of diplomatic agents at Panama, and measure to discard, he despatdu.d these such information respecting the general ministers to Colombia, BuenU8 \yres, and character of that e peeted eongress as may Chile without exacting from thuse repub- Le in my pos::.ession and as may. in my lics, as by the ancient principles of politi- opinion, be communicated without preju- cal primogeniture he might have donë. dice to the puhlic interest, and also to in- tlmt the compliment of a plenipotentiary form the House, so far as in my opinion mission should ha,-e been paid first by the puhlic intcrcst may allow, in regard them to the "Cnited Dtates. The instruc- to what ohjects the agents of the rnited tions, prepared uuder his direction, to tates are e pected to take part in the lr. Ander80n, the first of our mini8ters deliberations of that congress, I now trans- to the Southl'rn continent, contain at mit to the House a report from the Secre- much length the general principles upon tary of State, with the correspondence which he thought it desirable that our flUd information rl'que!"ted by the resolu- I.elations, political and commercial, with Uon. th("se our new neighb01's should be ("stah- With regard to the objects in which the lishcd for their bpncfit and ours and that agents of the rnited fo;tates are expectell of the future ages of our posterity. A tn take part in the deliberations of that copy of so much of these instructions as congress, I decm it proper to premise that relates to these general subjccts i8 among thesp objects did not form the only, nor the papers now transmitted to the House. (','en the prineipal. moti,-e for my accept- imilar instructions were furnished to the anee of the invitation. :!\fy first and great- ministers appointed to ntH'nOS \yr('s. est inducement was to meet in the spirit Chile, and Ic ico, and tlte system of social of kindness and friendship an overture intercourse "hich it was thc purpose of made in that spÌI'it by three sister rcpub- those missions to estabJi:;h from the first lics of this hemisphere. opening of our diplomatic relations with The great revolution in human affairs those rising nations is the most effective which has brought into existence. ncady exposition of the principl("s upon which at the same time, eight sovereign and in- the invitation to the congress at }>anama dependent nations in our own quarter of has been accepted by me, as we]] as of the the globe has placed the United States in objects of negotiation at that meeting. in a situation not less novel and scarcely less which it was e pe(.ted that our plenipo- intcresting than that in which they had tmtiaries should take part. found thc lselvcs by their own transition The House will perceive that e\'en at the from a cluster of colonies to a nation of date of these instructions the first treaties sO\'ereign States. The deliverance of the hetween some of the Southern repuhlics fo;outh American republics from the op- Imd been conc1urlpd by which they had pression under which they had been so stipulated among themselves this diplo- long afflictcd was hailed with great una- matic assembly at Panama. .\n<1 it will nimity by the people of this rnion as be seen with what caution, so far as it among the most auspicious events of the might concern the policy of the rnitprl age. On the 4th of ray, 1822, an act of States, and at the sanw time with w}J:\t Congress made an appropriation of $100,- frankness and good will towa1'l1s those na- (100 " for sl1ch missions to the independent tions, he gave countenance to tlwir rle!-.ign nations on the American continent as the of im iting the United Statps to this high Presidcnt of the United States might deem assembly for consultation upon Amn-ic(!1J, proper." In exereising the authority it/terests. It was not considercd a con- recognized by this act my predecessor, by elusive reason for declining this invitation and with the advice and consent of the that the proposal for assembling such a Sf'nate, appointed successively ministers congress had not first heen mad(" hy onr- plenipotentiary to the republics of Colom- sclyes. It had sprung from the urgf'ut, hia. Duenos Ayres, Chile, and Mexico. "'Gn- immediatp, and momentou commOn in- willing to raise among the fraternity of terests of the grpat communitips !':trug- freedom questions of precedency and eti- gling for independence, and, a" it \\ prp. quette, which eyen the European monarchs quickening into life. From them thc 36 ADAMS, JOHN QUINCY proposition to us appeared respectful and talent. Nothing wa ever lost by kind fril'ndly; from us to them it could scarce- treatment. Nothing can be gained by ly have l)(>en lUì.lde without exposing our- sullen repulses and aspiring pretensions. selves to suspicions of purposes of am- But objects of the highest importance, bition, if not of domination, more suited not only to the future welfare of the to rouse resistance and excite distrust whole human race, but bearing directly than to conciliate favor and friendship. upon the special interests of this Union, The first and paramount principle upon u:ill engage the deliberations of the con- which it was deemed wise and just to lay gress at Panama, whether we are repre- the corner-stone of all our future rela- sented there or not. Others, if we are tions with them was disinterestedness ' the represented, may be offered by our pleni- next was cordial good will to them; the potentiaries for consideration having in third was a cIa-im of fair and equal rec- dew both these great results-our own iprocity. "Cuder these impressions when interests and the improvement of the the invitation was formally and earnestly condition of man upon eal.th. It may given, had it even been doubtful whether bé that, in the lapse of many centuries, allY of the objects proposed fOl' consider- no other opportunity so favorable will ation and discussion at the congress were be presented to the government of the such as that immediate and important in- Fnited States to suhserve the benevolent terests of the rllited States would he af- purposes of divine Provid nce; to dis- fected hy the issue, I SllOU]d, nevertheless, pense the promised blessings of the Re- have determined, so far as it depended upon deemer of 1\Iankind; to promote the me, to have accepted the invitation and to þrevalence in future ages of peace on have appointed ministers to attend the earth and good - will to man, as will meeting. The proposal itself implied that now be placed in their power by partici- the republics by whom it was made bc- pating in the deliberations of this con- lic1Jcd that important interests of ours or gress. of theirs rendered our attendance there de- Among the topics enumerated in offi- sirable. They had given us notice that in ('ial papers published by the republic of the novelty of their situation and in the Colombia, and adverted to in the corre- !'.pirit of deference to our experience they spondence now communicated to the would be pleased to have the benefit of our House, as intended to be presented for hiendly counsel. To meet the temper with discussion at Panama, there is scarcely which this proposal was made with a cold one in which the result of the meeting repulse was not thought congenial to that wiJI not deeply affect the interests of the warm interest in their welfare with which United States. Even those in which the the people and government of the Union beI1igel'ent states alone will take an active had hitherto gone hand in hand through part will have a powerful effect upon the the whole progress of their revolution. To state of our relations with the American, immlt tlwm hy a l'efusal of their overture, and prohably with the principal Euro- and thpn invite thpm to similar assembly pean, states. \Vere it merely that we to bp called by ourselves, was an expe- might be correctly and speedily informed dient which never presented itself to the of the proceedings of the congress, and mind. I would have sent ministers to the the progress amI issue of their nego- mcC'ting had it been merely to give them tiations, I should hold it advisable that sUf'h a(h-ice as they might haye de!'!ired, we should have an accredited agency with even with reference to thcir own interests, them, placed in such confidential rela- not involving ours. I would have sent tions with the other members as would them had it been merely to explain and iW"lire the authenticity and the safe and set forth to Uwm our reasons for declining early transmission of its reports. Of the any proposal of specific measures to which same enumerated topics are the prepara- they might desire our concurrence, but tion of a manifesto setting forth to the whiC'h we might deem incompatihle with world the justice of their cause and the our inti'rests or our duties. In the inter- relations they desire to hold with other ('onrsp Lí'twec'n nationH temper is a mis- Christian powers, and to form a conven- s onary perhaps more powerful than tion of navigation and commerce appli- 37 ADAMS, JOHN QUINCY (,11,le hoth to tll(" ('onff'(lf'rated states and has gone onr three-fourths of tlH" CI\')' to their allie8. lized portions of the earth. the ell'snla- It will be within the recol1edion of the tion of \\ hich it may with confidence be House that, immediately after the cl08c exped('d i pa sinp' away, lea, ing at least of the war of our indepcndence, a mens- the American atmosphere puritil'd and ure cloHely analogous to this congr ,., of refreshed. And now at this propitious ]'anama was adopted by the ('onp"re of moment the new-born nations of this hemi- flur Confcderation, and for purposes of I'phere, assembling hy their rcprcsenta- ]>l"eci ely the same character. Three com- tÏves at the isthmus between its two ('on- missioners, with plenipotentiary powers, tinents to settle the principles of Uwir were appointed to negotiate treaties of future international intercourse with other amity, navigation, and commerce with all nations and with us. ask in this great ex- the principal powers of Europe. They igenC"y for our advice upon those ,ery met and resided, for that purpose, about fundamental maxims which we from our one year at Paris, and the only result of cradle at first proclaimed and partially their negotiations at that time was the succeeded to introduce into the code of first treat)' between the "Cnited States national law. and Prussia-memorable in the diplomatic 'Yithout recurring to that total pros- flnnals of the world. and precious as a tration of all neutral and commercial monument of the principles, in relation rights which marked the progress of the to COmnlt'rce ancl maritime warfare, with late European wars. and which finally in- which our country entered upon her volved the rnited tates in them. and ad- career as a member of the great family wrting onl ' to our political relations of independent nations. This treat ', pre- with these American nations. it is ob- pared in conformity with the instructions servable that while in all other re!';pc('ts of the America.n plenipotentiaries, conse- those relations have been uniformly and c!"ated three fundamental principles of without ex('pption of the mo!';t fricndly the foreign inter('ourse which the Con- and mutually satisfa('torv chara('ter, the gress of that period were desirous of es- onl ' causes' of dilrerenc and di!-'s<,nsioll tablishillg: first, equal reciproeity and behwen us and them which eyer han the mutual stipulation of the privileges nrÍ!';C"n originated in those neyer.failing of the most favorpd nation in the com- fountaill of discord ancI irritation-c.lis- mereia] e changes of peaee: s<,eondly, the C'riminations of commercia] favor to n1tolition of private war upon the ocean; other nations. li('entious prh'ateprH, and and, thirdly, re!;trictions fa,'orahle to paper hlockades. I mnnot without doing- peutral commerce upon belligerl-'nt prac. in iustiee to the repuhlics of Rupnos A Tl-''' tices with regard to contraband of war '1nd Colombia forbear to aekno\\ leclgl-' the and blockadeR. A painful, it ma,}' be said eandid and coneiliatorr spirit with whieh a calamitous, experien('e of more than the ' IUl\'e r<,peateelly 'i<,lcl("(l to our friend- forty ;rears ])as demonstrated tlw d<'<'11 1.\" reprps<,ntations amI r<,monsÌ)'alll'ps on importance of these same principl<, to th('sc subje('ts-in rep<,aling llisC"rin'ina- the peace and prosperity of this nation. tin laws whi('h op<,rated to our disatlnm- and to the welfare of all maritime states. tagp and in revoking the commissions and has illustrated the profound wisclotn of thcir prh-ateers, to whidl CnlOlllhia with which they were assumed as car- has added the magnanimity of making d that the occasion of the discus- permit no colonial lodgments or establish- sions to which that incident had given ment of European jurisdiction upon its rise had been taken for asserting as a own soil; and with respect to the obtru- }'rinciple in which the rights and inter- sin interference from abroad-if its fut- ests of thp L'nited States were involved ure character may be inferred from that that tlw American continents. bv the free which has been and perhaps still is exer- and independent condition which they had cised in more than one of the new states- m.sumed and maintained, were thencefor- a joint declaration of its chamcter and ward not to be considercd as subjects for exposure of it to the world may be proba- future colonin\tion by any European bly all that the occasion would require. power. The principle had first bepn as- Whether the United States should or sumed in that negotiation with Russia. should not be parties to such a declaration It rested upon a course of reasoning may justly form a part of the deliberation. equally simple and conclusin. With the That there is an evil to be remedied needs exception of the existing European colo- little insight into the secret history of late l1ies, which it wa" in nO wise intended to years to know, and that this remedy may l\isturb, the two continents consisted of best be concerted at the Panama meeting 3B ADAMS, JOHN QUINCY deserYes at least the experiment of con- has engaged the attention of this govern- sideration. A concert of measures having ment. The im-asion of both those islands reference to the more effectual abolition of by the unitcd forces of l\1c"ico and Co- the African slave-trade and the consider- lombia is avowedly among the objccts to ation of the lig-ht in which the political be matured by the belligercnt states at condition of the island of Hayti is to be Panama. The convulsions to which, from regarded are also a.mong the subjects men- the peculiar composition of thcir popula- tioned by the minister from the republiè tion, they would be liable in the e\'Cnt of of Colombia as believed to be suitable for such an invasion, and the dan er there- deliberation at the congress. The failure from resulting of their falling ultimatcl) of the negotiations with that republic into the hands of some Europcan power undertaken during the late administration other than Spain, will not alhnit of our for the suppression of that trade, in com- looking at the consequences to which the pliance with a resolution of the House of congress at Panama may lead with indif- Rcpresentatives, indicates the expediency ference. It is unnecessary to enlarge upon of listening with respectful attention to this topic or to say more than that all our propositions which may contribute to the efforts in reference to this interest will accomplishment of the great end which be to preserve the existing state of things, was the purpose of that resolution, while the tranquillity of the islands, and the the result of those negotiations will serve peace and security of their inhabitants. as admonition to abstain from pledging And, lastly, the congress of !)anama is this government to any arrangement believed to present a fair occasion for which might be expected to fail of obtain- urging upon all the new nations of the ing the advice and consent of the Senate South the just and liberal principles of by a constitutional majority to its ratifi- rf'ligious liberty; not by any interference cation. whatever in their internal concerns, but ""hether the political condition of the hy claiming for our citizens whose OCCUPil- island of Hayti shall be brought at all tions or interests may call them to occa- into discussion at the meeting may be f\ional residence in their territories the a question for preliminary advisement. inestimable privilege of worshipping their There are in the political constitution of Creator according to the dictates of their government of that people circumstances own consciences. This privilege, sanc- which have hitherto forbidden the ac- tioned by the customary law of nations knowledgment of them by the government and secured by treaty stipulations in of the 'Cnited States as sovereign and in- numerous national compacts-secured even dependent. Additional reasons for with- to our own citizens in the treaties with holding that acknowledgment have recent- Colombia and with the Federation of Cen- Iy been seen in their acceptance of a nom i- tral America-is 'et to be obtained in the nal sovereignty by the grant of a foreign other South American states and \[e"ico. prince under conditions equivalent to the L:\.isting prejudiccs are still struggling concession by them of exclusive commer- against it, which may, perhaps, be more cial advantages to one nation, adapted al- successfully combated at this general meet- together to the state of colonial vassalage ing than at the separate seats of gOYern- and retaining little of independence but ment of each republic. the name. Our plenipotentiaries will be I can scarcely deem it otherwise than instructed to present these views to the superfluous to observe that the assemhly a sembly at Panama, and, should they not will be in its nature diplomatic and not he concurred in. to decline acceding to any IC"gislati\'C; that nothing can be transacted arrangement which may be proposed upon there ohligatory upon anyone of the different principles. states to be represented at the meeting, The condition of the islands of Cuba nnless with the e press concurrence of its and Porto Rico is of deeper import anrl own represcntative , nor en'n then, more immediate hearing upon the present hut subject to the ratification of its con- interests and future prospects of our stitutional authority at hOIllP. The faith ruion. The corresponrlence herewith of the United States to foreign powere transmitted will show how earnestly it cannot otherwise be pledged. I slmll, in- 40 ADAMS, JOHN QUINCY deed, in the first instance, consider the upon the circumstances in which our coun- a:,.sembly as merely consultative ' and al- try and the world around us 'were situ- though the plenipotentiaries of the United ated at the time when it was given; that ::::tates will be empowered to receive and the reasons assigned by him for his ad- refer to the consideration of their govern- vice were that Europe had a set of pri- ment any proposition from the other par- mary interests which to us had none or a ties to the meeting, they wilJ be author- very remote relation; that hence she must ized to conclude nothing unless subject to be engaged in frequent controversies, the the definitive sanction of this government causes of which were essentiaHy foreign in all its constitutional forms. It has to our concern, that our dctachc(l and therefore seemed to me unnecessary to distant situation im ited and enabled us insist that every object to be discussed at to pursue a different course; that by our the meeting should be specified with the union and rapid growth, with an efficient precision of a judicial sentence, or enumer- government, the period was no far distant ated with the exactness of a mathematical when we might defy material injury from demonstration. The purpose of the meet- external annoyance, when we might take ing itself is to deliberate upon the great such an attitude as would cause our neu- and common intercsts of several new trality to be respected, and, with refer- and neighboring nations. If the measure ence to belligerent nations, might choose is new and without precedent, so is the peace or war, as our interests, guided by situation of the parties to it. That the judice, should counsel. purposes of the meeting are somewhat in- Compare our situation and the circum- definite, far from being an objection to it, stances of that time with those of the is among the cogent reasons for its adop- present day, and what, fwm the very tion. It is not the establishment of prin- words of Washington then, would be his ciples of intercourse with one, but with counsels to his countrymen now? Europe seven or eight nations at once. That be- has still her set of primary interests with fore they have had the means of exchang- which we have little or a remote relation. ing ideas and communicating with one Our distant and detached situation with another in common upon these topics reference to Europe remains the same. they should have definitely settled and ar- nut we were then the only independent ranged thcm in concert is to require that IJation of this hemisphere, and we were the effect should precede the cause; it is surrounded by European colonies, with the to exact as a preliminary to the meeting greater part of which we had no more t.hat for the accomplishment of which the intercourse than with the inhabitants of meeting itself is designed. another planet. Those colonies have now Among the inquiries which were thought been transformed into eight independent entitled to consideration before the de- nations, extending to our very borders, termination was taken to accept the in- seven of tllem republics like ourselves, vitation was that whether the measure with whom we have an immensely growing might not have a tendency to change the commercial, and must have and have al- policy, hitherto invariably pursued by the ready important political, connections. t.:nited States, of avoiding all entangling with reference to whom our situation is aHiances and all unnecessary foreign con- neither distant nor detached; whose po- nedions. litical principle!'; and systems of govern- Mindful of the advice given by the ment, congenial with our own, must and }'ather of our Country in his Farewell will have an action and counteraction Address, that the great rule of conduct upon us and ours to which we cannot be for us in regard to foreign nations is, in indifferent if we would. extending- our commercial relations. to The rapidity of our growth, and the con- have with them as little political con nec- sEquent increase of our strength, has more tion as possible, and, faithfully adhering than rpalized the anticipations of this to the spirit of that admonition. I can- admirable political legacy. Thirty years not overlook the reflection that the coun- have nearly elapsed since it was written, sel of Washington in that instance, like and in the interval our population, our all the counsels of wisdom, was founded wealth, our territorial extension, our 41 ADAMS, JOHN QUINCY power-ph;rsical and moral-have ncarl . voted. 'Ve owe it, therefore, to candor trebled. Reasoning upon this state of and to the amicable relations tiubstitut- things from the sound and judicious prin- ing between the enited States and those dples of 'Yashington, must we not say powers to decJare that we should consider that the period which he predicted as then any attempt on their part to extend their not far off has arrived, that America has system to any portion of this hemisphere a set of primary interests which have none as dan erous to our peace and saft,t .. or a remote relation to Europe; that the With the existing- colonies or dq)('ndeneies interff'renl'e of Europe, therefore, in those of any European power we ha'"e not in- ('úm'erns I"hould be spontaneously withheld terfeITed and shall not intf'rfere; but with bJ" hf'r upon the same prineiples that we the ßo,"ernments' who IUl\"e deeJared their have never interfpr('('} with hers, and that indepcndenl'e and maintained it, ami if she !:'hould il1terfpre, as she may, by whose independence we ha,op on great Jl:easure!'! whieh may have a great and ennsideration and on just prineiplf's ac- dangerous recoil upon ourl"plves, we might knowledged. we could not view an,\" int('r- be caJled in dpfence of our own altars and position for the purposf'S of opprf'ssing tlrpsides to take an attitude which would thpm or controlling in an,\" other mamlPr cause our neutraIit)" to be respccted and thpir destiny by any J:urop('an power in ehoose peace or war, as our intercst, any other light than al" the manifel"tation guided by justicp, should counsel. of an unfriendlJ" dispositon towards the The acceptanee of this im'itation, th('re- rnited States. In the war hptw(,f'n fore, far from conflicting- with the couu- those new governments and Spain we dp- I"cl or the po]jcy of "-ashington. is di- dared our neutrality at the time of r('ctlv dcducible from and conformablf' to thcir recognition, and to this we have it. Kor is it less conformablc to tI\P views adhcred, and shall continue to adhere, of my immediate predecessors as dpelared provid('d no change shall oecur which in in his annual message to Congress of Dec. the judgment of the competent authorities . 1823, to whieh I have already ad,'erted. of this go,'ernmcnt shall make a con-c- and to an important passage of which I !:'ponding change on the part of the L'nitcd invite the attention of the House: Statcs indispensahle to thcir security." "The citizens of the rnited States," To the quel"tion which may he asked, said he, "cherish sentiments the most whether thi,., mceting and the principles friendly in famr of the lib('rty and happi- which may he adjusted and settled hy I1('SS of their fellow-men on that [the Euro- it as rules of intercourse bctwcen the pean 1 side of the Atlantic. In the wars of American nations may not give umbrage the European powers in matters relating to the holy league of European powers to thems('l\"es we have never taken any or offence to Rpain, it is deem('d a suffi- part, nor doe!'! it eomport with our policy cient answer that our attpndance at T)ana- 80 to do. It is onlv when our rights are ma can give no just CalU-le of umbrage invaded or scriouslÿ menaced that we rc- (II' offence to either, and that the Cnited sent injuries or make preparation for our tatps will stipulate nothing there which defence. "ïth the movements in tllis can give such cause. Here the right of hemisphere wp are of nec('ssity more im- inqllir.r into our purposps and mea<;un's mediately f'Onnected, and by causes which nlust stop. The holy league of Europe must be olJ\"ious to all enHghtened and itf'.eIf was formed without inquirin!! of impartial obsernrs. The political systf'm tIle rnited States whether it would or of the allied powers is essentially differ- ,,"ouM not give umhrage to tll('m, The ent in this respect from that of Ampriea. fear of gidng umbrage to thp holy Ipague Thil'i differencp proceeds from that which of Europc was urged as a motivc for de- exil'its in their respective go,"ernmpnts. nying to the American nations the ac- .\nd to the dpff>nec of our own, which knowlpdgmpnt of thpir indcpcndf'nce. has hepn achieYed by the loss of so much That it would be vipwed by Spain as hos- blood and treasure, and matured by the tility to her was not only urged, but wisdom of their most enlightened citizens. directly declared by herself. The Con- and under whiC'h Wf> have enjo "ed unf''\':- gress and administration of that da;r ('on- ampled felicit ", this whole nation is de- suIted thcir rights and dutics, and not 42 ADAMS, JOHN QUINCY their fear!'!. Fully determined to give no needless displeåsure to any foreign power, the "Cnited States can estimate the proba- bility of their giving it only by the right which any foreign btate could have to take it from their measures. Xeither the l'eprespntation of the United States at j'anama nor any measure to which their as ent may be J'ielded there will give to the holJ' league or any of its members, nor to Spain, the right to take offence; for the rest, the L"nited States must still, as heretofore, take counsel from their dutie.. rather than their fears. Such are the objf'cts in which it is ex- pected that the plenipotentiaries of the Cnited States, when commissioned to at- tend the meeting at the Isthmus, will take part, and such are the motives and purposes with which the invitation of the ]'('puhlici'l W,lS accepted. It was, how- e,-er. as the House will perceive froIll the cOJTP"'pondC'ncc. accepted only upon condi- tion that the nomination of commissioners for the mission should I'eceive the advice amI consent of the Senate. The concurrence of the House to the measure, by the appropriations necessary for carr,ring it into effeet, is alike subject to its free detC'rmination and indispen- sable to the fulfilment of the intention. That the congres8 at Panama wi1l ac- complish all, or eyen any, of the tran- scendent benefits to the human race which warmed the concpption of its first pro- pm,er, it were, perhaps, indulging too s:mguine a forecast of pvents to promise. It is in its nature a measure speeulative and experimental. The blessing of Hpayen may turn it to the account of human improyement; accidents unforC'seen and llIischances not to he anticipated may baffle all its high pmposes and disap- point its fairest e pC'ctations. But tIle de- sign is great. i", benevolent, is humane. It looks to the melioration of the con- dition of man. It is congenial with that spirit which prompted the declaration of onr independence, which inspired the pre- mnble of our first treaty with France, whiC'h dictated our first treaty with Prus- sia, and the instruction!'! under whiC'h it was negotiated, which filled the h<>arts and fired the souls of the immortal found- ers of our Reyolution. \Yith this unrestricted exposition the motives by which I have been goy- enlCd in this transaction, as well as of the objects to be discussed and of the ends, if possible, to be attained by our rppreselltation at the proposed congress, I submit the propriety of an appropria- tion to the candid consideration and en- lightened patriotism of the legislature. JOlIN Qnxcy ADAMS. Jubilf'e of the Constitution.-The follow- ing is the address of fr. Adams before the New York Historical Society, April 30, 1830: \Vould it be an unlicensed trespass of the imagination to conceive that, on the night preceding the day of which you ncw commemorate the fiftieth anniversary -on the night preceding the 30th df April. 1 iS9, when fl'OlU the balcony of vour city hal1 the Cllancellor of the' State of New York administered to George 'Vash- ington the solemn oath faithfullv to exe- cute the office of President of the United States, and to the best of his ability to presen"e. protect. and defend the Con",titu- tion of the rnited States-that in the visions of the night the guardian angel of the Father of our Country had appeared b(>fore him. in tlw venerated form of his mother. and. to cheer and encourage him in the performance of the momentous and solemn duties that he was about to assume, had delivered to him a suit of celestial armor-a helmet, cunsisting of the prin- ciples of piety. of justice, of honor, of bene,-olence, with which from his earliest infancy he had hitherto walked through life, in the pre",ence of all his brethren-a spear, stnddC'd with the self.evidpnt truths of the Declaration of Indcpendence--a sword, the same with which he had led the armies of his country through the Will' of freedom. to the summit of the tri- umphal arch of independence-a corslet and cuishes of long experience and Im- hi.tual intercourse in peace and war with the world of mankind, his contemporaries of the human race, in all tlwir stages of ci,i1ization-and. last of all, the Consti- tution of the United States. a !'!hipld. em- bo",sed by heavenly hands with the future hi!'òtory of his conntr:r. Ye!'!. gentlemen! on that shield, the Constitution of the United States. \\ as of sculptured (by forms unseen, and in char- 43 ADAMS, JOHN QUINCY acters thpn invisible to mortal eye), the predestined and prophetic history of the one confederated people of the North American Union. They have been the settlers of thirteen separate and distinct English colonies, along the margin of the shore of the Korth American continpnt; contiguously situ- ated, but chartered by adventurers of char- acters variously diversified, including sec- tarians, religious and political, of all the classes which for the two preceding cen- turies had agitated and divided the people of the British islands, and with them were intermingled the descendants of Hol- landers, Swedes, Germans, and French fugitives from the persecution of the re- voker of the Edict of Nantes. In the bosoms of this people, thus het- erogeneously composed, there was burn- ing, kindled at different furnaces, but all furnaces of affliction, one clear, steady flame of liberty. Bold and daring enter- prise, stubborn endurance of privation, un- flinching intrepidity in facing danger, and inflexible adherence to conscientious prin- ciple had steeled to energetic and unyield- ing hardihood the characters of the primi- tIve settlers of all these colonies. Since that time two or three generations of men had passed away, but they have increased and multiplied with unexampled rapidity; and the land itself had been the recent theatre of a ferocious and bloody seven years' war between the two most powerful and most civilized nations of Europe, con- tending for the possession of this conti- npnt. Of that strife the victorious comba- tant had bem Britain. She had con- ql1Prerl the provincps of France. She had e:\ pelled her rival totally from the conti- nPnt, over which, bounding herself by the Mississippi, !'!he was thenceforth to hold dh-ided empire only with Spain. She had acqllirpd undisputed control over the Ind- ian tribes, still tenanting the forests unex- plored by the European man. She had established an uncontesh'd monopoly of the commerce of all her colonies. Hut for- getting all the warnings of preceding agps -forgetting the lessons written in the hlood of her own children. through cen- turie!'! of departed tinw, she undertook to tax the people of the eolonies without their consent. Resistance, instantaneous, unconcerted, sympathetic, inflexible resistance, like an electric shock startled and roused the peo- ple of all the English colonies on this con- tinent. This was the first signal for the North American Union. The struggle was for chartered rights, for English liberties, for the cause of Algernon Sidney and John Hampden, for trial by jury, the habeas corpus and Magna Charta. But the English law)'ers had decided that Parliament was omnipotent; and Parliament, in their omnipotence, instead of trial by jury and the habeas corpus, enacted admiralty courts in England to try Americans for offences charged against them as committed in America; instead of the privileges of Iagna Charta, num- fied the charter itself of Ia8sachusptts Bay, shut up the port of Boston, sent armies and navies to keep the peace and teach the colonies that John Hampden ,,,as a rebel and Algernon Sidney a traitor. English liberties had failed them. From the omnipotence of Parliament the colo- nists appealed to the rights of man and the omnipotence of the god of battles. Union! Union! was the instinctiye and simultaneous cry throughout the land. Their Congress, assembled at Philadelphia, once-twice-had petitioned the King. had remonstrated to Parliament, had ad- dressed the people of Britain for the rights of Englishmen-in vain. FlepÌ!'1 and armies, the blood of Lp:xington, and the fires of Charlestown and Falmouth, had been the answer to petition, re- monstrance, and address. Independence was declared. The eolo- nies were transformed into Statps. Their inhabitants were proclaimed to be onp people, renouncing- all allegiance to the British crown, all co. patriotism with UIP British nation, all claims to chartprl'd rights as Englishmcn. Thenceforth their charter was the Declaration of Imlppen- dellce. Their rights, the natural rights of mankind. Their government. !'!uch a!'! should bp instituted by themselv('s. llndpr the solemn mutual pledges of pl'rpptllal union. founded on the sclf.e\"Ìdent truth'! proclaimed in the Declaration. The Declaration of Independence was issued, in the excruciating agonies of a 44 ADAMS, JOHN QUINCY civil war, and by that war independence abroad, domestic insurrection at borne, was to be maintained. Six long years it were on the point of hearing to a disbon- raged with unabated fury, and the Union Ol"able grave the proclamation of a govern- was yet no more than a mutual pledge of ment founded on the rights of man-when faith and a mutual participation of com- a convention of delegates from eleven of mon sutferings and common dangers. the thirteen States, with George \Yashing- The omnipotence of the British Parlia- ton at their head, sent forth to the people ment was vanquished. The independence an act to be made their own, speaking in of the United States of America was not their name and in the first person. thus: granted, but recognized. The nation had "\Ve, the people of the Lnited States, in .. assumed among the powers of the earth order to form a more perfpct union, estab- the separate and equal station to which liEh justice. insure domestic tranquillity, the laws of nature and of nature's God provide for the common defence, promote entitlpd it "-but the one, united people the general welfare, and secure the bless- had yet no government. ings of liberty to ourselves and our pos- In the enthusiasm of their first spon- tel ity, do ordain and establish this Con- taneous, unstirulated, unpremeditated stitution for the Cnited tates of Amer- union, they have flattered themselves that ica." no general go\"ernlllent would be required. This act was the complement to the As spparate States they were all agreed Declaration of Independence, founded that they should constitute and govern upon the same principles, carrying them themseh-es. The revolution under which out into practical execution, and forming they were gasping for life, the war which with it one, entire system of national gov- was carrying desolation into all their ernmf'nt. The Declaration was a mani- dwellings, and mournin into every fam- festo to the world of mankind, to justify iIy, had been kindled by the abuse of the one, confederated people for the vio- power-the power of go\"Crmnent. An in- lent and voluntary severance Qf the ties vincible repugnance to the delegation of of their allegiance, for the renunciation power had thus been generated by the of their country, and for assuming a sta- very course of events which had rendered tion thpmselves among the potentates of it necessary; and the more indispensable the world-a self-constituted sovereign, it hecame. the more awakened was the jeal- a self-eonstihltpd country. ousy and the more intense was the distrust In the history of the human race this bJ' which it was to be circumscribed. had never been done before. Monarchs They relaxed their union into a l('ague had been dethroned for tyranny, king- of friendship between sovcreign and inde- doms converted into republics, and revolt- pendent Stat('s. They constitutpd a Con- ed prO\-inces had assumed the attributes of gress, with powers co-extensive with the sovereign power. In the history of Eng- nation. but so hedged and hemmed in with land itself, within one century and a half restrictions that the limitation seemed to before the day of the Declaration of Inde- be the general rule and the grant the oc- pendence, one lawful king had been casional e ception. The Articles of Confed- brought to the block, and another expelled, pration, sllhject('d to philosophical analy- with all his posterity, from his king- sis, se('m to he little more than an emnner- dom. and a collateral dynasty had ascend- ation of the functions of a national gov- ed his throne. But the former of thcse ernment which the Con ress constitutpd r('\-olutions had. by the dpliberate and by the instrument was not authorized to final spntence of the nation itself, been perform. There was avowedly no execu- pronounced a rebellion. and the rightful tive power. heir of the executed king had been re- The nation fell into an atrophy. The stored to the crown. In the latter, at the Union languished to the point of dpath. first onset, the royal recreant had fled-he A torpid numbness seized upon all its was held to have abdicatpd the crown, and faculties. A chilling, cold indifference it was placed upon the heads of his daugh- crept from its extremities to the centre. ter and of her husband. the prime leader The system was about to dissolve in its of the conspiracy against him. In these own imbecility-impotence in negotiation ('vcnts there had been much controvers, 45 ADAMS, JOHN QUINCY upon the platform of English Iiberties- abolish it, and to institute a new govern- upon the customs of the ancient Britons, ment-to throw off a government degen- the laws of Alfred, the witenagemote of erating into despotism, and to provide the Anglo-Sa:xons, and the Great Charter new guards for their future security. of Runn,ymede with all its numberl('ss con- They proceed then to say that sueh was firmations. But the actors of those times then the situation of the colon if's, anll had ne\'er ascended to the first foundation such the necessity which constrained thelU of civil society among men, nor had any to alter their former s,ystems of govern- rE'volutionary system of go\'ernment been ment. rested upon them. Then follows the enumeration of the The motive for the Declaration of In- acts of tyranny by which the King. Parlia- dependence was on its face avowed to be ment, and people of Great Britain had per- .. a decent respcct fOI' the opinions of man- verted the powers to the destruction of the kind"; its purpose, to declare the causes ends of government over the coloniC's. and which impel1ed the people of the English the conscquent necessity constraining the colonies on the continent of North Amer- colonies to the sf'paration. iea to separate themð"h"cs from the politi- In conclusion, the Representatives of eal community of the British nation. They the Cnited States of Americ,t, in gl'nC'l"a1 declare only the causes of their sf'l>ara- Congress assembled, appealing to the :-;u- tion, but they announce at the same time preme Judge of the world for the rectittllle their as!Oumption of the separate and equal of their intentions, do, in the name and by station to which the laws of nature and the authority of the good people of these of nature's God entitle them among the colonies. solemnly publish and declare that powers of the earth. these United Colonies are, and of right Thus th('ir first movement is to recog- ought to be, free and imlepemlent States; nize and appeal to the laws of nature and that they are absolved from all alIegianee to nature's God, for their right to assume to the British crown; and that al1 pol it- the attributes of sovereign power as an in- ical connection between them and the State dependent nation. of Great Britain is, and ought to be, total- The causes of their necessary separa- ly dissolved; and that, as free and inde- tion, for they begin and end by declaring pendent States. H\('y have ful1 power to it neccssary, alleged in the Declaration, levy war, conclude peace, contract alli- are all founded on the same laws of nature ances, establish commerc<" and to do all and of nature's God; and hence. as prelim- other act!'! and things which in appeal to separation, they set forth as self-e,"ident the SuprE'me Judge of the world, and the truths the rights of indi,'idual man, by rule of right and wTOng as paramount the laws of nature and of nature's God, to events to the power of indC')}('Jl(lent States, life, to liberty. to the pursuit of happiness; are here again rE'peated in the very act that all men are created equal; that to of constituting a new sovereign commu- secure the rights of life, liberty, and the nity. It is not immaterial to remark that pursuit of happiness, goycrnments are in- the Fiigners of the Declaration, thongh stitute<1 among men, derh'ing their ju t qualifying thpmselnR as the Reprpsenta- powers from the consent of the governed. tives of the rnited State!'; of America, All this i!'! by the laws of nature and of in general Congre!'!s aEsembled, yet is''IIQ nature'!,! nod. amI of course presupposes the Dec1aration- in the name and hy tIll! the exi tence of a God, the moral ruler of authority of the good pC'Opl(> of the eolo. the universe, and a rule of right and nieR. and that they d(>c1are. not ('ach of th. wrong, of ju t and unjust. hinding upon eparate colonie!'l, but the Pnited Colo. man, precf'ding all in'ltitution!'! of human nie!'!, free and indepenl1ent States. Tlu r;ociety and of government. It awr!'!. al!'lo, whole people declared the colonies in thpil that go\'ernmC"nt!'! are institntC"ù to !'!eC"urp unit(>d mnllition. of right, free and iude. these right of natur(> amI of nature's noù, pt'lHlent Stah's. and that \\ heneycr any form of goW'rn- The dissolution of aHegiance to th. ment become!'! destructive of those end!'! Rritish crown, the !'!e\'eranee of the colo. it is the right of the people to alter or to nics from the British empire, and theÏl 4ü ADAMS, JOHN QUINCY actual existence as independent States, tween the colonies. This draft was pre- thus declared of right, were definitely es- pared by John Dickinson, then a delegate tablished in fact, by war and peace. The from Pennsylvania, who voted againo:t independence of each separate State had the Declaration of Independence, and never nevel' been declared of right. It never ex- signed it, having been superseded by a isted in fact. Upon the principles of the new election of delegates from the State Declaration of Independence, the dissolu- eight days after this draught was re- tion of the ties of allegiance, the assump- ported. tion of sovereign power, and the institu- There was thus no congeniality of tion of civil government are all acts of principle between the Declaration of In- transcendent authority, which the people dependence and the Articles of Con feder- alone are competent to perform; and, ac- ation. The foundation of the former were cordingly, it is in the name and by the au- a supel'intending Providence, the rights thority of the people that two of these of man and the constituent revolutionary acts-the dissolution of allegiance, with power of the people; that of the latter the severance from the British empire, and was the sovereignty of organized power the declaration of the "Cnited Colonies, as and the independence of the separate or free and independent States-were per- dis-united States. The fabric of the Dec- formed by that instrument. laration and that of the Confederation But there still remained the last and were each consistent with its own founda- crowning act, which the people of the !ion, but they could not form one con- rnion alone were competent to perform- sistent symmetrical edifice. They were the institution of civil government for the productions of different minds and of that compound nation, the United States adverse passions--Qne, ascending for the of America. foundation of human government to the At this day it cannot but strike us as laws of nature and of God, written upon extraordinary that it does not appear to the heart of man; the other, resting upon have occurred to anyone member of that the basis of human institutions and pre- assembly, which had laid down in terms so Rcriptive law and colonial charter. The dear, so explicit, so unequivocal, the foun- corner-stone of the one was right, that of dation of all just government, in the im- the other was power. prescriptible rights of man and the trans- The work of the founders of our inde- cendent sovereignty of the people, and who pendence was thus but half done. Absorb- in those principles had set forth their only ed in that more than herculean task of personal vindication from the charges of maintaining that independence and its rebellion against their King and of treason principles by one of the most cruel wars to their country, that their last crowning that ever glutted the furies with human act was still to be performed upon the woe, they marched undaunted and stead- same principles-that is, the institution, fast through that fiery ordeal, and, con- by the people of the United States, of a sístent in their principles to the end, ci\'il government to guard and protect and conduded, as an acknowledged 80vel'- defend them alL On the contrary, that eignty of the United States, proclaiml'd same assembly which issued the Dedara- by their people in 1776, a peace with tion of Independence, instead of continu- that same monarch whose sovereignty ing to act in the name and by the author- o\'er them they had abjured in obedi- it,y of the good people of the United States, enCJe to the laws of nature and of nature's had, immediately after the appointment of God. the committee to prepare the Declaration, But for these Unih'd States they had appointed another committee, of one IUpm- fornlt.d no Constitution. Instead of re- ber from each colony, to prepare and digest sorting to U\P !;ource of all constituted the form of confederation to be entered power, they had wasted their time, their into between the colonies. talents, and their persevering, untiring That committee reported on the 12th toils in erecting and roofing and buttress- of July, eight days after the Declaration ing a frail and temporary shed to shelter of Independence had been issued, a the nation from the storm, or rather a draft of Articles of Confederation be- mere baseless scaffolding on which to 47 ADAMS, JOHN QUINCY stand when they should raise the marble by agreement between the legislatures of palace of the people, to stand the test of the several States and their delegates in time. Congress, without authority from or con- :Five years were consumed by Congress sultation of the people at all. and the State legislaturcs in debating and [n the Declaration of Independence altering and adjusting these Articles of the enacting and constituent party dis- Confederation, the first of which was: pensing and delegating sovereign power "Each State retains its sovereignty, is the whole people of the United Colonies. freedom. and independence, and every pow- The recipient party, invested with po\\er, er, jurisdiction. and right which is not by is the United Colonies, declared United this confederation expressly delegated to States. the United States in Congress assem- In the Articles of Confederation this LIed." order of agency is averted. Each State is Observe the departure from the lan- the constituent and enacting party, and guage, and the consequent contrast of the United States in Congress asscmbled principles, with those of the Declaration of the recipient of delegated power, and that Independence. power delegated with such a penurious "Each State retains its sovereignty," and carking hand that it had more the etc. Where did each State get the sovereign- aspect of a revocation of the Declaration ty which it retains? In the Declaration of ot Independence than an insb ument to Independence the delegates of the colonies carry it into effect. in Congress assemblcd, in the name and by None of these indispensably necessary the authority of the good people of the powers were ever conferred by the State colonies, declare, not each colony, but tlw legislatures upon the Congress of the con- {,;nited Colonies, in fact, and of right, not federation; and well was it that they sovereign, but free and independent States. never were. The system itself was radi- And why did they make this declaration cally defective. Its incurable disease was in the name and by the authority of the an apostasy from the principles of the one people of all the colonies f Because by Veclaration of Independence - a substi- the principles before laid down in the tution of separate State sovereignties, in Declaration, the people, and the people the place of the constituent sovereignty of alone, as the rightful source of all le- the people as the basis of the confederate gitimate government, were competent to Union. dissolve the bands of subjection of all the In the Congress of the confederation colonies to the nation of Great Britain, the master minds of James Madison and and to constitute them free and indepen- Alexander Hamilton were constantly en- dent States. Now the people of the colo- gaged through the closing years of the nies, speaking by their delegates in Con- Revolutionary War and those of peace gress, had not declared each colony a which immediately succeeded. That of sovereign, free, and independent State, John Jay was associated with them short- cor had the people of each colony so de- ly after the peace, in the capacity of Sec- clan'd the colony itself, nor could they so retary to the Congress for Foreign \ff.tirs. declare it, hecau!'le each was already bound The incompetency of the Articles of Con- in union with all the rest-a union formed federation for the management of the dr facto, by the spontaneous revolutionary affairs of the Lnion at home and abroad movement of the whole people, and organ- was demonstrated to them by the painful ized by the meeting of the first Congress, and mortifying experience of every day. in 1774, a ;year and ten months before the 'Washington, though in retiremmt. was Declaration of Independence. brooding over the cruel injustice suITered \Vhere, then, did each State get the by his as!'!ociates in arms, the warrior!'! of sovereignty, freedom. and indppendence the Revolution; over the prostration of the which the Articles of Confpderation de- public credit and the faith of the nation dare it retains f Not from the whole peo- in the neglect to provide for the payment pIe of the whole Lnion; not from the even of the interest upon the public deht; Declaration of Independence--not from the over the disappointed hopes of the fripnds people of the State it!'!elf. It was assumed of freedom; in the language of the addreSH 48 '" ... 3, . Jll ADAMS, JOHN QUINCY from Congress to the States of the 18th of that situation, with a government degen- April, 1783, "The pride and boast of erated into tyranny, and called upon by America, that the rights for which she the laws of nature and of nature's God to contended were the rights of human dissolve that government and institute nature." another. Then, in the name and by the At his residence in Mount Vernon, in authority of the good people of the colo- March, 1785, the first idea wa.s started of nil's, they pronounced the dissolution of a revisal of the Articles of Confederation their allegiance to the King and their by an organization of means differing eternal separation from the nation of from that of a compact between the State Great Britain, and declared the United legislatures and their own delegates in Colonies independent States. And here, as Congress. A convention of delegates from the representatives of the one people, they the State legislatures, independent of the had stopped. They did not require the Congress itself, was the expedient which confirmation of this act, for the power presented itself for effecting the purpose, to make the declaration had already been and an Rugmentation of the powers of conferred upon them by the people; dele- Congress for the regulation of commerce gating the power, indeed, separately in as the object for which this assembly was the separate colonies, not by colonial au- to be convened. In January, 1786, the thority, but by the spontaneous revolu- proposal was made and adopted in the tionary movement of the people in them legislature of Virginia and communicated all. to the other State legislatures. From the day of that declaration the The convention was held at Annapolis constituent power of the people had never in September of that year. It was attend- been called into action. A confederacy ed hy delegates from only five of the cen- had been substituted in the place of a hal States, who, on comparing their re- government, and State sovereignty had stricted powers with the glaring and uni- usurped the constituent sovereignty of the versally acknowledged defects of the con- people. federation, reported only a recommenda- The convention assembled at Ph il a- tion for the assemblage of another con- delphia had themselves no direct authority vention of delegates to meet at Philadel- from the people. Their authority was all phia in May, 1787, from all the States derived from the State legislatures. But and with enlarged powers. they had the Articles of Confederation be- The Constitution of the United States fore them, and they saw and felt the was the work of this convention. But in wretched condition into which they had its construction the convention immediate- brought the whole people, and that the ly perceived that they must retrace their Union itself was in the agonies of death. steps, and fall back from a league of They soon perceived that the indispensa- friendship between sovereign States to the bly needed powers were such a.s no State onstituent sovereignty of the people; from government, no combination of them, was power to right-from the irresponsible by the principles of the Declaration of In- despotism of State sovereignty to the self- dependence competent to bestow. They evident truths of the Declaration of Inde- could emanate only from the people. A pendence. In that instrument the right highly respectab e portion of the assembly, to institute and to alter governments stiU clinging to the confederacy of States, among men was ascribed exclusively to proposed as a substitute for the Consti- the people; the ends of government were tl1tion a mere revival of the Articles of declared to be to secure the natural rights Confederation, with a grant of additional of man; and that when the government de- powers to the Congress. Their plan was generates from the promotion to the de- respectfully and thoroughly discussed, but struction of that end, the right and the the want of a government and of the sanc- duty accrued to the people to dissolve this tion of the people to the delegation of degenerate government and to institute powers happily prevailed. A Constitu- flDother. The signers of the Declaration tion for the people, with the distribution further averred that the one people of the of legislative, executive, and judicial United Colonies were then precisely in powers, was prepa.red. It announced itself I.-D 49 ADAMS fi the work of the people themselves j and people. and distort'" the Constitution of the as this '\a8 unqu{' tionably a power as- Cnited States into a leag-lIl' of fril'ml...ltip sumed hy the cum en tion, llot dcll'ga ted to bet ween confederate corpora tions. I speak them hy the people, they religiouslJ' eon- to matters of fact. There is thp Dpclara- Jined it to a simple power to propos(', and tion of Independence, and t11f)re ifol the carefully provided that it should be no Constitution of the l'"nited States-let more than a proposal until sanctioned by them speak for themseh"es. The gross- the confederation Congress, by the State ly immoral and dishonest doctrine of l('gislatures, and by the people of the sev- desputic State sO\'ereignty. the exdusin. f'ral States. in conventions specially as- judge of its own obligations, amI rcspon- sC'mbled, by authority of their legislatures, sible to no power on earth or in hean'n for the single purpose of examining and for the violation of them, is not there. p:lssing upon it. The Declaration says, "It is not in me." And thus was consummated the work The Constitution saJ"s, "It is not in me." commenced by the Declaration of Inde- Adams, JOIIK QUI CY (son of Charlp;:I pendence, a work in which the people F.); born in Boston, Mass" Sept. 2 . of tIle North American Union, acting 1833; graduated at HalTard in IR.):J; WflS under the deepest sense of responsibility the unsuccessful candidate for the l'Il\"- to the Supreme Rulcr of the universe. had ernorship in 18ü8-(jf)-iO. and for t1w {:-nit. achip,"('d the most trans('('ßdpnt act of ed States Vice-Presidencv on thp til'kl't p.)wer that social man in his mortal con- with Charles O'Conor in Ì8ï2. He died in clition can pprform, enn that of dis- Quincy, Mass., Aug. 14, 1894. o;;oh'ing the ties of ane iallce by which he Adams, JULIUS \Y ALKER, engineer; born i;:l hound to his country, of renouncing in Boston, Mass., Oct. 18. 1812. IIp was tJ,at country itself, of dcmolislling its the piOJH'er engineer of the East River governnH'nt, of instituting another gov- Hridge. He died in Brooklyn, N. Y., Dec. el nment, and of making for himself an- 1:3, IS!)f). of her country in its stead. Adams, ROßERT, JR., legi..lator; horn in The Revolution itsclf was a work of Philadelphia. Pa., Ft'L. 2ti, I8-1-!I; was thirteen years, aud had ne, PI' been com- graduated at the University of rennsyl- pleted until that day. The Declaration v:mia in 1St;!). He entered Congrf':-Os in of Indepemlence and the Cono;;titution of IR93 as representative from the 2d Pt'nn- the l-nited tat('s are parts of one con- syh'ania District, and in 1808 was actin sistent whole, founded upon one and the cI-.airman of the committ('e on foreign same theorJ' of government, then new, not afrairs which reported the Cuban resoln- as a theory, for it had been working itself lions and the declaration of war against into the mind of man for manJ' agf's, and Spain. he en especially e'\.pounded in the writ- Adams, RuruEL. patriot; born in Bos- ings of Locke, but had ne\"pr before heen ton, RC'pt. 27, Iï22; was gmduatf'd at adopted by a great nation in practice. Harmrd College in 1 ï42, and was honOl'f'd There are yet, even at this day, many with the degree of LL,D. by it in lin . speculati\'e ohjC'ctions to this theory. The tendenc'y of his mind was Rhown whpn, Even in our own country there are f'til1 at the age of twenty-one, receh'ing the de- philosoph('rs who denJ' the prineiples as- gree of A.l\I., he proposed, and took thp t'rtf'd in tllP Dpclaration as f.;C'lf-e\'ident affirmath-e on, the question" Whether it truths, who df'ny the natural f'(}1Jality and he lawful to Tf"sist the flupreme magis- inalipnaLle rights of man, who deny that trnte if tIle commonwpalth <,annot othpr- the Jwople are the onl.,' l('gitimatt' source wise he presCTnd?" HI' puLlif.;l)('d a pam. of power, who deny that all just powers J.lhlet at ahout the flame timp entitlf'11 of government are derived from the con- ElIg1i. hmrll'. Rights. He bpcamp nn un- f.;pnt of the gO\'C'l"IIPd. Xeither YO\1t. time successful merchant, hut a sIH'C'C'sf.;ful nor, perhaps, the cheerful nature of this writer; and gained great popularity hy of'casion permit me here to enter upon hi political essays against t1w adminis- the p'\amination of this anti-re\'olutionary tration of Gm'prnor Shirley. Rtern in thpory, whieh arrays State sonrl'igllty morals. n horn republican. and with C01Il'- against the con!'otituent flo'"erpigllt of thp age equal to his convictions, Samupl 50 ADAMS, SAMUEL than 1,000 slaves; and let him propagate his like, and transmit to them what he has so nobly preserved." 1\11'. Adams assisted in drafting the State constitution of Mas- sachusetts (1779), was president of his State Senate (1781), member of his State Convention that ratified the national Con- stitution, lieutenant-governor (1789-1)4). Rnd governor (1794-97). He sympathized with the French Revolutionists, and was a Jeffersonian Democrat in politics in his latter days. The purity of his life amI his inflexible integrity were attested by friends and foes. Hutchinson, in a letter to his government, said he was of "such an obstinate and inflexible disposition that 110 gift nor office would ever coneil i.Üe him." His piety was sincere, and he was a thoroughbred Puritan. Without fort- une, without a profession, he depended on moderate salaries and emoluments of office; and for almost fift.r J'cars a daily maintenance, frugal in the extreme, was eked out by the industry and prudence of his second wife, whom he married in 1757. He died in Boston, Oct. 2, 1803. Samuel Adams and John Hancock were regarded as arch-rebels by General Gage, and he resolved to arrest them and send them to England to be tried for treason. the Stamp Act Congress, and was a con- A capital part of his scheme, in sending out tinual object of dread and hatred to the the expedition to Lexington and Concord colonial governors. He proposed the first (April IS-H), li75), was the seizure of Committee of Correspondence in Massa- tllese patriots, who, members of the Pro- chusetts in I i72; and. when General Gage vincial Congress, had tarried at Lexing- besought him to make his peace with the ton on being infornwd of Gage's intention King, he replied, "I trust I have made to arrest them on their return to Boston. my pea.ce with the King of kings. No per- They were at the house of Rev. Jonas sonal considerations shall induce me to Clarke, a.nd Gage thought to surprise and ahandon the righteous cause of my coun- capture them at midnight. The vigilant try." \Yarren, learning the secret of the expe- In 1 i7 4 he was the chief in maturing dition, sent Paul Revere to warn the pa- the plan for a Continental Congress; was triots of their danger. Revere waited at a member of it; and served in that hody Charlestown for a signal-light from the most efficiently from that time until 1781. sexton of thf" Korth Church, to warn him l\S early as liG!) -:\11'. Adams advocated the of the forward movement of the troops. In,lp!wnd('nee of the colonies, and was one It was given, and on Deacon Larl...in's of Ute wa nuest supporters of it in the swift horse Revere sped to Lexington. At C'ongress. WI}(>n dC'hating on the Dec1ara- a little past midnight he }'ode up to tion of TndepC'ndencf", Adams said: "I Clarke's house. which he found guarded sh(lulcl all\"Ïsf" Iwrsisting in our sÌl'ugglp hy prgpant Monroe amI ltis mpn. In llUr- for liùerty thongh it werí' reypalpr] from riell wOl'll he asked e(lr llanl'ol'k. "1'IIP heaven that fl!l!) were to perish, and onl' family ha,'e retired:' said thp serg-pant. of 1.000 wel'e to sl1r\"iyf" and rptain his ,. and 1 am direetf"d not to allow thplJl to lihprty. Onp sneh freeman must posspss he disturbed by any noise." "Xoise!" e'(- more virtuc, and enjoy more happiness. claimed Revere; .. you'll ha.ve noise enough 51 Adams was a natural leader of the op- posers of the Stamp Act and kindred meas- ures of Parliament, and from that period ( 1765) until the independence of the colonies was achieved he was a foremost leader of the patriot host. He suggested , '. / \ I <\" ". '- :;,;" 4 / .. .r' ..sf \. ':. '- \... -ff'ø < , / \\ , . . '\' A / I' rtf " d /' or ,\\ íIfZ ,., . I . /.' f!:.1fJ! ], ; > ý? j :;'-j;fícts of Great Britain. That you will endeavor, as far as you shaH be able, to preserve that indepen- d('nce in the House of Representa- tiY< s which characteri7es a free people, and tlle want of wIlÌch may in a great measure prevent the happy efforts of a free government. cultivating as you shall have opportunity that harmony and union tl\pre which is ever desirable to good men, which is founded on principles of virtue ann 53 public spirit, and guarding against any undue weight which may tend to disad- just that critical balance upon which our Constitution and the blessings of it do de- pend. And for this purpose we particu- larly recommend it to you to use your en- deavors to have a law passed whereby the scats of such gentlemen as shall ac- cept of posts of profit from the crown or the governor, while they are members of the House, shall be vacated agTeeably to an act of the British Parliament, till their constituents shall have the opportunity of re-eleding them, if they please, or of re- turning others in their room. Being members of the legislative body, you will have a special regard to the mor- als of this people, which are the basis of public happiness, and endeavor to have such laws made, if any are still wanting, as shall be best adapted to secure them; and we particularly desire you carefully to look into the laws of excise, that if the virtue of the people is endangered by the multiplicity of oaths therein enjoined, or their trade and business is unreasonably impeded or embarrassed thereby, the grie;- ance may be redressed. As the preservation of morals, as well as of property and right, so much depends upon the impartial distribution of justice, agreeable to good and wholesome law; and as the judges of the lanl! do depend upon the free grants of the General As- sembly for support, it is incumbent upon you at all times to give your voice for their honorable maintenance, so long as they, having in their minds an indiffer- ence to all other affairs, shall devote themselves wholly to the duties of their own department and the further study of the law, by which their customs, prece- dents, proceedings, and determinations are adjusted and limited. You will remember that this province hath been at a very great expense in carry- ing on the war, and that it still lies under a very grievous burden of debt; you will therefore use your utmost endeavor to promote public frugality as one means to lessen the public dpbt. You will join in any proposals which may be made for the better cultivating t}}e lands and improving the husbandry of the province; and as you represent a town which lives by its trade, we expect ADAMS, SAMUEL eeedings may be preparatory to new ta:\.- ations upon us; for if our trade Illay be taxed, \\ hy not our lands? Why not the produce of our lands and everything we po!'sess or make use of? Thiswe apprehend annihilates our charter right to P'o'"ern and tax ourselves. It strikes at our British privileges, which, a we ha\'e npwr for- feited them, we hold in Common with nur fellow-subjects who are natives of Britain. If taxes are laid upon us in any shape without our having a legal representation where theJ' are laid, are we not reduced from the character of free subjects to the miserable state of tributary slaves? \\' e therefore earnestly recommem! it to you to use your utmost endca,.ors to obtain in thf" General .\ssembly all neces- ar ' mstruction and ad\ ice to our agent at this critical juncture; that while he is E'cHing forth the unshaken loyalty of this provincc and thi.., town-its unrivalled ex- ertion in supporting his :\lajesty's go\'- prnment ami rights in this part of hi dominions-its acknowledged dependenee upon and subordination to Great Britain. Hnt! the ready suhmission of its merchant to all just and necessary regulations of trade, he may he ahle in the most humhle ami pressini mannt'r to remonstrate for us all those rights and privileges which justly hclong to us either by charter or hirth. As his Majesty's othpr Korthf"l"ll Amer- Í<'an colonif"s are embarked with us in this most important bottom. we further desire you to use your endeavor that their \\ eight Ulay be added to that of this prov- ince, that by the unitc.t! applieation of all who are aggrie, ed. all may happil ' obtain redress. Nights of the Colollisfs.-Un XO\". U, Iii'!., he made the following report: in a very particular manner, though you make it the object of your attention to !""upport our eommprce in all its just rights. to vindicate it from all unreasona- ble impositions and promote its prosperity. Our trade has for a long time labored under great dicouragements,and it is with the dpepest eonccrn that we see such fur- ther dil1ieulties coming upon it as will re- duce it to the low ebb. if not totally ob- struct and ruin it. \Ye cannot help ex- pressing our surprise that whpn so early notice was given by the agent of the inten- tions of the ministry to burden us with new ta:\.es. so little regard was had to this most interesting matter that the Court was not e"en called together to consult about it till the latter end of the year; the consequencc of which was that instruc- tions could not be sent to the agent, though solieit<.d by him, till the Hil had gone be- yond an ea"y remedy. There is no room for further dela ': we tlwrpfme e'\.l)('ct that you will use 'our parliest emleavors in the Gp]H'ral As"em- itly t ha t such methods may he taken as will t'Írl'ctualJ ' pre,"ent thl':'õe proepedings against us. B ' a proper )"t'Jn"cM'ntation we apprehend it may easily be maJe to appear that such sen-rities will pl"O\e det- rimental to Great Britain itself; upon which account we han rea!,un to hope that an applil'ation. even for a repl'al of the act, should it he already passed, will b(' suece:-::;;ful. It is the trade of the eolonie t hat renders UIf'IIl lll'nefieia 1 to the mother country; our trad(', as it is now and al- ways has 1)('en conducted, centres in Great Britain. and. in return for lwr manufact- un's. al1"onls her more ready cash bpyond an.'" eomparison than can possihly be ex- pected b " the most sanguinary promoter of tJlf'se e:\.traordinar." methods. \Ye are. in short, ultimately yielding- large supplies to the revenues of the mother country, AS IE . while we are lahoring for a yery moderate Among the natural rights of the colo- !Hlh"istence for 011l'spIHs. But if our trade nists are tllese: First. a right to life. is to be curtaih.d in its most profitahle Reeond, to lilwrt.". Thirdly, to property: ùranc}ws. and bunlplls bercmd all pnssihlp togpther with the right to support and de- bearing laid upon that which is suffen,J ff'nd them in the bpst mannpr they can. to remain, we slmll be so far from h('ing Tlwse are eviJent branches of. rather than able to take off the manufactun's of Grpat deductions from. the duty of splf-preser- Britain. though it will bf" scarce possi- yation, commonly calleJ the first la\\ of hIe for us to earn our brpad. nature. Rut what still iwightens our appre- All Il\pn have a right to remain in a hensiolls is that these unexpected pro- state of nature as long as theJ" plt.ase, ami .34 ADAMS, SAMUEL in ('ase of intolerable oppression, ci,'il or religious, to leave the society they belong to and enter into another. When men enter into society it is by voluntary consent, and they have a right to demand and insist upon the perform- ance of such conditions and previous lim- itations as form an equitable original com- pact. Every natural right not expressly giv- en up, or from the nature of a social com- pact necel"saril y ceded, remains. All positÍ\'e and civil laws should con- form, as far al" possible, to the law of nat- ural reason and equity. As neither reason require!'. nor religion permits the contrar:r, every man living in or out of a state of eivil !'.ociety has a right peae('ahly and quietly to wor hip God aceording to the dictates of his con- seÏenee. ".Just and true liberty. equal and im- partial liberty." in matters spiritual and tpmporal is a thing that all men are clear- ly entitled to b y the eternal and immuta- ble laws of God and nature, as well as b y the laws of nations and all well-grounded and municipal laws, which must have their foundation in the former. In regard to reli ion, mutual toleration in the different professions thereof is what all good and candid minds in all ages have ever practised, and both by precept and example inculcated on mankind. It iR now generally agreed among Christians that this spirit of toleration. in the fullest e'(tent consistent with the being of civil !'.ociety, is the chief charaeteri!'.tical mark of the true Church. In 80 much that ::\11'. Locke has asserted and proved, beyond the po!"sibility of contradiction on any solid ground, that sueh toleration ought to be extended to all whose doctrines are not subnrsive of I"ociety. The only sects which he thinks oUg'ht to be. and which by all wise laws are, excluded from such tol- eration are tJlOse who teach doctrines sub- ver!'.ive of tlH' ei,'il go\'ernment under whieh they livc. The Roman Catholics. or Papists, are excluded by reason of such doctrines as these: That prince!'! excom- municated may be deposed, and those that they call heretics may be destroyed with- out mercy; be<>ides their recognizing the Pope in so absolute a manner, in sub- version on government, by introducing, as 55 far as possible into the states under whose protection they enjoy life, liberty, and property, that solecism in politics, impe- rilt/It in imperio, leading directly to the worst anarchy and eonfusion, civil dis- cord, war, and bloodshed. The natural liberty of man by entering into society is abridg'ed or restrained, so far only as is necessary for the gl'eat end of society-the best good of the whole. In the state of nature evcry man is, under God. judge and sole judge of his own rights and of the injuries done him. By entering into !'ocif't y II(" agrees to an arbiter or indifferent judge between him and his r1Pighbors; hut he no more re- nounees his original right, thereby taking a cause out of the ordinary eourse of law, and leaving the decision to referees or in- differf'nt arbitrators. In the last ease. he must pay the referee for time and trouble. He should also be willing to pay his just quota for the support of the gonnnnent, the law, and the Constitution, the end of ",hieh is to furnish indifferent and im- partial judges in aU cases that may hap- pen, whether civil, ecclesiastical, marine, or military. The natural liberty of Ulan is to be tref' from any superior power on earth, aud not to be undH the will or leg-isla- ti'-e. authorit:r of man. but only to have the law of nature for his rule. In the state of nature men ma ', as the patriarchs did. employ hiretl senants for the defenee of their 1in s, libprties, and property, and they shall pay them reason- ahle wages. Government "as instituted for the purpose of common defence, and those who hold the reins of government have an equitable, natural right to an hon- orable support from the same principle that .< the laborer is worthy of his hire." But then the same community which they serve ought to be the assessors of their pay. GO\'erllors haye a right to seek and take what they please: by this. instead of being content with the station assignC'd them, that of honorable !'.ervants of the society, they would soon become absolute mastf'r , despots. and t 'rants. Hence, as a private man has a right to say what wages he will give in his private affairs. sO has a community to determine what they will give and grant of their substance for the administration of public affairs. ADAMS, SAMUEL And in both cases more are ready to offer their service at the proposed and stipu- lated price than are able and willing to perform their duty. In short, it is the greatest absurdity to suppose it in the power of one, or of any number of men, at the pntering into so- ciety to renounce their essential natural rights, or the means of preserving those rights, when the grand end of civil govern- mcnt, from the very nature of its institu- tion, is for the support, protection, and defpnce of those very rights; the principal of which, as is before observed, are life, libe.tty, and property. If men, through fea , fraud, or mistake, should in terms re- nounce or give up any essential natural right, the eternal law of reason and the grand end of socipty would absolutely va- cate such renunciation. The right of free- dom being the gift of God Almighty, it is not in the power of man to alienate this gift and voluntarily become a slave. AS CHRISTIANS. These may be best understood by read- ing and carefully studying the institutes of the great Law-giver and head of the Christian Church, which are to be found clearly writtcn and promulgated in the New Testament. By an act of the British Parliament commonly called the Toleration Act, every fmbject in England, except Papists, etc., were restored to. and re-established in, his natural right to worship God according to the dictates of his own conscience. And by the chartcr of this province it is grant- ed, ordained, and established (that is, de- elan d as an odginal right) that there shall be liberty of conseience allowed in the worship of nod to all Christians, ex- cept Papists, inhabiting, or which shall inhabit or be rei;ident within, such prov- ince or territory. Magna Charta itself is in substance but a constrained declaration or proclamation and promulgation in the name of King, Lords. and Commons, of the sense the latter had their original, inhpr- ent, indefeasible, natural rights, as !jllso those of free citizens pqual1y perdurable with the other. That great author, that great jurist, and even that court writer. Mr. .rustice Blackstone, holds that this recognition was justly obtained of King John, sword in hand. And peradventure it must be one day, 8word in hand, again of 5G rescued and preserved from total destruc- tion and obIi vion. AS SUßJECTS. A commonwcalth or state is a body politic, or civil society of men united to- gether to promote their mutual safety and prosperity by means of their union. The absolute right of Englishmen and all freemen, in or out of civil society, are principally personal security, personal liberty, and private property. All persons born in the British Ameri- can Colonies are by the laws of God and nature, and by the common law of Eng- land, exclusive of all charters from the Crown, well entitled, and by acts of the British l>arliament are declared to be en- titled, to all the natural, essential, in- herent, and inseparable rights, liberties, and privileges of subjects born in Great Britain or within the realm. Among these rights are the following, which no man, or body of men, consistently with their own rights as men and citizens, or mem- bers of society. can for themselves give up or take away from others: First. The first fundamental positive law of all commonwealths or states is the establishing the legislatin power. As the fil'st fundamental natural law, also, which is to govern eYen the legislative power itself is the preservation of the so- ciety. Recondly. The legislative has no right to absolute arbitrary power over the lives fI nd fortunes of the people; nor can mor- tals assume a prerogative not only too high for men, but for angpls. and there- fore reserved for the Deity alone. The legislative cannot justly assume to itself a power to rule by extempore arbi- trary decrees; but it is bound to see that justice is dispensed. and that the rights of the subjects be decided b.v promulgated standing. and known laws. and authorized indppendent judges; that is. indpppndent. aH far as possible, of prince and people. Thpre should be one rule of justice for rich and poor, for the favorite at court, and the countryman at the plough. Thirdly. The supreme power cannot justly take from an ' man any part of his property without his consent in person or by his representativp. These are some of the first principles natural law and justice, and the great ADAMS-ADEE barriers of all free states, and of the Brit- Ireland together; yet it is absurdly ex- iEh consti tution in particular. It is ut- pected by the promoters of the present tHly irreconcilable to these principles, and measure that these, with their posterity to any other fundamental maxims of the to all generations, should be easy while common law, COIlnnon-sense, and reason, tlleir property shall be disposed of by a that a British House of Commons should House of Commons at 3,000 miles dis- have a right at pleasure to give and grant tant from them, and who cannot be the property of the colonists. (That the supposed to have the least care or con- colonists are well entitled to all the es- ct'rn for their real interest, but must s('ntial rights, liberties, and privileges of lie in effect bribed against it, as every men and freemen born in Britain is mani- l'urden thf"Y lay on the colonists is so f('st not only from the colony charters in much saved or gained to themseh'es. general, but acts of the British Parlia- Hitherto many of the colonists have been ment.) The statute of the 13th of Geo. free from quit rents; but if the breath 11., c. 7, naturalizes every foreigner after of a British House of Commons can s('ven years' residence. The words of the originate an act for taking away all our Massachusetts charter are these: "And money, our lands will go next, or be sub- further, our will and pleasure is, and we .lect to rack rents from haughty and re- do hereby, for us, our heirs and successors, lpntless landlords, who will ride at ease grant, establish, and ordain that all and while we are trodden in the dirt. The every of the subjects of us, our heirs and colonists lJave been branded with the successors, which shall go to and inhabit odious names of traitors and rebels only within our said Province or Territory, and for complaining of their grievances. HO\ every of their children which shall happen long such treatment will or ought to be to be born there or on the seas in going borne is submitted. thither or returning from thence, shall Addams, JANE, social reformer; born in have and enjoy all liberties and immunities Cedanille, III., Sept. 6, 18GO; was gradu- vf free and natural subjects within any of ated at Rockford College in 1881, and, the dominions of us, our heirs and suc- after spending some time in study in cessors, to all intents, constructions, and :Europe, established the Social Settlement purposes whatsoever, as if they and every of Hull House in Chicago, of ,\hich she be- one of thcm were born within this, our came head resident. She is widely es- realm of England." teemed for her writings and lectures on Now what liberty can there be where Social Settlement work. property is taken away without consent'l Addicks, JOlIN EDWARD, capitalist; Can it be said with any color of truth born in Philadelphia, Xov. 21, 18.n. In- and justice that this continent of 3,000 terested in gas companies. Be was a can- u;i1es in length, and of a breadth as didate for United States Senator from yet unexplored, in which, however, it is Delaware for se,'eral years, but failed of supposed there are 5,000,000 of people, election. His adher nts prevcnted the has the least voice, vote, or influence in clection of anyone, and as a consequence the British Parliament! Have they alto- Delaware was unrepresented in the United gether any more weight or power to return tates Senate for several years. a single member to that House of Com- Adee, AIXEY AUGUSTUS, diplomatist: mons who have not inadvertently, but de- born in Astoria, N. Y., Nov. 27, 1842; was liberately, assumed a power to dispose of educated privately. On Sept. 9, 1870, he their lives. liberties, and properties, than was appointed secretary of the American to choose an emperor of China? Had the legation in Madrid, where he also served colonists a right to return members to at different times RS chargé d'affaires; the British Parliament, it would only be July 9, 18ï7, was transff'rrcd to the De- lmrtful, as, from their local situation and partment of Stat{> in \Yashington, D. C.; circumstances it is impossible they should June II, 1878, hecame chief of the Diplo- ever be truly and property represented matic ßureau; .July 18, 1882. third assist- there. The inhabitants of this country. in ant Secretary of State; and Aug. 3, 1886. all probability, in a few years, will be more sf"cond assistant Secretary of State. He numerous than those of Great Britain and was present when the peace protocols were 57 ADET-ADLER signctl bl'tween the United States antl ment, in this resped, "iolated the ob1iga- ::'pain, in \\'ashington. tions of treaties." This was foHowed bv Adet, PIERRE AUGt:íSTUS, French diplo- a summary of these aHeged "iolations. i;- matist; born in Ke\-ers in 1763. He was cluding the circular of 17U3. restraining amba sador to the l:nited States in 1795- the fitting-out of pri"atcers in _-\merican H7. Hcre he interfered too much in local waters; the law of 179-1. prohihiting hos- politics, and became unpopular. with the t;le enterprises or preparations against gO\'l'rnment party. He issued an in flam- Jlations with whom the {Jnited f'tate were ma tor address to the American people, in at peace; the cognizance of these matters which he accused the administration of taken b;v the \merican courts of law: and Washington with violations of the friend- the admission of armed British ves,.:els hip which once e"Xisted between the L'nit- into American waters. He complained of ed States and France. On Xov. .'5, 1796, the "British treaty" as inimical to tlH" he issued the famous" cockade" procla- interests of Francc. This papPI', published mation, or order, calling upon all French- in the Aurora, was intcnded more for the men in the l7nited f'tates, in the name of American people than for the American the French Directory, to mount and wear government. "'hill' in the L'nited tat('s the tricolored cockade, "the symbol of a h was a busy partisan of the Rcpllh- liberty the fruit of eight years' toil and hcans. In 17!)6 he presented to ('on- five years' victories." Adet declared in grcss. in behalf of the French nation, tlw his proclamation that any Frenchman who tricolored flag of France; and just beforl' might hesitatc to gi\-e this indication of he lcft, in 1797. he spnt to tlH" Recrc- adherence to the republic should not be. tary of tatp the famous notf> in which the allowed the aid of the French consular DirectoQ-, contrary to the spirit of the chanceries or the national protcction. The treaty of 1778, declared that the flag of tricolored cockade was at once mounted, the republic would treat all neutral flags not only by the French residents, but by ;'.S they pcrmitted themsel\'Ps to be treated many American citizens who wislwd to hy the :EngJish. oon aftprwards .Add signify in this marked manner their at- suspended his diplomatic functions and tachment to the French Repub1ie. This returned to France, where he died in IR32. "cockade proclamation," as the Federal- Adirondack Park, a tract in the ists called it in derision, was the origin Adirondack Mountain region covering of the practice, for se\'eral Jears, of Hamilton county and parts of Essex. wearing a cockade as a badge of party Franklin, Herkin1f"r, and st. Lawrence di tinction. c(Junties; containing numerous mountains. Ten days after the issuance of this peaks, lakps, and woodlands. It was Sl't proclamation he sent a note simultaneous- llpart by the State of New York in IS!):! Iy to the State Department and to the for the protection of thp watershed of th(" A.urora-the opposition newspaper-de- Hudson and othpr rÌ\-er . for tllP practical mantling. .. in the name of the faith of study of forcstry. and for public 1'('('rm- treaties and of American honor, the exe- tion. The tract has an area of 4, R7 cution of that contract [treaty of H78] "quare miles. The stud,\' of forC'stry is which assured to the L'nited States their hl're carriC'd on under the dir("ction of ('"Xistence. and whiC'h France regarded as a the newly established State School of pledge of the most sacred union bet\\'C'en Forestry, a department of CORXELL r I' two people, thp freest upon earth." He YER ITY (q. v.). a 1 mounced, at the same timp, .. the resolu- Adler, FELIX. C'ducator; born in Al:7C'r. tion of a government tf>rribl(' to its ene- Germany, An,!!. 1 . 18:11: was graduatf'd mil's, but gcnerous to its allies." 'Yith Rt Columbia Cniwrsity in IR70 and thm grandiloquent sentences he portrayed the studied in Germany. In 1874-76 he was disappointment of the French nation in Professor of Hebrew and Oriental Litf>ra- not finding a warm friend in the American tere at Cornell University; and in 1876 p'overnment. "So far from offering the he founded the New York Society of French the succor which friendship might Ethical Culture, before which he haf' since DtlVe gh'en." he said, "without com- l("etured on Sundays. On :May 5, 1901. at Ill'omitting itself, the American govern- its twenty-fifth anniversary, in recognition 58 ADMINISTRATIONS-AGAMENTICUS of Dr. Adler's services, the society pre- Adventists were divided into six bodies: sented him with $10,000 as a nudeus of a Evangelical, Advent Christians, Seventh- larger fund the income of which is to Day, Church of God, I..ife and Advent be employed in developing the natural gifts Union, and Churches of Goà in Jesus of worthy young men and women. Dr. Christ, and together reported 1,491 min- Adler is a member of the editorial board i!'>ters, 2,2G7 churches, and 89,482 com- (-,f the International Journal of Ethics. municants. See :\IILLER, \VILUAM. His publications include Creed and Deed; African Methodist Episcopal Church, 'l'he 110rol Tn.<;truction of Children, etc. a religious sect estahlished in Philadel- Administrations. See PRESIDENTIAL phia in 18] 6, by colored members of the ADMINISTRATIONS; CABINET, PRESIDENT'S; Methodist Episcopal Church. The first. also the titles of the several Presidents. bishop chosen by the convention that Admiral, several times the title of the founded the Church was the Rev. Richa.rd hiahest rank in the "Cnited States naval .r\llen. In 1704, under his direction, the sC';vice. Prior to the Civil War the high- first church for colored Methodists in the est Tank was that of commodore. In 1862 United Stat s was built in Philadelphia. Congress e tablished the rank of rear-ad- The government and doctrine of the Church miral: in 1864 that of vice-admiral; and is substantially the same as that of the in 18nô that of admiral, in each case the body from which it withdrew. Its terri- office being bestowed on David G. Farra- tory is divided into two annual confer- gut. On the death of Dayid D. Porter C'nces, and it has a general conference ( 189]). who by law had succeeded to the which meets once eVel"y four years. In titles of vice-admiral and admiral, both 1900 it reported as follows: Ministers, these grad('s were abolished, anò the grade f).659; churches, 5,775; and members, of rear-admiral remained the highest till 673.504. 1899. when that of admiral was again African Methodist Episcopal Church, created by Congress and conferred on ZION, a religious seet, founded in New ({('orge Dewey. Further legislation by York City in 17!Hì. This organization Congress in that year increased the num- sprang from a desire of colored memhers lIeI' of rear-admirals from six, to which it of the :Methodist Episcopal Church to have 11:1d heen reduced in 1882, to eighteen, and a separate spiritual fellowsllip that they divided these officers into two e1asses of might be more heJpful to each other: The mnp each. the first nine corresponding in first annual conference, however, was not rnnk to major-generals in the army, and held until 1821. James Varich was elect- the second to brigadier-generals. The I'd bishop in the following ;year. Until same act abolished the grade of commo- 1880 bishops held office for four years 110re. and admnced the holders of that only, but in that year an act was passed rJ'àde to real'-admirals. In 1902 the nUIn- making the bishopric a life office. 'fhe Ler of rear-admirals was 22; in 1903, 24. territory of this Church is dh"ided into Admiralty Courts. The governor of seven districts. over each of which there each colony was vice-admiral, with the is a bi!"hop. In 1900 it reported as foI- l ight of deciding maritime cases person- lows: Ministers. 3.155; churches, 2,D06; ally, or by a judge appointed by him. By and members, 53ß,271. tll(' Coni::>titution this jurisdiction is now Agamenticus, the name given in lß3ß \"(' ted in the fedewl courts, with original to the region lying between the mountain juri!"diction in the district COlutS. and th(' sea, now comprising York county. Adventists, also known as ßhLLERITES, l\Ie. It was within the grant given to n 8P("t in fhe PnitPfl Rtates founded hy Gorges and Mason. There a city was WilJiam l\IiJler. who hplieyed that the f'c- formed, and incorporated in 1641, in imi- ond coming of Christ would occur in Oc- tation of English municipalities, with a tober. 18-t- . As the cxpecte(l event did not ",avor and aldermen. The citv wa caUed 0\'("111' on the firo;t nor succeeding days set Go geana. The occupants of' the land in for it. the numhf'r of believers decrca!"pd Agamenticus were tenants at will of the very largely. The .\dventists of to-day pI:oprieto)", There En.glish apple-seeds st ill look for the coming of Christ. but do ",pre planted and thrived. and one of the not fix a definite time for it. In 1900 the trees that sprang up Jived and bore fruit 59 AGANA-AGASSIZ annually so tate as 1875, when it was cut down. See MAINE ; YORK. Agana, the principal town and district of the island of Guam, the largest of the 'Ladrone Islands, in the Pacific Ocean, ahout 1,500 miles east of Luzon, in the l'hilippines. As a result of the war hetween the L'nited States and Spain, the formcr took possession of this island, and in the following year established a seat of government in this town with Capt. Rich- ard P. Leary, U. S. N., as the first gov- ernor. The population of the island is between eight and nine thousand; three- fourths of the people live in the district of .Agana, and four-fifths of this number, or 5,249, in the town. Under American con- trol the town and its vicinity speedBy took the appearance of greater activity and prosperity than was ever before seen there; and the process of Americanizing con- tinued with excellent results till Nov. 13, 1900, when both the town and the i!'.land were swept by a typhoon, in which the United States auxiliary cruiser Yo- semite was wrecked on a coral reef, after drifting 60 miles from her anchorage. The navy department promptly sent relief in the form of food, clothing, and building materials to the people, who had become greatly attached to their new national connection. See GUA1>r. Agassiz, ALEXANDER, naturalist; born in Keuchfitel, Switzerland, Dec. 17, 183."); son of Prof. I...ouis Agassiz; came to the United States in 1849; and was graduated at Harvard College in 1855, and at Law- rence Scientific School in 1857. He was curator of the Natural History Muse- on the Animal Kingdom and on Glaciprs mil, in Cambridge, in 1874-85; has since hI the summer of 1847 the snperintendpnt h{'C"n engaged in important zoological in. of the Coast Survey tendered him the fa- n tigations; and became widely known by dlities of that service for a continuanC"e llis connection with the famous Calumet of his scientific investigations. Professor (IDd Hecla copper-mines. The University Agassiz settled in Cambridge, and was of St. Andrews conferred the honorary made Professor of Zoology and Geology of èpgree of LL.D. upon him, April 2, 1901. the Lawrence Scipntific School at ib; foun- Agassiz, ELIZABETH CABOT, naturalist dation in 1848. That year he made, with and educator; born in Boston, 1\Iass., in some of his pupils, a scientific exploration lSi23; daughter of Thomas G. Cary; was of the shores of Lake Superior. He aftpr- married to Prof. Louis Agassiz in 1850. wards explored the southern coasts of the In 18ß5 she accompanied her husband on United States, of Brazil, and the waters his expedition to Brazil, and in 1871-72 of the Pacific Ocean. An account of his was on the Hassler expedition. She explorations on the Brazilian coast was greatly aided her huo;band in his studies given in A Journey to Brazil, by Mrs. and writings; was joint author with her Agassiz, in 1867. He received the Copley son of Seaside Studies in l\ atural His- {edal from the Royal Society of London; GO tory j published Louis Agassiz: His Life and Correspondence j and was president of the Harvard "Annex," now Radcliffe College, from its organization till 1899, when she resigned. Agassiz, Loms JOHN RUDOLPH, nat- uralist; born in Motier parish, near Keuchâtel, Switzerland, May 28, 1807. He was of Huguenot descent, was thorough- ly educated at Heidelberg and :Munich, and received the honorary degree of Ph.D. He prosecuted his studies in natural his- tory in Paris, where Cuvier offered him his collection for the purpose. The liber- ality of Humboldt enabled him to publish his great work (1834-44) on Fossil Fish- cs, in 5 volumes, with an atlas. He ar- rived in Boston in 1846, and lectured there Ii. , \ . \. \\ ! I . , \ .. " ". ." , \ ! - '1" \ , ...\'9' ì ' . .\ ' .,' '# .. .. I '\ '. \\.\ :. 'f" f 1.O['IS AGASSJZ. AGAWAM-AGRARIAN PARTY from the Academy of Sciences of Paris, known as a daring and succes::öful operator the Monthyon Prize and the Cuvier Prize; in cases of gunshot wounds. After the the \Vollaston Medal from the Geological war he was elected Professor of Operative Society of London; and the Medal of Surgery and of the Principles and Practice Merit from the King of Prussia. He was of Surgery at the University of Pennsyl- a member of many scientific societies, and '\'ania. Dr. Agnew was the consulting and the universities of Dublin and Edinburgh operating surgeon in the case of President conferred on him the honorary degree of Garfield in 1881. Among his nUmel"OUS LL.D. Professor Agassiz published valu- publications are Practical Anatomy; able scientific works in Europe and in the A natomy and Its Relation to ]J[ edicine and Fnited States. He died in Cambridge J Surgery; and The Principles and Practice lass" Dec. 14, 1873. of Surgery. He died in Philadelphia, Agawam, the Indian Dame of Ipswich, March 22, 1892. ::\Iass.; settled in 1633; incorporated under Agnew, JAMES, a British general; came the present name in 1634. See BOSTON; to America late in 1775; participated in ::\lASSACHUSETTS. the military movements in and about Bos- Age of Reason, the title of a work ton; and was engaged in the battle of written by THOMAS PAINE (q. v.) J and Long Island, where, and in subsequent noted in its day for its extreme freedom campaigns, he commanded the 4th Brigade of thought. See INGERSOLL, ROBERT of the royal army. He accompanied ex- GREEN. Governor Tryon in his marauding expedi- Agnew, CORNELIUS REA, physician and tion to Danbury, Conn., in the spring of surgeon; born in New York City, \ug. 1777. He was slightly wounded in the bat- 8, 1830; was graduated at Columbia Col- tIe of Brandywine (Sept. 11), and in the lege in 1849, and at the College of Phy- battle of Germantown (Oct. 4 J 1777) he sicians and Surgeons in 1852, subsequently was killed. continuing his studies in Europe. He be- Agnus, FELIX J journa1ist; born in came surgeon-general of the State of New Lyons, France, ,July 4, 1839; was edu- York in 18.38, and at the beginning of the cated in the College of Jolie Clair, near Civil War was appointed medical director Paris; came to the United States in 18GO, of the New York State Volunteer Hospital. and in the fonowing year entered the During the war he was also one of the Union army in Duryea's Zouaves (5th most influential members of the UNITED New York Volunteers). At Big Bethel he STATES SANITARY CO)IMISSION (q. v.). savf'd thf' life of Gen. Judson Kilpatrick Dr. Agnew was one of the founders of the He aided in recruiting the 165th New Columbia College fo;chool of Mines. He York Volunteers, of which he was made died in New York, AI)l'il 8, 1888. captain; in 1862 he participated in the Agnew, Daniel, jurist; born in Tren- Biege of Port Hudson, La.; afterwards ton J N. J'J Jan. 5 J 1809; removed to Pitts- was promoted major and lieutenant-colo- hurg, Pa.; district judge in 1851; Su- ne1. He next served in the 19th Corps I'reme (',ourt judge in 1863; and chief- under Sheridan and in the Department jmtice of the State in 1873; resigned in of the South. On March 13, lfW5. he was 18ï9. He wrote Our National COl1stitu- brevetted brigadier-general of volunteers, tion, History of Pennsylwnia, etc. He and in August of the same year was died in Beaver, Pa., )larch 9, 1902. mustered out of the service. After the Agnew, DAVID HAYES, anatomist and war he became the editor and publisher author: born in Lanefister county, Pa., Nov. of the Baltimore A. merican. 24. lRlR; was graduated at the ledical Agrarian Party, a political organiza- Department of the Univf'rsity of Penn- tion in Germany inspired in 186!), and yJyania in 18 R: became professor in the practically founded in 18ï6. The mem- Philadelphia School of Anatomy; demon- bel's in recent years have become widely strator of anatomy in the :Medical Depart- noted for their opposition to German com- ment of the University of Pennsylvania, mereial relations with the United States. and surgeon at the Pennsylvania and the e8pecially in the matters of all kinds of Orthopædic hospitals, all in Philadelphia. food-stuffs. In 1898 and 18f)f) this oppo- During the Civil 'Var he became widely sition assumed a phase that was exceed- 61 AGREEMENT OF THE PEOPLE ingly annoying to the German govern- direct influence of high German officials, me nt, and the defeat of many Agrarians who feared a disturbance of commercial for the Reichstag was attributed to the relations with the United States. AGREEMENT OF THE PEOPLE Agreement of the People, a document drawn up in Octoher, 1647, and presented in the British House of CommoRs on Tan. 20, ltì48. The document, which follows, should be read in connection with the Magna Charta, the Bill of Rights, the Articlcs of Confederation, and the Decla- ration of Indcpcndence, all of which are reflected in our national Constitution. Having, by our late lahours and haz- ards, made it pppear to the wor1d at how l.ïgh a rate we value our just freedom, and God having so far owned our cause as to delinr the enemies thereof into our hands, we do now hold ourselves botUld, in mu- tual duty to each other, to take the best care we can for the future, to avoid hoth t.he danger of returnin into a slavish condition and the chargeable remedy of another war: for as it cannot be imagined t.hat so many of our countrymen would have opposed us in this quarrel if they had understood their own good, so may we hopefully promise to ourseh-es, that when our common rights and liberties shall be clpared, their endeavours will be disap- pointed that seek to make themselves our masters. Since therefore our former oppressions and not-yet-ended troubles. havc been occasioned either by want of frequent national meetings in council, or by the undue or unequal constitution thereof, or by rendering those meetings ineffectual, we are fully agreed and re- solved, God willing. to provide, that here- &fter our Representatives be neither left to an ullcf'rtainty for times nor be un- equally constituted, nor made useless to the ends for which they aTf' intf'nded. In order whereunto wc declare and agree, } irst, that, to pr(>vent th(> many incon- ,'eniences apparently arisin from the long continm1l1(,(> of the same persons in suprcme authority, this present Parlia- nwnt end and dissoh'e upon, or beforf', the last day of -\ pril, 1(j..Ht. Secondly, that the people of England (being at this day very unequally dis- (j tribnted by counties, cities, and boroughs, for the election of their Representatiws) be indifferently proportioned; and, to this end. that the Representatives of the whole nation shall consist of 400 persons, or not above; and in each county, and the places thereto subjoined. there shall he chosen, t.o make up the said ]{C"presenta- tives at all times, the several numbers here mentioned, viz.: KF. T, with the Boroughs, Towns. and Pal"ish- es thel'f'ln, except such as aloe bel'cundt'r particularly named. 10: Cantcrbur.l/, with the Huburhs adjoining and Liberti!'s there- of, 2; Rochest(',., with the l'arislws of Chatham and Stroud, 1; '],lIe Cill(jllr Purts In Kent and SUbSCX, viz,. Dover, Homne)", Hythe, Sandwich, Hastings, with tbe Towns of Hye and \Yinchelsea, 3. SrssEx, with the Borougbs. Towns, and Par- Ishes therein, except Chichester, 8: {'II i- chester, with the Suburbs and Liberties thereof, 1. SOL'THA IPTON COU TY, with the HOl'oughs, Towns, and Parishes therein, except such as are hf'reunder namf'd. 8; U.inc1lrRfCJ', with the Suburbs and Llbertif's thereof, 1 ; SouthalllptOl Town and the County there- of, 1. DORSETSHIRE, with the RorouglHI. Towns. and Parishes therein, except Dorchf'ster, 7; Ðm'chcster. 1. DF.\'OXSHIRE: with the noroughs. Towns, and Parishes therein. eXCf'l)t f'u('h as aloe here- under particularly naml'd. I:!; E.rctcr, 2; P1J/1nollth, 2: Bm"1lstaplf'. 1. CORXW ALL, with the Boroughs, Towns. and Parishes therein. R. SO:lIEUSETSlIIRFJ, with the no roughs, Towns. and Parishf'S thf'reln, excf'pt sucb as al'e hereunder named, 8; B.'isto1, 3; Taunton- /)('(111. 1. "'U.TSIIIRE, with the Boroughs. Towns. and Parishes therl'ln, e"{cept nJishury, ï; Sol- iRlmrll. 1. n.:UKSJlIRE, with th(' Doroughs. Towns. nnd Parishes thl'l'eìn, ('xcppt TIpadlng, 5; Read- inf!o 1. SeRUm". with thl' noroughs. Towns. and Parishes therein, CX('('pt Routhwal'k. ii; F:outhwm'k. 2. )IIlòDI.ESEX, with thf' noroughs. Towns. and Pal"lshes therf'ln. ('''{cept 81]('h as arf' hf'r('- um]f'r namN'!. 4: London, S; lr"lItminstrr and thf' nuch\'. 2. IJF.RTPORDSHIRE: with thf' Boroughs. Towns. and Parishes ther('ln. G. n"CKl GHA {SIImE. with th(' noroughs, Towns, and Parishcs therein, G. AGREEMENT OF THE PEOPLE ÜXI"ORDSHIRE, with the Boroughs, Towns, and Parishes therein, except such as are hereunder named, 4; Oxford City, 2; Ox- ford Unit'ersity, 2. GLOUCESTERSHIRE, with the BOJ:oughs, Towns, and Parishes therein, except Gloucester, 7; Glouccster, 2. HEREFORDS HIRE, with the Boroughs, Towns, and Parlshes therein, except Hereford, 4; Het'eford, 1. 'YORCESTERSHIRE, with the Boroughs, Towns, and Parishes therein, except Worcester, 4; .W orcester, 2. WARWICKSHIRE, with the Boroughs, Towns, and Parishes therein, except Coventry, 5; Coventry, 2. N"ORTHA:lIPTOXSHIRE, with the Boroughs, Towns, and Parishes therein, except North- ampton, 5; Northampton, 1. BEDFORDSHIRE, with the Boroughs, Towns, and Parishes therein, 4. C A 'IBRIDGESHIRE, with the Boroughs, Towns, and Parishes therein. except such as are hereunder particularly named, 4; Cum- fJridge Univet'sity, :!: CUlIlln'idge TOIf:n, 2. FSSEX, with the Boroughs. Towns. and Par- Ishes theI'ein, except Colchester, 11; Col- chester, 2. HUFFOLK, with the Boroughs, Towns, and Parishes therein, except such as are here- after named, 10; lpsu:ich, 2; St. Edmund's lJUI'Y, 1. NORI-'OLK, with the Boroughs. Towns, and Parishes therein, except such as are here- unller named. !); Nm'/ciclI, 3; Lynn, 1; }'armouth, 1. J.IXCOLNSHIRE, with the Boroughs, Towns, and Parishes therein, except the City of Lincoln and tbe Town of Boston, 11 ; L'n- coln, 1 : BostOlt, 1. RUTLAXnSIIIRE, with the Borougbs, Towns, and Parishes thel'eln, 1. HIJN'l'IXGDOXSHIRE. with the Towns. and Parishes therein. 3. LEICES'l'I-:USHIRE, witb the Boroughs, Towns, and Parishes therein, except Leicester, 5; I.e ices tcr, 1. N"oTTINGHA:\ISUIRE. with the Boroughs, Towns. and Parishes therein, except Not- tingham. 4; KottingllU1n, 1. DI-:UBYSHIRE, with the Roroughs. Towns, and Pal"Íshes therein, except Derby, 5; Dcr- flY, 1. HT.H'I-'ORDSHIRE, with the City of Lichfield, the Boroughs, 'I'owns, and Parishes there- In, G. HlIltOl"SHIRE, with the no roughs, Towns, and Pal'ishes therein, except Hhrews.bury, 6; '-:hrc/l'slmrl/. t. ('1I :SlIIIn:, with the Boroughs. Towns. and Parishes theI'ein, except Chester, 5; Cltcs- tn', 2. IJANcAsHnm, with the ßOl"Oughs. '1'owns. and Parishes therein. e"{cel,t Ianchester, G; MIlIU'I/(., t(J' {filii t1/c Parish. 1. YORKHHIUl-:. with the Boroughs, Towns. and Parishes. tlwrpln. ex{'ept such as are here- aftpr nnnlPd. Vi: }"m'k City and the County iI".,., (J f. : : 1\ j /I fI.<1t on tlfJOn Hull (l It d ill e ('f/1111ty thcreof, 1: Lceds Town and Pat'- i lI. t. IJUP.U.\:lI l'OLNTY PALATINE, with the oughs, Towns, and Parishes therein, except Dnrham and Gateside, 3: Durham City, 1. NORTHU],IBERLAND, with the Boroughs, Towns, and Parishes therein, except such as are hereunder named, 3; Newcastle UpOlt Tyne and the Coullty thereof, with Gateside, 2; Ber1cick, 1. CUMBERLAND, with the Boroughs, Towns, and Parishes therein, 3. WEST:\IORELAND, with the Boroughs, Towns, and ParIshes therein, 2. WALES AXGLESEA, with the Parishes therein. . . . . BRECKNOCK, with the Boroughs and Par- ishes therein........................ CARDIGAN, with the Boroughs and Par- ishes therein............,........... CARl\IARTHE , with the Boroughs and Par- Ishes therein,....................... CARXARVON, with the Boroughs and Par- Ishes therein.....,................. DEXBlGH, with the Boroughs and Par- ishes therein.............,.". - - - . . F'LlXT, with the no roughs and Parishes therein ............. - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l\!moIOuTH, with the Boroughs and Par- ishes therein.............. . . . . . . . . . . GLA:lIORGA , with the Boroughs and Par- ishes therein....................... l\1ERIONETH, with the Boroughs and Par- Ishes therein........................ l\IO TGOMERY, with the Boroughs and Parishes therein.................... RADNOR, with the Boroughs and Parishes therein ............................ PEMBROKE, with the Boroughs, Towns, and Parishes therein................ 2 3 3 3 2 2 1 4 4 2 3 2 4 Pwvided, that the fhst or second Rep- resentati\'e may, if they see cause, assign Doroughs, the remainder of the 400 representers, not hereby assigned, or so many of them as they shall see cause for, unto such counties as shall appear in this present distribu- tion to have less than their due propor- tion. Provided also, that where any city or borough, to which one representer or more is assigned, shall be found in a due proportion, not competent alone to eleet a reprpsenter, or the number of representers assigned thereto, it is left to future Rep- l'psentatives to assign such a number of parishes or villages near adjoining- to sueh city or borough, to be joined therewith in the elections, or Illay make the same pro- portionable. Thirdly. That the people do. of course, ('hoo:;e themselves a Representative onee in two years, and shan meet for that purpose upon the first Thm'sday in every second ),[ay, by eleven in the morning; and the Representatives so chosen to meet upon the second Thursday in the June follow- Bor- ing, at the usual place in \Vestminster, or 63 AGREEMENT OF THE PEOPLE such other place as, by the foregoing Rep- not capable of electing until the end of resentative, or the Council of State in the seven years, shall not be capable to be interval, shall be, from time to time, ap- elected until the end of fourtcpn years pointed and published to the people, at the next ensuing. And we desire and reCOIn- least hnnty days before the time of elec- mend it to all men, that, in all times, the tion: and to continue their sessions there, persons to be chosen for this great trust or elsewhere, until the second Thursday in may be men of courage, fearing God and December following, unless they shall ad- hating covetousness; and that our Rep- journ or dissolve themselves sooner; but resentatives would make the best provi- not to continue longer. The election of sions for that end. 3. That whoever, by the first Representative to be on the first the rules in the two preceding Articles, Thursday in Iay, 1649; and that, and all are incapable of electing. or to be elected, future elections, to be according to the shall presume to vote in, or be present at, rules prescribed for the same purpose in such election for the first or second Rep- this Agreement, viz. 1. That the electors in resentative; or, being elected, shall pre- every division shall be natives or denizens sume to sit or vote in either of the said of England; not persons receiving alms, Representatives, shall incur the pain of but such as are assessed ordinarily tow- confiscation of the moiety of his estate, to ards the relief of the poor; no servants the use of the public, in case he have any to, and receiving wages from, any partie- visible e.tate to the value of !50, and if ular person; and in all elections, except he has not such an estate, then shall in- for the Universities, they shall be men of cur the pain of imprisonment for three twenty-one years of age, or upwards, and months. And if any person shall forcibly housekeepers, dwelling within the division oppose, molest or hinder the people, capa- for which the election is: provided, that ble of electing as aforesaid, in their quiet (until the end of seven years next ensuing and free election of representers, for the the time herein limited for the end of this first Representath-e, then each person so present Parliament) no person shall be ad- offending shall incur the penalty of confis- mitted to, or have any hand or voice in, cation of his whole estate, both real and such elections, who hath adhered unto or p<,rsonal; and, if he has not an estate to assisted the Kin against the Parliament the value of !50, shall suffer imurison- in any of the late wars or insurrections; ment during one whole year witho t bail or who shall make or join in, or abet, any or mainprize. Provided, that the offender forcible opposition against this Agree- in each case be convicted within three ment. 2. That such persons, and such months next after the committing of his only, may be elected to be of the Repre- offpnce, and the first Representative is to sentative, who, by the rule aforesaid, are make further provision for the avoiding to have voice in elections in one place or of these evils in future elections. 4. That other. Provided, that of those none shall to the end all officers of state may be cer- be eJigible for the first or second Repre- tainly accountable, and no faction made to spntative, who have not voluntarily assist- maintain corrupt interests, no member of pd the Parliament against the King, either a Council of State, nor any officer of any in person before the 14th of June, 1645, salary-forces in army or garrison, nor any or else in money, plate, horse, or arms, treasurer or receiver of public money, lent upon the Propositions, before the end shaH, while such, be elected to be of a of May, 1643; or who have joined in, or Representative; and in case any such 8 bbetted, the treasonahle engagement in election shall be. the same to be void. lJÛndon, in 1647; or who decl&.red or en- And in case any lawyer shall be chosen gaged themselves for a ces ation of arms into any Rpprespntath'e or Council of with the Scots that invaded this nation State, then he shall be incapahle of pmc- the last summer; or for compliance with tice as a lawyer during that trust. 5. For the actors in any insurrections of the the more convenient election of Hcpresent- 8ame summer; or with the Prince of atives, each county, wherein more than 'Vales, or his accomplices, in the revolted three representers are to be chosen, with fleet. Provided a]so, that such persons as, the town corporate and cities, if there he by the ru]es in the preceding Article, are any, lying within the compass thereof, to 64 AGREEMENT OF THE PEOPLE which no representers are herein assigned, so many, and such parts as are afore- shall be divided by a due proportion into mentioned, and shall set forth the bounds so many, and such parts, as each part may of such divisions; and shall, in every elect two, and no part above three rep- county, city and borough, where any rep- rescnters. For the setting forth of which resenters are to be chosen, and in every divisions, and the ascertaining of other such division as aforesaid within the City circumstances hereafter expI"essed, so as to of London, and within the several coun- make the elections less subject to confu- ties so divided, respectively, appoint one sion or mistake, in order to the next Rep- place certain wherein the people shall resentative, Thomas Lord Grey of Groby, meet for the choice of the representers; Sir John Danvers, Sir Henry Holcroft, and some one fit person, or more, inhabit- knights; Moses Wall, gentleman; Samuel ing within each borough, city, county or Moyer, John Langley, \Vm. Hawkins, division, respectively, to be present at the Abraham B:.tbington, Daniel Taylor, Mark time and place of election, in the nature Hilsley, Rd. Price, and Col. John White, of Sheriffs, to regulate the elections; and citizens of London, or any five or more of by poll, or otherwise, clearly to distin- them, are intrusted to nominate and ap- guish and judge thereof, and to make re- point, under their hands and seals, three turn of the person or persons elected, as is or more fit persons in each county, and in hereafter expressed; and shall likewise, in each city and borough, to which one rep- writing under their hands and seals, make res enter or more is assigned, to be as certificates of the several divisions, with Commissioners for the ends aforesaid, in the bounds thereof, by them set forth, and of the respective counties, cities and bor- the certain places of meeting, and persons, oughs; and, by like writing under their in the nature of Sheriff, appointed in them hands and seals, shaU certify into the Par- respectively as aforesaid; and cause such liament Records, before the 11th of Feb- certificates to be returned into the Parlia- ruary next, the names of the Commission- ment Records before the end of April next; ers so appointed for the respective coun- and before that time shall also cause the ties, cities and boroughs, which Com mis- same to be published in every parish sioners, or any three or more of them, for within the counties, cities and boroughs the respective counties, cities and bor- respectively; and shall in every such oughs, shall before the end of February parish likewise nominate and appoint, by next, by writing under their hands and warrant under their hands and seals, one seals, appoint two fit and faithful persons, trusty person, or more, inhabiting there- or more, in each hundred, lathe or wapen- in, to make a true list of all the persons take, within the respective counties, and within their respective parishes, who, ac- in each ward within the City of London, cording to the rules aforegoing, are to to take care for the orderly taking of aU have voice in the elections; and expressing voluntary subscriptions to this Agreement, who amongst them are, by the same rules, by fit persons to be employed for that pur- capable of being elected; and such list, pose in every parish; who are to return with the said warrant, to bring in and re- the subscription so taken to the persons turn, at the time and place of election. that employed tIwm, kecping a transcript unto the person appointed in the nature of thereof to themselves; and those persons, Sheriff, as aforesaid, for that borough, kf'epin like tramcripts, to return the city, county or division respectively; original subscriptions to the respective which person so appointed as Sheriff, be- Commissioners by whom they were ap- ing present at the time and place of el(>c- pointed, at, or before, the 14th day of tion; or, in case of his ab<;f'ncf', by the April next, to be registered and kept in space of one hour after the time limitf'fl the chief court within the respective cities for the peoples' meeting, then any pf'rson and boroughs. And the said Commission- present that is eligible, as aforesaid. whom en;, or any three or more of th(>m, for the the people then and thf're ass(>mbled shall several counties. f'itie!'l and boroughs. 1'(>- choose for that end. shall receive and keep spectively, shall, where more than thref' the said lists and admit the persons there- l"f'presenters are to be chosen. divide such in contained, or so many of them as are counties, as also the City of T ondon, into present, unto a free vote in the said elcc- l.-E G5 AGREEMENT OF THE PEOPLE tion; and, having first caused this Agree- ahove eighty days; and so as it dissolve ment to be publidy read in the audience at least fifty da 's before the appointf'tl of the people, shall proceed unto, and reg- time for the ne t hiennial l{f'pre!.enta- ulate and keep peace and order in the elec- tive; and upon the fifticth day so preced- tions; and, by poll or otherwise, openly ing it shall dissolve of course, if not oth- distinguish and judge of the same; and erwise dissolved sooner. thereof, by certificate or writing under Seventhly. That no member of any Rep- the hands and seals of himself, and six resentative be made either receiver, treas- or more of the electors, nominating the urer, or other officer during that employ- person or persons duly elected, shall make ment, saving to be a member of the Coun- a true return into the Parliament Records cn of State. within twenty-one days after the election, Eighthly. That the Representatives under pain for default thereof, or, for have, and shall be understood to have, the making any false return, to forfeit noo supreme trust in order to the preservation to the public use; and also cause indent- and government of the whole; and that ures to be made, and unchangeably sealed their power extend, without the consent or and delivered, between himself and six or concurrence of any other person or per- more of the said electors, on the one part, sons, to the erecting and abolishing of and the persons, or each person, elected Courts of Justice and public offices, and severally, on the other part, expressing to the enacting, altering, repealing and their election of him as a representer of ùeclaring of laws, and the highest and them according to this Agreement, and final judgment, concerning all natural or his acceptance of that trust, and his prom- civil things, but not concerning things ise accordingly to perform the same with spiritual or evangelical. 1'rovidpd that, faithfulness, to the best of his understand- even in things natural and civil, thf'se six ing and ability, for the glory of God and particulars next following are, and shall good of the people. This course is to be, understood to be excepted and resenyed bold for the first Representative, which is from our Representatives, viz. 1. We do to provide for the ascertaining of these not empower them to impress or constrain circumstances in order to future Repre- any person to serve in foreign war, either sentatives. by sea or land, nor for any military ser- Fourthly. That 150 members at least vice within the kingdom; save that they be always present in each sitting of the may take order for the forming, training, Representative, at the passing of any law and exercising of the people in a military or doing of any act whereby the people way, to be in readiness for resisting of are to be bound; saving, that the num- foreign invasions, suppressing of sudden bel' of sixty may take a House for debates insurrections, or for assisting in execu- or resolutions that are preparatory there- tion of the la\\ s; and may take order for unto. the employing and conducting of them for Fifthly. That the Representative shall, those ends; provided, that, even in such within twenty days after their first meet- cases, none be compellable to go out of ing, appoint a Council of State for the the county he lins in, if he procure an- managing of public affairs, until the tenth other to serve in his room. 2. That, aftpr day after the meeting of the next Rppre- the time IlPrein limit('d for the commence- sentative, unless that next Represpntative ment of the first R('pr('s('ntative, none of think fit to put an end to that trust soon- the people may he at any time questioned er. And the same Council to act and pro- for anything said or done in relation to ('('ed therein, according to such instruc- the late wars or public differencf's, other- tions and limitations aR the Reprpsf'nta- wise than in execution or pursuancf' of the tive shall give, and not otherwiRe. df'terminations of the pr('spnt House of Sixthly. That in paC"h interval betwPf'n ('ommons, against such as have adhel"pd to biennial Represf'ntati\'es, the Council of the King, or his interest, againRt the peo- State, in ca!'!e of imminent danger or ex- pIe; and saving that accomptants for pub- treme npcessity, may summon a Represent- lie moneys received, shall remain account- ative to be forthwith chosen, and to meet; able for the same. 3. That no Sf'curities so as the Session thereof continue not gh en, or to be given. b,y the public fait.h 66 AGREEMENT OF THE PEOPLE of the nation, nor any engagements of the conversation. 3. That such as profess faith public faith for satisfaction of debts and in God by Jesus Christ, however differing damages, shall be made void or invalid by in judgment from the doctrine, worship or the next or any future Representative; discipline publicly held forth, as afore- e cept to such creditors as have, or shall said, shall not be restrained from, but have, justly fol"fcited the same: and sa v- shall be protected in, the profession of ing, that the next Representative may con- their faith and exercise of religion, ac- finn or make null, in part or in whole, all cording to their consciences, in any place gifts of lands, moneys, offices, or other- except such as shall be set apart for the wise, made by the present Parliament to public worship; where we provide not for any member or attendant of either House. them, unless they have leave, so as they 4. That, in any laws hereafter to be made, abuse not this liberty to the civil in- no person, by virtuc of any tenure, grant, jury of others, or to actual disturbance of charter, patent, degl"ee or birth, shall be the public peace on their parts. Neverthe- privileged from subjection thereto, or from less, it is not intended to be hereby pro- being bound thereby, as well as others. 5. vided, that this liberty shall necessarily That the Representative may not give f'xtend to Popery or Prelacy. 4. That aU judgment upon any man's person or estate, laws, ordinances, statutes, and clauses in where no law hath before provided; some any law, statute, or ordinance to the con- only in calling to account and punishing trary of the liberty herein p1"Ovided for, in public ofJicers for abusing or failing in the two particulars next preceding con- their trust. G. That no Representative cerning religion, be, and are hereby, re- may in any wise render up, or give, or pealed and made void. take away, any of the foundations of com- Tenthly. It is agreed that whosoever mon right, liberty, and safety contained shall, by force of arms, resist the orders in this Agreement, nor level men's estates, of the next or any future Representa- destroy property, or make all things com- tive (except in case where such Repre- mon; and that, in all mattèrs of such sentative shall evidently render up, or fundamental concernment, there shall be give, or take away the foundations of com- a liberty to particular members of the said mon right, liberty, and safety, contained Representatives to enter their dissents in this Agreement), he shall forthwith, from the major vote. after his or their such resistance, lose the Ninthly. Concerning religion, we agree benefit and protection of the laws, and as followeth :-1. It is intended that the shall be punishable with death, as an ene- Christian Religion be held forth and rec- my and traitor to the nation. Of the ommended as the public profession in things expressed in this Agreement: the this nation, which we desire may, by the certain ending of this Parliament, as in grace of God, be reformed to the greatest the first Article; the equal or proportion- purity in doctrine, worship and discipline, able distribution of the number of the rep- according to the Word of God; the in- resenters to be elected, as in the second; structing the people thereunto in a public the certainty of the people's meeting to way, so it be not compulsive; as also the elect for Representatives biennial, and maintaining of able teachers for that end, their freedom in elections; with the cpr- and fOl' the confutation or discovering tainty of meeting, sitting and ending of of heresy, error, and whatsoever is con- Represpntatives 80 elected. whiC'h are pro- trary to sound doctrine, is allowed to be vidE:'d for in the third Article; as also the provided for by our Representatives; the qualifications of persons to elect 01' be maintenance of which teachers may be out elected, as in the first and second particu- of a public treasury, and. we desire. not lars under the third Article; also the by tithes: provided. that Popery or Prel- certainty of a number for passing a law aey be not held. forth as thE:' public way or or preparatory debates, provided for in the profession in this nation. 2. That. to the fourth Article; the matter of the fifth public profession so held forth none bf' Article, concerning the Council of Statf', compelled by penalties or otherwise; but and of the si th, concerning the calling, only may be endf'avoured to be won by sitting- and ending of Repres<,ntatives ex- sound doctrine, and the e:xample of a good traordinary; also the power of Represent- 67 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGES-AGRICULTURAL IMPLEJIENTS atives to be, as in the eighth Article, and e:,tablished one or more of these industrial limited, as in the six reserves ne .t follow- colleges, with ample equipmcnts, in which ing the 8ame: likewise the second and persons of both sexes may equally enjoy third Particulars under the ninth Article the benefits of the institution. Each concerning religion, and the whole matter student is paid a stipulated SUIll of money of the tenth Article; all these we do ac- for every hour of labor given to the in- count and declare to be fundamental to stitution; and by this means students our common right, liberty, and safety: and are materially aided in defraying the ex- therefore do both agree thereunto, and re- penscs of their education. solve to maintain the same, as God shall At the close of the school year 18!)8-9!1, enable us. The rest of the matters in this thcre were in the several Statps and Terri. Agreement we account to be useful and tories a total of fifty agricultural and nH"- good for the public; and the particular chanical colleges for white students, and circumstances of numbers, times, and fourteen for the colored race. The receipts places, expressed in the several Articles, of the 'ear were: From the federal gov- we account not fundamental; but we find ernment under the original and suhsc- them necessary to be here determined, for quent acts of Congress, $1 ,7Ii!l.7 16, from the making the Agreement certain and State and Territorial trea!'mrips, $2,570,- practicable, and do hold these most con- 427; and from other I';ourc..s, $1,8.32,873- venient that are here set down; and there- a total of $6,l!l3.0W. There were 2,G55 fore do positively agree thereunto. By men and 312 women teachers, 2G,1 1 men the appointment of his Excellency the and 9,337 women students, 4,390 students Lord-General and his General Council of in the purely agricultural course, and Officers. 6,nO students in the four enO'ineerin... Agricultural Colleges. In 1857, the courscs. The expenditures were'=' $4,544 late Justin S. l\Iorrill, then Chairman of 376. the Committee on Agriculture of the na- Agricultural Experiment Stations. tional House of Representatives, intro- The "Cnited States appl'Opriates about duced a bill appropriating to the several $15,000 yearly to each of the States and States a portion of the public lands for Territories ,,:hich have estahlished such the purpose of encouraging institutions for stations. The first was that of :\Iiddlc- the advancement of agriculture and the tcwn, Conn., in 187;;. There are now si ty mecl)anic arts. The bill lingered in Con- such stations, of whieh fifty-four rece\ve ,rress (having been vetoed by President financial aid from the l:nited States. Buchanan) until July, 1862, when it be- Agricultural Implements. The United came a law. The act provided that each States for lllany years has led the world in State should receive a quantity of land the invention and use of appliances for equal in value to $30,000 for each of its tilling the soil. The e tension of farming Senators and Representatives in Congress to large areas, as in Minnesota, Nehraska, under the census of 1860, to establish at and the Dakotas, where farms of 50.000 least one college in each State where" all acres are not unusual, has called for quick- the needful sciences for the practical avo- er means of ploughing, sowing, and reaping cations of life" should be taught, and than is possible by hand. Hence inventive "where agriculture, the foundation of all genius has recognized the new conditions present and future prosperity, may look and provided ploughs, seeding-machinC"s, for troops of earnest friends studying its cultivators, reapers, binders, and other ap- familiar and recondite economies." It pro- paratus operated by horse and steam-pow- vided that all expenses of location, man- er. The invcntion of the mowing-ma- agement, taxation, etc., ",houlrl be paid by chine is coeval, in our country, with the the respective State treasurers. that the reaping-machine. The" Manning" mower entire proceeds of the sales of the land Wf\S invented in 1831. That and the may forever remain undiminished, and "Ketcham" (1844) held the place of su- that evcry State receiving the grant must perior excellence until about 1850, when provide an institution within five years other inventors had made improvements. from the date of filing its acceptance of In 1850 less than 5,000 mowing-machines the grant. Every State in the l:nion has had been made in our country. Within G8 AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS a quarter of a century afterwards a mow- "olved on a pivot. It did not prove very ing-machine was considered indispensable successful. Two or three other like ma- to every farm. The American machines chines were patented in the following twen- are the best in the world., and are sold all ty-five years. In 1831 the :\Ianney mower over Europe and South America. was patented, which was the first success- The plough used in this country during ful machine of the kind. the colonial period was made of wood, In 1833, :Mr. Obed Hussey, of Cincinnati, covered with sheet-iron, the share being of 0., patented a reaper, with saw-toothed. wrought-iron. In 1793, Thomas Jefferson, cutters and guards, which was immediate- who had been experimenting on his Vir- ly put into practical operation, and proved ginia farm, invented an improved mould- thoroughly satisfactory. In 1834, Cyrus board, which would turn a furrow with- H. McCormick, then of Virginia, and late out breaking it. In 1797, Charles New- of Chicago, took out the first patent on bold, of Burlington, N. J., invented a cast- his reaper, which has since come into such iron plough, and spent about $30,000 in general use. This reaper, with improve- perfecting it. It proved a great loss and ments patented in 1845 and 1847, received failure to him, however, for the report the first prize at the 'Vorl d's Fair of 1851, spread among the farmers that the new where American reapers were first intro- plough" poisoned the soil, ruined the crops, duced to the notice of Europeans. At the and promoted the growth of rocks"; and, International Exhibition at Paris, in 1835, as they refused to use it, the manufacture American reapers were brought into com- of the new invention ceased. About 1804: petition with others, each machine being Daniel Peacock patented a plough having allowed to cut an aere of standing oats its mould-board and landside of cast-iron near Paris. The American reaper did its and separate, while its share was of work in twenty-two minutes, the English wrought-iron, edged with steel. Jethro in sixty, and an Algerian in seventy-two. \Vood, of Scipio, N. Y., patented improve- It used a cutter similar to that of Hus- ments on this in 1819, and the prejudice sey's machine, its main features being the against new inventions among farmers reel, the divider, the receiving platform having somewhat abated, he did a very for the grain, and the stand for the raker. successful business as a maker of these American reaping-machines are now used implements, and his plans have been the all over Europe where cereals abound. basis of most all those of modern construc- The automatic rake was patented by a tion. The first steam-plough in the Unit- Mr. Seymour, of Brockport, N. Y., in 1851, et1 States was patented by E. C. Bellin- and in 1856 Mr. Dorsey, of Maryland, g('r, of South Carolina, in 1833, but did patented the revolving rake, which was not come into practical use until much improved upon by Samuel Johnston, of later. Brockport, in 1865. The first self-binder Perhaps the "Great Plough," invented by was patented by C. 'V. and 'V. \V. Marsh Daniel Webster, which was twelve feet in 1858. long, drawn by four yoke of oxen, and The first threshing-machine used here turned a furrow two feet wide and one was largely modelled after the invention of foot deep, may be regarded as the un- Andrew :Meikle, a Scotchman. patented in . wieldy precursor of the admirable and Great Britain in 1788, but this has since efficient sulky ploughs of later times. The been changed in detail, till scarcely more value of inventive genius to the farmer, than the outline of the original plan is however, is not shown as much in the im- left. The fanning-machine was originaIly provements of the plough as in the mowers invented in Holland, though largely im- and reaping-machines which to-day take proved and altered by American invcn- the places of sickle, scythe, and cradle, tions. An agricultural implement of great laboriously wielded by our forefathers. importance to one part of the country, at The first reaping-machine in America was least, is the cotton-gin. The first machine patented in 1803 by Richard French and of this kind was invented by 1\1. De- John J. Hankins. One wheel of the ma- breuiI, a French planter of I ouisiana, but chine ran in the grain, and the cutting rlid not prove successful. 'Vhitney's cot- was done by a number of scythes which re- ton-gin, which did succeed, and increased 69 AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES-AGRICULTURE the production of cotton tenfold in two mind that they rcpresent the surplus of ear8, was inycntcd in 17H:J. proùuction over donH'stic }"('quirements. The census of H)OO rcpurted 715 es- Th{' total dumc tic ðpOl'ts aggregated in tablishments cngag{'d in the manufacture yalue. in 1!)0:J, $1.:m , :Jl,311 ; in 1!)(I-t, of agricultural implements. These had a $1,435.171.231; and of thcse totals capital investment of $157.707,951, em- the share of agricultural products was ployed 46,582 persons, paid $ 2,450,880 for *873,322,882 in If)Ü3 and $853,685,367 wages, and $43,944,G 8 for materials used in IfJ04, Or 62.73 and 59.48 per cent. of in construction, and turned out imple- the entire value. In the fiscal vear 18f19- ments valued at $101,207,428. In the fiscal 1900 the exports aggregated in'value $1,- year ending June 30, 1900, the export a- 370,476.158. and of this total the share of tion of American-made agricultural imple- agricuJtural products was $S:1,"). n2,n.")2. or ments aggregated in yalue $16.094,886. 60.n9 per cent. of the entire yalue. In the Agricultural Societies. The first so- preceding year the percentage was 65.19; ciety in the United States was formed by but in 1899-1900 the exports of domestic planters of South Carolina in 1784, and it manufactures increased to an un precedent- is yet in existenC'e. The next year the ed extent, and caused a lowering of the u Philadelphia Society for Promoting Ag- agricultural percentage. In the fisml riculture" was formed. and in 17!H citi- year }f103-o4 the export of agricultural 7ens of New York organized a similar so- implements rose in value to $2 ,7 49.U35. ciety. Tn 17n2 the" Massachusetts RocÏ- . The fol1owing- details. covering the cal- ety for Promoting Agriculture" was or- ('ndar year If)o3, -;how still more striking- ganized. These were city institutions. and Iy the great value of this industr.r and its not compO! ed of practiml farmers. They most produC'th"e crops: "'heat. acreage ùealt with facts and theories. The ma- tmder cultivation. 4f1.-tG4.fl6.; production, jority of husbandmen then diù not hear in bushels. (j37.8 1.8:15: value. $443,024,- nor heed their appeals for improvements. 826-corn. acrpage, 88,mn.Ufl3; produc- But final1y the more intelligent of that Hon, 2.2-t4,176.!l2G; value, $9.")2.868.801- ('lass of citizens hecame interested. and a oats. acrcage. 27.G38.l2G; production, ,84.- com"ention of practical fanners in the 094.199; value. $2G7 .fi6 I.GG;)-r:ve. acreag-e, District of Columhia, held in 180!), result- 1.90G.S!)4; produC't ion. 29.3G3.4lG; vf'lue, ed in the formation of the "Columbian $1;).fl93:871-buckwheat. acreage. 804.:19:1: Agricultural Society for the Promotion of prodm.tion. 14. 4:1.G44; vahIP, $R,G;J().i:1:J Rural and Domestic F.conomv." Thev of- -harley. acreage. 4.9f13.1:Jì; production, fered premiums; and their 'fair, heid in 131,861,391; value. $60.lGG.313-potatoe , :!\lay, 1810, is believed to be the first aC'reage, 2.916.8;);;; production, 247,127,- exhibition of its kind in this countrv. 880; value. $1;)1.638.09-1:-hay. acn"age, ELKA AH ",'" ATSO (q. t..) foundeù the 39.!:I:13,7;)9: prodllC'tion. in tons. 6UW;,).fl40; .. Berkshire Olass.) Agricultural Socicty" value, .");)6.:J.G.880 - cotton ( 1902-(3). in 1810, and there was a grand ".\gri- prodllC'tion. in hales. IO.G30.fl4.); value, cultural Fair and Cattle Show" at Pitts- !I:.:ïO 1.897. 1:J,J. Xine branches of this in- field in September, 1811. It was the first dustry yieldetl $2.9,")8.2i8.318. of the county fairs held in this country. The e tent of agricultural operations is From that tï"me until now there has bee , hown by the census of 1900. The nnmlwr at first a gradual. and then a rapid. in- of farms e C'e('ding three :!C'res in e t('nt crease in such institutions; and now tlH"v was 5.i:1ì.:Jì2. aggregating 8:18.,,)fH.77-1: exist in every State and Territory of th acreR. of ",hid1 414,4mUHi acr('!'1 were Union. improv('d; and the numh('r of farms cuIti- Agriculture. Kothing ean morp ad('- vated hv owners was 3.712,4()S. Farm quately demonstrate the remarkahle denl- ,"aluatio Is indud('d land. fence!'!, and opment of the ag-ricuItural industQ' in the huildings. $16.614.G47.491. and implements l!nited States than the statement of the and machinery. $74f1.7i5.!:IiO. Thp e ti- value of the e'"uspicion was excited by the landing. An ex-colonel of the insurgent army w s the nominal commander of the expedition. Ahout twenty Maccahelws were dres ed in the insurgent uniform, the rest being at- tired in the ordinary dress of the country. The American oflicers, who were dresspd as privates, posed as prisoncrs. \Yhcn the party arrin d at Casiguran a message was forwarded to Auginaldo that the re-en- forcements he had ordered were on tlwir way to Palanan, and a further statement was enclosed that there had been an en- gagement with Americans, five of whom, with Krag ritles, had becn captured. In six days thc expedition marched !)O mile's O\"er a most diflicult country. "Then within 8 miles of Aguinaldo's camp the fact that he sent provisions proved the ],1I e had thus far worked admirably. On March 3 the party reached the camp, where Aguinaldo received the E'upposcd of- ficers at his house, located on the Palanal1 Rin>r. Afte'r a brief com-crsation with him the party quietly excused themselves, and at once orders were given to fire upon Aguinaldo's body-guard, who flcd in con- stcrnation. Two of thcm, howcver, were killed and eighteen wound('d. During this <:,ngagement the <\n)('riean offieers rushí'd into Aguinaldo's house, and succeeded in taking him, Colonel YiIla, }Iis chid of staff, and antiago Barcplona, the insur- gent treasurer. After remaining two days in the camp the party returned to the coast. where the Tïcksbur,q, which was in waiting, received them, and conveyed the entir<:' party to ){anila. On April 2 he subc;;cribed and swore to 72 AGUINALDO the following declaration which had been prepared by the American military au- thorities for use in the Philippines: .. I, -, hereby renounce all allegi- ance to any and all so-called revolutionary goyernments in the Philippine Islands, and recognize and accept the supreme au- thority of the United States of America therein; I do solemnly swear that I will bear true faith and allegiance to that government; that I will at all times con- duct myself as a faithful and law-abiding citizen of the said islands, and will not, either directly or indirectly, hold corre- spondence with or give intelligence to an cnemy of the United States, nor will I abet, harbor, or protect such enemy; that 1 impose upon myself these voluntary ob. ligations without any mental reservations or purpose of evasion, so help me God." His Last Proclamation.-Copies of what was probably the full text of the last proclamation issued by Aguinaldo previ- ous to his capture by General Funston were received at the ,Var Department in Washington in :March, 1901. The procla- mation was contained in the Filipinos' Anti-Europa. the organ of the Filipino in- surgents, published at Madrid, Spain, and appears in the issue of that paper of MarC'h 10, 1901. A translation of the article is here given: The following proc- lamation has been recently received by this pappr, which will probably satisfy the clamor of all Filipinos: Don I milio Aguinaldo y Famy, President of the Philippine Republic, Captain-General, and General-In-Chief of her army: Heart-broken groans of the oppressed and of their unfortunate families, and energetic protests from the entire people of the Philip- pines, come to my far-off camp on account of t he unheard-of cI'uelties and scornful vlo- latio"s of the most elementary laws of war ('omrnitted by the Imperialists who, under pre- tf'xt of some Amf'rlcan having been killed, hang their prisoners of war by means which al'e both repugnant and inhuman, the agony lasting about fiftpen minutes. according to the press of Ianlla. or otherwise submitting thf'm to unheard-of tortures, ac('ordlng to the official communications from my various com- manding genel als: and If this were not sufficient, the military governor of the In- vading army has proclaimed martial law, placing beyond the protection of law not only 1.'i1iplnos under arms. but also all peace- ful residents, whom they arrest and deport without giving them a hearing. almost al- ways for no othf'r purpose than to loot their houses and treasures. or to await a ransom or bribe for their liberty. According to the censored press of Ianlla during the month of October only thirty-six Filipinos in various provinces were hanged; the totals for the month of November and December were the same, and during the first ten days of this month the rnlted States courts-martial have condemned to the same inhuman death the following: Fifteen In San Isidro (Doroteo Xoul and his fellow-martyrs), nine in Tayabas, one in Daler, one in llolinao, one in Pangasinan, one In Donsol, and three in Tayaba, a total of twenty-eight death sentences in ten days, according to information given the l\Ianila press by the staff of the enemy. In addition to all this the invaders have committed another violation of the Geneva International treaty by employing against us our own countrymen, who have sold them- selves to them, sowing by this atrocious meas- ure the seeds of a civil war, which could very well occur after this war, which is desolating this pOOl' country, if those now counted as traitors should form a regular group, thus making more and more remote the coming of the long-sought-for peace. I protest, therefore, before God and the honorable men of the whole world. in the name of the Philippine people, against such Iniquitous measures, and for our own de- fence: I order and command- Article I. All guerilla chiefs as soon as they capture any armed American citizen, shall take him Into the interior at once, and shall communicate with the chief of the near- est American detachment, urgently request- Ing the exchange of prisoners at the rate of one American for every three Filipinos of the many who are condemned to death by thf'm, and who expect to be led to execution at any moment. and Informing him that he would be responsible for the repl'lsals which we would see ourselves obliged to take In our just de- fence. If said American chief should refuse to make the exchange requested, the Amed- can prisoners shall be shot, whatever be their number, which punishment Is fixed In the Spanish penal code, which we have adopted for those who attack our national Integrity. If In four days after the exchange requested the execution of some Filipino sentenced by the Amerl('ans should be announ('el'J. Artkle II. PI'eference should also be givf'n In ex('hange of prlsonprs to deportf'd Fl1iplnos. and to thosf' who have renderpI'J signal sel'vl('e to the cal1!'If' of our Independen('e. Artif'le TI I. The promoters of the so-('a lied Ff'deral party shall be submitted as traitors to a most summary court-martial, and thosf' who stimulate the Invaders to pursue anI'J prosecute our fellow-countrymen who do not wish to Identify themselves therewith shall be punished with special severity, ami aftf'r those who are guilty have been sentencc>d. thf'Y shall be captured and punished whf'revf'r they may bp, and by any means which may be possible, - Article IV. The commanding generals and all guerilla chiefs In their respectl ve dis- tricts are entrusted with and responslhle for a speedy execution of this general order. 73 Giv('n In the capita] of the r<'public on Jan. 17, HIOl. E. AGLl ALDO. AGUINALDO-ALABAMA There is a seal in purple ink, consisting of a sun and three sta rs, and. the words, .. Philippine Republic, UlHce of the Presi- dent." .Lddres.'? of Sllbmission.-.-\fter his capt- ure .\guinaldo was fully informed of the aetual situation in all parts of the an'hi- pelago, not onl.r by the 17nited tatcs mili- tar,}', naval, and cÏ\ il authorities, but by many of his fornH'r generals and support- cr:o, who llêld surrcndcrcd. lIe was thus lcd to issue th(' following addre8s to the l-ïlipin08. which "as published in :\lanila on .\pril ] t): .. I b<,lip.<, 1 am not In error In pr('sumlng that thp unhappy fate to whit'h my ad\"er e fm.tune haH leu me i not a surpl"Í8e to those who have bef'n familiar with Ule Iu'ogt'ess of th(' war. The I('ssons taught with a full mpaning. and which ban' recently come to Ill ' knowledge. suggpst with irr('sistible force tbat a complete termination of hostilities and lasting peaee are not only dpsirable. bllt absolutely e spntial to the welfare of the l'hilippine Islands. .. The Filipinos ha.e ne.er b('en òisnuu'ed at thf'lr wpakneRs. nor ha.e th('y faltered in following the path pointed out by their fm'tI- tml(> and couragf'. The tim(' haH come, how- f'.er, In which th('y find thpir aò'"ance along this pa th to hp Impedpd by an Irresistible for('(' whlc'h. whilp It restrains them. yet en- li htens thf'ir mind!! and opens to them an. othpr coursp pr('sentlng them the cause of T,('ac(', ThiA canse has hf'en joyfully em- hracf'd hy thf' majority of my f('lIow-('onn- tt'.mpn. who have alrpadv unltpd around the gl"orious sovereign banñer of the rnlted ta tf'H. .. In this banner thpy repose their trust, find b('lie.e that undf'r itH protection thf' Filipino pf'ople will attain all those promlsf'd IIbertlf'!\ which they ar(' heglnnlng to f'njoy. The conntrv has cleclar'f'd unmlstakahlv In fa.or of p a('f" o be It. There has 'bp('n f'nough blooò. enough tear's. and enough df' olatlon. This wish cannot he Ignorf'ò by the men still In arms If they arf' animated hy a deslrf' to serve our noble people, which has thuH rlPRrly manlfpstf'd Its will. o do I respf'rt this will. now that It Is known to mf'. .. Aftf'r matm'e df'lIhpratlon, I r('RoTutplv Tlrol"lalm to th(' worIrl that I cannot refuRe to hp('cl thE' vokf' of a ppople 10n,:!ln for )wal'f' nor the lamentation!'! of thousands of families yearnln,:! to see thf'lr df'ar onf'S pn- joyln thE' libf'rty and tllf' promlHPd gen- E'roHlty of the gTf'at Amerkan nation, .. By arknowlf'flglng flUll ar('p/ltlng tllp o.erf'l.!!ntv of thE' rnltpcI Stat(''1 througbollt thp Philippine Arrhlpo>lago. as I now do, and without anv r"ser"a tlon whatsopver. I hp- ]lpvp that '1 am sprvln,:! thf'e. my b(>lov('cI country. Iay happiness be tblne." Sce ATKI ::;O:V, EDWARD; I..uzo:'i; MA. l'iJLA; !")HlLIPPINE ISLANDS. Ainsworth, :Fl{EDERlCK CRAYTOX, mili- tIny officer; born in Woodstock, Yt., Sept. 11. 18.32: was appointed. a first lieutenant Hnd assistant surg-eon in the United States anny in IS74; promoted major and !mr- geon in IS!H; colonel and chid of the Rec- onl amI Pension Ofliee in the \\'ar Depart- ment in 18U ; and brigadier-general in H;!In. lIe invented and introduced th(' ind.ex-rccord card. s .stem. by the use of which the full militaQ' history of any sol- dier may he immediat('ly traced. .-\bout 50.noo,ooo of OIC'SC cardo; ha,'e been placed on file, and. their introduction has resu1t('d in a yearly sa\-ing of more than $400,000. In I t)8 he succeeded Gen. George 'V. n \\-is as supen-isor of the puhlieation of the ol1icial records of the Cidl War. Aitken, ROBERT, publisher: born in Scotland in lï: -!; alTi,-ed in l}hiladelphia in lin!); was a practical printer, and pub- lished the Pellll. l'nited States lRiO-i2. J[(' dipd D('c, 21. IRRO. Alabama. The soil of this State was first trodden by Europeans in 1540. These were the followers of DE SOTO (q. v.). In 1,02. ßienville, the French go,'ernor of Louisiana, enter- ed [ohile Bay, and built a fort and t r a din g- house at the mouth of Dog ]{ive In lil1 the French fourdpd Mohile, and tl1('re a col- ony prospered for a while. e. gro slaves were fìJ' t hrought into thi"l colony 11,\' three French ships of war in 1721. fly the H STATE SEAL O. ALABAMA. ALABAMA treaty of 17G3 this r{'gion was transferred the State was represented. William by France to Great Britain. Alabama Brooks was cho:o,{'n prcsidcnt. There was formed a portion of the f::)tate of Georgia, a powerful infusion of lTnion sentiment llUt in 17!J8 the country now included in in the conn'ntion, which endea,-ored to the f::)tat{'s of Alahama ànd :Mississippi IJo!-'tpone a decision, under the pIca of the was organized as a Territory called Mis- desirableness of co-operation. A commit- sissippi. After the Creeks disappeared tee of thirteen was appointed to report. an (see CREEK INDIANS) the region of Ala- Ordinance of Secession. It was submitted bama was rapidly settled by white people, on the 10th. It was longer than any oth- and in 181D it entered the "Lnion as a er already adopted, but similar in tenor. State. The slave population increased They assumed that the commonwealth, more rapidly than the white. In the Dem- which had been created by the national ocratic National Convention that was held government first a Territory, and then a at Charleston in 18GO the delegates of Ala- State (1819), had "delegated sovereign bama took the lead in seceding from the powers" to that government, which were convention. now" resumed and vested in the people of In October of that year, Herschell V. the State of Alabama." The convention Johnson, the candidate for Vice-President favored the formation of a confederacy on thc Douglas ticket, declared, in a speech of slave-labor States, and formally invited at the Cooper Institute, Kew York, that the others to send delegat{'s to meet those Alabama was ripe for revolt in case Mr. of Alabama, in general eonvention, on l.incoln should be eleeted; that it was }.'{'b. 4, at l\rontgomel-Y, for consulta- pledged to withdraw from the enion, and tion on the subject. The con\'('ntion was had appropriaÌí'd $ OO,OOO for military not harmonious. Lnion men were not to contingencies. The governor suggested se- b(" put down without a struggle. There cession at the beginning of November: and was a minority report on Seeession; and in Decembpr, ISGO, the conference of the some were for postponing the act until Methodist Chureh, South, sitting at l\font- March 4, with a hope of presening gomery, declared "Afriean slavery as it tàe rnion. Kicholas Davis, from north- (' istpd in the outhprn tates of the nn _\labama, dpe]ar{'d his belief that the repuhlie. a wise, heneficent, humane, amI people of his section would not suhmit to rightr-ou8 institution, approwd of God, any disunion schpme, when YAXCF.Y and calculated to promote. to thp highest (q. 1'.) dpnounced him and his fellow-eiti- possible degrep. the welfare of the slave; 7cns of that region as "torips. traitors. that the election of a sectional President and rebels." and said they" O1IO'ht to be of the United States was evidenee of the coereed into suhmission." . DaYi; was not hostility of the majority to the people of ]11oved by tllese menaees, hut assured the the South. and whieh in fact, if not in Conf{'dpratps that the people of his seetion form, dissoh-es the eompact of union be- would he rpacJv to meet their enemies on tween the States." Northern Alabama tl](' line and d eide the issue at the point was opposed to the movement. of the ha 'onet. The final vote on thp Elpetions for members of a State con- Ordinance of S('cession was taken at ,'('ntion in Alabama were llPM Dee. 2-t. 2 P.M. on .Jan. 11. and result('d in Ri"'ì:ty- 18GO, and as in f;ome of thp other Rtates, (tnp T('aR to thirty - nine nays. An i l- the politicians w{'re didded into "R('{'ps- nwns(' ma s-me('tin{J' wag immediately held sionists" and "C'o-operationis:ts." Th(' in front of the sta t(' - houRe. and' timid latter were also diyidpd; one party wish- "po-opprationists" assured the multitude ing- the co-oppration of an the slave-labor that tl1Pir eonstittwnts would support the Rtates. and the other caring- only for thp or<1inauee. A ('{'ession flag-. whieh the <'O-operation of the cotton-producing- ,,"o]]]('n of 1\[ont.!!ompr T had pres('nt('d to Rtate!'l. The votp for an but tpn counties tllP eonnntion. was raispd ovpr tIle ('api- was, for s:ee('ssion. 2.f.4-t:>: and for co-op('r- tal. Tn 1\[ohile. wlwn the npws rpa{'hed ation, 33.GS;;. In the tpn eountips. somp that cit .. 101 guns w('re fired in honor of were for seeession and somp for <,o-opera- .\lahama. and fift('pn for Florida. At tion. In tIle eonwntion assemhlpd at ui.!:!ht the ('ity hlazp(l with firpworks. the Montgomery, .Jan. 7, IRGI, every eounty in favorite pieces being the Southern Cross ,5 and the Lone Star. The convention had voted against the reopening of the slave- trade, and adjourned on Jan. 30, 18tH. A week before the Hecession Ordinance was adopted., volunteer troops, in accord- ance with an arrangement made with the overnors of Louisiana and Georgia, and by order of the gonrnor of Alabama, had seized the arsenal at Mount Vernon, about 30 miles above l\[obile, and Fort )Ior- gan, at the entrance to fobile Har- bor, about 30 miles below the city. The Mount Vernon ar enal was captured by {pur Confederate companies commanded by Captain Leadbetter, of the L"nited States F.ngineer Corps, and a native of Maine. At dawn (Jan. 4, 1861) they surprised Captain Reno, who was in command of GOVERNORS OF THE MISSISSIPPI TERRITORY. tl)e arsenal, and the Alabama Confederates thus obtained 15,000 stands of arms, 150,- 000 pounds of gunpowder, SOme cannon. and a I rge quantity of munitions of war. The Alabama Senators and Representa- th-es withdrew from Congress Jan. 21, 1861. On l\Iarch 13, a State connntion GOYERNOR OF THE TERRITORY OF ALABA'rA. ratified the constitution adopted by the Wm, Wyatt Bibb ..........\ Arar, 1H17 to ov. 1819 Confederate Congress. The authoritief' of the State seized the national property within its borders, and sent troops to Flor- ida to assist in capturing Fort Piekens and other public works there. Alabama sent a commissioner to Washington as an ambassador, but he was not received. Dur- ing the war that ensued, Alabama bore her share of the burden, and her cities and plantations suffered from the ravages of the conflict. Wilson's cavalry raid through the State caused great destruction of property. During the war Alabama fur- nished 122,000 troops to the Confederate army, of whom 3;>,000 were killed or wounded. Montgomery, in the interior of the State, was the Confederate capital un- til July, 1861, when the seat of govern- ment was removed to Richmond. At the close of the war a provisional governor for Alabama was appointed (June 21, 18(5), and in September a convention re- ordained the civil and criminal laws, ex- cf'pting such as related to slavery: de- clared the Ordinance of Secession and the f;tate war-debt null; passed an ordinance against slavery; and provided for an elee- tion of State officers, who were chosen in Kovember. The gm'ernment thus con<;ti- iG ALABAMA tuted remained in force until superseded by military rule in 1867. In Novemher of that year a con\ention formed a new con- stitution for the f::)tate, which was ratified. !<'eb. 4, 18G8. State officers and memhers of Congress having been duly chosen, and all requirements complied with, _\labama became entitled to representation in Con- gress; and on Jul ' 14, ISGS, the militarr relinquished to the civil authorities all legal control. The Fourteenth and Fif- teenth Amendments to the national Con- stitution were ratified by Alabama, the latter Kov. IG, 1870. Population in 1890, 1,;;OS,073; in HWO, 1,828,G!l7. See UNITED STATES-ALABAMA, in vol. ix. Including the present States of Alabama and I\[laalaalpp'. N.&Mtll. Tltl.., o. Onte.. \, JJJthrop Rargent. .. .... . .. Wm. C, C, Claiborne....... Robt, Williams .... .. . ... .. David Holmes...... ....... 1799 to l Ol 1801 " 18ö.3 1805 " 180!! 1809 " 1817 GOVERNORS OF THE STATE OF ALABA [A, Wm. Wyatt Bibb.......... ov" 1819 to July, lS20 Thomas Bibb.......__..... July, 1820 " Nov,,1821 Israel I'ickens............. Nov., ]821 " .. 1825 John Murphy.............. "1825" 1829 Gabriel Moore............. 11-129 " )far., lS31 Saml. B. A[oore............ Mar., 1831 " XU,'., 1831 John Gayle.....,.......... Nov,.1831 " 1835 Clement C. Clay.... ...... 18'35 " July, 1837 Hugh [c\'ay.............. July, 1837 " ov., 1837 Arthur P. ß/lgby.... _...... ov., 1837 " 1841 Benj. Fitzpatrick,......... 18n" 1845 Joshua L. 'rartin.......... 1845 " 1847 Reuben Chapman, ........ 1HH .. 1849 Henry Watkins Collier..... 18-19 " 1H53 John A, Winston........... 1853 " 1857 Andrew B. 1roore.......... 1857 " 18ta John (;iII Shorter.......... 1861" 1863 Thomus H. WaUs,.... .... 1863 .. Apr., 1865 Interregnum of two months Le" is E, Par"'uns.......... June, 1865 to (lec., 181;5 Rout. M. Patton ........... Dec,,1865" July, ]1'68 Wm. H, Smith............. July, 18G8 " ov" 1870 Robt. H. Lmdsay . ... . . . .. . Nov., 1870 " ." 1872 David R. Lewis............ 1h12 " 1874 Geo, S. Houston............ 1874 " 1878 Rufus W, Cobb............ 1878 " 1882 Edward N,O'Nea!........, 18H2 .. 1886 Thomas Seay........ . .. . .. 18t;ô " 1890 Thoma" G. Jones..,....... 11ì90 .. IB94 William C. Oates... ....... 1894 " 1896 Joseph F. Johnston........ 1896 " 1900 W. J. Samford............. 1900 ,. June, 1901 W. D. Jelks............... June, 1901 .. Jan.. 1907 · W. J. Samford dIed June 12, 1 1. UNITED STATES SENATORS FRO I THE STATE OF ALABA IA, ALABAMA-ALABAMA CLAIMS NAME". No, of Congreea, Date, William R. King. .... .. 16th to 28th 1819 to 18U John W, Walker....... llitb" 17th 1819" 1822 William Kelley........ I 7th " 1!Jth 1823" 1825 Henry Chambers,..... 19th 1825 " 1826 Israel Pickens. . ." ... Wth to 20th 1826 .John lIIcKinley........ l!Jtb" 22d 1826 to 1831 Gauriel Ioore......... 22d "25th 1831" I 37 Clement C. ('lay,...... 2l>th" 27th 1837" lAU Arthur p, Baguy....... 27th" 30th 1841" 11'48 Dixon H. Lewis,...... 2Hth" 30th 1844 " 18-18 William R. King ...... 30th" 32d 18-18 .. 1 52 Benj. Fitzpatrick....., 30th" 3mh 18-18" 1861 Jeremiah Clemens. '" 31st" :l3d 18-19 " 1853 Clement C. Clay, Jr.. .. 33d .. 36th 1853 " IB61 37th, 38th, and 3\1th Congresses vacant. George E. Rpencer..... 40th to 4fith 1868 to 1879 Williard Warner,...... 40th" 42d 1868 .. lA71 George Goldthwaite.... 42d "45th 1872 " 1877 John T. Morgan.... .. 45th" - 1877" - James I.. I'ugh........ 47th" 55th 1880 .. lA!J7 Fdmund W. l'ettus.... 5.3th" - 1897" - Alabama, THE, Confederate man-of- war; a British vessel, manned chiefly by Hritish subjects at a British port; armed with British cannon, and provided with coal and o her supplies from British soil. She had no acknowledged flag, nor recog- nized nationality, nor any accessible port to whieh she might send her prizes, nor any legal tribunal to adjudge her captures. She was commanded by Raphael Semmes, a native of Maryland, and roamed the seas, plundering and destroying vessels belong- ing to Ameriean citizens. Her command- er avoided contact with American armed vessels, but finally encountered the Kear- L_ /__--<1 --- -- þ' .... __ ._ ;'C ....y. - ",' ..,, - I\ ", I . tJ t. ", .... I I .....-.......-- \I'ff -. , ?-c -;- -+..- --....-... -"'-"""" - - TilE ALARA3!A. sar!7c, Capt. John A. Winslow, off Cher- bourg, France, in the summer of 1864. On .Tune If) Semmes went out of the harbor of Chcrbourg to fight the Kearsargc. The 77 Alabama was accompanied by a French frigate to a point beyond the territorial waters of France. At a distance of 7 miles from the Cherbourg breakwater, the Kearsargc turned and made for the Con- federate cruiser, 'when, within 1,200 yards of her) the latter opened fire. After re- ceiving two or three broadsides, the Kear- sarge responded with telling effect. They fought for an hour, the steamers moving in a eircle. At the end of the hour the Alabama was at the mere T of her antag- onist, her flag down, and a white flag displa 'ed Over her stern. Respecting this, \\ïnslow ceased firing. Two minutes af- terwards the .Alabama fired two guns at the Krarsarge, and attemptpd to run to the protection of the French nputral waters, not more than 3 miles distant. \Vinslow opened fire again, and very soon a boat came to his vessel from the Ala- bmna, saying she had surrendered and was fast sinking. Just then the Dcerhouud pa sed by, when \Vinslow humanely asked her owner to assist him in saving the erew of the Alabama, which, in twenty minutes, went to the bottom of the sea. The Kear- .c:arge rescued sixty-five of the crew; the Deerhound picked up Semmes, his officers, and a few mariners, and carried them away from the lawful custody of \Yinslow, to England. There Spmmes was reeeived with great honor. The Kearsarge had tllTee men badly wounded-one of them mortally. The .llabama had nine men killed and twenty-one wounded. See AR- BITRATION, TRIBrNAL OF; JOINT HIGH Co nlIssTON. Alabama Claims, TIlE. a series of claims agaill! t Great Britain for losses sustained bv the United States through depredation; on her commerce by C n- federate vessels fitted out or supplied in English ports. As finally presented they \\"('re as follows: No. of V.....,I8 De.tro ed, Alabama........... .... 58 ............ $6,547.609.1'6 Bo, t()ft . . . . . .. . . .. _ . . . . .. 1. . . . . . .. . . .. 400.00 Chickamauga............ 3".......... 95,ß54 1'5 Florida.............,... 38 ............ 3,ß98.ß09': 4 (;f'orgia. .. . . . . . . .. .. . . . . 5.. .. . .. . , . .. 3R3.97ß. 50 '''-ashville, . .,. . . . . . . . . . _ . 1. ... . . , . .. . . ß9,53ß.7O Rf'tribution.. . . .. , . .. .. .. 2....... ... 20.3:U..52 Sallie. ... .. .. .., . .. .. ... 1. .., . .... ... 5,540.00 Shf'nflndoah..... ........ 40 ....". .... 6,488,3'20.31 Sumter............,.".. 3............ 10.ß95.83 Tallahassee ...........,. 17 ..... ...... 579.955.55 For losses from increased war premiums.. 1,120,7!J!;.lá Loea. $1!J,02I,428.61 ALABAMA LETTER-ALASKA See ARßITRATION, TmßV AL 0"'; JOINT I11GJI C'Ol\1l\UIS!'o:ION. Alabama Letter, TilE. Henry Clay, \'-hig candidate for I'rcsident in 1844, had a fair prospect for election whcn his letter to a friend in Alabama, on the an- n(' ation of Te as, appeared in the "Korth .tlabamian, on \ug. Hi. It was repre- E-ent{'d by his adversaries as a complete ('hang(> of poJicy OIl his part. The \\'hig campaign ùec'ame "dcfen i\ e" from this time, and resulted in defeat. See CLAY, 11 EXRY. Alamo, FOl T, a E:tructure in San An- tonio, Tl'\:.; erect('d for a mission build- ill in Ii 44; usecJ for religious purposes till 17H3, wheu, on account of the great I'trength of its walJs, it was converted into a fort. In the struggle by Texas for iucl('peml{'nce, the most sanguinary and hnoic conflict of the border warfare, which merI-{ed into the :\Ie ican \Var, oc- cnrrecJ th('rc--a conllict which for years was familiar to Americans as the 1'her- lOopJ'læ of Texas. The fort was about an acre in e},.tent, oblong, and surrounded by a wall 8 or 10 feet in height by 3 fcet in thickness. A body of Tex- ans, under the command of CoI. William Barrett Travis, retired into the fort early in 1836, upon the dismantling of San An- tonio by Sam Houston, and thcn Santa ...:\na, with a larg-e force, invested the fort Feb. 23. The Texans numbered only 140 men, whi1e the :Mexican army was 4,000 sf rong. The enemy took possession of the town. then erected batteries on both sides of the river. and for twenty-four bOllI's hombarded the fort. during which, it is stated, over 200 she1ls were discharged into it, but without injuring a man. The 3ttacking forc(>s made se\'eral vigorous a:,> aults on the fort, but were repulscd in each case. The commander of the be- leaguer('d garrison sent many couriers to San Felipe for assistance, but only a hand- ful of men succeeded in rcaehing the fort. As the siege progressed provisions grew scarce, and the dcfenders of Alamo, worn by the labors of the defcnce and broken in here as often cJrivcn back with heavy loss bv the Texan troops. A hand-to:hand el;- counter cnsued, which the Tcxans, few Illd feeble, were unable to sm;tain, and but six of their devoted band remained. Among this number was the famous Davy Crockett, who, with the others, surren- dered, under promise .of protection; hut when they were taken before Santa .Ana were, upon his command, instantly ('ut to l'ièecs, Crock(>U having hcen stahhed by a dozen swords. Other barbarities were committecJ, such as col1ecting the hodies of the slain in the centre of the Alamo, fincJ, after horribly mutilating the re- mains, burning them. Only three persons, a woman, a child, and a servant, were spared. A few weeks after Santa Ana was routed with immense loss, and him- E,elf captured in the battle of San Jacinto, where the Texans raised the war cry, ., Remember the Alamo!" It is estimat(>d that during the foiiege of Fort Alamo the :\le},.ican lossc!i aggregated over 1,600 men. For many years, indeed until the dose of the .:\Iexican War, the Tð8ns only needed to he roused to deeds of valor by the reco1lection of thc ma!'sacre at the Alamo, and d(>al'ly did the neighboring repuhlie pay for the butchcry by aIlta Ana and his forces. ALASKA Alaska, an unorgani7ed Territory of population, acronling to re\'i {'d l'('nsll re- f he United StateR, foruwrly known as port of 11'!IO, :32,0.) ; population, according " RlI!':sian America": occlIpJ'ing the region to lUOO census, 6:1,5!12; 8eat of admin- of the e treme northwpst{'rn portion of ishation, itka. The Russians acquirpd North Auwrica: I:,oing- north of the paral- pos,..(>!':!-.ioll of this Territory hy rig-ht of 1(>1 of lat. 50 0 40' N.,and w(>st of the merid- disconry hy Yitlls Bering. in 1741. lIe ian of long. 140 0 \V.; also including many discover(>cl the crowning peak of the Alas- islands lying off the coa!':t; area. land and ka mountains, :\Jonnt St. Elias, on .July watcr surface, IHOO, 5!:JO,884 square miles; 18. That mountain rifles to a height of 78 1<0 17/\ 72 11i'i " 6J I 11,1> 16 160. "t"!'t't'rnl'br(lon 0." I \ 1.F.rTI.\X IS. Same Sc le as 'lam 'h.p 11 o X IS\. c l: h 1)l 128 12 \ 1'." 1I J t s G IT L F (I F l LAS 3GNAk I. RM T I. ..c\ T-eI.i\.SI(.L\' .u1 r.w.ll. 100 Scale of liIes ro ro () c /;- .1 -- \ X \ \ \ \ 13 136 140 l . 176 \ 't, ... D " !' f, :"'- -dO':. ,,"',t< .,'" ;. .,.' 5 c\. - 5. 7';(Ì<<:&(O ,'ô- I ,.. _0 1 I-() lJ II. OT .'f' T'" . ....., "t<'JR " r ! I Ç) ., ---1 176 A "!fN ... "' . "'ð--, 1<':', '.'Qo ,LANDS '\\ MEHITteak, 12,OG6 feet; Kimball l\Iountain, time of writing the only movements in this 10,000 feet; Laperouse :Mountain, 10,750 direction were the extension of a number feet; Lituva :Mountain, 1l,852 feet; Mount .of laws of Oregon to the Territory; a !\IcKinley, 20,464 feet; Sanford .l\Iountain, gradual increase in the numb.:r of execu- 14,000 feet; Seattle Mountain, 10,000 feet; tive officers; and the cI'eation by the Pres i- Tillman Mountain, 13,300 feet; Vancouver dent, in IUOO, of a new military depart- Mountain, 15,666 feet; and ""rangel :\Ioun- ment comprising the entire Territory. tain, 17,500 feet. While it was long believed that the Ter- The entire coast -line measures over ritory possessed vast riches in minerals, 4,000 miles, taking into account the the chief industries were those connected smaller indentations. The climate in some with sealing and salmon-fisheries till parts is most agrpeable. In the interior are about 1805. In that year the United numerous Jakes. Its valleys are fertile; States government organired the first ex- its streams abound with fish and its for- proition to make a thorough investigation ests with game; and its islands have af- of the mineral properties. The geological forded the most extensive and richest fur- survey has since been continued with most seal fishing in the wodd. Sitka, or "S"ew fruitful results, and early in 1900 the Archangel, the capital of Alaska, is the old- Director of the Survey completed plans for est settlement. It was founded by Hussian thorough surn',}"s and explorations by both fur-traders in the nineteenth century. The geological and topographical experts, es. country was a sort of independent prov- pf'cially to supplement the impOl'tant work ince, under the rule of the Hussian-Amer- of his bureau in lROS, and to acquire a ican Fur Company, to whom it wa!'! grant- fuller knowledge of the remarkable Cape ed by the Emperor Paul in lï!HI. It was Xome district and 'its extension in the invested with the exclusive right of hunt- Seward Peninsula. This work was expect- ing and fishing in the American waters ('d to occupy several years. of the Czar. The charter of the company As a result of e plorations prior to expired in 18û7, when the government de- 1900, mining operations on a large scale elined to renew it. In 1865-G7 the coun- were umlertaken, first in the neighhor1lOod try was explored by a scientific corps sent of the boundary-line betwf'en the United out hy the Unitf'd Htatf's to seJect a route States amI the British possessions, and for the Ru!'.so-American telegl'al)h lim'-a then, as other fields werE' disclosed, along projeet whieh wa!'! ahandoned in conse- the coast spction and on some of the nf'ar- queni'e of the !'.uC'cessful laying of the \t- hy islands. During the season of IS!}!} lautic cablf'. E:uly in 1867 negotiations the last-mentionf'cl region gave indications were bf'gun for tllf' purchase of the T('lTi- of outrhoalJing the famous Klomlike and tory. and a treaty to that effect was com- Yukon fields. The rush of min('rs to the pl('ted by the exchange of ratifications at interior fields, and the indiscriminate Washington, D. C., on June 20, 1867. !'.taking of claims, soon led to a conflict The price paid was $;,200,000. Tn Octohf'r bE'tween the .American ancl Canadian min- Gf'n. I..ov('ll II. ltousseau, a commissioner erR concerning HIP boundary-line. Both for the purpose, formally took POss('Hsion rarti('s (.]aimed t(,lTitorial rights to the of the region. The Territory remained riehf>st fields then known, and to avoic1 a untler militm'y government till 1884:, w}lf'n state of anarf'hy that sf>enlf'cl innuinC'ut. a district gonrnment was established and the Cnited States anù the Canadian au- a Jand office opened. This form of admin- thorities undE'rtook, first, a sf'parate. and istration proved adequate till the remark- then a joint, sliney of the region in dis- 79 pute. Each party naturally claimed more terri tory than the other \" as willing to concede, and, as a result, the delimitation of the boundary was made one of the sub- jects for determination by the Al'\GLO- A [ERI(,AN CmnfISSIO:'i (q. v.) appointed in IM98 for the purpose of negotiating a plan for the settlement of all matters in controversy between the United States alld Canada. The commission, after sev- eral ses8ions in Canada and the United States, failed to reach an agreement on the matters submitted to it, and in 1899 a modus vivendi was signed by the representati,'es of both go,-ernments. This agreement fixed the boundary provi- sionally, and went into operation on Oct. 20 Under the agreement no part of its territory was ßurrendered by the United States, and none of the rights of either government were prejudiced by it. Modus Vivendi of 1899.-The following is the text of the agreement: ALASKA lations for the protection of the revenup as the Canadian government may pre. scribe, to carry with them oYer such part or parts of the trail between the said points as may lie On the Canadian side of the temporary line such goods and artides as they desire, without being required to pay any customs duties on such goods and articles; and from said junction to the summit of the peak ea!'.t of Lhe Chilkat River, marked on the afore- Aaid map Ko. 10 of the enited States Commission with the number 5,410 and on the ma p No. 17 of the aforesaid Bri t- ish Commission with the number 5.490. On the DJ'ea and Skagway trails. the summits of the Chilkoot and White passes. It is understood, as formerly !'.et forth in communication,.; of the Dt'partment of State of tIle United States, that the citi- zens or subjects of either power found by this arrangement within the t('mporary jurisdiction of the other shaH suffer no It is hereby agreed between the gov- diminution of the rights and privil('ges ernments of the United States and Great which they now enjoy. Rritain that the boundary-line bctween The govermnent of the United Rtates Canada and the Territory of Alaska, in will at once appoint an oftil'pr or officers, the region about the head of Lynn Canal, in conjunction with an officer or officers to shaH be provisionaHy fi-..::ed, without preju- be named by the government of her Rri- dice to the claims of either party in the tannic Majesty, to mark the temporary pprmanent adjustment of the interna- Ene agreed upon by erection of posts, tional boundary, as follows: stakes, or other appropriate temporary In the region of the Dalton Trail, a marks. Ene beginning at the peak west of Porcu- Alaska in Tnl11sition.-After the United pine Creek, marked on the map No. 10 of States obtained posses:"ion of the Terri- the United States Commission, Dec. 31, tory the sealing industry was for several ]895, and on sheet No. 18 of the British years prosecuted with a vigor that led to Commission, Dec. 31, 1805, with the num- such a decrease in the number of seal" l)('r G,;;OO; thence running to the Klehini that the government was obliged to enact (or Klaheela) River in the direction of stringent laws for the cons('rvation of the the pcak north of that river, marked 5,020 seals, in order to ch('ck the illiliscrilllinate on the aforesaid United States map and slaughter and prennt the total dpstruc- 5.02:> on the aforesaid British map; tion of the industry. Thpse laws, how- thence following the high Or right bank ever, have been constantly violated, with of the said Klehini River to the junction the result that the fur - seal has been thereof with the Chilkat River, a mile nearly exterminated in these waters. and a half, more or less, north of Klu- Some compensation for this loss has hppn kwan-providcd that persons proceeding found in a remarkable increase in the to or from I orcupine Creek shan be freely supply of food fis]ws. permitted to follow the trail between J arge as was the knowl('dge of Alaska the said creek and the said junction of nnd its manifold interpsts and resources the rivers. into and across the Territory that had been acquired up to IDOO, mueh on the Canadian side of the temporary of its vast expanse remained practieal1y ]ine wherever the trail crosses to such an unknown region, depending upon the side, and subject to such reasonable regu- govcrnmpnt !mrveys then in progres aUlI 80 ALASKA-ALASKAN BOUNDARY the resistless pushing forward of gold- lmnters for the disclosure of new wonders and material attractions. The entire region on both sides of the boundary-Ene was in a transition state, and both the rnited States and the Canadian govern- lIIEnts, aided by commercial and religious organizations, were pushing forward, as rapidly as the face of the country would permit, the advantage.. of civili7ation hitherto unknown in that 'bleak region. Early in 1898 an aërial railway was con- structed over the Chilkoot Pass to Lake Linderman, a unique enterprise that short- ened the time between tidewater and the headwaters of the Yukon River from a month to a day, and removed the perils and hardships of former travels. At the end of that year the first section of the first railroad built in Alaska was com- pleted. This was the White Pass and Yukon R.tilroad, projected to extend from ßkagway to Fort Selkirk. The section ended at Summit, the highest point of the divide. The road was completed through to Lake Bennett in 1899. At the same time the Canadian government had se-, leded five routes for railways in the Yukon region, which it was thought might be prm'ided with sea-coast outlets in the territory of the United States. After the failure of the A GLO-AM:ER- I(,A CmBnssIO (q. v.) to settle the boundary contention, a special commis- !"ion was appointed under a tr?aty signed in Washington, D. C., Jan. 24, In03. This hody assembled in London on Sept. 3, fol- lowing', heard final arguments on October \1, reached a decision on Oct. 17. and made its award Oct. 20, granting to the United 8tates all of its contentions e cepting that for the Portland Canal, which was giwn to Canada. The award deprived Canada of access to tlw sea over a long stretch of coast-line, and of a free passage up the Lynn Canal to the Yukon. See UNITED STATES-ALASKA, in vol. ix. Alaskan Boundary, TIlE. PROF. J. R. )TOORE (q. v.) contributes the follow- ing discussion of the conflicting claims of the United States and Canada in re- lation to the boundary-line. In his mesc::age of Dec. 2. 1872, Presi- dent Grant, referring to the settlement of the San Juan 'Vat r Boundan', remarked that this award left us, .. f r the fir!'.t time in the history of the rnitf'd Statf's as a nation, without a question of dis- puted boundary between our territory and the possessions of Great Britain on this continent." In making this state- ment, President Grant was not unmindful of the fact that the boundary between the British possessions and Alaska, as defined in the treaty between Great Britain and Russia of 1825, had not been surveyed and marked. No dispute in regard to this line had then arisen; and, with a view to prevent the occurrenf'e of any, he made the foUowing recommendation: "Experience of the difficulties attend- ing the determination of Our admitted line of boundary, after the occupation of the Territory and its settlement by those owing a]]egiance to the respecti\'e governments, points to the importance of establishing, by natural objects or other monuments, the actual line between the territory ac- quired by purchase from Russia and the adjoining possessions of her Britannic Majesty. The region is now so sparsely occupied that no conftiC'ting interests of individuals or of jurisdiction are likely to interfere to the delay or embarrassment of the actual locatio; of the line. If de- ferred until population shall enter and occupy the Territory, some trivial contest ûf neighbors may again array the two governments in antagonism. I therefore recommend the appointment of a commis- sion, to act jointly with one that may be appointed on the part of Great Britain. to determine the line between our Terri- tory of Alaska and the coterminous pos- MILITARY GOVERNOR. Ressions of Great Britain." Gen. Lovell H. Rousseau,......... .18G7 - By correspondence published in the CI\'IL GOVERNOR!'!. Canadian Sessional Papers, this recom- John H. Kinkead.,............... ,1884-85 mf'ndation appears to have been inspired Alfred P. Swim.ford,............. .188;;-89 hy representations, originating with th Lyman Eo Knapp...........,...... 188f1-H3 f d . d James Sbf'akley .............. ... . 1893-fl7 government 0 Cana a, and commußIcatf' John G. Brady.................. 1897-1904 through the British minister at \Yash- I.-.F 81 GOVERXOns OF THB TERRITORY. ALASKAN :ÐOUNDAR"'L ington, as to the desirableness of definitely but no recommendations as to the boun- marking the boundar '. Ko action upon dary. the recommendation was taken; but an By the protocol of May, lSfl8, it was estimate then mad!' by United tates om- agreed that the joint international com- dais as to the probahle cost and duration mission to be organized thereunder should of the task of surve 'ing and marking the endeavor to adopt" provisions for the de- line as laid down in the treaty placed the limitation and establishment of the cost at about $1,500,000 and the time at Alaska-Canadian boundary by legal and nine Tears for field operations and at least scientific experts if the commission shall an additional ;year for oflice work. so decide, or otherwise." Under this In January, 188G, the minister of the clause, it is understood that the commis- rnitecl States in London, a.cting under sion has failed to reach an at'reement and instructions, proposed the appointment of the question still remains op n. It i our a joint commission, which should designate purpose to disclose, in general outlines, and establish the boundary-line, or else in what the dispute consists. report such data as might afford a basis By a ukase dated July 8, 1 jOg, the Em- for its establishment by a new treaty. The peror Paul I. of Russia, having in view Dominion government, to whom this pro- the benefits resulting to his empire from posal was rf'ferred, expressed the opinion the hunting and trading carried on by that a preHminary surye:r was" preferahle Russian suhjects "in the northeaRtern to a formally constihItpd joint commis- seas and along the coaRts of America," sion," and suggested that such a survey conceded to the Hussian-American ('om- "would enahle the two governments to pany the rigl!t to "have the use of all ehtahHsh a Ratisfaetory basis for the de- hunting-g!'Ounds and establishments now limitation of the boundary, and demon- [thcn] c:\.isting on the northeastern (, ic) Rtmte whC'thpr the conditions of the con- eoast of America, f!'Om the 53th wntion of 182.3 are applicable to the now dC'gree [of north latitude] to Bering more or les!'! known features of the COun- Strait," as well as the right "to make try." new discoveries not only north of the fift T- Early in 1888 several informal con- fifth degree," but farther to the south. and ferenceR were held in 'Vashington between "to occupy the new lands discovered, as Prof. 'V. II. Dall, of the United States Russian possessions." if tlu'y were not Geological Survey, and Dr. George l\L previously occupied by or dependent upon Dawson, of Canada, for the purpose of dis- another nation. cussing the boundary and elucidating, so Still further prÏ\TiJeges were granted to far as the information then in existence the Russian-Ameriean Company by the enabled thf'm to do, the questions which famous ukase issued by the Emperor might be involved in it. TIle result of Alexander, Sept. 7, 18 1, by which the pm- tllese conferences was communicated to suit of commercf', whaling anù fishing-, and Congress. of all other industry, on all islands, ports, A further step was taken in the con- and gulfs, "including the whole of the wntion hC'tween the Pnited Statf's and northwest coast of America, b(oginning Great Britain of .Tuly 2 , 18f) . by which fl"Om I3pring tmit to the 51st deg,"f'C it was agn,pd that a coincidC'nt or joint of northern latitu(le." was exclusiv{'lv f:urvC'y It, callcd forth protests both from the Unitcd States and from Great Britain. Both these powers claimed ter- }"itory nmth of the 51st parallel, as weB as the right freely to navigate the oeean and to fish and trade with the natives on unoccupied coasts. Russia met their protC'sts with an offer of negotiation. This ofi'er was accC'pted. In the ne;:rotia- tions which ensuC'd, Hussia was represent- (>d hy Count Kcs!'\elrode, ministcr for for- eign affairs, and 1\1. Poletica. Great Brit- ain was rcpresented first by Sir Charles Bagot, and then by Stratford Canning; the United States by Henry Middleton. The United States and Great Britain at one time entertained tIle intention of act- ing jointly, but, finding that their terri- torial claims were to some extent conflict- ing. theJT carried on their negotiations with Id States and Great Brit- ain to divide that to the south. Great Britain and Russia sett1E'd their maritime and tf'rritorial differences by a convention signed at St. Petersburg on },'eb. 28, 18 .J, whieh will hereafter be re- fured to as the conventIon of 1825. This convention defines, in Articles III. and IV., the boundary between Alaska and the British possessions as it exists to-day. The treaty of 18Gï, ceding Alaska to the Unitcd States, describes the eastern limits of the cession by incorporating the defini. tion given in the convention of 182.'). This convention was signed only in French, which is therefore the official text; but there accompanies it, in the British pub- lications, an English" translation," which in the main fairly reproduces the original. These texts, 80 far as they relate to the boundary, are as follows: <rly limit of la lisii:re de terre fer me) comprisf"d with- the lisière. from the point where the line in the limits of the Ru sian possf>s"ions." strikes the fifty-sixth degree of north lati- .\s to navigation, fishing. and trading, tude, was to foHow U the summit of the the convention of 1825 included sub- mountains situated parallel to the mast." f;tantially the same prm-isions as that of except t1Iat, wherí' this Immmit Rhould 1824. The right of navigation and fishing prove to be mOre than ten marine leagues, in the Pacific Ocean was aeknowledged. or thirty miles, from the ocean, the limit For the space of ten years the f;hips of was to 'be formed U by a line paraJJel to the two powers were to be at liberty to the windings of the coast, and which shaH frequent "the inland Seas, the Gulfs, never exceed the distance of ten marine Havens. and Creeks on the Coast" in ques- leagues therefrom." On the part of tion. Permission to Jand at points where Canada two theories as to this Jine have there were establishments was to be ob- been admnced: (I) that it should foHow, 84 .. IV. Il est en- tendu, par rapport à la ligne de démarca- tion détcr71linée dans l'A,'ticle lu'écédent: .. 1. Que l'Ile dite Prince of Wales ap- partiendra toute en- tUre à la Russie: ":2. Que partout at} la crête dcs montagncs qui s'ctcndcnt dans 1me direction paral- lèle à eôte dcpuis Ie 56me dcgré de latitude Kord au point d'intcrsectirm du 141711e degré de longi- tude Ouest, se trout'e- mit à la distance de pills de di.r 1icues ma- 1'incs de l'Océan, la limite entre les POIt- sessions Britanniqucs et la lisière de eMe mentfonnée ci-dessus c()mme dCl'ant appar- t( nir à la Rus8Íp, sera formée par une Hane parallèle au.!' simtOsités de la eôte, et qui ne pourra ja- mais en ttre éloignée que de db: lieues ma- rines." II 1st. That the Isl- and called Prince or Wales Island shall be- long wholly to Rus- sia, " :2d. That wherever the summit or the mountains which ex- tend In a direction parallel to the Coast, from the 56th degree of Korth Latitude to the point of Intersec- tion of the 141st de- gree of West Longi- tude, shall prove to be at the distance of more than ten marine leagues from the Ocean, the limit be- tween the British Possessions and the line of Coast which Is to belong to Rus- sia, as above men- tioned, shall be form- ed by a line parallel to the windings of the Coast, and which shall never exceed the distance of ten ma- rine leagues there- from." ALASKAN BOUNDARY not the actual windings (sinuosites) but t he general trend of the coast, so as to iutersect or cross the headlands of some of the bays and inlets, especially in the Lynn Canal, and give Great Britain one or more ports on tide-water; and (2) that the coast whose windings are to be fol- lowed is not the shore of the mainland, but that of the adjacent islands, border- ing on the ocean.* The United States, on the oth('r hand, has mailltaiuf'd that the coast whose windings were to be followed was the coast of the mainland, the design of the connntion being to give to Russia the control of the whole of the sìlOre of the mainland, and of the islands, bays, gulfs, and inlets adjacent thereto. In other · On the sketch-map accompanying this ar- ticle. the Canadian claim is given as shown on the .. )Iap of the Province of ßritlsh Co- lumbia, compiled by direction of lIon, G. B. )Iartln. Chief Commi sloner of Lands and Works, Ylctoria. R. C., l a:;." This claim would g!ve Vyea, kagway, 1'yramid Harbor, and val'lOUS other points, and a long stretch of tide-water, to C'anada. Canada offered to give up her claims on Dyea and Skagwa v If the Cnlted States would give P.rramid I1al'bor to her. The United States refused tu consider the question. words, Russia was to have exclusive do- minion of tide-water and of a continuous strip of territory bordering upon it, while Great Britain was to have the interior country, with a right of free navigation of streams crossing the Russian territory on their way to the sea. That this was the design of the conven-- tion may be shown, first, by the record of its negotiation. The principal object on the part of Great Britain was to obtain the withdraw- al by Russia of the claim made in the ukase of 1828 to exclusive jurisdiction over the Pacific Ocean-a claim which in- volved the right to navigate a vast extent of ocean and, incidentally, the right of passage from the Pacific to the Arctic Ocean through Bering Straits. "It is not on our part," declared George Canning, British Recretary of State for Foreign Af- fairs, "essentially a negotiation of limits. It is a demand of the repeal of an offen- sive and unjustifiable arrogation of ex- clusive jurisdiction over an ocean of un- measured extent." 'Vith a view to facili- tate the withdrawal of this pretension, Great nritain proposed a settlement of limits.* The actual geographical features of the territory were to a great extent unknown. Vancouver had navigated and charted the coast, but the interior was un- explored. Back from the shore high moun- tains were visible, and, after the manner of the early geographers, he drew artistic ranges which follow the windings of the coast, making a continuous barrier be- tween the coast of the mainland and the interior country. It is well known, how- ever, to the negotiatOl's of the convention of 1825 that the mountain ranges might be broken, or that, instead of following closely the windings of the coast, they might extend far inland. Instead, there- fore, of attending to geographical details, they adopted general rules, which should be applied whenever the line came to be actually marked. In settling the limits along the coast the two governments were largely guided by the interests and the representations of certain commercial companies-on the part of Russia, the Russian - American Company, and, on the part of Great Brit- · G. Canning to Stratford Canning, Dec. 8, 18 4. 85 ALASKAN BOUNDARY ain. thp Xorthwest and Hudson's nay companies-which hunted and traded with nati\es for furs. The fur trade was then the principal ohjcet of value in the esti- mation of the worth of the rC'gions in question. The Jh'itish companies, how- ever, had no e"tablibhment on the coast now under considcration. Their opera- tions in that quarter were conducted in the intcrior, and their furs were sent to England through their own territories, and not across the coast involvcd in the neg-otia tion. The fhst definite proposition as to lim- its was made by Great Britain to Russia in the autumn of I8 3. Sir Charles Ragot, then Briti:-.h ambassador at St. PeÌ('rs- burg. was instructed to propose a line drawn east and west along the 57th paraJJel of north latitude. He W('IIt somewhat further, and suggested that Great Britain would" be satisfied to take Cross Sound. lying about the latitude of 57 0 30', as the boundary betweC'n the two pow- ers on the coast: and a meridian line drawn from the head of Lynn Canal, as it is laid down in _-\rrowslUith's last map, . . . as the boundary in the interior of the continent." This suggC'stion was not ac- cepted. and subsC'quentJy, acting under in- structions. he proposed "a line drawn through Chatham Straits to the hmd of I ynn Canal, thence northwest to the l-tOth degrC'e of longitude west of Greenwich, and thence along that degree of longitude to the l'olar SC'a." The Russian plenipotentiaries rejected this proposal and submitted a counter- project. ny the ukase of I7f)!), the Rus- sian dominion was a!'sumed to extend to the southward as far as the 53th de- g-r('e of north latitude. The Rus ian plen- ipotentiariC's therefore offered to adhere to this limit, with a deflcction at the south- ern extremitv of Prince of "'ales Island so as to avoid. a division of territory. and. for the rest. proposed that the line should " follow Portland Channel up to the moun- tains which border the coast," thence" as- cend along these mountains. parallel to the sinuosities of the coast, as far as the I: !)th dC'gree of longitude (meridian of J O))- don) ," and then pursue that mcridian in- definitely to the north. The reasons of the two govprnmpnfs for their respective proposals were full)' ex- plained by them. In the early stages of the IlC'gotiation the Hn !"iau plenipot<.u- tia,rÎ<'s iutimated that tlJ('Y would l'l'(luire the ;;;)th dl'gn'e of JatitUllc as their sout hcrn bounJary. In hi instrlldions to :-;ir C. nagot, of Jan. 15, I8 -l, lr. George Canning, advcrtillg to the fact that no limit was suggested by the Rus!',ian plenipotcntiaries to the eastern extension of the parallel, declarcd that it was C'8- sential to guard against the" unfonndf'd prl'tensious" of nussia in that direction, and for that purpose, wlulÌever the degrce of latitude assumed, to as:òigll a de1ìnite meridian of Jongitude as a Jimit. The I33th mcridian northward from the head of "Lynn's Harbor" Illight suffice. As to " the mainland SOltfhtw,.ù of that point," it wouM be e pedient to a!'sign "a limit, 8ay of 50 or Ion miks from the coast, beyond which the Ihls!'ian posts "hould not he ext(>ndl'ave the English the!';(' propo!';als and counter-propo!';als meant, f'stablishmf'nts all nf>f'dful ronm for in- It mi ht he worth while specially to note the crpase and extpnsion.. . . 'Ve limit onr dp- phra$e" seaward ba!';(' of the mountains." 1\8 m:mùs to a nwre stri p of the continent . weB ns the su gestion made by the Brttl!';h overnment tbnt no forts should be estab- ud . . . we guarantee the free navigation Ii!';hed or fortifications erectf'd by either of the rivf>rs and announce the opening of p31.ty" on thp !';ummit or In the pa!';ses of thf' the port of 1\ovo Archangelsk. Ru!'tsia mountains" In casf' the houndarv !';holllrl fol- low their summit amI not their s award ha!';e. cannot stretch her concessions farther. (G. Canning to Sir C. Eagot, July 24, 18 4,) 87 ALASKAN BOUNDARY The Russian government, in response to the last British proposition. proposed that the lisii:re, instead of being bounded by the summit of the mountains, except where it excpeded a certain distance from the coast, should "not be wider on the continent than 10 marine leagues from the shore of the sea." In other words, nussia wanted either the crest of the mountains, or else a line 10 leagues from the coast, as the boundary all the way. Great Britain objected to this as a with- drawal of the limits of the lisière which the Russians were themselves the first to propose, viz., "the summit of the moun- tains, which run parallel to the coast, and which appear, according to the map, to fono\\' all its sinuosities, and to substi- tute generally that which we only sug- gcsted as a connection of their first prop- osition."* Accordingly, Mr. Stratford Canning, who had lately. been appointed a plenipotcntiary to conclude the conven- tion, proposed that the line should fol- low "the crest of the mountains in a direction parallel to the coast," but that, if the crest should be found anywhere to be more than 10 leagues from the sea, the boundary should there be " a line par- allel to the sinuo!'lities of the coast. so that the line of demarcation !'Ihall not be anywhere more than 10 leagues from the coast." This proposal was accepted as a compro- mise, and the treaty was drawn up and signed in conformity with it. "Cntil a re- cent period the line, as it was then under- stood by both governments, remained un- questioned. It appeared on all the maps, including those published in England, as the 'Cnih"d States now maintains it, fol- 10winO' the sinuosities of the coast and rnnni g' along the heads of the inlets. in- cluding the T ynn Canal, and giving to Russia an unbroken strip of the mainland up to ::\fount St. Elias. But more significant, perhaps, than any map, is the fact that the greater portion of the strip of mainland in question was for many years after 1839 leased, at an annual rental, by the Hudson Bay Com- pany. The lease embraced the coast (ex- lusive of i!;:lands) and the interior coun- try belonging to Russia, situated between Cape Spencer, on Cro s f'ound. and lat. 54 0 40', or thereabout, including "the whole mainland coast and interior coun- try belonging to Russia," eastward and southward of an imaginary line drawn from Cape Spencer to :\Iount Fairweather. By an agreement between the Hudson Bay and Russian-American companies, which received the sanction of both gov- ernments, this strip of territory was ex- empted from molestation during the Cri- mean 'Var.* As to the southern limit of the strip in question, a line through Portland Channel, as now maintained by the United States, continued to be the uncontested boundary till about ISi3, when Canadian writers be- gan to suggest that the line should run through Behm Canal, or by some othcr way than Portland Channel, (I) bec;lus<" while the line is required by the treaty to " ascend to the north" from the southern- most point of Prince of Wales Island, it must first run to the cast in order to cnter Portland Channel, and ( 2) because the head of Portlanù Channel does not reach the 56th degree of north latitude. These suggec;tions, besiùes disregarding the IJis- torical and geographical evidence, in- cluding that of the British Adm!ra1ty charts, presuppose a minuteness and ac- curacy of description which the negotiators did not essay. \Yhen the line, commencing at the southernmost point of Prince of '" ales Island, wa.g required to "ascend to the north" till it should strike the 5(jth degree on the continent, the general direction and objective of the boundary obviously was intended to be given. Thi has not been uncommon in descriptions of boundary. An actual due north line from the point in question would have cut the island. Nor is the argument frolll a hiatu! between the head of Portland Channel and · SIr George SImpson, Governor or Hud- son Bay Territory and a director of Hud- son Bay Company, In bls account of a trip around the world (Lea & Blanchard, PhIla- delphIa. 1847. Part 1, p. 124). referrIng to the lease, said: .. Russia, as the reader Is or course aware. possesses on the mainland he- tween lat. 54 0 40' and lat. 60 0 only a strip. never exceeding 30 mIles In depth: and this strip. In the absence of such an arran pment Roth tbese phrasf'8 obviously referred to as has just bpen mentioned (tbe aforesnlrl mountains on the mainland, )pase). renders the Interior comparatively use · G. CannIng to S. CannIng, Dec. 8, 18::!4. Ipss to England." 88 ALASKAN BOUNDARY-ALBANY tlH' 56th degree any stronger. The meet this defect, yarious plans have been "line," after ascending "Portland Chan- suggested, and there may be room for the nel, as far as thp. point of the continent adjustment of common interests. The dis- where it strikes the 56th degree of cO\,-ery of gold in the Klondike region has north latitude," is required from "this intensified the desire of Canada. for an out- last-mentioned point" to follow "the let on Lynn Canal. This desire, if con- summit of the mountains." If this were sidered upon grounds of mutual interest intended as a complete description, cover- and convenience, rather than of treaty ing e\Tery foot or mile of the boundary, right, is worthy of attention, since the and if the" it" of the treaty were intend- coast must profit by the development of ed to refer to the channel and not to the the interior. It has been suggested that line, then Portland Channel evidently was a lease be granted of a narrow strip of supposed to have performed the remark- land in that quarter, as an outlet on the able feat of climbing to the summit of the sea. The same object might, perha.ps, be mountains. But, obviously, it was the attained by assimilating one or more of " line" which was to "strike" the 56th the portages, for instance, that by way of parallel and reach the summit of the the Chilkoot Pass, the principal Klondike mountains. route, to a stream of water and treating The drawing of the line through Port- it as an international highway. By Arti- la.nd Channel, whose outlet into the sea cle II. of the \Vebster-Ashburton Treaty, appeared on the map in the same latitude it was stipulated that" all the water com- as the southernmost point of Prince of munieations and all the usual portages Wales Island, was part of the plan of al- along the line [of boundary] from Lake lowing to Russia, in return for her aban- Superior to the Lake of the \"oods, and donment of abnormal jurisdictional claims also Grand Portage, from the shore of and her concessions in respect of trade, Lake Superior to the Pigeon River, as now a strip of territory on the mainland as a ac-tually used, shall be free and open to barrier between her islands and the Brit- the use of the citizens and subjects of both ish possessions in the interior. \Ye have countries." But whatever plan may be seen how the representatives of Great adopted, it is obvious that, if the end can Britain succes iycIy proposed as the be attained without the sacrifice of clear southern boundary the line of 57 0 30', national rights, the boundary should not then a line through "Chatham Stra,its be left unsettled, but should, in the interest to the head of Lynn Canal," then of trade and industry, of the administra. 8 line drawn from west to east "through tion of justice, and of international amity, the middle of the channel which sepa- be finally adjusted and marked. rates the islands of Prince of "Vales Albans, ST. See ST. ALBAXS; VER}[QXT. and Duke of York from aU the isl- Albany, city and capital of the ands to the north" till it shoulù touch State of New York; the oldest existing the mainland, and then a line drawn north- town within the domain of the original ward through Clarence Strait and thence thirteen States: was first settled by Dutch eastward to thp mainland through the traders in Hìl-t. who huilt a trading-house strait separating Prince of \Vales and on Ca tle T land. a little lwlow the site of Duke of York islands from the islands to Albany. and eight years afterwards Fort the north, and how they final1y accepted Orange was built on that site. The set- the line through Portland Channel, on tIement was called Fort Orange at first, whicb Russia. for the purpo!'le of preserv- then Beverswyck; and after the Province ing for her islands a protective harrier of New Netherla.nd passed into the posses- on the coast of the mainland, had firmly sion of the English it was called _\lhany, and finally insisted. the second title of Duke James, afterwards Rut, while we have shown how the gen- James II. of England. Albany is yet full eral principles of the boundary were set- of the descendants of its early settlers, and tIed, it yet remains to adjust the line and has a large present importance by reason mark it. For this purpose it is conceded of it trade relations with the \Yestern that something more than the general de- Dnd Southern States. promoted by its ex. scriptions of the treaty is requisite. To ceptional shipping facilities by river, rail. 8!} ALBANY road. and canal. In ISflO the !)olJUlation southcrn coloni{>s, whic}. were DtJt immedi- \\as 94,!} 3; in 1900, 94,151. ately exposcd to hostiliti('s, might he Albany is especially noted in history be- obliged to contribute in a just proportion cause of the colonial conventions held towards the e pen e of protecting the in- there. The following is a synopsis of thl!ir land portions of Kew York and Xew Eng- most important transactions: land. Clinton and Shirley signed and a p_ _ 'irst Colonial Convention.-Thoroughly proved of the memorial, which was sent alarmed by the opening hostiliti('s of the with it to the Board of Trade and Plan- French and Indians on the frontiers, the tations. colonies of Massachusetts, Plpnouth, and Third Colonial Conrcntion.-The kindly Connecticut sent commissioners to Albany attitude manifested towards the Fn>n('h hv to hold a conference with the chiefs of the 01(' Six Xations excit('d the jealow..y an l I.'ive Xa tions, all of \\ hom, e cepting the alarm of the English, especially of Go\Crn- )fohawks, had renewed their covenant of or Clinton, of Kew York. .\s yet, the fricnd"hip with the English. This eove- Iroquois had never recognized the daim nant was renewed June "27, 1m;!), predous of the English to dominion o\er tlwir to the a rrival of Count Frontena.c in land, and theJT WCI'e free to act as they Canaùa. The commissioncrs held the con- pleased. Clinton called a connmtion of f('rence in September following. They representatives of the several English- tJ'ied to persuade the Fi\'e Xations to en- \merican colonies at .\lham T , and invited gage in the war against the Eastern Ind- the Six Kations to smd 1"<'I)):esentativcs to ians. TheJT would not agree to do so, but me('t with them. Only )lass1\chusetts, ratifi(.J the e isting friendship with the Connecticut, and South Carolina cho,.;e to English colonies. "\Ye promise," they iTleur the e pcnse. Delegates from tllC'se said, "to preserve the chain inviolably, colonies IIIpt the chicfs of the ix Xations and wish that the sun may alwaJTs shine (Julv 5, Ii:>l) and made a treaty of in p('a('e onr a11 our heads that are com- frien'dship. The" I ing" of the (1at1\ \'has prehcnded in the chain." and several ('hiefs accompanied the outh Sf'cond Colonial Cont'('ntion.-In the Carolina delegate (\\ïlliam Bull), and a 8l1mm('r of 17 JS, when news of the pre- p(':1('e betwef'n that Southern nation and liminary treaty of }Jeaee reached the col- th(' Iroquois was settled at th(' same time. onies, a ('onvention or congress of colonial Fourth Colonial COli L"(,llt iO/l. - There gO\"ernors was ca.}]ed at AlhanJT for a two- were indications that the ix Xation8, in- fold purpose: ( 1) to secure a colonial flucnced hy French emissari(,R, wpre hec011l- rc\-enue, and ( ) to strengthen the boud iug alienated from the Engli h. The of friendship between the Six Nations and colonists were unpasy, and the British their neighbors in the \Yest, and the Eng- goy('rnment, acting upon the adviee of the lish. Only Governors Clinton and Shirley, ro;yal governors in America, sent a cir('ular two able commissioners from }\[assa('hu- lEtter to all the colonial ass('mhlies, pro- setts. and one (\\ïlliam Bu]]) from f'outh posing the holding of a convention at Carolina, werp present. \Yith the latter Alban T, to be composed of committees came the grand sadlCm and some chiefs from the severa I Ipgisla tUl"es and repre- of the Catawbas. a nation which Iwd long sentatives of the ix Xation . S('ven of waged war with the Iroquois. There was th(' assemhlies responded. and on .Tune In, an immense numh('r of the f'ix Xations I ifi4, twenty-five delegates assembled in present. The ro;yal govprnors faikd to the old Cit,v I1a]] at Alhany. .Tames De gain anJ.thing for themschTes in the way Lanccy, 3('ting governor of X('w YOl"k, pre- of a revenue, but satisfactory arrange- sided, and h(' was authori7ed hy the \ïr- ments with the Indians, inf'luding the ginia legislature to rpprespnt that ('olony tribes along the sOllthprn hordprs of T ake in the convention. The ehipf"l of the Si'l{ Erie, were mad('. At that confpr('nee thp Katiolls WNe thprp in great numhpl"s, of commissioners from ::\fassadmsf'tts (An- whom" King Hpllllrick," of th(' )fohawks, drew Oliver and Thomas Hutchinson) prp- was lead('r. To the Tnclians 11(' Lane('y "ented a memorial for adoption, praying first spoke. and UPllllri("k responc1pd in th(' King so far to interpose as that. while words of hitter reproof of the English for the French remained in Canada, the morp their npglect of preparations for dang('r. 90 ALBANY-ALBEMARLE SOUND " Look at the French," he said; "they are favor it, because they thought there was ]}Jen; they are fortif.ying everywhere; but, too much prerogative in it. -So it was we are ashamed to say it, you are like rejected. women, bare and open, without any forti Albany Plan of Union, 1754. See fications. It is but one step from Canada ALBANY (Fourth Colonial Convention). hither, and the French Illay easily come Albany Regency, a name l,opularly and turn vou out-of-doors." But the busi- given to a few active and able New York Iless witI the Six Nations was closed men of the Democratic party, between flmicably and satisfactorily by a treaty of 1820 and 1834, who, in a great degree, con- frimdship. The :Massachusetts delegation trolled the action of their party in the wa::. authorized to propose a measure quite State and in the Pnion. Among the lead- as important as a treaty with the Indians. ing members were [artin Yan Bur{:'n. It was an invitation for the convention to William L. Marcy, Silas "'right, Edwin consider the question whether a union Croswell. Benjamin F. Butler, Azariah G. of the colonies for mutual defence was not }'lagg-. and Dean Richmond. See HU KERS. d{:'sirable; and they were empowered to Albay, the name of a province in the agree to articles of union or confederation. extreme southeastern part of the island of The proposition was favorably received, Luzon, Philippines; noted as being the and a committee, composed of one dele- richest hemp-growing district on the isl- gate from each colony, was appointed to and. In January, HJOO, in order to put a draw up a phlll. The fertile brain of Dr. stop to the surreptitious shipping of the Benjamin Franklin. a dclegate from Penn- products of the hemp-growing sections of syh-ania, had conceÏ\-ed a plan before he the archipelago, a new military district went to. the convention. It was reported was created hy the Pnited States authori- 11)' the committee and adopted by the eon- ties. comprising both this province and nntion, the Connecticut delegates alone C'atanduanes Island, situated directly dissenting. It proposed a grand coull(,il north of Logono:,' Day. Brig.-Gen. William of forty-eight members. to be chosen lIy A. Kobbi', U. S. V., was appointed gov- the several assemblies, the representatiW's ernor of this dh;trict and given tentative of each colony to be, in number. in propor- authority also Over Samar and Leyte tion to the contribution of each to the islands. He had several encounters with general treasury. 1'0 colony was to have the }'ilipino insurgents before he secured more than seven or l('ss than twu nlt'mhprs. control of his new district, and immedi- This congress was to choose its own ately after es ablishing his authority lIE' speaker and have the general management formal1y occupied and opened to trade the of all civil and military affairs, and to various hemp ports under his jurh'ldiction, enact general laws in conformity to the which was subsequently extended over the British Constitution. It proposed to have entire hemp-growing district. Albay is a president-general. appointed and paid by also the principal town and port of the the crown, who should have a negative or province. ,('to power on all acts of the congress. and Albemarle Sound, BATTLE IS. In the to have, with the advice and consent of \ivil 'Ya.r, the Confederate gen('ral Hoke, th(' congress, the appointment of all mili- after capturing Pl:,'mouth, proceeded to tflry officers. and the entire managemC'nt :Kewbern and demanded its surrender. The of Indian affairs; the civil officers to be commander of the _llbemarle, a powerful appointed by the congre s with the a.p- "ram," started out on Albemarle Sound pt'Oval of the president-general. This plan to assist Hoke, when his vcssel encoun- of government bore a strong resemblance tered C Iay 5, ISG4) the SassaclU , LiC'ut.- to our national Constitution, which Frank Com. F. A. Rose. one of Capt. l\Ielancton lin assisted in framing more than thirty Smith's blockading squadron in the :,'(.ars afterwards. This plan was sub- sound. The .Ilbcma?"le was heavily arm- miUed to the Lords of Trade and Planta- ed with Brooks and 'Yhitworth guns. tions. They did not approve of it. nor After a brief cannonade the 8assacus recommend it to the Kin for cO}U'IiderR- struck the monster a blow which pusheù don. They thought there was too much it partl,\' under water and nearly sank it. douocracy in it. The assemblies ùid not 'Yhen the "ram" recovered, the two Yes- 91 ALBEMARLE-ALCOTT ing and his companions leaped into the water, but only one besidcs the commander escaped drowning or capture. Cushing Rwam ashore, crept into a swamp, anù wa.., found and cared for by some negroes. The torpedo had destroyed the A lbcmarle, and she settled down in the mud in Plymouth Harbor. Plymouth was recaptured (0('1. H) by a squadron under Commodore :Ma- ('omb, with some prisoners and valuable stores. See CUSHIl'W, \\-IT.LIA [ B.\RKER. Albert Edward, PRIl\'"CE OF \Y ALES. See EDWARD VII. Albion, NEW. The name gÏ\-en by IR FRA (,IS DRAKE (q. v.) to CALIFOR:'iIA (q. v.) wl)('n he took possession in 1.')77. Albright, .TACOB, clergyman; horn near Pottstown, }>a., May 1, 175!). Tn youth he was a tile-burner, hut ent(>rpd th(> Methodist ministry in 1 iDO. TIe made many converts, almost exclusÏ\-dy among the Germans, and in IROO a separate Church organi7ation was formed for them, Albright becoming their first presiding f'Ider. He was appointed bishop in 1807. His denomination is known as the EVAN- GELIC o\L ASSOCIA TIOX (q. v.). He died in lS0R. Alcott, A1roS nROXSO , educator; born in Wolcott, Conn., Kov. 2fJ, Ii!)!). He hecame a successful teacher of an infant school in his native State. Removing to Boston, he soon became conspicuous as a jng a part of the Civil War. I.ate in Oc- ieacher of the ver)' :roung. He finally !'et- toher, 1804, Lieut. \V. B. Cushing, a daring tIed in Concord, 1\Iass., where he studipd young officer of the "Cnited States navy, natural theology and the best methods for undertook to destroy it. It was lying at producing- reforms in diet. education, and Plymouth, behind a barricade of logs civil and social institution!;. ny invita- gO feet in width. \Vith a small steam- tion, he wpnt to Eng-land in lR42, to teach launch equipped as a torpedo-boat, Cush- at "Alcott House," a name given to a ing mond in towards Plymouth on a dark school at Ham. near London. Returning- night (Oct. 2ì), with a crpw of thirteen tú America. with t,,-o English fripnds. 1/1' officprs and mpn, part of whom had volun- attempted the founding of a new COIll- tppred for this service. The launch had lPlmitv. ('alIing- the farm "Fruit Lands." a cutter in tow. They were within 20 It wa a fail lrp. and in IR40 he again yard:; of the "ram" before they were dis- wpnt to Concord. where he afterwards rp- 'overed, when its pickets bpgan' firing. In ",ided. living the life of a peripat('tic phi- thp facc of a ,,(',-ere disclJarge of musk('try. losopher. connrsing in cities and in viI- Cushing pn sspd to the attack. He drove lages, wlJ('re\"f'r invited, on divinity, hu- his laun('h far into the loA' harricadp. low- man nature. ethics. as we)] as on a great ered hi", torpf'ùo hoom, and drove it dhe('t- Vi1.r1ety of practical questions. He was one I.v undpr the overhang of the" ram." The of the found PI'S of the school of transcen- mine was exploùcd, and at the same mo- dpnta1ist in 1'\pw England, and aftpr re- m('nt one of the gnns of the Albemarle turning to Concord h('canw dean of the laurIed a heavy holt that went crashing famous Concord School of Philosophy. He through and destro)'ing the launeh. Cush- died March 4, 1888. 92 sds hurled IOO-lb. shot at each other at a distance of a few paces. Most of those from the Sassactls glanced off from the .-11bemarle like hail from granite. Tluee of the shots from the SassucllS entered a part of the" ram " with destructive effect, and at the same moment the Albemarle t:'nt a 100-lb. Brooks bolt through one of the boilers of the SassU('us, killing three w('n and wounding six. The vessel was filled with scalding steam and was un- managpable for a few minutes. \\"hen the smoke and vapor passed away, the Albe- marle was seen moving towards Plymouth, firing as she fled. The Sassacus slowly followed, hut finally desisted for want of steam. Hoke fell back from Newbern. Albemarle, TIlE, a powerful Confed- erate iron-clad vessel that patrolled the waters off the coa3t of North Carolina dur- -'. . Ii '"o:;-. ' .#-- \\ ', '" --:::!EiIa... ...... --. - -- =r-- RAM ALIn:MARLE, !:. ALCOTT-ALDEN Alden, JOHN, a "Pilgrim Father"; born in England in 1599; was employed as a cooper in Southampton, and, having been engaged to repair the Mayflower while awaiting the embarkation of the Pilgrims, concluded to join the company. It has been stated that he was the first of the Pilgrim party to step on Plymouth Rock, but other authorities give this honor to :\Iary Chilton. Alden settled in Duxbury, and in lG21 was married to Priscilla Mul- lins. }'or more than fifty years he was a magistrate in the colony, and outlived all the signers of the J1ayflower compact. He died in Duxbury, Sept. 12, 1687. The circumstances of his courtship inspired Longfellow to write The Courtship of JI iles Standish. They were as follows: The dreadful famine and fever which de- stroyed one-half of the Pilgrims at New Plymouth during the winter and spring of 1621 made a victim of Rose Standish, wife of Capt. Miles Standish. Her hus- band was then thirty-seven years of age. Not long after this event the brave little captain was smitten by the charms of Priscilla Mullins, daughter of \"illiam Iullins, who was a passenger on the May- flO1cer. Priscilla had then just bloomed into young womanhood, and Standish sent young John Alden to ask the hand of the maiden in marriage. The ambassador ,vent to her father and discreetly and mod. estly performed the duties of his mission The father readily gave his consent, anrl added, "But Priscilla must be consulted." She was summoned to the room. where sat young, graceful, almost courtl:,', ruddy- faced .John Alden, whom she knew well. The ambassador of love repeated his mes- sage, and when Priscilla asked, "\Vhy does he not come himself?" and was an- swered, "He is too husy," the indignant maiden dpclared that she would never marry a man who wa!'; "too busy" to ('ourt her. She said (in the words of Longfellow) : Alcott, LonsA MAY, author; born in Philadelphia, Pa., ov. 2!:J, 1832; daughter of Amos Bronson Alcott. In 1862 she volunteered as a nurse, and for months labored in the military hospitals. In 1868 she published Little Women, which almost immediately made her famous. Her other works are, FIO'l.L"Cr Pables, or Fairy Tales,. Hospital Sketches; .-in Old-Pashioned Girl; a series called A.tint Jo's Scrap Bag, con- taining l1y Boys, Shawl Straps, Cupid and Chow-Chow, My Girls, Jimmy's Cruise in the Pinafore, and An Old-Fashioned Thanksgiving J' Work, a Story of Experi- ence; Eight CO/lsins,. Rose in Bloom,. Sil- ver Pitchers; Under the Lilacs; Jack and Gill,: _l1oods; PrOL'erb ,f;jtorics; Spinning- lrheel Stories; Lulu's Library, etc. She died in Boston, Mass., March 6, 1888. Alden, HEXRY Mn.Ls, editor; born in Mount Tabor, Vt., Nov. 11, 1836; was graduated at Williams College in 18;)7, and at Andover Theological Seminary in 1860. In the winter of 1863-64 he de- livered before the Lowell Institute of Bos- ton a series of twelve lectures on The Structure of Paganism,. 1863-69 he was managing editor of Harper's lVeekly, and in 1869 became editor of HarlJCr'S Maga- zine. He is the author of The Ancient Lady of SOr1"01V, a poem; God in Hi'l l1'orld J' A Study of Deat"; and (with A. H. Guernsey) of Harper's Pictorial His- tory of the Great Rebellion. Alden, JAMES, naval officer; born in Portland, Me., March 31, 1810; became a midshipman in 18 8; lieutenant in 1841; commandpr in 1855; captain, Jan. 2, 1863; commodore, July 25, 1866; and rear-ad- miral, June 19, 18H. He was a partici- pant in the South Sea Exploring Expedi- tion under Lieutenant \Yilkes, and served under Commodore Conner OIl the Gulf {'oast of l\Ip"ico during the war with thai ('ountry. He was active in the reinforce- ment of Fort Pickens; in the expedition against Galveston: as commander of the Richmond in the passage of Forts Jackson and St. Philip; in the capture of New Or- leans; and at Vicksburg. Port Hudson, Iobile Bay, and Fort Fisher. He was ap- pointed chief of the Burpau of Navigation and Detail in 186f1. and, .after his promo- tion to rear-admiral, commander of the European squadron. He died in San Fran- John \]den pressed the suit of Standish, cisco, Cal., Feb. 6, 18i7. whcn !:J3 .. 'Had he waited awhile. had only showed that he loved me. Even this captain of yours-who knows? -at last might have won me. Old and rough as he Is; but now It never can happen.''' ALDRICH-ALEXANDER .. Archly the maiden smiled, and, with eyes overrunning with laughter, Said. in a tremuious voice, · 'Why don't you speak for yourself, John?'" Young Alden blushed, bowed, and retired, for he was faithful to his trust. His yi it was soon repcated, and it was not hmg hefore the nuptials of John Aldcn and Priscilla Mullins were celebrated by the whole community, excepting Captain Stan- dish, who could not readily forgive the "caknef's (for he knew it was not perfidy) of his young friend in surrcndering at the first assault from the eyes and lips of the maiden. Aldrich, CIIARLES, historian; born in Ellington, N. Y., Oct. 2, 1828; was edu- cated at .Jamestown Academy, N. Y. On June 2a, IB;J7, he established The Freed- man, a newspaper in \Vebster City, Ia. For several years between 1860 and 18iO lie was chief clerk of the Iowa House of Representatives, and in 1882 was a mem- her of that body; in 1875 served with the United States Geological Survey in the Rocky [ountains; and in 1892 established thp Historical Department of Iowa, of which he afterwards was made curator and secretary. Aldrich, KELRO \VIL IARTII, states- man; born in Foster, R. I., Nov. 6, 1841; president of the Providence common coun- eil. lRïl-i3; membcr of the Rhode Isl- and House of Representatives, 18i5-ï6, AerYing- the latter year as speaker; mem- ber of Congress, 18i8-S2; United States Senator, lRSl to the present time. Aldrich, TIIO:!\IAS BAILEY, author and editor; born in Portsmouth, N. II., :Kov. 11, 1836; entered upon mercantile life at an ('arly age, and at the samc time cn- gflged in writin wrses for the New York journflls. In lR:iG hc joined the staff of the l!om(' .Tournal. IIp erlih>d Rl'cry Sat- urday from its foundation, and from time to time contributed largely to periodical publications. From Hì81 to 18f10 he was the editor of the AtlanHc Monthly. Aleutian, or Aleutan, ISLA m;, a roup in the Korth Pacific Ocean. f'tretch- ing in a row from the ppninsnlf1 of Ala ka towards the 8110Tes of KanwlHltka. Thpy belong- to the Territory of Alaska. Th('sp islands were discovered by Bering in 172R, and are about lfiO in numher. A fpw of them are inhabited, chiefly by Eskimos. 94: The population is estimated at Hcady 6,000. Ru sian missionaries have con- verted them to Christianity, and they al'C chiefly engaged in the various fishcri('s. The islands are volcanic and rocky, and agriculture is unknown tlH're. Alexander, an .American Indian king. MASSASOlT (q. v.) dicd in HiGO. Thrpe or four j'ears before his dea th he took his t \\'() sons, \Vamsutta and l\[ctaconlf't. to 1'1\'11\- outh, Mass., Rnd asked that both sh ulù receive English names. The oldcst was named Alexander, and the second Philip. Alexander succeeded his father as chief sachem of thc \Vampanoags. In Him he was compelled to go to Plymouth a prison- er, on suspicion of being lcagued with the Karragansets in hostile designs against the English. The suspicion WfiS not sustained by evidence. On his way to Plymouth the chief was taken suddenly ill, and in a f('w hours died, it was said of a fever hl"Ought on by rage and mortification. I1is young wife, who hecame the squaw sachem \Yita- mo, believed he had been poi!:'oned by the English. This evcnt soured the minds of I>hilip and his followers towards the Eng- Ush, and was one of the indirect cause's which led to King Philip's War. See PHILIP. Alexander, ARCIIIBALD, theologian; born in Augusta (now Rocldwidg-c) county, Ya., April 17, 1772; was of Scotch sUl'ye)'or-general of New Jersf'Y and Kf'\V 1If' was appointed a colonel, and in 1\fareh, Yark, was seeretary of the latter colony, 1770, was commissiOllf'd a brigadier-geu- and attained emincnce in the profeRRion era1 in the Continf'ntal armv. "'hen Gen- of the law. As attorneJ'-gí'ueral of th(' ('ral Ll'e went South, Lord f'tirling was province and occupant of other important plac('d in command of the troops in and l)ositions, hf' b('('ame distinguislwd. He arounù the city of New York. After con- "as one of the ahle counsel who defí'nded spicuous service in the battle of Long Isl- the frpf'dom of the press in the person of anù (Aug. 27, 17i6) he was made a John Peter Zenger in 1735. Because of prisoner, but was soon exchanged; and in Ð5 the part which he took in that famous trial he was arbitrarily excluded from the bar, but was reinstated in 1737. He was associated with Franklin and others in founding the American Philosophical Society. He was the father of William Alexander, known as Lord Stirling, a general in the Continental army. He died in New York City, Apt'il 2, 1736. Alexander, WILLIA I, called l..ord Stir- ling, military otJicer; born in New York City in 172(); was a son of Secretary Alexander of New Jersey. His mother was the widow of David Provoost, a wealthy merchant of the city of New York. Attached to the commissariat of the army, he attracted the notice of Gen- '.I 'I /.a. ." ,Á t:>.' ,_ '\ ( ,; .. II' . r' r , !tn. , ) . \\\ ,. . ;,:. ,,' ',;': \. . , ,.:')\ :' , .' 1 . . .", . " ).' - ;. ''' '\ 'ì: ,, : I " \\ "".;$ . LOIW STIRLI:\"G. ALEXANDER-ALEXANDER VI. 1777 he was commissioned by Congress a wick and XO\.a Scotia, excepting a part of major-general. Acadia propcr; and the King confinucd He fought with Washin ton on the it, and issued a p,ltent Sept. 10, IG21. Hrandy"ine on Sept. 1], l7ï7, and was The territory granied was called Nova specially distinguished at Germantown Scotia-New Scotland-and it was given and Ionmouth, commanding the left wing to Sir William and his heirs in fee with- of the Ampricall army in thc last-named out conditions. It was erected into a royal en:.ragement. He w&,s one of the most }Jalatinate, the proprietor lwing invested faithful of \Vashington's soldiers dming with the rights and powers of a count- the war. William Alexander manied a palatine. It was designed to settle the daughter of WiUiam Livingston, of New territory with Scotch emigl ants, who Jl'rsey, and had been, like his father, sur- should form a barrier against French en- veyor-general. He was also an excellent croachments. A colony was acconlingly mathematician and astronomer. He was planted, and Sir \Vi1liam held possession fine of the founders of the Kew York So- tpn years before he was displaced by the ciety Library, and also of King's College l;rench. inow Columbia University). Alðander In 1625 Charles r. (who had just suc- Humphreys, born in Birmingham, Eng- cceded his deceased father), in order to land, in 1 ï83, claimed the earldom of Stir- help Sir William plant a successful col- ling. In 1824 he obtainpd the royal ûny or sell the domain in parcels, created license to assume the name of Alexander, the order of "n,tronets of Kova Scotia," because he had a 111aternal grandfather t.he title to he conferred upon pnrchasers of that name, and his deceased mother of large tracts of !and there. lIe also was a great-great-granddaughter of John gaw the proprietor the privilege of coin- Alexander, fomth son of Wil1iam Al ex- ing base coppf'r money. In lG2ü Sir \Vill- ander, the last earl of Stirling, and all in- iam was appointed ecretary of State for termediate heirs had become extinct. For Scotland, Keeper of the Signet in lG27, R short time he exercised the privi1eges Commissioner of the Exchequer in lG28, of an earl, and he even claimed vast pos- also Lord of Canada. In 1630 he was !,p !'Iions in Nova Scotia; but after a legal created Viscount Stir1ing, and in lG33 innstigation he was stripped of his titles Earl of Stirling and Viscount of Canada. Hnd preb"nsions, and in 1839 he sank into In 1(;28 the Council for New England gave ohlivion. Many of the original surveys in him a grant of territory, which included Xew Jersey made by \Villiam Alexander a part of Long Island, opposite Connecti- and his father are now in the possession cut; but he was not able to manage his of the New Jersey Historical Society, and colonization schemes in Nova Scotia, antI are frequently consulted by lawyers to he sold his domain to the French. He quiet titles to real estate. WilHam Alex- died in London, Sept. 12, IG40. I.ord Rtir- auder died in Albany, N. Y., Jan. 15, 1783. Hug's title expired with the fifth ('art Alexander, SIR \VII.LIA I, patentee of (1739), but other claimants appeared Nova Scotia, and a poet and court favor- afterwards. l"ipe ACADIA. ite, to whom James J. and Charles I. were Alexander VI., l>oPE. Rodrigo I.C'I}- mIlch a Uached. He was born at [f'n trie, zuolo; son of Isabe11e Borgia and nephew f;eotland, in 1:180. He became the author of Pope Calixtus III.; was born in Valen- of verses when he was fourteen years old, cin, Spain, Jan. ], 1431; "tudi{>d law; was and was cherished by Scotchmen as a appointed a cardinal by his uncle before descendant of the Macdonalds. His Au- he was twenty-five years old; made arch- ,'ora contained more than one hundred hif'hop of Valencia in 1458; elected POpf', f;onnets, songs, and elegies which dis- after the death of Pope Innocent VIII., played the effects of m - requited love. Aug. II, 14f12; was cro\\'nC'ù under the titlp \\"hen the Council for New }:ngland per- of .\lp"anived the intention of the French beyond !'olpnmity, Aug. 26, 14f12; and di('{l Aug'. the S1. Croix to push their settlements IS. 1:303. He is'\upù the bull didding tIll' westward, they granted to Sir William XC'w \Yorlù betwC'en Spain and Portugal. (who had been kni hted in ]614) an of On the return of Columbus from hi.. the territory noW known as New Bruns- first voyage of disco\'Cry, the PortuguNìe, 96 ALEXANDRIA who had previously explored the Azores and other Atlantic islands, instantly c:laimed a title to the newly discovered lands, to the exclusion of the Spaniards. Simultaneous with the order given to Columbus at Barcelona to return to His- paniola, an ambassador was sent to Rome to obtain the Pope's sanction of their claims to the regions discovered, and to make a conquest of the \Vest Indies. Alex- ander assented without much hesitation to the proposal, and, on May 3, 1493, he issued a bull, in which he directed that a line supposed to be drawn from pole to pole, at a distance of 100 leagues westward of the Azores, should sen-e as a boundary. All the coun- tries to the east of this imaginary line, not in possession of a Christian prince, he gave to the Portuguese. and all west- ward of it to the Spaniards. On account of the dissatisfaction with the Pope's par- tition, the line was fixed 270 leagues farther wf'st. Other nations of Europe subsequently paid no attention to it, but SPIlt colonies to the \Vestern Con- tinent without the leave of the sover- eigns of Spain or the Pope. A little more than a century afterwards the Eng- }ish Parliament insisted that occupancy confers a good title, by the law of na- tions and nature. This remains a law of nations. Portugal soon disregarded thf' institutions, and has important manu facturing industries. In 1890 the popula- tion was 14,339; in 1900, 14.;) 8. In August, 1814, while the British were making their way across Maryland tow- ards Washington, a portion of the British fleet, consisting of two frigates of thirty- six guns and thirty-eight guns, two rock- et-ships of eighteen guns, two bomb-ves- sels of eight guns, and one schooner of two guns, sailed up the Potomac under the charge of Commodore Gordon, of the Sea Horse, and easily passed the guns of Fort Washington, the defences of which the government had neglected. The British squadron appeared before the fort (Aug. 27), when the commander blew up the magazine and fled. The squadron passed and anchored in front of Alexandria, prepared to lay the city in ashes with bombs and rockets if demands were not complied with. There was no effective force at Alexandria to oppose the in- vaders, for the able-bodied men and heavy guns had been called to the defence of Washington. They were powerless, and were compelled to submit. The invader contented himself with burning one vessel and loading several others with plunder, for he became in too great a hurry to depart to wait for the hidden merchandise and the raising of the scut- tled vessels. The squadron sailed down " "_ f - , u,_: ,... _ ,-;; ' - :::-_'. lI' f : ; _ . I \. .; -"-!ük -==-- .....1-...:'7: .. J: . ",;;. *'-;;- ':- - .- - : ::-. -,>.. .: <'<:::< _>f1 ", .' ;'J ":_r" - ç -... f!''''' k /" \' "';:;: , , i. _ =.,,;_... =-=- - _..1 : ::..--:. _ - . i '?':-- ':I;"'" ... "\: '-'; /. - --= , - , _\:_ . ;;;---- : ;>; ø:. FURT W'ASHI'GTO'l. Pope's donation to pain, and sent an ex- the Potomac, anno.nd all the "ay by bat- pedition to Xorth America in 1500. teries and the militia on the shore, thE> Alexandria, city, port of entry; on former quickly constructed and arnwd the Potomac River, here a mile wide and with heavy guns from vessels sent by Com- providing an excellent harbor. and 6 miles modore Rogers from Baltimore, and al o below \Vashington, D. C. The city con- others sent down from \Vashing-ton. Thf' tains a number of high-grade educational British squadron, having an aggregate of 1.-0 fli ALEXANDRIA, LA.-ALGER 17 guns. pas!,pd out safdy into Chesa- l'f'akp flay on :-;l'pt. 5. In the Civil \\"aT the city was o('('upif'd by ational troops on May .J. l lil. and the ame thlY COI,. EpIIRAnr EL:\fER ELLs- WORTH (q. v.), cOlllmanding the 11th Xt'w York Volunteers (Fire Zouavf's). was killed as he was des('endin. r from the roof of the :\1:Hshall Honse, ""wlwre he had IWIIlpcl down a Confedemte tla::{. hy James T. .Jnckson. the keC'per of the hotel. Alexandria, La. Ree RED RIVER EXPEDITION. Alexandria Conference. George Iason and Alexander IIpnden;on. of Yirginia, and Daniel Jenifer. Thomns Stone, and f'amue1 Cha!'e, of Iaryland, were eom- mi!:'sionpd in liR;) to treat concernin a the jurisdiction of the waterl" ùC'twC'pn th; two States. TIlC'ir report kd to 111P AX AP- OLIS f'OXVEXTION OF I ï8G (q. v.). Alexandria Government. See VIR- GTXIA. lSfij. Alfonso XIII., Kin::{ of l"ipain: horn in Madrid, ::\Jay 17, 18Sß, after his fat}lC'r's death: son of the latp King Alfonso XlI. and Maria Christina, d:lU::{hter of the late ('arl Ff'n1inand. Archduke of .\ustria. His mot1lC'r hpcal11P QUf'pn ] pgpnt during his minority. and after thf' dC'struction of the Hpanish fleet in Ianila Bay she made sh'enuous though unavailing efforts to in- duce both the Pope and the principal countries of Europe to intervene in the hope of speedily closing the war between the Pnited States and Spain. Alger, CYRUS, inventor; born in West Bridgewater, 1\Iass., Nov. II, liSl; became an iron-fonnder early in life. In ISO!) he foundf'd in Roston the works which since IS] 7 llaye been known as the South ];oston Iron Company. During thf' \Var of 1812 be sl1pplipd the govN'nmpnt with a large nllmhpr of cannon-Imlls. Ue df'- vised many improypments in t1w eonfiÌ1'u('- !ion of timf'-fu!'ps for bomh-filwlls and grpnaclps. In IRII he inwnted n nwthod of makinO' ca t-i1"on clli11('d rolls. and in ] 822 dp in'necJ the cvlimler stOYf'. 'flw first pprfe;t bron7.(" c nnon. thp first gnn eVf'r rif1pd in th rnited Statp!\. and tI1P larg("st gun of cast-iron. the" Columhiad .. mortar, that had hpen cast in t1l(" eountry. wprp tunwd out at his founcJry umlpl" llis personal SUl)f'Hi ion. He died in Boston. FEb. 4, ISjG. Alger, HORATIO, author; ùom in Rc. "pre, 'la ., .Jan. 13, 1 34; graduated at Harvard in 1 5 . After spending several ,ruu's in teaching and journa1i!"m he was urdained as a Cnitarian miIlihtpr in l la. He removed to New York City in 181iU. He puhli hed Bertha's Christmas VisioJl ' Nothiug to Do, a poem; Prank's ('am- paign, or, Hïwt a Roy ('an no; llelen Pord, a non l; a yolume of pOPJl}S; ](afl9ccf Dirk; Luck and Pluck; Tctftcrcd 1 ' 0m; Prank aud }'rarless; His Young Bank Jlesscn.qrr, etc. lie died in Natick, 'lass., July. IH. IR!m. Alger, RUSSET.L ALEXA DER. px- ecre- tary of \Yar' born in Lafayette. 0.. Feb. 2i, 183G; worked on a farm for years earning /-- ;--. -'- .: ; ,c, -_ ;}r:;. .,. \! /7; ,r; ... 1 \ L wt'! ( b ' ,, I I 1 * . - I\I ,- / III..! u" :. J f \ ' HI S,.;t:LL A, ALGER. money to defray the e'\.lwnses of his edu- cation. He was admitted to the har in IH,')!), but was forced hy ill lwalth to give up practi('P. \Yhf'n tlw Ci ,'il \\"ar brok(> out he enLC'rpcl the tTnion arlilY :I a ("11' tain, ami became hrf'\'et 1lI: .ior-g(,ller..1 of \"olunteprs. After the war Iw l'ntpl"{'d the lumber llU Í1}('s:-, in whie-h Iw a{'quin'cl a large fortune. IIp was gon rnor of :\1 iehi- gan in 188.j-8i; was a c,lJldiùatp for th(' H('publican Presidpntial nomination in IS ; was conlluandpr-in-chid of th(' f :ranll Army in IHS! !IO; and h(.came :-;l'('rC'tary of ""ar in IH!Ji. During the Auwrit'an- Spani h ""ar in IS!IR he was suhjt'('LC'd to public {'ensurp on a('('ount of allC'gpd hort- ('nllling in the \\"ar Departmcnt. lip rp- signcd in IR!)!); was appointed rnitf'cl !IH ALGER-ALGIERS f'tates Senator in 1!)0 , and elected in the vessels of any nation against Algerine If)()3; and published The Amcrican-Spanish corsairs. This was for the purpose of ih- lrm" (IDOl). juring :France. The pirates were ilUme- Alger, ,VILLIAJ,I ROUNSEVILLE, clergy- diately let loose upon commerce. David man and author; born in Freetown, :1\Iass., Humphreys, who had been sent to Algiers. Dec. 30, 1 2; graduated at Harvard by the gOHl'Ilment of the United Stat s Theological {'hool in IS.!7; held charges to make arrangements for the release of in Boston, Nc\\" York, Denver, Chicago, Amcriean commerce from dangcr, was in- and Portland. Ie., suhspquently making suited by the Dey. Humphreys wrote, hi:.; hOllle in noston. IIis publications in- .. If we mean to have commcrce, we must elude: Hymbolic History of the Cross; have a navy." Meanwhile the Unitcd Il istory of thc Doctrine of a Future Life; States were compelled to pay tribute to 'l'he Ocnius of Hol-itude; The Friendships the Dey to keep his corsairs fmm All1eri- of lVomcn " Portry of the Orient; Life of can commerce. Edzcin Forrrst; Hounds of Consolation in From 178.3 until the autumn of lí03, Human Life, etc. whcn \Vashington called the attention of Algiers, one of the former Barbary Congrpss to the necessity of a navy, the States on the northcrn coast of Africa, Algerine pirates had captured fifteen stretching west from Egypt to the Atlan- Amcrican ves els and made 180 officers tic Ot'can; bomhanled and captured by and seamen sIa,yes of the most revolting the Frcnch in 1830, and held under Frcnch kind. To redeem the survivors of these military control till 1871, when a French captives, and others taken more recently, civil administration was established. All the rnited States government paid about of Algeria is now considered a part of $1,000,000 in ransom - money. In the France rather than a colony. The city of autumn of lí05 the government was com- Algiers, under French domination, is the pelled to agree, by treaty, to pay to capital of the departmcnt and colony, is the Dey of Algiers an annual tribute for well cquipped with educational institu- the relief of captured seamen, according tions, and has become as orderly as any to long usage among European nations. place in France. The population in 18!H It was humiliating, but nothing better was 82,585. could then he done, and humanity demand- The Barbary States derived their name ed it. In 1812 the Dey, offended because from the Berbers, the ancicnt inhabitants. he had not received from the American From their ports, especially from Algiers, government the annual tribute in precise- \\ent out piratical vessels to depredate Iy such articles as he wanted, dismissed upon the commcrce of other peoples. So the American commI, declared war, and early as 1785 two American vessels had his corsairs captured American vessels and lx>en captured by these corsairs, and their rcduced the crcws to slavery. The Amer- crews (Ì\n'nty-one persons) had been held ican consul-Mr. I..ear-was compeIIed to in slavery for ransom. The Dey, or ruler, pay the Dey $27,000 for the security of of Algiers dpmanded $GO,OOO for their re- himself and family and a few othcr Amer- demption. As this sum would be a prec- icans there from horrid slavcry. Deter- edent, otllf'r means were sought to obtain mined to pay tribute no longer to the in- the rcIl'ase of the captives. In a message, solent semi-barbarian, the American gov- in liHO, President \Vashington called the ernment accepted the Dcy's challenge for attcntion of Congress to the mattcr, but war, and in :\Iay, 1815, Bent Commodore the Unitcd States were without a navy Decatur to the Mediterranean with a to protect their commerce. For what pro- "'quadron to humble the Dey. Decatur tC'etion Ameriean vessels enjoyed tIwy were found the Algerine pirate-fleet C'ruising- for indebted to Portugal, thf>n at war with At- .American vessels. He pla,\'"pd havoc with giC'rR. In 1703 the British government the eorsairs, entercd tIle Bay of Algiers m:Hlp a secrpt Rnangenwnt with that of (.Tune 28). dpmanded the instant Bur- Portugal, wlwreby peace with Algiers was H'nllf'r of all .American prisoners. fuII in- obtaillC'd. In that arrangement it was dl"mnifieation for all propprty dcstroyed, stipulatcd that for the space of a year and absolute relinquishment of all claims l)ortugal should not afford protection to to tribute from the Unitcd states there- DD ALGONQUIAN INDIANS after. The terrified Dey complied with Miami or l\1aumee, on Lake Erie, and the the demand. See DECATUR. STEPHEN. watershed between the \'-abash and Kas- Algonquian, or Algonkian, Indians, kia rivers. The English and the Five Na- the most powerful ofthe eight distinct Ind- tions called them the Twightwees. The jan nations found in orth America by the Kickapoos were on the Wisconsin River :Europeans in the seventeenth cent my. It when diRcovered by the French. The /lli- was composed of several tribes, the most nois formed a numerous tribe, 12,000 important of which were the Ottawas, strong, when discovered by the French. Chippewas, Sacs and Foxes, l\Ienomonees, They "ere seated on the I11inois River, Miamis, Pottawattomies, Kickapoos, Illi- and composed a confederation of five nois, Shawnees, Powhatans, Corel's, Nan- families-namely, Kaskaskia!'!, Cahokias, ticokes, Lenni-Lenapes or Delawares, l\Io- Tamaronas, ::\Iidligamies, and Peorias. The hegans, the Kew England Indians, the Shawnec8 occupied a va!.t region west of .\lwnakes, and Micmacs. There were the Alleghany Mountains, and their great smaller independent triboe, the principal councìI-house was in the basin of the Cum- of which were the Susquchannas in Penn- berland River. The Powhatans consti- sylvania; the l\Iannahoacs in the hill- tuted a confederacy of more than twen- country between the York and Potomac ty tribes, including the Accohannocks and rivers; and the Monacans, on the head- Accomacs, on the eastern shore of Chesa- waters of the James River, Virginia. All peake Bay. The confederacy occupied the of these tribes were divided into cantons region in Virginia consisting of the navi- or clans, sometimes so small as to afford gable portion of the James and York a \\ ar-party of only forty men. The do- rivers, with their tributaries. The Corccs main of the Algonkians covered a vast re- were south of the Powhatans, on the At- gion, bounded on the north and northeast lantic coast, in northern North Carolina. by the Eskimos; on the northwest by the The Chcra1Vs and other small tribes occu- Knistenaux and Athabascas; on the west pied the land of the once powerful Hat- by the Dakotas; on the south by the teras family, l)('low the Corel's. The X an- Catawbas, Cherokees, Mobilians, and Kat- ticokcs were upon the peninsula between chez; and on the east by Kova Scotia. the Chesapeake and Delaware bays. The West of the ::\Iississippi, the Blackfeet and Lenni-Lcnapc8, or Dclalcarc8, comprised Cheyennes are regarded as a family of the powerful families-namely, the ::\Iinsis and Algonkians. The original land of the Delawares proper. The former occupied Ottalcas was on the west side of Lake the northern part of Kew Jerspy and a Huron; but they were seated upon the portion of Pennsylvania, and the latter Ottawa River, in Canada, when the :French inhabited lower 1\ew Jersey, the banks discovered th('m, and claimed sovereignty of the Delaware River below Trenton, and over that region. Thp Chippclcas and the whole valley of the Schuylkill. The Pottau.-attomic8 were closely a11ied by lan- Mohegans were a distinct tribe on the east guage and friend!'hip. The fonner \\ere side of the Hudson River, and under that on the southern shores of Lake Superior; name were included several independënt the latter occupied the islands and main- families on I"ong Island and the country land on the western shores of Green Bay between the I"enni-I..;enapes and the Xew when first discovered by the French. In England Indians. The 1\- cw England Ind- 1 iOl they seated themselves on the south- ian8 inhabited the country from tllP Con- ern shores of Lake )Iichigan. necticut Ri,'er eastward to the f::)aro, in The J';ac8 and POXP8 are really one tribe. Maine. The principal tribes were :hE' They wpre found by the French, in lü80, Narragansets on Rhode Island; the Poka- at the southern extrpmity of Green Bay. nokets and \Yampanoags on the eastern The Jlenomoncc,'j are among the few Ind- ",hore of Narraganset Bay and in a portion ian tribes who occupy the same domain as of :Massa(>husctts; the Massachusetts in "h('n thcy '\ere di!'co\"cred by Europpans the vicinity of Boston and the shor(><; in Hi!}!). That domain is upon the shores southward; and the Pawtuckets in the of Green Bay, and there the tribe remains. northeastern part of l\Ia sachusetts, em- The 1/iami.'1 and Pianl,,-c8halc8 inhabited bracing the Pennacooks of New Hamp- that portion of Ohio lying between the shire. The ABE AKES (q. v.) "ere east- 100 ALIEN AND SEDITION LA WS-ALIQUIPP A ward of the Saco. Their chief tribes were with the connivance or instigation of a the Penobscots, Norridgewocks, Androscog- certain eminent personage," meaning Pres- gins, and Passamaquoddies. For further ident Adams. details of the principal tribes, see their On July 14, 1798, an act was passed for respective titles. the punishment of sedition. It made it a Alien and Sedition Laws, Up to 1798 high misdemeanor, punishable by a fine the greater part of the emigrants to the not to exceed $5,000, imprisonment from United States since the adoption of the six months to five years, anù binding to national Constitution had been either good behavior at the discretion of the Frenchmen, driven into exile by political court, for any person unlawfully to com- troubles at home, or Englishmen, Scotch- bine in opposing measures of the govern- men, and Irishmen, who had espoused ment properly directed by authority, or ultra-republican principles, and who, fly- attempting to prevent government officers ing from the severe measures of repres- executing their trusts, or inciting to riot 8ion adopted against them at home, and insurrection. It also provided for the brought to America a fierce hatred of the fining and imprisoning of any person government of Great Britain, and warm guilty of printing or publishing "any admiration of republican France. Among false, scandalous, and malicious writings these were some men of pure lives and against the government of the United noble aims, but many were desperate po States, or either House of Congress, or the litical intriguers, ready to engage in any President, with intent to defame them, or scheme of mischief. It was estimated to bring them into contempt or disre- that at the beginning of 1798 there were pute." This was called the Sedition Law. 30,000 Frenchmen in the United States These laws were assailed with great vigor organized in clubs, and at least fifty thou- by the Opposition, and were deplored by sand who had been subjects of Great some of the best friends of the adminis- Britain. These were regarded as danger- tration. Hamilton deprecated them. He ous to the commonwealth, and in 1798, wrote a hurried note of warning against when war with France seemed inevitable, the Sedition Act (June 29, li98) to \Yol- Congress passed acts for the security of cott, while the bill was pending, saying: the government against internal foes. By "Let us not e'3tablish a tyranny. Energy an act (June 18, 1798), the naturaliza- is a very different thing from violence. tion laws were made more stringent, and If we take no false step, we shall be <"s- alien enemies could not become citizens at sentially united; but if we push things all. By a second act (June 25), which to the extreme, we shall then give to par- was limited to two years, the President ties body and solidity." Nothing contrib- was authorized to order out of the country uted more to the Federalist defeat two all aliens whom he might judge to be dan- years later than these extreme measures. gerous to the peace and safety of the See KENTGCKY; NATURALIZATIO:'hilosophy of the College of Penns)'lvania. His chief daim to honor amon men is that he was the tutor of a large number of Americans "ho were cow;;picuous actors in the eveuts of the Revolution that accomplished the in- dependence of the United tatesof America. He died in Philadelphia, Kov. 28, 1779. Allatoona Pass, a locality in Bartow county, Ga., aLout 40 miles northwest of Atlanta, having large historical in- terest beeause of the important military operations in I8G!. The Confederatps, re- treating from Resaca, took a position at Allatoona Pass. Sherman, after resting his army. proceedcd to flank them out of tllPir npw position. .J. C. Davis's didRion of Thomas's arm - 11ad moved down the Oostpnaula to Rome, whcre he destroyed important mills and foundries, and capt- ured nearly a dozen uns. He left a garrison then'. :!\Teanwhile Shennan had destro 'ea the Georgia State Arscnal ncar .'" he made a bold push, hy SllPrman's or- der, to !'>ccnre possession of a point near Kew Hope t'hlll"eh, where roads from .Aek- worth, J\la rid ta, and I>alla met. A !'>tonn)' night cnsul'll, and Hooker could not drive the Confa l1a'l to )[arietta. The approad1 to tlt{>ir in- trenchments must he made O\-er rough, wooded, amI broken ground. For several da)'s, constantly skirmish- ing, Sherman tried to break through their lines to the railway east of the Allatoona l l ass. McPherson's troops moved to Dal- las, and Thomas's deployed against Xew Hope Church, in the vicinity of whieh there were many sev('re encounters, while Schofield was directed to turn and strike Johnston's right. On May 28 the Con- fpderates struck J\[cPher on a senre blow at Dallas; but the assailants were re- pulsed with h('a,'y loss. At the same time, Howard. nearer thf> eC'ntre, was re- pulsed. Shennan, by ",ki1ful J11O\-enH'nts, compelled .Johnston to cyaeuate his strong position at .:\llatoona Pa"s (June 1, 18G4). .r . . ç r '-. : ' ø' -\ , : . aJ'}:Bþ _ < .. " . . . .:; ;"'. '< < _...... -.r- D I >"::t: î..! -or ..:: ,. " .<--..?....;:::. i: " : -1;,. '" . "'" . - ..... ,. ,. .;. ". . ,,', 0 . ,-' . ' ...." ,," ",.,;!'" , . .;. -,," ; . . Þ" ". .t - '_ - - - .. l.' .JI'l tt: j:ø .'. / . _ .r t. : = Ii. - ...... :t' ": ... .... ..." :"ij;"-:; -; JJM '. ....,j. ::\'JI*' - .... :. - ---- .I. . . * ;::- iF "'Td$. . ::'.t,,; J.:fl}}' == - ' - r . f'>>.. ",j .v.'')kI.tti!1 . "'V. )>-, ): -- \ . ...r\Mt:. '...... . . .. ';"'.I" - /;,.",,-- -.... .Al.L\TOII:\.A I'A8S. Adair!'lyiJ1('. The Xationals pro('('ed('d to The ational cayah-v. und('r Garrard and ather in force at and np:lr Dal1as. .Tohn- f'tOlwlllan, were pu;hed on to oecup . it, ston was on the al('rt. and tri('d to prC',-ent nd th('re f'hcrman, planting a garrison. this formidable flank J11m-ement. Hook- madp a s('('Ondary basf> of supplies for his cr's corps met Confed('rate eaYah' - near arm\". .Johnston made a staml at t11P ]'umpkim'ine ('rC'('k. whom h(' pu..;hp,l l\:('n 'saw Mountains. m'ar la1'i{.tta; but across that str('am and san'd a bridgf' th{'y Shennan. who had bef'n rcinforl'ed h ' two had fired. Fol1owing U('m ('astwanl 2 di,-isions under Gen. Frank P. Blair (June miles, he (IIuokpr) found thf> ('onff'llf'r- H). \"Cry soon caused him to abandon that ates in strong force and in hattle ord{'r. po!'-ition. cross the (,ha1tahool'hee Riy('r, A sharp confliet cnsucd, and at 4 P. [. and finally to rest at \Uanta. 102 ALLATOONA PASS-ALLEN After the evacuation of Atlanta (Sept. ers, with aùout 800 small-arms. The 2, 1864), Sherman and Hood reorganized :t'ationals lost 707 men. The famous their armies in preparation for a vigorous signal of General Sherman was subse- fall campaign. Satisfied that Hood in- quently made the title of one of Ira D. tended to assume the offensive and prob- Sankey's most thrilling hymns, \\ hich has ably attempt the seizure of Tennessee, been sung the world o\'er. Sherman sent Thomas, his second in com- Allegiance, OATIl OF. See OATHS. mand, to Nashville, to organize the new Allen, CHARLES HERDERT, adminis- hoops expC'ctC'd to gather there, and to trator; born in Lowell, l\Iass., April 15, make arran,!!cments to meet such an 1848; was graduated at \.mherst College emer[!'encv. 'Thomas arrived thcre Oct. 3. in 18(j!}; and became a lumber merchant )[eaI whïie the Confederates had crossed at Lowell. He served in both Hom:;es of the Chattahoochee, and by a rapid move- the )[assachusetts legislature; was a Re- ment had struck the l"ailway at Big publican member of Congress in 1885-89; hanty, north of Marietta, and destro;yC'd defeated as Hppublican candidate for gov- it for several miles. A division of in- e1l10r of )Iassachusetts in 18!H; became fantry pushed northward and appeared As:;istant Secretary of the Kavy in :May, before AlIatoona. where Colonel Tourtel- 1898; was appointed the first American lotte was guarding 1.000.000 National ra- governor of Porto Rico in April, 1!)OO; Hons witlt only three thin regiments. and resigned in .July. 1901. Sherman made efforts at once for the de- Allen, ETHA:Y, military officer; born in fence of these and his communications. Utchfield, Conn., Jan. 10. 1737. In 1762 Leaving' loeuIl1 to hold Atlanta and the he was one of the proprietors of the iron- railway bridge across the Chattahoochee, works at S:lIisbury, Conn. In 17(jG he he started on a swift pursuit of Hood went to the then almost unsettled domain with five army corps and two di\"Ísions of hetween the Green Mountains and Lake cavalry. He estaùlished a signal station Champlain, where he was a bold leader of on the summit of Great Kenesaw )Ioun- the settlers on the New Hampshire grants tain, and telegraphed to General Corse, at in their eontroversy with the authorities Rome. to hasten to the assistance of of New York. (See XEW HA IPSHIRE.) Tomtellotte. Corse instantly obeyed; and During this period several pamphlets were when the Confederates appeared before written by Allen, in his peculiar style, Allatoona. at dawn (Oct. 5), he was there which forcibly illustrated the injustice of with reinforcements, and in command. The the action of the Xew York authorities. Confederates were vastly superior in num- The latter declared Allen an outlaw, and bel's, and invested the place. After can- ofl'erpd a reward of f1.30 for his arrest. nonading the fort two hoUl's, their leader He defied his enemies, and persisted in (General Frcnch) demanded its surrender. his course. Early in Iay, 1773, he led a Then he assailed it furiously, but his few men and took the fortress of Ticon- columns were continually driven back. deroga. His foJ1owers were called" Green The conflict raged with great fiereeness; )Jountain nOJ's." His success as a par- 3_nd Sherman, from the top of Kenesaw, th.an ('aus(>d him to be sent twice into hpard the roar of cannon and saw the Canada, during the latter half of 1775, smoke of battle, thou h 18 miles dis- to win the people over to the repuhlican tanto He had pushed forward a. corps cause. In the last of these expeditions he (Z:1d) to menace the Confederate rear. attempted to captme Montreal. and by si al - flags on KeneRaw }1{> said \Vith less than 100 recruits. mostly to General Corse at \llatoona. "Hold Canadians. Colonel Allen crossed the St. the fort, for I am coming." And when J_awr('nce, Sept. 25, 1775. This was done Sherman was assured that Corse was at the suggestion of Col. John Brown, there, he said, " He will hold out; I know who was also recruiting in the vicinity. the man." And so he did. He rppulsed and who agrppd to cross the rivpr at the the Confederates several times; and when same time a little above thp f'ity, the at- thpy heard of the approach of the 23d taf.k to be made simultaneouslv bv both Corps. they lmstily withdrew. leaving parties. For causes never saÙsfa.""' 0:.. '\\ '( . I ;, , , ' . 'I j , I < IP :'t- tl r , : , ! ' 0 - _ . L C' n './ " I' I - \1 1 ":i \ Wil l ' i ! r i l II l ' ,', I' I ('I" I ;F I", .. s- I,il } I '" ,I Th:ìTMÆOO nJLffiL Cj I -= /' - ;t -----==- ALLEN Cambridge in 1854; and visited Europe in 1859. He took an active part with the Confederates in the Civil War, and was at one time military governor at Jackson, l\Iiss. In the battle of Shiloh and at Baton Rouge he was wounded. He was commissioned a brigadier-general in 186-1, hut was almost immediately elected gov- ernor of Louisiana, the duties of which he performed with great ability and wis- dom. At the close of the war he made his rcsidencp in the city of :M:exieo, where he e<.;tab1ished the Jlcxicon Times, which he edited until his death, April 22, 18()6. Allen, IRA, military officer; a younger brother of Ethan; born in Cornwall, Conn., April 21, 1751. He was an active ratriot, and took a distinguished part in public affairs in Vermont, his adopted tate, where he served in the legislature, and was secretary of state, surveyor-gen- eral, and a member of the council. He was a military leader in the war for inde- pendence, and was one of the eommission- ('rs sent to Congress to oppose the claims (If neighboring provinces to jurisdiction in Vermont. He effected an annistiee with the British in Canada in 1781, and l'y so doing bI"ought about a settlement of the controversy with New York. As senior major-general of the State militia in lin;" he went to Europe to purchase arms for his commonwealth, and on his way homeward with muskets and cannon he was captured, taken to England, and charged with being an emissary of the I"rench, and intending to supply the Irish malcontents with arms. After long liti- gation the matter was settled in Allen's favor. He wrote a ational and Political II istory of 17 crmont, published in London in 17!)S, and died in Philadelphia, tTan. 7, 1814. Allen, JAMES J,ANE, author; horn in Kentucky in 18-1!); was graduated at Transylvania University; taught in the Kentucky Pniversity, and latpr became Professor of I,atin f\nd Higher English in Rethany College, West Virginia. Since 1886 he has bcpn engaged in authorsllip. His publications include Flute and rio- [in j The Blue Gra8.c; Region, and Other Sketches of KCfttuC1.:y j John Ora!!, a novel; Thc Kentuc1.y Cat'dina[: After- math: A. Summer in Arcady j Thc Choir Inrisiblr, etc. ALLEN Allen, JOEl. ASAPH. zoologist; born in f:pringfield, l\Iass., July 19, 1838; studied zoology at the Lawrence Scientific School. In 1865-71 he was a member of scientific expeditions to RraÚl, the Rocky Moun- tains, and Florida; in 1870-85 was as- sistant in ornithology at the l\Iuseum of Comparative Zoology in Cambridge. He was president of the American Ornitholo- gists' Union in lRR3-90, and since 188;; has been curator of the department of \ertebrate zoology in the American Muse- um of Natural History in New York. Professor Allen edited the Bulletin of the Nuttall Ornithological Club, and was au- thor of !Jlonognlphs of North American Rodents (with Blliott Coues); History of North American Pinni]Jcds, etc. Allen, ROBERT, military officer; born in Ohio, about 1815; was graduated at 'Vest roint in 183G, and served with distinction in the war with Mexico. He was a very m:eful officer in the Civil War, and at- tained the rank of hrigadier-general, and brevet major - general of volunteers. He was stationed at St. Louis, where his ser- vices were of great value during the war. At its close he was made assistant quar- tennaster-general (1866), and afterwards chief-quartermaster of the division of the Pacific. He died in Rwitzerland, Aug. 6, 1886. Allen, WILLIAM, jurist; born in Phila- delphia about 1710; married a daughter of Andrew Hamilton, a distinguished law- yer of Pennsylvania, whom he succeeded as recorder of Philadelphia in Ii.H. He assisted Benjamin \,"est, the paintpr. in his early struggles, and co-opprated with Benjamin Franklin in estahliRhing the College of Penm,ylyunia. Judge ABen was chief-justice of that State from 1750 to li74. A strong loyalist, 1](' withrlrpw to l;:nglanrl in 1774. In London he puhlishp(l a pamphlpt entitled Tlw LIIlClicall Ut'iRi, . .., WASHl;\,GTO .ALLSfOS. ALMANACS-AMBASSADOR battle near that place, in 1538, Almagro superior court of that city; and in 1893- was defeated, made prisoner, and put to 97 was governor of Ulinois. lIis action death by order of Pizarro, in July, 1538. in pardoning (June 27, 18!"13) Fielden, Almagro was profligate, perfidious, and ehwab, and Necbe, who had been im- cruel. His barbarous treatment of the prisoned for complicity in the Haymarket inca Atahualpa covered his name and atrocity by alleged anarchisb" excite,l fame with infamy. The inca's son rallied sb ong and general critieism (see ANAR- men, who assassinated Pizarro, July 26, CIIISTS; SOCIALIS1[). His publications 1541, and theRe were excuted by order of include Our Penal lIIachincry and its f"if'- the Viceroy of Peru in 1542. tims,o Live Qucstions ' Orator!l, etc. lIe Almanacs, A:l\[EHICAN . No copy is died in Joliet, Ill., )Ia rch 12, I !l02. known to ('xist of the almanac of 1639, Alvarado, PEDRO DE, a Rpanish conquer- the first published in America, calculated or in America; born in Hadajos, Spain, for New England by William Pierce, about 1485. Sailing from Spain to Cuba, mariner; another, the Roston Almanac, in I:51S, he accompanied Grijah.a On his by Jolm Foster, IG76. 'Yilliam Bradford exploring expedition along the Gulf coasts. at Philadelphia published an almanac of Alvarado made explorations and discov- twenty pages, IGS5, commonly received as eries On the coast of California, and was the first almanac published in the colo- killed in a skirmish with the natives in nies; a copy from the Brinley library sold New Galicia, June 4. 1541. in Kew York, March, 1882, for $555. Alvey, RICHARD HENRY, jurist; born in Alsop, RIclIAIm, a witty poet and essay- St. Mary's county, ::\ld., in ).[areh, ist: born in Middletown, Conn., Jan. 23, 1826; was educated in St. )[ary's 1761. He is best known in litprature as ('ollege; admittcd to the bar in I H !). the principal author of a series of hur- He was elected a Pierce Presidential Jesquí' pieces. begun in 17!}! and endí'd in elector in 18;)2, and a member of the 180:;, entitled. in collective form. The Echo. Michigan State Constitutional Conven- They were thus puhli.Rhí'd in 1807. Dwight, tion in 18G7. Hp served as chief judge Hopkins, and Trumbull were associated of the Fourth Judieial Circllit, and as with Alsop in the production of The Echo, a justice of the Michigan Court of Ap- which, from a work provocative of mirth, peals in 18G7-R . amI as chief-just:ce of hí'came a bitter political satirist of the that court in 1883-03. On Jan. I, 1896, Democratic party. He wrote a lfonody President Cleveland appointed him a mem- On the Death of TVashin.fJton, in hproic bcr of the YE EZUELAN BOmmARY Cm[- vprse, which was published in 1800. AI- :MISSION (q. v.). sop ranked among tIle "Hartford '"Vits" Ambassador, the title of the highest at the close of the pightpenth century. He diplomatic officer. In the days immedi- died in Flatbush, L. T., Aug. 20, ISI5. ntely preceding the establiRhment of the Alta California, the name formerly ap- Amcrican Republic the officers who were plied to Upper, or New, California, now spnt to Europe on diplomatic miRsions a State in the Amprican Union, to dis- were officially tenned commissioners. On tinguish it from Lowpr, or Old. Cali for- .Tune 1. 17ft'). wll<'n Marquis Carmarthcn nia. now a territory of )[exieo. The name introduced John Adams to thp ]{ing of California was first applied !;olply to what Great Britain, he dpsig-natí'd the Anwri- is now known as Lower California. can representativp a!'! "Amhassador Ex- Altgeld, JonN PETER. lawyer; born in traordinary from the United tat('s of Germany, Dec. 30, 18H; was brought America to the Court of London." 'Vhen to the United States in infancy by his the Anwrican diplomatic sen ice was per- rarents. who spttled near 1\fansfÌPld. 0.; manently orgalli7ed. the title of the high- reepived a public school pòucation: en- PElt r('pn>spntative was made" Envoy Ex- tered the Union army in ISG . and seHPd traordinary and ::\[iniRtpr Plpnipotpnti- till th(' close of Uw \'ar. In 18G9 he was ary," suhordinate reprpsentatiYf'!' hping anmiU('ò. to tIle :!\[issouri bar: in IS74 given the titl of ")[inisters" or "Miniq- was elpcted State attorney of Andrew tprs Re"idpnt." In IR!"I3 Congress passed ('ounty, )10.: in the following" year remm-ed an act providing that whenever a foreign to Chicap'O; in 1886-91 was judge of the government ele\-ated its representative at 108 AMBRISTER-AMENDMENTS OF THE CONSTITUTION \Vashington to the rank of an ambassador, the United States government would raise its represpntative to that foreign govern- ment to the same rank. Under this law the American representatives to France, Great Britain, Italy, :Mexico, and Russia have been raised to the higher rank, and are known officially as Ambassadors Ex- traordinary and Plenipotentiary. Ambas- sadors, in addition to the usual privileges accorded representatives of foreign govern- ments, have the special one of personal audience with the head of the State to which they are accredited. Ambrister. See ARßUTHNOT. Ambulance Service. The benevolent work of the Volunteer Refreshment Sa- loons of Philadelphia during 1861-G5 was - ìl ' 'D )\: '" .. .. 1 . l - "'11. I - Ã,' ' . ,. 1j.. , .> , _' '-Jt;, ,,,--,--'f ø . - : I " ""- 'T:. I _ t7 '7 æ l - -- PHILAD ;LPHIA FIRElIE,\;'S AlIBt'LANCB. supplemented by a good work carried on wholly by the firemen of that city. When sick and wounded soldiers began to be brought to the hospitals in Philadel- phia, the medical department found it difficult to procure proper vehides to con- vey them from the wharves to their des- tination. The distress caused by dela)'s and inconvenient conveyances the s)'mpa- thetic firemen attempted to alleviate. An arrangement was made for the chief of the department to announce the arrival of a transport by a given signal, when the firemen would hasten to the landing-place with spring-wagons. Finally, the" North- ern Lihf'rties Engine Company" had a fine ambulance constructed. :More than thirty other engine and hose companies followed their example, and the suffering soldiers were conveyed from ship to hospital with the greatest tenderness. These amhu- lances cost in the aggregate over $:lo.noo, all of which was contrihuted by the fire- men. The number of disabled soldiers who were conveyed on these ambulances during the war was estimated at more than 120,000. Amelia Island, an island at the mouth of the St. Mary River, near the boundary between Georgia and Florida. In the sum- mer of 1817 Gregor McGregor, styling himself "Brigadier-general of the armies of New Granada and Venezuela, and gen- eral-in-chief employed to liberate the prov- inces of both the Floridas," commissioned by the supreme councils of Mexico and South America, took possession of this island. His followel's were a band of ad- venturers which he had collected in Charleston and Savannah; and when he took possession he proclaimed a blockade of St. Augustine. In the hands of these desperadoes the island was soon converted into a resort of buccaneering privateers under the Spanish-American flag, and a depot for smuggling slaves into the United States. Another similar establishment had been set upon Galveston Island, off the coast of Texas, under a leader named Aury. This establishment was more im- portant than that on Amelia Island, as wpH on account of numbers as for the greater facilities afforded for smuggling. It was a second Barataria, and to it some of the old privateers and smugglers of Lafitte's band of Baratarians resorted. Under a secret act, passed in ISH, and first made public in 1817, the President took the responsibility of suppressing both these establishments. Aury had joined McGregor with the Galveston des- peradoes, and their force was formida- ble. The President sent Captain Henly, in the ship John Adams, with smaller vessels, and a battalion of Charleston artillel;y under :Major Bankhead, to take possession of Amelia Island. McGregor was then at sea, leaving Aury in command of the island. He was summoned to evacuate it; and on Dec. 2:1 the naval and military commanders. with their forces, entered the place and took quiet possession. Aury left it in February, and gO both nests of pirates and smugglers were broken up. At the !'òame time there was much sympa- thy felt in the United States for the l'c\'olteù f'panish - American colonies, and, in spite of the neutrality laws, a num- her of cruisers were fitted out in American ports under their flags. Amendments of the Constitution. See COXSTITGTION OF THE U lTED STATE::;. 109 AMERICA, DISCOVERERS OF America, DISCOVERERS O}<'. About the and found the trea :mrcs of eodfislles in Jear SGO Noddodr, an illu!'ltrious sea- the waters near it. On Aug. 1 the same roycr, driven by a !':torm, discovered Iee- Hummer Columhus discovered the con- land, and named it t:nowland. Not many tincnt of f'outh Anwriea. near the mouth :ye:lr's after\\ards ]o;arl InKolf, of Norway, of the Ol'Ìnol"o Hiver'. sought Icc!and as a refuge from t.yranny, Ameril"us \.e pu('iuH, a FlorpnlÏnp, Rnd and plantl'd a colony there. Grccnland an agent of thp de' Mpdici family of Flor- was discovered hy accident. One of the el1("p, was in pain wlH'n the gt'pat di (.ov- early settlers in [ePland was driven west- pry of Columhu8 wal' made. In :\fay, 1..f!I!I, '\anl on the Hea hya storm, and disco\cred \'t'sl'lu.ius sailpd from I"pain with Alon7.o Greenland. To that retreat Eric the Ued de Ojeda as an adventurer anrl splf-('on ti- was compellcd to lIy from Iceland, and, tuted geographer for the new-found world. finding it more fertile than the latter, They followed the soutlH'1"ll traek of Co- named it Greenland. made it his plaee of Jumhus in llis third voyage, and off the abode. and attracted other Northmcn ('oast of Rurinam, Routh America, tllPY thither. .Among Eric's followers was a !':ltW the IIlounta.ins of tIll' continent. That orwegian, whose son Bjarni, or lliarne, was a year after Columbus first saw the a promising young man, trading bctwpen continent of Americ J.. On Ids rpturn. in XOl'way and Iceland, and finding his fa- 1;30(), Vespucius gave an account of the ther gone "ith :Eric, proposed to his crew voyage in a lettpr to Lorenzo de' l\1(.did to go to his parent in Greenland. Tlu'y (for text of letter, S(.t. AMEItH'US VE I'U- wcre driven westward, anù, it is bplieved, CIUS). He made otlH'r voyageR, amI in a they saw the American continpnt in the Jdtel' to Renl', Duke of Lon-aine, written c:Jr !)Sfi. The f:ons of El'ic lwarù the in !fiü4, he gave an account of his four !'òtories of Bjarni, and onc of them, Lief, voyagcs, in which 11f' erroneously datpd the sailed in search of the newly discovered time of his departure on his first voyage land. amI. found it. ee C ITED RrATE . l\Tay 29, 1497, or a J'par or more hrforc "hile therc continues to be much doubt Colllrnhllf: and Cahot severa}]v discovered c("Inperning the authenticity of claims put the continent of North and South .\mer- forth in behalf of e'\.ÌI'pmply early dis- iea. In Ir.O;) a nan-ative of his voyages coverprs, there are unqupstioned histori- to America was published at StraRhurg, cal rpcords of America for the space of cJItitled -,lmcl'iclls l'csputills de Orbe .1 nt- 0\ er .?OO :rears. It was undouhtpdly dis- arcfiro p('r RCf/um Porf1l.qallia(' p,.Ùlcm ('ovpred hy Korthern na\ igators NlrIy Juvcnta. From that puhlication, h ;lI"ing in the elcventh century, and tIre ('olony the untrue date of his first voyage, Yespu- of the son of a \YelHh prince, l\L-\uoc eius acquired the rf'putation of being the (q. v.), probably ]amlpd on thp North first discoverer of America. A}]uding to American continent about the vear 1170. that false date and the statements under There is no evidence that the 'Northmen it, the learned and eonscipntious Charle- aw more than the coasts of J ahrador and voix wrote that "Ojeda, wheJI jud.ieially Xew England-possihly Newfoundland.; interrogated, gaw the lie lIi,'ect to t}IP and thp landing-place of Madoc is wholly statement." And Herrera, an early Span- conjectural. On Oct. 11, }.t!}2. Christo- ish historian, accus('s Vcspucius of pur- pher Columhus discO\'ered One of the Ha- poseIy falsifying the date of two of his hama Islands, {'ast of Florida, but not the voyages, and of confounding one with the mntinpnt. Tn the Rumnwr of 14!J f;:ehas- other, "in order that he might arrogat(. ti:m Cabot (commissioned by King Henry to himsp)f the glory of llaving diseoveJ"('(1 VTI. of En. land), who sailed from TIristol tlw continent." Finally, when ColuIIIhus in l\fay with two earaypls, diseovf'rpd the WHS dmd, and no ,oice of a('cusation or North Ampri('an eontinpnt at Lahra(lor. d{'nial could es('ape his lips, tIle nana- He wa eeking a 1101.th\\,<'8t pa!':sage to tiyps of Y('spu('ins wpre pnhlisheù at St. "('atha '," and, lwing h:uI"I,tl from OIP Di"y. in Lonainp, Own. as now. a nerman Polar pa hy paf'k-i('P. !'ailpd southward, frolltipr pro\'Ïnce. At Olat tinlf' Y(,sln]('in discoverpù Lahrador. and pos!'!ihly went was in ('orr{'spondenee with a It.arIlf'd Cpr- along the coast as far as the Carolinas. man scllOol-ma!':ter named \VaJdseelllii11pr He discovered and lJamed Xewfounùlaml, <,Vood-Jakc-miller), who was a conc- HO AMERICA, DISCOVERERS OF spondent of the Academy of Cosmography search of a passage to India, and discov- at Stra:,;burg, founùcd by the Duke of cred Central Amcrica. In 1.30ü John Lorraine. Waldseemüller suggested to the Dcnys, of Honficur, e plored the Gulf of members of that institution, under whose St. Lawrcnce. Two J"ears later Thomas auspices the narrative of Vespucius had Aubert, a pilot of- Dicppe, visited, it is been published, the name of "America" believed, the island of Cape Breton, and for the \Vestern Continent, in compliment gave it its name. He carried some of the to the reputed discoverer. This proposi- natives with him to France. In 1518 the tion was published, with approval, in a Baron de Leri, preparatory to the settle- work entitled Cosrnographiæ Rudimenta, ment of a colony on Sable Island, left in 1507. It is believed that this action some cattle there, whose progeny, four- was taken at the request or suggestion score years afterwards, gave. food to un- of Vespucius; at any rate, he is respon- fortunate persons left on the island by the sible for the fraud, for it was published .Marquis de la Roche. Six years later, seven years before the death of the Flor- Juan Ponce de Leon, an old Spanish Doble- er.tine, and he never repudiated it. "Con- man, sailed from Porto Rico, in the \Vest sidering the intimacy of the two parties," Indies, of which he was governor, in search sa 's the learned Viscount Santerem, of an island containing a fabled fountain "there is no doubt that the geographer of youth. He did not find the spring, but was guided by the navigator in what he discovercd a beautiful land covered with did." The name of America was given in e...quÌf;Ìte flowers, and named it J:lorida. l,onor of Americus Vespucius, for whom Tn }.')20 Lúcas ' asquez de Allyon, a a fraudulent claim to be the first dis- wealthy Spaniard, who owned mines in coverer of the "'estern Hemisphel'e wag Santo Domingo, voyaged northwesterly made, and it was done at the suggestion from that island, and discovered the coa.st of a German school-master. Both Colum- of South Carolina. :Meanwhile the Span- l,us and Cabot were deprived of the right- iards had been pushing discoveries west- ful honor. Sce AMERICA, DIRCOVERY OF. ward from Hispaniola. or Santo Domingo. In 14!)!), Vinccnt Yañpz Pinzon sailed Ojeda also dif;covereù Central America. from Palos with his brother and four In 1513 Vasco Xufiez de Balboa discovered C'arayels, and, reaching the coast of South the Pacific Ocean from a mountain sum- America, discovered the great river mit on the Isthmus of Darien. Francisco Amazon in the spring of 1500. Before :Fernandez de Cordova discovered :Mexico Pinzon's return, Pedro Alvarez Cabral, in 1517. Pamphila de Karvaez and Fer, sent by Emanuel, King of Portugal, while dinand de Soto traversed the country bor- on an exploring expedition discovered Bra- dering on the Gulf of Iexico, the fonner zil, and took possession of it in the name in 11)28, and the latter in 1530-41. In the of the crown of Portugal. It was within latter year De Soto discovcred and crossed the territory donated by tIle Pope to the the l\Iississippi, and penetrated the coun- Spanish monarchs. (See ALEXANDER VI.) try beyond. This was the last attempt of A friendly arrangement was made, and the Spaniards to make discoveries in it was ultimately agreed that the King of North America before the Eng1ish ap- Portugal !'>hould hold all the country he pearcd upon tlw same field. lmd discovered from the rivcr Amazon to It is claimed fOI' Giovanni da Yer- the rh-er l"}latte. On the announcement of razano, a Florputine navigator, that II(' the discoveries of Cabot in the Northwe!'>t. sa ilí'<1 from Franc(> with four ships. in King Emanuel of Portugal spnt Gaspard 1:>24, on a voyage of discO\'ery, and that COl"tereal, a skilful nadgator, with two hp traver!'>cd the Rhorp!,> of Ameriea from caravels on a voyagp of discov(>ry towards Florida to Nova Reotia. ITt. is suppo ed thc same region. He saw I a.hrador, and to have entered Dela.warc Bay anù the har- possibly Newfoundland, and went up the bors of N(>w York. Npwport. and Boston. coa!;lt almost to IIud on Bay; anù it is be- and namcd the country he had discoYen'd lieved that he discovered the Gulf of Kew FranC'e. .Tacqu(>s Cartier discovered F;t. I awrence. In 11)04 Columhus. in a the gulf and river St. La.wrpnce in 1:;34, fourth voyage to Anl<'rica, sai1pd with four and, rpvisiting them the next year. gave C'arawls through thp Gulf of 1\Ie",ico, in them that name, because the day when he III AMERICA, DISCOVERY OF entered their waters was dedicated to St. and explored by French traders and Je:mit Lawrence. In 15iG ir 1[artin Frobisher missionaries in the se,'enteenth eentuQ'. 'H'nt to Greenland and Labrador, and :-'0 early as lü-tO the fonner penetrated the coasting northward discovered the baJT that western wilds from Quebec. Father Al- bears his name. Huguenot adventurers louez set up a cross and the anns of from South Carolina, floating on the France westward of the lakes in Hì(i:>. oCean helplesslJ, were picked up, taken to J;'ather :Marquette, anotlwl' Jesuit JUi - England, and by the stories which they sionary, pu:,;hed farther in lüï3, and di:,;- told of the beautiful land they had left, covered the upper waters of t.he }.Ii::; is- cau"ed Queen Elizabeth to encourage voy- sil'Pi. :Father Hennepin, who aecom- ages of discovery in that direction. Sir panied La Salle, explored the l\Iissh, ippi \\'alter Raleigh, favored by the Queen, sent in a canoe from the mouth of the IlliJ\()i two ships, commanded by Philip Amidas nh'er, northwanl. in lGSO, and discovered find Arthur .Darlow, to the middle regions and named the Falls of St. Anthony. A of the Korth American coast. They dis- little later Robert Cavelier de la Salle, covered Roanoke Island and the main an enterprising young trader, penetrated near, and in honor of the unmarried Queen to the lississippi, and afterwards visited the whole country was named Yirginia. the coast of Texas from the sea and plant- In lüO Bartholomew Gosnold, sailing ed the germ of a colony in Louisiana. See from England directly across the Atlantic, .-\ 'IEmcus YESPGCIUS; CAßEZA DE Y ACA; discovered the continent on May 14. near CAUOT, SEßASTlAX; COLO IES; COLU IßPS, Kahant, l\Iass., and sailing souU;ward also f'IIHISTOI'IIEIC; YEnRAzAxo, GIO\'A:s".:\'I VA; discovered a long, sandy point, which he Iln SHE ; YASQLEZ DE ALLYON. named Cape Cod, because of the great America, DISCOVERY OF. Fenlinand number of that fish found there. He also Columbus was an illegitimatf' son of the discovered Xantueket, Martha's Vineyard, great admiral by Doua Beatrix Hen- and the Elizahpth Islands. In lüO-t 1lar- riques; wa.s born in Cordova Aug. 15, tin Pring discovered the coast of l\Iaine. 14 8: became a page to Queen Isahella. Ag-ain the French had turned their at- in 1498; accompallipd his father on the tention to Korth America. 1\1. de Chastes, fourth voyage, in l.ïO --t; pa spd the lat- governor of Dieppe, having received a ter part of his life principally in literary charter from the King of France to form pursuits and in accumulating a large Ii- a settlement in New France, he employed hrary; and died in Seville July 12, 153ft Samuel Champlain, an eminent navigator, Among his writin s was a biography of to explore that region. He sailed from his father, which was published in Italian, Honfleur in March, Hi03, went up the St. in Venice, in l.3il. The original of this Lawrence in 1\Iay to Quebec, and, return- work, in Spanish, tog-ether with that of ing to France, found De Chastes dead, and ltis history of the Indies, is lost, although the concession granted to him trans- a conf"iderable portion of his collection of ferred by the King to Pierre du (iast, yolumps in print and manuscript is stm Sieur de 1\Ionts, a wealthy Hug-uenot, who preserved in the SeviJIe CatIwdral. Be- aecompanipd Champlain on another voy- cause of the loss of the original manu- 3g-e to the St. Lawrpnce the next year. script of the biography, its autlwnticity Tn IG08 he went up the St. Lawrence has been called into question, and has again; and the following summer, while formed the hasis for quite a spirited ('on- engagpd in war with some Hurons and troversy hy historians, with the result that Algonquins against the Iroquois, he dis- the general hPlief in the genuinpnt':,s of coven'd the lake that bears his name in the hiograpllY has not been spriously northern Npw York. At the same time, shaken. If it did not settle the doubt, Henry Hudson. a na igator in the employ the controversy had the effpct of call- of the Dutch East India Company, en- ipg' a lar pr degree of attention to the tered the harbor of Xew York (Septem- biography than it would have had otller- LE'r, lGOD) and ascended the river that wise. bf>ars his name as far a!'l Albany. The In tllis biop-rapllY Ferdinand ga"e a nar- rE'g-ion of the (ireat Lakes and the upppr rativp of the diseovpry of .\nwripa by his valley of the Mississippi were discovered father, which is herewith reprotluced: 112 '" 1. '\ , :! ...J '"" ::: .( ::: z - z: .... < x :;;; I U ,- :; : t:::J r-- ,\ \\ \ .H .n f1 n 1-.. _-t '- , - --," .Þ ---.. ,. , ) - -- po -- t __ 1 . 11If.... \. y ......, I I . ---- "f ; I '" -1, \. . i , -' j AMERICA, DISCOVERY OF All the conditions which the admiral ever, being an experienced seaman, Boon demanded being conceded by their Catholic made a temporary repair by means of majesties, he set out from Granada on the ropes, and they proceeded on their voyage. 21st May 14!) , for Palos, where he was But on the following Tuesday, the weather to fit out the ships for his intended ex- becoming rough and boisterous, the fast- pedition. That town was bound to serve enings gave way, and the squadron was the crown for three months with two cara- obliged to lay to for some time to renew vels, which were ordered to be given to the repairs. From this misfortune of Columbus; and he fitted out these and a twice breaking the rudder, a superstitious third vessel with all care and diligence. person might have foreboded the future The ship in which he personally embarked disobedience of Pinzon to the admiral; as was called the St. )Iary; the second vessel through his malice the Pinta twice sep- named the Pinta, was commanded by arated from the squadron, as shall be Martin Alonzo Pinzon; and the third afterwards related. Having applied the named the Kina, which had square sails, best remedy they could to the disabled was under the command of Vincent Yanez state of the rudder, the squadron contin- Pinzon, the brother of Alonzo, both of ued its voyage, and came in sight of the whom were inhabitants of Palos. Being Canaries at day-break of Thursday the 9th furnishf:d with all necessaries, and having of August; but owing to contrary winds, 90 men to navigate the three vessels, Co- they were unable to come to anchor at lumbus set sail from Palos on the 3d of Gran Canaria until the 12th. The ad- August 14!)2, shaping his course directly miral left Pinzon at Gran Canaria to en- for the Canaries. dea vour to procure another vessel instead During this voyage, and indeed in all of that which was disabled, and went him- the four voyages which he made from self with the Nina on the same errand to Spain to the 'Vest Indies, the admiral Gomera. was very careful to keep an exact journal The admiral arrived at Gomera on of every occurrence which took place; al- Sunday the 12th of August, and sent a ways specifying what winds blew, how far boat on shore to inquire if any vessel he sailed with each particular wind, what could be procured there for his purpose. currents were found. and every thing that The boat returned next morning. and was seen by the way, whether birds, fishes, brought intelligence that no vessel was or any other thing. Although to note all then at that island, but that Dona Beatrix these particulars with a minute relation of de Bobadilla, the propriatrix of the island, every thing that happened, shewing what was then at Gran Canaria in a hired ves- impressions and effects answered to the sel of 40 tons belonging to one Gradeuna course and aspect of the stars, and the of Seville, which would probably suit his differences between the seas which he sail- purpose and might perhaps be got. He ed and those of our countries, might all therefore determined to await the arrival bc useful; yet as I conceive that the rela- of that vessel at Gomera. believing that tion of these particulars might now be Pinzon might have secured a vessel for tiresome to the reader, I shall only give himself at Gran Canaria, if he had not an account of what appears to me neces- been able to repair his own. After wait- sary and convenient to be known. ing two days. he dispatched one of his peo- On Saturday the 4th of August, the pIe in a bark which was bound from Go- next day after sailing from Palos, the mera to Gran Canaria, to acquaint Pinzon rudder of the Pinta broke loose. The where he lay, and to assist him in repair- admiral strongly suspected that this was ing and fixing the rudder. Having wait- occasioned hy the contrivance of tlle ed a considerable time for an answer to his master on purpose to avoid proceeding- on letter, he sailed with the two vessels from the voyage, which he had endeavoured to Gomera on the 23d of August for Gran do before they left Spain, and he therefore Canaria, and fell in with the bark on the ranged up along side of the disabled ves- following day, which had been detained sel to give every assistance in his power, all that time on its voyage by contrary but the wind blew so hard that he was winds. He now took his man from the unable to afford any aid. Pinzon, how- hark, and sailing in the night past the isl- I.-R 113 AMERICA, DISCOVERY OF and of Teneriffe, the people were much as- honour by the discovery. To lessen the tonisherl at observing flames bursting out fear which they entertained of the length of the lofty mountain called EI Pico, or the of way they had to sail, he gave out that P ak of Tencrifre. On this occasion the they had only proceeded fifteen leagues admiral was at great pains to explain the that day, when the actual distance sailed nature of this phenomenon to the people, was eighteen; and to induce the people by instancing the example of Etna and to believe that they were not so far from several other known volcanoes. Spain as they really were, he resolved to Passing by Teneriffe, they arrived at keep considerably short in his reckoning Gran Canaria on Saturday the 23th Au- during the whole voyage, though he care- gust; and found that Pinzon had only got fully recorded the true reckoning every in there the day before. From him the day in private. admiral was informed that Dona Beatrix On \Yednesday the twelfth September, had sailed for Gomera on the 20th with having got to about 150 leagues west of the vessel which he was so anxious to ob- Ferro, they discovered a large trunk of a tain. His officers were much troubled at tree, sufficient to have been the mast of a the disappointment; but he, who always vessel of 120 tons, and which seemed to endeavoured to make the best of every oc- have been a long time in the water. At currence, obs rn)d to them that since it this distance from Ferro, and for some- had not pleased God that they should get what farther on, the current was found this vessel it was perhaps better for them; to set strongly to the north-east. Kext as they might have encountered much op- day, when they had run fifty leagues position in pressing it into the service, and farther westwards, the needle was obsen'ed might have lost a great deal of time in to vary half a point to the eastward of shipping and unshipping the goods. north, and next morning the variation Wherefore, lest he might again miss it was a whole point east. This variation of if he returned to Gomera, he resolved to the compass had never been before ob- make a new rudder for the Pinta at Gran served, and therefore the admiral was Canaria, and ordered the square sails of much surprised at the phenomenon, and the Nina to be changed to round ones, concluded that the needle did not actually like those of the other two vessels, that point towards the polar star, but to some she might be able to accompany them with other fixed point. Three days afterwards, less danger and agitation. when almost 100 leagues farther west, he The vessels being all refitted, the ad. was still more astonished at the irregu- mira} weighed anchor from Gran Canaria larity of the variation; for having ob- on Saturday the first of September, ana served the needle to vary a whole point arrived next day at Gomera, where four to the eastwards at night, it pointed di- days were employed in completing their redly northwards in the morning. On the stores of provisions and of wood and wa- night of Saturday the fifteenth of Sep- ter. On the morning of Thursday the tern bel', being then almost 300 leagues west sixth of September, 14fJ2, the admiral took of Ferro, they saw a prodigious flash of his departure from Gomera, and com. light, or fire ball, drop from the sky into menced his great undertaking by standing the sea, at four or five leagues distance directly westwards, but made very slow from the ships towards the south-west. prog-ress at first on account of calms. On The weather was then quite fair and se- Sunday the ninth of September, about rene like April, the sea perfectly calm, day-break, they were nine leagues west the wind favourable from the north-east, of the island of Ferro. Now losing sight and the current setting to the north-east. of land and stretching out into utterly The people in the Nina told the ad. unknown seas, many of the people express- miral that tlley had sef>n the day before a ed their anxiety and fear that it might heron, and anotller hiI'd which they cancd 'Ie long before they should see land again; Rnbo-de-junco. These were the first bird hut the admiral used every endeavour to which had been seen during the voyage, comfort them with the n,>surance of soon and were considered as indications of ap- finding the land he was in search of, and proaching land. But they were more raised their hopes of acquiring "ealth and agreeably surprised next day, Sunday six- 114 AMERICA, DISCOVERY 03" teenth September, by seeing great abun- tom. The current was now found to set dance of yellowish green sea weeds, which to the south-west. appeared as if newly washed away from On Thursday the twentieth of Septem- some rock or island. Next day the sea ber, two alcatrazes came near the ship weed was seen in much greater quantity, about two hours before noon, and soon and a small live lobster was observed afterwards a third. On this day likewise among the weeds: from this circumstance they took a bird resembling a heron, of a many affirmed that they were certainly black colour with a white tuft on its head, near the land. The sea water was after- and having webhed feet like a duck. wards noticed to be only half so salt as Abundance of weeds were seen floating in before; and great numbers of tunny fish the sea, and one smttll fish was taken. were seen swimming about, some of which .About evening three land birds settled on came so near the vessel, that one was kill- the rigging of the ship and began to ed by a bearded iron. Being now 3GO sing. These flew away at day-break, leagues west from Ferro, another of the which was considered a strong indication birds called rabo-(le-junco was seen. On of approaching the land, as these little Tuesday the eighteenth September, Mar- birds could I10t have come from any far tin Alonzo Pinzon, who had gone a-head distant countïy; whereas the other large of the admiral in the Pinta, which was fowls, being m;ed to water, might much an exce]]ent sailer, lay to for the admiral better go far from land. The same day all to come up, and told him that he had aleatraz was seen. seen a great number of birds flyaway Friday the twenty-first another alca- westwards, for which reason he was in traz and a rabo-de-junco were seen, and great hopes to see land that night; Pin- vast quantities of weeds as far as the eye zon even thought that he saw land that could carry towards the north. These ap- night about fifteen leagues distant to the pearances were sometimes a comfort to northwards, which appeared very black the people, giving them hopes of nearing and covered with clouds. All the people the wished-for land; while at other times would have persuaded the admiral to try the weeds were so thick as in some meas- for land in that direction; but, being ure to impede the progress of the vessels, certainly assured that it was not land, and and to occasion terror lest what is fabu- having not yet reached the distance at 10usly reported of St. Amaro in the frozen which he e"Xpected to find the land, he sea, might happen to them, that they would not consent to lose time in alter- might be so enveloped in the weeds as ing his course in that direction. But to be unable to move hackwards or for- as the wind noW freshened, he gave or- wards; wherefore they steered away hom ders to take in the top-sails at night, those shoals of weeds as much as they having now sailed eleven days before could. the wind due westwards with all their Next day, being Saturday the twenty- sails up. second September, they saw a whale and All the people in the squadron being several small birds. The wind now vepl'('(l utterly unacquainted with the seas they to the south-west, sometimes more and now traversed, fearful of their danger at sometimes less to the westwards; and such unusual distance from any relief, though this was adverse to the dil ection and seeing nothing around but sky and of their proposed vo rage, the admiral to water, began to mutter among themselves, comfort the people al1eged that this was alld anxiously -ohselTed evcry appearance. a favourable circumstance; heeause' among On the nineteenHl September, a kind of other causes of fear, they IlRd fOrHwrly sea-gull eallf'ù ,11catmz flew over the ad- said they should ne,'er have a wind to mira]'s ship, and several others were seen carry th('m back to Rpain, as it }lRd always iu the afternoon of that day, and as tlH' hlown from t}w past pyer sinef' tlwy lpft admiral conceind that thes birds would Fprro. They still continued. howpvpr. to not fly far from land, he entertained hop(' murmur, alleging that this southwf"'\t of soon seeing- what he was in quest of. wind was by no m('ans a settled one, and He th('rpfore ordered a line of 200 fathoms as it never blew strong enough to sw('l1 to be tried, but without finding any bot- the sea, it would not serve to carry them 115 AMERICA, DISCOVERY OF back again through so great an extent of for himself against them. Some eYen pro- sea as they had now passed over. In spite ceeded so far as to propose, in case the of every argument used by the admiral, admiral should refuse to acquiesce in their assuring them that the alterations in the proposals, that they might make a short wind were occasioned by the vicinity of end of all disputes by throwing him over- the land, by which likewise the waves were board; after which they could give out prevented from rising to any height, they that he had falien over while making his were still dissatisfied and terrified. observations, and no one would ever think On Sunday the twenty-third of Reptem- of inquiring into the truth. They thus ber, a bri k gale sprung up \V. K. \Y. with went on day after day, muttering, com- a rolling sea, such as the people had plaining, and consulting together; and wish.''1 for. Three hours before noon a though the admiral was not fully aware turtle-do,"e was observed to fly over the of the extent of their cabals, he was not ship; towards evening an alcatraz, a river entirely without apprehensions of their in- fowl, and several white birds were seen constancy in the present trying situa- flying about, and some crabs were ob- tion, and of their evil intentions towards served among the weeds. Next day an- him. He therefore exel'ted himseJf to the other alcatraz was seen and several small utmost to quiet their apprehensions and birds which came from the west. Kum- to suppress their evil design, sometimes bers of small fishes were seen swimming using fair words, and at other times fully about, some of which were struck with resolved to expose his life rather than harpoons, as they would not bite at the abandon the enterprize; he put them in hook. mind of the due punishment they would The more that the tokens mentioned subject themselves to if they obstructed above were observed, and found not to be the voyage. To confirm their hopes, he re- folJowed by the so anxiously looked-for capitulated all the favourable signs and land, the more the people became fearful indications which had been lately ob- of the event, and entered into cabals served, assuring them that they might against the admiral, who they said was soon expect to see the land. But they, d('sirous to make himself a great lord at who were ever attentive to these tokens, the expense of their danger. They repre- thought every hour a year in their anxiety sented that they had already sufficiently to see the wislwd-for land. performed their duty in adventuring far- On Tuesday the twenty-fifth of Septem- ther from land and all possibility of suc- ber near sun-set, as the admiral was dis- cour than had ever been done before, and coursing with Pinzon, whose ship was then that they ought not to proceed on the very near, Pinzon suddenly called out, voyage to their manifest destruction. If "Land! land, Sir! let not my good news they did they would soon have reason to miscarry;" and point('d out a large mass repent their temerity, as provisions would in the S. \V. about twenty-five leagues dis- soon fan short, the ships were already tant, which seemed very like an island. faulty and would I'oon fail, and it would This was so pleasing to the people, that be extremely difficult to get back so far they returned thanks to God for the pleas- as they had already gone. :Kone could ing discovery; and, although the admiral condemn them in their own opinion for was by no means satisfied of the truth now turning back, but all must consider of Pinzon's ohsen-ation. yet to please the them as brave men for having gone upon men, and that tlwy might not ohstruct the such an f'ntf'rpri7e and venturing so far, voyage, he altered his COUl"se and stood in That the admiral wa!'! a foreigner who had that direction a great part of the night. no favour at court; and as so many wise Next morning. the twenty-sixth, they had and learned men had already condemned the mortification to find the supposed land his opinions and enterprize as visionary was only composed of clouds, which often and impossible, there would be none to put on the appearance of distant land; favour or defend him, and they were sure and, to their great dissatisfaction, the to find more credit if they accused him of stems of the ships were again turned di- ignorance and mismanagement than he rectly westwa.rds, as they always were un- wouJd do, whatsoever he might now say less when hindered by the wind. Con- 116 AMERICA, DISCOVERY OF tinuing their course, and still attentively night. It was likewise noticed that the watching for signs of land, they saw this compass varied a whole point to the N. \V. day an alcatraz, a raho-de-junco, and other at nightfall, and came due north every birds as formerly mentioned. morning at day-break. As this unheard-of On Thursday the twenty-seventh of Sep- circumstance confounded and perplexed tember, they saw another alcatraz coming the pilots, who apprehended danger in from the westwards and flying towards the these strange regions and at such an un- east, and great numbers of fish were seen uE>ual distance from home, the admiral en- with gilt backs, one of which they struck deavoured to calm their fears by assign- with a harpoon. A rabo-de-junco likewise ing a cause for this wonderful phenome- flew past; the currents for some of the non: He alleged that it was occasioned last days were not so regular as before, b.r the polar star making a circuit round but changed with the tide, and the weeds the pole, by which they were not a. little were not nearly so abundant. satisfied. On Friday the twenty-eighth all the Soon after sunrise on Monday the first Yessels took some of the fishes with gilt of October, an alcatraz came to the ship, ba.cks; and on Saturday the twenty-ninth and two more about ten in the morning, tllPY saw a rabo-de-junco, which, although and long streams of weeds floated from a sea-fowl, never rests on the waves, but east to west. That morning the pilot of always flies in the air, pursuing the alca- the admiral's sllip said that they were now trazes. Many of these birds are said to 5i8 leagues west from the island of Ferro. frequent the Cape de Verd islands. They In his public account the admiral said soon afterwards saw two other alcatrazes, they were 584 leagues to the west; but in and great numbers of flying-fishes. These his private journal lIe made the real dis- last are a.bout a span long, and have two tance 707 leagues, or 12D more than was little membranous wings like those of a reckoned by the pilot. The other two ships bat, by means of which they fly about a differed much in their computation from pike-length high from the water and a each other and from the admiral's pilot. musket-shot in length, and sometimes The pilot of Nina in the afternoon of the drop upon the ships. In the afternoon of \Vednesday following said they had only this day they saw abundance of weeds sailed 540 leagues, and the pilot of the lying in length north and south, and three Pinta reckoned 634. Thus they were all alcatrazes pursued by a rabo-de-junco. much short of the truth; but the admiral On the morning of Sunday the thirtieth winked at the gross mistake, that the men, of September four rabo-de-juncos came to not thinking th('mselves so far from home, the ship; and from so many of them com- might be the less dejected. ing together it was thought the land could The next day, being Tuesday the secoml not be far distant, especially as four of October, they saw abundance of fish, alca.trazes followed soon afterwards. Great caught one small tunny, and saw a white quantities of weeds were seen in a line bird with many other small birds, and the stretching from \V. N. \V. to E. N. E. and weeds appeared much withered and almost a great number of the fishes which are fallen to powder. Next day, seeing no called Emperadores, which have a very birds, they suspected that they had passed hard skin and are not fit to eat. Though between some i.,lands on both hands, and the admiral paid every attention to these had slipped through without seeing them, indications, he never neglected those in as they guessed that the many birds which the heavens, and carefully observed the they had seen might have been passing eourse of the stars. He ' as now greatly from one island to another. On this ac- surprised to notice at this time that the count they were very earnest to have the Charles 'twin or Ursa. )Iajor consteJIation course altered one way or the other, in appea.red at night in the west, and was qnest of these imaginary lands. But the K. E. in the morning: He thence conclud- admiral, unwilling to lose the advantage ed that their whole night's course was only of the fair wind which carried him due nine hours, or so many parts in twenty- west, which he accounted his surest course, four of a great circle; and this he ob- fI.nd afraid to lessen his reputation by served to be the case regularly every deyiating from course to course in search 117 AMERICA, DISCOVERY OF of land, which he always affirmed that he and because these they now saw flew al. well knew where to find, refused his con- most uniformly in one direction. He said bent to any change. On this thc people like\\Î:"e that he had always e\.pected to were again ready to mutiny, and resumed disco\"er land about the situation in whieh their murmurs and cabals again:;t him. they now were, having often toM them Rut it plea...,('d God to aid his authority by that he must not look to find land until fresh indications of land. they should get 730 leagues to the west- On Thursday the fourth of Oetol)('r. in wards of the Canaries; about which dis- the afternoon; abm'e forty sparrows to- tance he ðpected to fall in with Hispani- gdlH'r and two alcatrazt's tlew so lwar the üla which he then called Cipango; and ship that a seaman killt'd one of them there is no doubt that he would havE' with a stone. SeYeral other birds were found this island by his direet course, if seen at this time, and many tlying-fi h it had not been that it was reported to fell into the ships. Kext day there came e tend from north to south. OwinO' there- a mbo-de-junco and an alcatraz from the fore to his not ha\ ing inclined mOI' to the westward8, and many sparrows were 8een. south he had missed that and others of About sunrise on Sunday the seventh of the Caribbee islands whither those bÎJ'ds O(-tober, some signs of land appeared to were now bending their flight, and whieh the westwards, but being imperfeet no )wd been for some time upon his larhoard person would mention the eirellmsta.nce. hand. It was from being so nea.r the land 'This was owing to fear of lo ing the re- that they continually saw sueh great num- ward of thirty crowns yearly for life \I('rs of birds; and on Monday the eig-lith which had be-en promisPll by their Catho- of Octol)(>r twelve singing birds of various lie majesties to \\'hoenr fihnuld first di:,- colours came to the ship. and after firing COvcr land; and to prevent them from round it for a short time held on tfwir calling out land, land, at ewry turn with- way. :\[any other birds were seen from out just cause>, it W.1S made a condition the ship fl)'ing towards the south-west, that whoever aid he saw land should aUlI that fiame night great numbers of lose the reward if it were not made out large fowl were seen, and flocks of sman in tJ1ree days, eYen if he should afterwards hirds proceeding from the northwards, and actually pro\"e the first discoverer. An on an going to the south-west. In the morn- InJard the admiral's ship being thus fore- ing a jay was seen, with an aJcatraz. se\'- warn('d. \\"t're exceedingly careful not to eral ducks. and man ' sma.]] birds, all tly- er)' out land upon uncertain tokens; but ing the same way with the others, and the those in the Xina. which sailed better and air' was pprceiwd to be fresh and odor- alwa "s kept ahead. h{'lieving that they iferous ae it is at eviJle in the month of certainly saw land. fired a un and hung .April. But the people were no\\ so eager out their eolours in token of the discov- to see land and had been so often dis- er '; but the farther t)wy sailed the more appointed, that thpy ceased to give faith the joyful appearance l{' ..;ened, till at la..t to these continual indications; insomuch it vanished away. But the>y oon after- that on ""ednesday the tenth, although wards derived much comfort b ' ohsel"\'ing abundance of hirds were continually pass- great flights of large fowl and othprs of ing both b.r day a.nd night. t]wy ne'"e1' small birds going from the west towards ee>:!spd to complain. The admiral upraided tllP south-west. tJwi1' want of resolution. and de>clared that Being now at R yast distanc{' from they mu t perish in their end{'avours to Spain, and well assured that fiuch mall discover thp Indies, for which he and thp)' birds would not go far from land, the had been sent out by their Catholic maj- admiral now altered his course from duE' estie-s. west whi{'h had been hitlwrto, and steered It would ha\"e be{'n impossihle for the to the south-west. IIp assigned as a rea- admiral to have much longer \\ithstood the Bon for now changing his course, although numhers which now opposed him; but it deviating little from his original dpsign, pleased God that, in the afternoon of that he followpd the example of the Portu- Thursdav the elennth of OctohE'r, such I!uese. wllO had discovered most of their manife t tokens of being near the land islands b ' attending to the flight of birds, appeared, that the men took courage and 118 AMERICA, DISCOVERY OF rejoiced at their good fortune as much as torch belonging to some fisherman or they had been before distressed. From the traveller, who lifted it up occasionally admiral's ships a green rush was seen to and lowered it again, or perhaps from float past, and one of those green fish people going from one house to another, which never go far from the rocks. The bN'ause it appeared and vanished again so people in the Pinta saw a cane and a staff !'lIlJ.lenly. Being now wry much on their in the water, and took up another staff guard, the ' still held on their course until very curiously carved, and a small boa.rd, about two in the morning of Friday the and great plenty of weeds were seen which twelfth of October, when the Pinta which seemed to have been recently torn from was always far a-head, owing to her su- the rocks. Those of the Nina, besides perior sailing, made the signal of seeing similar signs of land, saw a branch of a land. which was first di covered by Rod- thorn fu1l of red berries, which seemed erick de Triana at about two leagues from to have been newlv torn from the tree. the ship. But the thirty crowns a-year }'rom all these indications the admiral were aftcrwards ranted to the admiral, was convinced that he now drew near to who had seen the light in the midst of the land, and after the evening prayers darkness, a t,ype of the Rpiritual light he made a speech to the men, in which he which he was the happy means of spread- reminded them of the mercy of God in hav- ing in these dark regions of error. Being ing brought them so long a voyage with now so near land, an the ships lay to; such favourable weather, and in comfort- everyone thinking it long till daylight, ing them with so many tokens of a suc- that they might enjoy the sight they had c('ssful issue to their enterprize. which so long and anxiously desired. were now ewry day becoming plainer and 'Vhen daylight appeared. the newly dis- less equh-ocal. He besought them to be covered land was perceived to consist of a exceedingly watchful during the night. as flat island fifteen leagues in length. with- thev well knew that in the first article out any hills, all covered with trees, and of 'the instructions which he had given having a great lake in the middle. The to all the three ships before leaving the island was inhabited by great abundance ('anaries, they were- enjoined, when they of people. who ran down to the shore sllOuld han sailed iOO leagues west with- fined with wonder and admiration at the out discovering land. to lay to e,'ery night, !'ight of the ships, which theJ' conceiwd from midnight till daybreak. And, as he to be some unknown animals. The Clu'i - had veQT confident hopes of discovering tians were not less curious to know what land that night, he required everyone to kind of people they had fallen in with, and keep watch at their quarters; and. be- the curiosity on both sides was soon satis- sides the gratuity of thirty crowns a-year fied, as the ships soon came to anchor. The for life, which had been graciously prom- admiral went on hore ,vith his boat wen i ed by their sovereigns to him that first armed. and having the royal tandard of saw the land, he engaged to give the fort- Castile and Leon displayed, accompanied unate discoverer a velvet doublet from by the commanders of the other two Yes- himself. sels. each in his own boat, carrying the After this, as the admiral was in the particular colours which had been a1lotted cahin about ten o'clock at night, he saw for the enterprize, which were white with a light on the f;hore; hut it was so un- a green cross and the letter F. on one teady that he could not cprtainly affirm Ride and on the other the names of Ferdi- that it came from land. He caned to one nand and Isabella crowned. Peter Gutierres and desired him to try if The whole company kneeled on the hore he could perceive the same light. who said and kissed the ground for joy, returning he did; but one Roderick Sanchez of God thanks for the great mercy they had Segovia. on being desired to look the same experienced during their long voya e way could not see it, because he was not through seas hitherto unpassed, and their up time enough, as neither the admiral nmv ha.ppy discovery of an unknown land. nor Gutierres could see it again above once The admiral then stood up, and took or twice for a short space, which made formal possession in the usual words for them judge it to proceed from a candle or their Catholic majesties of this island. to IHI AMERICA, DISCOVERY OF which he gave the name of St. Salvador. edge. Neither had they any knowledge All the Christians present admitted Co- of iron; as their javelins were merely lumbus to the authority and dignity of constructed of wood, having their points admiral and viceroy, pursuant to the com- hardened in the fire, and armcd with a misE-ion which he had received to that piece of fish-bone. Some of them had effect, and all made oath to obey him as scars of wounds on different parts, and the legitimate representative of their being asked by signs how these had been Catholic majesties, with such expressions got, they answered by signs that people of joy and acknowledgement as became from other islands came to take thcm their mighty success; and they all im- away, and that they had been wounded plored his forgiveness of the many af- in their own defence. They scemed inge- fronts he had received from them through nious and of a voluble tongue; as they their fears and want of confidence. Num- readily repeatcd such words as they once bel's of the Indians or natives of the h"l- heard. There were no kind of animals and were present at these ceremonies; and among them excepting parrots, which they perceiving them to be peaceable, quiet, and carried to barter with the Christians 8imple people, the admiral distributed among the articles already mentioned, and several presents among them. To some in this trade they continued on board the hc gave red caps, and to others strings of ships till night, when they all returned to glass beads, which they hung about their the shore. necks, and various other things of small In the morning of the next day, being value, which they valued as if they had the 13th of October, many of the natives been jewels of high price. returned on board the ships in their boats After the ceremonies, the admiral went or canoes, which were all of one piece hol- off in his boat, and the Indians followed lowed like a tray from the trunk of a tree; him even to the ships, some by swim- some of these were so large as to contain ming and others in their canoes, car- forty or forty-five men, while others were rying parrots, clews of spun cotton yarn, so small as only to hold one person, with javelins, and other such trifling articles, many intermediate sizes between tJlcse to barter for glass beads, bells, and other extremes. These they worked along with things of small value. Like people in the paddles formed like a baker's peel or the original simplicity of nature, they were all implement which is used in dressing }wmp. naked, and even a woman who was among These oars or paddles were not fixed by them was entirely destitute of clothing. pins to the sides of the canoes like ours; Most of them were young, seemingly not but were dipped into the water and puIled above thirty years of age; of a good backwards as if digging. Their canoes are stature, with very thick black lank hair, so light and artfuIIy constructed, that if mostly cut short above their ears, though overset they soon turn them right again some had it down to their shoulders, tied by swimming; and they empty out the up with a string about their head like water by throwing them from side to side women's tresses. Their countenances were like a wea\'er's shuttle, and when ha]f mild and agreeable and their features emptied they lade out the r<>st with dried good; but their foreheads were too high, calahashes cut in two, which they carry which ga\'e them rather a wild appear- for that purpose. ance. They were of a middle stature, This sf>cond day the natives, as said plump, and well shaped, but of an olive before, brought various articles to barter eomplðion, like the inhabitants of the for such smaIl t})ings as they could pro- Canaries, or sunburnt peasants. Some cure in exchange. Jewels or metals of any were painted with black, others with kind were not seen among them, except "hite, and others again with red; in some some small plates of gold which hung the whole body was painted, in others only from their nostrils; and on being ques- the face. and some only the nose and eyes. tioned from whence they procured the gold, They hud no weapons like those of Europe, they answered by fligns that they had it neither had they any knowledge of such; from the south, where there was a king for when our people shewed them a naked who possessed abundance of pieces and sword, they ignorantly grasped it by the vessels of gold; and they made our people 120 AMERICAN ARCHIVES-AMERICAN LEARNED SOCIETIES to understand that there were many other islands and large countries to the south and south-west. They were very covetous to get possession of any thing which belonged to the Christians, and being themselves very poor, with nothing of value to give in exchange, as soon as they got on board, if they could lay hold of any thing which struck their fancy, though it were only a piece of a broken glazed earthen dish or porringer, they leaped with it into the sea and swam on shore with their prize. If they brought any thing on board they would bal'ter it for any thing whatever belonging to our people, even for a piece of broken glass; insomuch that some gave sÏ"\::teen large clews of well spun cotton 'arn, weighing twenty - five pounds, for three small pieces of Portuguese brass coin not worth a farthing. Their liber- ality in dealing did not proceed from their putting any great value on the things thcmseh-es which they received from our people in return, but because they valued them as belonging to the Christians, whom they believed certainly to have come down from Heaven, and they therefore earnestly desired to have something from them as a memorial. In this manner all this day was spent, and the islanders as before \H'nt all on shore at night. American Archives. PETEI{. American Association, THE. On Oct. 20, 1774, the first Continental Congress adopted a " non-importation, non-consump- tion, and non-exportation agreement," ap- plied to Great Britain, Ireland, the \Vest J ndies, and Madeira, by which the inhabi- tants of all the colonies were bound to act in good faith as those of certain cities and townH had already done, under the pmalty of the displeasure of faithful ones. The agreement was embodied in fourteen articles. and was to go into effect on the 1st of Df'cember next ensuing. In the sec- ond article, the Congress struck a blow at sl:1\'ery, in the name of their constitu- ents, dpcIaring that. after the 1st day of D('cpmber next ensuing, they would neither import nor purchase any slave imported aftf'r that date, and they would in no way be concerned in or abet the lave- trade. Committees were to be appointed in every county, city, and town to enforce compliance with the terms of the associa- 121 See FORCE, tion. They also resolved that they would hold no commercial intercourse with any colony in North America that did not accede to these terms, or that should thereafter violate them, but hold such recusants as enemies to their common country. The several articles of the asso- ciation were adopted unanimously, except the one concerning exportations. The South Carolinians objected to it, because it would operate unequally, and insisted upon rice being exempted from the re- quirement concerning non - exportation. When the article was adopted, all but two of the South Carolina delegation seceded. Gadsden and another, in the .spirit of Henry, declared that they were not" South Carolinians," but "Americans." The se- ceders were brought back, and signed the articles of association after a compromise was agreed to, which allowed their colony to bear no part of the burden of sacrifice imposed by the association. Short letters were addressed to the colonies of St. John (now Prince Edward's), Kova Scotia, Georgia, and the two Floridas, asking them to join the association. Measures were taken in various colonies for en- forcing the observance of the American Association. Philadelphia set the exam- ple (Kov. 22). New York followed ( ov. 23). Other provinces took measures to the same effect. American JUble Society. See BIBLE SOCIETY. American Colonization Society. See COLONIZATION SOCIETY, A1>IERICAN. American Learned Societies, most of which are located or have branches in New York City: ACTUARIAL SOCIETY OF A IERICA.-Organlzed In 1889 for the purpose of promoting actu- arial science. :Membership, 130. ALASKA. GEOGRAPHICAL 80CIETy.-Organlzed 18!:18. Iembershlp, 1,200. A'IEnIl'1\X ACADE11Y OF l\!EDICIXE.-Present mf'mbershlp, 834. A IERICAX ACADE IY OF POLITICAL AXD SOCIAL SCIE cE.-I"ounded 188!). (embers, 2,100. A IERlCAX A TIQUAnIAX SOCIETy.-Domestic IDf'mbershlp restrlC'ted to 140. A IF.RICAN ASIATIC ASSOCIATIOX. - To pro- mote the trade and commercial Interests of the citizens of the rnlted States In Asia and Oceanica. lembershlp, 2GO. A1 ERICAX ASSOCIATIOX FOR THE AD\'ANCE. ,\IE';T OF Scu;xCE.-Chartered In 1874, be- Ing a continuation of the American Asso- ciation of Geologists and Naturalists, or- ganized In 1840. Member hlp, 3,000. AMERICAN LEARNED SOCIETIES A:mmICAN BAR ASSOCIATION.-Each State is represented by one vice-president. :\Iem- bcrshlp about 1,7uO. Organized in 1878. A: IERICAN ('UE:\IICAL SOCIETY.-The society was organized In 1876. :\Iembershlp, 1. 97. A:\lEI!JCAN CLDHTOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION. A IF.llICAX DER:\IATOLUGICAL ASSOCIATIO:-O-. A IERICAN DIALECT SOCIETy.-Organlzed in 188!). :\If'mbership abuut 3 5. A:\Ir.IUCA" Ecoxo)lIC ASSOCIATIO .-The ob- jects are the study of economic sciences. A \1F.RYCA" ELECTRO-THERAPEUTIC SOCIETY. .\ 'ofF.llIC_\X E:-O-TO:\lOLOGICAL SOCIETy.-Organ- ized 1 5n; inCOl'porated 186:!. :\lewber- ship. 140. A)iERIC\.N FISHERIES SOCIETY. - Organized Verember. 1870. !lff'mbersl1ip about :!73. A \IERY(' AN FOLK-LORE SOCIETY,-Organized in 1888. Publishes A n/eriean Folk-lore. .\)U;RICAS FORESTRY ASSUCIATIO . A:\IERICAN GEXEAI.OGlCAL 80cn:'Cy.-Object- The promotion of the study of Americau genealogy. A:\IERICA GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY, - Xew York City. Organized in 183 . :\lember- ship, 1. ()O, A:\IERICAS G1.NECOLOGICAL SOCIETY. AMI-:RICA HISTORICAL ASSOCIATlOs.-Found- cd 1884; Incorporated by Congress 188U. :\Iembersbip, 1,600. A \n:RICA I:-O-STITUTE OF ARCHITECTS. - The Institute has 26 chapters, 39n fellows. 300 assoC"la tes, ::i8 corresponding and 69 hon- Ol'al"J' members. Organized In 1837. A 'oIERICAX I STITrTE OF ELECTRICAL F.SGI- Nr.;r.us.- ew York. !\Iembershlp, 1,3:>0. A 'oIEIIICA I STITUTE OF HOJlIOEOPATHY.- Organized in 18.14, and Is the oldest med- Ical organization in the United States. l\l p mbership, 2,000. Â:\IERICAN IXSTITUTE OF :\h IXG ENGI EERS. -l\If'mbershlp, 2,897. Organized In 1871. A "'I:RlCA I,ARYNGOLÜGICAL ASSOCIATIO . A:\IERICAN LmRARY ASSOCIATIO .-Organized In 1876. IncOl'porated In 1879. :\1ember- ship over 1.000. A:\n:RIC\. M_\.TIIE:\IATYCAL SOCIETY. - ew York City. :\lembership, 375. The society publishes two journals. A \lEnICAN :\IEDYCAL ASSOCIATION .-Publlshes a weekly journal. Membersbip over 11.0011. A IEmcA :\hCROSCOPICAL SOCIETY.-Organ- Izpd 1878 ; incorporated 18!n. l\Iembershlp, 300. A:\Ir.RICA:V XEUROLOGICAL ASSOCIATION.-New York City, A:\IERICAN c:\nS:\IATIC AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETy.-:\lembprship, 300. A:I[ERICA Op CII U,)[ÜI,oGICAL SOCIETY. A)IEUICAN ORIESTAL SOCII:TY, - Or anlzed f'pt. 7, 18":!. for the cultivation of learn- Ing In the Asiatic, Afl'lcan. and l"olyneslan languages. :\lember8hip, 380. A:lILRICA OR ITHOLOGISTS' 'VNION. - Mem. bershlp, 734, A:lIEnICAN ORTHOPEDIC ASSOCIATION. A)IEnICAN PHILOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION. - \lembershlp about 5:iO. A:\IERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY.-Phlla- delphia, Object - For promoting useful knowledge. Founded In 1743. ITas OO resident and 300 non-resident members. A)n RICAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY. A n nICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION.- Organized in 189 for .. the advancement of psychology." :\Iembershlp, 1:!0. A:\IERICA PuBLIC HEALTH ASSOCIATION. A IEnICAN SOCIAL SCIENCE ASSOCIATION.- Xew York City. Founded In 186:>. A:I[J.:RICAN SOCIETY OF CIVIL F.NGlNEERS.- ew Yorl{ City. Has 2.:i00 members. In- stituted In IS:>:!. A n;RICAN SOCIETY OF CURIO COLLECTORS.- :\lembership, 300. A)[L:RICAN SOCIETY OF :\IECHA ICAL ENGI- XEERS.-'l'otal membership, 2,064. The so- ciety was chartered In 1881. A:\II-;RICAN SOCIETY OF ATURALISTS. A;\IERICAN STATISTICAL ASSOCIATION.-l\Iem- bership, ã3(i. Organized 183!}. A:\IERICAN Sl:RGYCAL ASSUCIATION. ARCHAEOLOGICAL I:VSTITUTE OF A:lIERICA (N ew York Society). ASSOCIATION OF A:lIERICA:V ANATo nSTS, ASSOCIATIn OF A:\IERICA PHYSICIANS. ASTRONO;\IICAL AND PlI1.SICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA. BOTANICAL SOCIETY OF A:\IERICA. GEOI.OGICAL SOCIET1. OF A:\IERICA,-Soclety founded in 18SS. Has 45 fellows. Pub- lishes Bulletin of tile Geological Society of A n/('1"ica. XATJOXAL ACADE:\IY OF Dy.;sIGx.-Xew York ('ltv. Foundf'd In 18:!6, 9 atlonal Ac demll"Îans: 70 associates. ATW AL ACAIIE)IY 01<' CIE CEs.-The acad- ('my, incorporated by act of Congress, l\[arrh 3. lSf): , There al'e at present 8U members and :!8 foreign associates. ATIONA1. AUTS CLcB.-Xew York City. Or- ganized In 18n:). :X"TIO AL Dy.; T_\L ASSOCIATIOS. ATIONAL EDCCATIONAL ASSOCIATlOs,-Wash- ington, D. C. 2,800 active members and about 10,000 associates. !\ATYONAL GJ:OGRAPHYC SOCIETY.-"'ashlng- ton, D. f'. It publishes a monthly maga- zine. There are 2.:íOO members, X -\TIONAL SCYH.PTrRE SOCYETy.-:..'ew York City. Incorporated In 18!}f.. XF.W YORK 7.00l.0GYCAL OCIETY.-The Zoo- logical Park is under the management of the society. SC'1E TIFIC AI.LIASCE OF NEW YORK.-The Council of the dentlftc Alliance Is com- pospd of three delegates from each of eight scien tlfic societleR. OCrETY ".OR TIlE PRO;\IOTION OF AGllICL'LT- CRAL 8CIF.SCE. 80CIETY OF A:\IF.UICA:V ARTISTS.- ew York C'fty. Annual exhibition. :\If'mbers, 110. SOf'lETY OF A:\IERYCAN ArTHoRs.-Object- The advanrpmpnt of the Interests and the protection of the rights of authors. Mem- bersbip over 400. SOCIETY OF CHr.'onCAL I [)USTRY ( ew York 8ectlon) .-:\Iembershlp. 871. SOCIETY OF AY_U. ARCHITECTS AND MARISE F.SOJXF.F.Rs.-Object-The promotion of tbe art of sblp-bulldlng, commercial and naval. Incorporated, Headquarters, ew York City, :\lembersblp, 775. r:-lIYERSITY F.XTEXSIO:V o('rETY.-Pbllade'" rhla. Incorporated In 1802. I Q<) - AMERICAN NATIONAL ARBITRATION BOARD American National Arbitration Board. The industrial department of the National Civic Federation called a confe ence of the leading capitalists and labor representatives to meet in Kew York City Dec. 16, 1901. On Dec. Ii the meeting appointed thirty-six repre- sentative men to form a pel"manent boal'd of arbitration. The men selected were: ')'0 Represcnt Capital. - :Marcus A. Hanna, United States Senator; Charles I. Schwab, president of the United States Steel Corporation; S. R. Callaway, presi- dent of the American Locomotive Com- pany; Charles A. :i\loore, president of the American Tool Company; John D. Rocke- feller, Jr., Standard Oil Compan)'; H. H. Vreeland, president of the Metropolitan Street Railway; Lewis Ni'\:on, owner of the Crescent Ship-yard, Elizabethport, N. J.; J am{'s A. Chambers, president of the American Glass Company, Pittsburg; \YiJ1iam H. Pfahler, president of the Xa- tional Stove :Manufacturers' Association, Philadelphia; Julius Kruttschnitt, as- sistant to the president of the Southern Pacific Railroad; E. P. Ripley, presiùent of the Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe Railroad; Marcus 1\1. Marks, president of the National Association of Clothing Ian- ufacturers. To Reprcsent Labor.-Samuel GompPl's, president of the American Federation of Labor; John ntchell, president of the United Mine \Yorkers of America; Frank P. Sargent, grand-master of the Brother- hood of Locomotive Firemen; Theodore P. haffer, president of the Amalgamated Association of Iron, Steel, and Tin \York- ers; James J. Duncan. first vice-presi- dent of the American Federation of La- bor; Daniel J. Keefe, president of the International Association of Longshore- men; lartin Fox, president of the Iron Moulders of America; James E. Lynch, president of the International T)"pograph- ical "Lnion; E. E. Clark, grand conductor of the Association of Railway Conductors; }f{'nry " hite, secretary of the Garment "'orkers of America: \Valter l\Iacarthur, <,ùitor of the Com:t Seamen's Journal of Ran Francisco; James O'Connell, presi- dent of the International Association of Machinists. To Reprf'scnt Cleveland, former States; Cornelius N. Bliss, former Secre- tary of the Interior; Charles Francis Adams, president of the "Cnion Pacific Railroad; Bishop Henry C. Potter, of K ew York; Archbishop John Ireland, of St. Paul; Charles \Y. Eliot, president of lIarvard Cniversity; Franklin l\lacveagh, wholesale grocer, of Chicago; James H. Eckels, bank president, Chicago; John J. )[cCook, lawyer; Jolm G. l\Iilburn, law- )-er, of Buffalo; Charles J. Bonaparte, of Baltimore; Oscar S. Strauss, mer- chant, and former minister to Turkey; secretary of the commission, Ralph M. Easley, of the Xational Civic Federa- tion. The committee met Dec. 18 and passed the fonowing resolutions: That this committee shall be known as the Industrial Department of the Xa- tional Civic Fedcration. That the scope and province of this department shall be to do what may seem best to promote industrial peace; to be helpful in establishing rightful relations behreen emplo)'ers and workers; by its good offices to endeavor to ob,-iate and prevent strikes and lockouts; to aid in re- newing industrial relations where a rupt- urp has occurred. That at all times representath-es of employers and workers, organized or un- organized, should confer for the adjust- ment of difficulties or disputes before an acute stage is reached, and thus avoid or minimize the number of strikes and lockouts. That mutual agreements as to condi- tions under whiC'h labor shan be perform- ed should be encouraged, and that wheJl agreements are made the terms tlIel"eof should be faithfully adhered to, both in lett{'r and spirit, by both parti{'s. That this department, either as a whole or a subcommittee by it appointed. shall, when required, act as a forum to adjust and decide upon questions at issue between workers and their employers, pro- vided in its opinion the subject is one of sufficient importance. That this department wj]] not consider abstract industrial prohlems. That this department assumps no power of arbitration unlpss such powers the Public. - Grover be conferred by both parties to a dis- President of the United pute. 123 AMERICAN PARTY-AMERICA'S CUP That this department shall adopt a set of by-laws for its government. Senator Hanna was chosen chairman. The other officers are: Samuel Gompers and Oscar Strauss, vice-chairmen; Charles A. Moore, treasurer, and Ralph 1\1. Easley, secretary. American Party, a political organi- zation, founded in 18.3-1, the members of which became known as " Know-nothings," because in their endeavors to preserve the secrecy of their movements they were in- structed to reply "I don't know" to any question asked in reference to the pal'ty. It was at first a secret political organi- zation, the chief object of which was the proscription of foreigners by the repeal of the naturalization laws of the rnited Htates, and the e"Xclusive choice of Ameri- cans for office. The more radical members of the party advocated a purely American school s)'stem, and uncompromising oppo- sition to the Roman Catholics. Such nar- row views were incompatible with the gen- erosity and catholic spirit of enlightened American citizens. In 18.3G they nomi- nated ex-President Fillmore for the Presi- dency, who received 874,.334 popular and eight electoral votes; made no nominations in 18GO, but united with the Constitu- tional Lnion party, whm3e candidates, Bell and Everett, received 5!)0,ü:n popular and thirt)'-nine elctoral votes; n>appeared with a ticket in 1880, which received 707 popular votes; and again in 1 88, when 1,1)91 votes were cast for the party candi- dates in California; and have made no nominations since. See KNOW-NOTIIlXG })ARTY. American Protective Association, a s('cret organization which acquired noto- l'i('ty first in 1890-95, and according to popular belief was opposed to the Catho- lic Church. According to W. .T. II. Tray- nor, its president, " it is neither a religious body nor an institution adverse to the re- ligion.per se, of any person, sect, or faith." American School of Classical Stud- ies, an institution founded in Athens, Greece, in 1882. It is a branch of the Archæologica.l Institute of l\ml.'rica, and is supported through an independent com- mittpe of represpntatives from a number competition open to the yachts of all na- of American colleges, each of which con- tions in 1851. The cup was won by the tributes $250 a year for this purpose. It Boston - built schooner - yacht ...tmerica was erected by private subscriptions, upon Since then there were challenge contests 124 a site given by the Greek government, and is valued, together with its grounds, at $4G,000. The endowlllpnt is about $50,000. Aside from the stud)' of known remains of Greek art and civili.t:ation, the school has engaged ill independent eXl.'QXatiolls at Eretria and Argos, with valuable results. Associated with it are similar institu- tions supported by the German, English, French, and Greek go\'ernments. American System, a phrase used to e prl'ss the policy of protection to home industries by means of duties on imports; applied by Henry Clay to his scheme for protective duties and internal improve- ments. which resulted in tile enactment of the tariff bill of 1824. See FREE TRADE; PROTECTION. America's Cup, the popular name of a yachting trophy originally called the Queen's Cup, which was offered hy the Royal Yacht Squadron of England in a J../ '" ..", f . . ., ',,{ y; '''if !-f.: - \";à 1 - . - .'-. - . ' ,,"g,:lfl:t : ...'" I : (ctWlo..r.r,'! "" - '. ..... þ..- , " 'r l . T, \t"-< ,'. , -= ::... AMERICA'8 C[:P. AMERICUS VESPUCIUS in 1870, 1871, 1876, 1881, 1883, 1886, His complaints Wel"e dismissed and he as 1887, 18D3, 1895, 18!)!), 1901, and 1903, dropped from the list of members of the and in each instance the cup was defended New York Yacht Club, under whose auspices with success. In 1895, Lord Dunraven's the races had been held. One of the most yacht, ralkyrie, after having been de- notable of the several contests was that in feated in one race, won the second, but 1903, when Sir Thomas Lipton sailed the was deprived of the victory because of a Hhamrock Ill. against the American de- foul. The Englishman claimed that he fender RcZ'iancc. The contest was charac- had been cheated, and refused to race terized by the highest type of international again. He charged the American yachts- courtesy and good feeling, although the men with unsportsmanlike conduct, and Shamrock Ill. had a series of mishaps and vi:Úted this country to press his charges. in the third race was unable to finish. AMERICUS VESPUCIUS )'ear before), passed along the coast of Venezuela, crossed the Caribbean Sea to Santo Domingo, kidnapped some natives of the AntiHes, and returned to Spain in June, 1500, and sold his victims for slaves to Spanish grandees. In May, 1501, Ves- pucius, then in the service of the King of l)ortugal, sailed on his second voyage to America, exploring the coaoSt of Brazil. In 1503 he commanded a caravel in a Aquad- ron destined for America, but parted com- pany with the other vessels, and off the coast of Brazil discovered the Bay of All- Saints. He then ran along the coast 260 leagues, and, taking in a cargo of Brazil wood, returned to Lisbon in 1504. He entered the Spanish service again in 1505, was made chief pilot of the realm, and again voyaged to America. In 1504 Ves- pucius, in a letter to the Duke of Lor- raine, gave an account of his four voy- ages to the New \Vorld, in whiC'h was given the date of May 29, 14Ð7, as the time when he sailed on his first voyage. That was a year earlier than the discovery of the continent of South America by Co- lumbus and of North America by Cabot, and made it appear that Vespucius was inspired the Florentine with an ardent de- the firAt discoverer. After the death of sire to make a voyage to the newly found Columbus, in 1506. a friend of Vespucius continent, and he was gratified when, in proposed to the Academy of Cosmography 14 D, he sailed from Spain with Alonzo at Strasburg, upon the a.uthority of the de Ojeda as an adventurer and selt-con- falsely dated letter. to give the name stituted geographer of the expedition. "America" to the \Vestern Continent in Ojeda followed the track of Columbus in compliment to its "first discoverer." It his third voyage, and discovered moun- was done, and so Columbus and Cabot were tains in South America when off the coast both deprived of the honor of having their of Surinam. He ran up the coast to the names associated with the title of this mouth of the Orinoco River (where Co- continent by fraud. Vespucius died in lumbus had discovered the continent the Seville, Feb. 2, 1512. 125 Americus Vespucius, navigator; born in Florence, :March 9, 1451. \Vhen Colum- bus was in Seville pr<,paring for llÎs second voyage, Vespucius was there as a commer- cial agent of the Medici family of Flor- ence, and he became personally acquainted with the discoverer. That acquaint nce r Þ -.,. "" H :: ,'J ', , r "\ , . ,, . ' ' \' \: '\ ì --:, >- <) , , \. ''" '\\. ,, . > \' \. ' . \ .'.' "" ' ( ; '\ , ,. ' IIJ I / \ , ./ j{ ,.. //./ 'IV '__' . \ <'. t , 6;:ßI) ',: / ,/ J -;/ ///.); J ," i ) I ,f/t. > ,Y:, A'IERICUS VESPUCIUS. AMERICUS VESPUCIUS fair example and instruction of the ven- erable monk friar of Saint Mark Fra Giorgio Antonio Yespucci: whose counsels and teaching would to God that I had fol- lowed: for as saith Pptrarch, I should be another man than what I am. Howbeit )[agnificent Lord. .\fter humble rever- soever, I grieve not: because I have ever enee and due commendations, etc. It may taken delight in worthy matters: and al- be that Jour Magnificence will be sur- though these trifles of mine may not be prised by (this eonjU1/Ction of) my rash- suita.ble to your virtues, I will say to you ]less a.nd your customary wisdom, in tha.t as said Pliny to 1\Iæcenas, ;you were some- r should so absurdly bestir m;yself to time wont to take pleasure in my prat- write to ;your Magnificence, the present tlings: even though your Magnificence be so-prolix letter; knowing (as I do) that continuously busied in public affairs, you your :Magnificence is continually employed will take some hour of relaxation to con- in high councils and affairs concerning sume a little time in frivolous or amusin th{> good government of this sublime Re- things: and as fennel is customarily given public. And will hold me not only pre- atop of delicious viands to fit them for sumptuous, but also idly-meddlesome in bÜter digestion, so may you, for a relif'f setting myself to write things, neither from your so heavy occupations, order suitable to your station, nor entertaining, this letter of mine to be read: so that and written in barbarous style, and out- they may withdraw you somewhat from side of every canon of polite literature: the continual anxiety and assiduous re- but my confidence which I have in your flection upon public affairs: and if I shall virtues and in the truth of my writing, be prolix, I crave pardon, my :Magnificent which are things (that) are not found Lord. Your 1\Iagnificence shall know that written neither by the ancients nor by the motive of my coming into this realm modern writers, as your Magnificence will of Spain was to traffic in merchandise: in the sequel perceive. make me bold. The and that I pursued this intent auout four chief cause which moved (me) to write years: during which I saw and knew the to you, was at the request of the present inconstant shiftings of Fortune: and how bearer, who is named Benvenuto Ben- she kept changing those frail a.nd transi- venuti our Florentine (fellow-citizen), tory benefits; and how at one time she very much, as it is proven, your 1\Iagnifi- holds man on the summit of the wheel, cence's servant, and my very good friend: and at another time drives him back from who happening to be here in this city of her, and despoils him of \\ hat may be Lisbon, begged that I should make com- called his borrowed riches: '"0 that, know- munication to ;your Magnifioence of the ing the continuous toil which man under- things secn hy me in divers regions of the goes to win them, submitting himself to world, by virtue of four voyages which I so many anxieties and risks, I resolved to have made in discovery of new lands; two n.handon trade, and to fix my aim upon b ' order of the king of Castile, King Don somE'thing more praiseworthy and stable: Ferrando VI., across the great gulf of the whence it was that I made preparation Ocean-sea, towards the west: and the for going to see part of the world and its other two by command of the puissant wonders: and herefor the time and plal"f" King Don Manuel King of Portugal, pr"escnted themselves most opportunely to towards the south: 're11ing me that ;\'our me: which was that the King Don Fer- Ma ific('llce would takE' pleasure thereof, ran do of Casti1e bcing about to despatch and that herein he hoped to do )'ou SE'r- four ships to discover new lands toward vice: wherefore I set me to do it: because th<> west, I was chosen by his Highness to I am assured that your ::\Iagnificenee holds go in that fleet to aid in makin diseov- mE' in the number of your servants, rem em- cry: and we set out from thf' port of Cadiz bering that in the time of our youth I on the 10 day of May 14Dï, and took our was your friend, and now (am your) ser- route through the great gulph of the vant: and (remembrring our) going to Ocean-sea: in which voyage we were hear the rudin1f'nts of grammar under the eighteen months (engaged): and discov- 12G His First royage.-He started from Cadiz on Ma.y 10, 1497, and returned to that city on Oct. 15, 1498. His letter to Pier Soderini, gonfalonier of the repub- lic of Florence, is as follows: AMERICUS VESPUCIUS ered much continental land and innumer- to parley with us: so that, as the nigl1t able islands, and great part of them in- was now coming on, and as the ships were habited; whereas there is no mention made anchored in a dangerous place, being on a by the ancient writers of them: I believe, rough and shelterless coast, we decided to because they had no knowledge thereof: remove from there the next day, and to for, if I remember well, I have read in go in search of some harbour or bay, some one (of thosc u'riters) that he con- where we might place our ships in safety: sidered that this Ocean-sea was an un- and we sailed with the maestrale wind, peopled sea: and of this opinion was thus running along the coast with the Dante our poet in the xxvi. chapter of land ever in sight, continually in our the Inferno, where he feigns the death course observing people along the shore: of Ulysses: in which voyage I beheld till after having navigated for two days, things of great wondrousness as your we found a place sufficiently secure for :Magnificence shall understand. As I said the ships, and anchored half a league from ahove, we left the port of Cadiz four con- land, on which we saw a very great num- sort ships: and began our voyage in direct bel' of people: and this same day we put course to the Fortunate Isles, which a.re to land with the boats, and sprang on called to-day la gran Canaria, which are shore full 40 men in good trim: and still situated in the Ocean-sea at the extremity the land's people appeared shy of converse of the inhabited west, (and) set in the with us, and we were unable to encourage third climate: over which the North Pole them so much as to make them come to has an elevation of 27 and a half degrees speak with us: and this day we laboured heyond their horizon: and they are 280 so greatly in giving them of our wares, leagues distant from this city of Lisbon, such as rattles and mirrors, beads, by the wind between mezzo di and libeccio: spalline, and other trifles, that some of where we remained eight days, taking in them took confidence and came to discourse provision of water, and wood and other with us: and after having made good necessary things: and from here, having friends with them, the night coming on, said our prayers, we weighed anchor, and we took our leave of them and returned to gave the sails to the wind, beginning our the ships: and the next day when the course to westward, taking one quartf'r dawn appeared we saw that there were by south-west: and so we sailed on till at infinite numbers of people upon the beach, the end of 37 days we reached a land and they had their women and children which we deemed to be a continent: which' with them: we went ashore, and found is distant westwardly from the islcs of that they were all laden with their worldly Canary about a thousand leagues beyond goods which are suchlike as, in its the inhabited region within the torrid (proper) place, shall be related: and be- zone: for we found the North Pole at an ele- fore we reached the land, many of them vation of lG degrees above its horizon, and jumped into the sea and came swimming (it was) westward, according to the shew- to receive us at a bowshot's length (from ing of our instruments. 75 degrees from the shore), for they are very great swim- the isles of Canary: whereat we anchored mers, with as much confidence as if thpy with our ships a league and a half from had for a long time been acquainted with land: and we put out our boats freighted us: and we were pleased with this their with men and arms: we made towards the confidence. For so much as we learned of land, and before we reached it, had sight their manner of life and customs. it was of a great number of people who were that they go entirely naked, as well the going along the shore: by which we were men as the women. They are of much rejoiced: and we observed that tlley medium stature, very weB proportioned: were a nakf'd race: they shewed them- their flf'sh is of a colour that verges into selves to stand in fear of us: I bplif've rpd like a lion's mane: and I believe that (it wa.'?) becau!;e they saw us clothpd and if they were clothed, they would be as of other appmrance (than their own): white as we: they have not any }lair upon they all withdrew to a hill, and for what- the body. except the hair of the head so('vcr signals wp made to thpm of peace which is long and black. and especially in and of friendliness, tIley would not come the women, whom it renders handsome; in 127 AMERICUS VESPUCIUS aspect they are not very good-looking, be- or captured any of them, his oldest kins- cause they have broad faces, so that they man rises up and goes about the highways seem Tarta-r-like: they let no hair grow haranguing them to go with him and On their eyebrows, nor on their eyelids, nor a venge the death of such his kin8lllan: elsewhere except the hair of the head: and so are they stirred up by fellow-feel- for they hold hairness to be a filthy ing: they have no judicial sys-tem, nor do thing: they are very light-footed in walk- they punish the ill-doer: nor does the ing and in running, as well the men as father, nor the mother chastise the chil- the womcn: so that a woman reeks nothing dren: and marvel]ous]y (seldom) or never of running a league or two, as many times did we see any dispute among them: in wc sa.w them do: and herein they have a their conversation they appear simple, and vpry great advantage over us Christians: they are very cunning and acute in that they swim (u. ith an expertness) beJ'ond all which concerns them: they speak little belief, and the women better than the and in a low tone: they use the sa.me men: for we have many times found and articulations as we, since they form their seen them swimming two leagues out at utterances either with the palate, or with sea without anything to rest upon. Their the teeth, or on the lips: except that they arms a.re bows and arrows very well give difrerent names to things. lUany are made, save that (the arrows) are not the varieties of tongues: for in e\Cry 100 (tipped) with iron or any other kind of leagues we found a change of language, hard metal: and instead of iron they put so that they are not understandable eaeIl animals' or fishes' teeth, or a spike of to the other. The manner of their living tough wood. with the point hardened by is very barbarous, for they do not pat at fire: they are sure marksmen for thcy hit certain hours, and as oftentimes as they whatever they aim at: and in some places will: and it is not much of a boon to them the women use these ùows: they have other that the will ma:y come more at midnight weapons, such as fire-hardened spears, and than by day, for they eat at all hours: also clubs with knobs, beautifully caned. and they eat upon the ground without a \Varfare is used amongst them, which table-cloth or any other cover, for they they carryon against people not of their have their meats either in eartll<'n basins own language, very cruelly, without gra-nt- which they make themselves, or in the ing life to anyone, except (to reserve hah'es of pumpkins: they sleep in certain him) for greater suffering. \Vhen they go very la.rge nettings made of cotton, to war, they take their women with them, suspenùed in the air: and although this not that these may fight, but because they their (fashion of) slcpping may seem un- carry behind them their worldly gooùs, comfortable, I say that it is sweet to for a woman carries on her back for sleep in those (nettings): and we slept thirty or forty leagues a load which no better in them than in the counterpanes. man could bear: as we have many times They are a people smooth and clean of spen them do. They are not accustomed body, because of so continually washing to have any Captain, nor do they go in themselves as they do. Amongst any ordered array, for everyone is lord tllOse people we did not learn that they of himself: and the cause of their wars had any law, nor can thcy be called is not for lust of dominion, nor of extend- ]\foors nor Jews, and (thrJf arc) worse ing' their frontiers, nor for inordinate than pagan!':: heeaUf;e we did not oh"ierve ('ovetousnes , but for some ancient enmity that they offered any sacrificp: nor ('v('n which in bY-g'one times arose amongst had they a house of pray('r: tlwir mann('r them: a.nd when asked why thpy made of Jiyin a I judO'e to be Epicurean: th('ir war, they knew not any other rpason to dwellin;'J a're ""'in common: and t1wir give than that they did so to avpnge the houses (ard made in tllP style of hut!'!, dpath of their ancestors, or of tllPir par- but strongly madp, and conf;truct('rl with pnts: thpse people have neither King, nor very large trees. and cO\'pred owr with T..ord, nor do thpy yield obedience to any palm-Ieave , spcurp against f'torms an,l one, for they IÍ\'e in their own liberty: winds: and in !"ome pla("es (t hr!l arp) of and how they be stirred up to go to war so great brmdth and length. that in OIH" iij (this) that whpn the enemies have slain Bingle hou!'e we found tllere were GOO 128 AMERICUS VESPUCIUS souls: and we saw a village of only thir- ours that we marvelled how anyone es- teen houses, where there were four thou- caped: for many times I saw that with sand souls: every eight or ten days they a man sick of fever, when it heightened change their habitations: and when asked upon him, they bathed him from head why they did so: (they said it was) be- to foot with a large quantity of cold cause of the soil which, from its filthiness, water: then they lit a great fire around was already unhealthy and corrupted, and him, making him turn and turn again that it bred aches in their bodies, which every two hours, until they tired him and seemed to us a good reason; thcir riches left him to sleep, and many were (thus) consist of birds' plumes of many colours, cured: with this they make use of dieting, or of rosaries which they make from fish- for they remain three days without eat- bones, or of white or green stones which ing, and also of blood-letting, but not they put in their cheeks and in their lips from the arm, only from the thighs and and ears, and of many other things which the loins and the calf of the leg: also we in no wise value: they use no trade, they provoke vomiting with their herbs tJley neither buy nor sell. In fine, they which are put into the mouth: and they live and are contented with that which use many other remedies which it would nature gives them. The wealth that we be long to relate: they are much vitiated enjoy in this our Europe and elsewhere, in the phlegm and in the blood because such as gold, jewels, pearls, and other of their food which consists chiefly of riches, they hold as nothing: and although roots of herbs, and fruits and fish: they they have them in their own lands, they have no seed of wheat nor other grain: and do not labour to obtain them, nor do they for their ordinary use and feeding, they value them. They are liberal in giving, have a root of a tree, from which they for it is rarely they deny you any- make flour, tolerably good, and they ca.II thing: and on the other hand, liberal in it Iuca, and another which they call asking, when they shew themselves your Cazabi, and another Ignami: they eat lit- friends. When they die, they use tIe flesh except human flesh: for your divers manners of obsequies, and some Magnificence must know that herein they they bury with water and victuals at their are so inhuman that they outdo every heads: thinking that they shall have custom (even) of beasts; for they eat all (u:hereof) to eat: they have not nor do their enemies whom they kill or capture, they use ceremonies of torches nor of lam- as well females as males with so much entation. In some other places, they savagery, that (merely) to relate it ap- use the most barbarous and inhuman pears a horrible thing: how much more 80 burial which is that when a suffering or to see it, as, infinite times and in many infirm (person) is as it were at the last. places, it was my hap to see it: and they pass of death. his kinsmen carry him into wondered to hear us say that we did not a large forest, and attach one of those eat our enemies: and this your Magnifi- nets of theirs, in which they sleep, to cence may take for certain, that their two trees, and then put him in it, and other barbarous customs are such that ex- dance around him for a whole da,y: and pression is too weak for the reality: and when the night comes on they place at as in these four voyages I have seen so his bolster, water with other victuals, so many things diverse from our customs. that he may ùe able to subsist for four or I prepared to write a common-place-book six days: and then they leave him alone which I name LE QUATI'RO GIORNATE: in and return to the village: and if the sick w1l.ich I have set down the greater part man helps himself, and eats, and drinks, of the things which I saw, sufficiently in and survives, he returns to the village, and detail, so far as my feeble wit has allowed (friends) receive him with ceremony: but me: which I have not yet published, be- few are they who escape: without receiv- cause I have so ill a taste for my own ing any further visit they die, and that is things that I do not relish those which I tbeir sepulture: and they have many }wve written, notwithstanding that many other customs which for prolixity are not encourage me to publish it: therein every- related. TI\('y use in their sicknesses va- thing will be s('en in ddail:. so that I fious forms of medicines, so different from sl}all not enlarge further in this chapter: 1.--1 129 AMERICUS VESPUCIUS as in the course of the Jetter we shall come towards us across the sea, who came from to many other things "hich are particu- the hou:-,cs: and as tlJ(')" '\l're dr:ming lar: let this suffiee for thc general. At Ilear to u without an - apprehem-ion; just this beginning, "e saw nothing in the land then there a P1l('a rt'd at thc uoor8 of the of much profit, except some show of gold: houses certain old womf'n uttering ycry I believe the cause of it was thi.t we did loud cries and tearing their hail' to e - not know the language: but in 1;0 far as hihit grief: whereby they made us suspi- concerns the situation and condition of cious, and we each betook ourseh-es to tllf' land, it could not be better: we de- arm;;;: and instantly the girls whom we cided to leave that place, and to go fur- had in the boats, threw themselns into ther on, continuously coasting the shore: the sea, and the men of the canoes drcw upon which we made frequent descents, away from us, and began with their bows and held converse with a great number of to shoot arrows at us: and those who people: and at the end of some days we were swimming each carried a lance held" went into a harbour where we underwent as covertly as they could, beneath the very great danger: and it pleased the water: so that, recognizing the treachery, Holy Ghost to save us: and it was in this we engagt'd with them, not merely to de- wise. '\'e landed in a harbour, where wp fend our<:eh-es, but to a.ttack them vigor- found a village built Jike Venice upon the ously, and we overturned with our boats water: there were about 44 large dwell- many of their almadie or canoe!':, for so ings in the form of huts erected upon they call them, we made a slaughter (of very thick piles, and they had their doors them), and they all flung themselves into or entrances in the st).le of drawbridges: the water to swim, lea,-ing their canoes and from each house one could pa !I abandoned, with considerable loss on their through all, by means of the drawbridges ide, they went swimming a.way to the which stretched from house to house: and shore: thcre died of tlwlll about 1.3 or O. when the ppople thereof had 8e('n us, they and many were left wounded: and of ours appeared to be afraid of us, and immedi- 5 were wound('d, and all, by the grace of ately drew up all the bridges: and while God, escaped (death): we captured two we were looking at this strange action, of the girls and two men: and we pro- we saw coming across the sea about 2 ('eeded to their houses, and entered there- canocs, which are a kind of boat of theirs, in, and in them all we found nothing else wnstructpd from a single tree: which than two old women and a sick man: we came to"ards our boats, as they had been took away from them many things, but surprised by our appearance and clothes, of small value: and we would not burn and kept wide of us: and thus remaining, their houses, because it seemed to us (as we made signals to them that they should though that 'lcould be) a burden upon our approach us, encouraging them with con cience: and we returned to our boats c,"ery token of friendliness; and seeing with fh'e prisoners: and betook ourselves that they did not come we went to them, to the ships, and put a pa.ir of irons on and they did not stay for us, but made to the feet of each of Ule capth-e!", ncept the land, and, by 8igns, told us to wait, the little girls: and wlwn the ni ht came and thpy !"hou1d soon return: and they on, the two girls and one of the men flea went to a hill in the background, and did away in the most suhtle manner possible: not delay long: wben they returned they and the next day we decill('d to quit that led with them 16 of their girl", and cn- harbour and go further onward,,: we pro- tered with these into their canoes, and ceeded continuOlI!':ly skirting the coast, came to the boats: and in each boat thpy (until) we had sight of another tribe dis- put 4 of the girls. That we marvelled tant perhaps some 80 leagues from the a t this bebaviour your [agnificence can former tribe: aud we found them verv imagine how much. and they placed them- different in speech and customs: we r - sclves with tbeir canoes among our boats, solved to cast anchor, and wcnt ashore coming to speak with us: insomuch that witb the boats, and we saw on the beach a we deemed it a mark of friendliness: and great number of people amounting prob- while thus engaged, we beheld a p-reat ahly to 4,000 souls: and w}wn we had number of people advance S,\ imming reaehed the shore, they did not stay for us, 130 AMERICUS VESPUCIUS but betook themselves to flight through towards us, they told us that those were the forests, abandoning their things: we their dwellings, and that they had come jumped on land, and took a pathway that hither for the purpose of fishing: and led to the forest: and at the distance of a they begged that we would visit bow-shot we found their tents, where they their dwellings and villages, because they had made very large fires, and two (of de ired to receive us a.s friends: and they thern) were cooking their victuals, and engaged in such friendship because of the roasting several animals and fish of many two captured men whom we had with us, kinds: where we saw that they were roast- as these were their enemies: insomuch ing a certain animal which seemed to be a that, in view of such importunity on their serpent, save that it had no wings, and part, holding a council, we determined wa.s in its appearance so loathsome that that 28 of us Christians in good array we marvelled much at its savageness: should go with them, and in the finn re- Thus went we on through their houses, or solve to die if it should be necessary: and rather tents, and found many of those ser- after we had been here some three days, pents alive, and they were tied by the feet we went with them inland: and at three and had a cord around their snouts, so leagues from the coast we came to a vil- that they could not open their mouths, as lage of many people and few houses, for is done (in Europe) with mastiff-dogs so there were no more than nine (of these) : tlJat they may not bite: they were of where we were received with such and so such sa.vage aspect that none of us dared many barbarous ceremonies that the pen to take one away, thinking that they were suffices not to write them down: for there poisonous: they are of the bigness of a kid, were dances, and songs, and lamentations and in length an ell and a half: their feet mingled with rejoicing, and great quanti- are long and thick, and armed with big ties of food: and here we remained the claws: they have a hard skin, amI are of night: and after having been various colours: they have the muzzle and l1ere that night and half the next day, so face of a serpent: and from their snouts great was the number of people who came tllere rises a crest 1ike a saw which ex- wondering to behold us that they were tends along the middle of the back as far beyond counting: and the most aged as the tip of the tail: in fine we deemed begged us to go with them to other viI- them to be serpents a.nd venomous, and lages which wcre further inland, making (ncl'erthcless. those IJr()jJlr) ate them: we displa.y of doing us the greatest honour: found that they made bread out of little wherefore we decided to go: and it would fishes which they took from thc sea, first be impossible to tell ;you how much boiling them (then) pounding them, and honour they did us: and we went to sev- making thereof a paste, or bread, and they eral villages, so that we were nine days baked them on the embers: thus did they journeying, so that our Christians who eat them: we tried it and found that it had remained with the ships were already was good: they had 1'0 many otlwr kinds apprehensh'e concerning us: and when we of eatables, and eSIJf'cialIy of fruits and were about 18 leagues in the interior of roots, that it would be a large matter to the laml, we resol\'Cd to return to the df'scribe them in detail: and speing that ships: and on our way back, such was the the people did not return, we df'cided not number of people, as well mcn as women, to touf'h nor take away anything of their. that came with us as far as the sea, that so as better to rf'a!'sure them: and we left it was a wondrous thing: and if any of in the tents for tJwm many of our things, us bccame weary of the march, they car- plaf'ed where they should see them, and rif'd us in their nets very refreshingly: rC'tnrllcd by night to OUl' ships: and the and in crossing the rivcrs, which are next day, when it was light Wf' saw on many and very largp, they passed us over the bf'aeh an infinitf' numh!'r of people: by skilflll nW:lns AO Reellrcly that we ran and we la1\(If'I): a 1\(1 al though t hey a p- no dang-f'r whaten'J", and many of them pr-an.d timorous towards HR, tlwy took f':Imp ladf'n with tll(' thing!'! which t!u'y couragf' nf'vf'rthelf'ss to hfJlù conven;p with had givf'n us, which f'onsistf'd in thf'il' HE, gh-ing liS whatl'vf'r we a!->ked of them: sleeping-nets, and very rich feathf'rs, and shewing themselves very friendly many bows and arrows, innumerable 131 AMERICUS VESPUCIUS popin-jays of divers colours: and others dissimilarities of form: they have nu brought with them loads of their house- horses nor mules, nor, saving your rever- hold goods, and of animals: but a greater ence, asses nor dogs, nor any kind of sheep marvel which I tell you, that, when we or oxen: b\lt bO numerous are the other had to cross a river, he deemed himself animals which they have, and all are lucky \Vho was able to carry us on his savage, and of none do they make use for back: and when we reached the sea, our their service, that they cuuld not be count- boats having arrived, we entered into ed. What shall we say of others (such them: and so great was the struggle which as) birds! which are so numerous, and of they made to get into our boats, and to so many kinds, and of such various-col- come to see our ship , that we marvelled oured plumages, that it is a marvel to be- (thereat): and in our boats we took as hold them. The soil is very pleasant and many of them as we could, and made our fruitful, full of immense woods and way to the ships, and so many (others) forests: and it is always green, for the came swimming that we found ourselvP8 foliage never drops off. The fruits a,re so embarrassed in seeing so many people in man)" that they are numberless and en- the ships, for there were o\"er a. thousand tirely different from ours. This land is persons all naked and unarmed: they were within the torrid zone, close to or just amazed by our (nautical) gear and eon- under the parallel described by the Tropic trivances, and the size of the ships: and of Cancer: where the pole of the horizon with them there occurred to us a \"Cry has an elevation of 23 degrees, at the ex- laughable affair, which was that we de- tremity of the second climate. Many cided to fire off some of our great guns. tribes came to see us, and wondered at our and when the explosion took place, most faces and our whiteness: and they asked us oi them through fear cast themselves whence we came: and we gave them to un- (illto the sea) to swim, not otherwise than derstand thatwe had come from heaven,and frogs on the margins of a pond, when they that we were going to see the w_orld, and t>ee something that frightens them, will they believed it. In this land we placed jump into the water, just so did those baptismal fonts, and an infinite (number people: and those who remained in the of) people were baptised, and they called ships were so terrified that we regretted us in their language Carabi, which means our action: however we reassured them men of great wisdom. 'Ve took our de- by telling them that with those arms we parture from that port: and the province slew our enemies: and when they had is called Lariab: and we navigated along amused themselves in the ships the whole the coast, always in sight of land, until day, we told them to go away becauE:e we we had run 8iO leagues of it, still going desired to depart that night, and so sepa- in the direction of the maestrale (north- rating from us with much friendship and tl"('st) making in our course many halts, love, they went a.way to land. Amongst and holding intercourse with many peo- that people and in their land, I knew and pIes: and in several places we obtained beheld so many of their customs and ways gold by barter but not much in quantity, of living, that I do not care to enlarge for we had done enough in discovering the upon them: for Your fagnificence must land and learning that t.hey had gold_ know that in each of my voyages I have We had now been thirteen months on the noted the most wonderful things, and I voyage: anrl the ves"cls and the tackling have indited it all in a volume after the were already much damaged, and the men manner of a geography: and I entitle it worn out hy fatigue: we decided by gen- ,. Le quattro Giornate": in which work eral council to haul our ships on land and the things are comprised in detail, and examine them for the purpose of stanch- as yet there is no copy of it given out, as ing leaks, as they made much water, and it is necessary for me to revise it. This of caulking and tarring them afresh, and land is ,'ery populous, and full of inhabi- (then) returning towards Spain: and tants, and of numberless rivers, (and) when we came to this determination, we animals: few (of which) resemble ours, '\ere close to a harbour the best in the excepting lions, panthers, stags, pigs, world: into which we entered with our goats, and deer: and cnn these have some vessels: where we found an immense num- 132 AMERICUS VESPUCIUS bel' of people: who received us with much land: where we found (assembled) about friendliness: and on the shore we made 400 men, and many women, and all naked a bastion with our boats and with barrels like the former (peoples). They were of and casks, and our artillery, which com- good bodily presence, and seemed right manded every point: and our ships hav- warlike men: for they were armed with ing been unloaded and lightcned, we drew their weapons, which are bows, arrows, them upon land, and repaired them in and lances: and most of them had square everything that was needful: and the wooden targets and bore them in such wise land's people ga.ve us very great assist- that they did not impede the drawing of ance: and continually furnished us with the bow: and when we had come with our their victuals: so that in this port we boats to about a bowshot of the land, they tasted little of our own, which suited our all sprang into the water to shoot their game well: for the stock of provisions arrows at us and to prevent us from leap- which we had for our return-passage was ing upon shore: and they had all their little and of sorry kind: where (-i.e., there) bodies painted of various colours, and we remained 37 days: and went many (uere) plumed with feathers: and the in- times to their villages where they paid terpreters who were with us told us that us the greatest honour: and ( now) de- when ( those) displayed themselves so siring to depart upon our voyage, they painted and plumed, it was to betoken that made complaint to us how at certain times they wanted to fight: and so much did of the year there came from over the sea they persist in preventing us from land- to this their land, a race of people very ing, that we were compelled to play with cruel, and enemies of theirs: and ( who) our artillery: and when they heard the ex- by means of treachery or of violence slew plosion, and saw one of them fall dead, many of them, and ate them: and some they all dr w back to the land: wherefore, tlley made captives, and carried them away forming 0\1.1' council, we resolved that 42 to their houses, or country: and how they of our men should spring on shore, and, eould scarcely contrive to defend them- if they waited for us, fight them: thus selves from them, making signs to us that having leaped to land, with our weapons, (those) were an island-people and lived they advanced towards us, and we fought out in the sea about a hundred leagues for about an hour, for we had but little ad- away: and so piteously did they tell Wi vantage of them, except that our arbalas- this that we believed them: and we prom- tel's and gunners killed some of them, and ised to awnge them of so much wrong: they wounded certain of our men: and and they remained overjoyed herewith: this was because they did not stand to re- and many of them offered to come along ceive us within reach of lance-thrust for with us, but we did not wish to take them sword-blow: and so much vigour did we for many reasons, save that we took seven put forth at last, that we came to sword- of them, on condition that they should play, and when they tasted our weapons, come (i. e., return home) afterwards in they betook themselves to flight through (their o1Vn) canoes because we did not de- the mountains and the forests, and left us sire to be obliged to take them back to conquerors of the field with many of them their country: and they were contented: dead and a good number wounded: and and sO we departed from those people, for that day we took no other pains to leaving them very friendly towards us: pursue them. because we were very weary, amI having repaired our ships, and sailing and we returned to our ships, with so for "even days out to sea between north- much gladness on the part of the seven east and east: and at the end of the men who Imd come with us tllat tIleY seven days we came upon the islands, could not contain themselves (for joy): which werf' many, some (of them) in- and when the next day arrived, we beheld habited, and others desertf'd: and we coming across the la d a great number anehon>d at one of them: wkere we saw of people, with signa-Is of battle, continu- a numerous people who called it Hi: and ally sounding horns, and various other having manned our boats with strong instruments which they usp in their wa.rs: crews, and (taken ammunition for) three and all (of them) painted and feathered, cannon-shots in each, we made for so that it was a very strange sight to be. 133 AMERICUS VESPUCIUS hold them: wherefore all the ships held ("'uncil, and it was re olnd that since this people d ired ho!-tility with us, wc hould proceed to em'01l1ltpr thell1 ami try by evcl'y mea ns to make them fripnds: in ea e they would not have our frieml!'òhip, that we should tn.at them as foes, and sO many of them as '\e might be able to capt- ure should all he our slaves: and having armed ourselves as ],est we could, we ad- vanced towards the shore, and they sought not to hinder us from landing, 1 helie\'e from fear of the cannons: and we jumped on land, 5; men in four squadrons, eaeh one (consisting of) a captain and his company: a.nd we came to blows with them: and after a long ba ttIe (in 'which) many of them (were) slain, we put them to flight, and pursued them to a village, having made about 230 of them captives, and we burnt the village, and returned to our ships with victory a.nd 250 prisoners, leaving many of them dead and wounded, and of ours there were no more than one killed, and 22 wounded, who all escaped (i. e., recovered), God be thanked. \Y e arranged our departure, and seven men, of whom five were wounded, took an island- canoe, and with seven prisoners that we ga ve them, four women and three men, re- turned to their (own) country full of ladness, wondering at our strength: and we thereon made sail for Spain with 2 2 captive slaves: and reached the port of Cal is (Cadiz) on the 13th day of October, 1498, where we were well rpeeived and sold our slaves. Such is what befell me, most noteworth;y, in this my first voyage. His Third royage.-The following is his account of his third voyage, as detailed in letters to (1) PierSoderini,and (2) Lo- renzo Pietro Francesco de' :Medici. was ashed to ('omp to Li hon, to c(lnfpr \\ ith his Highness. \\!to 1'J"(lIl1is('11 to :,ho\V JIlP fa\or. I \\"IS lIot illl'lim',1 to go, and I (Jp:-.pa tdlc.1 t hf' nll'!-:--I'ngl'r \\ it h a )"I'pl.v that I was nnt well, but that. \\ hen I had rl'ell\'l'red, if his lliglulf'sS ::,till wished for JIlY services, I \\ouM cOllie as soon as he might send for me. Speing that he could not ha,-e me, he arranged to send ( iuliano di 13artholollleo di Gioconclo for me, he heing in Lishon, with instructions that, come what might, he should bring me. The said (;iuliano came to Seville and pra - d so hard that I was forced to go. I - departure was taken ill by many who knew me, for I left Castile where honor "as done me, and \\ here the King lIPId me in good esteem. It was worse that I went without bidding farewell to my host. When I was pre:ailed from this port of Lisbon with thrpe ships on the 10th of l\IardJ, }')01, shaping our course direct for the island of Grand Canary. \Ye passf'd without sighting it, and eontimled along the west coast of Africa. On this coast we made our fishery of a sort of fish called pm"chi. \Ve remained three days, and then came to a port on the coaHt of Ethiopia called 11c.e toward" the south in the Atlantic Gulf. We departed from this port of 1. l-:thiopia, and steerpd to the south-west, Being afterwards in Seville, resting taking a quarter point to the south until, from so many labors that I had endured after sixty-seven days. we came in sight of during these' two voyages, and intending land, which was 700 leagues from the to return to the land of pearls, Fortune said port to the south-west. In those showed that she was not content with sixty-sp\-cn days we had the \\orst time these my labors. I know not how there t hat man e,-pr cnfore our the hill, and showed themselves to be much eyes, showing us many pieces, and then astonisllPd at the things. On that day eating them. The men made signs how we were only able to obtain water. they had killed the other two Christians Next morning we saw from the ship and eaten them. 'Vhat shocked us much that the people on shore had made a great was seeing with our eyes the cruelty with smoke; and, thinking it was the signal to which they tr(>ated the dead, which was an us, we went on shore, where we found that intolerahle insult to all of UH. many people had come, but they still kept Having arranged that more than forty at a distance from us. They made signs of us should land and avenge such cruel to us that we Rhould come inland with murder and so bestial and inhuman an them. Two of our Christians were, there- act, the principal captain would not give fore, sent to ask tJwir captain for leave hiH conHPnt. \Vp d<'partpd from them un- to go with them a !'1hort diHtance inland, willingly, and with much shame caused to spe what kind of pl'ople they were, and by the deeiHion of our captain. if they had any richcs, spices. or drugs. \Ve Ipft this plac(>, and commenced The captain was contented. so th<,y got our na\Oigation by Hllaping a course be- together man T things for harter, and part- twef'n eaHt and Routh. Thus we sailed ed from UR, with instructions that they along the land. making many landingH, should not be more than fhoc days abHent s(>ping nati\Tes. but having no inteI"l"OurHf> aH we \\'oul,1 wait that tillle for tll('1I1. Ro with UIl'm. \YP sailed on until we found they set out on their road inland, and wc that the coast made a turn to the \\'est 13.3 AMERICUS VESPUCIUS when we had doubled a cape, to which we the voyage, and having seen that there ga'"e the name of the Cape of St. Auyus- was no mining wealth wlmtever in that tine. \Ve then began to shape a course land, we decided upon taking leave of it, to the south-west. The cape is distant and upon sailing across the sea for somc from the place where the Christians were other part. Having held a consultation, murrlered }.")O leagues towards the east, it was decided that the course should be and this cape is 8 0 from the equinoctial taken which seemed good to me; and the line to the south. In na,"igating, we saw command of the fleet was intrusted to me. one day a great multitude of people on I gave orders that the fleet should be sup- the beach, gazing at the wonderful sight plied with wood and water for six months, of our ships. As we sailed, we turned such being the decision of the officers of the ship towarùs them, anchored in a good the ships. Having made our departure place, and went on shore \\ ith the boats. from this land, we began our navigatiun Wc found the people to be better condi- with a southerly course on the 15th of tioned than those we had met with be- February, when already the sun moveù fore; and, responding to our overtures, towards the equinoctial, and turned tow- they soon made friends, and treated with ards our Hemisphere of the North. We us. \Ve were five days in this place, and sailed so far on this course that we found found canna {istola very thick and green, ourselves where the South Pole had a and dry on the tops of the trees. \Ve de- height above our horizon of 52 0 , and we termined to take a pair of men from this could no longer see the stars of U1'sa place, that they might teach us their JIinor or of Ursa Major. We were then language, and three of them came vol un- 500 leagues to the south of the port tarily to go to Portugal. whence we had departed, and this was on Lest your Magnificence should be tired the 3rd of April. On this day such a tel11- of so much writing, you must know that, pest arose on the sea that all our sails on leaving this port, we sailed along On a were blown away, and we ran under bare westerly course, always in sight of land, poles, with a heavy southerly gale and a continually making many landings, and tremendous sea, the air being very tem- speaking with an infinite number of peo- pestuous. The gale was such that all th(' pIe. \Ve were so far south that we were people in the fleet were much alarmed. outside the Tropic of Capricorn, where the The nights were very long, for the night f.;:outh Pole rises above the horizon 32 0 . we had on the 7th of April lasted fifteen W had lost sight altogether of Ursa Mi- hours, the sun being at the end of Aries, nor and Ursa Major, which were far below and in that region it was winter, as your and scarcely seen on the horizon. \Ve :\tagnificenee will he well aware. Sailing guided ourselves by the stal'S of the South in this storm, on the 7th of April we came Pole, which are numerous and much larger in sight of new land, along which we ran and brighter than those of our Pole. I for nearly 20 leagues, and found it all a traced the figure of the greater part of rocky coast, without any port or inhabi- those of the first magnitude, with a dec- tants. I believe this was because the cold laration of their orbits round the South was so great that no one in the fleet could Pole, and of their diameters and semi- endure it. Finding ourseh-es in such per- diameters, as may be seen in my FOUR iI, and in such a storm that we could VOYAGES. \Ve sailed along that coast for scarcely see one ship from another, owing 750 leagues, 150 from the cape called St. to the greatness of the waves and the AU!7ustinc to the west, and GOO to the blinding mist. it was agreed with the prin- south. cipal captain that a signal should he made Desiring to recount tlle things I f'aw on to the f'hips that th('y should make for that coast, and what happened to us, as lanù. and then shape a course for Por- many more leaves would not !mffiee m('. tuga1. This was very good counsel, for it On th(> coast we saw an infinite numher is certain that, if we had delayed anoUlf'r of trees, bra7.il wood and ca.ssia, and those night, all would have been lost; for, as we trees "hich yield myrrh, as well as other wore round on the next day, we ,vcre met marvels of nature which I am unable to by such a storm that we e pected to he recount. Having now bcen ten months on swamped. \Ve had to undertake pilgrim- 13fj AMERICUS VESPUCIUS it continent in that southern part, more populous and more full of animals than our Europe or Asia or Africa, and even more temperate and pleasant than any other region known to us, as will be ex- plained further on. I shall write succinct- ly of the principal things only, and the things most worthy of notice and of hcing remembered, which I either saw or lu'ard of in this new worlll, as presently will be- come manifest. \Ve set out, on a proRpcrous voyage, on the 14th of May, 1501, sailing from Lisbon, by order of the aforesaid King, with three ships, to discover new coui1tries towards the west; and we sailed towards the south continuously for twenty months. Of this navigation the order is as follows: Om' course was for the Fortunate Islands, so called formcdy, but now we called them the Grand Canary Islands, which are in the third climate, and on the confines of the inhabited west. Thence we saBell rapidly over the ocean along the coast of Africa and part of Ethiopia to the Ethi- opic Promontory, so called by Ptolemy, which is now called Cape Vel'de, and by the Ethiopians Riseghicr, and that coun- try ltfandraga, 13 0 within the Torrid Zone, on the north side of the equinoctial line. The country is inhahited by a hlack race. Having taken on board what we required, we weighed our anchors anll made sail, taking our way acros!'! the vast ocean tow- 2. ards the Antarctic Pole, with 801\1(' weRt- March (or April), 1503. ing. From the day whell we l('ft the he- Alberico Vesputio to Lorenzo Pietro dc' fore-mentioned promontory, we sailed for Mcdici, salutation. In past days I wrote tIle space of two month!'! and three days. vcry fully to you of my return from the Hitherto no land had appean'd to us in new countries, which have been found and that nu;t sea. In truth, how mudl we bad explored with the ships, at the cost, and suffered. what dangers of shipwreck, I by the command, of this Most Serene King l('ave to the jwlgnwnt of those to whom of Portugal; and it is lawful to call it a the experipnee of such thing!'! is very well new world, because none of these countries known. "7hat a t11ing it is to spek Ull- were known to our ancestors, and to all known lands, ancI how difficult. being ig- who hear about them they will be entirely norant, to narratp briefly what happened! new. For the opinion of t11P ancients was It shou 111 be known that, of the sixty- that the greater part of the world beyond scn'n da 's of our voyage. we w(lre na\'Ï- the equinoctial line to the south wa!'! not gating continuously forty-fonr. "Te had co- land, but only sea, which tll(,y have ca11('<1 piou!'! thunderstorm!'! and perturhatioJU'I, the Atlantic: and. if tllflV have affinnpd and it was so dark that we nc"('r could that any continent is tl;pre, they have S(I(I ('ithpr t}w sun in tlu' day -or the moon given many reasons for denying that it is at night. This caus('ources and fertility 'Ye took counsel, and resoln>d to navi- of the land, the salubrity of the air, the gate along the coast of this continent tow- positions of the celestial bodies in the ards the east, and never to lose sight of heavens, and, above a11, the fix(ld stars, the land. 'Ye sailed along until we came onr an eighth of the Rphcre, nc, ('I' seen by to a point where the coa!'IÌ turned to the our ancestors, ns I shnll e plnin b(llow. south. The distance from the landfa11 to As regard!'! the people: we have found this point was nearly 300 leagues. In this such a multitude in those countries that stretch of coast we often landed, and Imd no one could enumerate them, as we rpad friendly relations with the natives, as I in the Apocalypse. They are }Jcople gen- shall presently reI a te. I had forgotten to tIe and tractable, and all of both se ps go ten you that from Cape Yprde to the first naked, not covering any part of their land of this continent thp distance is near- bodies,. . . and so thpy go until their Iy 700 leagues; although I cRtimate that dcat11s. Thcy have large, square-built we went over more than 1.800. partly bodies. and well proportioned. TllI'ir eol- owing to ignorance of the route. and part- or reddiRh, which, I think, is cau!'ed by Iy owing to the tempests and fonl winds their going naked and e poscd to the Run. which drove us off our f'onrse. and sent us Their hair is plentiful and hlack. They in various directions. If my companions are agile in walking. and of quick sight. had not trusted in me, to whom cosmog- They are of a free and good-looking e'C- raphy was known, no one. not the lender pression of countenance, which they thpm- of our navigation, would lJave known sPIn',; deHtroy b ' boring thc nOHtrils and where we were after running ))00 ]cagups. lipH, the nORC anll ear!':: nor must you be- \Ye were wandering and full of errors, and lie'"e that the borings an' small, nor that only the instruments for taking thp a1ti- they only have one, for I haw s('cu those tud<,s of hpayenly bodies Ahowed us our who had no less than seH'n borings in the position. These' wpre the qundrant and face, eaeh onp the siz<, of a plutn. 'rhey astwlabe, as known to all. These have stop up these pcrforationR with blue been much usc(l h ' Ill(' with mueh IlOnor; ",tones. hits of ma r"Ic. of cl-y:..;tal. or '"<,ry for T shO\wd thc))) that n knowlpdge of 1ìnc :I1<1l.a"t('r, al!':o with Y(lIT whitp honps the marine ('hart, and tJlP I'ulps tangllt IUIIl othp]" filing!'! 111'tifì('ially ,H"pparPII a(l- hy it, ar(' more worth than all thp pilot!'! CO)"llillg to thpir f'lIstoms. \\ Ilieh. if yon in the world. For thpc;p pilots ha\'(' no eoulll scc. it ,\ould np)lP:lr a Htrangc anll knowledge beyond those places to whidl monstrous thing. One had in the um"trils 138 AMERICUS VESPUCIUS :lnll lips alone se'"en stones, of which some air. Unless they meet with violent deaths, were half a palm ill length. It will as- their li\'l's are long. I helie'Te this is be- tonihh you to heal- that I considered that cause a southerly wind is always blowing, the wpight of ::;e\ I'll sueh stones was as a south wind to them being what a north much as sixteen ounces. In each ear they wind is to us. They are expert fisher- had three perfonltions bored, whence they m n, and the sea is full of all kinds of had other stones and rings suspended. fish. They are not hunters. I think because This custom is only for the men, as the here there are many kinds of wild animals, women do nòt perforate their faces, but principally lions and bears, innumerable only their e t1's. . . . serpents, and other horrible creatures and Tlu'y have no cloth, either of wool, deformed beasts, also because there are flax, or cotton, because they have no need vast forests and trees of immense size. of it; nor have tllPY any prhTate prop- They have not the courage to face such erty, everything being in common. They dangers naked and without any defence. lh-e amongst themselves without a king or The land is very fertile, abounding in ruler, each man being his own master, and many hills and valleys and in large river!'!, ha\"Íng as many wives as they please. . . . and is irrigated by very refreshing springs. They have no temples and no laws, nor are It is co'"ered with extensive and dense they idolaters. \\"hat more can I say? forests, which are almost impenetrable, They live according to nature, and are and full of every kind of wild beast. more inclined to be Epicurean than Stoic. Great trees grow without cultivation, of They have no commerce among each other, which many yield fruits pleasant to the and they wage war without art or order. taste and nourishing to the human body; The old men make the youths do what and a great many ha\Te an opposite effect. they please, and incite them to fights, in The fruits are unlike those in our coun- which they mutually kill with great cruel- tr y; and there are innumerable different ty. They !'\laughter those who are capt- kinds of fruits and herbs, of which they ured, and the victOl's eat the \"anquished; make bread and excellent food. They also for human flesh is an ordinary article of have many seeds unlike ours. No kind food among them. You may be the more of metal has been found e cept gold, in certain of this, because I have seen a man which the country abounds, though we cat his children and wife; and I knew a ha \"e brought none back in this our first man who was popularly credited to navigation. The natives, however, assur- have eaten 300 human bodies. I was ed us that there was an immense quantity once in a ('edain city fOl' twenty-seven of gold underground, and nothing was to days, where human flesh was hung up be had from them for a price. Pearls near the honses, in the same way as we abound, as I wrote to you. expose butehel"s meat. I say further that If I was to attempt to write of all the they wel'e surprised that we did not eat species of animals, it would be a long and our enemies, and use tlH'ir flesh as food; tedious task. I belie,'e certainly that our for they !'\ay it is excellent. Their arms Pliny did not touch upon a thousandth are hows and aHOWS; amI, when they go part of the animals and birds that exist to war, they COVer no pal.t of their bodies, in this region; nor could an artist such as heing in this like beasts. \Ve did all we Policletus succeed in painting them. All could to persuade them to desist from the trees are odoriferous. and some of their evil habits, and they promised us to them emit gums, oils, or other liquors. If leave off. . . . they were our property, I do not doubt They live for 150 years, and are rarely but that they would be useful to man. sick. If they are attacked by a disease, If the terrestrial paradise is in some part they cure then1!';eh"es with the roots of of this land, it cannot be very far from some herbs. TI1f'!'1e are the most note- the coa@t we visited. It is, as I have told worthy things I know about them. TOU, in a climate where the air is te1ll- The air in this country is temperate perate at noon, being neither cold in win- anù good, as we were able to learn from tel' nor hot in summer. their accounts that there are never any The sky and air are serene during a pestilences or epidemics caused hy bad grflat part of the year. Thick vapors, l:l!) AMERICUS VESPUCIUS \\ ith fine rain falling, last for three or four hours, and then disappear like smoke. The sky is adorned with most beautiful signs amI figure'S, ill which I have noted as man ' as Í,\wnty stars as bright as we sometimes see Venus and Jupiter. I have considered the orbits and motions of these stars; and I have measured the circum- ference and diameters of the stars by a geometrical method, ascertaining which were the largest. I saw in the heaven three ('onopi, two ce1"tainly bright and the other obscure. The Antarctic Pole is not figured with a Great Bear and a Little Bear, Jike our 4\rctic Pole, nor is any hright star seen near it, and of those which go round in the R}lOrtest circuit there are thr e which have the figure of the orthog- onount with nothing, bllt the character, prim'iple, and maR!'. .\ncl in dpstrllction of thpir ohjppt. If a treaty th(' ne t p1ac(>. this ought to he ascertain- Ipft King (ieorgc his islanll. it wOll1l1 not (.d by the d('eided and gencl'al {'onl'IIITPnCe answpr; not if Iw stipulatp,1 to pay I'pnt oC the en1ightf'1lf.11 aid the \\orld ought T ('onC('s!'! there "epms to bp omethil1 to ]"(.jni("p if Britain was Runk in till' very like ridicuJe thrown over the debate sea: if wher(' there arp now nW11 ancl by the discu"ision of the articles in detail. wealth and law!:; and liberty, there was no 142 AMES more than a sand-bank for sea monsters would, llOwever loath, !'1oon find theJl1selw's to fatten on. a lnll"P for tlU' F'tOl"Ill::! of the ohligrfl to make justice, that ju tice under ocean to mingle in conflict. . . . which theJ" fell, the fuudamental law of \,"hat is patriotism? 1::; it a narrow their state. They would perceive it was alTpction for the spot where a man wa!'\ their interest to make others respect- horn? At'e the very clods where we tread and they would, therefore, soon pay some pntitled to this ardcnt preference bemuse respect themselves to--the obligations of they are greener? No, sir, tllis is not the good faith. character of tJ]C virtue, and it soars It is painful-I llOpe it is superfluous highl'r for its object. It is an extended -to make even the supposition that self-love, mingled with all the enjoyments America should furnish the occasion of of life, and twisting itself with the mi- this opprohrium. No, let me not even nntest filanwnts of the heart. It is thus imagine that a republican government, we obey the laws of society, because they sprung, as our own is, from a people en- are the laws ()f virtue. In their authority lightened and uncorrupted, a government we see not the array of fOl"Ce and terror, whose origin is right, and whose daily but the venerable image of our country's discipline is duty, can, upon solemn de- hOllOI'. )o very gooll citizl'n makes that Late, make its option to be faithless- honor his own, and chel'ishes it not only can dare to act what despots dare not as precious, but as sacl'ed. He is will- avow, what our own example evinces, the ing to risk his life in its defence, and is states of Balbary are unsuspected of. No, ('onscious that he gains protection while let me rather make the supposition that he gins it. For, what rights of a citizen Great Britain refuses to execute the will be deemed inviolable when a state treaty after we have done everything to 1l'UOUnCCs the principles that constitute carry it into effect. Is there any lan- their security? Or if his life should not gnage of reproach pungent enough to ex- b(' invaded, what would its enjoymf'nts be press your commentary on the fact? \Vhat in a country odiolls in the eyes of would you say, or. rather, what would strangers and dishonored in his own? you not say? 'Vould ;rou not tell them, Could he look with affection and venf'ra- wherever an Englishman might travel, tion to such a country as his parent? The shame would stick to him-he would dis- sense of having one would die within him; own his country? You would exclaim: he would blush for his patriotism, if he "England. proud of ;rour wealth and ar- retained any, and justly, for it would be rogant in the possession of power, blush a vice. He would be a banished man in for these distinctions, which become the his uative land. I see no exception to the vehicles of your dishonor." F;uch a na- respect that is paid among nations to tion might truly say to corruption, " Thou the laws of good faith. If there are cases art my father"; and to the worm, "Thou in this enlightened period when it is vio- art my mother and my sister." \Ve should bted, there are none when it is decried. say of such a race of men, their name is a It is the philosophy of politics, the re- lleavier burden than their debt. . . . ligion of govel o nments. It is observed by Ames, HER [AN VAXDENBURG, his- barbal"ians-a whiff of tobacco smoke or torian; born in T...aneaster, 1\1ass., Aug. [' string of beads gives not merely a bind- 7, 18(j;); was graduaterl at Amherst Col- iug force but sanctity to treaties. Even lege in lRR8 and bter studied in Gl'r- in A]gi('rs a truce may be bought for many. In lsnl-fl4 he was an instructor money, but, when ratified, even Algiers in History at the University of )'Iichigan; if; too wis{> or too just to disown and an- in 18!W-97 occupil'd a similar post in nul its obligation. Thus we see neither Ohio State University; and in the lattl'r the ignorance of savages nor the principles year accepted the chair of American Con- of an association for pÌ1"acy and rapine stitutional History in the University of permit a nation to dl'spise its enO'uO'e- Pennsylvania. He is author of The Pro- ments. If, sir, tllf're could be a r s r- posed :lrncndments to the Oonstitution rection from the foot of the gallows, if of the United States, for which he was the victims of justice could live aO'ain awarded tIle prize of tile American His coIled togC'ther and form a society, M the ; iorical Association in 1897. 143 AMES-A1'tUDAS Ames, OAKER, manufacturC'r; horn in Easton, la!'s., Jan. 10, IH04; rC'ceivl'ù a public !'chool eùucation; lwc:une thor- oughly familiar with the manufaeturl' of shm"cIs, etc. :::;uhs('quentI . he became a Hwmher of the firm of Oliver .-\nws &- Sons. \\ hen the Cnion Pa ific Railroaù was heing huilt the firm helù large con- traets whid. aHerwanl!' were transferreù to a corporation known as the Cr(.dit )[obi1ier of America, of which Oakes .-\mes became one of the largest stockhold- ('1'8. In 1 RIi -73 lw was a ]lwmbl'r of Con- grl's<; from Ma sachnsetts. His connection with the Cr(.ùit l\Iobilier, including an al- J<'gation of having improperly given stock to Reyeral members of Congr('s!'. was in- Y('stigated hy a committ('e of the HOURC' of HC'p1'C'sC'ntativps and he was censured hy that hody. HC' diC'd in :North Easton, )[a8s., [ay 8, 187 . Rce CRÉJ)IT [o- nn.JER. Ames, OLIVER. statC'sman: horn in Easton. :Mass.. Feb. 4, 18 1; I'ùucated at Brown Pniw1'sity; member of the Rtate SC'natp, 1880-81: lieutenant - gonrnor, 1 RR -8-t. He died in North Easton, )faRS.. Oct. 22, 18!)!'). Amherst, Sm JEFFREY, military offi- cer; horn in Kent, England, Jan. 29, ] 717; became an ensign in the army in 1731, and was aide to Lord Ligonier and the Duke of Cum bcr land. In li5G he was promoted to - major - gener- al and given the command of thl' e'\:pedi- tion against Louishurg in 1758, which re- l'ulted in its capture, with other French strongholds in that vicinity. In Seph'm- ber, that y('ar, he wa.s appointC'd eommand- er-in-chief in America, and lC'd the troops _'. D, .. II'- - ":I '-' !> mR JF.FFREY AMBERS? in person, in I ï .3!), that drove the French from Lake Champlain. The next year he captured Montreal and completed the conquest of Canada. For these acts he was rewardcù wi th the thanks of ]'arliament and the Order of the Bath. In 17G3 he was appointed governor of Vir- ginia. The atrocitif's of the Inùians in i\by and June of that year aroused the anger and the energies of Sir Jeffrey, and he contemplated hurling swift destruction upon the hnrbarians. He denounced Pon- tiac as the "chiei ringleader of mis- d.ief "; and, in a proclamation, said, .. \Vho('ver ki11s Pontiac shan receive from me a reward of fl 00" ($.')00). Ill' bade the commander at J)ptroit to make public proclamation for an assassin to pursne him. He rl'garded the Indians as "the vilest race of creatures on the facl' of the earth; and whose riddance from it must be esteemed a meritorious act, for the good of mankind." He instructed his officers pngaged in war against them to .. take no prisoners, but to put to death all that should fall into their hands." Sir Jeffrey was made governor of the island of Guernsey in 1;71; created a baron in I iiG; was commander-in-chief of the forces from 1778 to li9.3; and became field-marshal in July, 1790. He dipd Aug. 3, 1797. Amherst College, an pducational insti- tution in Amherst, :Mas'!., founded in J 821; incorporated in 18 5. The funds for the construction of its buildings and for its endowments han bpen furnished by gifts of individuals, with the exception of $50,000 given by the State. The Chris- tian men and wonlPn of )Iassachusetts have built it up anù chipfty sustain it. The declared ohject of its founders was "the education of young nlC'n for miniR- terial and missionary lahor." In IS!)!} it had thirty-six professors and instructors, :.: o studC'nÜ;, buildings that cost oyer $1-00,000, and valuahlp art and scientific ponections. The Hf'v. (;C'orgp Harris D.D., was elected its president in that year. AMIDAS, PHILIP Amidas, "PJJB.TP, navigator; was of n spnt two ships to AmC'rica in ]:'84, the l'rl'ton fnmiJ\' in Franep, hnt was born chief command was given to Arthur ßar- in lIuH, Engl'and, in 15:i0. \YIlPn RalC'igh low, who commanded one of the vessels, IH AMIDAS, PHILIP sake, remember unto you the diurnall of our course, sayling thither and return- ing; onely I have presumed to present unto you this briefe discourse, by which Jrou may judge how profitable this land is likely to succeede, as well to your selfe, by whose direction and charge, and by whose servantes this our discoverie hath beene performed, as also to her Highnesse, and the Commonwealth, in which we hope your wisdome wilbe satisfied, considering that as much by us hath bene brought to light, as by those smal meanes, and number of men we had, could any way have bene ex- pected, or hoped for. The tenth of May we arrived at the Canaries, and the tenth of June in this present 'eere, we were fanen with the Islands of the 'Vest Indies, keeping a more Southeasterly course then was needeful1. Lecam!e wee doubted that the current of the Bay of Mexico, disbogging beÌ\veene the ('ape of Florida and Havana, had bene of greater force than afterwards we found it to bee. At which Islands we found the ayre very unwholesome, and our men grf'w for the most part i11 disposed: so that having refre!'òhed our selves with sweet water, & fresh victual1, we departed the twelfth day of our arriva1J there. The!'a. furnish('d with men and victuals. having The first that appeared unto UR. we entrf'd, Icceived our last and perfect directions though not without some difficultie, & hy :rour letters. confirming the former in- cast anker about three harquebuz-shot sh'uctions, and commandments delivered within the havens mouth on the left hand hy -our selfe at our leaving tlw riVf'r of of the same; and after thanks given to Thames. And I think it is a mattf'r hoth God for our safe arrivall thither. we man- 1mnCCf'!' hoate as dpppe as it any of both wa:'Tes. This lande laye could swimllIe, with which hee came st retching- it splfe to the \Vf'st. which after againI' to the point of the lande, and tlll're wee found to ],pp but an Island of twpntie he dividcd his fish into two parts, point- mi]('s long, and not ahove si"e mi]('s ing one part to the ship, and tll(' ot]wr bronde. Under thp hanke or hill whereon tC' the pim1('sse: whieh, aft(,l" he had. as WP stoode, WI' hl'hdde the "alley" r('pl('nish- llluph as he might, l"pquited the fornwT ed with goodly Cedar trees, and having dis- bem'fites receiwd, dpparted out of our eharged our harquebuz-shot. such a flof'ke sight. of Cranes (the most part whitp), arose The npxt day there came unto UR di- under us, with sueh a cry r('doubled hy vcrs 1Ioates. and in one of them thl' Kings many ecehoes, as jf an annie of men had brotl1('r. aecolllpanied with fortiC' or fiftic showted a]1 togf'tlwr. men, "pry hallllsome and goodly peoplp. This Island had many goodly wooòps and in their hehaviour as mannerly amI fulJ of Deere, Conies. Hares. anò }"owlp. civin as any of Europe. His nalllc was <,"cn in tIle mi.ldf'st of Rummer in in('rpdi- Granganimeo. alii] the king is called \Yin- ]I]e abundanc('. The wood('s arp not such gina. the eOUllh'p.\T \\'ingamlacoa, am] now fiR vou finde in Rohemia. ::\roseollia. or h.v her ra.ipstie Yirginia. The mann<,r of Tfer vnia, harrc.n and fruit] pss. hut tl1<' his eomming was in this sort: hee ]dt his },inh;st and r('(hIpst (,pdars of tl)(' worlò, ],oatps altogpther as tl)(' first man did a fa;rp hptt('ring th(> (,pdars of the _-\ orps. little from the shippes by the shore, and of the Indips. or Lyhanus, }"):,-nes. Cypres, ('ame alon,!! to the place 0\'1'1' against the Ra<;saphras, tile T,pntisk. or tllP tree that. shipps. followed with forti(' nll'n. 'Yh('n beareth the rasticke. th(' tree that heareth hI' mme to the plap(', his sprvants sprl'ad the rine of blacke Sinamon. of whieh ::\ras- a long matte upon th(' ground, on "hich lu' tl'r " inter brought from the streights of sate downp, anrl at tlw o01f'r ende of the Magellan, and many oth('r of ('xc(']1pnt mattp foure othprs of his eompanie did sn1f'll and qualitip. 'VP remainpfl hy the the lik('. the rest of hi.. men stood round side of this Island two whole da,res before about him, somewhat a farre off: wlwn we Hß AMIDAS, PHILIP came to the shore to him ....ith our weap- a copper kettle for fiftie skins woorth fifty ons, hee never mooved from his place, nor Crownes. They offered us good exchange any of the other foure, nor never mis- for our hatchets, and axf'S, and for knives, husted any harme to be offered from us, and would have given any thing for but sitting still he beckoned us to come swordes: but wee would not depart with and sit by him, which we performed: and any. After two or three dayes the Kings being set hee made all signes of joy and brother came aboord the shippes, and welcome, striking on his head and his dranke wine, and eat of our meat and of breast and aftenvardes on ours to shew our bread, and liked e ceedingly thereof: wee were all one, smiling and making and after a few days overpassed. he shewe the best he could of al love, and brought his wife with him to the ships, familiaritie. After hee had made a long his daughter and two or three chilllren: speech unto us, wee presented him with his wife was very well favoured, of meane divers things, which hee received very joy- stature, and very bash full : shee had on fully, and thankefully. Kone of the com- her backe a Icng cloake of leather, with pany, durst speake one worde all the time: the fune side next to hcr body, and before only the foure which were at the other her a piece of the same: about her fore- ende, spake one in the others eare very head she had 3. bandc of white Corall, and softly. so had her husband Illany times: in her The King is greatly obeye(l, and his eares shee had bracelets of pearles hanging bl"others and children reverenced: the down to her middle, whcreof wee delivercd King him!',eIf in pcrson was at our being your wori"hip a little bracelet, and those there, sore WOllndcd in a fight wllÌch hee w('re of the bignes of frood pease. The l'e!ìt had with the King of the nl'xt COlin trey, of her women of the better sort had pen- called 'Vingina. and was shot in two dallts of copper 113nging in either eare, and placf's through the hOdY' and once deane some of the children of the Kings brother through the thigh, but yet he reco\'CI"ed: and other noble men, have five or sixe in by reason whereof and for that hee lay at either eare: he himselfe had upon his head the chief towne of the countrey, being' a broad plate of golde, or copper, for being sixe dayes journey off, we saw him not at unpolished we knew not what mettal it all. should be, neither would he by any means After we had presented this his hrother suffer us to take it 01T his head, but feeling with such things as we thought he liked, it, it would bow \'Cry easily. His apparell wee likewise gave somewhat to the othcr was as his wives, onely the women weare that sat with him on the matte: but pres- their haire long on both sides, and the ent1y he arose and tooke all from them men but on one. Tlwy are of colour yel- and put it into his owne basket, making lowish, and UlPir haire black for the most signes and tokens, that all things ought part, and yet we saw children that had to bee dplivered unto him, and the rest very fine auburne aud chestnut coloured were but his seryants, and followers. A hairf'. day or two aftf'r this, we fell to trading .After that the!ìe women had bene there, with them, exchanging some things that there came downe from all parts great we had, for Chamo Ys, Buffe, and Deere store of people. bringing with them skinnes: when we shewed him all our If'ather, corall, divers kindes of dies, very packet of merchandize, of all things that ('xcellent, and exchanged with us: but he sawe, a hright tinne dish most pleased when Granganimeo the kings brotlwr was him, which hee presently tooke up and present, none durst trade but hims{>]fe: ex- clapt it before his breast, and after made ('cpt such as weare red pieces of copper a hole in the brimme thereof and hung it Gll their heads like himscIff': for that is ,hout his nl'cke, nw"-ing signes that it the difT('I'(>nce hC'twf'ene the nohle men. and would def('ndc" him ag:tin!ìt hii" f'n('mie8 HI(' gouvernouJ's of countJ'ef!ì, and the ano\\'es: for those pc'ople Illaintainc a ]tlf':t1lf'r Stlrt. And we hoth notc.d th('J'f', deadly and tf'nihle warn', with the }lPople and )OU ha\'C' undf'rstood sin('(' h,\Y thC'sf' nnd King adjoyning. 'Xe exehangC'd our men. whi('h we hrought horne, tJwt no tinne di!ìh for tweutie skinnl's, woorth people in the worlde cary more )'esped to twentie Crownes, or twentie Xobles: and their King, Xobilitie, and Goverllours, 147 AMIDAS, PHILIP than these do. The Kings brothers wife, the day and performed his pro III be. IIc when she came to us, as she did many sent us cvery day a Lrase or two of fat times, was followed with forty or fifty :Bucks, ('onies, Hares, Fish and best of the women ahva 'es: and when she came into world. He sent us divers kindes of fruiles the shippe, she left them all on land, sa v- :Melons, \Valnuts, Cucumbers, Gourdes: ing her two daughters, her nurSe and one Pease, and divers rootcs, and fruites very (>1' two more. The kings brother alwayes excellent good, and of their Countrey kept this order, as many boates as he corne, which is very white, faire and well would come \Vithan to the shippes, so tastf'd, and groweth three times in five many fires would he make on the shore moneths: in l\Iippes, such as are winde fallen, and putting my selie, and seven more went twentie gumme and rosen upon one side thereof, mile into the Rh'er, that runneth towarde they set fire into it, and whf'n it hath th(> Citie of Skicoak, which Riwr they call burnt it hollow, they cut out the coale Occam: and the evening following wce with their shels, and ever where they came to an Island which they call Roar would burne it deeper or wider they lay noak,distant from the harhour bvwhich we on gummes, which burne away the timber, entred, i;even leagues: and at the North and by this means they fashion very fine end thereof was a village of nine houses, boates, and such as will transport twentie tuilt of C'edar, and fortified round about men. Their oares are like seoopes, and with sharpe trees, to keepe out their ene- many times UH'Y set with long poles, as mies, anù the entrance into it made like the depth serveth. a turnepike very artificialJy; when wee The Kings brother had great liking came towardes it. standing neere unto the of our armour, a sword. and divers other waters side, the wife of Granganimo thp thinus w]lich we had: and offered to lay a Kings brother came running out to mf'('tr great boxe of pearls in gage for them: hut us Yery chef'rfully and friend]y, her hus- we refused it for this time, hecause we ba nd was not th('n in the ,"illage; some of wou1d not make them knowe, that we e - her people shpe commanded to drawe our teemf'd thereof, untill we had ullflerstoode bnate on shore for the beating of the in what places of the countrpy the pl'arle hi1loe: others she appointf'd to carry us on grew: which now your Worshippe docth their backes to the dry ground, and others \"NV well understand. to bring our oares into the house for f('are lÌe was very jm t of his promisf': for of stealing. " hen we were come into the rnany times we deliyered him merchandize utter roome, having five roomes in her upon hiq worde, but ever he came within hou!':f', she caused us to sit do" ne by a 14 AMIDAS, PHILIP great fire, and after tooke off our clothes aB, and brought us to our boate side, in and washed them, and dryed them againe: which wee lay all night, remooving the some of the women plucked off our stock- same a prettie distance from the shoare: ings and washed them, some washed our shee perceiving our jealousie, was much feete in warme water, and she berselfe grieved, and sent divers men amI thirtie t(ìoke great paines to see all things ordered women, to sit all night on the banke side ill the best maner shee could, making hy us, and sent us into our boates five great haste to dresse some meate for us to mattes to cover us from the ra.ine, using cate. \ery many wordes, to entreate us to rest After we had thus dryed ourselves. she in their houses: but because wee were fewe brought us into the inner roome, where men, and if wee had miscarried, the voyage sliee set on the bourd standing along the had bene in very great danger, wee durst house, some wheate like furmentie, sodden not adventure any thing, although there V{ollison, and roasted, fi!'h sodden, boyled was no cause of doubt: for a more kinde ancI roastcd, Melons rawe, and sodden, and loving people there can not be found rootf'S of divers kindes and divers fruites: in the wodde, as farre as we have hitherto their drinke is commonly water, but while had triall. the grape la!'teth, Uwy drinke winf', and Beyond this Island there is the maine for want of caskes to keepe it, all the yere lande, and over against this Island falleth dter they drink water, but it is sodden into this Hpacious water the great river with Ginger in it and blacke Sinamon, and called Occam by the inhabitants, on which sometimf's Sassaphras, and divers other standeth a towne called Pomeiock, & sixe wholesome, and medicinable hearbes and days journey from the same is situate tref's. \Ve were entertained with all love their greatest citie, called Skieoak, which and kindnessc, and with mueh hountie, this people aflirme to be very great: but after their maner, as they could possibly the Savage!'! were never at it, only they devise. We found the people most gentle, speake of it by the report of their fathers loving and faithfuIl, voide of all guile and other men, whom they have heard and treason, and such as live after the afljrme it to bee above one houres journey manner of the golden a e. The people about. OIlcly care howe to defend themselves from Into this river falleth another great the cold in their short winter, and to feed river, called Cipo, in which there is found tllemselveR with such meat as the soile great store of l\fuskles in which there are affoordeth: there meat is very well sodden p('arIes: likewise there descendeth into and they make broth very sweet and sa- this Occam, another river, called Nomo- yorie: thcir vessels are earthen pots, very pana, on the one side whereof standeth large, white and sweete, their dishes are a great towne ealled Chawanook, and the wooden platters of sweet timber: within I.ord of that towne and countrey iR called the place where they feede was their Pooneno: this Pooneno is not subject to lodging, and within that their Idoll, which the King of Wingandacoa, but is a free thcy worship, of whome they spcake in- I ord: be;rond this country is there another credible thingi". 'Vhile we were at meate, king, whom they cal l\Ienatonon, and there camc in at the gates two or three these three kings are in league with each llwn with UH'ir bowcs and arrowes from other. Towards the Southwest, foure hunting, whom when wC"e espif'd, we he- d8. res journey is situate a towne called anne to looke one towardf'R another, and F:equotan, which is the Southermost towne offf'red to I"each our weapons: hut as soone of \Vingandacoa, neere unto which, sixe as shee espicd our mistrust. sll('e was very and twentie yeres past there was a ship much moovcd, and causC"d some of lwr cast away, whereof some of the pcople men to runne out, and take away their were saved, and those were white peoplc howes and arroweR and hreake them, and whom the cOl1ntrey people preserved. withan beate the poore f('llowes out of And after ten days remaining in an the gate againe. 'Yhen Wf' departf'cl in the out Island unhabited, called WoC"okon, cn>ning and would not tary all night she they with the help of some of the dwell- was vf'ry sorry, anfl gave us into our er3 of SC"quotan fa tened two hoates of boate our supper halfe dressed, pottes and the eountrf'Y together & made mastes unto l-t9 AMIDAS, PHILIP them and sailcH of their shirtpH. and hay- PipmaC'um, and the Lorù of Secotan. as ill,!! tak('n into tllelll suC'h ,iduals as thp these mf')) whidl Wl' IILl\(' IJrou ht \\ith us ltHIIIt n'y 'ppldpd, t hf'Y fh'partt.(l after to England. ha, e gi \('11 us tu under:-ta lid: tllt'V had rplI1aineù in this out J:...laud : hut there J'(>IIHlin(.th a JIlortall malice in '\e kes: hut HhortJy aH('r it b('f'lIIed tlit'.\' the Sf'cotam's, for IWIlIY injuriC's & slaugh- \\ere C;U5t a\\ay, for Illf' huatl's \\l'rp fU\Ilul t'-'IS dOlle upon tlWIII hy this Piema- upon Uw coast cm;t a 1.llIù in anoth{'r CUIII. Tht'Y iIl\"itf'd di\l'IS IIWU, anù thirtie hiland ad.io 'ning: other than thes<" Uwre "olllen of the best of his countn .r to their was neyer any lwopll' apparelled. or "hite towne to a fea t: anù wlwlI they were al- of colour. eitlwr :o hut of small eanf'S, other naturall incrpasf's, togetlwr with hpaded with a sharpe shell or tooth of a man.r to\\ IWS, and villages, along the side fish sufficient :,}'nough to kill a nakpd man. of the contincnt, Ome hounding upon the Their swordes be of wood hardpned: like- blands, and SOme stretching up further wise they use woodpn brea!'tplates for into the land. their defence. Tlwy ha'"e hp:or called Kpus: thpse kings ha\"e mor- cr swede wood!'!, full of Conant!'!, of flaxe, tall warre with \\ïngina. king of \\ïngan- and many othf'r notahl{' eommodities,whieh dama: hut about t\\O 'C'f'rf's paHt there \\"p at that time had no leasure to view was a peace made bptw('f'ne the King H('!'iùes this island there are manr, as I l;jO AMISTAD-AMMIDOWN have sayd, some of two, or three, or foure, of fi ve miles, some more, some lesse, most beautifull and pleasant to behold, replen- ished with Deere. Conies, Hares and divers heasts, and about them the goodliest and hest fish in the wmld, and in greatest abundance. Thus, Sir, we have acquainted you with the particulars of our discovery made this present vOJTage, as fane foorth as the shortnesse of the time we there continued would affoord us to take vif'we of: and so contenting our selves with this service at this time, which wee hope here after to inlarge, as occasion and assistance shalbe given, We resoln'd to leaY( the countrey, and to applJT ourselves to returne for Eng- land, which we did accordingly, and ar- l'iYed safely in the West of England about the middest of September. And whereas wee have above eertified you of the countrey taken in po!'se!'sion by us to her Iajestics use, and so to JTours bJ' her Majesti('s grant, wee thought good for the hetter as>\urance thereof to record some of the particular Gentlenwn & men cf accompt. who then wcre prespnt. as wit- ll('sses of the !'ame. that thereby all occa- sion of cavill to the title of tlle countrey, iu her l\Ia jesties behalfe nwy be pre\'ented, which otherwise, such as like not the ac- tion mar use and prcìend, whm;e names of S. S. .Jocelyn, Joshua Leavitt, and I...ewis Tappan, was appointed in New York to solicit funds and employ counsel to protect the rights of the negroes. Aftèr a great struggle the court, through Justice Story, pronounced them free. Their re- turn to Africa founded the l\Iendi mis- sion. Ammen, DA IEL, naval officer; born in Brown eounty, 0., )Iay 15, 1820; en- tered the navy as a midshipman in 1836. In 18GI-G2 he commanded the gunboat Seneca in the South Atlantie blockading fleet. His bravery was conspicuous in the battle of Port Royal, Xov. 7, 18Gl. Later, under Dupont's command, he took part in all the operations on the coasts of Georgia and Florida. In the engagements with Fort l\IeAUister, March 3, 18G3, and with Fort Sumter, April 7, 1803, he eommanded the monitor Patapsco. In the attacks on Fort Fisher, in December, 18G4, and Janu- ary, 186.3, he commanded the Mohican. He was promoted to rear-admiral in 1877, and was retired June 4. 1878. Afterwardg lIe was a member of the board to locate the new Xa,-al Observatory. and a repre- sentative of the rnited State::; at the Inter- oceanic Ship Canal Congress in Paris. He de8ignefl a cask ha.lsa to faeilitate the landing of troops and field artil- lery; a life-raft for Rteamers; and the steel ram [(atahdin. His publications in- :\[a::;ter PHILIP A L\J)A q (J . elude The r1tlantic ('oast in The "Kary in Master .-\RTIICR BARLOW, f .I aptaI1LCS. the f'i,.il lrar ,':(,l'ie8: Recollections of \YiIli:l111 Greendle, John \Yood, James Ormzt: and The Old Xan/ and the "),TClC. HrowewiC'h, Henry Gref'l1f', Benjamin II(' di d in \Yashington, 'D. C., July II, '''ood. :-;imon J'erdinando, Nichola-s Pet- Um8. wan. .John flC'w{>s, of the companie. Ammidown, EnwAlm HOT. {Es, mer- "-e hrought home also two of the Sav- ('Ilant: born in Southbridge. rass" Oct. ges, hC'ing Iusti{> men, whose nanws wC're S, 18 O; was graduated at Harvard Col- \\-anchese amI )[anteo. lpgc in IS.ï3. After tra\'elling for several Amistad, CASE OF THE. .\ Portugllesf' years in the rnited Statf'S and Europe }1(' sla\'er la1111C'd a cargo of kidnapped Afri- engagC'd in llwreantilc business in Kew cnns npar ITa \"ana; a ff'w days afterwards York City in I SliO; later hecame a dir{>c- they were placed on hoanl the r1mistad tor in se\'f'raI hanks, insnrance companips. to be taken to Prine'ipf'. On the voyage ptC'. In ISSI he was elected president of the negroes. h'd hy Cinque, ('apturpd till" the Ampriean Protective Tariff I.eaO'ue: Yf'!'sC'l. hut kiIlf'd only thp mptain and and in IRR chairman of the 1\[f'tropoíitan 01(' cook. 1'hf' ' thf'n on}l'l"pc! thp whitf' Tnl1ustrial Ll'agup, In IR!lO presi(lf'nt ('l"f'W to takp thp !'ohip to .\fri('.l: hilt thl' IlalTi (JI1 appointf'({ him a commi:-;sionf'r sailor!ol hrought Iwr into _\IIlf'ri('.ln watf'n'l, for the \,"orld's Columhian Exposition, hilt. w}l('rp sIIf' Wa'! s(.i7f'11 1.,\T Lif'uft'nant Cpr!- llf' df'I.lillPd the post. He is 01(' author of ing. of the United Rtatf's "rig W((shiIlY/IJIl, IllIllH'J'OUs politil'al artidl'S. ilH'hllli,, a 1\11 hrought into Xew 1.ollllon. {'onn.. TalifJllal Illiterac!/; ('apilal ((lid I.abol"j _\ug. 29, 1839. A committee, cOI1 i::;ting de. 151 are: AMNESTY PROCLAMATIONS c ccpting as to slave8, and in property cases where rights of third parties shall have intervened, and upon the condition that every such person shall take and subscribe an oath, and thenceforward keep and maintain such oath inviolate; and which oath shall be registered for permanent preservation, and shall be of the tenor and effcct following, to wit: President Lincoln in 1863.-'Vhereas, .. I, _, do solemnly swear, In pl'es- in and by the Constitution of the United ence of Almighty God, that I will hencf'forth tates, it is provided that the President falthfull.y support, protect, and defend the Constitution of the {'nited Htates, and tit(' .. shall have power to grant reprieves and uIllon of the States thereunder; and that I pardons for offences against the United will In like manner abide by and faithfully t:tates, except in eases of impeachment"; support all acts of Congress passed durin and whereas a rebellion now exists where- the existing rebellion with reference to slaves, so long and so far as not r<,pealed, by the loyal State governments of several modified, or held void by Congl'ess. or by de- States have for a long time been subvert- clsion of the Rupreme ('ourt; and that I will, ed, and many persons have committed anrl In Jlke manner, abide lJy and faithfully sup- port all proclamations of the Presldpnt made are now guilty of trcason against the during the existing rebellion having refel'en('e United States; and whereas, with refer- to slaves, so long and so far as not modified ence to said rebellion and treason, laws or declared void by decision of tl1e Hupreme have been enacted by Congress deelarin Court. Ro help me God." forfeitures and confiscation of property The persons excepted from the bcncfits and Jiberation of slaves, all upon terms of the foregoing provisions are: a1l who and conditions therein stated; and also are. or sha1l have been, civiJ or diplomatic dcclaring that the Presidcnt was thereby officers or agents of the so-called Confcd-- authorized at any time thereafter, by proe- erate government; all who 113xe left ju- lamation, to e-xtend to persons who may dicial stations under tllf' Vnitcd St tcs to have participated in the existing rebellion, aid the rcbellion; a1l who are, or shaH in any State or part thercof, pardon and have becn, military or naval officers of amnesty, with such exceptions and at such said so-ea1led Confederate gm'ermncnt, times and on such conditions as he may above the rank of colonel in thc army, or deem expedient for the public we]fare; of Jicutenant in the na"y; all who left and whereas the congressional declaration Feats in the L'"nited Rtat('s Congr(' s to aid for limited and conditional pardon accords the rebellion; all who resi JH.d ('ounnis- with well-established judicial exposition of sion8 in the army or navy of the UnitC"d tJæ pardoning power; and whereas, with States, and afterwards aided the rC"hel- reference to said rebellion, the President lion; and all who have engagcd in any of the United States has issued several way in trcating colored !'('rsons, or white proclamations with provisions in regard to persons in charge of such, otllC"rwise than the liberation of slaves; and whereas it is lawfully aH prisoners of war, and which now desired by some persons heretofore persons may have been found in the engagf'd in said rebellion to resume their L"nitcd States service as soldiers, seamen, allegiance to the United States, and to re- or in any other capacity. inaugurate lo:,'al State governments with- And I do further proclaim, dC"dare. and in and for their respective States. There- make known, that whene\'('r, in any of the fore, f'tatcs of Arkansas, T('xas, Louisiana, I, Abraham Jjncoln, President of tlw ris!'isHippi, Tennessee, Alaba;na. Georgia, rnited States, do proclaim, declare, and Florida, Routh Carolina. and :Korth Cal'O- make known to all persons who have, di- lina, a number of persons, not I('ss than rectly or by implication, participated in one-tenth in number of the 'otC"s cast in the existing rebelJion, except as herein- such State at the Presidential election of after excepted, that a fun pardon is here- the vear of our J ord I RfiO, e:leh ha,'ing 1,y granted to them, and each of them, tak(' th(' oath aforesaid, and not ha,'in:,! with rcstoration of all rights of property, Fiince violated it, and being a qualified 152 Amnesty Proclamations. As a conse- quence of the secession of the Southern States and the war that ensued, four very important amnesty proclamations were is- sued by Presidents of the United States. The first one was by President Lincoln, Dec. 8, 18G3. The text of the proclama- tion is as follows: AMNESTY PROCLAMATIONS \uter by the election law of the State ex- isting immediately before the so-called act of secession, and excluding all others, shall re-establish a State government which slmll be republican. and in nowise contravening said oath, such shall be rec- ognized as the true govennnent of the State, and the State shall receive there- under the benefits of the comtitutional provision which declares that the" United Statcs shall guarantee to every State in this "Cnion a republican form of govern- ment, anù shaH protect each of them against invasion; and, on application of the legislahl1'e, or the executive (when the legislature cannot be convened), against domestic violence." And I do further proclaim, declare, and make known that any provision which may be adopted by such State government 'Yhereas. the President of the United in relation to the heed people of such States, on the 8th day of December, 18G3. State, which shall recognize and dcelal'c did, with the object of suppre ing the ex- their permanent frepdmen, provide for isting rebellion, to induce all persons to their education, and which may yet be lay down their arms, to return to their consistent, as a tcmp01'ary arrangement, loyalty. and to restore the authority of with their present condition as a labor- the United States, issue proclamations of- iug, landless, and homeles5 class, will not fering amnesty and pardon to certain per- he objected to by the national executive. sons who had directly or by implication, .\nd it is suggested as not improper that, engaged in said rebellion; and in constructing a loyal State government 'Vhereas, many }'ersons who had so in any State, the name of the State, the engaged in the late reheHion have, since houndary, the subdivisions, the constitu- the issuance of said proclamation, faileù tion, and the general code of laws, as be- or neglected to take the benefits offered fure the rebellion, be maintained, subject thereby; and onlv to the modifications made necessary 'Vhereas, many persons WIIO have been by 'the conditions hC1"einhcfore stated, and justly dpprived of all claims to amnesty such others, if any, not contravening said and pardon thereunder, by reason of tlleir conclitions, and which may be deemed ex- participation directly or by implication l'edient by those framing the neW State in said rebellion, and continued in hos- gowmment. tility to the government of tIll' Pnited To avoid misunderstanding. it may be States since the dat(' of said proclamation, proper to say that this proclamation, so now desire to apply for and obtain am- far as it relates to State governments. nesty and pardon: has no rcf<'1'ence to States wherein loyal To the end, therefore, that the author- State gow'l"nments have all the while been ity of the government of the United maintained. And for the same reason. it States may be restored, and that peace. may be proper to further say that and order, and freedom may he estab- whether members sent to Congress from 1ished, I, Andrew Johnson. Prpsident of any State shall be admitted to seats, con- the "C"nited States. do proclaim and de- stitutiona1Jy rests exclusive with the clare. that I IlCrehy grant to all persons respective Houses, and not to any extent who have directly or indirectly partici- with the executive. And !':till further, that pated in the existing rebellion, except as this proclamation is intended to present hereafter excepted, amnesty and pardon. to the people of the Rtates wherein the with restoration of all rights of property, national authority has been suspendpd, ('xcept as to slaves, cx('ept in cases where and loyal State governmeJlts have heen legal proceedings under the laws of the 133 :5uuvertcd, a mode in and by which the national authority and loyal State gov- ernments may be re-established within said States, or in any of them; and, while the mode presented is the best the execu- tive can suggest, with his present impres- sions, it must not be understood that no other possible mode would be acceptable. Given under my hand, at the city of \Yashington, the 8th day of December, A.D. 18G3, and of the independence of the United States of America the eighty- eighth. ABRAIIAU LI COLN. President Johnson in 186.5.-The second one was issued by President Johnson, under date of :May" 20, ISG3, and was the begin- ning of the reconstruction measures. The following is the text: AMNESTY PROCLAMATIONS the "Cnited :-;tate8, and passed beJTond the Federal military lines into the so-called Confederate States for the purpose of aiding the rebellion. 11. All persons who have engaged in the destruction of the commerce of the C"nited States upon the high s('as, and all persons who have made raids into the Fnited States from Canada, or been pn- gaged in destroJ'mg thf' commerce of the United States on the lakes and rivers that. sFparate the British provinces from the United States. 12. All persons who, at a time when theJ" seek to ohtain the ben('fits hereof by taking the oath herein prescribed, are in military, naval, or civil confinement or The following- cla!'ses of persons arc custody, or under bond of the military or {, cl'pted from the benefits of this procla- naval authorities or agents of the Fnitetl ma tion: f\tates as prisoners of anJ' kind, either be- l. All who are or han bpen pretpnded fore or after thpir conviction. diplomatic officers, or othprwise dompstic 13. All persons who have voluntarily or foreign ag('nts of thc pretended Con- participated in said r('bellion, the esti- federate Statps. mated value of whose ta'i:able property is 2. All who left judicial stations under (JYer $ o.nn(). the United Rtates to aid in the rphelJion. 1-1:. .\11 persons wllO have takpn the 3. All who have bpen militanT or naval oath of amlIPstJT as prescribed in the Presi- oßìeers of the pret('nllpd Confe<Ìpratp frov- dcnt's proclamation of nee. R, lRfi:3, or C'rnment above the I'ank of colonel in the the oath of alIf'giance to the L'nited States army. and 1Ïeut('nant in the navy. since the date of said proclamation, and 4. All who lwvc left their scats in the who have not thenceforward kept the f'ongrf'ss of the Gnited States to aid in same inviolate; provided, that special ap- thp rel}pllion. I,lieation may be made to the Prpsident '>. AI] who Ila'"e rpsignpd or tendered for pardon by any person belonging to the rpsignation of thpir commissions in the e"\.eepted classes, and such clellwncy the arm " and mn'y of the L'nited tatf's to will be ðtended as may be conf pn!!agf'd in ßn " way in Idarv of State will f'stablish rulps and trc'ating otherwisp than lawfll1J y as pds- leg111 ti01ls for admini terin;.! and reeord- oners of war IwrsonR found in tllf' rnitpd in;.! the !'aid amnesty oath, so as to insure f':tates sprviee as offiC'f'rs, soldiers, f;f'a- its hPJwfits to the people, and guard the nlc'n, or in ot1wr C'apacitics. governm('nt against fraud. ï. All pprsous who haye becn or are In t('stimony wherf'of, T Il:n'p herpunto al)<:('ntees from tIle United. States for tIle F(>t my }mnd, 'and caus('d the s('<11 of the pnrpoFe of aiding tIle rehf']]ion. Pnitf'rl Statps to he a iii xed. 8. All military or naval offi('('rs in the Donf' at tl)(' eitv of \\Yashing-ton. this noel s('l'viec WÌIO wprf' edlleat('d by the tlw !)th (lav of I v, ISG:i, and of Uw in- overmnpnt in Hie )Iilitary Acadf'my at (}plwndl'llC'e 'of _\me;'Ím tllf' R!lth. \\ e t Point, or at tIw rnitpd f'tatf's Naval _\:\'OIWW .Toll:\'so:\". Acadpmy. P,,('s;,"'"1 .T()ll1l,< rm ill 18(;8. - III thiR 9. Ali persons wilO IlpM f hp 1'rf't pJlfIf'tl "' ('a l' Pn'!-oifll'nt .Johnson i,.; \H'd two s\l("h r,ffices of 12'0yprno1'<; of U\P tates in in- jIJ'o\'laJllI\tiOJIR. The first datf'.l .July 4, snrrf'C'tion ngai1l t fhf' "(Tllit(',l Rtatf's. p:1nlolling- all pf'rsoJls pngagf'fl ill thf' Civil HI. \11 1)\,1's01l<: ,,}m If'ft tlll'ir }lOnw<; ""a l' (,'-(,I'pt those lIndf'1' prf''''f'nhJlf'nt or \\ ithin the jurisdiction and protection of intlidJlIf'JlL ill any court of the rnited l'l-1 United :-;tatcs, providing for the confisca- tion of property of perbons engaged in I ebellion, have been instituted, but on the condition, nevertheless, that eyerr such }It'rson shall take and subscribe to the following oath, whicl1 shall be registered, for permanent presen-a tion, anú shall be of the tenor and effect following, to \\ it: .. I, -, do solemnly swear or affirm, in presence of Almight:r God, that I wiII hence- forth support, protect, and faitbfully defend the Constitution of the Lnited States, and "iII, in like manner, abide by and faithfully support all laws and proclamations which have been made dut'Ïng the existing re- bellion \\ itb l'l'ference to the ewancipation of slaves. 150 belp me God." AMNESTY PROCLAMATIONS States having competent jurisdidion, was as foIlows: \\lwreas, in the month of .July, A.D. ISlil, in accepting the cOllllitions of civil war, which was hrong}lt ahout hy insnr- rection and rl'hf'lIion in Sf'VPl';1} of t}u' States which constitute the United States, the two Houses of Congress did solemnly declare that the war was not waged on the part of the government in any spirit of op- pression, nor for any purpose of conquest or subjugation, nor for any purpose of overthrowing or interfering with the rights or established institutions of the ::;tates, but only to defend and maintain the supremacy of the Constitution of the United :;tates, and to presene the Cnion with all the dignity, equality, and rights of the severa} tates unimpaired; and that, so soon as these objects shou1residcnt of the United States has heretofore, in the spirit of that declaration, and with the view of securing for its ultimate and complete effect, set forth seHral proclamations, offering amnesty and pardon to persons who had been or were concerned in the aforesaid rebellion, which proclamations. however. were attended with prudential r('se1"\'ations and exceptions then deemed necessary and proper, and which proclama- tions were respectively issued on the 8th day of D('eember. HHì:3. on the Oth day of Iarch, 18G-t. on the 29th day of l\Iay. 180;), and on the 7th day of September, 18ü7; Ãnd whereas, the said lamentable Ci,-n 'Val' has long since altogether ceasf'd, with an acknowledged guarantee to all the tates of th(' supremacy of t11e federal Constitution anrl the government there- under; and there 110 longer exists any rpasonable ground to apprellend a re- newal of the said Civil 'Yar, or anv foreign interference, or any unlawful r - sistanee by any portion of the people of my of the Statf's to the Constitution and laws of the Cnited States And whereas, it is desirable to rednce the standing army, and to bring to a speedy termination military occupation, martial law, military tribunals. abridg- TIlent of freedom of speech and of the press, and suspf'nsion of the pridl('ge of 'Ull)CflS ]:i:i corpus, and the right of trial by jUlY- uch encroachments upon our free institu- tions in time of pf'ace bcing dangerous to puhlic libf'rty, inf'OlIlpatilJlc \\ith the indi- vidual rights of the citizens, contrary to till' genius and spirits of our republican form of govprnment, anll e"'{hau tive of the natiunal rf'sources; And whereas, it is beliewd that am- 11e:,ty and pardon will tend to secure a complete and universal establishment and prevalen('e of municipal law and order, in eonfOl'mity with the Con titution of the enitéd tatf's, and to remove all appear- ances or presumptions of a retaliatory or vindicti\'C poli(' ' on the part of the governnH'nt, a ttendf'd hv unnecessary dis- {!Halifkations. pains, l;enalties, cO;lfis('a- tions, and disfranchi!'oements; and on the contrary, to promote and procure complete fraternal reconciliation among the whole lìf'ople, with due submission to the Con- stitution and laws: Kow, thereforf', be it known that I. .Andrew .Johnson, President of the enited tatl's. do, by viTtue of the Constitution and in the name of the people of the United States, hereby proclaim and de- dare, unconditionally and without reser- vation, to an and to every person who di- n'cUy or indiIectly participatf'd in the late insurrcction or rebellion, excepting such pcrson or lwrsons as may be under prp;;f'ntment or indictment in any court of the "Gnitcd States hadng competent juris- diction, upon a ('harge of treason or other felony, a fun pardon amI amnesty for the oft'ence of treason against the United States, or of adhering to their enemies during the late Civil \Yar, with l"f'stora- tion of all rights of property, except as to slaves, and except also as to any property of which any person may bave been legal- 1,\' divested under the laws of the United Statf's. In te< toM tht' el'rc- ta rv of \\Tar that Fort ::\fouHrip. his hmd- qu; ders. was so w<,ak as to invite attack. "Fort Sumter and Ca"t]e Pinckney," he 138 said, "must be garrisoned immediately, if the government determines to keep COm- mand of this harbor." Fort Sumter, he said, had 40,000 lb. of cannon powder and other ammunition, but was lying com- pletely at the mercy of an enemy. He in- formed the Secretary of evident prepara- tions for a speedy seizure of the defences of tho harbor by South Carolinians. Gpn- era] fo;cott, aware of the weakness of the outhern forts, urged the gO\-ernment, from Octoher unti1 the clo!'\e of December, to reinforce those on the coasts of the slave States. But nothing was done, and Andcrson, left to his own resources, was compelled to assume grave r<,sponsibilities. He began to strengthen Castle Pinek- ney, near the cit T, a nd Fort -'Iou Urie. When the South Carolina ordinance of secf'ssion had pa!'\sed. menaces became more frf'quent and alarmin . lIe knew that the convention had appointed commissioners to rf'pair to \Vashington and demand the surrender .of the forts in ('hadeslon Har- bor, and ht' was consC'ious that the latter were liable to be attacl':f'd at any monlf'nt. lIe knew, too, that if he should remain in Fort Moultrie, their efforts would he succe"sfu1. 'Yatch-boats were out contin- ua}]y spying his mo\'ements. lIe had ap- plied to the government for instructions, hut rpcci\'ed none, and hp determined to lea\'e Fort ::\foultrie with his garrison and take post in stmnger Fort Sumtpr. This he did on the evening of Dec. 2ü. The "irrilance of the Confederates had bcen el ded. They, amazed, telegraphed to I"]oyd. The latter, by tf'lf'graph, ordf'red .Anderson to explain his conduct in acting without ordC'rs. Anderson cahnly replied that it was done to save the gO\-ernl11eni works. In UJuter, he was a thorn in the flesh of the Confederatcs. Finally they attacked him, and after a siege and furi- ous bomhardment, the fort was evacuated in April, IR61. In ::\Iay, 1861, he was ap- pointed a brigadier-gf'npral in the regu- lar army, and commander of the Df'part- l\1ent of the Cumherland, hut failing health caused him to retirf' from the service in 1 H(ì3, when he was bre\'t't.t('d a major-gf'n- ('ra!. J II HW8 ]If' w('ut to Europe for Ow L('lwfìt of his Jlf'alth. and died in Ni('f', Franef'. O(.t. 27. JSil. Spa V[('I\:E:"JS, Fonr; Rl'\ITEr:, FOitT. Anderson, TnmrAs :McAuTIIUR, 1'01. . ANDERSONVILLE-ANDR dier; horn in Chillieothe, 0., Jan. 22, I S3Ü ; enlered the army as a private during the Civil \\'ar, and rose to ue brigadier-gl'n- era.(, March, I n. He cOlllnl entpred the the campaign of 1 ii7-7S day by day. army and came to America, in 1774. as The story of {ajor André's career, in ]j('utenant of the Royal Fusileers. \Yith conn('ction with the eomplot of SIR UEXRY them, in Canada, he was taken prison('r CLIXTOY and GEY. BE:\EDI('T ACXOLD I;j!) by Montgomery, at St. .Johns (Kov. 2, líi5), and wa sent to Lancaster, Pa. In j)f'('ellll.('r, Iiili. IIf> was exC'hanged, and promoted to ('.Iptain ill the Briti:;;h army. 1J e was a PPOillÌl'd aide to General Grey in the summer of lí77, and on the depart- ure of that omcer he was placed on the staff of ir Henry Clinton, by whom he was promoted (I i SO) to the rank of ma- jor, and appointed adjutant-general of the British forces in America. His talents were appreciated, and wherever tast was to be displayed in any arrangements, the matter was left to .André. He was the chief actor in promoting and arranging the l\Iischianza, and took a principal part in all private theatrical performance=,. Sir Henry employ('d him to ('any on the correspondence with Arnold re5pecting the ,.. . : :'. - . - { - <=- l --. ..,, .:- .S ,,:<:if ált\" " f - :t7"7; : w i ' i .": . ": " :. . , - " _ .;--' " . :;f;; . . '\ ' , "" :;, :. :;--.......1.... ." ." y , JOBS ANDHÉ ANDRE, JOHN (qq. v.), occupies a conspicuous place in úur history, and !':ympathy for the offend- ('1', not unmh.ed with denunciations of the court of inquiry that condemned him, have been abundant, and not always wise or 1L " J .':= . ':. ;...... f.... ' '4.,. '; .:;,": ....... ,. ..., ,ø _---:. .,?" \'<.;.o . - "- :......, 'to', .;' - .__ ..t  : :"';' ' "'-:' L: . ,,,. ;r .?f ;, I 14[;- - ,>' " - :f -, with us, and afterwards joinetl the enetl1 ., shall be immediately hangcd." This in- cluded all o1licers and men, c\,('n those, as in South Carolina, where this subal- tern was serving, who had been forced into the TO,yal sen-ice. This order Clinton approved, and sent it to ecretary Germain. That 8ec- retary answered Clinton's lcth'l", saying, "The most disaffected will now be convinced that we are not afraid to punish." The order was rigorously executed. )h'n of great worth and purity were hanged. without the forms " . - . of a trial, for bearing arms in ) 1\. defence of their liberty; Andr I.:it- .. was hanged, after an impartial trial, for the crime of plott ing and abetting a scheme for the {'nf.;lavement of 3,000,000 people. lie desened his fate according to the laws of war. It was just towards him and merciful to a nation. Cicero justly said,. in regard to Catiline, "Mercy towards a traitor is an injury to the fitate." André was treated with great consideration by \Vashington, whose headquarters at Tap- pan were near the place of his trial. The commander-in-chief supplied the former . "t ,'<4-i JJ . _ '1_. "I,']' l I .!<1, 1 ... '1. Df, .. " >...-\ II ? 'lJI' l ! "..J w',.' I ' WA8U1SGTOS'S HEADQUARTERS AT TAPPAS, just. The court that condemned him saw clearly, by his own confession, that he de- served the fate of a spy; and if they had been swa Ted by other motives than those of justice and the promotion of the public good, they had full justifi('ation in the course of the British officers in pursuit of the British policy tow- ards the Americans. Reores of good men, not guilty of any offence hut ]oye of country and - "'":... : - ,,", -- , , '.. , , . ..:""' "" - .. JOlIN A, AKDREW. 1\1e., May 31, 1818; was graduated at Bow- doin College in 1837, and became conspic- uous as an anti-slavery advocate. He was chosen governor of Massachusetts, in 1860, by the largest popular vote ever cast for any candidate for that office. Foreseeing a conflict with the Confederates, he took means to make the State militia efficient; and, within a week after the President's call for troops, he sent five regiments of infantry, a battalion of riflemen, and It battery of artillery to the assistance of the govel'nment. He was active in raising troops during the war and providing for their comfort. An eloquent orator, hie;; voice was very efficacious. lIe was re- elected in 1862, and declined to be a can- didate in 1864. He died in Boston, Mass., Oct. 30, 1807. Andrews, CHARLES l\IcJ.EAN, historian; born at Wet1wrsfield, Conn., Feh. , 1863; was graduated at Trinity College, Hart- ford, in 1884; and was called to the Chair of History in Bryn Mawr College in 188!). His publications include Thc River TOlcns of Oonnecticut; The Old Engli8h J[ a nor,. Ute Historical Development of Modern D1l1"ope,. and articles in reviews and his- torical periodicals. Andrews, CHRISTOPHER COLUl\mUS, law- yer and diplomatist; born in Hi1lsboro. N. H., Oct. 27, 182fJ; was eduf'ated at the Harvard Law School; admitted to the 1\Ta!';sachusetts bar in 1830, and later set- lli1 ANDREWS-ANDROS t1('d in St, Cloud, l\Iinn. In the rïvil War he rose from t he ranks tu bren.t major- general in the Fnion army. In lRü!J-7ï he was tTnited States mini ter to Korway and Sweden, and in H!S -S;) consul-gen- eral to Rio de Janeiro. lIe has published a 1/ istory of the Oampaig' of Mobile; Bradl, It.ç (fonditions and Prospects; Ad- lIlini.çtrative Reform, etc. Andrews, ELISHA BE JAMIN, educa- tor; born in Hinsdale, N. H., Jan. 10, 1844; graduated at Brown University in ISïO, and at Newton Theological Institute in ISH; was president of Brown Univer- si ty in 1881)-98; superintendent of the Chi- eago I'ublic Schools in 1898-1900; and in the last year bccame chance]]or of the Cniversity of Xebraska. lIe is author of llistory of the United States; .4n Honest Dollar, a PIca for Bimetallism, etc. Andrews, ETHAN ALLEN, educator; horn in Xew Britain, Conn., April 7, lï87; was Professor of Ancient Languages at the l"nivcrsity of Korth Carolina in 1822-28; find editor (with Jacob Abbott) of the Re- ligious Magazine, but was chiefly engaged in compiling classical text-books. In 1850 he cdited the wen-known Latin-English J.exicon, based on Freund; and And,"clt".ç' and Stoddard's Latin Grammar. He died 1\Jarch 4, 1838. Andrews, GEORGE LEONARO, military officer; born in Bridgewater, :\[ass., Aug. 1, 1828; was P'raduated at \Yest Point in 1 ;;1, entering the enginecr corps. lIe re- signed in 18:;.3. In 18ül he bpcame first lif'utenant-colonel and then colonel of the 2<1 :\Iassachusetts Regimpnt. He was made hrigadier - P'enpral in 18ß2, and led a bri- gade in Ranks's expedition in Louisiana and against Port Hudson in 18G3. He assisted in the capture of Mobile, and was appointed Professor of French at West Point }'eb. 27, lR71; was retired Alig. 31, Hm2; and died April 4, 18!)!). Andrews, JOHN NEW}.[AN, military officer; born in \\'ihnington, Del., S('pt. Hi. 18:-18; was graduated at the "Cnited Ftates Military Academy in 18GO; pro- moted first lif'utenant in 18Gl; colonf'l, in 18!);); amI wa retired April 1, 18!)!). From June 3. ISB8, to Ff'b. 24, IS!) , he was a brigadier - genpral of '\'olunteers. After the Civil War he served in a num- ber of Indian campaigns, and in 1898 througll the war with Spain. Andrews, LOT:RTN, nnsslOnary: horn in Ea!'t \\ïlld (lr, ('01111., Ap,'il !I, 1 ';"!I.J; was (,Ilu at('d at Jefferson College allli Prince- ton Tllf'ologil'al f'lIIillary. In IH i h(' \vent to the Hawaiian 1!'lands a a mis- sionary, and founded thpre, in 1831, the ]_al1ainaluna Seminary, which subsequent- ly bpeame the Hawaii Lniyersity, whpre he passed ten years as a professor. In 1845 he was appointed a judge and secre- tary of the privy council. His writings include a translation of a portion of the Rible into the Hawaiian language; se,"eral work., on the litf'rature and antiquities of Hawaii, and a Hawaiian dictionary. He died Sppt. 2fJ. 18GR. Andrews, STEPHE PEARL, It U t1lOr ; born in Templeton, Mass., :\[arch 22, 1812. \fter practising law in the South, he settled in K ew York in 1847, and be- ca.me a prominent abolitionist. He ga'"e much attention to phonographie reporting, and to the development of a universal phi1osopllY which he named" Integral ism," and to a universal language named "Al- wato." He was author of numerous works relating to these subjects, besidps f1ompari- lion of the Common Law 1{, ith the Roman, l'rcneh, or Spanish Oil'll Law on Entail,ç, rie.,' Love, Marriage and Diz'orec; The Labor Dollal"; Tran.Wlctions of the (fo11o- quium (an organization pstab1islled by himself and friends for philosophical dis- cussion), etc. Hc died in Kew York, l\Iay 21, 188G. . Andros, Rm Em[UNO, born in I_ondon, Dec. G, lG37. In Hii4 hc succeeded his father as bailiff of Guernsey Island. In the same year he was appointed govern- or of the province of New York. lIe administered public affairs whol1y in the interest of his master, the Duke of York. His private life was unblemished; but such was his public career that he ac- quired the title of "tyrant." Andro!'! hf'eame involved in eriou!'! disputes wi th the {'olonists. In JßRO he deposhl Philip Carteret, and seized the government of East Jersey. The next Yf'ar he was rp- called, and retired to Guernsey, after having cleared himself of several charges that had been preferred against him. The Xew England gO\"ernn1f'nts were consoli- datpd in lG8G, and Andros was appointf'd governor - general. Undcr instruction!'!, he forbade all printing in those colonies. lG2 ANDROS-ANGLICAN CHURCH He was authorized to appoint and remove sent from the Rose to take off the gov- his own council, and with their consent ern or and his council was intercepted and to enact laws, levy taxes, and control the captured. Andros yielded, and, with the militia. These privileges were exercised loyal ex-President Dudley, Randolph, and in a despotic manner, and his government his other chief partisans, was imprisoned became odious. He attempted to seize the ( \pril 18, 168D). Andros, by the conniv- charter of Connecticut, but failed. New ance of a sentinel, escaped to Rhode IsI- York and New Jersey were added to his and, but was brought back. In July fol- jurisdiction in 1688. lowing he was sent to England, by royal In the former he succeeded the c1ear- order, with a committee of his accusers, headed and right-minded Governor Don- but was acquitted without a formal trial. gan. He entered New York City early in Andros was appointed governor of Vir- August, with a viceregal commission to ginia in 16D2, where he became popular; rule that province in connection with all but, through the influence of Commissary Kew England. lIe had journeyed from Blair, he was removed in 16!J8. In 1704-6 Boston, and was received by Colonel Bay- he was governor of Guernsey. He died in ard's regiment of foot and horse. He was London, Feb. 24, 1714. f'ntertained by the loyal aristocracy. In Angell, JA IES BURRILL, educator and the midst of the rejoicings, news came diplomatÍst; born in Scituate, R. I., Jan. that the Queen, the second wife of James 7, 182D; was graduated at Brown Fniver- II., had given birth to a son, who became sity in 1849; Professor of Iodern Lan- heir to the throne. The event was cele- guages and Literature at Brown Univer- brated, on the evening of the day of the sity in 18.33-60; president of the rniver- aHival of the intelligence, by bonfires in sity of Vermont in 18G6-71; and since the streets and a feast at the City Hall. 18ïI president of the L"niversity of l\Iichi- At the latter, Mayor Van Cortlandt be- gan. In 1880-81 he was United F;tates came so hilarious that lle made a notable minister to China; in 1887 a member of display of his loyalty to the Stuarts by the Anglo-American Commission on Cana- setting fire to his hat and periwig, and dian Fisheries; in 18UG chairman of the waving the burning coverings of his hcad Canadian-American Commission on Dcpp over the banquet on the point of his Waterways from the Great Lakcs to the straight-sword. 'Vhen news came to Bos- Sea; and in 18D7-D8 United States min- ton of the revolution in England, Gov- ister to Turkey. He is author of uumer- ernor Andros affected to disbelieve it. and ous addressps and magazine articles. imprisoned those who brought it. With Anglican Church. The earliest Angli- the people the" wish was father to the can congregation in J\ew England was or- thought," and they gave credence to the ganized in 1630, when ahout 1,000 emi- rumor and arranged a popular insurrec- grants arrived in :Massachusetts from tion. A mob gathered in the streets of Englanil, under the leadership of John Boston. The sheriff who attempted to dis- Winthrop, who had been appointed gov- perse them was made a prisoner; so also ernor under the royal charter. 'Vinthrop was the commander of the frigate Rose brought the charter with him. On the day RS he landed from his hoat. The militia before they sailed from the Isle of Wight ass('mhled in arms at the town-house the leaders sent an address to "the rest under their old offiC'prs. Andros and his of the brethren in and of the Church of council withdrew in alarm to a fort which England," and spoke of that Church with erowned an eminence stilI known as Fort affection as their" dear mother." This Hill. Simon Bradstreet, a former govern- was to correct a "misreport" that tIle or, then eighty-seven years of age, was emigrants intended to spparate from the Aeen in tIle crowd by the militia, and im- Church. Notwithstanding tMs dutiful ad- mediately proelaimC'd the chief magistrate dress, when t11C'Y set foot on American of thE' redC'enwd colony. TJH' magistrates soil a sense of frf'f'dom o\'erea111(' their al- Rwl oU)('r C'itizens fllrllwd thf'msplvps into If'gianf'P, and, foJIowing tlip example a ('Ouneil of safpty. TIle ready pf'n of Cot- of thp " Plymouthians" and Endicott, they ton "!\father wrote a proc1amation, and An- establislled sC'parate churf'hes and cho:-;e droB was 8umll10ned to surrender. A harge their own officers. \Yithout any express lü3 ANGLO-AMERICAN COMMISSION-ANNAPOLIS n'mmciation of the authority of the off Atlantic and Pacific coasts; Alaska- Church of England, the Plymouth people Canadian boundary; transportation of had laid ahide its liturgy and rituals. En- merchandi!;c by land and water hetween dicott fol1owt:'d this example at Salem, and the countries; transit of IIlerchandibe from had the sympathy of three "godly min- one country to be delivered in the otller istCl's" there-Higginson, Skelton, and be 'ond the frontier; alien labor laws; Bright; also of Smith, a sort of interloper. mining rights of citizens or subjects of A church was organized there-the first each country within the territory of the in Kew England, for that at Plymouth other; readjustment and concession of cus- was reaIJy in a formative state yet. Al1 toms duties; revision of agreement of of the congregation were not prepared 1817 respecting naval vessels on the lakes; to lay aside the liturgy of the Church definition and marking of frontier; con- of England, and two of them (John vcyance of prisoners through each other's and Samuel Browne) protested, and set territory; }'eciproeity in wrpcking and up a spparate worship. Thc energetic salvage rights. Several sessions were hpld J':ndicott promptly arrested the" malcon- in Canada and in Washington without tents" and sent thcm to England. Fol- practical rcsults. lowing up the system adopted at Salem, Anglo-American League, THE, a soci- the emigrants, under the charter of 1630, ety founded at Stafford House, J ondon, cstablished Xonconformist churchcs wher- England, July 13, U!!)8, for purposes in- c, er settlements were planted-Charles- (Heated in the fonowing resolution: "Con- town, 'Yatertown, J oston, Dorehestcr, etc. sidering that the peoples of the Britibh .\1 Salem thc choice of ministcr and teach- Empire and of the "Pnited Statcs of AllIer- cr was made as follows: "Every fit mem- ica are closely allied in blood, inherit the her wrote in a note the name whom the same literature and laws, hold the salllc Lord moved him to think was fit for pas- principles of self-government, recognize the tor," and so likewise for teacher. Skelton same idpas of freedom and humanity in was chOf'len for the first office,IIigginson for the guidance of their national policy, and the second. 'Yhen they accepted, three or are drawn together hy strong common in- four of the gravest members of thc church tcrests in many parts of the world, this laid tlwir hands upon Mr. Skelton and meeting is of opinion that every effort ::\lr. lIil!gin on, using prayer therewith. should he made, in the interest of civi1iza- Such was the first New England ordina- tion and pcace, to secure the most cordial tion. See PROTESTANT EPISCOPAL CHURCH; and constant co-operation hctween the two REFORl\IED EPISCOPAL C'HL"RCH. nations!' British suhjects and citizpns of Anglo-American Commission, a joint the Vnited States are c1igible to member- commi!"Rion appointed by the United Statps Rhip. \ rpprPRPntativp mmmittpe was ap- and the BritiRh governments in 18!"1!i for pointed with the Right Hon. James Bryce, Ule purpoRP of prpparing a plan hy which M. P., aR chairman. the controvprsial questions pending be- Anglo-American Understanding, BA- Ì\vpen the United States and Canada SIB OF A1\'". See AßBOTT, Ln.IAx. might be definitely settled. \s origina1Jy Annapolis, city. county seat of Anne eonRtituted the American members wpre: Arundel county, and capital of the Stat(' rnited States Senators Fairbanks and of Maryland; on the Spyern RiW'r, 20 Ûray. Congressman Dingley, ex-Secretary milps !';outh by east of Baltimore; is tile of State Foster, and Rpciprodty Commis- spat of the Pnih.d States Kaval .A(.arlemy f>ioner KasRon; and thp Briti!'h mpmhers: and of FIt. ,John's College; population in T ord Hprschel1, Flir Wilfred Laurier. Sir ]R!"IO. 7.G04; HIOO. 8.402. Puritan rpfugpe!; Richard Cartwright, Flir J ouis H. Davies, from i\faRsachusptt!';. lprl hy Durand. a and 1\Ir. .T. Charlton, a nwmber of the ruling plrlpr. spUlprl on the !';ite of .\nnap- Dominion Parliament. Of tlWfo,e eommis- oJi!'; in Hi-t!"l. and, in imitation of Rogpr !'ionel's. Congressman Dingley diC'd .Tan. 'YiJ1iams. ca1Jpd the place Pro, idence. l:l, 18f19. a.nd Lord TIprsdlpll. 1\Iarpll I, The np"t vear a pommiRsioner of Lord I RfI!}. The qupstions aRRignpd to the eom- Baltimore rganizpd there the county of mission fm mnsideration were as follows: .\nne Arundpl. so named in compliment to f::ieaJ-fisheries of Bering Sea; fisheries T arly Ra Jtimore, and Providence was call- 1M ANNAPOLIS p<1 Annp Arundel Town. A few years later tablished in the colonies without the aid it again bore the name of Providence, and of Parliament. The Congress then l'e- became the seat of Protestant influence solved unanimously that it was the opin- and of a Protestant gO\"ernment, disputing ion of its membcrs that it should be pro- the legislative authority with the Homan posed to his Majesty's ministers to "find Catholic government at the ancient capital, out some method of compeUing" the colo- St. :i\lary's. In Hi!).! the latter was aban- nists to establish such a public fund. aIlll doned as the capital of the province, and for assessing the several governments in the seat of government was established proportion to their respective abilities. At on the Severn. The village was finally once an the crown ofiicers in America sent incorporated a city, and named Annapolis, voluminous letters to England, urging in honor of Queen Anne. It has remained such a measure upon the government. the permanent political capital of Mary- On July 26, 1775, a convention asspm- land. It was distinguished for the re- bled at Annapolis, and formcd a tempo- finement and wealth of its inhabitants and rary government, which, recognizing the e'\tensive commerce, being a port of entry Continental Congress as invested with a- long before the foundations of Baltimore general supervision of public affairs, man- were laid. aged its own internal affairs through a On the morning of Oct. 1.3, 1774, a vcssel provincial Committee of Safpty and suh- owned by Anthony Stewart, of Annapolis, ordinate executive committees, appointpd pntered the port with seventeen packages in every county, parish, or hundred. It of tea among her cargo, assigned to Stpw- directed the enrolment of forty coml>anies art. 'Yhen this became known, and that of minute-men, authorized the emh:sion of Stewart had paid tIle duty on tIle tea, the over $.300,000 in bills of credit, and ex- people gathered, and resolved that the tf:-nded the franchise to all freemen having plant should not be landed. Anothcr a visible estate of f21O, without any dis- meeting was appointed, and the people tinction as to religious belief, The con- dpcJarcd that ship and her cargo should vention ful1y resolved to sustain Massa- he burned. Stewart disclaimed all inten- chusetts, and meet force by force if neces- tion to violate non-importation agl'ee- sary. nwnts, but the people were inexorable. Gpn. B. F. Butler was in Philadelphia They had gathered in large numbers from on April 19, 1861, when he first heard of t he surrounding country. Charles Carroll the assault on Massachusetts troops in and others, fearing moh violence, advised UaItimore. He had orders to go to 'Vash- Rtewart to burn the vessel and cargo with ington through Baltimore. It was evident llÍs own hands, which he did. The vessel that he could not do so without trouble, was run ashore and destroyed, when the and he took counsel with Gen. Rohcrt l)(>ople chperpd and dispersed. This was Patterson, the commander of the Dppart- the last attempt at importation of tea ment of \Vashington. He also consulted into the English-Ampl'ican colonies. Commodore Dupont, eommanùer of the On April 14, 17!>.), Gcneral Braddock navy-yard there, and it was agrpf'd that r:nd f'ommodore Kepppl, with Govprnors the troops under General ButlPl' should go hirlpy. of l\I:u:saehusetts; De TÆneey, of from Perryvi11e, ôn the Susquehanna, to 1\"pw York: Morris, of Pennsylvania; Annapolis, by water, awl t}IPncp across Rharpe.of:\Taryland,and Dinwiddie, of Vir- Maryland, seizing and holding Annapolis ginia, hpJ<1 a pongress at AnnapoliR. Brad- .Junetion by the way. But1pr laid hdore dllf'k had latply arrived as commander-in- 11is officers a plan which contpmplated c1lief of thc British forces in America. Un- spizing and holding Annapn1is as a n1PanR (lpr his instructions, he first of all directed of communication, and to make a forced the attention of the government to thp np- march with a part of his troops from that ppssity of raising a revenue in America. port to "Vashington. He wrote to the Hp expresscd astonishmpnt that no such governor of 1\fassac1msetts to sl'nd t1w fund was already estah1ishpd. The gov- Boston Light Arti11pry to Annapolis, and prnors toM him of thpir strifeR with thpir the next morning he proceeded with his rpsppct ive asspmh1ips, and assurNI TIrad- troops to PerryviHp. emharked in the dock that no such fund could ever hp es- powerful steam ferry-boat lIlaryland, and !G.> ANNAPOLIS-ANNE at a little past midnight reached Annap- to the front!" or, "Painter!'1, pre!';ent olis. The to\\n and Naval Academy "ere arms!" or. .. Sculptors, cJulfgl' hayollets!" in the hands of the Confederates. HJ1II weJ'e there would he ample n spoll":t':;. The all light('d up in e'pl'('tatioll of the arrival hitlll('n rails were hunted up a III I found of a hody of ('ollf('dera t('s, by water, from in thickets, ra vitws, uHI hottoms of Baltimore, to assist thf'm in seizing- the streams, anù the road was SOon in sueh venerahle and venerated frigate Constitll,- a condition that the troops moveù on, on tion, lying there, and adùing her to the the morning of the 24th, at the rate of Confederate navy. The arri\"al of these about one mile an hour, la)"ing the track troops was just in time to save her. anew and building bridg('s. Skirmishers Many of Butler's troops were seamen at went ahead and scouts on the flanks. The home, and thpse assisted in getting the distance to the Junction from Annapolis Constitution to a place of safety beyond was 20 miles. They saw none of the the bar. Governor Hicks was at Annapo- terrible ::\Iar,ylanders the)' had been warned Jis, and advised Butler not to land Korth- against. The troops reached Annapolis ern troops. "They are not Korthcrn JUIlction on the morning of the 2.lth, wlwn troops," said Butler. "They are a part the ith Regiment went on to "'ash- of the whole militia of the rnited States, ington and the ::\lassachusetts reginwnt olwying the call of the President." This remained to hold the railroaùs. Other was the root of the matter-the idea of troops arrÌ\"ed at Annapolis, and General nationality as opposed to State supremacy. Scott orùel'ed Butler to remain there. hold He caned on the governor and the mayor the town and road, and supprintenù the of Annapolis. To their remonstrances forwarding of troops to Washingtoll. The against his landing and marching through "Department of Annapolis" was creatpd, Maryland, Butler replied that the orders which embraced the country O miles and demands of his government were im- on cach side of tlle railway to within 4 pprative, and that he should land and milt,s of the capital. See BALTBIORE. march on the capital as speedily as possi- Annapolis Convention, 1786. See ble. He assured them that peaceable citi- Ar.EXA DRlA; COl'>STITUTIOX OF THE "CXJ f- zens should be unmolested and the laws of ED S'nTEs. Maryland be respected. Anne, QT'T.EN, 8('cond dal1ghtpr of On the 22d the New York 7th Regi- James II. of England: born at Twieken- ment, Colonel J..efferts, arrived at Annapo- ham, near London. Fl'b. G. IG(j,t. Hpr Jis on a steamer. An the troops were parf'nts bpcame Roman Catholic!'!: hut she, landed and quartered at the Naval Acad- educated in the principles of the Church of emy. The Confederates, meanwhile, had England, remaÌ1wd a Prot('Rtant. In lG83 torn up the railway. taken the locomotives she was married to Prince George of Den- to pieces, and hidden them. Terrible mark. f'he took tlle sidp of her siRter stories reached Butler of a great force of :Mary and her llU!'!hand in the revolution Confederates at Annapolis Junction. He that drove her father from tlw throne. did not believe them, and moved on, after She had intended to accompany lwr father taking formal military po!'!seR!'!ion of An- in his exiJe to France, but was di!"sua(led napolis and the railway to Annapolis by Sarah Churchill, chief Jady of the hed- Junction. Two Massachusetts companies chamber (afterwards the imperious Dueh- seized the railway station, in which they- ess of Marlborough), for whom she always found a disabled locomotive concealf'd. had a romantic attachment. B,\' the act "Does anyone know an;vthing about this of settlement at the accesRion of \\'illiam machine?" inquired Butlpr. U Our shop and Mary. the crown was guarantped to made that engine. general." said Charles her in default of issue to t]wse sO\"ereigns. Homans, of the Henrly Ught Guard. "I This exigency happening. Anne was pro- guess I can put her in order and run her." claimed quepn (::\larch 8, I ï02) on the ,. Do it," said the genera]; and it was death of WilJiam. Of hpr seVf'ntem chil- soon done, for that regiment was fun of (Iren, only one 1Ï,'ed hpyond infancy-- engineers and mechanics. It was a re- Duke of Gloucpster-who dipù at the age markable regiment. Theodore \Yinthrop of eleven '"mrs. Feehle in character, but said that if the words were given, "Poets, very amiable, Annc's reign became a con- lüG the German Empire against France was renewed. Soon afterwards, chiefly because of the movements of Louis above mention- ed, England declared war against France, and their respective colonies in America took up arms against each other. The war lasted eleven years. Ii'ortunately, the Five Nations had made a treaty of neu- trality (Aug. 4, 1701) with the French in Canada, and thus became an impassable barrier against the sa\'agcs from the St. Lawrence. The tribes from the :\ferrimac to the Penobscot had made a treaty of peace with New England (July, 1703); but the French induced them to violate it; and before the close of that summer a furi- ous Indian raid occurred along the whole frontier from Casco to Wells. So indis- criminate was the slaughter that e\'en Quakers were massacred. The immediate cause of this outbreak seems to have been an attack upon and plunder of the trading-post of the :young Baron de Castine, at the mouth of the Penobscot. In March, 1704, a party of I.'rench and Indians attacked Deerfield, on the Connecticut River, killed forty of the inhabitants, burned the vi11age, and car- ried away 112 captives. Similar scenes occurred elsewhere. Remote settlements military leaders. A greater part of her were abandoned, and fields were eultiYaÜ II reign was occupied in the prosecution of only by armed parties united for eOIllmon the \\Y ar of the Spanish Sueces ion, known defence. This state of things became in- in America as "Queen Anne's 'Yar." She supportable, and in the spring of 1707 died Aug. 1, 1714. Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and New The treaty of Ryswick produced only a Hampshire prepared to chastise the Ind- lull in the inter-colonial war in America. ians in the east. Rhode Island had It was very brief. James II. died in not suffered, for l\Iassachusetts sheltered France in September, 1701, and Louis that colony, but the inhahitants humanely XIV., who had sheltered him, acknowl- helped their afflicted neighbors. Connee- edged his son, Prince James (commonly ticut, though threatened from the north, known as The Pretender), to be the lawful refused to join in the enterprise. Early heir to the English throne. This natural- in June (1707), 1,000 men under Colonel ly offended the English, for J.ouis had ac- :Marsh sailed from Kantucket for Port knowledged \\ïIIiam as king- in the Rys- Royal, Acadia, convoyed by an English wick trC'aty. The British Parliament had man-of-war. The French were prepared also settl(>d the crown on Anne, so as to for them. and only the destruction of prop- sC'("ure a Protestant succession. The Eng-- erty outside the fort there was accomplish- lish were also offended because Louis had cd. The war continued, with occasional placed his g-randson, Philip of Aragon, on distressing episodes. In RC'ptember, 1710, the Spanish throne. and thus (""t(>l1(led an armament of shipR and troops left Bos- the influC'neC' of Fnuw(' among" the llynas- ton and sailC'd for Port ]:o -al, in connec- tips of Europp. On the death of \\ïlliam tion with a ftpet from England with troops III. (l\rarch 8. 170 ) Anne aseen. and on the samf> day the triple Port Ro)-al and altered tIle name to .\n- aHiance between England, 1I0JIand, and napolis, in compliment to the Queen. 107 spicuous one in English history, for she was governed by some able ministers, and she was surrounded by eminent literary men. Her reign has been called the" Au- gustan Age of English Literature." The Duke of l\!P..r1borough, the husband of her bosom friend, was one of her greatest r :;j .; '\ , .. ::- .... " - - "'" ô.. "" "'" ". j ''- -' 1-1... -."1 ' -4' \ . t, ";: __ :<:- _'L _ . , '. ' - "\: :. -; , ".. . ...' ". IÞ . _-- -""": . . . I\I '6, r .. ., _ , -. _ '."i " --0.{ ,. .., . .1'\. ):. )I,}I) w' \,>-- .. .}; \. y , . l d {r.t " ) :: f6 "iI: {i1 I . :, -'"f:?; . ßg 1, . Qt"EEY AYYE. ANNE ANNE-ANNEXED TERRITORY \cAVIA (q. V.) was annexed to England, under the old title of Nova Scotia, or New Scotland. The folJowing year an expedition moved against Quebec. Sir Hovenden Walker ar- rived at Boston (Juml 2.>, lill) with an English fleet and army, which were joined by New England forces; and on Aug. 15 fifteen men-of-war and forty transports, bearing about 7,000 men, departed for the St. Lawrence. :Meanwhile, J\icholson had proceeded to Albany, where a force of about 4,000 men were gathered, a por- tion of them Iroquois Indians. These forces commcnced their march towards Canada Aug. 28. Walker, like Braddock nearly fifty years later, haughtily refused t.o listen to e"pericnced subordinates, and lost eight ships and about 1,000 men on t.he rocks at the mouth of the St. Law- rence on the night of Sept. 2. DisheaI"Ì- ened by this calamity, ""alker returned to England with the remainder of the fleet, and the colonial troops went back to Boston. On hearing of this failure, the land force marching to attack Montreal retraced their steps. Hostilities were now suspended, and peace was concluded by the treaty of Utrecht, April II, 1713. The eastern Indians sued for peace, amI at Portsmouth the governors of MassadlU- setts and Now Hampshire made a eovc- nant of peace (July 24) with the chiefs of the hostile tribes. A peace of thirty years ensued. Anne, FORT, a military post in Kew York in the Revolutionary 'Var. When the ilritish took possession of Ticonderoga (July 6,1777), Burgoyne ordered gun- boats to pursue the batcaux laden with stores, etc., from the fort. The boom- bridge barrier across the lake there was soon broken, and the pursuing ve sels overtook the fugitive boats npar Skenes- borough, aIllI destroyed them and their contents. Colonel Long, in command of the men in them, escaped with his people and the invaJids, and, after setting fire to everything eomlmstible at Skeneshorough (now Whi tc1lall), they hastened to Fort Anne, a fpw miles in the interior, followed by a British regiment. When near the fort, J,ong turned on his pursuers and routed thpm; hut the latter being reinforced, Long was driven back. He burned Fort Anne, and tied to Fort Edward, on the Hudson. Annexations. See ACQUISITION 01<' TERIUTORY. ANNEXED TERRITORY Annexed Territory, STATUS OF. The folio" in6 is a consideration of the rela- tions to the United States of the se,'eral Territories that were annexed to it, writ- ten by ex-President Benjamin Harrison: were further, by their situation, cJimate, and soil, adapted to the use of an increas- ing American population. 'Vc have now acquired insular regions, situated in the tropics and in another hemisphere, and hencf' unsuitable for Anwrican settlers, .'\. legal argument upon this subject is even if they were not, as they are. aln.ady lluite outside of my purpose, which is to populated and their lands already largely consider in a popular rather than a pro- taken up. fessional way some of the questions that " e have taken over peoples rather arise, some of the answers that have been than lands, and these chiefly of other racp proposed, and some of the objections to stocks-for there are "diversities of thpse answers. tongups." The nath'e labor is elwap and 'Ve llave done something out of linp with threatens <"Ompetition, and there is a total American history, not in the matter of ter- absence of Auwripan ideas and methods of ritorial e pansion. but in the character life and go\"prmnent among the pight or of it. Heretofore the regions we have more millions of inhahitants in HIP Philip- taken over han hepn contiguous to UR, pines. 'Ye have Imid that Ow Chinpsf' will !'ave in the Cfise of Alaska-and, indeed, not" homologate"; and the Filipinos will AJasJ...a is contiguous. in t.he scm,e of being certainly he slow. Out of the too-late nl.'ar. The:-orto Rico, over which the sovereignty of the United these neW views of the status of the people States extends. \Ve have not put our- of our Territories, and these new methods selves under any pledge as to them-at of dealing with them, would never have least, not of a written sort. Indeed, we been suggested or used. have not, it is said, made up our minds The question of the constitutional right as to anything affecting the Philippines, of the United States to acquire territory, save this-that they are a part of our as these new regions have been acquired, national domain, and that the inhabitants must, I suppose, be taken by everyone to must yield obedience to the sovereignty of have been finally adjudged in favor of that the United States so long as we choose to right. The Supreme Court is not likely hold thpm. to redew the decision announced by Chief- Our title to the Philippines has been Justice Marshall. impeached by some upon the ground that It is important to note, however, that Spain was not in possession when she con- the great chief-justice derives the power veyed them to us. It is a principle of to acquire territory by treaty and con- private law that a deed of property ad- quest, from the Constitution itself. He versely held is not good. If I have been says: ejected from a farm to which I claim "The Constitution confers absolutely on title, and another is in possession under the government of the Union the powers a claim of title, I must recover the posses- of making war and of making treaties; sion before I can make a good convey- consequently that government possesses ance; otherwise I sell a lawsuit and not the power of acquiring territory either by a farm, and that the law counts to be conqnest or by treaty." immoral. It has not been shown, how- While this decision stands, there is no ever, that this principle has been incor- room for the suggestion that the power porated into international law; and, if of the United States to acquire territory, that could be shown, there would still be either by a conquest confirmed by treaty, need to show that Spain has been ef. or hy a treaty of purchase from a nation feetively ousted. with which we are at peace, is doubtful, It is very certain, I suppose, tllat if and as little for the suggestion that this Great Britain had, during our Revolution- power is an extra-constitutional power. ary struggle, concluded a treaty of cession The pmplc, then, have delegated to the of the colonies to France, we would have President and Congress the power to ac- treated the cession as a nullity, and con- quire territory by the methods we have tinued to fight for liberty against the used in the cases of Porto Rico and the French. No promises of liberal treatment Hawaiian and Philippine Islands. But by France would have appeased us. some }lave suggested that this power to HC- nut what has that to do with the Philip- quire npw territory is limited to certain pinc situation? There are so many points pnds; that it can only be used to acquire of difference. We were Anglo-Saxons! territory tllat is to he. or is capable of \Ve were capable of self-govprnmpnt. And. heing. erected into States of the Union. after all, what we would have done under If tllis view were allowpd, the attitude the conditions suppospd has no bearing of the courts to the question would not he upon the law of the case. It is not to be much changed; for tllCY could not inquire doubted that any international tribunal as to th{\ purpose of Congress, nor, I Sllp- would affirm the completeness of our legal pose. ovprrule the judgment of Congress title to the Philippines. as to the adaptability of territory for the The questions that perplex us relat(' to creation of States. The appeal would the status of these new possessions, anù 16!J ANNEXED TERRITORY to tl)(' rights of their civilized inhahitants may be abrogated hy a Jater treaty, we do who have elected to renounce their alle- not know; but we do know that neither giance to the Rpanish crown, and either a statute nor a treaty can abrogate the by choice or operation of law have beeome Constitution. American-sonH'things. \Yhat? Subjeets If the Constitution leaws the question or citizens? There is no other status, open whether the inhabit,1nts of Porto since they are not aliens any longer, unless Rico shall or shan not upon anne"\:ation a ne\\spaper heading that recently attract- become citizens, then the Pre ident and ed my att('ntion offers another. It ran the Senate may exercise that discretion tllUS: "Porto Ricans not citizens of the hy a treaty stipulation that they shall Cnited States propcr." Are thcy citizens or shall not be admitted as citizens; but of the United States impropCl', or improp- if, on the other hand, the Constitution er citizens of the United States? It seems gives no such discretion, but itself con- clear that there is something improper. fers citizenship, any treaty stipulation To caU them" citizens of Porto Rico" is to the contrary is void. To ref r to the to leave their rdations to the United treaty in this connection is to Leg the States wholly undefined. qU('!-jtion. Now, in studying the questions whether If we seek to justify the holding of the new possessions are part of the United sla"es in a territory acquired by treaty, States, and their free ci,'ilized inhabitant:::! or the 110hling of its cidlized inhabitants citizens of the United States, the Consti- in a condition less favored than that of tution should, nn turaIly, be examined first. citizenship, by virtue of the provisions " hatever is said there is final-any of a treaty, it wouM seem to be necessary treaty or act of Congress to the contrary to show that the Constitution. in thc one notwithstanding. The fact that a treaty case, aUows sJan'ry, and, in the oth(>r, a must be constitutional, as well as an act relation of civilized people to the gOYern- of Congress, seems to han been overlooked J}wnt that is not citizenship. hy those who refer to the treaty of eession Kow the Constitution declares (Four- us giving to Congress- the right to gov- teenth Amendment) that" an p('rsons born ern the people of Porto Hico, who do not or naturaliæd in the United States, and rdain their Spanish allegiance, according subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are to its pleasure. Has the Que('n Re- e:itizens of the United States." This dis- gt'ut, with the island, deeorated Congress poses of the question, unless it ean he with One of the jewels from the Spani h maintained that Porto Rico is not a part erOWIl? ûf the United States. In Po]]anl VB. Hogan, 3 Howard, the nut the theory that any part of the court says: Constitution, of itself, emhrac('s the Terri- "It c;nnot he admitted that the King tories and their people is contested hy if Spain could by treaty, or otherwise, many. Congress seems to have assumed impart to the L"nited States any of his the negative. though among the members royal prerogati\"es; anù mudl l('ss can it there was not entire harmony as to the be admitted that they have capacity to re- argument by whiC'h the condusion was ceive or power to e ereise them." reached. It is contpndecl, by most of tJlOse A treaty is a part of the snprNne law Wll0 defend the Porto-Rican hi]), that the of the land in the same sense that an act Constitution ðpends its(']f wholly upon of Congress is, not in the same sense that that part of the national domain that has the Constitution is. The Constitution of been organi7ed into f'tates, and has no ref- the United States eannot be abrogated or erence to, or authority in, the Territori('s, impaired by a treaty. Acts of Congress save as it has constituted a government and treaties are only a part of the "su- to rule over them. preme law of the ]anl1" \\'lwn tll('Y pur- Xo Of)(' eontpnd tllat ('very provision sue tll(' Const itut ion. The Rupr(>nH' Conrt of t h(' Const if lit ion a I'p] ips to the Tf'rri- has d('eidpd tha t a h'('a ty Hla,r hf' allro- torie... Rome of thelll ('''p] iei t1y rpla tf" to gated b r a later f\tatllt('. on the grollnd the Rtatf'') onl r. The C'onf(>ution of tho {' that the statlltf' is HI(' latf'r ('''fll'('<;sion who OPPOS(.tl th(' Porto-Rican ]pgislation of the sovereign's will. \rhcther a statute is that aU of those gl'ueral provÏ:"iOJls of 170 ANNEXED TERRITORY the Constitution which impose limitation of contracts be impaired, nor s11al1 prop-, upon the po" en; of the legi lati\"e, e).e<:u- crty he taken without due pro<:I:':-: of law; tive, and judicial departmcnts must ap- nor shall the freedom of speech or of the ply to all regions amI I)()ople where or lJress be ahridged; nor !'>hall slanry e).ist upon whom those powers are e'.ercÏsed. in any plaee suhjel't to thc jurisdietion And, on the othcr hand, those who deny of the United ::States. These limitations most broadly that the Constitution applies are placed upon the e ercise of the legis- to the Territories seem practically to al- lath-e lJower without regard to the place low that much of it does. The power of or the people for whom the legislation in a appointment and pardon in the Terri- given case may be intended." tories, the confirmation of Territorial of- That is to say, every general eonstitu- fieers, the methods of passing laws to gov- tional limitation of the powers of Congress ern the Territories, the keeping and dis- applies to the Territories. The brief bursement of Federal taxes derh'cd from schedule of these limitations given by the the Territories, the ,-eto power, and many committee are all put in the negative other things, are pursued as if the Con- form, "Congress shall not"; but surely stitution applied to the cases. it was not meant that there may not be Rut, in theory, it is claimed by these quite as effective a limitation by the use that no part of the Constitution applies of the affirmati,-e form. If a power is except the Thirteenth Amendment, which given to be used in one way only, all prohibits slavery, and that only because other uses of it are negativcd by necessary the prohibition expressly includes "any implication. 'Yhen it is said, " All duties, place subject to their jurisdiction." This impoli\ts, and excises shall be uniform amendment was proposed by Congress on throughout the rnited States," is not that Feb. I, 18G5-the day on which Sherman's the cquh-alent of " No duty or excise that army left Savannah on its northern is not uniform shaH be levied in the march; and the words "any place sub- {1nited States"? And is not the first form ject to their jurisdiction" were probahly quite as effective a limitation of the legis- added because of the uncertainty as to the lati,-e power over the subject of indirect legal status of the States in rebellion, and taxation as that contained in the fourth not because of any doubt as to whether clause of the section is upon the power Nebraska, tIH'n a Territory, was a part of to lay direct taxes? the United States. In the latter the negative form is used, The view that some other generallimita- thus: tions of the Constitution upon the powers " No capitation or otIler direct tax shall of Congress must relate to all regions and be laid. unless in proportion to the census all persons was, however, adopted by some of enumeration hereinbefore directed to be members of the Scnate Committee in the taken." report upon the I>orto-Rican bill, where it This discrimination between express and is said: implied limitations, benevolently attempt- "Yet, as to all prohibitions of the Con- cd to save for the people of the Terri- stitution laid upon Congress while legis- toTies the bill of rights provision of the lating, they operate for the benefit of all Constitution, will not, I think, endure for whom Congress may legislate, no mat- discussion. ter where they may be situated, and with- There are only three views that may be out regard towhether or not the provisions offpred, with some show of consistency in of the Constitution have been extended to themselves. them; but this is so because the Congress, First. That Congress, the ewcutive, and in all that it does, is subject to and go v- the judiciary are all created hy the Con- erned by those restraints and prohibitions. stitution as governing agencies of the As, for instance, Congress shall make no nation eaUed tIle Pnited States; that their law respecting an establishment of relig- powers are defined hy the Constitution ion, or prohibiting the free e ereise there- and run throughout the nation; that all of; no title of nobility shall be granted; the limitations of their powers attach to no bill of attainder or ex post facto law every region and to all civilized people shan be paRsed; ncitller shall the validity under the sovereignty of the rnitpd StateR, 171 ANNEXED TERRITORY unless their inapplicabiJity appears from the Constitution it!';elf; that eYel'y guaran- tee of liberty, including that most essen- tial one, uniform taxation, is to be allowed to every free civilized IlIan and woman who owes allpgiance to the United States; that the use of the term " throughout the enited tates" docs not limit the scope of any constitutional provision of the States that would otherwise be applicable to the Territories as well; but that thpse words include the widest swecp of the na- tion's sovereignty, and so the widest limit of congressional action. Secondly. That the term "The United States" defines an inner circle of the na- tional sovereignty composed of the States alone; that, whenever these words are uspd in the Constitution, they must be taken to have reference only to the region and to the people within this inner circle; but that, wlwn these words of limitation arc omitted, the constitutional provision must, unless otherwise limited, be taken to in- clude all lands and people in the outer circle of the national sovereignty. Thirdly. That the Constitution has rela- tion only to the States and their people; that an constitutional limitations of the powers of Congress and the executive are to be taken to apply only to the States and their citizens; that the power to acquire territory is neither derived from the Con- stitution nor limited by it, but is an in- herent power of na tional Jife; that the government we exercise in the Territories is not a constitutional government, but an a h801ute government, and that all or any of the things prohibited by the Constitu- tion as to the States, in the interest of lihf'rty, justice, and equality, may be done in the Territories; that, as to tlle Terri- tories, we are under no restraints save uch as our 0\\ n interests or our benevo- lence may impose. I !';ay " benpvolence "; hut must not that fJuality be submerged hefore this view of the Constitution is promulgated? It seems to ha\e had its ori:án in a supposed com- mercial necessity, and we may fairly coy}- plude that otllPr recurring necessities will guide it!'; exercise. Is it too much to say t hat this vipw of the Constitution is shocking? . Within t]lf> Statps, it is agreed tllat the powers of the several dppartJllf'nts of the national government are severely re- strained. \Ve read that Congress shall have power, and again that Congress slmH not have power. ]Jut neither these grants nor these inhibitions ha,.e, it is said, any rela- tion to the Territories. Against the laws enacted by the Congress, or the acts done b,y the executive, thcre is no apppal, on be- half of the people of the 1\'rritories, to any written constitution, or bill of rights, or charter of liberty. ".e otfer them only this highly consolatory thought: a nation of free Americans can be trusted to deal benevolently with 'ou. How obstinately wrong we were in our old answer to the Southern sla,'e-hoJdpr! It is not a question of kind or unkind treatment, but of human rights; not of the good or bad use of power, but of the power, we said. And so our fathers Raid, in answer to the claim of ah olute powpr made on belmlf of the British Parliament. As to the States, the legislative power of Congress is "all Ipgislati"e powers herein granted." (Art. 1, sec. 1.) As to the Territories, it is said to be all legislative power-all that any parJiament ever had or ever claimed to have, and as much more as we may claim-for there can be no excess of pretension wllCre power is ab- solute. Xo law rdating to the Territories, passed by Congress, can, it is said, be de- clared by the Supreme Court to be in- operative, though every section 0: it should contravene a provision of the Con- stitution. An outline of a possible law may aid us to see more clearly what is involwtl: Sec. 'I. Suspends permanently the writ of lwbras corpus in Porto Rico. Rec. 2. Dedares an attainder against a]] Porto Ricans who have displaypù I the Spanish flag sincp the treaty of peace. Spc. 3. Grants to the native mayors of Ponce anù San .Tuan the titIps of J.onl Dukes of Porto Hico, with appropriatp crest s. Spc. 4. Any Porto TIipan who shaH slwak disrps})(>etfully of till' ('ongress shall be dpf>Jued guilty of trpason. One witupss shall be sufficient to prove the oIT('J1ce, and on comietion the oITpmler shall }mve his tongue cnt out; am] the conviction s}wll work corruption of blood. F;p(', fi. Th(' Prpsbyt('rian (,hun.h shall hI' HIP pstahli llf'cl ('lit/rd. of the islancl, and J -.) .- ANNEXED TERRITORY no one shall be permitted to worship God after any other fonn. Sec. G. All pruposed publications shall be submitted to a censur, and shall be l.rinted only after he has approved the Hame. Public meetings for the discussion of public affairs are prohibited, and no petitions shall be presented to the govern- ment. Sec. 7. No inhabitant of Porto Rico shall keep or bear arms. Sec. 8. The soldiers of the island garri- son shall be quartered in the houses of the people. Sec. n. The commanding officer of the United Rtates forces in the island shall have the right, without any warrant, to search the person, llOUS{', papers, and ef- fects of anyone suspected by him. Sec. 10. Any person in Porto Rico, in civil lifc, may bc put upon trial for capital or other infamous crimes upon the infor- mation of the public prosecutor, without the presentmcnt or indictment of a grand jury; Jllay be twice put in jeopardy for the same offence; Jllay he compelled to be a witness against himself, amI may be dC'prived of life, liberty, or property with- out due process of law, and his property may he taken for public uscs without com- peIH;ation. Sec. II. Criminal trials may, in the dis- erC'tion of the presiding judge, be held in sC'eret, without a jury, in a district pre- scribed by law after the commission of the offence, and the accused shaH, or not, he advisC'd before arraignment of the nat- ure or cause of the accusation, and shaH, or not, be confronted with the witnesses against him, and have compulsory process to secure his own witnesses, as the prcsid- ing judge may in his discretion order. Sec. 12. There shaH be no }"ight in any suit at common law to demand a jury. Sec, l:l. A direct tax is imposed upon Porto Rico for Ff'neral use!'lwithout regard to its relatiyc population; the tariff rates at San .Tuan are fixed at 50 per cent., ann those at Ponce at 15 per cent. of those levien at Npw York. NC'w :Mðico, or Ari:1.Ona, or Oklahoma might be substitutf'd for "Porto Rico in the hill; for, I think. those witO affirm that tllC Constitution has no relation to Porto Rico do so upon grounds that equally apply to all other Territories. Now, no one supposes that Congress will ever assemble in a law such shocking pro- visions. But, for themselves, our fathers were not content with an as:,;urance of these great rights that rested wholly upon the sense of justice and benevolence of the Congress. The man whose protection from wrong rests wholly upon the benevo- lence of another man or of a congress, is a slave-a man without rights. Our fathers took security of the governing departments they organized; and that, notwithstanding the fact that the choice of all public officers rested with the people. When a man strictly limits the powers of an agent of his own choice, and exacts a bond from him, to secure his faithfulness, he does not occupy strong ground when he insi:,;ts that another person, who had no part in the selection, shall give the agent full powers without a hondo If there is anything that is character- istic in American constitutions, State and national, it is the plan of limiting the powers of all publie officers and agencies. " You shall do this; you may do this; you shall not do this "-is the form that the schedule of powers always takes. This grew out of our experience as English colonies. A government of unlimited legislative or executive powers is au un- .American government. And, for one, I do not like to believe that the framers of the national Constitution and of our first State constitutions were careful only for their own liberties. This is the more improbable whcn we remember that the territory then most likely to be acquired would naturally he peopled by their sons. They cherished very broad views as to the rights of men. Their philosophy of liberty derived it from God. Liberty was a Divine gift to he claimed for ourselves only upon the condi- tion of allowing it to "all mf'n." They would write the law of lihcrty truly, and suffer for a time the just r('proa('h of a de- parture from its precepts that could not be rresently amended. It is a bravc thing to proclaim a law that condemns your own practices. You assnnw the fault and strive to attain. The fath('rs left to a hasf'r generation the attempt to limit God's law of liberty to white men. It is not a right use of the fauIt of slavery to say that, because of it, 17 ANNEXED TERRITORY Our fathers did not mean "all men." It branch of the government of the Philip- was one thing to tolerate an existing con- pincs, must be imposed these inviolable dition that the law of liberty condemned, rules: in order to accomplish the union of the " 'That no person slutH be deprived of States, and it is quite anothcr thing to Hfe, liberty, or property without due proc- create a condition contrary to liberty for ess of law; that private property shaH a commercial profit. not be taken for public use without just In a rccent discussion ofthese questions, compensation; that in all criminal prose- sent me by the author, I find these con- cutions the accused shall enjoy the right solatory reflections: "And yet the inaIien- to a speedy and public trial, to be in- able rights of the Filipinos, eyen if not formed ofthc nature aud cause ofthe accu- guaranteed by the Constitution, are amply sat ion, to be confronted with the witnesses sccured by the fundamental, unwritten against him, to have compulsory process laws of our civilization." Does this mean for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and that the specific guarantees of individual to have the assistance of counsel for his liherty found in our Constitution have be- defence; that ðcessive bail shall not be re- come a part of "our civilization," and quired, nor exccssive fines imposed, nor that they apply in Porto Rico and the cruel and unusual punishment inflicted; Philippines in such a scnsc that, if there that no per lOon shall be put twice in jeop- is any denial of them by COllgre!':s or the ardy for the same offencc, or be compplled e ecuthe, the courts can enforce them in any criminal case to be a witness and nullify the law that infringes them? against himself; that the right to be se- If that is meant, then as to all Buch rights cure against unreasonahle searches and this discussIon is tweedledllm and tweedle- seizurcs shall not be violated; that neither dee-the Constitution does not apply, hut slavery nor involuntary servitude shaH all these provisions of it are in full forcc, exist e cept as a punishmcnt for crime; notwithstanding. that no hill of attainder, or ex post facto Perhaps, however, it should be asked law shall be passed; that no law shall be further, whether the rule of the uniform- passed abridging the freedom of speech ity of taxation is a part of the "law or of the press, or of the rights of the of our civiJization"; for, without it, aH people to peaceably assemhle and pe ition property rights are unprotected. The man the government for a redress of griev- whose property may be taxed arbitrarily, ances; that no law shaIl be made respect- without regard to uniformity within the ing' the estahlishment of religion, or pro- tax district, and without any limitation hibiting the free exercise thereof, and that as to the purposes for whieh taxes may be the free exereise and enjoyment of relig- levied, docs not own anything; he is a ious profession and worship without dis- tenant at will. crimination or prefercnce shall forcver be But if these supposed "laws of our civ- allowed.''' iIization" are not enforcible by the courts, The benf'volent disposition of the Presi- and rest wholly for their sanction upon the dent is well i1Iustrated in these Înstruc- consciences of presidents and congresses, Hons. He conferred freely-" until Con- then there is a very wide diffcrence. The gress shall take action "-upon the FiJi- one is ownership, the other is charity. The pinos, who accepted the sovereignty of the one is freedom, the other !'IJavery-however United States and 8uhmittpd themselves just and kind the mash"r may bfl. to the government estabIi!'õhf'd by the Com- The instructions of the President to the mission, privileges that our fat]wrs only Taft Philippine Commission secm to all ow spcured after eight years of desperate war. that any civil government unùer the au- There is this, however, to he noted, that thority of the Vnited States that does our fanters were not conlent to hold these not offer to the people aff('ctf'd hy it the priecle!'õ!'l gifts under a re"o('able lieensp. guarant(,f'fj of lih(>rty ('ontaÏtws," may well be styled the legal Gib- trade intercourse, and define and gUal'an- raltar of England." (\Vilson's 'Vorks tee the rights of the people of the respec- [Andrews] vol. ii., p. 413.) tive nations when domiciled in the terri- Mr. Madison, speaking of this section of tmy of the other. The descriptive terms run the Constitution, says in the Federalist: like this: "The subjects of her Britannic " Rut as new-fangled and al'tificial trea- Majesty" on the one part, and" the citi- sons have been the great engines by which zens of the United States" on the other. violent factions, the natural offspring of Now, if the commercial privileges gum"an- free gO\Ternment, have usually wreaked teed by these treaties do not, in their their malignity on each other, the conven- present form, include the Porto Ricans tion han with great judgment opposed a who strewed flowers before our troops harrier to this peculiar danger, by insert- wIlen they entered the island. we ought ing a constitutional definition of the at once to propose to our "Great and crime," etc. Good Friends," the kings and queens of 1\11'. Madison believed that there was a the earth, a modification of our conven- real danger that statutes of treason might tions in their behalf. be oppressively used by Congress. 'Vhat 'Vho will claim the distinction of pro- 'have we been doing, or what llan we a posing that the words" and subjects" be purpose to do, that we find it necessary introduced after the word "citizens"1 to limit the safeguards of liberty found in There wiII be no objection on the part of our Constitution, to the people of the the king, you may be sure; the modifica- States? Is it that we now propose to tion will be allowed smilingly. acquire territory for colonization, and not, \Ve have never before found it necessary as heretofore, for full incorporation? Is to treat the free civili7ed inhabitants of it that we propose to llave crown colonies, the Territories otherwise than as citizens and must have crown lawY Is it that we of the United States. mean to be a world power, and mU!'lt be It is true, as 1\11'. Justice Miller said, free from the nstmints of a Dill of that the exclusive sovereignty over the Rights Y \Ve shan owe deliverance a see- Territories is in the national government; ond time to these principles of human hut it does not follow that the nation pos- Iibel"ty, if they are now the means of sesses the power to govern the Territories delivering us from un - American proj- independently of the Constitution. The eds. Constitution gives to Congress the right The particular provision of the Consti- to exercise" exclusive legislation" in the tution upon which Congress seems to have District of Columbia; but" exclusive" is balked, in the Porto Rican legislation, was 175 ANNEXED TERRITORY a revenue clause--viz., the first paragraph l 'nitcu State!'!, amI its people citizens of of sec. 8 of art. I, which reads: the United States. "The Congress shall have power to 1ay For the first time Congress has laid and collect ta es, duties, imposts, and ex- tariff duties upon goods paðsing from a cises, to pay the debts and proyidc for the Territory into the tates. The necessity common defence and general welfare of for this radical departure from the estab- the United States; but all duties, imposts, lished practice of the government seems and excises shall be uniform throughout to have been to find a safe basis for the the "Cnited States." holding and goycrning of regions, the free There was only one door of escape from introduction of whose products might at- aJIowing the application of this clause to fect the home industries unfavorably, and Porto Rico. It was to deny that the the admission of whose people to citizen- Territories are part of the United States. ship might imply future Statehood-or at It will be noticed that the descriptive least the right of migration and settlement term" The United States" is twice used in the Statcs of an undesirable population. in the one sentence-once in the clause That the diversity of tongues in the Phil- defining the purposes for which only du- ippines, and the utter 1ack of the Ameri- ties and imposts may be levied, and once can likeness in everything there, presented in the clause requiring uniformity in strong reasons against the acquisition of t he use of the power. Is there any canon the islands, I freely admit. of construction that authorizes us to give It must also be conceded that when, as to the words "The United States" one we are told, Providence laid upon us the meaning in the first use of them and an- heavy duty of taking over and goyern- other in the second? If in the second use ing these islands, it was very natural that the Territories are excluded, must they not we should seek to find a way of governing also be excluded in the first? If the rule them that would save us from some of the of uniformity does not apply to the Ter- unpleasant consequences which a discharge ritories. how can the power to tax be used of the duty in the old way involved. But in the United States, to pay the debts and do we not incur a greater loss and peril provide for the defence and general wel- from that new doctrine, that our Congress fare of the Territories? Can duties be and executive have powers not derived levied in New York and other ports of the from the Constitution, and are subject States, to be expended for local purposes to no restraint or limitations in the Ter- in Porto Rico, if the island is not a part of ritories, save such as they may impose the United States? upon themselves? Are the debts that may be contracted Are the civil rights of the dweller!'! on hy what the law calls the body politic of the mainland well secured against the in- .. The People of Porto Rico" for local pur- sidious under-wear of greed and ambition, poses, part of the debt of the United while we deny to the island dwellers, who States-notwithstanding- that the island are held to It strict allegiance, the only is no part of the United States and the sure defence that civil rights can have-- people are not citizens of the United the guarantees of constitutional law? Htates? But some one will say that the Rurke saw in the absolute powers claimptl island is one of our outlying defences, and for })arliament, in the Anwrican coloniC's, that fortifications and naval stations and danger to the liberties of Parliament it- public highways there are necessary to the self. As so often quoted, he said: "common defence." \Vell, is it also true " For we are convinced, beyond It doubt, that education and poor relief, and fire that a system of depend('nee whieh leave!'. and police and health protection, and all no security to the people for any part of other agencies of local order and better- their freedom in thf'ir own hands, eannot ment in Porto Rico, are included in the be established in any inferior nwmhcr of words" the general welfare of the United the British Empire without consequently States"? It would seem that a region destro:.ring the freedom of that very hotly of which it can be said that its general in favor of whose boundless pretensions welfare is the g(>neral we]fare of the such a seheme is adopted. We know and enited States, must be a part of the feel that arbittary power 0\'(11' distant reo li6 ANNEXED TERRITORY gions is not within the competence, nor the Constitution into a Territory, I can to be exercised agreeably to the forms or think of nothing that will, save the act of consistently with the spirit, of grcat popu- admitting the Territory as It State. lar assemblies." The situation of the Porto Rican peo- Are we, in this day of colllmercial car- pIe is scarccly less mortifying to us than nival, inca puble of being touched by such to them; they owe allegiance but have considerations, either in our fears or in no citizenship. Have we not spoiled our our sense of justice? Is it not likely to career as a delivering nation? And for be true that the moral tone of the repub- what? A gentleman connected with the lic-our estimation of constitutional lib- beet-sugar industry, seeing my objections erty-wilI be lessened by the creation of a to the constitutionality of the law, and body of civilized people over whom our having a friendly purpose to help me over flag waves as an emblem of power only? them, wrote to say that the duty was ab- The flag cannot stand for the benevolent solutcJy necded to protect the beet-sugar policies of an administration. It stands industry. While appreciating his friendli- for more permanent things-for things ness, I felt compelled to say to him that that changing administrations have no there was a time for considering the a(l- power to change. Is it not in the nature vantages and disadvantages of a commer- of a mockery to raise the flag in Porto cial sort involved in taking over Porto Rico and bid its hopeful people hail it as Rico, but that that time had passed, and an emblem of emancipation, while the to intimate to him that the needs of the govel"nOr we have sent them reads a proc- beet-sugar industry seemed to me to be ir- lamation, from the foot of the staff, an- relevant in a constitutional discussion. nouncing the absolute power of Congress The wise man did not say there was over them? a future time for everything; he al- How would the pioneers of the West lowed that the time for dancing might be have regarded a declaration that they altogether behind us, and a less pleasant were not citizens of the United States, or exercise before us. \Ye are hardly likely a duty laid upon the furs then sent to the to acquire any territory that will not come States, or upon the salt and gunpowder at some cost. sent from the States in exchange, even if That we give back to Porto Rico all of a preference of eighty-fin: per cent. had the revenue derived from the customs we heen given them over the people of Canada ? levy does not seem to me to soften our It is safe to say that no such interpre- dealings with her people. Our fathers tation of the Constitution, or of the rights were not mollified by the suggestion that of the people of a Territory, wi]] ever be the tea and stamp taxes would be ex- offered to men of American descent. pended whoHy for the benefit of the colo- If the Constitution, so far as it is ap- lIies. It is to say: "We do not need this plicable, attaches itself, whether Congress money; it is only levied to show that your wi]] or no, to all territory taken over as a country is no part of the United States, part of the permanent territory of the and that you are not citizens of the United roited States, it is there to stay as funda- States, save at our pleasure." \Yhen trih- mmtal law. But if it is not so, an act of ute is levied and immediately returned as Congress declaring that the Constitution a benefaction, its only purpose is to de- is "extended" is not fundamental law, clare and maintain a state of vassalage. hut statute law, anrl may be repealed; and But I am not sure that the beet-sugar is repealed by implication, pro tanto, when- objection is not more tenable than another, ever Congress passes a law in conflict with and probably more controHing com,idera- tIle provisions of the" extended" ConRti- tion, which ran in this wise: "\Ye see no tution. If the Conc;titution as such, as serious commercial disadvantages, and no funclamentallaw, is extendc(l over new ter- threat of disorder, in accepting Porto Rico ritory, it must be the result of an act tc be a part of the United States-in that done:-an act tlH' etfp('t of which is in it- case it seems to be our duty: but we have s('lf, not in any accompanying declara- acquired other islands in the Orient. of tion. large area, populated by a turhulent and If the act of annexation does not carry TPhe1lious p('ople; and, if we do by the I.-1t1 177 ANNEXED TERRITORY Porto l:ie:1I\!'I what our 5('115e of justice and of their fri(,lldlille 8 proUlpts us to do, some iJlogieal person will aJ that \\ e mu!;,t deal in the t;ame way with the Phil- ippines. And some othcr person wiII say that the free intercourse was not given by the law but by the Constitution." I will not give a license to a friend to cut a tree upon my land to feed his winter fire, because my enemy may find in the license a support for his claim that the wood is a common! If we have confidence that the Constitu- tion does not apply to the Territories, surely we ought to use our ahsolute power there with a view to the circumstances at- tending each call for its exercise. Kot to do this shows a misgidng as to the power. The questions raised by the Porto Rican legislation have been discussed chießy from the stand - point of the people of the Territories; but there is another view. If, in its tariff legislation relative to merchandise imported into the Terri- tories and to merchandise passed from the Territories into the States, Congl'ess is not subject to the law of uniformity pre- scribed by the Constitution, it would seem to follow that it is within the power of Congress to aHow the admis!'lion to Porto Rico of all raw materials coming from other countries free of duty, and to admit to all ports of the" United States proper," free of duty, the products manufactured from these raw materials. As the people of the" United States proper" choose the Congressmen, there may be no great alarm felt over this possibility; but it is worth while to note that a construction of the Constitution adopted to save us from a competition with the Territories on equal grounds is capable of being turned against us and to their advantage. The courts may not refu!'le to give to tIle explicit words of a law their natural meaning, by reason of the m consequences that may follow; but they may well take 3,ccount of consequf'nces in construing doubtful phrases. and rf'!'Iolve the doubts so as to save the purpose of the law- makers, where, as in the case of the consti- tutional provision we are considering. that purpose is well known. They will not construe a doubtful phrase so as to anow the very thing that the law was intended to prevent. These const i tlltional q\H'st ions wiJ1 soon he (lc('ill..d hy tIle llpreme Court. If the ah8011ltC' !'own of ('ongrl' s is allil'1JH'd. W(' shall I'whahly use t11f' power with dis- crimination by .. e tC'1H.lilig" the COllsti. tution to Porto Hico, and by giving to its people a full territorial form of goYt'rn- ment, and such protection in their cidl rights as an act of Congre!;,s can gi\'e. If the court shall hold that the Constitution, in the parts not in themselves inapplicable, covers aIJ territory made a permanent part of our domain, from the moment of annex- ation and as a necessary part of the rnited Btates, then we will conform our legislation, with deep regret that we as- sumed a construction contrary to liherty, and with some serious embarrassments that might have been avoiùed. There has been with many a mistaken apprehension that, if the Constitution, of its own force, extends to Porto Rico anù the Philippines, and gives American eiti- zenship to their free civilized people, they become endowed with fuIJ political rights; that their consent is necessary to the va- lidityand rightfulnes'i of all civil adminis- trations. But no such deduction follows. The power of COllgress to legislate for the Territories is fuJI. That is, th('re is no legislative power elsewhere Ulan in Con- gress, but it is not absolute. The conten- tion is that aH the powers of Congr('ss are derived from the Constitution-including the power to legislate for the Territories- and that such legislation mu t nl'cessariJy, always and everywher('. be subject to the limitations of the Constitution. \Yhen this rule is obser\'ed, the consent of the people of the TerritoriC's is not nf'C- essary to the validity of the legislation. The new Territory having bl"come a part of the national domain, the people dWf'I1- ing therein have no reserved legal right to sever that rplation, or to sd up therpin a hostile governmpnt. The question whether the enited States can takc O\er or continue to hold and govern a Territory whose people are hostile, i!'l not a question of constitutional or international law, but of conscience and historiml consi tpney. Some one must determine when and how far the people of a Territory, part of our national domain, can be entrusted with governing powers of a local nature, and whl"n the broader powers of statehood liB ANNEXED TERRITORY shall be conferred. We have no right to judge the cal)acity for self-government of the people of another nation, or to make an alleged lack of that faculty an eÀcuse for aggression; but we must judge of this matter for our Territories. The interests to be affected by the decision are not all local; many of them are national. These questions are to be judged liberal- ly and with strong leanings to the side of popular libertJ', but we cannot give o\-er the decision to the people who may at any particular time be settled in a Territory. \Ye have, for the most part, in our history given promptly to the people of the Terri- tories a large measure of local government, and have, when the admission of a State was propo ed, thought only of boundarics and population. But this "as because our Territories ha\-e been contiguous and chiefly populated from the States. \Ye are not only at liberty, however, but under a duty, to take account also of the quality and disposition of the people, and we have in one or two instances done so. The written Constitution prescribes no rule for these cases. The que5tion whether the Cnited States shall hold conquered tcrritory. or territory acquired by cession, without tIle consent of the people to be affected, is quite apart from the question whether. haYing acquired and incorporated sneh territory, we can govern it otherwise than under the limitations of the Consti- tution. The Constitution may be aided in things doubtful by the Dedaration of Indepen- dence. It may be assumed that the frame of civil goyernmpnt adopted was intend- ed to harmonize with the Declaration. It is the preamhle of the Constitution. It goes hefore the enacting clau5e and de- clares the purpose of the law; but the pur- pose so expressed is not the law unless it finds renewed expression after the enacting clause. 'Ye shall be plainly recreant to the !'pirit amI purpose of the Constitu- tion if we arbitrarily deny to the people of a Territory as larg(> a measure of popu- lar gonrnment as their good disposition and intelligence will warrant. Neces- 5al"i1y, the jurlgnH'nt of thi!'l question. how- en'I". i!'. with ("ollgrps!'.. The ("onstitulion prescriheR no nllf"--('ould not do so-amI thp eonrts call110t re\'iew the discretion of Congress. But we are now having it dinned into our ears that expansion is the law of life, and that expansion is not practicable if the Constitution is to go with the flag. Lord Salisbury, some years ago, stated this supposed law of national life. In a recent address, 1\11'. James Bryce says, by way of comment: " He thinks it like a bicycle, which must fall when it comes to a stand-still. It is an awkward result of this doctrine that when there is no more room for expan- sion-and a time must come, perhaps soon. when there will be no more rOOIll- the Empire will begin to decline." If Great Britain, with her accepted methods of territorial growth, finds the problem of growth by expansion increas- ingly hard, it will be harder for us, for we are fettered by our traditions as to popu- lar rights, at least-if not by our Consti- tution. But expansion is not necessarily of a healthy sort; it may be dl"Opsical. If judgment is passed now, the attempted conquest of the Boer republics has not strengthened Great Britain. She has not gained esteem. She has not increased her loyal population. Rhe has created a need for more outlying garrisons-already too numerous. She has strained her military and financial resources, and has had a revelation of the need of larger armies and stronger coast defences at home. The re- cent appeal of Lord Salisbury at the Lord Mayor's banquet for more complete island defences is most significant. Did the South African war furnish a truer measure of the Empire's land strength than the famil- iar campaigning against half-savage peo- ples had done? The old coach, with its power to stand as well as to move, may, a fter all, be a safer carriage: for the hopes and interests of a great people, than the bicycle. Some one will say, increasing years and retirement and introspection have broken your touch with practical affairs and left you out of sympatllY with the glowing prospects of territorial expansion that now opens before us: that it has always been so; the Louisiana and the Alaskan pur- C"haR(>!'I W(>I"f' opposf'd by !'IOIÙ(> ft'arful souls. Rut I have heen making no argument aga inRt pxpansinn. TllP r{'('pnt af'qui i- tions from Spain must present \\'Ï(lely tatc!o.man; rejoice in the acquisition of lands and born in Cm-entry, R. I., April I, 18I.'j; forests and minps and commerce, at the graduated at Brown University in 1833;_ cost of the abandonment of the old Allleri- editor of the Providence Journal, IR3R- can idea that a govcrnment of absolute G3; elected governor of Rhode 1!'land powers is an intolerable thing, and, under in 1849 and in lR30; united States Sen- the Constitution of the united States, an ator from Rhode Island, 1831)-84; thrice impossible thing. The view of the Con- elected prehident ]11"0 tem. of the Senate. stitution I have suggested will not limit He died in Prm'ider:ce, R. I., Scpt. 2, IH84. the power of territorial expansion; but it Anthony, SCSAX ÐnOWIQ';LL, American \\iIl lead us to limit the use of that reformcr; born in South Adams, )Idh::;., power to regions thnt may safely become Feb. I;). 18:W. She was of Quaker parent- a part of the l-nited States, and to pcoples age, and recei\ed her edueation at a whose American citizenship may be allow. Friends' school in Philadelphia. Fro111 183;; cd. It has been said that the flash of to 1 .jO she taught school in Xew York. Dewey's guns in l\Ianila Ray revealed to In I8H she bpg-an her effort" in behalf the American people a new mission. I of the temperance movement: in lR.; like rather to think of them as re\"Caling she assisted in organiáng the "'oman's the f"ame old mis!;,ion that we read in the Kew York State Temperance Society. In 1Iash of Washington's guns at York- IS.;-1-55 she held meetings in behalf of town. female suffrage. f:ihe \\ as a leader in the God forhid that the day should ever anti - slanry mo\'ement, and an early {'Ome when, in the American mind, the advol'ate of the coeducation of women. thought of man as a "consumer" shall Great]y througll her influence, the 1\ew suhmerge the old American thought of York legislature, in IHfiO. pa!':s('d the aet man as a creature of God, endowed with gÏ\-ing married women the po ession of "inalienable rights." their earnings and the guardianship of Anthon, CHARLES. scholar and edu- their children, In HHi8. with :\lrs. E. C. cator; born in Kew York, Nov. lÜ, 1 jfJ7. Stanton and Parker PillshuQ', shc hegan His father, a surl!eon- eneral in the Brit- the I'uhlieation of thc Rc[;ollitionist, a ish army, flettJed in l\ew York soon after paper dc\Otcd to the emancipation of wom- the Revolution. Charles graduated at Co- en. [n 18ï2 f'he east tPl't ballots at the 111mbia Col1ege in 1815, was admitted to State and congr(>!'oo!o.ional elections in Roeh- the hal', and in 1820 was madc professor ester. X. Y., and was in(licted and fÌJH'd of languagps in his alma mnter. Pro. for illegal voting, hut the fine was ne\"cr fessor Anthon was the author of many e'{acted, books connected with classical stmlie!'!. Antietam, RATTLE OF. \fter the sur- He was made the head of the classical de- If'J](Ier of Harppr's Ferry, Sppt. 15, 1862, partment of the college as suceeSf"or of ].iee felt himself in a periJ01I!'! position, for Professor ::\lo01'e in 183;;. having sen-ed as General Franklin had entered Pleasant rector of the grammar-school of the college Yalley that very morning and threatened for fi\-e years. Profeh<.or .\nthon was the sevel'ance of his army. T_f'e at once very methodical in his hahit!'!. He retired took measures to conCf'ntratf' his forces. at ten o'clock and rose at four. and per- TIe withdrf'\V Ids troops fmm outh ::\foun- formed much of his appointed day's work tain anrl took po!':ition in tIle Antietam l-Iefore breakfa!'t. By industry he pro- ndleJ'. near Sharpsburg, Id. Jackson, by ISO ANTIETAM swift marches, had recrossed the Potomac with heavy loss, beyond a line of woods. and joined Lee on Antietam Creek. 'Yhen It wa at this time, when Hooker ad- the Confederates left South Iountain, Ic- vanced, that Jackson was reiuforced. The Clellan's troops followed them. Lee's Coufederates swarmeù 011(; of the works plans were thwarted, and he found himself and fell heavily upon Ieade, when Hooker compelled to fight. IcClellan was very called upon Doubleday for help. A brio cautious, for he believed the Confederates gade under General Hartsuff pressed for. were on hi:-; front in overwhelming num- ward against a heavy storm of misiiiles, hers. It was ascertained that Lee's army and its leader was sen rely wounded. did not number more than GO,OOO. IcClel- Icanwhile :Mansfield's corps had heen 01'- lan's effective force was 8ï ,000. IcClel- dered up, and before it became engaged lan's army was well in hand (Sept. the veteran leader was mortally wounded. Hi), and Lee's was well posted on the The eommand then devolved on neneral hdghts near Sharpsburg, on the west- 'ril1iams, who left his division in the care ern side of Antietam Creek, a slug i8h of General Crawford, and the latter seized stream with few fords, spanned by four a piece of woods near by. Hooker had stone -bridges. On the right of the lost heavily; Doubleday's guns had si- X ational line were the corps of Hook- lenced a Confederate battery; Ricketts was er and Sumner. In the adnmee, and struggling against constantly increasing near the Antietam, General Riehardson's numbers on his front; and the Kational di,,-ision of Sumner's corps was postf'd. line began to wavcr, when Hooker, in the On a line with this was Sykes's (reg- van, was woundf'(l and taken from the ular) division of Porter's corps. Farther field. Smnner sent Sedgwick to the sup- down the stream was Burnside's corps. In port of Crawford, and Gordon and Rich- front of Sumner and Hooker were bat- ardson and French bore down upon the teries of 2-1-pounder Parrott guns. Frank- Conff'derates more to the left. lin's corps and Couch's division were far- The Xationals now held position at the ther down the valley, amI the division" of Dunker Church, and seemed about to graHp :Monell and Humphrey, of Porter's corps, the palm of victory (for Jaekson and Hood were approaching from Frederick. A de- were falling back), when fresh Confeder- tachment of the sig-nal corps, under :Major ate troops, under 1\IcLaws and 'Yalker, l\Iyer, was on a spur of South :Mountain. supported by Early, came up. They pene- As )fcClellan prudently hesitated to at- trated the Xational line and drm-e it back, tack, the Confederates put him on the de- when the unflinching Doubleday ga,-e them ff'n!';ive by opening an artillery fire upon such a storm of artillery that they, in the Xationals at dawn ( ept. lG, IR(2). turn, fell back to their original posit1on. He waR ready for response in the course of Sedgwick, twice wounded, wa canied the afternoon, when Hooker cro<;!"l'd the from the field, and thc command of his Antietam with a part of his corpH, com. division de,-olved on Gen. O. O. Howard. mandf'(1 by Genprals Ricketts, 1\lpade, and Generals Crawford anrl Dana were also Douhleday. Hooker at once attacked the woundf'd. Franklin was sent over to aH- Conff'(lf'rate If'ft, command('d by "Stone- siHt the hard-prl:ssNl Xationals. Forming wan .Jack"on." who was soon reinforced on Howard's left, he sf'nt Slocum with his hy <1 ('neral J[00l1. Sumnf'r was directetl divi!"ion towarlls the centre. At thp same to send OWl' Mansfield's corps during the time General Smith was ordered to retake night, and to hold his own in readiness the grountl on whieh there had been so to pass over the next morning. Hooker's mu('h fighting, antl it was done within fir t movcmcnt was succ('ssfnl. He drove fifteen minutes. The Confederates wel'e hack the Confedpratps. and his army rest- drivf'n far hack. ff'anwhi1e the divi!"ions ed on their arms that night on th(' ground of Fr('nch and Riphardson had bcen bu!"y. they had won. )Iansfield'" corps cro!"!"('d TIle former receivf'(l ordprs from Sumner in the evening, and at (lawn (Sf'pt. Ii) the tn prp!":,; on and makf' a di,'p1'!"ion in favor contest was rencwed by Hooker. It was of th(' right. nidwnlson's diviHion, com- ohstinate and se,-e1'c. 'Thc Xational hat- po"pd of the hrig Hlcs of Meagher, CaM- terics on t1w ('ast si(le of t1w crf'ck grpat1y ,w11. amI nrooks (WI1O had cI'o!"serl tll(' assi"tNl in driving t1lf' Confederates away, Antif'tam at t('n o'doc.k), gain('ù a good IS1 ANTIETAM-ANTI-EXP ANSIONISTS posit jon. 'III(> ('on r cdem tes, l'C'i nfOl'('p(l II) fresh troops, fought de I'('ratl'l '. Fillall '. Hichanlson was morhilly \\oUluled. and Cen. \V. . Ham'o('k uc('Pl'd('d him in command, when a charge was made that drove the Confederates in great confusion. Xight soon clo ed the action on the Ka- t iünal right and centre. Genpral )feagher had been woundpd and carried from the field, when th command of his troops de- \"oh'ed on Colonel Burke. During the fierce strif(.s of the day Porter'b em"ps, with artil- lery and l)leasonton's cav- alry, had remained on the ea!->t ide of thc stream, a a rðen'e, until late in the afternoon, \\ hen ::\IcClelIan sent O\'er some brigades. On the mornin of the ,': ,;t;, . .... .. i 1 ï th the left, under Burn- " '.';:.L . . iùe, engag(l<.l in a desper- " ", \ . ,. ate struggle for the po<;- ......t r-:ession of a hl'idge ju>:t be- low Sharp<;lmrg. That commander had been 01"- . '. " ,;' dered to cros:,; it and at- ... '. tack the Confederat<.s. It was a difficult task, and _ Burnside, e posed to a raking fire from the Con- federate batteries and an enfilading fire from sharp- shooters, \.as several times repulsed. Finally, at a little past noon, slmttered army stole away in the darkness, two regiments charged across the bridge recros ed the Potomac at \\ïlliamsport, and drove its defenders awav. The divi- and planted eight bath>rips on the high sions of Sturgis, "ïlco'\:. and'Rodman, and 'Tirginia hank that menaeed pursu{'!'S, Scammon's brigade, with four batteries, There had bf't:'n a wry t:1)"(I,\' pnnmit. At pa>:i'ed the bridge and drove the Confeder- dark on the e\'ening of the 1 !lth. Porter, ates almoHt to Sharpsburg. A. P. Hill, who was on the left bank of the l'in>r, with fresh troops, fell upon Burnside's ordered Griffin to cro!"s the strf'am with left, mortally wounding General Rodman, two brigadC's and carry Lee's batterips. find dri\"ing the Xationals nearly hack He captured four of the gun... On the to the bridge. Gen. O'B. Rraneh, of Korth next morning ( ppt. 20) a part of Por- Carolina, \Vas also killed in this encounter. ter's di\'ision mndf' a J"(>connoissanf'e in The Confederates were clH'ckf'd by Xation- force on the Yirginia side, and were fi!';- al artillery on the ('astern Hide of the sailed hy Hill in amhush, who drove them stream, and, reHerW'H fI(h-an('ing under ae1'O"8 the Potomac find caphlrpd 200 of Sturgis, there was no further attempt the Xationals. Maryland Heights amI to retake" the BurnsidC' Bridge," as it was Harper's Ferry were retaken by the rnion called. Hill came up just in time to save troops. Lee's army from destruction. Anti-Expansionists, an old phrase in Darkness ended the memorable struggle American political history whi('h \Vas rps- known as the Battle of Antiptam. The uTTected during the Prei'idf'ntial ("am- los!';es were Vf'Q' severe. ::\Tc(,lellan report- paign of Inoo, and applÏC'd to thoHe who 182 pl1 hi!'. los ('s at 1 .-t(iO mpn. of whom 2,010 \\ en- killf't!, II e t' t i 111.111'11 Lpt:' 't; IIJ :' as IIl11eh greater The lu I' fell hea\'ily upon ("ertain hrigades. That of Duryee Ietired from the field \\ ith not 1II0re than twC'nty men and four ('olol"s. Of the bri- gades of 1.:1\\ ton anti Ha,\'s. on the Con- federate side, more than OIw-half Wf're lo t. On the morning of the l th but h parties seemed more willing to rp t than to fight; and that night Lee and his "',. ' . . (.... "ø;. . - , . '-. . ....\ "I J! 'J'4 f.J"'9'I'Ç - ,.,.... :.t P ':' 'or 1'.- jl1' ",.., .' . " .- ," -' . i , ; ' :'! --- .., ;"';"<;''J '- J ''', L ' ., . ry..,.' ". '". ; ..'::,,-"'<'v.' .. ",-,, ...... I ,. ,:;;.. :;;. ' ..,,; . ... Þf .. - *- "BUR SIDK BRIUG.:," ASI"It.TA)1 cln:.:K. ANTI-EXP ANSIONISTS were opposed to the extension of American the Union, and wIlOse people are wiIIing territory which had been brought about and fit to become American citizens. We during the first administration of Presi- favor expansion by every peaceful and le- dent :McKinley, principally as a result of gitimate means. But we are unalterably the war with Spain in 18D8. The adminis- opposed to the seizing or purchasing of tration was charged not only by its Demo- distant islands, to be governed outside the cratic opponents, but by many able men Constitution, and whose people can never in the Republican party, with expansionist become citizens. \Ve are in favor of ex- or imperialist tendencies considered for- tending the Republic's influence among the eign to the national policy of the country. nations, but believe that influence should While those who opposed the territorial be extended, not by force and violence, but expansion which had been accomplished, through the persuasive power of a high and also was pending, in the matter of the and honorable example. The importance future of the Philippine Islands, were not of other questions now pending before the sufficipntly strong to organize an indepen- American people is in nowise diminished, dent political party, the large number of and the Democratic party takes no hack- them within and without the Republican ward step from its position on them, but party created a sharp complication in the the burning issue of imperialism growing Presidential campaign. The position of out of the Spanish \Yar involves the very the two great parties on this issue is existence of the republic, and the destruc- shown in the following extracts from the tion of our free institutions. \Ve regard platforms adopted at their respective na- it as the paramount issue of the cam- tional conventions. paign." In the Republiean platform the Philip- In the matter of the Philippine problem, pine problem was treated as follows: the platform made the following declara- "In accepting by the treaty of Paris tion: the just responsibility of our victories in " \Ye condemn and denounce the Philip- the Spanish "-ar, the President and the pine policy of the present administration. f'enate won the undoubted approval of the It has involved the republic in unneces- \merican people. 1'0 other course was sary war, sacrificed the lives of many of possible than to destroy Spain's sover- our noblest sons, and placed the enited eignty throughout the \Yestern Indies and States, prcviously known and applauded in the Philippine Islands. That course throughout the world as the champion created our responsibility before the of freedom, in the false and un-American world, and with the unorganized popula- position of crushing with military force tion whom our intervention had freed from the efforts of our former allies to achieve Spain, to provide for the maintenance of liberty and self-government. The Filipi- law and order, and for the establishment nos cannot be citizens without endangering of good government and for the perform- our civilization; they cannot be subjects an.ce of international obligations. Our au- without imperilling our form of govern- thority could not be less than our responsi- ment, and as we are not willing to sur- bility, and wherever sovereign rights were render our civilization or to convert the extended, it became the high duty of the rf'public into au empire, we favor an im- gnvernnlf'nt to maintain its authority, to mediate declaration of the nation's pur- put down armed insurrection, and to con- pose t6 gi,-e to t11f' Filipinos. first, a stablf' fer the blessings of liberty and civilization form of government; secondly, indepen- upon all the rescued peoples. The largest dence; and third, protection from out!'oide measure of self-government consistent interference, such as has been given for with their welfare and our duties shall be nearly a cf'ntury to the republics of Cen- secured to them hy law." tral and South America. The greedy com- The J)f'mocratic platform eontainf'd two mprcia1ism w}jieh dietated the Philippine dpdarations on the suhjed. the first famr- poli(.y of thf' I:r'puhliean administration ing a qualified expan<;ion as fullows: attpmpts to ju tify it with the plea that it .. We are not oppospd to territorial ex. will pay. hut even this sordid and un- pnnsion whf'n it takf's in df'sirahlf' terri- worthy plf'a fails when hrought to the tory which can bc erected into States in test of facts. The 'HII' of criminal aggres- 183 ANTI-FEDERAL PARTY-ANTI-MASONIC PARTY t.ion against the l"ilipinos, cntailing an baw in the adoption of Uu Constitution annual ðpen8c of many millions, hab al- the only salvation for the young Hepuh- ready cost more than any possiblc profit lie, and voted with the Federalists ill this that could accrue from the entirc Philip- contest; but, after the Constitution had pine trade for :rcars to come. Furthcr- been adopted, it was natural that these more, wht'n trade is extended at the e'(- men should aim at a construction of its pense of liberty, the price is ahva,ys too terms which f:>hould lwt give the new gov- high." See also ACQT IHIflOX OF TEBRI- crnment extensi\"e vower. These tempo- TORY; AXNEXEU 'l'EIUUTOHY, !::;TATU::> OF; rary Fedcralists, in about 17!JI-U3, united ATKIXSON, EUWARU; llRYAX, \YILLI.AM with the old Anti-FederalisÌ8, and the J EX:\" IXG:-;: hIPEmALISM. party that had absolutely opposed the Anti-Federal Party. At the close of Constitution, through fear of a strong the war for indep{>ndcnce the mass of the central government, now bccame, through population was agricultural anù demo- the same fear, the champions of the e act l'Tatie, and devoted to the advancement of and literal language of the Constitution, their separate commonwealth!'. the legislat- and the opponents of evcry attempt to ex- ures of which, under the Articles of Con- tend its meaning by ingcnious interpre- federation (see ('OXI"EDEHATION, ARTICLES tations of its terms. The former party OF), had seized upon the powers which the name was no longer applicable, and in King hail abandoned, and which the na- 17D2, through the influencc of .TefTerson, tional popular \\ ill was not yet sufficiently it began to he caned a "Hf'puhlican" educated to aSbume. In the years from party, in opposition to the" l\Ionarchical " 1780 to 1787, in spite of lawle snehs and Federalists. It f:>oon adopted this name, bad go\"Crnment, great de\ elopment had in 17D3, which was afterwards leugthened taken place in the -Uuited States. The into the Dcmoeratie - Hepubliean party. conunercial and cr('ditor classes, and the See DE lOcItATlC PAKfY. Southf'rn property owners, who had learn- Anti-Masonic Party. In 18 (j William ed their weakncsses and their neeQs, united ::\forgan, a citizen of western ('W York, for the control of the eonycntion, in 1787, announced his intention to publish a book under the leadership of Hamilton, and a in which the secrets of freemasonry were few other of the advanced thinkers, and to be disclosed. It was printed at Data- formed the nucleus of what was soon to be via, N. Y. On Sept. 11 l\Iorgan was called the Federal party. As the old go v- seized at Ratavia. upon a criminal charge, ernment had bcen strictly federal, or by a company of men who came from league, in its nature, it would seem nat- Canandaigua. He was taken to that place, ural that its 8upporters should be called tried and acquitted on the criminal charge, federalist, and Gerry, of :\Iassaehusetts, but was immediately arrested on a civil and a few others made some ell"ort to secure l)rocess for a trifling debt. He was cast this party title, and give their opponents into jail there, and the next night was dis- that of anti-federalists or nationalists. charged by those who procured his arrest, Hut the ohject of the Constitution was to taken from prison at nin<> o'cJoek at ni ht, secure a strong federal government; and and at the door was seized amI thrust into all who were opposed to this new feature a carriage in waiting, which was driven of American politics at once aeef'pted rapidly towards Rochester. Hf' was taken the name of \nti-Federalists, and opposed hy relays of horses. by the agency (,f several the ratification of the Constitution, inside individuals, to Fort Kiagara. at the mouth and outside of the eonve tionf'l. In Rhode of the Kiag-ara River, and depobited in the Island and Korth Carolina this opposition powder magazine there. It was kno\\n was for a time succes!"ful, but in all the that the f!"eemasons had made violent at- other States it was o\'ercome, though in tf'mpts to surpre s Morgan's announced Pennsyh auia there were strong protests buok, and this outrage was charg('d upon of unfair treatnwnt on the part of the the fraternity. A committee was appoint- F('deralists. Many prominent men, Rueh cd, at a puhlie meeting held at Batavia, as Edmund Randolph, Rohert R. Living- to endeavor to ferret out the perpetrators ston,l\[adison,and .J{>fTerson, while opposed of the outrage. They found evidcnees of by nature to a strong federal government, the e'.ibtence of what they belie\"ed to be 184 ANTI-MISSION BAPTISTS-ANTIQUITIES '.. t, :'- (Ç ." I . " ( p' - "; i[' !I '",--", ,"""'i ,. - r 1\ ,J ." ',' I . ".'!' ' " ' ': ' '-""' , ".' / f:,. . 1/ ....':1\..':\ --, ,! .:.J' . "f!' Y!' .b,,, - -"_. 1' 1 ;':" t-:; ) :\; :: .."': · · :. { W 1' " - -)} ,l-, .. .. ',' :-' ";J W ',:"';). :r ' _ 'i .: . j I ';.'f,.. ..::- ;): . d >..' r;t - " l I n v' "i ';Jj::H';I."'- v. 'f .j'. i E__ . - . , ./ I " ,' -.' -. ' 1 '\.. . i\ 1 "". .. 'f ..- ,, .1.:'31.' , ,,",'t,. . .." - - - . . - -. - -..... - . _ 1í.. .-=- gr.:m MliìJ!.\" .::_ .. 1 IJ)UJ1bl!.J STO:\E IDOL A.T COPAN, 13 FEF.T IN HI IGnT, an extended conspiracy, with lUany agents and powerful motives. :::;imilar mcetings were held elsewhere. Public excitement bccamc very great and \\'ide-sprcad; and a strong feeling soon pervaded the public mind that the masonic institution was re- ponsible for the crimc. The profound mystery in which the affair was involved gave wings to a thousand absurd rumors. Mutual criminations and recriminations became very violent, and entered into all the religious, social, and political rela- tions. A very strong anti-masonic party was soon created, at first only social in its character, but soon it became political. This feature of the party first appeared at town-meetings in the spring of 1827, where it was resolved that no mason was worthy to receive the votes of freemen. A polit- ical party for the exclusion of masons from public offices was soon spread over the State of New York and into several other States, and ran its course for several years. In 1832 a National Anti-:Masonic Convcntion was held at Philadelphia, in which several States were represented, and \Villiam Wirt, of \Tirginia, was nominateù for the office of President of the United States. Although the party polled a con- siderable yote, it soon afterwards disap- peared. The fate of :Morgan after he I'cached the magazine at Fort Kiagara was never positively revealed. Anti - Mission Baptists, variously known as Primitive, Old School, and Reg- ular Baptists; called Anti-Mission Bap- tists because of their opposition, begull about 1840, to the establishment of Sun- day-schools, missions, colleges, or theolog- ical schools. They hold that these institu- tions make the sah-ation of men dependent upon human effort rather than upon Divine grace. In 18t1ü they rcported 2,130 ministers, 3,330 churches, and 12û,000 members. Anti-Poverty Society. Sce GEORGE, HE RY; SINGLE TAX. Antiquities, Al\IERICA . A greatcr portion of objects which constitute Ameri- can antiquities consist of the architectural and other remains of the handiwork of the aborigincs who inhabited the continent be- fore any of the present races appeared here and subjugated or displaced them; also the ruins occasiOlU'(1 hy the Spanish 185 ANTI RENT PARTY-APACHE INDIANS conquest. These are chiefly, in Central the operation of law and the paJ-ment of and South America, ruined temples, and, rent in the entire district. The attempt in Korth America, rude earthworks, now to serve process by militar:r aid, the so- overgro\\ n with venerable forest trees called Helderberg ". aI', ,'as unsuccessful. wlJich attest their antiquity. In connec- In ]847 and lS-!!) the anti-renters showed tion with those in the more southern re- a voting strength of 5,000, adopting a gions, there are remains of elaborate carv- part of each party ticket. In 18.30 the ings and ornamental potteTJ-. There arc legislature directed the attorney-general many features in common between the to bring suit against Harmon Livingston temples and other works of art in l\Iexico, to try title. The suit was deeided in Liv- Central America, and Peru. The explora- iugston's favor, Kovember, 18.")0, but a tions of f'tephens and Catherwood (1840- compromise was effected, the owners sell- 43) reYealed to the world vast remains of iug the farms at fair rates, and the ten- cities in Central America, which were ants pa,ying for them. 1\10st of Rensse- doubtless inhabited at the period of the laerswJck was sold, and of I.Jivingston conquest, 330 years ago. There they found Manor, which at one time contained carved monoJiths and the remains of high- IG2,000 acres of choice farms, only a smaJl ly ornamented temples. The monoJiths at portion now remains in the pos5essiun of ('oran some antiquaries are disposed to the family. rank, as to use, with those ruder ones at Anti-Slavery Party. See Fm;E-sOIL tonehenge. in England, and older ones in PAnTY; REPt;ßLlCAN PARTY. Arabia. The remains of Aztec art in Anti-Slavery Society, AMERICAN, an Mexico attest the e"\.istence of a high de- organization founded in Philadelphia. Pao, 1!rcc of ci,-iliration there at the period of ill 1833, by delegates from several f'tate their structure. So, also, the ruins of the and city societies in the Korth ern and Temple of the f;un, at Cuzco, in Peru, ten Eastern States, the first local one hav- of great advancement in the arts under ing been established in Boston, Jan. W, the empire of the Incas. These remains 1832, under the leadership of \\ïIliam occupy a lh-ing place on the borders of the I.Jo;yd Garrison. The presidents of the historic period, but the mounds in Korth national society were Arthur Tappan, America, showing mueh mathematical Lindley Coates, William Llo,yd Garri- f of a principal snm. Dissatisfaction with OYer portions of Te'\.as, Xew )Iðico, anll this state of affairs had he n to show it- Arizona, in the Cnited States, and seyeral !';elf as early as 17f10, and when, in IS3!), of the northern pnwinces of )Iexieo. :-'tephen Yan Rensselaer, who had a110wed \\"andf'rers, they do not cultivate the soil, muc'h of hiq rent to remain in arrears, and han> only temporary dlif'f'l to 1 ('a <1 tlied. HIP tenants refnsf'd to pay rent to tlwm. ('i\ if gm'ermlwnt they ha,'e none. lti" S1H'c-e,.,,.,or. c1i",guh,ul themseh-es as Hidlled into many 1"m'ing' band!'!. they rp- " In.iun ," and for tf'n J-ears earrif'l! on a sish.d all attf'JI'l,ts h thp Spanish to eÏ\- reign of terror that practically sm,penùell ilizc amI Christianize them, but con tant- 186 APALACHE-APPOMATTOX COURT-HOUSE ly attackf'd these Europeans. So early a 1 jti2, it was estimated that the Apaches had desolated and depopulated 174 min- ing towns, stations, and misf.ions in the pl"ovince of Sonora alone. l or fifty year8 a bold chief-:Mangas Colorado-led pow- erful bands to war; and since the annexa- tion of their territory to the United. States. they have given its government more trouble than any of the Western I nùians. Colorado was ki11ed in 1863. Though fierce in war, they never scalp or torture their enemies. A Great Spirit is the central figure in their simple S)"S- tem of theology, and the)' renrence as acred certain animals, especially a pure white binl. In Inoo the members of the tribe in the rnited States were classified as Coyotera, JiearilIa, l\rescalero, San Car- los, Tonto, and 'Yhite Mountain Apaches, and were located in Arizona, New :Mexico, aJl(1 Oklahoma. They numbered 6,113. Apalache, Apalacha, Apalachi, or Appalachee, various forms of the name of a tribe of orth American Indians who dwelt in the vicinity of St. Mark's Hiwr, Florida, with branches extending north- ward to the Appalachian range. They were known, his- torically, as far back as 15:W. The settlements of the tribe were men- tioned in a peti- tion to King Charles II., of Spain. in lüS8, and it is believed that the tribe became hroken up and scattered about 1702, the members becoming absorbed in other tribes. Apia, the prin- cipal town and conllllercial port of tIle Samoan Isl- ands, in the South Pacific Ocean, situ- ated on the north coast of the island of -Cpolu. The harbor is small, but, Lee to Genf'ral Grant. The Army of ordinarily, a safe one. In 1\1al'ch, 1889, Xodhern Virginia was reùuced by famine, the island and harbor were swept by disease, death, wounds. and capt ure to a a terrific hurricane, which wrecked tJlf' feeble few. These f:>truggl<,d against IS. : ':. -". .. . . . : ... ,J . ' I . .fI_,:..- i t . Ç& :",'( ,'b W-.'4" " " " 'f.. ,.... Ir:'''.- .:"', ., ,J......!. A- . ,,"" t:....,I1.....r "'- Jo'\' 'I ,,(ft' , --'h ' J. ' a. ;!t. , '" . 1:- !i.. ç l. .t' f<.'1 . . t IÆ:d;' J1' ."''' ;" '.. fi::l 1 1 ' "'; .: , ,.. .> :'. ' T" t Þ. :' ':;'- .; t.,..- 't. À lti<. "# --""':';:irj A ':tl... .' ;^ : ; . '. :. t;:..) -:: ? J;. .' .,: ,: . : . tt 01' . 1 ' ,.:..:i;;!. , .'!\>y' =.:í'-"... r ' ., ,\ -' 'Þ'. -l .. :' . ,4, _ : : J:' .- \ M 7' ' 'f!:, I ". '-< , ' I'\.f _, . , 1'* ....... ; >':< 11ii '" _, ".. 1);'. .;.-1lt ', ", : .,,' ;J.;' v.._ " "::fs;" ::.\sÞ.J ".. , ' , -:.. .' i!:ti...,..,,: i . ...... !..,...-i' .fz-:!-Æ .>... t .' - . m:, U iliIl\Îl\ìlllll\lilÏ\: j L IIIIlIlUl", " -:.- I lïIllÎHllliÎilllf ", " J . _'... I - \ I . . ;,., . "':... - .' ."-, - - ----=-- .. Ni :. i:;:: .. .. I tt' """, "".;, f _ ':c--;,;J" .1.. ;" ff ' : rnitf'll Rtatf's ships Tr('ufoll (flag-ship) imd I aI/dalia, and the Uerman men- of-war Eber, .tdlo', and Ulga, and drove a hore the Unitf'll Rtates steamer "-ipsic. The Calliope (llritish) was the onl)' man- of-war in the harbor that succeeded in escaping to sea. The town and its \"ieinity were the seene, in IH!)!), of a series of fatal riots, growing out of the claims of 1\1a.- taafa and Malietoa. Tanus to the king- ship. Several American and British naval oflicers were killed or wounded, April I, in subduing the native moho Appleton, KATIIA and SA n:-EL, mer- clJants and philanthropists; brothers: born in New lpswich, N. II., in lii!) and 17 ()() rpspectÍ\'ply; engaged in the cotton manufacturing business, as partuers; were founders of the city of Lowf'll, Inss" which grew up around their many mills. Both were widEly known for theil' benevo- lence. Nathan set up the first power loom in the United States, in his Waltham mill. Kathan died in 18G1; Samuel, in 1853. Appomattox Court - House, the seat of go\'ernment of Appomatto'\. county, ra,. about 25 miles east of Lynchburg; hmous as the scene of the surrender of General ' 1ì 't< - =---- M'U:A 'S lIors ;, TilE PLACE OF U:E'S S(,RR ::IlDElt, ,- r ,. APPOMATTOX COURT-HOUSE-APPROPRIATIONS BY CONGRESS ellonnous odds with almost unexampled fortitude, but were 'compelled to ,yield to u\"Crwhelming numbers and strength. On April 8, a portion of heridan's cavalry, under General Custer, supportcd by De- vine, captured four Confederate supply- trains at Appomattox Station, on the Lynchhurg Railroad. Lee's vanguard ap- proadling, were pushed back to Appomat- tox Court-House, 3 nliles northward-near whidl was JÆe's main army-losing twen- ty-five guns and many wagons and prison- ers. Sheridan hurried forward the remain- der of his command, and on that evening hc stood directly acrm:s Lee's pathway of retreat. Lee's last a.venue of escape was eJosed, and on the foHo\\ ing day he met General Grant at the residence of \Vihner IcLean, at Appomattox Court-House, to consummate an act of surrender. The two commanders met, with courtC'ous recogni- tion, at 2 P. I., on Palm Sunday (April 9). Grant was accompanied by his chief of staff, ('o]one] Parker; Lee was attend- (>d by Colonel :\larsha]], his adjutant-gen- eral. The terms of surrender were discussed and settled, in the form of a written proposition by Grant, and a written ac- ceptance by Ll'e. and at 3.30 P. 1. they were signed. The terms prescribed by the suggestion of Lec, agreed to anow such ca\alrymcll of the Cunfederate army a::; owned their own horses to retain them, as they would, he said, need them for tining their farms. Lee now returned to Hichmond, where his family resided. Hc had started on that campaign with G5,OOO men, and he returned alonc; and for a month afterwards he and his family werc kindly furnished with daily rations frulll thc national commissariat at IUchmond. Lce had lost, during the movements uf his army from l\Iarch 2fi to April n, about 14,000 men kiUed and wounded. and 23,- 000 made prisoners. The number of men paroled was about 26,000, of whom not more than 9.000 had arms in their hands. About IG,OOO !"mall-arms WC're surren(lC'rC'd, ],;0 cannon, .1 colors, about 1,100 wagons and caissons. and 4.000 horses and mules. f::ee LEE, ROBERT EDW"'RD. Apportionment, COXCRESSIONAL, the popular name of a biH enacted by Congre!'ls after e\ cry enumeration of the inh.lbitants of the repuhlic or the decennial census, dciermining the total numher of members to be sent to the Honse of Represf'nta- tives from eaeh State of the Union. The ratio of represC'ntation, since the founda- tion of the government, has been as fol- lows: [.'rom 1 ïRfI to 1 'j'!) as provide(l hy th(' rnlted s ta tes Constitution. . . . . . . , . 30,000 lï!)3 .. Hm; based on the "nite(} States Census of. .... .... .. .. " l7DO 33,000 1 Fm: .. lS1:J .. ............................ .. 1800 3:J.ooo lkl:J .. lk:!:J ............................ .. lS10 3ft.OOO 1 k:!: .. 1 :J: .......................... .. ]k:!O 40.000 1 ":\: .. 1 H-t: .......................... .. 1 :\O 47.700 11'i -t a .. I Ç.: ]k-tO 70,fi:-iO 1 s:;: .. ISf;: 1S:;0 fI .-t :J 1"1;: .. 1 k'j': . . .... -.................. ISI;O 127.:JS1 1" 7: .. I S: ............................ .. 1."'j'() 1:J 1. -t:!:; 1"83 lstl3 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. lSRO 1 :; 1.!111 I ....!I: .. I !III: ............................ .. ]S:H) 1 ï:s.!lOl 1 IO:J .. 1 !11 : ............................ .. ] IOO 1 !)-t.l x:! Grant wpre e"'\traordinary, uwlf'T the cir- cumstances, in their leniency amI mag- nanimity, anù Lee was much toucherl hy them. They simply requireù Lee and his men to give their parole of honor that they would not takf' up arms against the go\"Crnment of the Fnih.d f'tates until regularly f''\.changell; gave to the üfJìcers thC'ir sidC'-arms, haggage, and private horses; and pledgf'd the faith of the government that they should not he punislwd for thf'ir trC'ason and re- hellion so long a \ they should respect that parole and be oLedif'nt to law. Grant, at ISS Appropriations by Congress. The Congress of the rnitC'tl States makes ap- propriations for the expensf's of the gov- ernment for each fiscal year endin,'! ,June 30. The following is a list of the different ohjC'ets for which the appropriations are m:Hle: Dcflclencles. }.c!!u:;latlve, executive, and judICIal. Rnndry civil. Army. Savy. Indian. Hiver and harhor. Forts and rortitkntion9. lllitnry Academy. Po<:t office Deparlm<,nt. Pl'nslons. Commlar and Diplomatic, Al(riru1tlJral Department. J)j"trict of Columbia. , iscellaneouB. AQUEDUCTS-AQUIA CREEK The accompanying table will show that called out the militia of that State, ap- the total amount of appropriation in- pointing no fewer than twenty places as creases with each 'Congress. points of rendezvous, one-fourth of which APPROPRIATIOXS BY COXGRESS, 1897-1904. 1891 I!I !I IS 9 1900 1901 19O 1903 I 04 - - - - - - - - Oeflc.;enf'ieB........................ . tI3,9oo,I()ß t8,594,441 i';\ 1, lß5,ooI t-16,882, 1 4 '13,1 1,OO8 '13, 89,314 '2 , H,124 t I 9,651,968 Le is]8tive, Executive, and Judicial,..,..",.,..",.,. . 21,519,151 21,690,161i 21,625,846 23,394,051 24,115,1>52 24,594,91>8 25,396,683 21,598,653 Sunrlry Civil,...... ........... !'9. R I2,1t3 :\4,:\4.\,9711 : :\.991,752 :\9,381,13: 4!I,5\14,: 09 64,514,2"5 64,394,601 M,163,1lJ9 urrort of the Army...,..,__ 2:;, 18 ,411J 23,129,3-14 :(.19: ,X!}2 80,4:10, 20 114,220,1195 115,134,0.19 91,730,136 71 , 8R, 752 NaVELI Servire.... ....... ...... 30,5r.2,1ì61 33,003,234 56,09 Q ,1i<3 <).Q,099,9 1i 9 61,1 0,916 78,101,791 18,8:>6,263 81,876,791 IndiRn ServÏC'e....................... 7 ,:190, 91 'l.6?.J,I il 'i,6'1:i,f.ìM 1,5(4,115 8,191.989 9,141,411 8,986,028 8,540,401i Rivers And "..rhors,........, . 15,944,141 19, 266. I" 14,492,459 25,100,0:18 16,115,605 7,046,623 32.1'40,199 2nt 2S,150 F(lrls and Fortificøtionø.......... 7,371 ,888 9,511,141 9,377,49 4,909,902 1,383,628 7,364,011 1,298,955 7,188,416 I\liIitarv Academ)...,..,.,..... 449,562 479,572 458,689 575,714 674,:t06 772,653 2,621,324 652,748 rost-Office Department........ Indefinite. Indefinite. Indefinite. Indefinite, Indefinite, Indefinite. Indefinite, Indefinite. Pensions. ......... ..... ..- _... J.11,:W8, fI 141 ,26: ,8 0 141,2:1: ,H30 145,2: 3,830 145,245,230 145, 45,23" 139,R4 ,230 IJ9,841,600 Cunsular nd Diplomatic.. __ 0- 1,f.4:I,559 1,1>95.:108 1,752,208 1,114.533 1,171,161'! 1,849,4 8 1,987,4R3 1,968,,250 A ricultural Department...... 3,')55,:,3'2 3,182,902 ;{,5f t 9,2(lt , 726,(J2 4,023,500 4,682,4 'Û 6, O8,960 6,978,160 District of Columbia,...,..... 6,9on,:n9 6,11'!6,991 t),42 t ;,...RO 6,8:\ ,535 1,571,:169 8,502,269 8,544,469 8,6:$8,091 Miscellaneous. ............... 42"J,:J(>> 1.]50,464 6,O+l, 98 28,121,653 3,205,36? 1,981,140 4,081,741 3,025,064 - - - - - - - - Totals.._..., ...........",. '302,786,386 '311,179,551 t673,050,29:J .462,509,150 '451,162,142 '41 ,:!65,1;51 t-186,4:19,306 .41\4,846,770 Aqueducts. Artificial channels or con- were west of the mountains, for the Con- duits for conveying water, especially for federates were threatened by Ohio and Indi- supplying large eitie::;. The Greeks and ana volunteers. His proclamation was is- Romans constructed enormous wurk::; of :sued :l\Iay 3, 18Gl. Batteries were erected this kind, some of which are still in ex- on the Virginia branch of the Potomac, be- istence after continuous use of over 2,000 low \Ya!'ohington, for the purpose of ob- 'ears. The best preserved Greek aqueduct structing the navigation of that strcam is the one stilI in use at Syracuse. The and preventing supplies reaching Wa h- most famous Roman aqueducts were the ington that way. At the middle of May, Aqua Apia, 10 miles in length; the Aqua Capt. J. H. \Vard, a veteran officer of l\Iartia, GO miles; the .Aqua Julia, 15 the navy, was placed in command of a miles, and the .Aqua Claudia, 4G miles. flotilla on the l)otomae, which he had \nth the exception of the Claudia, all organized, composed of four armed pro- these were constructed before the birth of pellers. On his way to \Va-shington Christ. Among the most important aque- from Hampton Roads, he had captured ducts in the United States are the fol- two schooners filled with armed Con fed- lowing: The old Croton, New York City, crates. He then patroIled that river, built 1837-42, length, 38'4, miles, capacity, reconnoitring the banks in search of bat- 100 million gallons daily. The new Cro- teries which the Virginians had con- ton, built 1884-!)0, length 30% miles, ca- strueted. On the heights at .Aquia Creek pacity, 250 million gallons daily. \Vash- (the terminus of a railway from Rich- ington Aqueduct, built 1852-.3!), two 4- mond), 55 miles below \Vashington, he foot pipes. Boston, from Sudbury River, found formidable works, and attacked built 1875 - 78, length, 16 mile.s. Balti- them, l\Iay 31, with his flag-ship, Thomas more, from Gunpowder River, built 1875- Preeborn, and the gunboats A.nacosta and 81, length, 7 miles. The Sutro tunnel, 4 Rcsolute. For two hour R sharp conflict miles long. constructed to drain the Com- was kept up, and the hatteries were si- stock Lode, ""('yada, at a depth of 1.600 leneed. \Yard's ammunition for long fef't. It was charlered February 4, 1865, range wa!'; exhausted, and on the slacking and completed JunE! 30, 187\"), Many im- of his flre the batteries opened again. portant works for the purpose of irriga- "Cnable to reply at that digtanee. Ward tion are now undf'r construction in the withdre"., but resumed the conflict the fol- \Vestern Statf's of the Union. lowing day, in co,npany with the Pawnec, Aquia Creek, E GAGEl\IEXT AT. Alarm- Capt. S. C. Rowan. The trnggJe last- ell. hy the gathering of troops at Wash- ed more than flye hours. Twice the bat- ington, Governor Letcher, of Virginia. by Í('ries on shore were !'1iJf'nced. hut their command of the Confederate government. fire was renewed each time. The Pawnee IS!) AQUIDA Y -ARBITRATION was badly bruised, but no person on board of her nor on Ward's flotiJIa was killed. Aquiday, or Aquetnet. The native name of Rhode Island. Arapahoe Indians, one of the five tribes constituting the Dlackfeet confed- elaey, residing near the headwaters of the Arkansas and Platte rivers. They were great hunters, and fifty years ago numbered 10,000 souls. With the disap- pearance of tI'e buffalo they have rapid- l ' decreased. In 1HOO one braneh, num- bering 1,011, was located in Oklahoma, and a second, numbering 82\), in \\',yoming. ARBITRATION Arbitration, I TERNATIOXAL. In IS\)7 the friends of arbitration the world over were e-xceedingly depressed over a df'ff'a t which the principle sustained at the hands oj the l'nitf'd :-;tates Senate. n ' a cl08e ,ute on April 13, the Senate rejected in toto a 1IIf':I:o0 land or the Vnited tates could demand a review of the award. In that case a trihunal of five members was to bc foruwd in the same manner as the smaller one. and King Oscar was still to be rf'fC'rC'f'. Boundary que tions \\"Pre to he' Embmittf'tI to a trihunal of f':ix n1f'mbC'rs, and the award mu!o;t he unallimous. ]n case this ('ould not he spcurl'cl. thf' c01l1ltrif's were to agree to ndopt no hostile Hlf':lSlIres 1111_ ta the mediation of two or more friendly powers had bef'll ill\"oked. The treaty was to remain in force five 'ears. The faihlI'f' of the treaty does not mean that the L nited States is averse to arbitration as a :means of scttling national difficulti('s, This country has always beeH foremost in tha.t line. Rut circumstances werc against the measure at that time. At t11f' Vf>rv moment Great Britain was n(' otiat- ing'the treaty with the United Stat s. her "ar-ships were firing upon the patriot!'! of Crete. One of the great forces in the Pnited States in favor of arbitration is the International Peace Society, originally formed in England. Its first great con- \'f'ntion was hpId in J..ondon in 18.')1. The submission of the Yenezuelan question to arbitration marked the eighteC'nth question that had thus been disposed of by the United States and the twenty-sb.th that England had thus submitted. See BERI: G SEA ARßITRATION; ARBITRATIO , TRIBUNAL OF, FOR "ALABAMA ('LAUfH"; " YEXE- ZUELA" and "CLEVELAND, GROVER" for VExEzrELA ARRITRATION, etc. Arbitration, IXTERXATIOXAL ('orRT OF. a court for the arbitration of disputf's hf'tween nations, proYÎílf'd by the Pni- versal Peace Conference at The Hague in 18!"1!"1, and made operative hy the adhe- !-ion of thp signatory na tioll!'! ancI the appointment by them of members of Ule ('01\1' t. The Arbitration Treaty ('onsi...t!'; of six_ ARBITRATION vital interest or honor of states, but im- possible of l:òettIement by ordinary diplo- macy. The report of an inquiry conllnis- sion will not force an arbih'al juùgment, leaving the contending parties full liberty to either conclude au amicable arrange- ment on the basis of the report or have recourse ulteriorly to mediation or arbi- tration. Articles 15 to 19 set forth the general object of and benefits it is hoped to derive from the arbitration court, and declare that signing the convention implies an un- dertaking to submit in good faith to ar- bitral judgment. The summary of the proposed treaty continues: Article 20. With the object of facilitating an immediate recourse to arbitration for In- ternational differences not regulated by dip- lomatic means the signatory powers undertake to organize in the following manner a per- manent court of arbitration, accessible at all times and exercising its functions, unless oth- erwise stipulated, between the contending parties In conformity with the rules of pro- cedure Inserted In the present convention. Article 21. This court is to have compe- tency In all arbitration cases, unless the con- tending parties come to an understa1)ding for the establishment of special arbitration jurisdiction. Article 22. An International bureau estab- lished at The Hague and placed under the di- rection of a permanent secretary-general will serve as the office of the court. It will be the intermediary for communications concern- Ing meetings. The court Is to have the cus- tody of archives and the management of all administrative affairs. Article 23. Each of the signatory powers shall appoint within three months of the ratification of the present article not more than four persons of recognized competence in questions of International law, enjoying the highest moral consideration. and prepared to accept the functions of arbitrator. The per- sons thus nominated will be entered as mem- bers of the court on a list, \\ hkb will be com. munlcated by the bureau to all the signatory powers. Any modification of the list will be brought by the bureau to the knowledge of the signatory powers. Two or more powers may agree together regarding the nomination of one or more members, and the same person may be chosen by different powers. Members of the court are to be appointed for the term of six years. The appointments are renew- able. In case of the death or resignation of a member of the court. the vacancy Is to be filled In accordance with the regulations made for the original nomination. Article 24. The signatory powers who de- Articles 9 to 14 provide for the institu- sire to apply to the court for a settlement of tion of a"Il international commission of differences shall select from the general list inquiry for the verification of facts in a number of arbitrators, to be fixed by agree- ment. They will notify the bureau of their eases of minor disputes not affecting the Intention of applying to the court, and give HH ty-one articleR, di \'ided lUto four titles: First, On the 1\laintenance of General Peace, consisting of one decIara tory arti- cle; seconùly, On Good Ofiiccs and Media- tion; thirdly, On International Conunis- sions of Inquiry; fourthly, On Inter- 113. tional Arbitration. The following is a summary of the trea ty: Article 1. "-ith the object of preventing, as far as possible, recourse to force In Inter- national relations, the signatory powers agree to use all endeavors to effect by pacific means a settlement of the differences which may arise among them. Article 2. The signatory powers decide that in cases of serious differences or confiict they will, before appealing to arms, have recourse, so far as circumstances permit, to the good offices or mediation of one or several friendly powerSi. Article 3. Independently of this, the sig- natol'y powers deem It useful that several of the powers not committed to the arbitra- tion scheme shall, on their own Initiative, offer, as far as circumstances permit, their good offices or mediation to the contending states. The right of offering their good offices belongs to powers not connected with the confiict, even during the course of hos- tilities., which act can never be regarded as an unfriendly act. Article 4. The part of mediator consists In reconciling conflicting claims and appeas- ing resentment which may have arisen be- tween contending states. Article 5. The functions of mediator cease from the moment it may be stated by one of the contending parties, or by the mediator himself, that the compromise or basis of an amicable understanding proposed by him has not been accepted. Article 6. Good offices and mediation have the exclusive character of counsel, and are devoid of obligatory force. Article 7. The acceptance of mediation unless otherwise stipulated, may have the effect of Interrupting the obligation of pre- paring for war. If the acceptance super- venes after the opening of hostllities it shall not Interrupt, unless by a convention of a con- trary tenor, military operations that may be pI'oceeding, Article 8. The signatory powers agree In commending the application of special media- tion in the event of threatened interruption of peace between members. Contending states may each choose a power to which they will Intrust the mission of entering Into a negoti- ation with a power chosen by the other side with the object of preventing a rupture of pa- cific relations, or, In the event of hostilities, of restoring peace. ARBITRATION the names of the arbitrators they may have selected. In the absence of a conven- tion to the contrary an arbitral tribunal Is to lJe constituted in accorùance with the I'ules of Article 1. Arbitrators thus nominated to form an arbiU'al tribunal for a matter or question will meet on the date fixed by the contending parties. Article 25. The tribunal will usually sit at The IIague, but may sit elsewhere by con- sent of the contending parties. Article 26. The powers not signing the convention may apply to the court under the conditions prescrilJed by the present conven- tion. Article 7. The signatory powers may consider It their duty to call attention to the existence of the permanent court to any of their friends between whom a contllct Is threatening, which must always be regarded as a tender of good offices. tration will sl n a special act, clearly defining the object of the dispute, as well as the scop" of the al'bltrators. The powers' act ('onfirml> the undel.taking of the parties to submit in good faith to the arbitration judgment. Article 31. Arbitration functions may he conferred upon a single arbitrator, or on sev eral arbitrators designated by the parties at their discretion, or chosen from among tl.e members of the permanent court established by the present act. Unless otherwise declde(1, the formation of the arbitration tribunal Is to be effected as follows: Each party will a ''- point two arbitrators, who will choose a chief nrbltrator. In case of a division, the selection is to be Intrusted to a third power, whom the parties will designate. If an agreement Is not effected In this manner, earh party Is to designate a different power, and the choice of a chief arbitrator Is to devolve upon them. Article 32. When an arbitrator is a sover- pign, or head of a Rtate, the arbitral proc('- The United States deJegates attached to dure depends exclusively on his august decl- their acceptance of Article 2i the fa II ow- sion. ing dec1aration: "Nothing contained in Article 33. The chief arbitrator Is presi- this convention shall be so construed as to dent de Jure. When the tribunal dops not contain a chief of arbitration, the tribunal require the United States of America to may appoint Its own president. lIe may be depart from its traditional policy of not designated by the contending parties, or, intruding upon, interfering with, or en- falling this, by the arbitration tribunal. tangling itself in the political questions Articles 34 to 50 provide for the ap- or internal administration of any foreign pointment of councillors, the selection of state; nor shall anything contained in the languages to be employed, and the !';aid convention be so construed as to re- rules of procedure in the court, whoSE! quire the re1inquishment by the United sittings are to be behind closed doors. Htates of America of its traditional aUi- Artic1e 51 provid s that a judgment tude towards purely American questions." agreed to by a majority vote is to he Article 28. A permanent council. composed set forth in writing, giving the fuIl rea- of the diplomatic representatives of the slg- sons, and is to be signed by each member, natory powers residing at The IIague and the the minority recording its dissent and Netherlands Foreign Minister, who will ex- . . . A t' I d 3 r } t ercise the functions of president, wili be con- sIgnmg It. I' IC es 52 an 5 (Irect t Ia Rtltuted at The Hague as soon as possible the decision of the court shall be read after the ratification of the present act. The at a public sitting in the pr sence of the councIl will be charged to establish and 01'- agents or counsel of the contending par- ganlze an International bureau, which will remain under Its direction and control. The ties, who shall finally decide the mattf'T council will notify the powers of the constl- at issue and dose the arbitration proceed- tutlon of the court and arrange Its Installa- ings. tlon, draw up the standing orders and other 1 d 1 1 h necessary rpgulatlons, will decide questions The conClU ing Clauses relate to t e re- likely to arise In regard to the working of vision of proceedings in the case of the the tribunal, have absolute powers concern- discovery of a new fact, and provide that Ing the appointment, suspension, or dismissal ('ach P ower shall bear its own expens('s of functionaries or employpes. will fix the emoluments and salaries, and control the gen- and agreed share of the cost of the tri- eral expenditure. The presence of five mem- bunal without reference to the penalties bel's at duly convened meetings will constl- imposed. f:;ee PEACE COXFEnEXCE. tute a quorum. Decisions are to be taken by h . !i majority of the votes. The council will ad- The Senate of the United States anng dress annually to the signatory powers a re- ratified the arbitration treaty, President port of the labors of the court, the working of McKinley appointed the American mem- Its administrative services, and of its expendl- bel's of the court in HIOO ( ee below). ture, Article 29. The expenses of the bureau are On Feb. 1, 1001. fifteen nation", em- to be borne by the signatory powers In the bracing aU the maritime powers, had ap- proportion fixed for the International Bureau pointed their members. The official ro"ter of the Universal Postal Union. Article 30. The powers who accept arbI- then was as follows: 192 ARBITRATION A t:STRIA- Ht:NGAR Y. Count Frederic Schiinborn. LL.D., pre!':ident of the Imperial Royal Court of Adminis- trative Justice. Mr. D. de Szilagyi, ex- Iinister of Justice. Count Albert Apponyi, member of the Cham- ber of :\Iagnates. Mr. Henri Lammasch, member of the House of Lords. BELGIU I. Mr. Bf'ernaert, :Minister of State. naron Lambermont, :\Iinister of State. '.rhe Chevalier Descamps, Senator. Mr. Rolin Jacquemyns, ex-:\Iinister of the In- terior. DEN IARK. Prof. H. Matzen, LL.D., Professor of the Copenhagen "Cniversity. FRANCE. Mr. Léon Bourgeois, ex-President of the Cabinet Council. )11'. de Labollla 'e, ex-Ambassador. Baron Destournelles de Constant, }'Hnister Plenipotentiary, Deputy. Mr. I.ouis Renault, Professor in the Faculty of Law at Paris. GER IANY. )11'. Bingner, President of the Imperial High Court at Leipsic. Mr. von Fl'antzius, Solicitor of the Depart- ment of Foreign Affairs. Mr. von Iartitz, Associate Justice of the Superior Court of Administrative Justice in Prussia, Mr. von Bar. Professor of Law at the Gi)ttingen "["niversity. GRE\T BRITAIN. The Right Honorable Lord Pauncefote of Preston. Ambassador at 'Yashington. 'l'he Hight Honorable Sir Edward Baldwin :\Ialet. ex-Ambassador. 'l'he Right Honorable Sir Edward Fry, mem- ber of the Privy Council. Professor John 'Yestlake. ITALY. Count Constantin r-ì"igra, Senator of the Kingdom. Jean Baptiste Pagano Guarnas('helll, First President of the Court of Cassation at Rome. Count Tornlelll Brusati dl Vergano, Ambas- !':ador to Paris. Commander Joseph anardelll. Attorney at Law, Deputy to the !\ational Parliament. JAPAN. :\11'. I. Motono, Envoy Extraordinary and :\lIn- Ister Plenipotentiàry at llrussel . :\11'. II, Willard Denison, Law Officer of the Minister for Foreign Affairs at Tokio. NF.THF.m.A "\;"DS. :\11'. T, :\1. f'. Assf'r. member of the Council of State. ex-l"rofessol' of the University of Amstf\I'dam. :\Ir. p, B. Coninek J.jefstlng, President of the Court of Cassation. I.-N Jonkheer A. F. de Savornin Lohman, ex- :\IiniMer of the Interior. ex-Professor of the Free {'niversity of Amsterdam. Jonkheer G. L. :\1. n: Ruis de Beerenbrouck, ex- linister of Justice, Commissioner of the Queen in the Province of Llmbourg. PORTUGAL. Count de :\Iacedo, Peer of the Realm, ex- Minlstel' of .Marine and Colonies, Envoy Extraordinary and :\Iinister Plenipotentiary at Madrid. Rt: IANIA. 1'11'. Theodore Rosetti, Senator, ex-President of the High Court of Cassation and Jus- tice. 1\11'. Jean Kalindero, Administrator of the Crown Domain, ex-Judge of the High Court of Cassation and Justice. Mr. Eugene Stat8co, ex-President of the Sen- ate, ex-Minister of Justice and Foreign Af- fairs. 1\11'. Jean N. Lahovari. Deputy, ex-Envoy Ex- traordinary and :\Iinlster Plenipotentiary, ex-'Minister of Foreign Affairs. Rt:SSIA. :\11'. N. V. :\Iouravieff, 1\Iinister of Justice. Ac- tive Privy CouncillOl', Secretary of State. :Mr. C. P. Pobiedonostzeff, Attorney-General of the }'Iost Holy Synod, Secretary of State, l\Ir, E. V. Frisch, President of the Department of Legislation of the Imperial Council, Secretary of State. Mr. de },Ia"rtens. Privy CouncBlor. permanent member of the Council of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. SPAIN. The Duke of Tetuan, ex-:\Iinister of Foreign Affah's. Senator of the Kingdom, Grandee of Spain. 1'11', Rienvenido Oliver, Director-General of the Ministry of Justice, ex-Delegate of Spain to the Conference on Private Inter- national Law at The Hague. Dr. Ianuel '.rorres Campos, Professor of In- ternational Law at the University of Grenada. associate member of the Institute of International Law. SWEDEN AXD NORWAY. Mr, S, R. D. K. d'Olivecrona, member of the International Law Institute, ex-Assof'Íate Justice of the Supreme Court of the King- dom of Sweden. Doctor of Laws and Let tel's at Stockholm. 1\11'. G. Gram. e-,:-l\linister of Rtate of Korway. Governor of the Province of Hamar. 1\01'- way. r'llITF.D ST TES, Mr. Benjamin Harrison, ex-President of the rnlted Hates. Mr. Melville W. Fuller, Chief-Justice of the United States. Mr, .101m W. Grigg's, Attorney-General of the L"nited !':tates. :\11'. George Gray, United States CircuIt Judgt>. First Secretary of the Court-J. J. Rochus- sen. e('oml e('retary of the Court-Jonkheer W. noell. " }!1:1 ARBITRATION-ARBUTHNOT AND AMBRISTER dent of the Swiss Confedpration each to appoint an arbitrator. TIle Emperor ap- pointed Baron d'!tazuba, the King chose Count :Frederick Sclopis, and the President of the Swiss Confederation appointed James Staemptli. J. C. Bancroft Davis was appointed agent of the Uniti!d tates, and Lord Tenterden that of Grpat Britain. These se\'eral gentlemen formed the " Tri- bunal of Arbitration." They assemhled at Geneva, Switzerland, Dec. 15, IS71, when Count Sclopis was chospn to preside. Aftl'r The Permanent Court was organized two meetings they adjournpd to the mid- Jan. 30, 1!)01, and on April 14 following dIe of January, 1872. A final meeting was notified the signatories that it was duly held in Reptpmher the same year, and on constituted. It will ultimately be housed the- 14th of that month they announced in a Temple of Peace to be erected at the tllPir dpdsion On the llabama claims. expense of Andrew Carnegie, who (1903) That dechdon was a decree that the gov- tpndered $1,500,000 for the building and ernment of Great Britain RllOuld pay to $250,000 for a library of international the government of the Pnitf'd Statps the law. Since its opening the court has de- !';um of !þ15.!)OO,OOO in gold, to be given to cided three claim!'! in whieh the Pnitpd dtizens of the Pnited Rtatps in pa.\"JI]('nt f'tates had an interest, viz., the claim of of losses ineurred hy tIle dplu'pdations of tIle Pnited Rtates against ::\Ie,"ico for the- the .Habamu and otlwr Anglo-Confpdprate custody of the old Church or Pious Fund, cruisers. TImt amount was paid into the decided in favor of the United Rtates, treasury of tIlP rnitf'd Statf's a -,"f'ar af- Oet. 21, 1902; the elaim of the Pnit.ed terwards. The qUf'stion of hOJmdal' ' on States against Russia for Reizure of Amer- 1 he Pacific coast was rpfp1TPù to the Em- ican vessels hv Russian war-ships in Be- lwror of Germany, who deeidpù in favor ring Spa in Úì!ll, dpcided in favor of the of the Plaims of the Lnitpd Rtatf's to United Rtates, with damage exeeeding the posspssion of the island of Ran .Jllan. $100,000, Nov. 2fJ, If102; and the claims Arbor Day, a day set apart to I'neour- of Great TIritain, Germany, and Italy age thl' voluntary planting of t.rpes by the against Venezul'la for settlement of debts, ppople; inaugurateù hy ehraska State de(.idPd tIlat the three powers had the Hoard of AgrieuIture, in IS74. who RO right to a prpferenee of 30 per cent. of df'siO'nawd the I';ef'ond 'Yeùnesdav in April, the customs duties at La Guayra and and'" rpcomn1Pnded that all public sellOol Porto CahelIo, and rommissioned the children should be ur pd to ohserve it hy United States to eany out the decision settinO' out voung' trpps; and now ob- within tllree months. Feb. 22, If104. served'" as eith r a legal holiday or a sehool Arbitration. See A1fERICAN NATIO AL holiday by nParly e\'Cry State and Ter- A HnITRA'f ION HOARO. ritory in the country. Arbitration, TRmr AL OF. in the his- Arbuthnot and Ambrister, CASE OF. tory of the l'nitecl States and Great Brit- Alp anc1er Arhuthnot, a Scotehman, tll('n ain, tIle nanIf' of that body of arhitrators nearly f'vpnty years of age, wpnt to FJori- appointpd umler the trpaty negotiatpd by da from New Provi,lpnpe in his O\\n the .JOINT Hum COMMISSION {l}. v.) prin- ehoonl'r in 1817, to tr:1(lp with the Ind- (,jr all y to !,;pttle the e1aims of the United ians. Amhristl'r, horn in J ondon in 17S;), Rtates against (treat Britain. growing out was a Jil'utpnant in tl1(' F.ngliHh marinl' of tIle depredations of the Confederate !;('r\"ic(', and was pre!"frnt at the hattle of man-of-war A.lahama (see AI.ABAMA, THE). \\'aterloo. For fighting a chlpl with a ]i'or arbitrators. the United States ap- hrother officer he was suspemlc>d for on pointed Charles Francis Adams, and Grpat year. "'hile with his uncle. the governor Britain Sir Ale,"ander Cockhurn. 'I11e two of ew Providence. l1P n1('t A1'1mthnot, gOYC'rnments jointly invited the F.mppror with whom he visÏtl'd Florida. Here it of Rrazil, the King of Italy, and the Presi- Was alleged they hecame implicated in I fl4 THE ADMINISTRATIVE COUNCIL. The Administrative Council consists of the Iinibter of Foreign Affairs of the XetherlanJ.8 and the diplomatic represen- tatins at The Hague of the ratifying l'owers. ecretary-General- Ir. R. Melvll, Raron 7an Leydeò, Judge of the District Court of Utrecht and a member of the First Cham- ber of the States-General. ARBUTHNOT-ARCTIC EXPLORATION Indian difficulties that General Jackson was sent to quell in 1818. By order of General Jackson, Arbuthnot and Ambris- ter were seized and tried by a military court, convened April 26, 1818, at :Fort St. Iarks, Fla., Gen. Ed. P. Gaines, presi- dent, for inciting the Creek Indians to war against the United States. Ambrister made no defence, but threw himself on the mercy of the court. Arbuthnot was sen- tenced to be hanged. Ambrister was first sentenced to be shot, but his sentence was commuted to fifty stripes on the bare back, and confinement at hard labor, with ball and chain, for one ;year. General Jack- son disapproved the commutation, and ordered the original sentence in both cases to be carried out, which was done April 30, 1818. This arbitrary act of Jackson created great excitement at the time, and the attention of Congress was called to it. See JACKSON, ANDREW. Arbuthnot, :MARRIOTT, British naval otlicer; born about 17 ll; became a post- captain in Ii.H. From lii5 to 1778 he was naval commissioner resident at Hali- '-T .' ,. IIt"""a ...' ) . '<õb..J :. '.. <. ' \, -' ,\' -- ..... : '" .' -1 - .. \< ;\.f)' '. - "". , :i.. 't ß . ';<'" - - , . ::/ - . . . "', ' ",' ft \':\ '\. . 3i ',, 'I" . . "- l. : .t ; :' ;'..< i/ j , '0,.. . ". i-\.-\' MARRIOTT AROI'THNOT. fax, Nova Scotia. Having heen raised to the rank of vice-admiral in 177!J, he oh- tained the chief command on the \meriean station, and was blockaded by the Count d'Estaing in the harbor of New York. In the spring of 1780 he co-operated with Sir Henry Clinton in the siege of Charles- ton, S. C. In February, 1793, he bpcame admiral of the blue. He died in London, Jan. 31, 1794. Archdale, JOHN, English colonial ernor; born itl Buckinghamshire of Quaker parents. He had taken great interest in colonial schemes, and was one of the Caro- lina proprietors. In their scheme he had been a great helper. His eldest sister, Mary, had married Ferdinando Gorges, grandson of Sir :Ferdinando, who was gov- ernor of Maine, and in 1651) published America Painted from Life. Archdale ha(1 been in Maine as Gorges's agent in 161i4, was in Korth Carolina in lü8G, and was commissioner for Gorges in :Maine in 1687-88. On his arrival in South Carolina. as governor, in 161)4, Archdale formed a commission of sensible and moderate men, to whom he said, at their first meeting. "I believe I may appeal to your serioU!!1 and rational observations whether I havft not already so allayed your heats as that the distinguishing titles thereof are so much withered away; and I hope this meeting with you will wholly extinguish them, so that a solid settlement of this hopeful colony may ensue; and by so do- ing, your posterity wiII bless God for so happy a conjunction." He told them why he had been sent, and said, "And now you have heard of the proprietors' inten- tions of sending me hither, I doubt not but the proprietors' intentions of choosing you were much of the same nature; I ad- vise you, therefore, to proceed soberly and mildly in this weighty concern; and I question not but we shall answer you in all things that are reasonable and honor- able for us to do. And now, friends. I have given you the reasons of my calling vou so soon, which was the consideration f my own mortality [he was then nearly sewnty years of age], and that such a considerahle trust might not expire use- lPSR to 'ou; and I hope the r..od of ppacp will prosper your counsels herein." Ardl- dale was one of the proprietors of North Carolina. and. arriving there in the sum- mer of lfi!I.;. had a very Ruccessful though hrid admini!'tration. Electpd to Parlia- mcnt in HmS, he would only affirm, in- stead of taking the requirpd oath. and was not allowed to take his seat in con- sequence. Arctic Exploration. During almost four hundred vears efforts have- bpen made by Europe"'an navigators to discover a passage for vessels through the Arctic gOY- seas to India. The stories of Marco Polo 195 ARCTIC EXPLORATION of the magnificent countries in Eastern was instructed to attempt to penetrate Asia and adjacent islands-Cathay and the polar sea by Bering trait. lIe went Zipangi, China and Japan-stimulated only as far as 70 0 45'. In 1817 Captain desires to accomplish such a passage. The Ross and Lieutenant Parry sailed for the CAßOTS (q. v.) went in the direction of }.lolaI' sea from England; and the same the pole, northwestward, at or near the :year Captain Buchan and Lieutenant ( ir close of the fifteenth century, and pene- John) FI"anklin went in an easterly dir('c- hated as far north as 67 0 30', or half-way tion on a similar errand, namely, to reach up to (pre8ent) Davis Strait. The ne t the north pole. At this time the chief ob- nplorers were the brothers Corte real, who ject of these explorations was scientific, made three voyages in that direction, and not commercial. Buchan and Frank- 1500-02. In 1553 Sir Hugh Willoughby Jin went b ' way of Spitzbergen; but they set out to find a northwest passage to In- only penetrated to 80 0 34'. TIo!'s and dia, but ,\as driven back from m-a Zem- Parry entered Lancaster Sound, explore(l bla, and perished on the shore of Lapland. its coasts, and Ro!'s returned with the In 1576-78 l\Iartin Frobisher made three impression that it was a bay. l>arry did voyages to find a northwest passage into not agree with him in this opinion, and the Pacific Ocean, and discovered the en- he sailed on a furthf'r exploration in 181f1. trance to Hudson Bay. Between }'38.3 and He advanced farther in that direction tIlan 1587 John Davis discovered the strait that any mariner before him, and approached bears his name. The Dutch made strenu- the magnetic pole, finding- the compass of ous efforts to discover a northeast pas- little use. On Sept. 4, lRlfI, Parry an- sage. \YILLLuI BARENTZ (q. v.) made Jlounced to his crew that thev were en- thee voyages in that direction in 15!H- titled to $20,000 offered bv Parliament for 116, and perished on his third voyage. reaching so westerly a' point in that Henry Hudson tried to round the JlOrth Joegion, for they had passed tIle IlOth oì Europe and Asia in W07-o8, but failed, meridian. There they were frozen in for and. pushing for the lower latitudes of the about a year. Parry sailed again in American coast, discovered the rinr that 1821. bears his name. While on an expedition Meanwhile an overland e pedition, led to discover a northwest passage, he found llY Franklin, had gone to co-operate with Hudson Bay, and perished (1610) on it'! Vany. They were ahsent from home about hosom. In 16W Baffin explored the hay three year . trayelled m-er 5.000 miles, and called by his name, and entered the mouth accomplished nothing. They had endured of Lancaster Sound. After that, for fifty great suffering. Parry, also. accomplished ;years, no navigator went so far north in nothing. and returned in October, 182 , that direction. Other English ðpeditions followed in the In 1720 the Hudson Bay Company sent Si1me direction, hy land and water. f.:ir Captains Knight and Barlow to search for Tohn Franklin and others w('nt owrland, a northwest passage to India. They saiJed and Parry hy sea, on a joint e pedition. with a ship and sloop, and were never E.l1d Captain Beechey was I'ent around hf'ard of afterwards. In Iï41 Vitus Be- Cape Horn to enter Berin Strait and ) ing discovered. the strait that hears his pusll eastward to meet Parry. Franklin nan1f'. ha,"ing set sail from a port in Kam- ðplored the Xorth American coa t, hut tf.hatka. In that rf'gion Bering perif-he<1. nothing el:;:.e was accompJi!'ohed b . thf'!3. anti his plan differed much from ited the polar waters. The same year, anti that of others. He thOlJO'ht that if he for some time afterwards, several expedi- could get his vessel caugl1t in Ule ice the 197 ARECIBO-ARGUS current would carry him to the pole. He They would not trust him, and the maid- reached lat. 8G o 15' N. In 1896 a Swed- en "as taken to Jamestown and detained ish explorer, Iajor Andrêe, planned to s{'veral months, always treated with great reach the pole in a balloon, but after rf'spect as a princess. There she became making elaborate plans gave up the vent- the object of a young Englishman's affec- ure. On July 12, 1897, hO\n ver, he em- tions; and the crime of Argall led to barked ag-ain on his enterprise, all con- peace and happiness. The next 'ear ditions being favorable for his success; ( IGl3) Argall went, with the sanction of hut up to the eud of 1900 nothing reli- the governor of Virginia, to expel the ahle had bepn heard of the expedition, l"rench from Acadia as intruders upon the and it was gpnerally believed that the domain of tllP North and South Virginia bold vo 'ag'pr had Iwpn lost. Tn IR!ìf)- Company. He stopped on his way at 1900 the Duke of Abruzzi reached lat. Mount Desert Island, and broke up the 86 0 33' N. .T csuit scttlpment there. The priests, it is Arecibo, the name of a district and of said, feeling an enmity towards the au- its port, in the north of the island of thorities at Port Royal. in Acadia, will- l'orto Rico. The district is bounded on ingly accompanipd Argall as pilots thither the north by the Atlantic Ocean; on the ill order to be revenged. Argall plundered east by the District of Bayamon; on the the settlement. and laid the villag-e in 80uth b ' those of l\Ia,raguez and 1>oncp; ashes, driving the people to the woods, and and on the west bJ' that of Aguadilla. breaking up the colony. In IGl7 Argall The town is about 50 miles west of Han bl'came deputy governor of Virginia. On Juan; has a population of bl'tween 6.000 going to .Tampstown he found it fallen and 7,000; and its harbor is so full of into dpeay, the f'torehouse. used as a dangerous reefs that goods are transfprred dlUl"l'h; the markpt-placp, strepts, and from shore to shipping by means of flat- other spots in the town planted with to- boats and lighters. The town has a plaz,t, bacco; the people dispprsed according to surrounded b,r a church and ,-arious pub- every man's convpnience for planting; and lic buildings, in the centre, and !'Ih-eets the number of the spttlers there reduced. running from it in right angles, forming Argall's rule was so dpspotic that, in Hilf), Tf'gular !'Iquares. The buildings are con- he was rl'callNI. and ir George Ye&rdly structed of wood and brick. was put in his place. He returned to Eng- Argall, SIR SXPo[eEL, English advent- land with much wealth. After the death urer; born in Bristol, England. in I.)ï . of Lord Delaware, Captain Argall took He was in Virginia at a time when Pow- <'harge of his estate. and Lady Delaware hatan was particularly hostile to the charged him with gross fraud and pecula- :English settlprs. He and his nearest tion. He dipd in Hi 6. neighbors would not allow the people to Argus, CAPTrRE OF THE. The American carry food to the English at JanlPstown, hrig- A rg 1l.'I , Capt. W. H. Allen. bore to and provisions became very scarce. Argall France \Yilliam II. Crawford, rnitel! was sent" ith a nssel on a foraging px- States minister to that goyernnwnt. She pedition up the York River. Being near afterwards cruised in British waters. and the dwelling of Powhatan, l\e bribf'd a lw thp celerib- of her mOW'lnpnts and de- savage by a gift of a copper kettle to en- !'Itructin f'np\ Q' - she !'pread consternation tice Pocahontas on board his vessel, wllCre throug-hout connuen:ial England. She ear- he detained lwr a prisoner, hoping to get ried 32-pound earronadps and two bow- a large quantity of corn from her father gnns; and her commander, who had as a. ransom. and to reeover some arms sP1"\'e(} under Decatur, was one of the most and implempnts of lahor "hich the Ind- p-allant men of the nav -. lIe roamed the ians had stolen. Powhatan rejected \r- "chops of the Channel" successfully; and. gall's proposal for a ransom with scorn. eailing around Land's End. in the space of 8nd would not hold intercourse with the thirty days he captured no less than pirate; but he sent "ord to the authori- twenty valuable Brith:h merchantmen, ties at Jamestown that, if his daug-htpr with cargoes vahIPd at $ .OOO.OOO. Too should be released. he would forget the in- far away from friendly ports into whil'h jury and be the friend of the English. he might semI his prizes, he hurned all the If>8 ARID REGIONS-ARIZONA wssels. Every non-combatant captive he insurgents. Though only a military com- allowed to remove his private property, mander, he was for some time the real and for this generosity he was thanked by ruler of Iðico when Herrera was Presi- them. The British government, alarmed dent in 18H. Commanding at the battles by the exploits of the Argus, sent out sev- of PALO ALTO and RESACA DE LA PAL IA era I cruii;:ers after her. Just before the (q. v.) in May, 18-18, he was appointed dawn of Aug. 14, 1813, the British brig :Minister of 'Var a month later. Within Pdican, 18, Capt. J. F. :\faples, appeared; two :rears he suppressed seventeen revolts and at six o'c1ock the _lrgus wore round in ::\lexico; and in 18.30 he was elected and delivered a broadside upon her at grape- President of his native country. IIe re- shot distance. The fire was immediately signed the government in July, 1853. returned, and a round shot carried away Banished from his countrv bv his enemies, Allen's leg. He refused to be taken from he made a voyage to E Iro'pe; and died the deck; but soon becoming unconscious there on the day when Santa Ana, who fJOm loss of blood, he was taken to the had usurped his seat, was compelled to cockpit, and died the next day. The men fly from the city of :Mexico, Aug. 7, 1855. oÍ the .1rgus, weakened bJ' too free use of Aristocracy, in a political sense, a gov- captured wine the night before, did not erument exercised by the best citizens in fight with their u ual vigor, .et they the community, which in olden times handled the vessel admirably. Lieut. \V. meant the nobles. The word in time came Howard Allen was left in chief command. to be applied to those people in a country Yery soon the Argus became 80 badly in- who were superior to the rest of the com- jured that she began to reel. All her munity in any marked respect; hence, braces were shot away, and she could not there were the aristocracies of rank, of be kept in position. The Pelican at intellect, of knowledge, and of high Illoral l{'ngth crossed her stern, and raked her feeling. An aristocrat was a member of dreadfully; and at the end of twent;y-five such a governing class in a nation, or one minutes from the beginning of the action of especially high rank who was not con- the A.rgliS became unmanageable. Yet nected with actual admirustration. In she fought on feebly twenty minutes the United States there is no recognition longer, when she was compelled to sur- of an aristocracy of birth; yet in the render, the Sea-Horse, the Pelican's con- early days of the country the social and sort, having hove in sight. The Argus official lines were naturally v('ry closely lost, in killed and wounded, twenty-three drawn, and for a time the public men of men; the Pelican lost seven men. the day were divided into the classes of Arid Regions. See IRRIGATION. aristocracy and democracy, using the lat- Arista, :MARIANO, a Mexican military ter word in the sense of representing all officer; boru at San I,uis Potosi, July 26, the people. The word oligarchy was also 1802. Receiving a military education, he applied to the aristocracy, and originally servcd in the Spanish army until June, meant both a form of government in 1821, when he joined the ::\Jðican revolu- which the supreme power was vested in tionisb;. He rose rapidly to the rank of the hands of a small exc1usive class, and brigadier-general: and in June, 1833, he also the members of such a class. In lat- was made, by SANTA ANA (q. v.), second ter years the word o1igarchy came to be in command of the ::\Iexican army. Join- applied to a body of people outside of ing another leader in an unsuccesfjful re- political life who aspired to or had con- yolt, lIP was expelled from Mexico, and trol of the management of a large inter- came to the United States. In 1835 he est, such, for instance, as certain leaders returned, and was restored to his rank in in the Congregational Church in the early the army, and made .Judgc of the Supreme- history of Connecticut. Tribunal of \Var. He was taken prisoner Arizona, a Territory in the extreme hy the Frpnch at Yera ('ruz (Dec. 5, southwestern portion of the rppublic, lying lR38), but was soon r('leasearth. as plants tr.ched to the Union, but, unfortunately, arise and come forth in the spring. This the gowrnor and most of the leading pol i- race increased until they spread o,-er 01(' ticians of the tate were disloyal, and no whole earth, and, after continuing through effort was spared by them to obtain the countless ages, passed away. The earth passag(' of an ordinance of secession. For then remained without people a great this purpose a State convention of dele- length of time, unti: at length the sun gates assembled at the capital (Little had compassion on the earth, anù sent a Rock) on Iarch 4, 180!. It was composf'd ('f'lestial maiden to repeople the globe. of s('venty-five members, of whom forty This young goddess was called Arizonia, WE're such stanch Unioni ts that it WriS thp name sig-nifying "l\laiden Queen." f'vident that no ordinance of sece :-.ion This Arizonia dwelt upon the earth a great could be passed. The friends of Sf'{:,e8- ]pngth of time in lonely solitude, until at sion then proposed a plan that seemed a certain time, while basking in the sun- fair. A self-constituted committee 1'1'- beams, a drop of dew from heaven rested ported to the convention an ordinance pro- upon Ari70nia, who in due time blessed the viding for an election to be heM on the world with twins, a !'on and a daughter, first Monday in August. at which the and these became the father and mother legal voters of the State should decide, by of the Zuni Indians, and from this tribe ballot, for" seces!"oion " or " co-operation." arose all other raCes of men, the black, If a majority should appf'ar for "secps- white, olive, and all other clav-colorerl f:ion," that fact would be consirlerpd in the men being merely apostate offsho ts from light of instructions to the convention to this original tribe, and the Zunis being pass an ordinance to that effect; if for 200 GOVERNORS OF THE TEURlTORl. T rlll of Ollicp. R. C. IcCormlck...... ...,...,.., 18tii -H!I A. P. K. :::;alford.............,..,..1Rin-ï7 John P. Hoyt...........,.,...... .1Si8 Jobn C. Frémont................. .18iD-82 Frederick Tuttle.................. .188 -H:í C. Meyer Zulick................... .1RR:í-8!\ Lewis WOltley..................... .1R8f1-Dl .Tobn N. Irwfn.....................]Rtll-tI2 Xatban O. ltll"pby................ .1 !)2-fl4 Lewis C. Hughes.................. ]8t14-fl6 Henj. J. Franklin................. .1R!)(i-!)7 Myron II. McCord................ .18n -!I!J Nathan 0, IlIrphy,............ . 18!)!)-]flOa Alexander O. Brodie. _........... .]903-0(i ARKANSAS "co-operation," then measures were to be used, in conjunction with the border slave States "yet in the Union," for the settlement of existing difficulties. The next session of the convention was fixed for Aug. 17. The proposition seemed so fair that it was adopted by unanimous vote, and the convention adjourned, sub- ject to the call of its president, who was known as a Union man. Taking advantage of the exeitement in- cident to the attack on Fort Sumter and the President's call for troops, the gov- ('mol' (Rector) and his disloval associ- ates adopted measures for ar a 'ing Ar- kansas among the "seceded States." In violation of the pledge of the convention that the whole matter should be deter- minpd by the people in August, the gov- rnor induC'ed the president of the conven- 1 ion to call that body together on May 6. It met on that day. Seyenty delegates were prf"sent. An ordinance of secession, pre\"iously prepared, was presented to it at three o'clock in the afternoon, when the hall in which the dplegates met was crowded by an e-xcited multitude. It was 1I10\"ed that the "\'eas" and "nays" on the question shoul l he taken witl;out de- bate. Though the motion was rejected by a con iderable majority. the president de- clared it earried. Then a vote on the or- dinance was taken. Thel"e seemed to be a majority against it; but the president arose and earnestly e-xhortl'd the Union- ists to change thf'ir votes, which they did, as tlwy percei\'ed a determination on the }Jart of the crowd of spectators to compel tllf'm to do so. The place (the hall of STATE GO\"ER ORS OF ARI\.A SAS. tlH' House of Hepresentatin's) was dense- James S. Conway.............1836toI840 I." packed with human beings. As each Archibald Ypll ............... ,1 40 .. 1844 Ramuel Adams ............... .1844 'lit!' was gi\"f'n there \Vas a solemn still- 'l'homas R. Drew............. ..1 44 " 1848 J)(, S. and one Fnion man aftf'r anothcr .Tohn R. Hoane...............,]84R" IS:;:! prdaced llis yote hy SOIl!P stirring senti- Elias , ('on way.. .......... ..1 :;2 " ] I;O ment in favor of tllP Routh. " ' II " n tIle lIenry 'J. I pC'tor............. .18GO " 18G::! '- Harris J.ïanagin ............. ,1S6::! " 1864 JesuIt was announced-(jfl for the ordi- J!;mac :\Iurphy .......... ...... . 181ì-t .. 18HS nance. to 1 against it-there was tremen- Powell Clayton ........ - . , . . . .1 8lìS .. 1 S71 dous cheen n cr TI t t Orzo II, n'adley...............] 871 .. 1872 . c' Ie nega hoe vo e was Elisha na xter ,...,...........1 R7:! .. 1 7 4 gin'n by haac :Murphy, who WfiS the Augustus H. Garland........,' ]R7J .. 1 71ì rnion governor of Arkan"as in 1804. Wm. n. :\Iillpr,.".".,....., .1Rïï .. lRRl :\l('anwhile the State authorities had Thos. J. Churchill",.,.,.. , ]RR1 " I8S spized the national property in the State. Jas, II. Berry................ ]SR .. ISR:; _ Rimon P. Hughes........ ....,1S8:;.. ISSfI During almost the whole period of the .Tames P. Eagle,........., . . . . ,1 S8f1 " 1 R!) war, Xational or Confederate troops o('eu- Wm. :\r. Fisbhack..,.... ..', ,18!) " IS!):; pied the State: and one of the most hotl y .Tames p, Clarke............... ]Sn:; .. 1"!)7 t td b 1 nanieIW.Jones..............,1S!'I7.. ]!)()1 con PI' (' aU cs of the war was fought .Tefferson Davis. . . . . . . ., . . . . . .1 Ol .. HJU5 201 on its soil (see PEA RIDGE). On Oct. 30, lSG3, a meeting of loyal citizens, rep' resenting ahout twenty coun- ties, was held at Fort Smith, to take meas- ures for reor- gamzmg the State govern- nIf'nt. In .Janu- ary following, a conven tion, ('om- posed of repre- sentatives 0 f forty-two coun- ties, assembled at Little Rock, and frampd a loyal constitution, which was ratified by the people in ::\larch, 18tH. In April a State government was organized. In 1867 military rule was established in Arkansas, which. with Mississippi. con- stituted a military di trict. A new con- stitution \\ as framed hy a con\'Cntion at l..ittle Rock, .Tan. 7. 18G8. amI was rati- fipfl by a small majority in l\Iarch. On June 22 Congress declar{'d Al"kansas en- titled to repre r>ntation in that body. and the administration of the :.!ovprnment was tmnsferrf'd to the civil authority. Popula- tion in 18!W, 1.125,385; in If100, 1.311,564. See rXITED STATES-ARKANSAS, in vol. ix. STATE SEAL OF ARKANSAS. TERlUTOlUAL GOYEn OR8 OF ARKA SAS. Term of Office. James :\Iiller ................. ,unn to 18:!3 George hard ................ .18 3 " IS:!!) .Tohn Popp .....,............ .IS::!Ð .. 18 3 William S. Fulton............ .1833 .. 1836 ARKANSAS POST-ARMISTEAD U ITED ST\TES SEXATORS FRml THE STATE OF nervous s 'stem that he sank under it and ARKAXSAS. died, Jan. 30, 1793. N.....E.. No,oCCOngr.... Dd.. Armenians, a Christian people occu- William S. Fulton..... 2Uh to 21:!th 1836 to 18,1,1 pying the high plains and vallcys of a Ambrose II. Sevier.... 2-1th" 30th 1836" 18-lH country east of Asia :Minor and northeast I e o t ::::::::: :: h :: of Syria, estimated as numbering from Wm. K. Sebastian..... 30th" 3(jth 11'-18 "11'161 3,000,000 to 5,000,000 people. In the Hobert W. Johnston.., 33d "3lìth Ib53 "1:;61 spring of 1804 the Turks claimed that 37th, 38th, and J9th Congresses vacant. the .Armenians "ere preparing to revolt Alexander McDonald... 40th to -12d 18(j8 to 1871 against the Kurds, aud, in fact, se,'cral BenJ- F. nice.......... 40th" 43d 1:;(j8 " 11'\73 fl . t d ' d I'o\\ell Clayton........ 42d "43th 1!'!71" 11'177 con IC s I take place between these tel'hcn W. Dorsey.... 4-1th" 46th 1873 "11'>79 people. Turkish troops were bont to aid Augustus II. tiarland.. 45th" 49th 1877 " 1885 James D, \, alker...... 4lith" 49th 11'\19" I1'\b5 the Kurds aud suppress the Armenians, James K. Jones.... - . . 49th" 67th 1885" 1903 and then began a long list of massacres : : .. ::::::: : :: = :: = \',I1Í('h aroused the whole world. On Feb. Arkansas Post. ee lIIXD IA , :FORT. 20, 18t1G, CLARA BAIUO (q. 11,). of the Arkansas, TIlE, a Confederate" ram," Hed Cro:-.s Society, Rai1ed froIll Kf'\v ('mployed chiefly OIl the Yazoo River, above York for Armenia, and took charg-e of the , ici,,:;Lurg. l.'arragut sent three armored relief work of this country. "'hiJe the \(':,.:,cJs about the middle of July, 18ü , gonrnnwnts seemed powerle::;s to aid the to attack her. Six miles up the stream .i\rmeniand, the citizens of this country they found and assailed her; but she re- made generous subscriptions for the suf- pubed the attack, and took I'hcJter under ferers. Three ship - loads of goods were the batteries at Yicksburg. Anothcr at- Sf'nt from this country and over $üOO,- tempt to capture her was made on July 000 in money. The inaction of the :! b.y the Hss(>;c (Captain Porter) and the Buropean powers during these outrages Queen of the lVest. Again the attempt must always be regarded with amaze- was un-.nccessful. _-\.ftel' the I'('pulse of llIeut. .\s to the total number of Ar- the Confederates at Baton Rouge, early llll'nians butchf'red, only a conjecture in \ugust, Porter, with the Essex and two can he formed. Not until the beginning of ot her gunboats, went in search of thc lS!17 did the massacre cease. The total .Lrka1tsas, and found her 5 miles above number of victims is generaIJy conceded that eit)'. _\ sharp engagement ensued. to have been over 30,000. Out of 3.:l00 The .trkullsas became unmanageable, "hen Armenian villages, it i!'! estimated that her crew ran her ag-ainst the river-bank, 2.'>00 were destroyed. Besides the people set her on fire, and she was blown up. kiUed in massacr('s, it is estimated that Armand, CIJAULES TEFFI , MARQUIS DE the ravag-es committed by the Turks LA RorAHlE, l.'rcnch military officer; born caused 75.000 Armenians to die of star- near RellIlI's, in 173(Î; came to America vation. Jan. 27, IR!16, Congress passed in 1777, and entcred the Contincntal army e(\n('urrent resolutions calling upon the as a volunteer. lIe reeeived the commis- European powers to stop the massac'res, bion of COIOllf'l, :uIII commanded a small and to secure the Christ ian!'! the rifThts corp . to \\ hich was attach('d a company to whieh they Wf'rc entitled. The I\'ìtan of c:t\alry "ho aeted as the police of of Turke r, under great pressure. plomi:-.ed ("lillI'S. lle was an e:\.('("cdingly active om- rf'forms. A vast amount of mission prop- (,f'I', and wa!'! highly esteemed by \\'a:,;h- erty wa!'! d('stroyed, and claims for in- ing-ton. In Fehruary. 1780, his corps was dl'nmity were presented by all the powers, incorporated with that of Pulaski, who few of which have been paid. That of the was killed at Sa '-almah a few months he- Lnited States, after uncompromi!'ling pre!'!s- fore. In March. 17R . his service!'! through- l1rf' on tll(' part of its amhassadors, wa!'! out the war from 1777 were rl'eogni7efI, !':C'tth>d in D('('{>mh('r, 1 flOO, hy the placing and he wa!'! crf'atecI a briga,Jier-genf'ral. of the ordf'r for a war-ship in this country, ]{durning to France, Ill' took part in the and including the amount of the indemnity TI('volution tllPre, and was for a time a in tlle contract price. pri oner in the BastiJe. The ð.ecution Armistead, GEORGE, miJitary officer; of Louis XVI. gave such a shock to his born in ew Iarket, Caroline co., Va., 202 ARMISTEAD-ARMSTRÙNG f -, - -", ;.. '11-7 ,,___.., '. : '.".\\ I - 2'JI ':;..;:. / _---:::II. I o:-"t5. - - - . _ II IiiÌ' -:,; ;',;j = { Armistead, LEWIS ADTHso . military officer; horn in Xewbern. X. C., Feb. 18, ISI7; entered tlH' Vnitf'd f'tates ann T as lieutenant in IH;19; !'crwd throughout the l\Iexiean "-ar; resigncd in lS(j1 to join the Confederate army. He was mortally wounded while leading his brigade in Pickett'!,! charge at Gett.n,burg. and died in the Federal hospital. .July 3. 1803. Armour, PHILIP DAXFORTH, philan- thropist; born in Stockbridge, N. Y., Iay lü, IR32; 1"ecein>d a public school educa- tion. In IS;) -5(j he was a minei' in Cali- fornia; in 18.")(j-(j:J engaged in the commis- !"ion busilwss in ::\Iil\\aukee, Wis. In Isn2 he built the Armour Institute of Technol- ogy in Chicago at a cost of $1,;;00,000, and in the same year endowed it with $1,400.- 000; in 18n8 he inereased this endowment by $'>00,000: and in ISH!} made another addition of $7::>0,000. 'He died in Chicago, Jan. O. 19lH. Armstrong, .JOH , militaQ- officer: Lorn in Carlisle, Pa., No\". 2,"). 17,")R. While a student at Princeton, in 1773, he becanI(' a ,'olunteer in Pottpr's Pcnnsylnll1ia regi- ment, and was soon afterwards made an aide-de-camp to Gpneral 1\[erep1". He was memory, and the grateful citizens also aìtprwanls placed on the staff of Gf'lwral en'cted a large monullH'nt, designed b,- Oates. and remainpd so from the begin- 203 April 10, 17RO; entered the army as second lieutenant in 17n!). In 1813 he held the rank of major in the 2d Artillery, and was distingui:=;hed at the ea pture of Fort George. His gallant defence of Fort l\IcHenry in Sep- tf'mbt'r, 1814, won for him immortal honon.. He had five brothers in the military sen-ice in the second war for in- dependence - three in the regular army and two in the militia ser- vice. Because of his hraycry in defending Baltimore, he was bre- vetted a lieutpnant- colonel; and the citi- zens prespnted him with an elegant silver Ren-iee in the form of a yase fashioned like a bombshell, with gob- lets and salver. After his death at ] altimore, April 2'>, 1818, n finp marhle monument waR erf'pted there to his @:".-- Jl /1 ï (,- I ':W ;)\" . ,,;: ...,,,, ,j ( . ". '-':-..;;, ,, t ..,,;:::= . - . ---- ---- - . ,.. .:, 'ttJi:-' \T . i l(I!: . ' Ii 7/ ") " . I - ;. tJ ' if ,? .. .f ;- ;r; . ; .;;. f. . {;.. ..: .:' . ' ..:. >./:'TKAI>. l\1aximilian Godefroy, in memory of all the defenders of Baltimore. - . 'I<\' .\ f ! : c !.:. - . ;:r "'\1: ' Þ:. - ( . - ,,,> "'''''' I ._ _ __ 1; ... _=-- 11: 11 ..:. Iii.. -r- t l : ,L", -. , -, -- .,/ - ". - , ... -=-= -"'" .-- --- -- --- - - ---- ---- ----- TilE ARMISTEAD VASE. ARMSTRONG-ARMY ning of tha.t officer's campaign against Furgo:yne until the end of the war, hav- ing the rank of major. Holding a facile pen, he was emplo.red to write the famous - " 1\. '1 J . '\, f " f' .. . . rmnent arranged to have Indian children admitted in 1878, and since that time the school has successfully tau!!ht memùers of both races. He died in lR!l3. ARMY Army. The military system of the infantry, cavalry, and artillery. An act L"nited States is ùased upon volunteer was pa!'>sf'd early in 17!1:i which empow- armies, raised as occasion may require. ('red the President, in case of invasion. or A small stal'ding army is kept up for the imminent danger thereof, to call forth support of good order and for safety the militia of the State or States most a ainst incursions of barba.rians on the convenient to the place of danger. lIe bûrders of expanding settlements; and a was also empowered, in case of insurrec- well-regulated militia, under the control tion, or when the laws of the L'nited of the respective States, forms an ample States should be opposed by a combina- body of citizen oldiery. The first act for non too powerful to be suppressed by the the enrolment in the militia of all able- ordinary course of judicial proceedings, bodied white men of eighteen and under to call out the militia. The Civil War forty - five years of age was passed by gave full examples of the working of our Congress in 1702. This act providefl military s 'stem. When comhinations in tliat in the organization there should be the slave States becn.me too powerful for 204 ARMY DIVISION OF THE PHILIPPI Es.-Consisting of the Departments of Korthern Luzon, Southern Luzon, Yisayas, Mindanao, and Jolo, comprising all the Islands ceded to the United States by Spain; headquarters, Manila, P. I. Commander, )laj.-Gen. Arthur MacArthur. DEPARTl\IE T OF KORTHER LUZON.-In- cludes all that part of the Island of Luzon north of Laguna de Bay and the province of Laguna, the same being the provinces of Abra, Bontoc, Benguet, Bataan, Bulacan, Ca- gayan, Ilocos, Infanta, l\lorong, Korte, Ilocos Sur, La Isabela de Luzon, Lepanto, La Pnlon, Nueva Vizcaya, Nueva Ecija, all that portion of Manila north of the Paslg River. Principe, Pangasiuan, Pampanga, Tarlac, and Zam- bales, and all the Islands In the Phlllppine Archipelago north of :\lanila Bay and the provinces above named: headquarters, ManlIa, P. I. Commander, :\laj.-Gen. Lloyd Wheaton. DEPART nExT OF SO(;THER LUzoN.-In- eludes the Island of Samar and all the re- maining pal.t of the Island of Luzon, the same Including the following provinces: Albay, Ba- tangas, Camarines Korte, Camarines ur, Ca- vité, La Laguna, Manlla south of the Pasig, and Tayabas, and all islands of the Philip- pine Archipelago which lie south of the south line of the Department of Korthern Luzon, as above described, Including the Island of Polillo, and north of a Hne passing southeast- wardly through the West Pass of Apo to the twelfth parallel of north latitude; thence easterly along said parallel to 124 0 10' east of Greenwich, but Ineludlng the entire Island of Mas bate ; thence northerly through San Ber- nal'dino Straits; headquarters, Manlla, P. I. Commander, :\Iaj.-Gen. John C. Bates. DEPART IE T OF THE VISAYAS.-Ineludes all Islands (except Island of Samar) south of the southel'n Hne of the Department of South- ern Luzon and east of long. 121 0 45' east of GI'eenwlch and north of the ninth parallel of latitude, excepting the Island of Mindanao and all i lands east of the Straits of Surigao; headquarters, Iloilo, P. I. Commander, Brig.- Gen. Hobert P. Hughes. DEPART IE T OF l\lnmANAo AXD JOLo.-In- eludes all the remaining Islands of the Phlllp- pine Archipelago: headquarters. Zamhoanga, P. I. Commander, Bl'ig.-Gen. William A. Kobbi'. DErART IE T OF ALASKA.-TerrltOl'y of Alaska; headquarters, Fort St. Michael, Alas- 1m Commander, Brig.-Gen. George I. Ran- dall. DEPART IENT OF CALIFORNIA.-States of California and :Xevada. the Hawaiian Islands and their dependencies; headquarters, an Fmnclsco. ('al. Commander, Maj.-Gen. "ïll- lam [t, hafter. Pr:P.\RT IE T OF THE C'OLORADO,-States of "'yoming (except so much thel'eof as Is em- braced In the Yellowstone Katlonal Park), Colorado" and TTtah. and the Territories of Arizona and :Xew Mexico; headquarters, Den- ver. Col. Commander, Brlg.-Gen. Henry C. lel"l'lam. DEPART IE T OF THE COI.Ul\IBIA.-States of Washington, Oregon, Idaho (except so much of the latter as Is embl'aced In the Yellow- IIEAJ1QrARTERS OF TTTE ARl\ly,-C'ommander, stone National Park); headquarters, Van- I.ieut.-Gen. Xelson A. :\ll1e8, Washington, D. C. couver Barracks, "'ash. Commander,-. 205 the civil authorities to oppose, the Presi- dent of the United States caHed for 75,000 militia (designating the numbet: required from each State) to suppres them. As S(lon as the various regiments from the States were mustereJ into the service of the United States they were no longer under the control of their respective State governments, but of that of the national government, and were assigned to brigades, d:vi8ions, corps, and a.rmies, according to the requirements of the service. They were then entirely supported by the na- tional government. All their general and staff officers were commissioned by the I'resident, and no officers, after ha "ing been mustered into the service of the Unit- ed States, could be dismissed by the State 'luthorities. During the Civil \Yar, from first to last, 2,600,401 men, including re- inforcements, were enrolled, equipped, and organized into armies. The regula-I' army during that war was raised to some- thing over 50,000 men, but was reduced, at its close, to 30,000 men. The standing army in 18DO numbered 25,220 men, and was mainly used in ganisoning the permanent fortification!', protecting the i'outes of commerce across the conti- nent, and preserving order among the Indian tribes west of the Mississippi River. The Army in 1901.-The organization of the regular army on the permanent peace basis of one soldier to each 1,000 of population. under the act of Congress of :Feb. 2, IDOl, was announced in the general order of Iay 13, 1 01: Cavalry, 15 regiments (12 troops of 85 men). with band, etc.; total. 15,840. Artillery, 126 companies of 109 men each; 30 batteries of HiO men each; with bands, etc.; total, 18,8G2. Infantry, 30 regiments (12 companies (if 104 men), with bands, etc.; total, 38,- :ï20. Engineers, 3 battalions (4 companies of 104 men), with bands, ptc.; total, 1, 82. Staff department, signal corps, etc., 2,783. Total number of enlisted men, 77 ,28ï. rnder the act of March 4, I8!)!}, mili- tary divisions and departments were re- organized as follows: DEPARTMENT OF CUßA.-C'onslstlng of the provinces of the Island of ('uba; headquar- ters. Havana, Cuba. Commander, Brig.-Gen. Leonard Wood. DEPARTMENT OF DAIWTA.-States of l\Ilnne- sota, North Dakota. South Dakota. Montana, and so much of Wyoming and Idaho as Is embraced In the Yellowstone I\aUonal Park; headquarters, St. Paul, Minn. Commander, Urlg.-Gen. James F. Wade. UEPART:\IEr;T OF TIlE EAST.-Xew England States. New York, New Jersey. Pennsylva- nia, Delaware, :\Iaryland. District of Co- lumbia. West Virginia, Ylrglnia, North Caro- lina. South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Ala- bama. Mississippi, and Louisiana, and District of Porto Rico, embracing l"orto Ulco and ad- jacent Islands; hf'adl]uarters, Governor's Isl- and. N. Y. Commandcr, Maj.-Gen. John U. Brooke. DEPART!IIEST OF TIlE I.AKEs.-States of "'Isconsln, Michigan, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Kentucky, and Tennessee; headquarters, Chicago, Ill. Commander, Maj.-Gen. Elwell S.OUs. DEPART?iIEST OF TIlE MISSOI!RI.-States of Iowa, Nebl'aska, Missouri, Kansas, and Ar- kansas, the Indian Territory. and the Terri- tory of Oklahoma: headquarters, Omaha, Neb. Commander, Brlg.-Gen. Fitzhugh Lee. DEPART'IEST OF TEXAs,-State of Texas; headquarters. San Antonio, Tex. Command- er, CoJ. Chambers McKibbin, 12th Infantry. An act of Congress of June 6, 1900, re- organized the regular army and re-estab- Iished the grade of lieutenant-general by the following provision: "That the senior major-general of the line commanding the army shall have the rank, pay, and allow- ances of a lieutenant-general." In his annual message to Congress, Dec. 3, HJOO, President :McKinley urged a provision for increasing the army in order to mainta,in its trength after ,Tune 30, 1001, when it would be reduced according to the act of March 4, ISO!). lIe detailed the employ- ment of the various branches of the army, and af:ked for authority to incrmse the total force to 100,000 men, as was pro- vi(lpd in the temporary act of lR!)t}. A hiH to carry out the President's reeom- m('ndation was introrluced in Congress; was adopted hy the Senate, where it ori d- nated. Jan. 18, 1901; and the House adopt- ed the conference report on the bill .Tan. 25, following. Under this hill the Presi- dent, on Ff'h. 5, sent to the Senate the fol- lowing nominations for the reorganized army: TO BE LIErTF.'I;"A T-GENERAL. Maj.-Gen. Nelson A. Miles. TO BE rA.JoR-GENERALS. Brlg.-Gen. Samuel B. M. Young, U. S. A. ARMY Col. Adna It. (,haffee. Sth Cavalry, U. S. A. (Major-General, U. S. V.). Brl ,-Gen. Arthur MacArthur, U. S. A. (Major-General, U. S. V.). TO BE ßRIGADIER-GENERALS. CoJ. John C. Hates, 2d Infantry, U. S. A. ( l\Iaj or-General U. S. V.). Col. Lloyd Wheaton, 7th Infantry, U. S. A. (Major-General. U. S. V.). Col. George W. Davis, 23d Infantry (Brig- adier-General, U. S. V.). Col. Theodore Schwan, Assistant Adjutant- General, U. S. A. (Brigadier - General, U. S. V.). Col. Samut'l S. Sumner, 6th Cavalry, U. S. A. Capt. Leonard "'ood, Assistant Surgeon, U. S. A. (Major-General, U. S. V.). Col. Robert II. Hall, 4th Infantry, U. S. A. (Brigadier-General, U. S. V.). Col. Uobert P. Hughes, Inspector-General, U. S. A. (ßrlgadler-General, U. S. V.). Col. George :\1. Randall, 8th Infantry, U. S. A. (BrJgadler-General, U. 8. V.). Maj. William A. Kobbé, 3d Artillery, U. S. A. (ßrlgadier-General, U. S. V.). Brlg.-Gen. Frederick D. Grant. U. S. V. Capt. J. I.'ranklln Bell, 7th Cavalry, U. S. A. (Brigadier-General, U. . V.). Continental .ll1"my.-On the morning nfter the affair at Lexington and Con- cord (Aprir 20, 1775), the Massachusetts Committee of Safety sent a circular letter to aU the towns in the province, saying: "\Ve conjure you, by all that is dear, by all that is sacred; we beg and entreat you, as you will answer it to your country, to :rour consciences, and, above aU, to God hImself, that you will hasten and arrange, by aU possible means, the enlistment of men to form the army, and send them forward to headquarters at Cambridge with that expedition which the VMt im. portance and instant urgcncy of the affair demands." This caU was answered by many people hdore it reaehed them. It arose spontaneously out of the depths of their own patriotic hearts. The fieM, the workshop, the counter, the desk, and everI thf::o pulpit. :yieJded their tenants. who hur- ried towards TIoston. )Tany did not wait to chan;.!e their clothe's. TIley took with them neither mOß('V nor food, intpnt only upon having thf'ir firplncks in order. Th'e ,"omcn on the way opf'ned wide their doors and hearts for the rdrf'shment and. en- couragement of the patriotic volunteers, and \'er,\' soon all Nf'w England. was re'p- resentf'd at Cambridg-e in a motlf'Y host of full 20,000 men. On the afternoon of the 20th (April) Gen. Artemae Ward as- sumed the chief comwand of the gathering 206 ARMY volunteers. The Provincial Congress "-ashington was then a little past forty- labored night and day to proyide for their three years of age. He left Philadelphia. organization and support. The second for Cambl"idge a week later, where he ar- Continental Congress convened at Phila- rin d on July 2; and at about nine o'clock delphia (May 10), and on June 7, in a on the rnoming of the 3d, standing in the resolution for a general fast, had spoken shade of an elm-tl"() in Cambridge, he for the first time of "the twelve united formally assumed the command of the colonies." Gen. Artemas 'Yard, of Massa- army, then numbering about 16,000 men, chu<:etts, the senior in command of the all New-Englanders. The following were provincial militia, assumed the chief com- appointed his assistants: Artemas 'Yard, mand of the volunteers who gathered near Charlcs Lee, Philip Schuyler, and Israel Hoston after the skirmishes at Lexington I>utnam, major-genera.}s; and Seth Pome- fwd Concord. He was good, but aged, and roy, Richal'd Montgomery, David 'Vooster, not possessed of sufficient military ability William Heath, Jo,;cph Spencer, John or personal activity to make aoD energetic Thomas, John Sullivan, and Nathaniel commander of a large army. The Provin- Greene, brigadier-generals. Horatio Gatps cial Congress of Massachusetts appre- was appointed a.s ad jutant-general. The hended the melting-away of the army pay of a major-general was fi"ed at $166 gathered at Cambridge unless a more effi- a month; of a brigadier-general, $125; of cÏent leader might be found, and, to avoid the adjutant-general, $125; commissary- giving offence, they asked the Continental gmeral of stores fI..nd provisions, $80; Congress to assume the regulation and di- quartermaster-general, $80; deputy quar- rection of t11at army. Joseph 'Varren, in termaster-general, $-10; paymaster-gpneral, a private lettpr to Samuel Adams, wrote 100; deputy paymaster-general, $,")0; that the request was to be interpreted as chief - engincpr, $110; Rssi<;tant engineer, a desire for the appointment of a new $:!O; aide-de-camp, $33; secreta.ry to the cllief commander of all the troops that gEneral, $611; secretary to a major-general, Dlight be raised. Just then the news ar- $33; commissary of mustprs, $-10. "7 a8 h- rived of the approach of reinforcements ÍJJgton found an undisdplined force, and for Gage, under Generals Clinton, Howe, immediately took measures to bring order 8.nd Burgo)-ne, and Congress felt the im- out of confusion. Congress had provided portance of acting promptly. At the sug- fOl one adjutant-gpneral, one quartermas- gestion of John Adams, the army was ter-general and a deputy, one commissarr- 8dopted as a continenta.l one; and, at the general, one paymaster-general a.nd a suggestion of the New England delegation, deputy, one chief-engineer and two assist- Thomas Johnson, of Maryland, nominated ants of the grand army. and an engineer George 'Vashington, of Virginia, for com- a.nd two assistants for the arm r in a mander-in-chief of the armies of the in- s('parate department; three aidps-de-camp, chpate republic. He was elected (June 15, a secretary to the general and to the ma- 1775) by unanimous vote, and on the jor-generals, and a commissary of musters. y fol1owing morning .Tohn Hancock, presi- Joseph Trumbull, son of the governor of df'nt of Congress, official1y announced to Connecticut. \Vas appointpd commiRsary- \Yashington his appointment.. The Vir- gpnera.l; Thomas Mifflin, quartermaster- ginia colonel arose and, in a brief and general; and .Tospph Reed. of Philadelphia. modest sppech, formal1y accepted the was chospn hy \Vashing-ton to the impor- office. After expressing doubts of his tant post of secretary to the commander- ahility to perform t11e duties satisfac- in-chief. torily, he Raid, "A to pay, sir, I beg Soon after 'Vashing-ton took command leave to a.ssure the Congress that, as no of the army the legislature of Massa- ppcuniary consideration could have tempt- chusetts and the governor of Connecticut I'd me to accept the arduous employment at applied to him for detachuwnts from the the expense of my domestic ease and hap- army for the protection of points on their pi ness, I do not wish to make any profit rpsppetive sea-coasts pxposed to predator ' from it. I will keep an exact account of attacks from British cruisers. \Vash- my expenses. Those, I doubt not, they ington, in a letter d'1tcd July 31, 1775. an- will discharge, and tha.t is aU I desire." swered these appeals with a refusal, after 207 ARMY gjving satisfactory reasons for his de- miah \Vadsworth, of Connccticut, COm- cision. He pointed out the danger to be Il1issary-general; Colonel Sctlmme1, of Kew apprehended by scattering the army in de- Hampshire, adjutant-gcneral; and Baron tachments. He said the matter had been de Bteuben, a Prussian officer, inspector- debated in Congress, and that they had gl'neral. To allay discontents in the army come to the wise conclusion that eaeh because of the great arrearages of the province should defend itself from small soldiers' pay, auditors were appointed to a.nd particular depredations. It was then adjust all accounts; and each soldier who established as a rule. that attacks of the should serve until the end of the war was euemy at isolated points along the coast promised a gratuity of $80. The 01lìcet'S .. must be 'epelled by the militia in the were promised half-pay for seven years vicinity," except when the Continental from the conclusion of peace. army was in a condition to make detach- In the spring of 1779, on the report of nrents without jeoparding the common a committee of Congress, that body pro- cause. ceeded to a new organization of the army. In October, 1775, a committee of Con- :Four regiments of cavalry and artillery, gress visited the camp at Cambridge, and, hitherto independent e!,:tablishmcnts ra.iscd in consultation with \Vashington and at large, were now credited towards the coæmittees of the New England colonies, quota of the States in which they had heen flgreed upon a plan for the reorganization enlisted. The State quotas were reduced of the besieging army. It was to consist to eighty battalions: l\Iassachusetts to of twenty-si"\': regiments, besidcs riflemen furnish fifteen; Virginia and Pennsyl- and artillery. 1\Iass chusetts was to fur- vania, eleven each; Connecticut and )'Iary- nish sixteen; Connecticut, five; Kew land, eight each; th two Carolinas, six Hampshire, three; and Rhode Island, two each; Kew York, five; New Hampshire -in all about 20,000 men; the officers to and ew Jersey, three each; Rhode Island, he selected out of those already in the two; and Delaware and Georgia, one each. service. It was easier to plan an army Congresi> allowed $200 bounty for each than to create one. According to a return recruit, and the States made large addi- submitted to Congress, the Continental tional ofTprs; but the rcal amount was anny, on the day when the Declaration of smaH, for at that time the Contin ntal Independence was adopted, consisted of paper money had greatly depreciatf'd. It 7,7.34, men present fit for duty, including was found necpssa.ry to replenish the reg- one regiment of artillery. Their arms iments by drafts from the militia. The were in a wretcllPd condition. Of nearly "hole force of the AmerÍmn army. e"\':- 1.400 muskets, the firelocks were bad; elusive of a few troops in the Southern de- more than 800 had none at all; and 3,8'27 rartment, consisted. late in the pring of --more than half the whole number of 17ï9, of only ahout 8.GOO f'ffpcth"e mpn. infantry-had no haronets. Of the militia At that time the British had 1l,000 at who had been caIlf'd for, only 800 had }.;ew York and 4.000 or 5,000 at Kewport, joinf'd the camp. \Vith this force \Vash- besides a considf'rable foree in the Routh. iJlgton was expected to defend an extended In I ï80 a committee of Congt'psR. of which Jinf' of territory against an army of General Schuyler was chairman, were ahout 30,000 men. long in camp, maturing, with \Yashing- During the encampment at Yalley Forge ton, a pbn for another reorganization of a committee of Congress spent some time the army. Congress agrped to the plan. with \Yashington in arranging a plan for The remains of shteen additional hattal- thp rpor anization of the army. By it ions were to he di!'bandf'd, and the mpn cach battalion of foot, officers included. distrihuted to the Rtate lines. The army was to consist of 582 men. arranrred in was to ('onsist of fifty rcgiments of foot, ninp companies; the battalion of ho e and in(.luding JIn,zf'n's, four regimcnts of ar- artillery to he one-third smaJler. This tillPrY, and one of artificers. with two would ha\'l given the army fiO,OOO mf'n; partisan corps undpr Annard and Lpe. Ilut, in rf'aJity, it nevcr counted more than There were to be four other If'gionary half tJtat number. General Grepne was corps. two-thirds horse and ont>-third foot. appointed quartermaster - general; JeI'e- All new enlistments were to be <s. Another sum of $300,000 was ap- tumaster-general (April 3), and Alexan- propriated for the purchase of arms, and der Sm;yth, of Virginia, was made in- $150,000 for saltpetre to make gunpowder. 8pector-genera.l C Iardl 30)-each bearing The })residellt was :tlso authoriz{'d to c:lIl the commission of a brigadier-general. upon the governors of the several Sta.tes Thomas Cushing', of l\[a&sadmsetts, was to form an almy, in the aggregate, of appointed adjutant-general with the rank 100,000 militia, to be immediately organ- of brigadier-genel'al. .T:\l1It"8 Wilkinson, of ized, equipped, and "held in readiness to l\[aryland, the senior brigadier-genera.l in march at a moment's warning" when the army, was sent to Xew Orleans to reo caJJpd for by the chief magistrate-in lieve Wade Hampton (then a brigadier- ether words, 100.000 minute-men. The gcnf'ral), who was a meritorious suh:tJt('l"n President was authorized to construct ar- officer in South Carolina during the Revo- senals and armories at his discretion; and lution. Alexander 1\Iacomb of the en- $ ()O,OOO were placed at his disposal for gineers-one of the first gra,duates of the providing equipments for the whole body of Cnib"d Statcs )fiIitary .\mdemy-was pro- the militia of the republic. About $ ,OOO,- motpd to colonel, and Winfield Rcott, Ed- 000 were appropriated to pay the first ward Pendleton Gaines, and Eleazer \V. year's expenses of the seven new regiments. Ripley were commissioned colonels. Altogether the government appropriated in In the summer of 1812, Gen. Joseph 1808 about $5,000,000 for wa,r purposes. nIoomfield was sent to I..ake Chnmplain )t;tforts to increase the navy failed. l\[en with several regiments. and on Sl'ptcmher were needed for the additional 188 gun- 1 he had gathered a.t Plattsburg ahout boats, the ronstruction of whid. was au- ft,OnO men - regulars, volunteers, and thorizf'd in Decemher, I80ï. Nothing was militia-besides sma]] advanced partif>s at done until .January, ISO!), wl){'n the Presi- Chazy and Champlain. Genpral Dearhorn dpnt was authorized to equip three frigates took direct command of this anny soon and a sloop-of-war. afterwards, and ahout the mid(Jlp of Ko- In organizin the military forces for vpmher he made an unsuC'C'pssful attempt war in 1812 the foJJowing appointment to inmde Canada. Ko othpr Rpecial miJi- were made: Henry Dearborn, a Roldier tary movements occurred in that quarter of the Revolution, colJf'ctor of the port until the next year. Gpn. \Ya:pf'dition Rtrong, of Kf>w York, was also commis- dc,wn tlw Rt. Lawrf'nC'f'. .\rmstrong (Iirppt- ioned (.July 4) a brigadier- eneral to ed Hampton to pf'netratp Canada tow- fill a yacancy caused hy the recent death anls l\Iontrf'al h r way of tIle Sorpl Rinr. of Gen. Petpr Gansevoort. This was soon InRtead of obeying the order. Hampton followed (July R) hy a like commission marphed his troops to the Chatmugay for .John Chandler, of Maine. :\Iorgan J{iver, and at ChaiPaugay Four Cornprs Lewis, of New York, was appointed quar- he tarried twenty-six da)'s awaiting orders. 210 ARMY Finally he wa.s ordered to descend the fused to meet Wilkinson at St. Regi"" a.s Chateaugay and meet Wilkinson at its the latter had requested after the battle mouth. He moved forward late in Oc- at Chr;ysler's Field. Wilkinson directed tober, when he was confronted by Lieu- Hampton to join the camp at French tc:nant-Colonel De Salaberry, near the Mills. This order, also, he disobeyed, and junction of Outard Creek and the Cha Tf,tired to Plattsburg with his army of teaugay, where Hampton encamped and 4,000 men. was overtaken by his artillery. De Saht- Army of Occupation, 184.5-S6.-When berry was encamped with a force about the annpxation of Texas cau!'ed warlike ] ,000 strong, and Sir George Prevost and preparations in 1\1exico, Gen. Zachary General De Watteville were within bugle- Taylor was ordered to proceed to a point calI. Hampton resolved to dislodge De near the frontier between the two coun- Salaberry, and 8ent a force under Col. tries to defend Texas from invasion. Tay- Robert I>unly on the evening of Oct. 25 to lor was then in command of the Depart- force a ford and fall upon the British rear. ment of the Southwest. In a letter of in- Purdy lost his way in a hemlock swamp. structions from the 'Val' Department, he Meanwhile Hampton put 3,500 of his was told, "Texas must be protected from men in motion under Gen. George Izard, hostile invasion; and for that purpose who movcd to the attack at two o'clock in you will, of course, employ to the utmost the afternoon. De Salaberry came out extent all the means you possess or can with a few Canadians and Indians, but command." He at once repaired to New finding overwhelming numbers in front of Orleans with 1,!)00 men (.Tuly, 1845), him he fell back to his intrenched camp. where he embarked, and early in August Firin was now heard on the other side of arrÍ\'ed at the island of St. Josephs on the river. Purdy, who had neglected to the Tcxan coast, whence he sailed for post pickets, had been surprised, his Corpus Christi, near the mouth of the troops flying to the river. Several of his Kueces, where he established his head- officers and men swam across, and bore quarters. There he was soon afterwards alarming news of a heavy force approach- reinforced by seven companies of in fan- ing. In!'tead of such a force approach- try under Major Brown and two volunteer ing, thosc who had attackcd Purdy had companies under Major GaIly. With these fled at thc first firc; and so the bclIigcrents f('rces he remained at Corpus Christi un- \\ere in the ridiculous predicament of tiI the nðt spring, when the camp at that l"\1Ilning away from each other. De Sala- place was broken up (March 8, 18-Hi), and berry now hied a cJever trick. lIe posted the Army of Oecllpation proceeùpd to buglers at some dif'tanpp from each other, Point Isabel, nearer the Rio Grande. and when some coneealed provincial mi- 'Vhen appr o ac11illg Point IHahel, Taylor Jith\.l opened fire almost upon Hampton's was mct by a deputation of citizeus, flanks, the buglers sounded a charge. and prcsented with a protest, signed Hampton was alarnwd, for the pm.ition hy the Prdect of the Northern Dis- of the buglers inùieated an extpn!'ive trÎet of the Department of Tamau- J ritish line, amI he supposed a heavy force Jipas, again!'t the presence of his a.rmy. was ahout to fall upon his front and flank. llut he presHPd forward to Point !sa- He immediately ounded a. retreat and heI, whence, with a largpr portion of witIldn"w to his old (luart('rs at Chateau- his army, he procceded to the Rio Uramle gay Four Corners, annoypd all the way hy opposite Matamorus, arrivin there on thp fire of Canadian militia. There this Mareh 29. There he lwgan the ereetion inglorious campaign emlp(J. The AllIeri- of dpfensive works; amI so the Army of cans lo!'t in the affair fifteen killed and Occupation in Tf'xas a!'snmed a. hostile twpntr-three woundpd. The British lo,>t attitude towards the Mexicans. See in killpd, wOlln(led, and missing, h\"pnt '- MEXICO, \V AR WITH. five. "Xo officer," said a distinguished Anny in the Ciril U'or.-\Yhen Mr. general of the "Cnitpd States army, "who J.incoln entered upon the duties of Pre!'i- had any regard for his reputation, would dpnt (l\Iarch 4, IR(il) the total regular voluntarily acknowledge himself as ha v- force of the army wa lü,OOO men, and ing been engaged in it." Hampton re- these w;ere principally in the \Vestern 211 ARMY States and Territories, guarding the fron- 152,000 soldiers. ny March I, 1862, that tier settlers against the Indians. The number wac; so increased that when, at forts and arsenals on the seaboard, e!'1pe- tÌlat time, the forc b "ere put in motion, dally within the slave Sta.tes, were so having been thoroughly drilled and dis- weakly manned, or not manned at all, ciplined, the grand total of the army \\as that they became an easy prey to the 2:!Z,OOO, of which numbcr about 30,000 Confederates. The cons<'quence was that were sick or aLsent. It Was called the they were seiz<,d. and when the new ad- "Grand Army of the Potomac." ministration came into powcr, of aU the General ::\IcCleIlan left Washington for fortifications within the ",lave States only Fort Monroe, April I, I8û2, with the Fort ::\lonroe, in Virginia, and Forts .JetTer- greater part of the Army of the Potomac, son, Taylor, and Pickens, on the Gulf coast, leadng for the defence of the capital and r<,mained in possession of the government. other service more r<'IIlOte ï5,OOO. V<,ry The seized forts wpre "htcpn in number. sùon there were I O.OO() men at Fort Mon- They had cost tlH" governlllent about roe, e""clw,;Ìve of the forces of General û,OOO,OOO, and had an aggregate of I, 26 \\'001, the commandpr there. A large por- guns. All the arsenals in the eotton-grow- tion of these' mo\'ed up the Peninsula in ing 8tat<,s had Lepn seized. Twiggs }wd two columns, one, under G('n. S. P. Heint- sU!T<'lHlered a portion of the Kational zelman, ma.rehing near the York Hiver; army in Te"(as. The army had hpen put so the other, under General Kf'yes, near the far out of reach, and the forts and ar- James Rivcr. A eomparativf'ly small Con- spnals in the Korth had heen so stripped federate force, under (;pn. J. ll. Magruder, of defenrlers, by Flo,yd, Duehanan's Secre- fonned a fortified Jine ael'Oss the Penin- buy of \Var, that the government was !'ula in the pathway of the Kationals. The threatened with sudden paralysiR. left of this line was at Yorktown. ami the On the day after the hattle of BULL RUN right on the Warwick River, that falls (q. v.), Generall\feC'leIlan, then in western into the James. In front of this line Virginia., was summoned to "'abhington 1\lcCleIlan's continually augmenting army and placed in charge of the shattered army remained a month, engaged in the tedious there. The Departments of \Vashington opprations of a r<'gular siege, under the and of Northeastern Virginia were cre- direction of Gen. Fitz-John Porter, "kir- ated and placed under the command of mishing frequently, and, on one occasion, l\fcClellan. The Department of the Shen- making a reconnoissance in force that waq anrloah was also created, and Gen. N. P. disaF;trous to the NationalR. On ra ' :J. Banks waR placed in command of it, re- 'lagruder. who had rpF;ortí'rl to al1 Rortq lie,-ing ::\lajor-General Patterson. ::\Ic- of tricks to deceÏ\'p and mislparl t1H' Xa- (,Iellan turned o\"er the command of the tionals, wrote to ('ooppr. of t1J(' C'onf(>der- troops in westí'rn Virginia to (;en<,ral ate \V:u Dppartmpnt: "Thus. with f).000 Rosecrans. anrl on July '27 he entered with rr.en. exdusÏ\-e of the gal"J"ison. we stopppd 7('al upon the rluty of reorgani7ing the :mc1 hp1rl in ('hpck o\"er 100,000 of the army in the vicinity of the national í'api- enemy." '!\rc('1pl1an now hpgan those ap- tal. He brought to the Rervice youth. a proaches towarrls Richmond wl1ieh reRu1t- !'1potle s s moral dIamcter, robust health. ed in the Seven Days' battles npar that untiring inrlustry. a good thporetical city. military ('dueation. the pI"Pstig(' of recent \V}}('n tllp hattl!' of Fm:rWnICKSnTTRO !'Uí'Cpss. and tlH' unlimited eonfidení'e of ('I. I'.) had ('ndf'd. tl}(,I"p was much fepling the 10 val p<,ople. Having laid a hroarl against nf'neral ßl1rn"idp on thp part of IlIoral foundation for an effií'if'nt anny 01'- the oflkprs of t11f' _\rmy of the Potomac gani7ation, he procee(lf'ò with !'1kill and who haò partipipated in it. An ordí'r re- vigor to mouIrl his matprial into perff'ct ceiwrl h.\' Burnside. iu!"t as hp was pre- symmptry. :;;0 pnerg('tií'al1y was this done Tlaring for othf'r aetivp opprations. from that at the f'nd of fift.'" days an army of at t1IP Presirlpnt (nee. :Jo. HW2). dirpding If'ast 100,000 mpn. wpl1 organized. offiepreò. llim not to f'ntf'r upon furt1IPr opprations N]uippf'rl. and disciplined, Wí're in anò without his (tlw Prpsiòpnt's) knowlí'dge, arounrl 'Ya<;hington. At that time the satistìed him that enemips in his own army {'ntire force in his department inc1url<'d were at work against him. Durnside hast- 212 ARMY (ned to Washington for an explanation, His forces remained in comparative quiet when he learned that geneml officers of fOJ about three months, during which timc his army had declared that such wa:; the they were reorganized and di:;cil}lincd, and feeling among the troops against him that at the close of April his armJ' numbered the safety of the army would be imperilled 100,000 effective men. General Lee's army, hy a movement under his direction. He on the other side of the river, had been believed there wa.s a secret conspiracy divided, a large force, under General Long- among the officers for his removal. He re- street, having been required to watch the turned to the army, determined to do movements of the Xationals under Gen- what he might to retrieve the disaster at eral Peck in the vicinity of Xorfolk. Lee Fredericksburg, but was soon induced to had in hand about GO,OOO well-drilled return to Washington, bearing a general troops, lying behind strong intrenchments order for th(' instant dismissal or relief ðtending 23 miles along the line of from duty of several of the generals of the Rappahannock River. Hooker 11ad th(' Army of the Potomac, whom he made important changes in the organiza- charged with "fomenting discontent in tion of the army, and in the various staff the army." Generals Hooker, Brooks, and departments; and the cavalry, hitherto !\ewton were designated for instant dis- scattered among the three grand divisions missal; and Generals Franklin, \V. F. into which the six ("orps of the army had Smith, Cochran, and Ferrero, and Lieut.- been consolidated-two corps in each-and Col. J. H. Taylor were to be relieved from without organization as a corps, were now duty in that army. Generals Franklin consolidated and soon placed in a state of Dnd Smith had writtcn a joint letter to greater efficiency. To improve them he the President (Dec. 21) expressing their had sent them out upon raids within the opinion that Burnside's plan of opera- Confederate lines, and for several weeks tions could not succeed. and substantially the region between Bull Run and the recomnwnding that McClellan sllOuld be Rapidan was the theatre of many daring reinstated in command. Burnside was cavalry exploits. competent to issue the order for such dis- To give more efficiency to the troops missal and relief on his own rcsponsibility. covering \Vashington in ISG2, they were but he submitted it to the President. The fornl<"d into an organization called the Intter wa.s perplexed, He talked with "-\.rmy of Yirginia," and placed under the Burnside as a frieml and brother, and command of Maj.-Gen. John Pope. Gen- it wa.s finally arranged that the general eral HaHcck was then general-in-chief of should be relieved of the command of the all the armi<"s, with his headquarters at Army of the Potomac and await orders \Yashington. The corps of the neW army for furtller service. were commanded, respectively, by General"! l\laj,-Oen. .Joseph Hooker was appointed McDowell, Banks, and Sigel. When Mc- Rurnside's successor. Tn making this ap- Clellan had rf'treated to Harrison's Land- pointment the President wrote a fatherly ing and the Confederate leaders were satis- ]ettH to Hooker, in which. after speaking fi("d that no further attempts would then of Ilis many excellent qualities as a sol- be' made to take Richmond. they ordered dier, he referred to his (Hooker) having I..ee to make a dash on \Yashington. Hear- heen. with others. to blame for too freely ing of this. Halleck ordered Pope. in the rritici!':ing the military ("onrlnct of Burn- middle of July. to meet the intended in- flide. anrl so doing a great wron.!r to him. vaders at Ule outset of t1Jeir raid. General He reminded Hooker that he would now Hufus Kin!! lcd a troop of cavalry that be open to I':u('h criticism. but that he destroyed railroads and bridges to within (Uncoln) wonld rlo what he might to 30 or 40 miles of Richmond. Pope's suppress it. for little good could be got troopc: were posted along a line from out of an armr in wl1Ï('h such a spirit pre- }'redericksburg to \\Ïnchcster and Har- va il erl. The army was then lying. wmk per's Ferry. and were dlargpd with the and demon1-li7.ed. at Falmouth. opposite threefold duty of covering the national Fredericksburg, From January until <,apital. guarding the valley entrance April (1 R(3) Hooker was engaged in pre- into bryland in the T(':l.T of \\'aslling- paring for a vigorous summer campaign. ton, and tllTeatening RidllllOnd from l t11e north as a diversion in favor of 1\Jc('Jenan. '''hen Gcnera] Grant hegan his march ngainst IUdnllond (May, 18G-t), Gen. Benjamin F. Butler was in command of the Arm ' of the James, and was directed to co-operate with the Army of the 1)0- tomac. Butler prepared to make a vig- orou!'! mo,-ement against Richmond from the south, whne Grant moved from the north. Butler's effective force was auout 40,000 nwn when he was ordered to ad- vancf'. It wa!'! composed chiet1r of the lRth Army Corps, commanded by GC'n. "'. }'. mith. and the 10th Corps, under Gcn. Q. A. Gillmore, who an-hoed at I,'ort :l\Ionroe Mar 3. I utler succcssfully de- ceived the Conf("d("rates as to his rea] in- tentions bJ' making a demonstration tow- anls Richmond by way of the York Rinr :md the I)eninsula, alon )[e(,lellan's line of nw.rch. On the ni ht of :Mar 4, Rutle]"'s army was emu:uked on transports and com-e 'ed around to Hampton Roads; ami at dawn the next morning 33,000 troops, accompanied h ' a squadron of war vessels under Admiral Lee, were rapidly ase("nd- j.zg the ,J amps towards Cit . Point, a t the mouth of the Appomatto . .At the same time, Gen. A. '-. Kaut?, with 3.000 cav- nlry, moving swiftly from llfTolk. Routh of the .James, struck the " eldon Railway south of Petershur . and burned a hridge over tony ('reek, while Co1. R. l\L 'Yest, with I,ROO ca,-alry (mostl . C'olo1"ed men), moved from "lJIiamshurg up the north hank of the .T amp!,!, keeping a breast of the grand flotilla. The bewildered ('on- {edprates made no serious opposition to these movements. A dh-ision of Kational troops took quiet possession of City Point ( [ay :)) and the war wssels took a posi- tion ahove the mouth of the Appomattox. At the same timp a he:n- ' for("e landed on fi triangular piece of land l}("tW"ecn the James and Appomattox. caned nermuda Hundred, and there estahlished an in- tr("nC'hed eamp. In t}1(' space of twenty- four hours. Butler gaincd an important foothold within I.") mil("s of TIiehmond in a straight Jine. and onl ' ahout R mj]eR from P("tersburg. The movement produced great con!'!ternation at Rich- mond; but bPfore Pdershurg could be se- riousl:r threat<"nro h ' TIutler, R("aureganl was there with troops fl'Om (,harle ton. 'I'ROOPS FURNISHED THE GOVF.nN rEST DTrRl a TIlE CIVIL WAR FRo:\l It;tn TO ISü;;. Under call of April 1::;, ISGl, for 75,000 men for three months... Under call of May 3, 1 1i1, for (;00,000 men fur six munths, one year, two years, three Yf'ars. 700,GSO Lm]er call of July 2, 18ü , for 300,- 000 men for three yeRl's. . . . . . . . 4:!1,4B Under call of Aug. 4, lRG:!, for 300,- 000 men for nine months. . " . . . rm]er pl'oclamation. June 1::;, lS03, men for six months........... Pm]pr ('all of Oct. Ii, 18(tt (In- cluding dl'afted men of l Ii:I), and call of Feb. 1, 1 (j4, for iíOO,OOO for three yearR........ 31i.O!I:! ITnd!'r ('all of March H. U':04, for :!OO.ooo fur thl'ee years........ 2:m.iil:t Militia for 100 days, musterf'f] In hetween April 23 and July 18, lRB4 ........................ rnder call of July 18, 1 SG4, for iíOO.OOO (ref]uced bv excess credits of previous rails) fo one -ear, two )'ears, three 'ears. and four Yf'ars ................... :lS:i.H,3 rll(lpr call of nee. 1 . 18ß I. for 300.000 men fOl' onp veal'. two -eal's. three yem' . fOI1 'N1I"R. . . 211.i:'í:! Other tl'OO(lR furnished by tfites and 'j'el'l"itol'les whle'h. after first call, had not hf'en called uJlon fOI' <]uotnR wbpn geneml ('nil for troo)ls was made. . . . . . . ... . . . . . By Rpec'lal authorlt . gl'anted ray and June. I B:!, l\'ew YOI'k. Il- lInois, and Indiana fm'nlslwd for three months ................. ARMY Hl.S1G 87.!'iSS 1fì.: ti1 8:l.GI2 ] 8 ,3;;'i 15,IIOi Total ...... _......... .... _ 2.ïï .4()g Kumber of men who paid commuta- tion ......................... 8G. i:24 Grand total. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " ::!.8:i ,132 Aggl'eg'ate reduced to a thre(> yem's' standard ..................... ::!.:l20.2i2 ACT {TAL STREXGTß OF THE AR fl'" I1F.TW"EE:V .TAX. 1, 18üO, AXD MAY 1. 1 (;:i. Date. R ll1n. Volullteen. ,T an. 1. 1 Sf.O. . . Hi.4:I:i .Tan. I, 1 SG1. . .1 ß.:tB7 July I, IS(;1... Hi.4:! 1 iO.:l:!fI .Tnn. 1. lRf.:!.. .:!:!.4:!:i 5:03.4f1:! MRI'ch :n, l"'H:!.. .2:1.:l0S 613.R1S Jan. 1. lSH:l.. .2:i.4fl3 R!I:!.i:!R Jan. 1.1Hr.4...2-t.r.:W 83H.101 .Jan. 1. lRr.:;...2 .OW !1:n.441 Mnrch 31, 1 r.j.. .21.GG!) 958.41i May 1,ISG:í.................. Total. 1 ß.4 ;; 1 (). nï 186.i:í 1 iíï:iJl1 i (;: i.l 6 )} R.l!11 Rtin.i i !I:; .4f)n nsn.oso 1,000,:ilß ni.d L("{' and .Johnston in Yirginia and Korth Carolina. and C'onqtlered them. wer<> mardiN} to thp \"i<"initr of the national eapital, and during two l11Pmorahle day 214 ARMY-ARNOLD ( Iay 22 and 23, 1865), moved through nalia, of war, transformE'd in the space of that city, with tens of thousands of moist- 1.30 da 's into a vast army of citizens, en- ened eyes gazing upon them, and passed gaged in the pursuits of peace. See CnIL in review before the chief magistrate of 'V AR, TIlE: LEE, HOBERT EDWARD. the nation and his ministers. Then began Army War College. A department of the work of disbanding the armies by mus- the Pnited States military educational tering out of service officers and men. On establishment, authorized by Congress in June 2 Lieutenant-General Grant, the gen- J DOO, Brig.-Gen. William Ludlow being f'ral-in-ehief of the Kational armies, issued the chief of the board that drafted the the following address to them: "Soldiers rC'gulations. The ohjeet is to unify the of the .-\rmies of the United States,-Uy systems of instruction at the four ex Ï:,; t- your patriotic devotion to your country ill ing service institutions; to dc\'eIop these the hour of danger and alarm, your mag- systems; and to gÌ\'e opportunity for the nifieent fighting-, bravery, and endurance, 1ll0;,;t aùvaneeù professional study of mili- "Ou hm-c maintaincd the supremacy of tary problems. The otHcers of the college the "Cnion anù the Constitution, over- e:\.ereisc supervision over the course of thrown all armed opposition to the cn- study in each of the service schools, and forccment of the laws and of the prochl- over all civil institutions to which the ma1ion forever abolishing slavery-the gO\ernlllent details an officcr for military cause and pretext of the rebellion-and instruction. The faculty of the college opened the way to the rightful authorities study the military organi7ations of the to restore order and inaugurate pcace on t:nited States, with fl'g-ani to a complete a permanent aIUI enduring basis on e\"ery understanding of its eHiciency, and con- foot of American :soil. Your marches, stitute an advisory board to which the sieges, and battles, in distance, duration, Secretary of 'Yar can turn at any time resolution, and brilliancy of results, dim for recommcndations as to :my point in the the lustre of the world's past military mechanism of the whole military service. adlie\'ements, and will he the patriot's Arnold, AßRAIlA 1 KERXS, military om- precedent in defence of liberty and l'ight cer; born in Bcdfonl, Pa., )[arch 4, lR3ï; in all time to come. In obedience to 'our graduated at the enited tates Mili- country's call, you left your homes an..1 tary ..Academy and brevetted a second familics, and volunteered in her ddence. lieutenant in IH:)!); colonC'1 of the Rth Cav- Yictory has crowned :rour valor and se- aIry in IStH. He en'cd through the Civil cured the purpose of 'our patriotic hearts; \\'ar with di tinction, amI "as awarded a and with the gratitude of your countr;pllen congressional medal of honor for excep- and the highest honors a great and free tional brayery in the ('ngagemcnt at nation can accord, JOu win soon be pcr- Dannport Bridge, Xorth Anna Ri\'cr, Ya., mitted to return to 'our homes allll fami- }\lay IS, UHi-!. \ftcr the Ciyil War he lies, con eious of having di charged the sen ed in Ow Indian country. On May 4, highest duty of American citizens. To 18!JS, hc was commi si(Jneï; as istant in IIi/ill: nJ(>mor v, and wiII ever el1f'ri!'h amI sup- again president in HHi . end..r the ro)'al port their f!tricken families." The dis- charter he was electl.d governor of Rhode banding of this army w("nt steadily Island tive tilllPs. He died .June 20, !Gj'S. on from .June I, and by the middle of Arnold, BE EDICT, military officer; autumn 7SG,OOO officers and mcn \nre born in Norwich, Conn., .Tan. J.t, I j' -H, As mustered out of the service. The wonder- a hoy he was bold, mischie\"ous, and quar- ful spectacle was exhibited of vast annie!'! rei some. Apprenticed to an apothccr. oppositf' the sitp of the prcsent city nold and his party of A ug-usta. l\If'., and on the verge of a reachNI tl1(' f;ptt le- wilderness uninhabited e\:cf'pt by a fpw ment. Indians were Indian hunters. At Norridgpwoek Falls 8ent hack with pro- their severe labors began. Their bateaux VISIOns anù as were drawn by oxen. and their provisions guides for the rest were carried on thdr backs around the ARSOLD'S ROUTE TIIIWl'GH of the troops to the faJ]!'I-a wearisonw task often rpppated as TIIB WJLD ;R:\K:; settl(,lI1('nt. 'Y hen the ' prp:-:-l'd towards the head-watel'!'I of thp forpf's wen" join- the Kelln('h(.c, oftpn wading and pushing cd tllC'Y moved towards the 81. La \\,rcn('f'; their bateau\: against swift currents. At and on 1\ov. !), in a heavy snow - Rtorlll, length they ]eft that stream and tranr ed they suddenly appeared at Point Lpvi, 0)1- tangled ravines, craggy knolls, and decp posite Quebec, only 750 in number. 1t :!lG 8erted. For four years (I ïG3-(7) he was a booksellel' and druggi t in New Haven, Conn., and was aftC'rwards master and supercargo of a ve:,ïscI trading to the '''est '. ..- a , u I 1'. ._1 --.'{ í"It 10-' " .. I - -r .. , " _. BIRTHPLACE OF BE'iEDlCT ARNOLD. ARNOLD, BENEDICT was almost two months after they left tion gave him facilities, and clmrgr:5 of Cambridge before thC'y reached the St. dishonesty and malpractice in office Were Lawrence. Their sufferings from cold and preferred against him before the COlltinell- hunger had been extreme. At one time tal Congress. A tribuna] bf'fore which he they had att('mpted to make broth of was tried convicted him, but scntenced him boiled deer - skin moccasins to su:;tain to a reprimand only by the eommander-in- life, and a dog belonging to Henry ehief. Washington performed the duty (afterwards General) Dearborn made with great delicacy, but the disgrace savory food for them. In this expe- arom;ed in the bosom of Arnold a fierce dition were mrn who afterwards became spirit of revenge. He resolvcd to betray famous in American history-Aaron Burr, his country, and, making treasonable over- H.. J. l\Ieigs. Henry Dearborn, Daniel :Mor- tures to Sir Henry Clinton, kept up a gan, and others. correspondence on the subject for a long Arnold a i<;ted Montgomery in the time with MAJ. JOHN ANDcÉ (q. v.). the siege of Quebec, and was there fleverely adjutant-general of the British army. This wounded in the leg. Montgomery was correspondence was carried on mutually killed, and Arnold was promoted to briga- under assumed names, and on the part of (Her-general (Jan. 10, 1776), and took Arnold in a disguised hand. Feigning command of the remnant of the Ameri- great patriotism and a desire to serve his can troops in the vicinity of Quebec. Suc- country better, he asked for, and, through ceeded by ',"ooster,he went up I-ake Cham- the recommendation of General Schuylrr plain to Ticonderoga, where he was placed and others, obtained the command of the in command of an armed flotilla on the important post of 'Vest Point and its de- lake. With these vessels he had disas- pendencies in the Hudson HighlandS. He trous hattles (Oct. II and 13, Iï7ß) with 1rranged with Major André to surrender British vessels built at St. Johns. Arnold that post into the hands of a British force was deeply offended by the appointment, which Sir Henry might send up the Hud- by Congress, early in 1777, of five of his son. For this service he was to receive juniors to the rank of major-genrra1. He the commission of a brigadier-general in n:ceind the same appointment soon after- the British army and nearly $;")0,000 in wards (Feb. 7, 1777), but the affront left gold. He made his headquarters at the an irritating thorn in his bosom, and he house of Beverly Robinson, a Tory, op- was continuaJ]y in trouble with his fli!lIow- posite 'Vest Point, and the time chosen (lfficers, for his temper was violent and he for the consummation of the treason was was not upright in pecuniary transae- when \Yashington should be absent at a tions. eneral Schuyler admired him for conference with Rochaml)(>au at Hartford. his bra\ery, and was his ahiding friend Arno]d and Andr{> had negotiated in until his treason. He successfully went writing; the former wished a personal to the relief of Fort Schuyler on the up- interview, and arrangements were made per Mohawk ( -\ugust, 1777), with 800 for it. Andró went up the Hudson in the volunteers; and in September and October British sloop - of - war T'ultltrc to TeJ]cr's following he was chiefly instrumental in (afterward;.; Croton) Point, from which he Olf' defeat of nUl'goyne, in spite of Gen- was takf'n in the night in a small hoat to eral Gates. Tllf're he was again severely a sC(']\1(lf'(l spot near Hawrstraw. on the wounded in the same leg-, and was dis- wpst side of the rinr, wl1('re, in hush('s, abled several mont1ls. ''"hen the Brit- he met Arnold for the first timc. n('fore hih emcua.tcd Philadelphia (.June, 1778) they parted P::;ppt. 22. 17 O) the whole Arnold was appointed commander at Phil- matter was arrang-ed: Clinton was to sail adelphia. wnere he marri('d the daughter up tll(' river with a strong force, and. after of a l('ading Tory (Erlward Shippen), lived a show of rpsistanee, Arnold was to sur- e"\.travagantly, hecame involwd in deht, render 'Vpst Point and it!'! depf'ndencie!'l was accusf'd of dishonpst offi('ial conduct, into Ilis hands. Hut all did not work well. and plotted his treason ag-ainst his ("oun- The rull1wf' was driwn from her anchor- try. To meet the demands of importu- ag-e by flome Amerimns with a cannon on nate creditorfl, he engaged in fraudulent T('lIer's Point, and wl1('n Andrp, with transaction!'!, for which his official posi- \rnold, at Joshua H. Smith's house, above 217 ARNOLD, BENEDICT lIaverstraw, looked for her in the early mander (Colonel Jameson) did not scem morning she had disappeared from sight. to comprehend the matter, and unwisely lIe had expected to return to the Vulture allowed André (who bore a pass from after the conference was over; now he was .Arnold in which he was called "John compelled to cross the river at King's Anderson") to send a letter to _\rnold Ferry and return to New York by land. telling him of his detention. Washington ß J- W- · t .1".., \ \\ Th ""'- ,. _ ... "">\- ) j ""f t)'o\t, 11)t\. "''\ ,"\\ 6\"'Mo...l\ ,,'- It\ ' . '^ r:- _ "^- L"-' (\"'", , --;- . FAO-SUIILJI: OF ARYOLD'S DlSGUIMKD UA D\\ RITI G. . j 7 , FAC-SIMILE OF A PORTlOY OF OYE 01' A.'1DRÉ'S LETTERS. He left his uniform, and, disguised in returned from Hartford sooner than he citizen's drcbs, he cro::;::;ed the rinr tow- ðpected. He rode oyer from Fi::;hkill anls e\ening' with a single attendant, towards Arnold's quarters early in the pas::;ed throug-h the Ameril'an works at morning. Two of his military family. Yerplanck't; Point without suspicion, spent (lIamilton and Lafa)'cttc) went fot"\\anl the night not far from the Croton Hinr, to brcakfa t with Arnold, while \Va::;hing- Illd the nf'xt morning journeyed over the ton tarried to inspect a batte1')'. \\ hile Xeutral Ground on hors('back, with a full they were at breakfast André's lettcr was npectation of entering !\ew York before handl'd to .\rnold. With perfect self-pos- night. Arnold had furnished him with session he asked to be excused, went to papers revealing the conditIOn of the hi::,!h- his wife's room, hade her far<"well, and, land stronghold. At Tarrytown, 27 miles mounting the horse of one of his aideR from the city, he was stopped (Sf'pt. 23) that stood s:l.Ildlf'd at the dour, rode swift- and searched by three young militiamen, ly to the rÌ\oer "hore. TllPre he l'ntered who, finding thosp paper!'! concealed under his barge, and, promi!'!ing the oarsmen a the feet of André in his hoot, took him to handsome reward if they would row the the nearest American post. The com- boat swiftly, escapcd to the Vulture. 2]8 ARNOLD, BENEDICT when, after destroying a large quantity of public and private stores there and in the vicinity (Jan. 5, 1781), he withdrew to Portsmouth, opposite Norfolk, and made that place his headquarters for a while. Earnest efforts were made to capt- ure the marauder, but in vain. Jefferson 01fered $25,000 for his arrest, and Wash- ington detached Lafayette, with 1,200 men, drawn from the New England and New Jersey levies, who marched to Virginia for that purpose and to protect the State. A portion of the French fleet went from Rhode Island ( Iarch 8) to shut Arnold up in the Elizabeth River and assist in ca.pturing him. Steuben, who was recruit- ing for Greene's army in Virginia, also watched him. The effort failed, for Arnold was vigilant and extremely cautious. He knew what would be his fate if caught. " '''hat would the Americans do with me, if they should catch me?" Arnold in- quired of a roung prisoner. "They would cut off and bury with military honors 'our leg that was wounded at Saratoga, find lump: the rest of 'ou," replied the -oung \merican soldier, General Phil- lips joinerl Arnold ()[arch 26) with more than 2,000 men. and took the chief com- mand. The traitor accompanied him on anotll('r expedition up the .Tames River, in April. and then returned to New York, for Cornwallis, who came into Yirginia horn North Carolina, refused to serve with lJÏm. When Sir Henry Clinton found that the army according to their rank and the allied armies were actually going to Yir- number of men they mi ht bring with ginia, he tried to alarm Washington by them. Yirginia had generouslJ' Rent her threats of marauding expeditions. He IWRt troops to assist the Carolinian"! in spnt Arnold, with a band of regulars and tIwir attl"mpt to throw off the 'oke laid Tories, to commit atrocities in Connecti- upon their necks by Cornwallis. To call cut. Arnold crossed the Sound, from Long these troops back from Greene's armJ',. Island, and on Sept. G, 1781, landed his the British, at the close of 1780. sent Ar- troops on each side of the Thames, below nold into Yirginia with a marauding part:r Kew London. He plundered and burned of British and Tories, ahout 1,600 in num- tI,at town, and a part of his force took her, with se,-en armed vessels, to plunder, Fort GriswollJ, opposite, by Rtorm. It distress, and alarm the people of that was gallantly defended by Colonel Led- State. In no ot1wr way could Arnold be yard and a garrison of 150 poorly armed employed by his master, for respectahle militiamen. Only sh:: of the garrison were British officers refused to scn'e with him kiHed in the conflict, but after the sur- in the army. Iff> arriwd at Hampton r{-nder the British officer in command Roads on nee. O. 17BO. Anxious to di - (Colonel Eyre) murdf>rf>d Ledyard with tingl.1ish himself, hp immpdiately push d hi sword, and, refusing to give quarter to up the James River as far as Richmond. the garrison, se,-ent,r-three were massacred, 2HI Soon after his flight to the British army, Arnold published an A.ddress to the In- habitants of 4.merica, in which he at- tempted to gloss over his treason by abuliI- ing the Congress and the .French alliance. He also published a Proclamation to the Offìcers and Soldiers of the Continental Army, in whieh as an inducement to dl"sert he offered $1;> to every priyate, and to the oflicers cOlllmissions in the nriti h :f=- - ., : , , I ..l .'\ / -." , . '<: j 'I}''''&- :; , r \ '--.. , " , t J\ . " :; ;:': '; ;,:';, J.' , ; },' u . /. ....:... ( f, ';O' !" . . :, l -,",II'!,: I J f :. ',.t.,. 1'!" j, '" 't, f(' ' . ''' 1 I!J hi' .,Ji\ ':':1':' ':' . I . (I . "J..t( J:i; \ . I / í. : ; t ):,.. Û: \ 101 'fl-ii \.' '!( /}.tJ.i!::;,::.:.'JØf.f:I'ì;tJ.' ' . \\ . ,\ - ;f.iNflf.ífJ, i ll ,", \, 1.1 ,. { ./ .\I. i ,"i;, ' (/ fj '/?{ Bhl'lKlllCl' AIt:\OLD. ARNOLD-ART Then the wounded were placed in a bag- gage-wagon and sent do\\ n the slope towards the river, with the intention of drowning them in the stream at its foot, Lut the vehicle was caught by an apple- tree. The cries of the sufferers could be heard above the crackling of the burning túwn by persons across the river. ,nth this atrocious e'\.pedition the name of Benedict Arnold di!'appears from the records of our history. Arnold went to England at the close of the war. where he was despised and !'lmnned hv al1 honorable men. He \\ as afterwards. a re!'ident of St. John, 1\ew Brunswick, engaged chiefl . in trade and navigation, but was very unpopular. He was there hung in effigy. His son. James Robertson (an infant at the time of his father's treason), became a lieutenant- general in the British army. .\rno]ù's second wife. whom he married when she was not quite eighteen years of age, sur- yived him just three years. Arnold died in obscurity, but in comfortahle pecuniary dn'umstanees, in Gloucester Place, Lon- don. June 14, 1801. Arnold, FRAXZ. See LIEßER, FRAXCIS. Arnold, RICHARD, miJitary officer; born in Providence, R. I., April I , 1828; was graduated at 'Yest Point in 18:10. He !'ernd in Florida. California, at the bat- tle of Run Run, on the Peninsula. and was mnde chief of artil1C'ry of l anks's (' pedition in 1\owmber, 18G2. At Port Hudson and in the Red River campaign he lcndered important service; alf!o in t}w capture of Fm t Fisller, and of Fort )101'- gan, near l\lohile. He was brevetted ma- Jor-general rnited Rtates army in ISGG. He dif'd on Governor's Island, Kew York, X 0\.. 8, 1882. Arnold, RA ruEL OREEXE, legislator and author; born in Providence, R. I., April 12, 18 1. lIe was gmduated at Brown Uniwrsity in IR,H. After exten- sive travel in Europe, the East, and Routh .:\merica, he h('('ame, in IR.')2, lieutcnant- o\"ernor of Hhmle I"land. In IRGI he took the fleW in command of a battf>ry of arti1Ierv. He was lieutenant-governor. 18G1-G2, ;nd T:nitf'd States RC'nator in I RG3. He was the author of a History of Rhode Is10m1. He died in Providence, }'eh. 12. I RHO. Aroostook Disturbance. In the unsettled boundary between ).fainc and Kew Brunswick nearlv ]('d to acti\(, hos- tilities on the Aroo:-;1.ook RiveI'. 1\Iaine sent armed men to ereel fortifieations. and Congrcss authorizcd the President to re- sist the encroachments of the British. General Scott arranged a truce and joint occupation. The boundaries were finallv adjusted by treaty, Aug. 9, 1842. f:o;e.e ASIIß1JRl'OX, LOIm; l\IAI: E; "'El3STER, DAXIEL. Arroyo, a seaport in the ùi!'trict of Guayama, in the southeastern part of the islanù of Porto Rico. It is on a baJ' of the same name, and has a population of nbout 1.200. Its trade with the PnitC'd States prior to the war with Dpain was aJlnuaJIy from 7,000 to 10,000 hog:-.lH'ads of sngar, 2.000 to 5,000 ca!'ks of molasses, and 50 to ],")0 casks and ban-elf'. of hay-rum. Arsenals. [n 1901, arsenals. armories, nnd ordnanf'e depots were e::;tablislwd at the following places: .trsct/als-Al1e- gheny, Pa.; Augusta, Ga.; Renicia, Cat; Columbia, Tenn. ; Fort :Monroe, Ya.; 1.'rankford, Pa.; Indianapolis, Ind.; Ken- nebec (Augusta), 1\1('.; 1\ew York (Gov- ernor's Island), N. Y.; Rock Island. III.; San Antonio, TH.; 'Vatertown, 1\Ias8.; and "'atervIiet, N. Y. A nnory-Rpring- field, Mass. POllAcr Dcpots-St. Louif!, .Mo., and Dover, N. J. Ordnance Prol'Ïl/.q (írollnd-Sandy Hook (Fort Hancoek), . J. Art, 'IETROPOUTAX 1I[PSEr1lf OF, Kpw York City, foundpd by the action of a pulllie nH'eting held at the .\.eadem:r of 1\hI!'ic in 1\onmhpr, 18GD. In Apri1. 18ïO, a eharter was obtaincd from the h'gislat- ure "for the purpose of estahlishing a museum and lillrary of art: of encourag- ing and dpwloping the study of thf' fine urts; of the app]j('ation of art to manu- facture and to praetical lifp: of Hhan(.ing the general knO\df'dgf' of kiw]rC'ù !'uhjects; nnd to that ('nd of fllrnishiJl;:!' popular in- struction and rpcreation." I.atpr the leg- i'ilature anthorizpd th(' Park J)('partlllent to ered a tWO-f-tory fire-proof huilding for its usp in Cpntral Park, the cOst not to exceed $!íOO.OOO. and also to Sf't apart a tract of eiahteen and n ha If acres in the pastC'rn pal:t of the Park hetwel'n Eightil'th [IUd EiO'htv-fifth streets. The 1\Iuseum wa!" formal " pened by the Presidcnt of the 1837-39 l'nited States, March 30, 1RRO. An addi- 2 O ARTESIAN WELLS-ARTHUR Hon on the south side and one on the north were made in 18n4, increasing the total ground area from 233 by 104 feet to 2:i3 by 344 feet. In 1897 a further ex- sion was authorized, for which an ap- propriation of $1,000,000 was made. Artesian Wells, weBs formed by bor- ing through upper soil to strata contain- ing water which has percolated from a lligher level, and which rises to that level through the boring-tube. The following &re some of the deepest wells in the United tates: River, from 800 to 1,600 feet deep, aff01'd. ing a bountiful supply of pure water. The water from great depths is always warmer than at the surface. One of the most remarkable attempts to sink an artesian well in the "Cnited States was made in G lveston, Tex. A depth of 3,070 feet and !) inches was reached, without penetrating any roek or finding water. After the eontractors had reaehed a depth of 3,000 feet, which was the limit stipulated in their contract, they were paicl $7ü.000, and the work was LoCl\tion. Depth. Bored. Remark.. t. Louis, :\10" . . , . . . . . 2,H}7 ft. 1 S.t!)-;) 108.000 gallons daily. alty. St. Louis, :\10.. . , . . . ' , , a,8-l:{ .. 1 Rf)f). 70 Ðops not rise to the surfa('e. Salty. Louisville, Ky,... ,..... 2.086 .. 18;";6-37 330,000 gallons daily. :\1ineral. Columbus, 0..,..,..... 2,7ï3% " Water saline, 91 0 Fabl'.: no force. Charleston, S, C...... . 1,230 .. iS4's" . 28,80n gallons daily. Saline. South Dakota, sometim s called the officiaUy ahandoned in 1892, the contrac- " \rtesian State," has many powerful ar- tors carrying the work a few feet further tcsian wells in the valley of the James as a matter of curiosity. See IRRIGATIOX. ARTHUR, CHESTER ALAN "An act to execute certain treaty stipu- lations relating to Chinese," I herewith return it to the Senate, in which it origin- ated, with my objections to its passage. A nation is justified in repudiating its treaty obligations only when they are in contJiet with great paramount inter- C t8. Even then all possible reasonable means for modifying or changing tlH'S(' ohligations hy mutual agreement I'>hould he e hansted before resorting to the i'\l- preme right of refusal to comply with them. These rules have governed the ""Cnite(l States in their p:lst intercourse with other powers, as one of the family of na- tions, I am persuaded that if Congress can feel that this aet violates the faith of the nation as pledged to China, it will ('oncnr with mp in rejecting this parti('u- lar mod(' of regulating Chinese innnigra tion. and will endeavor to find another which shall meet the expectations of the people of the United States without coming in conflict with the rights of China. The present treaty relations between To the Senate,-A.fter a eareful consid- that power and the rnited States spring eration of Senate Bill No. 71, entitled from an antagonism which arose between 221 Arthur, CHESTER ALAN, twenty-first President of the United States, from Sept. 19, 1881, to Mareh 4, 188.3; Republiean; born in Fairfield, Vt., Oet. 5, 1830; was graduated at Union College in 18.1,8; E-tudied law, was admitted to the bar in 1854; and beeame a suceessful prac- titioner. He gained mueh celebrity in a suit whieh involYed the (re('ò.om of some slaves, known as the" Lemmon easp." lIe proeured the admission of colored per ons to the street-cars of New York City by gaining a suit ngainst a railway company iI' 1R56. 1\11'. Arthur did efficient sel'viee during the Civil 'Val' as quartermaster- general of the State of New York. In ISï2 he was appointed collector of the port of New York. and was removed in 1Rï . In I RO, h(' was elected Viee-Presi- dent, and on the death of Prc ident Gar- field, Rept. In, 1881, he heeame Prcsi- df'nt. lIe died in New York City, 1\"0\'. 18. 188ft 1'f'to of Ohine.nty years, which is nearly a generation, or thought that such a period would ùe a reasonable suspension fir limitation. or intended to change the provisions of the Burlingame treaty to that extent. I regard this provision of the act as a hreaeh of our national faith, nnd being unable to bring m,yself in harmony with the vif'wS of Congress on this vital point, the honor of t11e country constrains me to them to register. 2:)-1 I,assage. Deeply convinced of tlw necessity of some legislation on this subject, and con- curring fully with Congress in many of the objects which are sought to he aCcom- plished, I avail m,yself of the opportunity to point out Rome otlH"r features of U;c presf'nt act which, in illY opinion, can lip modi1ied to advantage. The classps of Chinese' who still enjoy the protection of the llllrIingame treaty are entitled to the privilcges, immuni- ties, and exemptions accorded to citizen8 and subjects of the most fa \"ored nation. We have treaties with many l}owers which permit their citizcns and subjects to reside within the Lnited States and carry on busin('s under the same law.;; and regulations which are enforced against citizens of the United tates. I think it may be doubted whcther pro- visions r('quiring personal registration and the taking out of passports which are not imposed upon natives can be requir('d of Chinese. \\Ïthout expressing an opin- ion on that point, I may invite the atten- tion of Congress to the fact that the sy<;- tern of personal registration and pa,.;sport<; is undemocratic and hostile to the spirit of our institutions. I doubt the wisdom of ]mtting an entering wedge of this kind into our la\\"s. A nation like the United States, jealous of the liberties of its citizens, ma,y well hesitate before it incorporat('s into its polit,}r a system which is fast disappcaring in Europe be- fore the progreR!'! of liberal institution!'!. A wide ðperience has Rhown how futile such precautions are, and how easily pa--s- ports ma r be borrowed, e"changed. or f'\ ('n forged by pcr!"ons inter('stpd to do 1'0. lf it is, ne\'crtheless. thonght that a passport is the most com'f'nif'llt way for idf>ntif,ying the Chinese cntitl('d to thf> protection of the Burlingame Ì1"f'aty, it may still be doubtcd wllf>thf'r thf>Y ought to be required to r('gister. It is epl'tain- Iv our duty, under t1)(' Burlingame t eatr, to mdke tJwir stay in the Lnitcd States, in the opf'ration of I!f'neral laws upon th('m, as n('arly like that of our own citi7ens as we can eonsist('ntly with our riO'ht to shut out the lahor('rs. Ko good p1 rpose is served in requiring .., ARTHUR, CHESTER ALAN Blessed with an exceptional climate, en- jo,ying an unrivalled harbor, with the riches of a great agricultural and mining State in its rear, and the wealth of the whole Union pouring into it over its lines of railroad, San Francisco has before it an incalculable future if our friendly and amicable relations with Asia remain un- disturbed. It needs no argument to show that the policy which we now propose to adopt must have a direct tendency to re- pel Oriental nations from us, and to drive their trade and commerce into more friend- ly hands. It may be that the great and paramount interest of protecting our labor from AEiatic competition may jus- tify us in a permanent adoption of this policy; but it is wiser in the first place to make a shorter expel"iment with a view bereafter of maintaining permanently only such features as time and experience may commend. I transmit herewith copies of the papers relating to the recent treaty with China which accompanied the confidential mes- sage of President Hayes to the Senate of Jan. 10, 1881, and also a copy of the memorandum respecting the act herewith returned, which was handed to the Secre- tary of State by the Chinese minister in Washington. CHESTER A. ARTHUR. EXECl"rrVE MANSION, 'V ASIIINGTON, April 4, 1882. IJ' attention has been called by the Chinese minister to the fact that the bill as it stands makes no provision for the transit across the United States of Chinese subjects now residing in foreign countries. I think that this point may well claim the attention of Congress in legislating on this subject. I have aid that good faith requires us to suspend the immigration of Chinese laborers for a less period than twenty :rears. I now add that good policy points in the same direction. Our intercourse with China is of recent date. Our first treaty with that power is not yet forty years old. It is only since we acquired California and estab- lished a great seat of commerce on the racific that we may be said to have broken down the barriers which fenced in that ancient monarchy. The Bur- lingame treaty naturally followed. Under the spirit which inspired it, many thou- Eand Chinese laborers came to the Unit- ed States. No one can say that the coun- try has not profited by their work. They were largely instrumental in constructing the railroads which connect the Atlantic with the Pacific. The States of the Par cific slope are full of evidences of their industry. Enterprises profitable alike to the capitalist and the laborer of Cau- casian origin would have been dormant but for them. A time has now come when it is supposed they are not needed, and when it is thought by Congress, and by 1. The time fi"ed in the bill, namely, those most acquainted with the subject, twenty years, is unreasonable. The lan- that it is best to try to get along without guage of Article I. that "laborers" shall them. There may, however, be other sec- not be absolutely prohibited from coming tions of the country where this species of to the United States and that the "sus- lnbor may be advantageously employed pension shall be reasonable," as well as without interfering with the laborers of the negotiations, indicate that a brief our own race. In making the proposed period was intended. ðperiment it may be the part of wis- The total prohibition of the immigra- dom, as well as of good faith, to fix the tion of Chinese laborers into the United length of the experimental period with States for twenty )Tears would, in my reference to this fact. opinion, be unreasonable, and a violation E perience has shown that the trade of of the meaning and intent of the treaty. the East is the key to national wealth 2. The inclusion of "skill('11 lahor" in and influence. The opening of China to the bill is an addition to the words and in- the commerce of the whole world has bene- tent of the treaty. It will operate with fited no section of it more than the harshness upon a class of Chinese mer- State!'! of our own Pacific slope. The chants entitled to admission to the United State of California and its great mari- States under the terms of the treaty. time port!'! especially have reaped enor- The shoe merchants and cigar merchant!'! mous advantages from this source. of China manufacture the good!'! they sell l.-P 2 5 TIlE ME1IORANDUl\f. ARTHUR-ASGILL at their places of husine , and to hut :W. Iii;). and e:...tpTHlpd ran'h O, 17iH: out the" bkillcd labur" tlH'Y nCl'ù wuuld {'Iwctl'cl again. "HI. EttIe alteration. _\pril practicalJy shut them out as \\cll, t;ince it 10. ISoli. (JIIH' achlitiolls \\PI"(' m:lIll' from would preHnt them from carrying on ISliI-Ii;), and in IH7-1 they were coclifh.d :UI their business in this country. The laun- section 1,3-12 of the Rel"Ïsed J'5tatutes of dryman, who keeps his shop and lIas a the United Statc8. small capital with which to prosecute his Artillery. See EXPLOSI\'ES FOR LARGE trade, cannot in any sense be included in Grxs: ORDXAXCE. the class of " laborers," and the merchant Arts. See FINE _\RTS : rECUANIC tailor comes in the same category. .ARTS: TECrr OLOGY, IXSTITrTFS OF. 3. The clauses of the bill relating to Asboth, -\LEXAXDER AXDOR. militarv ngi.stration and passports are a vexatious oOicer; born in Hungary. Dec. JR, lRl i. discrimination against Chinese residents He had served in the \nstrian arm v, and find immigrants. when Article II. provides at the outhreak of the revolution of 1848 explicitly that they shall be entitled to all hp f'ntered the in!"nrg-ent army of Hunrrary. the privileges conceded to the subjects of He accompanied Kossuth in' exile in '-Tu"r- t.he most favored nation. The execution l.;:ey. In the autumn of IR))l he came to of these provisions of the bill will cause the United States in the frigate .11i88i8- irritation, and in case of the loss of the sippi, and became a citiz('n. "-hen the passport or certificate of registration, Chi- CÍ\'il War broke out in IR(jl he offered his lIese residents entitled to remain may be s('rvices to the gowrnment. and in .Tuly forcibly expdled from the country. he went as cbief of Frémont"s 8taff to )Iis- 4. If the bill becomes a law it will leave souri, where he was soon promoted to the impression in China that its govern- hrigadier-gl'nera1. He performed faith- ment strangely misunderstood the char- ful services until wounded in the face and acter of the treaty, or that the Congress oue arm, in Florida, in a battle on Sept. has violated Rome of its provisions, and 27, IRG4. For his services there he wa this will tend to prejudice the intelligent hrewtt('d a major-general in the Rpring of clas!'!es against the Pnited States govern- 1 G:;, and in AU,Q'ust fol1owing he re!"igned, ment and people, whom they now greatly and was appointl'd minister to the \1'- admire and rf'spect. gmtine Republic. The wound in his faee 5. There is no pro\-ision in the bill for caused his death in Buenos Ayres, Jnn. the transit across the Lnited States of 21, lRfì8. Chinese subjects now residing in foreign Asbury, FRAXCIR. first bi!"hop of the countries. Large numhers of Chinese Jive Methodist F.pi!"copal Church in America; in Cuba, Peru, and otlwr countries, who horn at IIandsworth, taffordshire, F.ng- cannot return home without crossing the land, Aug. 26, li4:'). In Ilis twenty-thin] t('rritory of the Pnited St tes or touching leaT he became an itinerant preaf'her un- at San Francisco. To dmy this prhi- del' the uidance of John \Ye lcy, and l ge, it Reems to me. is in violation of in- came to the Lnited States in 17i1. The ternational law and the comity of na- n('"\':t 'ear 'Y('sley appoint('d him gpneral tions. and if tIle bill becomes a law it wiJ1 supprintenrlent of the Methodist dmrdw'i in this respect result in great hanlship in Ameriea. and he ll(>ld that office until to many thou and!'! of innocent Chinese in the ('losl' of the Revolution. wlwn the forl'i:m countril's. ],J('thm]ists }wre organi7Nl as a hod T s('pa- Arthur, PETER 'I., lnhor I ('ader ; horn Tate from the Church in "England. :!\fl'. As- in coeand about IH l: emi rated as a bur T was ('ons('('rated bishop hy Dr. Coke boy to _\nlf'ric:l: {'lpcìC'd chipf of the in IjRt. After that. for thirty-two years, locomotive t'ngiIlPt'rs in lR,Ii. he travelled y('arlv through the rnitf'd Articles of Confederation. See (.0..... f;tates. ordaining n'ot les!'! than .OOO min- n:IIEp.ATIO:'i, \RTICU:S OF. istt'rs. find prea('hin not l('s8 than li.OOO Articles of War. In th Unit('d Stat..s. !"('rmons. H(' died in Spotts,yh-ania, Ya., ('ongre:-.s only can mal.;:(' articIl's of war. '1ar('h 1, 181G. Thesp have hpl'n Imsed on the English Asgill, IR CUART.ER, Rriti!"n military artiel('s and mut;iny aet. They Wl're first offif'pr; horn in :England, April 7, I,G2. adopted bv the ContinC'utal COIJO"ress Juh' He was among the troops under Corn. . 0 , '226 ASGILL-ASHBURTON fer. lie was demanded of Sir Henry Clin- ton. Congre:ss authorized retaliation, and from among several British officers, prisoners of war, Capt. Charles Asgill was chosen by lot, to be exeputed immediately. Washington postponed the execution until he should hear from Clinton about the surrender of Lippincott. Clinton at once condemned the action of Lippincott, and ordered (April 2(;) the Board of A:s:so- ciatcd Loyalists not to remove or ex- change any prisoners of war without the authority of the connnandel'-in-chief. He cau:sed the arrest of Lippincott for trial, who claimed that he acted under ordcrs of the Board of Associated Loyali:sts. .Franklin tried to get him to sign a paper that he had acted without their orders or approbation, but he stoutly refu:sed, and was acquitted. Sir Guy Carleton succeed- ed Clinton. and he promised that further inquiry in the matter should be had. l\Ieanwhile months elapsed and the execu- tion was postponed. Lady A:sgill appealed to the king in behalf of her only son. She also wrote to the King amI Queen of France asking them to intercede with \Yashington. She also wrote a touching letter to \Vashington, who was disposed to save the ,}Toung ofJieer, if possible. The King and Queen of France dirl intercede, and on Nov. 5, 1782, Congress rcsolved, "That the commander-in-chief be, and hereby is, directed to set Captain Asgill at liberty." It was done. The case of young Asgill had created an intense in- terest in Europe, and, on the arrÌ\.al of evel')' ship from America at any European port. the first inquiry was about the fate of Asgill. In 183G, Congress granted to White, a desperate Tory. who was killed .Martha Piatt, only surviving child of while tr,ying to escape from his guard. Captain Huddy. then seventy years of age, While a prisoner, Huddy was taken by $1.200 in money and GOO acres of land, the Lippincott to a point at the foot of the "amount due Captain Huddy for seven NaveRink Hills, near the present ligllt- '('ars' service as captain of artillery." As- housps, and 111(>re hangN1. Lippincott af- giJI succef>ded to the tit1p and estate of his fixed a label to the breast of the murdered father, and rose to thl' rank of general in Huddy, on wllich retaliation was threat- the British army. He died in London, ened, and ending with the words, "Up July 23. lR23. Madame de Sevingé made yo('s Huddy for Philip White!" the story of Captain ...\sgill the ground- This murder created intense excitement work of a tragic drama. at Frephold. N. .T.. whl're Hudd,v was Ashburton, ALEXANDER BARING, LORD, lmrip(l. and the ll'ading citizens pptitioned Fnglish diplomatist; horn in Engl:md, Washington to rl'taliatC'. A ('ounei1 of his Oct. 27. Hi -1; ROn of ir Franpis TIa1"Ìng. offi(,l'rs dC'pic1pcl in favor of rC'taliation, awl an eminent merchant was C'mployed. in that I.ippincott, the leader, ought to suf- l1is youth, in mercantile affairs, in the 2'27 wallis surrendered at Yorktown, where he held the position of captain. Late in 1781, Capt. Joseph Huddy, serving in the New Jersey line, was ill charge of a block-house on Toms River, l\1onlllouth co., N. J. There he and hi8 little garrison were capt- nred in l\1areh, 1782, by a baud of refu- gee loyalist8 sent by the "Board of As- l:iociated Loyali t:s" of New York, of which ex-Go\'ernor :Franklin, of New Jer- se.r, was president, aud taken to that city. On April 8, these prisoners were put in charge of Capt. Richard Lippincott, a New Jersey loyalist, who took them in a sloop to the British guard-ship at Sandy Hook. There IImIdy was falsely charged with be- ing concerned in the death of Philip L.... . " 001 \ , } ")... .. '; , n -}" - ' ' t:f } - \:.J . ./, e, ' II' ..., .... , J . - .' '-, < . .,._. I " ",-,; -',"-:--, '- '. -. - f '" /" '" -: ..J' ',,) I W:" ,:" , '; " , ,t::,. I '. :'\:,,:, , , " ' t; . .... , : .. ,rr .. , 1,1 ';l' \-\ '-I, \ . ' ' , ., r l\"._ ............ \",,,- /ß , :, ,;"{ \ t ' CAPT, CHARLES ASGlLL. ASHBY-ASIA l-nited f,tates, and married an American po..:, which he had ('ontract('d in prison, wife. In 1810 he became the head of his in f'ampson count.}", X, Coo Od. 4, liRl. hither's business house; in lR12-35 sat Ashmun, GFORGE, !ìtatl'sman; horn in in Parliament, and in 183.3 was raised to nJ:mdford. l\Iass., Dec. 2.'). 1804; rad- the peera e under the title of Baron 1sh- uat('d at Yalp in IS2 ; pl('ctf'd nwmbpr of bm ton. The unsettled condition of the the State legislature lR to lR4 1; memher :Korth eastern houndary question led Sir of Con ress 184.') to lR.')] : prpsidf'nt of the Hobert Peel to send Baron Ashburton to Chicago conwntion whiph nominatprl Lin- the United States, as being widely ae- eoln for Prpsident in IRIìO, He rlif'd in quainted \"ith Amf'rican all"airs. Herp he pringfielrl, Mass.. .Tul,'" 17, IRiO. concluded, Aug. 9, 184 , with Daniel \\Teb_ Ashmun, JEurDI, missionary; horn in f-ter, the .. \Yebster-Ashburton Treaty," Champlain. N. Y., in April, liD4; grad- which settled the northeastern boundary uated at Bowdoin Co11ege in 1816. He between the United States and the Brit- was sent with a reinforcement to Li- i!"h dominions. For this achievement he beria in IR , where he act('d as legislator, was accorded, in both Houses of l>arlia- soldier, and enginepr in constructing for- ment, a complimentary vote of thanks, tifications. lIe died in Boston, l\Iass., and an earldom was offered him, which Aug. 2'>. 1828. he declined. He was privy counciHor, Asia, TIIF, the name of the British a trustee of the British :\Iuseum, and re- man-of-war which brought Governor Try- ceived the D.C.L. degree from Oxford. on to Kew York (June, Iii.')), and anchor- He died in I,ongleat. England, May 13, ed off the Battery, foot of Broadway. A 184ft See WEBSTER, DANIFL. party led by .John Lamb, a captain of ar- Ashby, TeR ER, military officer; horn tiJIf'QT, proceedf'd, on the ewning of Aug. in Rose HiH, Fauquier co., \Ta" in 1824. 2 , to remove the cannons from that bat- When the Civil War began he raised a tf'ry and the fort (for war seemed ineyi- ngiment of Confederate cavalry, which h;hle) and take them to a place of safety. soon became celebrated. He covered the There was, also, an indf'lwnad that the city was to Jlouneed 3S a rehel. Raising and equip- be sacked and. burll('d. Hundreds of men, ping a regimpnt at his own eÀpense, he women, and children were seen. at mid- was appointerl brigadier-general of the night, hurrying from tJ}e to\\"n to places Wilmington District in April. li7G. Hp of Raff'ty. The exasperation of the citi- 10ined T incoln in South ('arolina in 7.(\ns was intf'nse; and Tryon, takin ('oun- ]ii8; and after he was df'fPat(\d at Brier sel of his ff>ars, took rpfuge on another Creek, in Iarch. I iiD, he rf'tul'Hf'd homf', vf>sspl of war in the harhor, whpncp. likp General Ashe suffered much at the hands Dunmore, he attf'mpted to eXf'rcisf> au- of the British at Wilmington after the thority as governor. Amon.!:! tlw citi7ens 1,attle at Guilford, and died of small- led by Sears was .\lexander Hamilton, 228 ASSAY OFFICES-ASTORIA then a student in King's College, eighteen years of age. The cannon were removed from the battery and fort, and did good service in the patriot cause afterwards. Assay Offices in the l'nited States are goveI'nment establishmcnts where the precious metals are oflicially tested to dptermine their purity. In 1901 these ofllces were ]oeated in New York Cit:y; Boist. Cit,}'., Idaho; He]ena, Iont.; Den- ver, CoI.; Seattle, \Yash.; San Francisco, Cal.; f'harlottf>, N. C.; and St. Louis, Mo. See COIX AGE. Assessment of Taxes. See GEORCE, HEXRY; SINGLE TAX. Assignment. See BANKRUPTCY LAW. Assiniboine Indians, a branch of the Dakota family, inhabiting each side of the Loundary-]ine betwf'en the Unitpd tates and Britifoh AmeI'ica in Montana and Janitoba. In 1871 their number in the rnitf>d Fìtates was estimated at 4,8;)0, amI in IDOO there w('re 1.3Hì. nearly equally divided at the Fort Peek and Fort Bel- kna p agencies in Montana. Assumption. In 17UO Hamilton pro- posed that the general government as- Sept. 19, 1792; edueated at the universities sume the debts of th thirteen colonies. of HeideHwrg and Güttingen. He added to Massachusetts, Connecticut, Kew York, the endowment of the _\stor Library, and :Nt'w .Jf>rsey, and South Carolina opposed gave largely to public charities. He died the plan, while New Hampshire, Penns,yl- Nov. 24, 1875. vania, Virginia, Maryland, Georgia, and JOHN JACOB, son of ""ilIiam ß.; horn Korth Carolina favored it. Fìouthern June 10, 1822; served on the staff of Gen- support was secured by agreeing to fix eral McClellan during the ('ivi] \Yar; the national capital on the Potomac. By pI'omoted brigadier-general for nwritorious the act pas,.,ed Aug. 4, 1790 the State services during the Peninsular campaign, debts, amounting to $21,:>00,000, were as- I8G5; declined tIlf> post of 1 T nited Sta tcs sumcd by the genera] government. minister to England, I87G; added largely Astor Family. John Jacob, the found- to the Astor Library and other public eI", was bmn in Waldorf, Germany, .July purposps. He died Feb. 22, II'mO. 17, 17(i3. He remained in London until WILLIAM, son of William H.; horn .Tul,r ]1(> was twenty, when he began the fur 12, 1830; bequeathed $:>0,000 to the _\stor busine:, in Kew York. IIe built up a Library, and $}.')O.OOO to other puhlic in- ,ast fur-trade with thf> Indians, extending stitutions. He died April 2.'), I8H2. his business to the mouth of Co]umhia \\.lI.LIA r \\' ALDOI1F, grandson of \YiIl- River, on the l>acifie coast, where h(' found- iam B.; horn :\[,lrch 3], IR-tR; rnit('d ed the trading station of Astoria in 1811. Rtates minister to Italy, ] HS2-.R.'); r('moyed By this and other op('rations in trade, and to Eng]and in 18!)1, and became a British by iIwestments in rpal ('state, he accmuu- subject. lated yast wealth. He b('qu('athed $400,- JOHN .JAcon, son of William; born .July 000 for estab]ishin a library in the eity 13, HHi-t; sprved on the staff of General of New York, which for many year!'! wa!'! Shaft('r during the war with Spain. known by his name, anù now forms a part Astoria, a ('ity in Oregon. at the mouth of the New York Public Library. lIe died -of the Columbia River, founded in 1810 by in Kew York City, )[arch 2n, I84R. ,1oH ,fACOB ASTOR (q. v.). In IHOO the His son \\'ILLIA}[ BACKHOI;SE; born population \HlS 8,381. See Ol ElJU . 229 , JOB'll JACOB ASTOR, ASTOR LIBRARY-ATLANTA Astor Library. See NEW YORK PUBLIC cookery, mechanic arts, the tariff, immr- LUmARY. ance, etc. He invented an impron.d cook- Astor Place Riot. See FUImEsT, ing - ::;to\'(' caIle.000, and the Southern family mails would be closed to furthcr trans- at 17.000. The latter includes the Nayajos mission of the puhlications. In justiflca- and those fierce rovers, the Apaches, with tion of his action, :\Tr. Atkin:-.tJn deelart'd whid} the gowrnnwnt of the Pnited tates tl1nt the tracts rf'Í('rrerl to were reprints has had much to do. The Southprn family from goyernnU'nt puhlieations and as such also in('hHles the Lipans on the bordl>rs of were rightfnlly entitled to circulation Texas. The .Athabnscans are distinguislwd through the mails. Mr. Atkinson's puh- for their heavy beards. short hands and lications inplude Tile Distribution of Prod- feet, and Rquare, massive heads. The ' de- ucts (IRR..): lndmdrial Prog,-('s,2); 'l'a;rafion and Work (ISV2); ha1f-wny bpt,,-('f'll Hudson Hay and the Fray Ro.1l His OU'11 Rook (1893), etc. }{ock ' :Mountnins. Thl'Y claim to have Ree ACQrlRITIOX OF TERIUTORY; AXNEX- come from the \Yest, over a series of isl- ED TEIUUTORV. TATrs OF; A:\n - EXPAN- ands, and from a lanù ('overed with snow. SIO ; hlI'ERL\I.IR'1. Rome obsen ers trace in their language Atlanta, ('it T, (,Olmty - spat of Fulton anseau, who had swept through Alabama and northern Georgia, joined Shennan wit h 2.000 cavalry. On the Oth the National armies had all closed in, converging towards Atlanta, and at 4 P.M. the Confederates, under Hood, made a sor- tie, and struck Hooker's eorps with great strength. The Confederates were re- pulsed and driven back to their intrenchments. The entire Kational loss in this eonftict was 1,500 men; Sherman estimated that of the Confederates at not It:'ss than 5,000 men. Hood left on the field 500 dead, 1,000 severely wounded, and many prisoners. On the morning of the 21st the Confederates had abandoned their position on the south side of Peach- tree Creek, and Sherman believed they were evacu- ating AtJanta. He pressed on towards the town in a narrow semicircle, when, at the average distance oi 2 miles from it, the Nationals were confronted by an inner line of intrench- ments much stronger than the one just abandoned. Behind these swarmed a Con- federate host. On the 22d, McPherson moved from Decatur to assail this strong line; Logan's corps formed his centre, Dodge's his right, and Blair's his left. The latter had driven the Confederates from a commanding eminence the evening be- fore, and tJlP ationals proceeded to plant a l.attCTY upon it. Hood bad left a sufficient number ATLANTA troops in front of Sherman to hold them, and, by a night march to the flank and rear of the Nationals, struck them a severe and unexpected blow. It fell with heavi- cst force on the division of Gen. G. A. Smith, of Blair's corps. :\IcPherson had ridden from Sherman to Dodge's moving column, and had entered a wood almost alone, for observation, in the rear of Smith'!:) column. At that moment Hardee charged upon the Nationals, and his men '- THB FORTIFICATIOSS ....ROUND ATLASTA. were pouring into a gap between Blair and Dodge. McPherson had just given an or- der from his place in the wood for a bri- gade to fill that gap, when the bullet of a sharp-sllOoter kilJed him. His body was re- covered during the heat of the lIattJe that ensued. I.ogan immediately took command of the Army of the Tennessee. At that moment the battle was general all along the line, and raged fiercely for several hours. At 4 P. I. there was a brief lull in the contest. Then a charge of the Con- of federates broke Logan's line, pushed back 231 ATLANTA-ATLANTIC TELEGRAPH a brigade in much disorder, and took pos- se sion of two important batteries. Sher- man ordered up reinforcements, and Lo- gan soon recovered the ground lost. Y cry soon the Confederates gave way and fell back to their defcnces. The losscs on both sides were heavy. That of the Nationals was 3,722, of whom about 1,000 were prisoners. Generals Thomas and Schofield ha "ing well closed up, Hood was firmly held behind his inner line of intrenchments. Sherman concluded to make a flank movemcnt, and sent Stone- man with about 5,000 cavalry, and :Mc- Cook with another mounted force, includ- ing Rou<;seau's cavalry, to destroy the raih\ a:vs in Hood's rear. :McCook per- formed his part well, but Stoneman, de- parting from Sherman's instructions, did not accomplish much. Simultaneously with these raids, Slocum began (July 27) a flanking movement from Atlanta. Hood had penetrated Sherman's design, knew of changes in his army, and acted prompt- ly. Under cover of an artillery fire, he nloved out with the larger part of his army (.Julr 28), with the expectation of finding Howard's forces in confusion. He was mistaken, and disastrous consequences followed. He threw heavy masses of his troops upon Logan's corps on Howard's right, and was met by a fire that made {(.arful havoc in their ranks. They re- coiled, but returned to the attack again and again. The battle raged fearfully from noon until abo""J.t 4 P.M., when the C'onff'ùerates retired to their intrench- mf'nts, leaving several hundred of their df'ad on the field. Hood's entire loss in this struggle was ahout 5,000 men; that of the Xationals did not exceed GOO. Lo- gan ('aptured 2,000 muskets, anù took 233 prisoners. f'herman extended his right a long an intrenched line to the junction of two railways at East "Point, over which ('ame the supplies for Atlanta and Hood's armv; and the latter, extending a parallel line' of works, f'.tood on the defensive. }If'rman's long - range guns kindled de- structiw fires in Atlanta. At length Hood, W}1O had lost half his infantry in rash en- f'OImtf'rs. in sheer desperation sent out \\ heel('r with his cavalry to break up I\('rman's f'OJnmunications and capture :-;npplies. Kilpatrick made a successful counter-movement. On the 23th all of Sherman's munitions of wa.r, supplies, and sick and wound('ù men were sent to his intrenched position on the Chattahoochee, the siege of At- lanta was raised, and the Xationals benan a grand flanking movemcnt, which eve 1Ìs had delayed, and which finally caused Hood to abandon the coveteù post, cross the Chattahooehee, and make a formidable raid upon Sherman's communications. The Nationals entered Atlanta as victors on Sept. 2, 18ü4, and the national flag was unfurled over the court-house. Two days a fterwarùs, Sherman issued an order f r the inhabitants to leave the town within five days, that the place might be appropri- ated to military purposes. He deemed the measure humane, under the circum- stances, for he expected the Conff'ùer- ates to attack him there. To a remon- strance by Hood. he replied, "God will judge me in good time, and lIe will pro- J10unce wl1ether it be more humane to fight with a town full of women and the families of a hrave people at our backs, or to remove tllem in time to places of safety among their own friends." In a few days Atlanta was thoroughly evacuated l)y the ci "ilians. Atlantic Ocean. See COAST AND GEO- DETIC SrRVEY. l:"XITED STATES. Atlantic Telegraph. In 1843 {Aug. 10), Prof. annlf'l F. n. Morse, who haù endowed the electro-magnetic telegraph with intellectual power, in a letter to the Secretary of the Trf:'asury of the rnited States, remarked, after alluding to rf'cent experiment8, " The practical inference from this law is, that a telegraphic com- munication on my plan may, with cer- tainty, be estahli!'hed across the Atlantic. tartling' as this may nolV seem. the time wi1l come when this project \ViII he real- ized." Almost eleven years afterward::; an attempt was made to establish tclegraphiC' communication between America and Eu- rope by means of an insulatf'd mdallic cable under thC' sea. Cvrus \V. Field, a Kew York merchant. w;s applied to for aid in completing a land line of telegraph on the :Morse plan, then in the course of (Onstruction across NewfouU!lland-ahout 400 miles. The question OCCUrI'f'(] to him, "\Yhv not carry the line af'ross the oeean:y" and with' his uf'.1H\1 pluck and en- ergy he proceeded to the accomplishment 232 ATLANTIC TELEGRAPH of sueh an enterprise. On Mareh 10, 1854, the sueeess of the enterprise by which the tive gentlemen met at the house of :Mr. two countries were connected by such a :Field, on Gramercy Park, Xew York, and mysterious tie. The Queen hoped that it signed an agreement for an association would "prove an additional link between called" The New York, Newfoundland, and the nations, whose friendship is founded London Telegraph Company." They ob- upon their common interest and reciprocal tained fron l the legislature of Newfound- esteem." To this the President cordially land a charter guaranteeing an exclusive responded, and asked: "'Vill not all na- right, for fifty years, to establish a tele- tions of Christendom spontaneously unite graph from the American continent to that in the declaration that it sh3.11 be for- island, and thence to Europe. These gen- ever neutral, and that its communications tJemen were Peter Cooper, l\Ioses Taylor, shall be held sacred in passing to their Marshall O. Roberts, Chandler White, and places of destination even in the midst of Cyrus W. Field. Twenty-five years after- hostilities?" Bonfires and illuminations wards, all but one (Mr. White) were liv- throughout the Lnion followe these com- ing, and again met in the same room, and munications. The London Times said around the same table whereon that asso- (Aug. 6, 1858), "Sinee the discovery of ciation was signed, with the same attor- Columbus, nothing has been done in any ncy of the association then engaged, degree comparable to the vast enlargement ])11. dd Dudley Field. which has thus been given to the sphere Mr. Cooper was chosen president of the of human activity." In a very short time company. Mr. Field proeured a cable in the cable ceased to work, and it was pro- England to span the waters between Cape nounced a failure. It was even intimated I ay and Cape Breton Island. It was sent that the reputed despatches were only part out in 1855, and was lost in an attempt of a huge fraud. Mr. Field's faith never to lay it. It was recovered, and was suc- faltered, though discouragements that f:'essfully laid in 1836. The same year Mr. would have paralyzed the energies of most Field organized in London the "Atlantic men were encountered. He crossed the At- Telegraph Company" to carry the line lantic several times to resuscitate the com- flcross the ocean. )[1'. Field subscribed pany. The cable had cost $1,25G,250, and for one-fourth of the stock of the com- the expenses of the company up to Dec. IHtny. The American and British govern- 1, 18;)8, amounted to $1,834,500. The ments p-ave them aid in ships, and during Civil War broke out in 18Gl, and it was 1 :j1 and 1858 expeditions were at sea, not until 1865 that another expedition to laying a cable across the ocean to lay a cable was fitted out. The Great Valentia on the western coast of Ire- Eastern then carried an improved cable. land. Twice, in 1857, the attempt While la 'ing it, a sudden lureh of the ship failed, but was successful the fonow- 8napped the Jine, and it was lost. The ing year. Two vessels, with portions of company was discouraged. l\Ir. Field the cable. met in mid-opean, July 28, 1858. went to Thomas Brassey, a great and The portions were spJieed, and they sailed liberal English capitalist. and told him for Ireland and Newfoundland respective- that the Atlantic Telegraph Company had Iy, and succeeded in laying a continuous suddenly come to a stand-still. " 1\[1'. linp across the Atlantic. It was 1,050 }'ield," said Mr. Brassey, "don't be dis- miles in length, and traversed watpr two- couraged; go down to the company and thirdi' of the distance over 2 miles in tell them to go ahead, anù. whatenr the df:'pth. The>;e wonderful fa('ts were com- cost, I will bear one-tenth of thc whole." municated by Ir. Field. by telegram, That company and the" Telegraph Con- from Trinity Bay, Newfoundland, on Aug. I"truction and Maintenance Company" ;'), 18,')8. and created intense interest all joined in forming a new association known over the country. as the "Anglo-American Telegraph Com- The first public messages across the At- pany," with a capital of $3,000.000. An- ]antic were transmittpd, Aug. 16. 18,')8, by other cable was laid. and permanent elec- Queen Yictoria to Presidpnt Buchanan, tric communication between Europe and and by him in an immediate reply, in America was established Ju]y 27, 1866. which they congratulated each other on After twelve years of hard and anxious 233 AT LEE-AUCHMUTY labor, during which time ::\Ir. Field crossed property, have been numerous. Two wit- the ocean nearly fifty times, he saw the nesses in cases of high trca:,òon were neces- great work accomplished. He had been sary where corruption of blood was in- nobly aided by men in Europe and Amer- curred, unles::> the party accused confess or ica. Congress \"oted him the thanks of the /Stand mute. In the enited I"tates the nation and a gold medal, while the Prime C'om;titution explicitly says: "1\0 bill of Minister of :England declared that it was attainder shall be passed, and no attainder only the fact that he was a citizen of an- of treason, in consequence of a judicial other country that prevented his receiving sentence, shall work corruption of blood or high honors from the BritÜ;h government. forfeiture, except during the life of the The glory of his achie\"emcnt transcends person attainted." all that man {'ould bestow. Bl'e CAllLES, Attakappa Indians, a tribe found on OCEA ; FJELD, Cnn;s 'V. the borders of the Hulf of Iexico, west At Lee, 8.UII;EL JOliN, military offi- of the Iississippi River, in southern Lou- cer; born in l>ennsylvania, in 1738. He isiana. and eastern Texas. The Choctaws commanded a company of Pennsylvanians named them Attakappas, or Ian-eaters. in the French and Indian 'Val'. Entering The }'rench were the first Europeans who the Continental army, Pennsylnlllia line, disco\ ered them; and the _\ttakappas aid- he commanded a battalion in the battle ed the latter in a war with the Natchez of Long Island, Aug. '27, 1776, where he and Chickasaws. 'Vhen Louisiana. was ,\ as made prisoner and remained some {'{.ded to the United States in 1803, there time in the hands of the British. After- were only about 100 of this nRtion on wards he was appointed a commissioner their ancient domain, near Vermilion Bay- to treat with the lndians. He was a mem- ou, and they had almost wholly disap- ber of the Continental Congress from 1778 peared by 1825. What their real llame to 1782. lIe died in }>hiladelphia, Novem- was, or whence they came, may never be lwr. 1786. known. Their language was peculiar, com- Atlixco, BATTLE AT. General Lee posed of harsh monosyllables. marched from Puebla ( [e ico) in Oc- Attiwandaronk Indians, members of tober, 1847, to attack the :\Iexican Gen- the family of the Hurons and Iroquois, eral Rea, of Santa Ana's army, at Atlixco, named by the French the Neutral .Nation. 30 miles from that place. Lane's cavalry In early times they inhabited both hanks first encountered Rea's advanced guard, of the :Niagara River, but were mostly in and skirmished until the arrival of his Canada. They were first visited in lG27 infantry, when the Mexicans fell back tow- by the RecoUet Father DaiIlon, and by al-ds Atlixco, keeping up a running fight. Brébeuf and Chaumonot in lG42. The Less than 2 miles from that place their Iroquois attacked them in IG51-53, when main bod ' was disconred (Oct. 18, 1847). a part of them submitted and joined the Lane's cavah'y dashed in among them and Senecas. and the remainder fled westward drove them into a thick chaparral, which and joined the remnant of the fa11m Hu- the hors("s could not enter. The cavalry rons on the horders of Lake Huperior. dismounted, entered the thicket, and there Attorney-General of the United a lon and fierce hand-to-hand encounter States. Rce CAßIXET, PRESIDEXT'S. ensued. The rest of the Amcricans com- Attu, one of the J\leutian Islands. the ing up, the Mexicans were forced into the mo!"t westerly point of the t:"nited States. tc,wn, when Lane's artillery, posted on a It lies 400 miles from Kamchatka. Call- hill, cannonaded the place most severely ing Attu the western extremity of the by the li!!ht of the moon. The )[exicans L'nited States, the city of San Franci:-\eo, were drinn away with much 10s,;. At Cat., i!'l near the middle of its geographical Atlixco Santa Ana's troops finally deserted extent east and wpst. the territories of the him, and he fled alone towards the coast. enited States stretching through 120 de- So ended the active hostilities of the [exi- grees of longitud('. can 'Yar. Auchmuty, RICHARD TYJ.DF.N, phi1an- Attainder, ACT OF, in English law, thropist; horn in N"pw York City, in 1 31; pnni!"hing a person hy df'claring his" blood hf'camp an architect, and for many Yf'al R attainted," and involving forfeiture of was as;,ociated in practice with James 234 AUDENRIED-AUGUSTA he went down the Ohio River with his wife and child in an open ooat, to a con- genial spot for a forest home. He visited ahu08t every region of the Gnited States. In some ot his "'estern excursions, \ViI- son, the ornithologist, was his companion. In 1826 he went to Europe to secure sub- se:riptions to his great work, The Birds of A merica. It was issued in numbers, each containing 1h o e plates, the subjects drawn and colored the size and tints of life. It ,,,as completed in 4 volumes, in 1838. Of the I iO subscribers to the work, at $1,000 each, nearly one-half came from England and France. He also prepared a work entitled Ornithologica,z Biogra- phies, and had partly completed a work entitled Quadrupeds of A merica, when he died. His two som:;, who inherited his tastes and mueh of his genius, finished this work. which was published in 18.')0. n is residence, in the la tt('r years of his life. was on th(' banks of the Hudson, not far from \Yashington Heights. He died in :Kew York C'itr, .Jan. 2i, lR,')!. Auger, CHRISTOPHER COLON, military officer; horn in ew York ,Tul:r 10, 1821; was graduated at \Yest Point in 1843. He served as aide-de-camp to Generals Hopping and Cushing in the war with Mexico. and in 1861 was made a brigadier- general of volunteers, after sen-ing under MeDmw'll. He took command of a division under Banks. and was wounded at the battle of Cedar Mountain, Aug. 9. 18G2; the same month he was made major-gen- eral of volunteprs. In KO\-emher, IS62, he report('d to G('n('ral Banks for ser- vice in a Routlwrn e,,;:pedition, and was very active in the si('ge and capture of Port Hudson. From Oetoh('r. 1863. to Au- gust. ISGG. he had command of the Depal.t- ment of \Yashington. and in 18(jj 11(' was assign('d to the Dppartm('nt of the Platte. In lRGfI h(' was made brigadi('r-genpml U. R. A.. and in ISS.') was retired. He di('d in \Yashington. D. C.. .Tan. 16. ISfl8. Augusta, city and county-s<,at of Rich- mond county. Ga.; on the Ravannah Rinr at the head of steamboat navigation; 120 1.l11d('r the imtrudion of the ('el('hrat('d mi1('s northw<,st of Savannah. It is one David. .\1 the ag<, of s<,\Oent('('n '<,ars he of the largest and most progre!"sive manu- 1xgan to make a col1eetion of dra" ings faf'turing cities in the Routh. It was of the birds of America. and became a founded by English settlers under Ogle- most devoted student of the feathered tJlOrpe. and received the name of an Eng- t.ribes of our country. So early as 1810 1ish princess. In 181 i it was incorporated 235 Renwick. He served in the Union army during the war, and after its close he re- fused several public o1liecs, retireù from business and applied himself to works of benevolence. In 1881 he and his wife e:,;tablished the Kew York Trade Schools, on a plan entirely original, at a cost of * 30,000. J. Pierpont Morgan made the success of this institution permanent by giving it an endowment of $300,000 in 1892. He died in Lenox, Mass., July IS, 1893. Audenried, JOSEPH CRAIN, military officf'l" born in Pottsville, Pa., 1\0\0. G, 1839; g"Taduatpd at \Yest Point in ISGI; F,plTed throughout the Civil \Yar; Jieuten- ant-co1onel for gallant conc1uct in the \t- lanta campaign. IHG5; colonel of staff in ISlifl. He died in Washington, June 3, IHHO, Auditor, unùer the "Cnited St:lÌes gov- ernment, the tit1c of an officer having charge of varions branches of public ac- counts. Each of the departments has one such officf'r, with a deputy. See CAßlXET, rnEsIDExT'S. Audubon, ,TOliN .TAMES, ornithologist; born in New Orlpans. l\Iay 4, 1780; was the son of a French admiral. Educated at })aris, he acquired much skill as an artist ;"'" <>. . .... , -'fJ . . ' I ::s: . . "- 1 \ &--, .. of ,. - . , \" .... \ .. \ }-'-< '\. " . ,.. - , .ð" fI , it .... '.,'\ \ , " '. ). , ., . f, \. ., , I,I -t .;; ;':"c. : ... .lOllS .IA}lI !I \ "f)J'nmf, ( ]i'""", 0" old prim,) AUSTIN-AUTOMATIC GUN a city, and was for many years the most which he called San Felipe de .\ustin. important inland place in the tate. The Augtin was given almost absolute powpr pupulation in 1 !)0 was 33,300; in 1900, OWl' his colon)'; but his gow'rmncnt wa 39,441. wise and, on the whole, quite suCCC....Sflll. 'Yhen CornwálJis proceeded to subju- In 183:3 the pf'uple of T(',as framed a gate f;outh Carolina, he sent Lieutenant- State ('()nstitution, which \llstin took to Colond Bro" n, a Tory leader, to hold Au- the city of Me,ico for mtification bJ' thp gusta. O\'er this garrisun Pickens and Xational governnIPnt. 'YhiJe there hp Clarke had kept watch, and when, on :May wrote a letter to the municipal authoritil's 20, 17 1, thl' ' were joined by Lee and his of Be"-ar, ad\-ising the Te ans to organize legion, they proceeded to invest the fort a government of their own, For this there. The ' took Fort Galphin, 12 miles .\ ustin was arrested while on his way below, on the 21st, and then an officer was home, taken hack to Iðico. and dctainp l sent to demand the surrender of Augusta. hom early in 183-1: tiB the SUTl1mer of ].ieutenant-Colonel Brown \Vas one of the IH:15. On Ids return to Tcxas he jOil1f'd most cruel of the Tories in that region, the revolution; became ('ommandpl'-in-chipf and the parti8ans were an ious to make of the Texas army; and was appointed him a prisoner. He l'efused to surrender. ('ommi sioner to tll(> United States. As A regular siege Legan ray 2:3, and con- commissioner he did Te as good sen-icf'. tinued until Jlme 4, when a general as- In t}le fan of 18:1(i he was a candidate for sault was agrecd upon. Hearing of this, Prf'sidf'nt of the new rf'public. but was d('- Brown propospd to surrender, and the feated by Sam How..ton. Ill' was ap- town was given up the next day. In this pointed Secretary of State hy Houston, siege the Americans lost fifty - one men and was engaged in nf'gotiations to obtain ki}]ed and wounded; and the British lost official recognition of the ind<'}>f'ndence of fifty-two killcd, and 334, including the Texas hy the "Cnited States, when he died, wounded, were made prisoners. For se\'- Dec. 27, 183G. eral years after the war it was the capital Australian Ballot. Sce BALlOT RE- of Georgia. It was garrisoned by Con- FORM. ft-derate troops during the CiYiI 'Yar, and Automatic Gun, a ligItt mounted "as twice threatened by Sherman in his breech-loading gun, so construch.d that marches from Atlanta to the sea and the power in the recoil of eal-h shot did- through South Carolina. charges the empty cartridge ease, rploads, Austin, OSCAR PHELPS, tatistieian; and rf'turns the gun to its firing position. horn in JHinois; engaged from early life In the Maxim gun, innntf'd Ly Hiram S. as a contributor, reporter, editor, and :Maxim, the constant pres!',ure upon thf' 'Yashington correspondent for metropoli- trigger keeps it in firing action till an tan newspapers. In 1802 and IS!>G he of its ammunition is discharged. A hun- editf'd thp campaign documents for the dred or more cartridges, the numher de- Republican Xational Committee, and in ppnding upon the size of the gun. are Ma,\', 18m . was appointed chief of the strung on a helt and are directly fed into Bureau of Statistics of the rnitpd tateH the ammunition hox. TIIPre arc two calibres T,"easury Departml'nt. lIe is author of of the ::\Ia im gun: the first heing the l'nrlc Sam's Sccrds,. Uncle Sam's FIol- size of an ordinar.r rille and easily held dicr,nty-sewn killed and 477 wounded. were murdered. Floyd lost eleven men Hardee'!,! loss was estimated at about the killed and fifty-four wounded. He had same. 'Yard pursued the fugitives through marched 120 miles, laid waste the town, Averasboro, hut soon gave up the chase. and dpstroyed the inhabitants in the space Averell, \VILLJAM \YOOD8, military om- of seven days. eel'; born in Cameron, . Y., Kov. 5, Averasboro, BATTLE OF. On his mareh IR32; graduatpd at "'est Point in IS.).). from Fayetteville to Goldsboro, Sherman's Entpring the :\lounted Rifles, he distin- forces were mcnacf'd by the Confederatc!'!, guislwd himself in Npw l\[e'Xico by the and Kilpatrick had several skirmishes with !'urprise and capture of a hotly of 1n; on the pf'ninsula and rnllied his men. Thcy ff'll upon Hampton, in Pope's campaign in .July and August, who was plundering their eamp. routed IRG2. TIp l"einforcf'rs, and remaining in the acad- emy awhilp as assistant professor. Two ypars he was under ('olunel Totten in the (O"nstruction of military works in Kew- ferred upon him the honorary degree of port, where he manied .)[iss Fowler, whu, LL.D. He publish('d several scientific eq- as his wife, was his great as"istant in as- says; was a memher of the Light-hou!'!p trollomical oh<;ervations. lIe rC"signf'd from Hoard; a regent of the :-:mithsonian lusti- 0)(" army in IH ï, and from that time until tution, and active in various l'ub1iC" la- IH:1 he was a professor in the "Cniver- bors. Dr. Bach(" beC]ueatl\("d $..J ,()()O to sity of Pennsylvania. .-\rdf'ntly devoted to the Academy of Xatural Science in Phila- seÏentific pursuits, he made importa:!t dis- delphia, for the promotion of researchcq coveries. In lS:1(i he was chosen president in physical and natural scien('P. hy assist- of the board of trustees of Girard Co\- ing experimentprs and oh e1'\'ers. IIc dil'd 240 B. lege, and he was very efficient in the or- ganization of that institution. lIe visited Europe to study various institutions of learning there; and in 1 R3!> he published a Report on the European System of Bdll,- wtion. In 1841 he bt>eame the first prin- cipal of the }>ltilade]phia High School; and in 1843 he was appointed J"uperintend- ent of the linited States Coa!'t Survey. His servict>s in this field were of the hiO'h- est importance. Various universities c n- '\ .... "\ AL'EXA DP.R DALLAS BACHR. BACHE-:BACON in X e\\'port, R. I., Feb. 17, 1867. See COAST A D GEODETIC SURVEY. :Bache, FRANKLIN, chemist; born in l)hiIadelphia, Pa., Oct. 23, 1792; became Professor of Chemistry at the Phi1adel- phia Co11ege of Pharmacy and at the Phil- adelphia Medical College; published Sys- tern of Chemistry for Students of M edi- cinc, and was associated with Professor 'Yood in compiling Dispensatory of the Unitrd States. He died in Philadelphia, Pa., 1\Iarch If), 18G4. Bache, GEORGE 1\1., naval officer; born in the District of Columbia, Nov. 12, 1840; was graduated at the Naval Acad- emy in ISüO. He became lieutenant in ISü2; lieutenant-commmander in IS66; and commandcr in 1875; and was retired April 5, IS75. He commanded an iron- clad gunboat on the Mississippi early in the Civil \Yar, and behaved with great bravery before Vick hnrg. He was after- wards in command of a little squadron of gunboats in a spirited aetion near Claren- don, .\rk., in .June, IS04. He died in Washington, D. C" Feb. II, IS!:Jf). :Bache, HART [AN, engineer; born in Fhiladelphia, Pa., Sept. 3, 1798; was raduated at West Point in 1818, and while in the army served continuously as a topographical engineer, on surveys for harbor and river improvenIPnts, coast de- fence, roads, and canals. On March 3, 18ü.3, he was promoted to hrigadier-gen- eral, the highest rank in the engineer corps, and in 1867 was retired. His most important engineering works were the construction of the Delaware breakwater and the successful application of iron serew-pile'i in the building of foundations oì light-honses upon coral-reefs and Handy shoak He dicd in Philadelphia, Pa., Oct. H, IH72. Bache, SAR.\H, pllilanthropist; born in Philadelphia, Pa., Sept. II, 1744; daugh- ter of fl('njamin Franklin and wife of Richard na.('he; was distinguisll<'d throng-hont the Rpvolntionary 'Val' for her efforts to rplieve the ('on, on the road from Manila to Tar- lac; ahout 30 miles northwest of the fOJ mer city. During the British invasion of the Philippines, in 17G2, it was for some time the cilpital of the group, the Spaniards, under fear lest the city of l\Ianila should be bombarded, hastily re- moving their seat of government. The tuwn attracted cunsiderable attention in 18!:J9 because of the l!nited States mili- tary operations against the Filipino in- surgents and the remarkable chase after Aguinaldo through that section of Luzon. See AGUIXALDO, E nLlo; Luzo . Bacon, DEI_lA, author; born in Tall- madge, 0., Fcb. 2, 18II; a sister of Dr. LEON ARD BACON (q. v.). She publisllf'd in 183ï 'l'he Phi7osophy of Shakespcare's Plays, in which she put forth the hy- I'othpsi s that these plays were not wri t- ten by Shakespeare, but by Sir Francis Bacon. She died in Hartford, Conn., Sf'pt. 2, 18.,9. Bacon, .JoHN }\fOSBY, military officer; horn in Kentucky. April 17. 18-t--t-; en- 1ist(.d as a private t>pt. . lR(i ; waR eommissioned a hrigadipr-gPlwr:d of yol- untpf'rs )[:1,\' 4, l8!18; snl)(lued the Chip- p('was during the. outhrt>ak of IR!)R: and seJ"\,pd in Cuba during the Anwric;lJJ. Spanish "'ar. Bacon, LEoxAHn. ('l('rg 'nwn; born in D('troit. )[ich., F('h, ] 9. 180 ; gradu- at('d nt Yale in IR O. and at Andowr Thl'ologicH I S('min:HY in 1 R -t-. nnd ('lIn- lH'dl'd with Yale Di\'inity School for many Yf'arf\, and l('('tu)"('r Oil .\IJJ('rienn Chnr(.h llistor r. Hc' W:lH one of the pd- itorR of tll<' IlId('/lrlld('1I1 for s('\"('ral ,"parR Hl)(l ant1lOr of N('krl I'rart i('a7 n",:it illfJ' of Ridw I'd !la,rfrr: 7'11 ir(rrn ni(,ollrs 's Oil fh(, 7'/[;0 1I1111drrdth tllllirenwl'.'I of flu; /,';r8f ('lwrdt in Xl' I" J/ar('n . R7acl'l'll Dis- ('/(S8('([: (/cllcsis of tlte New E,;ylolld 241 :BACON t.. fllllircluw. pfc. TIe died in New Hawn. republicans were nry indign 1 Conn.. Dpe, 2.f. lRRl. hous murmurs were healù \' :Bacon, KATIIAXIEL, patriot; born in the colony; and thp toi\in I 6utrolk, Engl:tnnt ginia; but it was represRed somewhat by a the founding of the colony, \\ majority of royalists in the House of Bur- tained 50,000 inhabitants. Th.. gesses; and the council were as pliant owners-the ariRtocrae\'-me:t: tools of Rerkpley as any courtiers who living in Im..ury in' finl' III paid homage to the King. The governor sight of some beautiful rÍ\'eT. rigidly enforcpd naYigation laws oppres- by negro slaves and other delw sive to colonial conunerce; and the mar- enjoying a RO!"t of patriardw }'iage laws, and the elective and other governor was clamoring for franchises, were modified, abridged, or of his salary, '\'hile his sbh', abolished. The Church of England was had se\"('nty horses in them. 11 made supreme, and was an inRtrument of sheep were on his great plant per!':ecution in the hands of the dominant .e Green Spring." The tenó," party, in attempts to drive Baptists, 11 state of society was obviou, Quakers, and Puritans out of Virginia. fleeting mind. Stimulated by these oppressions, repub- It was at this juncture licanisIlI grew vigorously in Virginia, and arrived in Virginia, anti , the toilers and righteous men of the a.ris- cause of the repuhlieans. In tocracy soon formed a powerful rppuhlican of l(ìj.'i the Indians. speing I' party that threatened ere long to fill the graduaHy absorhed hy the House of Burgesses with men of their white people, in their dp"p.' creed. Berkeley, having a pliant majority heavy blow. As tIu"\' Sn'" of the cavalier class in the Assemhly, sanc- 1\orÙl through Iaryl nd, .J" tioned unjust and arbitrary decrees of the ton, grandfather of the fh:of J\:ing. who ga\'e to profligate court favor- fhe {Tnited States. oppm.l'd " ites, first large tracts of land. !;ome of it foree of Yir inians.and a fiel cultivated. in Virginia; and, finally. in pnsued. Hp;'kf>lpy, who had f I 1673, lIe ga\'e to two of them (J onl Cul- of the fur - trade with fh. pepper and F.arl of Arlington) "an the treated the latter leni('ntly (]ominion of land and water ealled Yir- who hall ('orne to c:Imp to fl' ginia" for thirty.year!;. were trcacherousl\" "Jain J" The best men in the colony of both The wrathful Ra\': gps htn',,: , parties, aJarmpd by this proce ding. sent way in the ('Ountrv hptnep' a committee with a remonstrance to the ]m o k and James' rinrs, ,- King, but the mis ion was fruitl(' s. The bodies of ten EngIi,..hmeIl (.., 242 BACON that was treacherously murdered, and fore the insurgent chief, and baring his blackened its face with fire. The supine- bosom, exclaimed, ., Shoot! shoot! it is a ness of the governor increased the sense fair mark!" Bacon said, respectfully, of insecurity among the people, and a ":Not a hair of your head shall be hurt; deputation headed by Bacon petitioned we have come for our commissions to him for leave to arm and protect them- save our lives from the Indians." The selves. Berkeley, having rea.son, as he governor, influenced by his judgment when thought, to suspect Bacon of ambitious his anger had cooled, or by his fears. not rather than patriotic motives (for he had only signed the commission, but joined heen engaged in an insurrection before), his council in commending Bacon to the refused to grant this prayer. King as a zealous, loyal, and patriotic At this Bacon took fire. He knew the citizen. That was done on July 4, 16ï6, hidden cause of the refusal, and he at just 100 years before the famous Dedm'a- once proclaimed that he was ready to lead tion of Independence, written by a Yir- the people against the approaching in- ginia" rebel," TumlAs JEFFERSON (q. v.), vaders without permission, if another proclaimed the English-Ameriean colonies white person should be murdered by them. "free and independent States." Very soon news reached him that some on Bacon, so encouraged, immediately l1Ïs own plantation, near (present) Rich- mal"ched against the Indians. The faith- mond, had been sla,in. He summoned the less governor, relieved of his presence, people to a consultation. :Mounting a crossed the York River, called a conven- stump, he addressed them with impas- tion of the inhabitants of Gloucester sioned eloquence, denounced the governor, county, and proposed to proclaim Bacon and advised his hearers to take up arms a traitor. The convention refused to in their own defence. They were soon em- do so, when the haughty baronet issued bodied in military force, and chose Bacon such a proclamation on his own respon- as their general. He asked the governor sibility, in spite of their remonstrances. to give him a commission aoS such, but The news of this perfidy reached Ba on was refused; and Bacon marched against at his camp on the Pamunky River. He the Indians without it. Before he had addressed his followers with much reached York River, the governor pro- warmth. saying, "It vexes me to the heart elaimed him a rebel, and ordered his fol- that, while I am hunting the wolves and lowers to disperse. A greater portion of tIgers that destroy our lands, I should them foHowed Bacon's standard, and the myself be pursued as a savage. Shall per- expedition pushed forwa.rd; while the sons wholly devoted to their King and lower settlements arose in insurrection. country-men who hazard their lives and demanded an immediate dissolution against the public enemy-deserve the ap- of the aristocratic Assembly. The Ind- pellation of 'rebels' and 'traitors'? The ians wpre drivf'n back to the Rappall3n- \"{hole country is witness to our peaceable nnck, a neW Assembly was chosen. and bf'haVÍor. TIut those in authority, how Racon was elected to a. seat in the House have they obtained their estates? Have of Hur esses from Henrico county. tlJey not devoured the common treasury? The ncw House represented the popular ''"hat arts, what sciences, what learning will. They gave Bacon a commission as bave they promoted? I appeal to thf' general. but Berkeley refused to Rign it. King and Parliament, where the cause of Rome of tIle A:.semhly Rupported the gov- the people will be heard impartially." ernor in the matter, when Bacon. fearing "Cnder the circumstances, Bacon felt him- treachery, retired to the" )Iiddle Planta- self compelled to lead in a revolution. He tion" (now \Vi1liamsburg), where 500 invited the Yirginians to meet in com"en- followers proelain)('d him commander- tion at the Middle Plantation. The best in-chief of the Yirginia forces. With men in the colony were there. They de- these he appeared at Jamestown, and hated and deliberated on a warm Angust demanded his commission. Regarding day from noon until midnight. Bacon's the movement as revolutionary. the gov- eloqnenee and logic led them to take an ernor again rcftu;ed to sign it. The sturdy oath to support their leader in subduing old cavalicr went out in great anger be- the Indians and in preventing civil war; 43 Meanwhile Berkeley had gathered a motley host of followers incited by prom- ises of plunder; proe1airned the freedom of the slaves of " rebels"; was joined by some Indians from the eastern shore, and the English ships were placed at his ser- ,ice. \\ïth this army, commanded b ' )Iajor ] everIJ', the governor sailed with five ships and ten sloops, and landed at J,lmestown early in September, WiG, \\ here, after piously offering thanksgiving in the church, he proclainwd Bacon a traitor. Bacon was surprised, for he had then few followers in camp;' but his ranks swelled rapidly as the news went from plantation to plantation. At the head of a consider- able host of patriotic Virginians, he marched towards Jamestown, seizing by the way as hostages the wives of loyalists who were with Berkeley. The republicans appeared hefore the capital on a moonlit evening, and cast up intrenehments. In yain the governor urged his motley troops to attack them; they were not made of stuff for soldier . FinaJIy, the royalists stole away in the night, and com- pelled the indignant gO\ ernor to follow them, when Bacon entered Jamestown, and as- sumed the reins of civil rower. Very soon he was startled by a rumor that the royalists of the upper counties were com- ing down upon him. In a council of war it was agreed to burn the capital. The torch was applied at the twilight of a soft September day, and the next morning nothing was left but the brick tower of the church and a few cJJimneys ( spe .T A [ESTOWN ) . Tlwn Bacon lJasteJ]('d to meet the approadling royalists, who, not dispORed to fight, desprt- cd their ll'ader and joinell the "rebels." At the same time the rOJ--aJists of Glouces- ter 'ielded their allegiance to Bacon, and he resolved to cro!'l the Chesapeake and drive the royalists and Berkeley from Virginia. His plans were suddenly frustrated by a foe deadlier than the malignity of the royali<:>ts who opposed him. The malaria from the 244 and again he went against the barbarians. The governor, alarmed by the proceedings at the l\Iiddle Plantation, fled, with his council. to the eastern f.hore of Chesa- peake BaJ', where, by pl'OlIJises of booty, he tried to raise an army among the in- habitants and the seamen of English ves- sels there. \\ïlJiam Drummond, who haù bfen the first governor of .Korth Carolina, with his brave anù patriotic wife, arah, was then with Bacon. Irs. Drummond did much to incite the Virginians to go on in the path of re,'olution, and she was denounced as " a notorious, wicked rebeL" Her husband proposed to Bacon to pro- claim government in the colon ' abdicated hJ1 Berkele,y on account of his act. It was f'.uggested that a power would come from England that would ruin the republicans in the colon '. Sarah snatched up a. small stick from the ground, and e claimed, "1 fear the power of England no more than a broken straw. The child that is unborn :BACON rl - "' . r!, it - ,' . i" ;'j ''''. ..t. .'" ._ ., J. f q, ;. æ iJ' '" . -:,;. ' I f " . .'1) \ -1(; . , ' / ,', t ,; ', f - ..-' TH!! OLD ("H"RrH TO\\ Elt AT JA "E!lTOWS, IS 1850. ðhall have cause to rejoice for the good that will come by the rising of the eoun- tr '." The proclamation of abdication was made, on the ground that the governor was fomenting civil war; and writs were i!o'5ued for a representative convention. ''-111 I It, r - ...-:.. '. ' . -? -" -; ..... , " BACON'S REBELLION-BAD LANDS marshes around .f amestown in Septem- an e\..tensive tract in the Dakotas, \\?yo- bel' had poisoned his blood, and on Oct. ming. and northwestern Xebraska, between 11, WiG, he died of malignant fever. His the Korth Fork of the Platte and the followers made but feeble resistance there- South Fork of the Cheyenne rh'ers, west, after; and befOl'e November Berkeley re- south, and southeast of the Black Hills. turned to the Peninsula and resumed the It lies mostly between long. 103 0 and 10.")0 functions of government at the Middle N., with an area as yet not perfectly de- Plantation, which was made the capital fined, but estimated to cover about GO,OOO of Virginia (see \VILLIA:M:SßURG). Bacon square miles. There are similar lands in had failed; yet those" do not fail who die the Green River region, of which FOJ"t in a good cause." His name is embalmed Bridger is the centre, and in southeastern in history as a rebel; had he succeeded, he Oregon. They belong to the l\Iiocene would have been immortalized as a pa- period, geologically speaking. The surface triot. His principal followers were veQ' materials are for the most part white and harshly treated by the soured governor, ellowish indurated clays, sands, marls, and for a while terror reigned in Virginia. and occasional thin beds of lime and sand- The rebellion cost the colony $300,000. stone. The locality is fitly described as See BERKELEY, SIR \VILLIAM. one of the most wonderful regions of the Bacon's Rebellion. See BACON, XA- globe. It is held b - geologists that dur- THANIEL. ing the geological period named a vast Bad Axe, BATTLE AT. See BLACK fresh-water lake 8 Tstem covered this por- HA WK. tion of our continent, when the COmpal"a- Badeau, ADA [, military officer; born tively soft materials which compose the in New York, Dec. 2!J, 18 1; served on present surface were deposited. As the (' the staff of General Sherman early in the lakes drained oIl', after the suhsidence of Civil \Yar; was severely wounded at Port the plains farther cast, resulting in the Huùson; became General Grant:" Bul- formation of the :.\Iissouri Y alle T, the orig- itary secretary in January, 186-1; aidp-ùe- inallake beds were worn into canyons that camp to the general of the army in )[.lrch, wind in every conceinlble direction. Here lRü;); retired in 18GB. holding the rank and there abrupt, ahnost perpendicular of hrevet brigadier-general. U. R. Y. He portions of the ancient beds remain in was consul-general in London in 1870-81, all imaginable forms, some resembling the and was consul-general in Havana in 1882- ruins of abandoned cities. "Towers, spires, 84. He publi:;hed lIilitary History of cathedrals, obelisks, pyramids, and monu- U. N. Grant; Orant in PcaC(', etc. He ments" of various hapes appear on every dif'tl in Ridgewood, N. J., [areh, lB. IH!I:). foide, as far as the eye can range. Dr. Badgar, OSCAR CHARLES. naval ollicer; HnJ"den, the earliest explorer of this re- born in \nndham, Conn" Aug. l . IS ;J; gion, said: "Not unfrequently the rising served throughout the )[e ican and Civil or "ctting sun will light up these grand wars; retired as commodore in 1883; old ruins with a wild, strange beauty, re- ùipd .June :W, 1 !J9. minding one of a city illuminated in the Badger, GEORGE Em{UXD, statesnmn; night, as seen from some high point. The born in Kewhern, N. C., April 13, 1 i!J,); harder layers project from the sides of memlwr of the State legislature, }81G- O; the canyons with such regularity that judge of the Xorth Carolina Superior they appear like seats of some vast weird Court, 1820-2:>; appointed Secretary of amphitheatre." Through all this ccuntry the Kavy by President Harrison, 1841; rainfall is yery light; the earth absorbs t'nitpd StateR Senator, IH-!ü-.)."); opposed the most of what rain does fall, and water sf'ces-.ion (ìf Xorth Carolina in lS61. He and grass are very scanty. The surface- died in I{aleigh, N. C., Iay 11, 18G6. l.ock is so soft that it disintegrates }'ap- :Badger State, a name popularly given idly, covering Ute lower grounds in many to the Rtate of \Yisconsin on account of phl( es to a dppth of several feet with a the numher of badgers found there by the soft, powdery soil into which animals sink ('arl,\' settlers. a;; in snow, while when wet it becomes a Bad Lands, THE, U 1\Iauvaises Terres," tiff mud of impassable depth. These of the old French fur-traders' dialect, are hlllds are plainly unsuited for agriculture, -t:> BAFFIN-BAILEY and with rare exceptions, here and there, are of little value for grazing purposes. They are, however, one of the most aston- ishing treasuries of fossil remains to be found anywhere. The soft dayey deposits nre in some plac(>s literally filled with the bones of e:x.tinct species of the horse, rhi- noceros, eleph nt, ho . camel, a deer that strongly resembled a hog, sabre-toothed lions, and other marvellous creatures, which have rendered this ection of tIlt' earth a study of the highest interest to geologists of all lands. Baffin, \\TILLTAM, navigator; said to have been born in London about 1384. lIe made vo)"ages to \Yest Greenland in 1Ii1 - 15, and to Spit7bergen in WI-!. In Hi] Ii he commanded a yes el which reachf'd. it is said, lat. 81 0 3D' N.. and is supposed to have ascertained the limits of the great bay that bears his name. He was the author of two books, in the first of which he gave a new method of discovering the longitude at !'OC'a h,\" an observation of the stars. He was kiIJed hy the Portugllf'Se at the siege of Ormuz. :May 23, lfi22. Bagley, "'ORTlI, naval officer; born in Raleigh, N. C., April ü. 18;4; was gradu- ated at the L'nited States Saval .\cademy in 18!}5. After serving two years on the .1lontgomcry, Texas. and the .1la;n(', he was made ensign July I, IS!};. He was a short time on the Indiana. and then hecame the executive derk of Capt. Charles D. Sigs- bee on the -'Iaine. In Xovember, 18 )7, he was appointed inspector of the new tor- pedo-boat "Winslow, and "hen she went into commission on Dec. 28. he was madp her executive officer, under Lieut. J. B. Bernadou. her commander. In .-\.priL IS!lR. the l1'in,çlow was with the fleet mobilized for operations in Cuban waters. On the morning of May II she prepared, with the Hudson and Wilmington, to force an entrance to thE harbor of Cardenas. he was fired npon hy one of sf'veral Spanish gunhoats, and immediatf'ly tllf're was a general engag-pment, The 1Tïnslolf' was soon disabled, and was with diflicu1t). hauled out of range of the f':panish guns. .J ust as the engaw'ment endC"d, Ensign Bagley and four sailors \Hre kiIJed h\' a he]l, he being the first Ameri('an m;val officer to fall in the war with :-\pain. Bagot - Rush Treaty. :--'ee Hnm- BAGO r. Bahama Islands, TIlE, were granted bS Charles 11. (HWï) to the eight courtier:f to whom he granted the Carolinas. They had sent William Sayle to bring tlll'1lI some account of the Carolina coast. Hi!' vessel was driven by a storm among the Bahama Islands. There he O"ained nuu'h ! nowledge of them. especially of ew Pro\'idpnee, which had a good harbor. On his return to England, King CharleH ga n a patent fnr t}lf' Bahama8 to the proprie- tors of ('arolina. \t that time theHe isl. ands were uninhabited. and tile group wa!l a favorite n'sort for hucf'aneers. J n ] ï;G Commodore Hopkins (,[I1'tl1red Xe\\' Providence. hut soon ahandoned it as un. tenable. During our Civil War the isl. ands werp the hpadquartl'l's of the block. ade-runner8, which \\,pre chien)' British hips. See BLOCKADE-RpNXERH. Bailey, GUILDFORI> DUDLEY, military officer; born at Martinsburg, Lewis co.. :'>J". Y., June 4, IS:J4; was graduated at \Yf'st Point in I8,)(j, and entered, as lieutenant, the 2d Artillery, then sta- tioned at Fort Ontario, Oswego, X Y., where. in 18'")R, he married a daughter of Co!. G. W. Patten, U. S. A. He was aft('rwards stationpd at Fort J.;ea\'enworth, Kan., and when the Civil \Yar be:ran he was actin:r adjutant of th(' post at Fort Drown, Texas. whose commander, Captain toneman. refuspd to surrender to the Confederates of Te'-as in obedience to the orders of Gl'neral Twiggs. Captain Stone- man chartered a steamboat, and. after securing the most valuable public prop- ert:r there. evacuated the fort and !'Oailed for Xe\\' York, where he arri,.ed 1Iarch I;;. ISGl. Soon afterwßrclc;; Lieutenant Bailey was sent with reinforcements for Fort Pickens. His mission "as succe"s- fuI. Sickness finall ' compelled him to rf'turn to Ke\v York to repruit his strength. oon afterwards he was rC"- <)\1f'sted by Govf'rnor 1forgan to organize a State regiment of light artillery. of whiC'h he was made ('Olonpl. "ïth thpse troops. whiph he had wpll disciplined at Elmira. he wpnt to Washington. and in the sprin,!! of 1862 }l(> joined thp \rmy of the Potomac at Fort 1[nnroe. At the battle of FArR O.\KS, or SF.\"F.X PrxF.s (q. v.), ('01 on ('1 Bailf'Y was in General Caspv's divi!':ion. ',"hpn the Rnddf'n and furi;us attack was made, the infantry \246 BAILEY-BAINBRIDGE fell back, leaving Colonel Bailey's battery exposed. Instead of retreating and leav- ing his guns in the hands of the Confed- erates, he determined to make their spoils useless to them. Leaping from his horse, he was in the act of !':piking one of the guns with his own hand, when the bullet of a sharp-shooter penetrated his brain, and he fell dead, ::\lay 31, 1862. Bailey, JOSEPH, military officer; born in Salem, 0., .April 28, 1827; entered the l-nion army as a private in 1861; acquired great fame by his skill in damming the Red Riyer at Alexandria o.Iar, 1864), by which the squadron of iron-clad gunboats, under \dmiral Porter, was enabled to lìa s down the rapids there when the water was low. He had been a lumberman in Wisconsin, and in that business had learned the practical part which he used in his engineering at Alexandria, \\ here he was acting chief-engineer of the Wth .Army Corps. Other engineers said his proposition to dam the river was absurd, but in eleven days the boats, by his method, passed safely down. For this aehievement he was promoted to colonel, brevetted brigadier-general, voted the thanks of Congress, and presented with a sword and $3,000 by the officers of the fleet. He settled in )[issouri after the war, where he was a formidable enemy of the .. bu hwhackers." and was shot by them in Xevada. in that State, on )larch 21, 18tì7. Bailey, JOSEPH WELDE , legislator; horn in Copiah county, :\liss., Oct. 6, 1863; was admitted to the bar in 1883; became a Democratic district elector in 1884; re- mond to Gainesville, Tex., and there cng-aged in general practice in 188.3; and was Pre8id('ntial elector at large in H RR. lie was elected r('presentatiye in Congr{' s from the 5th Texas Dish-ict in IS!)}, and hy re-elections held his seat till )[arch 4, WOI, when he entered the L"niteù Stat('s enate as su('cpssor to Horace Chilton haYing been elected on Jan. 23, preceding In 18f17, on the organization of the .).3th Congress, he was the Df'mocratic nominee Îor peaker of the House, and a minoritv 111 ember of the Committee on Rules. 1;1 the Senate he was a member of the com- mittees on Fisheries, Foreign Relations. Pl'iyileges and Elections, Relations with Canada, Revision of the Laws, Territories... and the Census. Bailey, TIIEODORUS, na\al officer; J>orn in Chateaugay, Franklin co., N. Y., April I:? 1805; entered the navy as midship- man in January, 1818, and was captain in IS.33. In July, 1862, he was made com- modore, and in July, 1866, rear-admiral on the retired list. In 1861 Captain JJailey was in command of the Colorado, in the \Yestern Gulf squadron, and was second in command of the expedition under Butler and Farragut up the Mississippi to capture Xew Orleans, in the spring of 18G2. His "essel was too large to pass the bar, and taking what men and guns he could spare, he went up the river in his boats as a volunteer, and assumed the com- mand of the fir!"t division. He led in the desperate attack on Fort St. Philip, Fort Jackson, and the Confederate flotilla. It was one of the most gallant naval òpera- tions of the war; and .Admiral Farragut spedally commended Captain Bailey as the leader in that attack. In 18G2 he was in command of the Ea! "- "1.') - 1 ," "\ '\ , . 'l: (..: to.. ("l \ . ..):"'. WILLIA)! /lAL\/lJrewttpd major - gNwral, U. R. A., in March. IH(j;); promoted hrigadipr-genpml and inspeeíor-general in 1883; and re- tirf'd in IRSS. Baird, lIE RY 1IARTYX, educator; horn in Philatlelphia, Pa., Jan. 17, lR32; he- came Professor of Greek in the Kew YOI.k volunteers, and was again electprl tn Con- Unhersity in 185!); wrote a number of gress in 1848. He settled in California in 2-tÜ graduated at West Point in 184!J, having st.udied law before he entered the military academy. lIe was ordered to \Va.shington, ;: : - c 'i '\'>;;:, ,,,,,,; .; \ i?,: . .' .Þ ) 1 ,''.- . .'. '. ? . - . . ,;.. &: : ;! . " ,- I '6' ;'f, - , .. ",. ., I ft.' , : ...' '. Þ'1;..r;,')' , " " : . ::;: , :; \i'i ' :I , ",. . ?:",; '" i. .. "iJ!:ilì'J: '" 1" , __ ",", . . . ._:",, . =- . 'f , --:. . . : ' _ '. . ( . .,' < -poC' , II' ,'i'1 " ' . .1 rr i1. " '01 ',;. .. (\.:i" , 0' tot:. '.. .;,', ,,1111111 I ,III "SA, ' , ,' ., '. .. :"' , -;= . ......: ,., " . -:-- . >i\:;' ,\ :: . t , - ) , ./ ,, . ,.,--.ä " . t .-- . fi'; "', - " -4';;;.7!f ,'" , - \- , , , ...,tt l ' !'''''''' I\ '. . '.' ';", ), .\" I,.i ,. '''ii:.. ..,:'".... iii , I I." ' '}:, - ." ,.r.. ,\.. . 0( ,Ø(J',çr, "/ b i:: t' " {ft, 'I'.: "; ,. > ..;fZ: } I 'þ'Mfi.. ' ,; '}f"J ". .;. " :"11 "-" (?- ':('trti \ , , ,.}! í ) ',; ') 'f.} , ':"J.... .'t " i .n;:7è \'!" \.ot t. "'-1. .4k .t... o _' \)if -"'::111 "" 0;.....'-. -I ..ç..{..... ,, ,ÿ ":c.., BAJ:\BRIDGE'S JIUX!:"ME:\T. hooks upon the Huguenots in France and in America. Baird, SPEXCER FULLERTON, scientist; born in Reading, Pa., Feb. 3, 1823; was graduated at Dickinson College in I 8-10. In 1850 he was appoint- ed a-ssistant secretary to the Smith- sonian Institution. He held that office until the death of Prof. Jo- SEPH HENRY (q. v.) in ISi8. when he succeeded to the office of secrp- tary, whieh he held until his death. on Aug. W, 1887. Professor Baird published several works on natural history. In 1871 he was placed at the head of the United States Fit'\h Commission. He died in Wood's Holl, Mass., Aug. 19, 1887. Baker, EDWARD DICKINSOX, mil- itary officer; born in London, Eng- land, Feb. 24, 181l. His family cauw to the United States when he was a young child, and settled firt'\t in Philadf'lphia and aftf'rwards ( 18 5) in Illinois. Young Baker chose the law for a vocation, and entered upon its practice in Gl'een county, IJI. In 1837, while resirling in Springfield, he was elected to the legislature. He was a State Sena- tm in 1840-44, and then a member of Congress until the beginning of the war with l\Iðico. In that war ( 18-10-4 ï) he served as colonel of Il1inois .. . - . .,i . ,>>. . , '"" g:,J)/ ./ / (/ / .f / 'Þl:;, ' ( :j,/ / z//./f' #' :-;ß }( / J /'/ / I /. I'p/ 0- ,., I! /' // EUW AND lJIl'KIS:-;OS lIAKER. 1852, wlH're he became distingui hed in bis prof ssion. and as an orator in the ranks of the REl"UßLICAN PARTY (q. v.). III 1839 he removed to Oregon, where he was elpcted (;nitcd States Senator in ISôO. lIe was in that service at the outbreak of the Ci\il 'Var, when he wised a body of troops in New York and Philadelphia. Those of Pennsylvania were called the "1st California Regi- ment." Declining to he appointed gen- C'ral, he- went into the field as colonel at the head of his rep-iment. While fighting at Ball's Bluft', in Virginia, he was shot d("ad, Oct. 21, IStH. See BALL'S BLUFF, BATTLE OF. Baker, LAFAYETTE C., deìt'ctive; born in Stafford. N. Y., Oct. 13. 1826; was a member of th(" vip-Hance committee in an J.<'rancisco in IH5(j; offcred his ser- vices to the federal government in 1861; and was sent to Richmond. where he suc- ct'eded in collecting much information, and returned to 'Yashington within a month. While in Richmond he was ar- )'ested and imprisoned as a spy, and had sC'veral inten-ipws with the Pre ident of the Confederacy. 'Yhen the secret-service bureau was tl'3nsferred to the 'Var De- partment, he was appointed its chief, with the rank of colonel, and suLsequC'nt- ly was promoted brigadicr-general. 'Vhen President I...incoln was shot by Booth, General J aker orp-anized pursuit, and was prbcnt at Booth's capture and death. He publishcd llistor!} of the United Htutcs Secret Serl'ice. lIe died in Philadelphia, Pa.. July 2. IS{iS. Baker, !\l.\p.cus, cartographer: born in Kalamazoo. Iich., Sept. 23, IS.HI; was graduated at the Cniversity of :Michigan in 1870. He became connected with the "Cnited States Coast and Geodetic Sl1rny in 1873; and with the United Statps Geo- logical Survey in 18R6. He has made ex- tcndpd e\.pJorations in Alaska and on the Pacific coast, and was the cartographer of the Venezuelan Boundary Commission. In IÐOO he was secretary of the Cnited States Board on Gpographie Xame.s. He has published many geographical and mathematical monographs, and, with Prof. William H. Dall, brought out the .tluska Coast Pilot. Baker, RE)fE)[BER, a captain "GREE IOC TAI BoYs" (q. v.) j BAKER-BALBOA in \VoodbuQ", Conn., about 1740. He "ent to the Xcw Hampshire Grants in 1764, before the AlIens took up their abode there. He was a soldier in the French and Indian \Var, and wa!'; in the fierce battle at Ticonderoga in 1758. Ile settled at Arlington, on "the Grants," and was very active" ith Ethan 1\.IJen in }"('sisting tlle claims of ew York to Ver- mont territory. Baker was arrested, and was cruelly treated while a prisoner, by the New - Yorkers. The government of that province had outlawed him and 8et a price upon his lwad. Captain Baker was with Allen when he took Ticonde- roga, in May, 1775. He was killed, while on a scout in the Continental service, by the Indians on the :Sorel, the outlct of Lake Champlain, in August, 1773. Balance of Trade, a phrase emplo .ed ill commerce to exprpss the difference be- tween the value of a country's exports Dnd its imports. When the e"1)orts of :t country exc("('d its imports the balance of trade is popularlJ' !':aid to be in favor of that country. Leaving to others the dis- cussion of the controversial questions as to whether free-trade or protection is best for a country, and whether a decrease in importations indicates an increase in the prosperity of a country through !arger local productions, attention is here cal1ed to the fact that in recent years the enited States has exported much more than it imported. For the fisC'al :year ending June 30, 1900, the official statistics of the Cnited States Treasur.r Department 8howed for these two move- ments of merchandise the folJowing: Ex- ports. dompstic, $1,370,476.1;J8; foreign, $ 3,71O,213; a total of $1.39-t,IRIi.3ilj total imports, $S-t!I,7 J.t.{i70; showing a balance in merC'handise of $:j,H.47I.ti:)1. During the !:;ame period the trade in gold and sih-er C'oin and bullion was: E\.- I'orts. $IOGJHS.:>04: imports, $7R.O{i6.1;'j-t; showing a balance in this trade in favor of the United States of $ S,912.:1.ïO; mak- ing the balance of all trade, or the excC'!';s oi e\.ports over imports, during that fiscal ('ar, $373.381,001. See COMMERCE; FREE TEA UP.; PROTFCTIO . Balboa, VASCO XU EZ DE. discoverer of the Pacific Ocean; born in Xpres de of los Caballpros, Spain. in I-t7:>; went to born anto Domingo in 1301; and thence to 250 BALBOA-BALDWIN the Isthmus of Darien in 1510. Pope of bloodhounds, set out for the tops of the ALEXANDER VI. (q. v.) gave to the Span- mountains. On Nov. 20, 1513, Nuñez and ish crown, as God's vicegerent on the his men were near the bold rocky summit . earth, all lands that lay 300 leagues of a mountain. The leader 8scended it westward" of the Azores-in fact, all of ålone, when he beheld a mighty sea. It America. Ferdinand of Spain divided was the Pacific Ocean. On that summit Central America, whose shores Colum- he and his followers set up a huge cross, bus had discovered, into two provinces, and then descf'nded to the shore of the o\er one of which he placed as governor sea. 'Vading into its waters, Nuñez took Ojeda, the navigator, and over the other formal possession of the great ocean in Diego de Nicuessa, with Bachelor Enciso the name of his sovereign. After that he as lieutenant. Nuñez, deeply in debt in made voyages along its coast, and heard Santo Domingo, escaped Í1"om his cred- tidings of Peru, where the Incas, or rulers, itors by being carried in a provision-cask drank out of golden vessels. After Davila on board Enciso's ship. 'Vhen she had came, Nufiez was falsely accused of weighed anchor Nuñez came from his traitorous intentions by his jealous suc- cask. Enciso, angered by. the deception, cessor and rival, and he was beheaded at threatened him, but became reconciled. Acla, near. Darien, in 1517. So perished At Darien, where the seat of government the discoverer of the Pacific Ocean. was to be established, Nuñez, taking ad- Balcarres, ALEXANDER LIKDSAY, EARL, vantage of the discontent of the Span- British military officer; born in Scotland iards, headed a revolt. "'hen Nicuessa in 1752; served three years in America came, they defied him and sent him adrift under Carleton and Burgoyne, and was in a crazy vessel; and Enciso, seeing no e::lptured with the latter at Saratoga. At chance for subduing the insurgents, went the battle of Hubbardton, where he was hack to Spain with loud complaints wounded, thirteen balls passed through against Nufiez, and the Spanish govern- his clothes. He was made major-general ment sent out Davila, with a fleet and in li!)3; lieutenant-governor of Jamaica troops, as governor of Darien. in 1794; general in 1803; and subsequent- :Meanwhile Nufiez had become a great ly one of the representative peers from discoverer. The cacique, or Indian ruler, Rcotland. He died in l..ondon, :\Iareh 27, of a neighboring district, named Caveta, 1825. had treated two Spaniards with great Balch, GEORGE BEALL, naval officer; kindness, who requited his hospitality by born in Tennessee, Jan. 3, 1821. He en- advising Nuñez to attack and plunder him, tered the navy in 1837; engaged in tIle for he had much gold. While the people war against [exico, and was wounded of Caveta's village were slumbering, in a naval engagement at Shanghai, China. Nufiez and his followers entered it and He was engaged actively and successfully carried off the cacique and his whole in the South Atlantic blockading squad- family and other , and, with considerable rons and in other naval operations. He booty, returned to Darien. Caveta and became rear-admiral in 1878, and retired Nufiez soon became friends. The former in 18R3. gave his young and beautiful daughter to Baldwin, ABRAnA [, legislator; born in the Spanish adventurer as his wife, and Guilford, Conn., Nov. 6, 1754; originated she acquired great influence over her hus- the rniversity of Georgia, and was its L:md. While visiting a powerful cacique, president for several years; was a dele- a friendly neigl1bor of Caveta, Nufiez was gate to the Continental Congress in 1785- told that beyond the mountains was a 88. and a member of the Constitutional mighty sea that could be seen from their Convention in 1787. In 178!1-99 he was summits, and t1Iat the rivers that flowed a Represf'ntative in Congress, and was down the slopes of the mountains on the then electf'd to the United States Senate, other side abounded with gold; also tl1at of which he was president pro tem. in along the coast of that sea was a country 1801-02. He died in Washington, D. C., where gold was as plentiful as iron. This March 4, lR07. story was confirmed hy others, and finally Baldwin, CHARLES H., naval officer; Nufiez, with nearly 200 men and a number born in Kew York City, S pt. 3, 1822; en- 2;}l BALDWIN-BALLOONS IN WAR tered the navy in 1839; served through the capture of Kcw York in 1776, and was Mexican \Var on the frigate COllgress,o brevetted major in November following. commanded the steamer Clifton of the erved under Lord Cornwallis in Pennsyl- mortar flotilla at the passage of Forts nmia and the Carolinas; and was in com- Jackson and St. Philip below .Kew Orleans: mand at Charleston in 17 l, when he re- and in the first attack on Vicksburg, both luctantly obeyed the command of Lord in IS62; was promoted rear-admiral in Hawdon to e:\.ecute ISAAC HAY E (q. V.,. I S3; and was Ule official representative lIe was then lieutenant-colonel. lIe was of the United States at the coronation of made colonel and aide - de - camp to hi" the Emperor of Hussia. He died in New king in 1782, a major-general in 17U3. York City, Kov. 17, 1888. lieutenant - general in 1798, and general Baldwin, HEKRY, historian; born in in 1803. He died in Dunbog, Oct. 10, New York City, Feb. I, 1832; was elected 1823. by the conwntion Df Patriotic Organ- Ball, TIImIAs, sculptor; born in i:mtions in Chicago in 1891 to verify" all Charlestown, Mass., June 3, 18lB; edu- the facts of American history" and to cated at :Mayhew School, Boston. In collect a Library Americana to be de- 1840-52 he applipd himself to painting, I,üsited at \Vashington. He has devoted but in 18.31 undertook sculpture. He de- his entire time to this work. signed and executcd the equestrian stahH> Baldwin, THEODORE A., military officer; of Washington in Boston. thp statue of born in New Jersey, Dec. 31, 1839; en- Daniel \Ve"ster in Central Park. Sew tered the nrmv in l86 ; sernd through 'York, and other similar works. In IS!I1- the Civil 'Val' became lieutenant-colonel, 98 he was engaged on a monument of 10th United States Cavalry, in IRfl6; was Washington for Methuen, ).rass. Ill' Le- n brigadier-general of volunteers in the came an honorary fellow of t1u' Xatiùnal American-Spanish War; and was pro- culptors' Society in 189íì. 11(' is th moted to colonel of the 7th United States author of P.ly Three-Score rears alld TrJ/'- CavaJry, I\lay 6, 1899. an A utobiogmphy, which attractpù much Baler, a town in the eastern part of attention. J.uzon, Philippine Islands, nearly midway Balloons in War. At the beginning between Balintang Channel and Bernar- of the Civil War the tclegraphie ol)('r- dino Strait, and directly north of a notable ations of the army were intrn te(l to mountain of the same name. In 1898-99 Maj. Thomas T. Eckert. In this connec- the Filipino insurgents besieged a Span- tion T. S. C. I.owe, a distinguished ai'l'O- ish garrison here for nearly a year, the naut, was employed, and for 1":0n1(" time Rpanish commander dec1inin to surrender balloons were used with great dficienc.Y the place even when directed to do so by in reconnoitring, but later in the progress orders from Madrid, The garrison took of the war they fell into disu p. At the posscssion of the native church, fortified Jleight of GOO feet above Adington Honse, it, and held possession till their supplies opposite \\'ashington. D. C., [r. Lowe gave out, when they surrendered. and. in telcgraphcd to I)resident Lincoln fiS fol- n>f'ognition of their exceptional heroism, lows, in June, 18GI: "Rir, from this point were allowed to march out of the place of observation we command an e"\.tent of with all the honors of war, .Tuly 2. IS!)!). country nparly 50 miles in diameter. I The town was occupied and garrison- have pleasure in scnding you the first ed by Pnited Rtates troops in March, tf'legram ever despatched from an a rial IÐOO. station, and acknowledging indebtedne. s Balfour, NISßET, British military offi- to your encouragement for the opportn- cer; born in Dunbog, Scotland, in 1743. He nity of demonstrating t1w availahility of was a son of an auction er and bookselJer the scif'nce of ai:ronautics in the service in F.dinburgh: entered the British army of the country." After Rending the abm'e as an ensign in 17GI; commanded a com- dpspatch, 1\Ir. Lowe was invited to the pnny in 1770; was wounded at thp hattl(' Executive Iansion and introdu('cd to (:cn- of Bunker Hill in .Tune, 1773. and again eral Rcott; and he was soon afterwards in the battle of Long Island. He was employed in the military servi('e. \\'hcn spnt home with despatches after the in use, the balloon was kept under contI..,1 2;)2 BALLOT REFORM-BALL'S BLUFF enacted laws providing for ballot reform. The method of voting prescribed by most of these enactments was essentially that known as the Australian srstem, from the fact of its having originated in South Australia some thirty-five years previous- ly. It was adopted in England in 1872. Its primary object is to secure absolute se- crecy in voting. Its peculiar and essential features are, first, an official ballot, and, second, privacy in voting. By an official ballot is meant a ticket which has been printed and furnished by State or local uthorities, and is gi\Ten to the voter by a special official. Privacy in voting is secured by differcnt means, such as vot- ing booths, enclosed stalls, and other de- vices for concealing the voter from view. The good effects of this system wel'e im- mediately apparent in the States where it was adopted. promoting good order and decency at the polls, and greatly dimin- ishing the opportunities for fraud and in- timidation. Iu the system in vogue in most States the names of all candidates are on a single ticket, and the voter in- dicates his choice by a Cl"OSS (X). This system in the Presidential election of IS9G was used in thirty-six States, and seems likely to be universally adopted. Various voting machines have been tried since 1890, but none have as yet proven sufficiently satisfactory to warrant their general use. Ballou, MATURIN MURRAY, journalist; born in Boston, Mass., April 14, lS::W; was educated in the Boston High SchooL In 1838 he entered journalism on the Olive Branch, a ,,"eekly. Later he became pro- prietor and editor of Ballou's ,Monthly and Dignal Service. Several successful ascen- Gleason's Pictorial. He became one of sions were made, and messages describing the founders of the Boston Daily Globe tIw situation of the Spaniards were trans- in 1872. and for many year:,; was its mitted to (iencral Shafter's headquarters. chief editor. He alRo had a part or It was found that there were large possi- whole interest in Ballou's Pictorial; hilities in the use of balloons for military The Plag of Our Union, and the Bos- purposes, but that there were ever-present ton Sunday Budget. His works include elE:'ments of danger. The Santiago balloon Due If'est; Due South,' Due Korth; n'ndered good serdce at a critical time, rnder the Southern ('ross; The ?I.-em El but was destro '('d by a Spanish shot. Dorado; Aztec Land; The Story of Malta; Ballot Reform. The agitation in Equatorial A rnerica; Biography of the favor of a system of election laws which Rev. Hosea Ballou. He died in Cairo, should prevent corruption, bribery, and Egypt. :\Iarch 27, 1895. intimidation at the polls began in the Ball's Bluff, BATTLE AT. In October, Cnited States in 1887. Four years there- 1861, a National fmce, commanded by after twenty-eight out of the forty-eight Gen. Charles P. Stone, was encamped be- State and Territorial legislatures had tween Edward's and Conrad's fPITies, on 253 by strong cords in the hands of men on the ground, who, when the reconnoissance was ended, drew it down to the place of departure. I' \': } ", During the Fl'anco-Prus- l'!t. NT ,\ sia.u War (18ïo-71) bal- ".! loons were freely used by both parties, Gambetta and other French authorities passed successfully over the investing lines of Germans; and captive or observa- tion as \VeIl as floating balloons were frequent targets for ambitious slmrp-shooters. In the Santiago campaign in Cuba, in 1898, much was expected of an observation balloon, put together and operated by men of the United States --:.'- l "' ':'-.., " \ -. I, ",: >i', -- "'; - - WAR BALLOOY. Ir! BALL'S BLUFF from Harrison's Island to reconnoitre. They did not find the foe in the neighbor- hood. General Evans, unperceived, lay not far nff; and riflemen and cavalry were hover- ing near and waiting a favorable oppor- tunity to strike Devens, who, leaving a part of I ee's command near the Bluff, had advanced to npar Leesburg. After a skir- mish, in which he lm;t one man killed and nine wounded, he fell back towarùs the Bluff. While halting in an open field, he received orders from Stone to remain there until support could be sent him. His en- tire force consisted of only GOO men. They '\ere very soon attacked by the Confeder- ates. It was a little past noon. Pressed Ly overwhelming numbers, Devens fell hack to avoid being flanked. Ieanwhile Colonel Baker had been pressing forward from Conrad's Ferry to the relief of the a sailed troops. Ranking Devens, he had been ordered to Harrison's Island, with discretionary powers to reinforce the party on the Virginia main or to withdraw an the troops to the [aryland side of the river. He concluded to go forward, f;UP- posing the forces of lcCall and others to be near. He wa ignorant of the fad making a feint of crossing the river at the that General lcClellan had ordered Mc- two ferries above named on the afternoon Call to fall back from Drainesville. of Sunday, Oct. 20. At the same time part On readling- the field of conflict, Raker of a )las!':achu etts rcgiment, under Colo- took the chief ('ommand of all the forces nel Devens (see- DEVENS, CHARLES), was on the Bluff, about 1.700 strong. Yery ordered to take post upon Harrisón's Isl- soon afterwards, while he was in the thick- and, in the Potomac, abreast of naIl's est of the fight encouraging his men, a muff. Devens went to the island with hullct pierced his brain and he fell dcad. four companies in flat-boats taken from The battle had lasted two hours. His the Chesapeake and Ohio canal. About troops. unsupported by others, were 3,000 men, under COL. EDWAUD D. nAKE[ crushed by superior numbers. Pressed (q. v.), of the national f;pnate, acting as back to the verge of the Bluff, which there brigadier-general, "ere held in readiness riseI' more than 100 feet aho'"e the riwr. R!'" a re ervc in case of a battle. "ïth th('y fought desperately for a while at twi- that resen-e was a fine body of Pcnn:s and supposing :\Ic('all to he ne r l'iddled with Iml1ets and sank. In this ('nough to gi,"e aid if nec('ssary. Stone. on affair the Kationals lost, in killed, wounù- the morning of the 21st. ordered some ('d. and prisoners. fully 1.000 men. The 'Ias!'a('hu ctts troops umler Colonels Lee Confederates lost lfi3 killed. The num- Hnd Devens to cross to the Yirginia shore her of tlwir wounded is unknown. 234 the I rybnd side of the upper Potomac, while the left wing of the Confederate army, under General Evans, lay at Lecs- burg, in Yirginia. Misinformation had caused a belief that the Confederates had left Leesburg at a little past the middle of October, when General McClellan or- dered General McCall, who comma.nded the advance of the right of the Kational forces in \ïrginia, to moYe forward and occupy Drainesville. At the same time he ordered General Stone to co-operate with General McCall, which he did by -""f(" PJ ,,\'- '...". "3:J HI,,:) f'> h... q \ 0' l';.,tir:: ! 18 =Sé. .: \" ''. f> f!J--- ./). u n l \ )1. l" l IS MASS.. \ :; ,1. , /l I P J; ' - lie:, Ii , 17 MISS. ! \ !!' \. " '"J) [f'", 1\ E'.!>. ...020 MA ;J: It: I , r . .{fb ,I'/J40 N, Y. "", t;('!Þ( V, \ "\\\ ' (Io)f,.'I;!MISS I ." 1\ (-') f W .....- ( t.",(' f!>. ..,". )lAP OF BALL'S BLUFF. BALTIMORE a Baltimore, city, port of entry, commer- wholesale drygoods store on German cial metropolis of Maryland, and sixth Sfreet, Hopkins Place, and Liberty Street. city in the United States in population ac- Although firemen were working on the cording to the census of 1900; on the building within ten minutes of the alarm, I'atapsco Bin-I'; 38 milcs northeast of the flames spread with such rapidity that Washington, D.C. The city covers an area within half an hour the entire city fire of 28 square miles; has an admirable har- department found itself powerless to bor, defended by Forts :l\IcHenry, Armis- check them. Appeals for aid were tele- tead, Howard, Smallwood, and Carroll, graphed to various cities, including Kcw and is popularly known as "The l\Ionu- York, and by evening of the following day mental City." Its history dates back to the fire burned itself out at the wateI"s lüü2, when its site was included in a pat- edge, after leaving in smoky ruin an area cnt for a tract of land granted to Charles ('qual to twelve by nine full city blocks in Gorsuch. David Jones, the first settler the businf' s section. The total gross loss on the site of Baltimore, in lü82, gave his of the fire-insurance companies was offi- name to a small stream that runs through cially reported at about $30,500,000. the city. In January, 1730, a to\VII was In the Revolutionary lVar.-When the laid out on the west of this stream, con- I:ritish army approached the Delaware tained in a plot of sixty acres, and was River (December, lï7G), and it was called Baltimore, in honor of Cecil, LOld feared that they would cross into Penn- Baltimore. In the same year \Villiam sylvania and march on Philadelphia, Fell, a ship-carpenter, purchased a tract there was much anxiety among the patri- past of the Rtream and called it Fell's ots. The Continental Congress, of the Point. Fort l\IcHenry stands opposite, or. courage and patriotism of which there was Locust Point. In 1732 a new town of ten a growing distru<;t, \nre uneasy. L>_lding acres was laid out on the east side of the republicans hesitated to go further, and stream, and called .Tonestown. It was only \Yashington and a fpw other choice united to Baltimore in lï45, dropping its f'pirits were hopeful. When the com- own name. In 1767 Baltimore became the mander-in-chief was asked what he would county town. The population in 1890 was do if Philadelphia should be taken, he re- 434.439; in 1900, 508,057. pli('d, "\Y e will retreat beyond the Sus- Baltimore has become a seaport and port quehanna River, and thence, if necessary, of entry of large importance. In the tc the Alleghany )Iountains." Qua- fiscal year ending .Tune 30, In04, the im- ker.. and loyalists abounded enrywhere. ports of foreign merchandise were valued )fifflin, who was a disowned member of the at $20,345,788, and the exports of domes- Society of Friends, and had witnessed the tic merchandise at $82.835,lü4. The ton- f'udden growing lukewarmness of the uage movement in the foreign trade was: Congress, fearing' the effect of Howe's entrances-sail, 60,118; steam, 1,IR6,5!J5; proclamation upon both. strongly recom- cJcarances-sail, 28,362; steam, 1,2;"}1,912. mended the removal of ConO'ress from Thp city has also a correspondingly large PhiJadelphia. General Putna who had trade with the principal Atlantic coast heen sent to that city to fortify it. earn- ports, and by rail with the leading citieg estIy s('conded rifflin's propm;ition: and of the north, east. Routh. and west. Ralti- the Congrpss, tremhling- for their personal mor is al o widely not-ed for the variety afety, gladly complied. and adjourned and extent of her manufacturing indu - I Dec. 12). to mept at TIaltimore. Dec. tries, which, acrording to the census of 20. Putnam wa iIl\Tested with almost HIOO, comprised 6, :)!) plants, employing ahsolntp ('Ontrol of miJitarv affairs $117,OG2,4!j!) capital anrl 78,738 wag('- in Philadelphia. and th(' ('on ess dple- earners, paying $29.220.4CO for wages and gated their executive powprs to a rp ident $S7.I75,IM for material u ed. and hav- ('ommittee composed of Robert 'forris, ing products of a combined value of George CI:vmpr. and Georgc \Yalton, to $161,249.240. act in their behalf during their ahspnce. rtrrat Fire of I!WS.-The worst mnfl't- In Baltimore, the Congres rpassemhled gration in the history of the city broke (Dec. 20, 1776) in a pacious brick build- out on the mornin of Feb. 7, 1904. in a ing that stood until within a few years. 255 )e1, i 11 (' .' (,it t' ;r '.s HIt )]e. e;!- l' '111- ml II!';. or 'hp m 'tl )1\- nt! hI' .)(". te:' )))- Hl- re in led nd 'hp lse Ids of led [ch re- 'on ;he ,er lin ng Lhe 19- of a ,ar 1' ' II!';. .f.... ('P. pn. th- Im- "ad Lief expn'ssion of opUllon, and the reopening of the slave trade was advocated. .Finally, on l"l'iday, the 2 d, the majority report was adopted, and the places of mo:,;t of the fieceders, who were uns('ated, \\ere tilll'd by Douglas men. Then thcrc was another seccssion of delegates from the shn-e-Iahor States, and on the following morning Jlr. Cushing and a majority of the 1.r.lssachu- setts delegation also withdrew. "We put our withdrawal before you," said 1\[r. But- ler (Benjamin F.) of that del ('ga t"ion, "upon the simple ground, among others, t hat thel'e has been a with- drawal, in part, of a majority of the States, and, furtJH'r (and that, )lprha ps, more personal to myself), upon the I;10nnd that I will not sit in a convention whf're the \frican slave tradp-which is piracy by the laws of my coun- try - is approvingly ad \"ocat('d." GOY. David Tod, of Ohio, was th('n ealkd to the chair in place of Cushin , rp- tired. aud the cónwn- tion proeeedNI to ha}- seceders from the Charleston Convention, lot for a Presidential candidate. Some who had been in session at Richmond, had of the Southern nwmlwrs remained in adjourned to Baltimore, and claimed the the convention; and the spe('('h of n right to sit in the convention from which delegate from Arkansas (1\[1'. Flonr- they had withdrawn. 1\[1'. Cushing do. noy), a slaye - holder and friend of the dined to decide the delicate question system, was so Jih<,ral U13.t it had a which arose, and referred the whole matter powerful effect upon delegates from the to the eonvention. It was dehated for free-labor States in fayor of 1\[1'. nonp-1a , some time. wlwn it was proposed that no Of 1!J.! votes cast on the seeond hallot. "\fr'. delegate sllOuld be> admitted unle s he Douglas received ISl, and he was de('lared would pledge> himself to abide by the ac- duly nominated. Mr. Fitzpatrick. of -\la- tion of a majority of the convention and bama. nominated for Vice-PI'(>"ident, .If'- support its nominees. The debates were dined two days aftl'rwards, and Ilerse1H'l hot and acrimonious, and at evening Y. John on. of r:eorgia, was suhstitntell. there were two mass-meetings of the De- The eonnntion ad.iourn('d ,Tune 23, 18liO, moeraey in Baltimore, attended by tens Early in January, HWl, novo JOIl A. of thousands of citizens and strangers. On A:'iUREW (q. v.), of rassa('hn"ett . ten- the morning of .Tune If) the suhject of con- elf-red troops to UtP gO\'enmt<,nt for it"! testing delegates was referred to the com- prot('ction. Fort Sumter \\'as ntta('kell. mittee on credentials, and on the 21st, the and on the day whpn the Prpsiòent's call committee not agreeing, two reports were for troops w;s issu<,d. Senator \\ïlsnn submitted. Then a very warm debate was tf:legraphed to Governor Andrew to de- had, in which free rein was given to the "'patch twenty eompanie to \Yashin ton .)Ii BALTIMORE with fronts 011 Baltimore, Sharpe, and I iLerty streets, and where, on the 23d, Hev. Patrick Allison, fir:,;t minister of the PresbJ,terian Church in Baltimore, and Rev. William White, of the Episcopal Chureh in Philadelphia, were Hppointed chaplains. On June 18, 1860, the adjourned con- vention of Democratic delegates who had assemhled in Charleston met at Ba.ltimore, with Mr. Cushing in the chair. The ' .., -. .r 1 ,I l /. .. 1. ' :.t : Dr:::o fii .., 'mil _ - rmI . ' ...' r s._ '-:..a=: m. I.!!! i; - -"" %1 'üf i. Ern I. - :--: . . 11t ;ë! . ;-'- . ." r:l 11 7:" I I I I D :' ., G' . , DOU _ ! D fl ., ?7m r '(if II - I I 'I t iI ' J . - II .-:."E -_ j'i' ; L - * 1t ;:é - JO:ETI:IIG-PLACE OF ('O:llGHESS IX ßALTUIOHE IX 1776. - BALTIMORE immediately. The formal requisition of March! was given to the troops, when the the Secretary of \Var arrived an hour mob began hurling bricks and stones. The later, calling for two regiments from missiles filled the air like hail, while the l\Iassachusetts, and before sunset the same troops advanced at a "double-quick." day an order went out for four regiments Very soon the attack became more furious, to muster forthwith on Boston Common. and several of the soldiers were knocked Benjamin F. Butler was commissioned down by stones and their muskets taken brigadier-general, and these regiments from them. Presently some shots were formed his brigade. On the 16th Senator fired by the infuriated populace. Up to \Vilson telegmphed for four regiments. this time the troops had made no resist- They were l"eady, and the 6th Regiment, ance. Kow, finding the mob intent upon Colonel Jones, was sent forward immedi- murder, the troops were ordered to cap ately, to go by way of Kew York, Phila- their muskets (already loaded) and de- delphia, and Baltimore. The regiment fend themselves. They had now reached consisted of eleven companies, and to Gay Street, and the mob was full 10,000 these were added two more. News had strong, hurling stones and bricks. Heavy reached Baltimore of the approach of pieces of iron were thrown upon them these troops, and there was much excite- from windows. One of them crushed a ment thE:'re on the morning of April 19, for man to the earth. Now the troops turned they had heal"d of the destruction of the and fired at random at the mob. Shouts, armory and arsenal at Harper's Ferry the stones, musketry, shrieks of women, and night before. At near noon the Massa- the carrying of wounded men into stores chusetts troops arrived, and the excitement made an appalling tragedy. The severest was intE:'nsified. When the train reached of the fight was in Pratt Street, between the President Street station, between Gay and Bowley's wharf, near Calvert which and Camden Street station the cars Street. The mayor of Baltimore tried to were drawn by horses, a mob of about 500 quell the storm of passion, but in vain, men were waiting to receive them. The and the New - Englanders were left to number rapidly increased, until, when the fight their way through to the Camden cars started, at least 2.000 men followed Street station. They were furiously as- them. with yells. to the Camdpn Street sta- sailed at Howard Street, where about tion, where another mob, which had been twenty shots were fired. At a little past gathering all the morning, met them. A noon tIle troops entered the cars for mob in Pmtt Street became more and more \Vashing-ton. Three of their number had unruly, shouting lustily for "Jeff Davis been kiJIed outright, one mortally wound- and the Southern Confedemcy," and at ed, and eight were seriously hurt and sev- near the corner of Gay Street, where lay eral slightly. Nine citizens of Baltimore a heap of stones, they broke loose from were kilJed and many-how many is not all restraint, and hurIed these missiles known-were wounded. The mob followed upon the cars loaded with soldiers as they the cars as they wcnt off for \Vasl\ington, were pas<;ing. Ev('ry window was de- more than a mile, impPlling the p,'ogre3s molished, and several soldiers were hurt. of the train with stones, logs, anI' tele- Then the cry was raised, "Tear up the grapll-poles. which the accompanyÍ1lg po- tmck!" That could not easily be done, lice removed. The train was fire into and tIlE:' mob barricaded the street by drag- from the hiJIs on the way. The troops ging anchors upon it from a store near leached the Capitol that enning. and by. The troops back of tIle barricade were qnart<,rE:'d in tIlE:' Senate Chamber. alighted for the purpose of marching to On the night of this fcarfld riot Mar- the station. They consisted of four com- shal Kane and e :-(iovernor Lowe went panies. As Uley began a march in close to the mayor and Govel'nor Hicks for au- order, the mob fell upon them. The rioters thority to destroy railroad hridges. Kane were led by a man with a Confederate flag said he had information that other Union on a pole, who told the troops they shonld troops were on tlH' way hy railroad from never go through the city-that "every Harrishurg and Phihlllf'lphia, and he want- nigger of 'em" would be kiJIell before they ('d authority to destroy the bridges on could reach the other station. Thc wor l those roads. The mayor cheerfuJJy gave I.-R 2;;; BALTIMORE them power so far as his authority ex- from the loyal people every hour. The tended, but the governor refused. So, excitement in Washington was now b('- without his sanction, Kane and the mayur coming fearhll, and at three o'clock on went to the office of Charles lloward, ]>res- SUPlday morning (April 21) the Presi- ident of the buard of police, and received dent scnt for Governor Hicks and 1\Ia)"or orders for the destruction of bridges 011 Brown. The former, \\ ith two others. roads entel'ing Baltimore. A gang of hastened to \"fashington. At an inter- men '\as sent out who destroyed the Can- view with the President and General Scott, ton bridge, a short distance from the city. the latter propo ed to bring troops by \\'lwn a train from HIe north approached, water to Annapolis, and march tlWIU it was stopped, the pas:-.engers were turned across :Maryland to the capital, a distanee out, the ('3.rs were filled by the mob, and of about 40 miJes. The Baltimore COJlff'd- the engineer was compelled to run his erates were not satisfied. The" Foil of train hack to the long bridges over the Maryland must not be polIut('d by tlH' fppt Gunpowder and nush creeks, arms of of National troops anyu:hCl"C." On the Chesapeake nay. These bridges were 2 d, Governor Hicks was induced to send fired and a largc pOl'tion of them con- a message to the President, addsing him sumed. Another pal'ty went up the North- not to order any more troops across the ern Central Railway from Baltimore to soil of 1Iaryland, and to Fend away some Cockeysville, I:> miles north, and destroy- who were already at Annapolis. The ed two wooden bridges there, and small('r Presiù('nt replied kindly but firmly. He structures on the road. The telegraph- reminded his Exeellency that the route wires on all the leading lines out of Hal- of the troops a('ross thai! tate chosen timOl"e, ewepting the one that kept. up a by the gf'neral-in-chief was farth('st re- communication with the Conf('derates at moved from populous tuwns, and said: Harper's Ferry, were destroyed, and thus "The President cannot but rememh('r that all communication by telegraph and rail- thpre has beep!. a time in the histor,y of our way between \Yashington and the loyal country [1814] when a general ["ïnùf'r, States was cut off. of Maryland] of the Amel'ican rnion, \'with Governor Hicks passed the night of April forces de5iigned for the defpnf'e of the cap- I!) at the house of 1\[ayor Brown in Bal- ital, was not unwelcome anywhere in the timore. It \\ as the nigilt after the attack State of Maryland, and cel'tainly not at on the Iassa('}1Usetts troops there. At Annapolis, tlwn, as now, the capital of eleven o'clock the mayor, with the con- that patriotic State; and tlll'n, al o, one currence of the gonrnor, flent a commit- of the capitals of the Cnion." GO\"f'rnor tee of three persons to President Lincoln Hicks had also unwisel)' recommenopd thp with a letter in whi<,h he assured the chief Pres;;ident to refer the matter in dispntp magistrate tllat the people of naltimor between the national gO\'f'rnmpnt anù were e"íaspemtpd to the highest degree Maryland to Lord Lyons, the British min- hythe passage of troops through that city, ister at Washington. To this proposition and that the citi7pn'3 were "uni...er aJly 1\lr. Jjneoln rpplied: "If eighty years decidpd in the opinion that no more should could ha,-e ohlitpratpd all other nohlp RPn- l,e ordered to come." He gave notice of timents of that age from Maryland. the the fearful riot the day before, and he l)residpnt would be hoppful. npwrthplp<:s, requestpd the President not to ordcr or that there i'3 one that would ewr remain pprmit any more troops to pass through there, as elsewherp. That FPntinwnt is, the city, adding, " If thp T shoulcl attempt that no domestic contention \\"hate\"('r that it the responsibility for the hloodshed will may arise among the pnrties of this rp- not rest on me." The committee Raw the public ought, in any ease, to be referrpo President early in the morning (April to any foreign arbitrament, least of all 20). The Presi(lent told them that no to the arbitrament of a Europf'an mon- more should comp thl"Ough the city if they archy." This rebuke was keenly felt. could pass peaceably around it. This an- Yet still anotller emhassy in the intere<:t 8wer did not satisfy the Confederates, and of the naltimore Confedprat('s visited the they pushed forward military prppara- President. Fi,-e nwmbers of the Young tions, making the capital more isolated Men's Christian Association of Baltimore, 2,;8 BALTIMORE with Rev. Dr. Fulton, of the Baptist 12,000 men would be needed for the enter- Church, at their head, waited on the Pres- prise. They were not at hand, for 10,000 ident, and assured him that if he would troops were yet needed at the capital for let the country know that he was disposed its perfect security. The time for the .. to recognize the independence of the execution of the plan seemed somewhat Southern States, that they had formed remote. Gen. B. F. Butler conceived a a government of their onn, and that they more expeditious and 1 8s cumben;ume \\ould never again unite with the North," plan. He was satisfied that the Confed- he ould produce peace. When Dr. :Ful- erates in Baltimore were numeloically ton e"-pressed a hope that no more troops weak, and that the L'"nionists, with a would be allowed to cross l\Iaryland, the little help, could easily reverse the order President replied, substantially: "I must of things there. lIe hastened to Wash- ltave troops for the defence of the capital. ington to consult with General Scott, and The Carolinians are now marching across simply asked permission to take a regi- Virginia to :;eize the capital and hang ment or two from Annapolis, march them me. "'hat am I to do! I must have to the relay house on the Baltimore and troops, I say; and, as they can neither Ohio Railway (!) miles from Baltimore) crawl under l\laryland nor fly over it, they and hold it, so as to cut the Confederates must come across it." \Vith this signifi- off from facile communication with Har- cant intimation of the President that he per's Ferry. The permission was grant- should take measures to defend the re- ed. "\Vhat are the powers of a general public without asking the consent of the commanding a department?" asked But- authorities or inhabitants of any State, leI'. "Absolute," responded Scott. But- the deputation retired, and none other ler ascertained that Ðaltimore was in his was afterwards .sent by th enemies of "department," and he went back to An- the Lnion in Baltimore. Ilapolis to execute a bold plan which he The authorities of Baltimore, civil and had conceived. At the close of April, military, took measures, however, to pre- 18ül, he had fully 10,000 mQn under his vent any more National troops from pass- command, and an equal numher were ing through the city. Armed men flocked guarding the scat of government. The into the town from the country with all 'Cnionists of Maryland were already as- sorts of weapons. Cannons were exercised serting their rights openly. Governor openly in the streets. Marshal Kane, un- Hicks had ju::;t cast a damper on the del' the direction of the city authorities, Confederates by recommending, in a mes- forhade the display of the national flag sage to the legislature, a neutral policy for thirty days, that it might not" dis- for l\laryland. On the ewning of May 4 turb the public peace." The exasperated an immense rnion meeting was held in people of the free-labor States could hard- Baltimore. These proofs of the latent ly be restrained from marching on Balti- force of the Unionists of l\laryland gave more and layitlg it in ashes. Mcasures Butler every encouragement. lIe had pro- were soon uscd to suhdue that city by posed to do himself, with a few men, at force. Rteps were taken to repair the once, \t'hat Scott proposed to do with 12.- burned railway bridges, and a singular 000 men in an indefinite time. On the railway battel'y was con!':tructed in Phila- afternoon of 1\lay 4 he i::;:;ued orders fur clplpllia for the protection of the men the 8th New Yurk and Gth l\1a8 achu8ett8 engaged in the work-a car made of boiler- regiments, with a hattC'ry of the Bo tun iron, mu!':kct-proof, with a 2-1:-pound can- Light Arti11ery, to proceed from \\'a hin - non mounted at one end to fire grape ton, D. C., to the relay house on till' and chain f'hot. General Scott planned a morning of the 5th. They did so, in thirty grand campaign against Baltimore. He cars. They seized the railway station at propospd to moye simtIltaneously upon the the relay house. Butler accompanied tIwm, eit:v four columns of troops of 3,000 men and remained there a little more than a each-one from \Yashington, a second week. From rnionists of Baltimore he from Xew York, a third from Perrysville, ohtained all desired information. Through or Elkton, by land or water, or both, and CoI. Schuyler Hamilton, on Scott's staff, a fourth from Annapolis. It was thought he recei\'ed permission to arrc t Confed- 2:Jü BALTIMORE erates in and out of Baltimore, to prevent tional capital, hy preventing loyal sol- armed bodies from joining those at Har- diers passing through that State, and aid- per's Ferry, and to look after a quantity ing Marylanders to cross into '-irginia of gunpowder said to be stored in a church and swell the ranks of the Confederate in Baltimore. Towards the evening of the forces. The government took energetic 13th the entire 6th Massachusetts Regi- steps to avert this threatened danger. N. ment, a part of the N ew York 8th, with P. BANKS (q. v.), ex-governor of Massa- the Boston Light Artillery with two can- chusetts, lately commissioned major-gen- nons-about 1,000 men in all-were put eral of volunteers, was assigned to the on cars head("d towards Harper's Ferry. command of the Department of Annapolis, The train moved up the Patapsco Yalley as Butler's successor, with his headquar- about 2 miles, and then backed slowly tel'S at Baltimore. It was evident to Banks to the relay hou e and past it. At dark that the board of police and Marshal Kane it was in the Camden Street station in were in active sympathy, if not in actual Baltimore. A heavy thunder-storm was league, with the leading Confederates of about to burst upon the city, and, few per- Maryland. After satisfying himself of sons being about, little was known of this the complicity of certain officials in the portentous arrival. Butler marched his movement, he ordered a large body of sol. troops from the station to Federal Hill diers, armed and equipped with ball car- in a drenching shower. He sat down in tridges, to march into Baltimore from his wet garments at past midnight and Fort !\lcHenry before daybreak on June wrote a proclamation, dated "Federal 2. and to arrest ::\larshal Kane and place Hill, Baltimore, l\Iay 14, 1861," in which him a prisoner in that fort. At the same it was announced tJrat troops under his time Banks issued a proclamation, giving command occupied the city for the pur- his reasons for the act. He did not in- pose of enforcing respect and obedience tend to interfere with the lawful acts of to the laws, as well of the State as of the the civil authority, he said, but as it was enited States, which were being" violated well known that a disloyal combination ex- within its limits by some malignant and isted in his department, and that the chief traitorous men." This proclamation, pub- of police, "in contravention of his duty Jished in the Baltimore Clipper in the and in violation of law," was "hy direc- morning, was the first intimation to the tion or indirection both witness and pro- citizens that Kational troops were in pos- tector in the transactions of armed par- session of their town. The conquest was ties engaged therein," the government eomplete, and the hold thus taken on Bal- could not "regard him otherwise than timOl'e was never relinquished. General as the head of an armed force hostile to Scott was offended because of Butler's its authority, and acting in concert with unauthorized act, and requested President its avowed enemies." He appointed Brig.- Lineoln to remove him from the depart- Gen. John R. Kenly, a citizen of BaIti- ment. The })residf'nt did so, but gave more, pro\.ost-marshal in and for that Butler the eommission of a major-general city, to " superintend and cause to bf' exe- and the command of a much more extend- <,uted the police laws" of Baltimore, " \\ ith ed military district-the Department of the aid and assistanee of the subordinate \ril'ginia, which included Fort Monroe. ofIicers of the police department," assuring The chief of police in Baltimore at this the eitizens that when.a loyal man should Hciting period was George V. Kane, with be appointed chief of police the military the title of "marshal." lIe was a lead- would at once yield to the civil authority. ing Confederate in that cit,\' and an actÏ\Te The police commiRsiOJwrs met and prote!'t- opposer of the governmC'nt in :\J:lryland. ed a ainst thiR act as illegal, and di..- In Baltimore he was the head of the Con- banded the police. Hanks soon regulated fE:'derate movements in raryland; and early the matter so as to quiet the citizens, and in .Tune, HWI. the national government Kenly, organizing- a police foree of loyal was satisfied that a powerful combination mf'n, whom he could trust, 2;;0 strong, '\as forming there, whose purpose was to took possession of the quarters of the late a!'sist the army of Confederates at :Ma- marshal and police commissioners. There na,: a':, under Beauregard, to seize the na- he found ample evidence of treacherous 2GO BALTIMORE designs. Concealed beneath the floors in several rooms he found a large number of small-arms, of every description; and in a wood-yard in the rear, in a position to command an alley, were four iron can- non with suitable cartridges and balls. The old police commissioners continuing to hold meetings, they were arrested and sent to Fort \Varren, in Roston Harbor. At the suggestion of many Union citizens of Baltimore, George R. Dodge, a civilian and citizen, was appointed chief of police, and Colonel Kenly joined his regiment- the 1st .Maryland Volunteers. See NORTH FOIXT , BATTLE OF. Baltimore, LORDS. I. GEORGE CAL\'ERT, born about 1580, at Kipling, YorkHhire, Eng.; was graduated at Oxford; trawlIed 011 the Continent; became secretary of Robert Cecil; married Anne 1\Iinne in 1604; was a clerk of the privy council j was knighted in IGl7; became a secretary of state SOOIl afterwards, and in lG20 was granted a pension of $5,000 a year. When, in lG24, he publicly avowed himself a Roman Catholic, he resigned his office, but King James retained him in the pri\'y council; and a few days before that mon- arch's death he was created Baron of Bal- timore in the Irish peerage. Calvert had already entered upon a colonizing scheme. In 1620 he purchased a part of Newfound- land, and was invested with the privileges ßnd honors of a count - palatine. He called his new domain Avalon, and, after spending about $100,000 in building ware- how es there, and a mansion for himself, he went thither in lG27. He returned to :England the following spring. In the spring of lG29 he went again to Avalon, taking with him his wife and unmarried children. '.rhe following winter was a severe one, and he began to contemplate a desertion of the domain on account of the rigorous climate. He sent his children home. In the autumn he actually aban- doned Newfoundland, and with his wife he married Anne, the beautiful daughter and retainers sailed to Virginia, where, of the Earl of Arundel, who was one of because he refused to take the oath of al- the most influential Roman Catholics in legiance, he was ordered away by Governor the realm. On the death of his father, the Harvey. His wife and retainers remained charter for Maryland' was issued to Ce- tllPre during the winter. Going from dlius, his eldpst son and heir, June, 1632: there in the spring, it is supposed he ex- and he immediately prepared to sail for plored the shores of Chesapeake Bay, and the Chesapeake with a colony. When he chose that region for a settlement. In was about ready to depart, he cllang-ed his 1632, Lord Baltimore obtained a charter mind, and sent his brother Leonard, as 2Gl from Cha.rles T. of the territory on the Chesapeake now forming the State of l\Iaryland. "What will you call the coun- try 1" asked the King. Baltimore referred the matter to his Majesty. "Then let us name it after the Queen" (Henrietta Maria), said Charles, "and call it Iari- ana." The expert courtier dissented, be- cause that was the name of a Spanish his- torian who taught that" the wiII of the people is higher than the law of tyrants." Still disposed to compliment the Queen, the King said, "Let it be Terra '[ariæ- Mary's Land." And it was named 1\[ary. land. Before the great seal of England was affixed to the charter, Lord Baltimore died, April 15, lG32, and was succeeded by his SOIl Ce(.il. II. CECILlUH or CECIL CALVERT, second Lord Baltimore, was born about 1605. Very little is known of his early life. When he was about twenty years of age \' . 'I '.6- -% / 'f _ ') , '\ " / r; __' If! , " ", /; \ , rt lw I i. .. ' oJ ( . A, .v r 'i, , -.J -, ' U 'I ,':, : ' I ;'i ' \., " .:1 rJ ;'! ; \',J ( .I' 9J.., 'gl,' I' l.: '.'. , \ " '\ lri CECIL CALVERT, LORD BALTIMOHB, BALTIMORE gO\ ernor, with his brother George, and prietoI' of :Mar,yland in Wi.3. TIc was born two assistants and counsellors, Jeremy in London in lG2Ð; appointed governor of Ilawley and Thomas Cornwallis, both Maryland in !(jUl; and married the Protestants. The whole company, who daughter of Ilon. llenry Sewall, whol5e sailcd in two vel5l5ell5-the Ark and Dove- sl'at was on the Patuxellt river. \fter the numbered over 300, according to Lord the Isle of \\ï:.!ht. and took the tedious "as dh"orced in 170.3. Dl"lwdiet publ ie1y !'Iouthern route "y way of the Canarie . abjured the Roman Catholic faith in 1713, The vessels were (>parated by a furiolls ftnd died in 171.3, only thirteen months gaJp, but lllf't at Benuuda, whence the after the death of his father. emigrant!'! w('nt to the Chesapeake, found- V. CHARLES CAL\ERT II., son of Rene- ed a !'Icttleu)('nt. and established a govern- diet, and the fifth Lord Baltimore, was ment under the charter, which was near- Lorn Sept. 2Ð, ImIÐ. and was an infant in I " the same in form as all charters ihen law when he succeeded to his fathcr's title. granted (see ,rARYLA:rm). It conferred In July, li30, he marriC'd the widow on the proprietor absolute ownership of Mary Janssen, youngest daughter of Gen. tile territory, and aJso the cÌ\'il alld ec- Theodore Jnn!'l!'lell. His life was spent deRiastical power of a feudal nature. En- chiefly in England. In 1731 he was ap- tire exemption from taxation was con- pointed gentleman of the bedchamher to eeded to the colonists. As an acknowledg- the Prince of \Yales. and soon afterwards ment that the original title to the land was elected Fellow of the Royal Socieh". was still in the possession of the crown, He was in Parliament in 1734, and in thp proprietor wa!'! required to pay to the 1741 was appointed. Junior Lord of the King the trihute of two Indian arrow... Admiralty. In the spring of Ii 41 he was Cecil was a member of Parliament in Hì34, appointed cofferer to the Prinee of \\"ales hut minglcd very little in public affairs find surve,yor-general of the Duchy lands ftfterwards. He neYer came to America, in Cornwall. After haYing ruled :\Iary- but managed his province hy deputies land in perRon and by deput;r more than forty-three years. His eourse towards the thirty ;year8, he died April 24, 17.31, at his eolonists was generally wise and concilia- home in London. tory, because it was profitable to be so. In YI. FI{EOERIC'K CALVERT, sixth and laRt religion and politics he was very flexihle, Lord Baltimore, was horn in 1731. and being quite indifferent to either, and he succeeded to the title of his father. Charlcs did very little for the religious and inte]- Calvert II., in 1751. He married Lady Di- Icctual cultimtion of the colonists. Nega iana Egerton, youngest daughter of the tively good, he was regarded with great re- Duke of Bridgewater. in 1753. He led a 8pe('t by an parties, even by the Indians. disreputable life, and died at the age of lIe died in London, Kov. 30, 1675. forty, at Kaples. :-:ept. 14. 1771. Y(>t he III. C'UART.FS CALYERT. third Lord Bal- was a patron of literRtUl'P and a fripnd timore. .,u('cpedcd his father a'3 lord pro- find companion of the Far] of Chatham 2(j BANCROFT (Pitt). In 17G7 he published an account of his Tour in the East. He was a pre- tentious author of several other works, nìost.ly of a weak character. Lord Fred- erick bequeathed the province of .:Uary- la nd, in tail male, to Henry Harford, then a child, and the remainder, in fee, to his sister, the Hon. )lrs. Norton. He left an estate \alued at $5,000. The last representative of the Baltimore f'lIllily was found in a debtors' pril50n in } ngland, in 18üO, by Cot Angus )IcDon- aId, of Virginia, where he had been con- fined for twenty years. Henry Harford was the last proprietor of l\1aryland. See CALn:RT, LEoxAIm. Bancroft, EDWARD, naturalist; born in Westfield, l\I,lss., Jan. 9, Ii 44; was a pupil of SILAS DEANE (q. v.) when the latter \Vas a school-master. His early education was not extensive. Apprenticed to a me- chaJ.lic, he ran away, in debt to his master, and went to sea; but returning' with means, he compensated his employer. ..:\gain he went to sea; settleQ in Guiana, South \merica, as a physician, in liG3, nnd afterwards made his residcnce in Lon- don, where, in liGfI, he published a Sat- ural History of (lltiana. He became a Fellow of the Royal ('ollege of Physicians, and Fellow of the Ro)'al Society. While Franklin was in England on a diplomatic mission, Dr. Bancroft became intimate with him; and through the inlluence of the philosopher became a contributor to the _lIonthly Re!:iew. He was suspected by the British government of participa- tion in the attempt to burn the Ports- mouth dock-yards, and he fled to Passy, :France. Soon afterwards he met ilas Deane, his old teacher, in Paris, and of- fered to assist him in his lahors as agent of the Continental Congress. Ilis ways were sometimes devious, and Mr. Bancroft, the historian, accuses him of being a spy in the pay of the British gO\-ernment, and of making a dupe of neane. After the peace, Dr. Bancroft obtained, in France, a ratent for the e clusive importation of the bark of the yellow oak. for the dyers, and afterwards he obtained a similar pat- ent in England. Dr. Bancroft never re- turned to America. He died in England, Sept. R. 1 R O. Bancroft, FHEDElur, historian; born ill Galeshuq:r, 111., Oct. 30. 181iO; was gradu- ated at Amherst College in ISR ; ap- pointed chief of the Bureau of Rolls and Library. Department of :-;tatc, Washing- ton, D. C., in lRR8; has lectured on histor- ical and diplomatic subjects; contrihuh.d many articles to the prc::;s; and published Life of William H. Seu;ard; The Negro in Politics, etc. BANCROFT, GEORGE Bancroft, GEORGE, historian; born in a\'idity whatever was taught in them, but 'Yorcester, 1\Iass., Oct. 3, 1800; son of made history a specialty. His chief Rp\,. Aaron Bancroft, a distinguished rni- tutors there were Hceren. Eichhorn. and tarian cler 'yman and pioneer in "lihera] Blumenhach. At Berlin he became inti- Christianity." He graduated at Harvard mate with \\ïnlPlm yon Humholdt and in 1817; studied at the German univer- other eminent scholars and. philosophers. sities, and recein'd. at Giittingen, the At Hcidelberg he spent om(' time in the honorary degree of Doctor of Philosophy stl1d ' of history with chlo er; and. in whcn he was only twenty ,rears of age. He Paris }If' made the acquaintance of Alex- residf'd some time in Berlin in the society and('r yon Humholdt. Cousin, and others. of distinguished scholars, and on bis re- At Rome he formed a friendship \\ ith turn home, in lR22, he became a tutor of Chevalier BUnsen: he also knew Xi('buhr. Greek in Harvard. "C"niversity. He pub- \Yhile engaged in the Round Hill Schoo], lished a volume of poems in 1823, and in :\fr. Bancroft completed the first volume IR24 a tran!'lation of Heeren's Politics of of his l/i. t()ry of the Unitrt! Statr. . wllich .1neirnt Greeer. In 18 3, in conjunction was puhlished in lR 4. Ten volume<< of with J. G. Cogswen. he established the this great work were completed anll pub- c{'lehrated "Round Hill School." at Xorth- 1ished in lR74. or forty years from the ampton, Mas!':. ',"hile in the German uni- commencement of the work. The tenth versities, .Mr. Bancroft studied with volume brings the narratin down to tIle 63 BANCROFT, GEORGE conclusion of the preliminary treaty of peace in 1782. In 1838 President Van Buren appointed Mr. Bancroft collector of the port of Boston. He was then en- aged in delivering frequent political ad- dresses, nnd took a deep interest in the philosophical movement now known as " transcendentalism." He was a Demo- l'rat in politics, and in 1840 received the nomination for governor of l\lassachusetts, hut was not elected. III 1845 President ]")olk called Mr. Bancroft to his cabinet as Secretary of the Ka,y, and he sig- _:- : \< .... ....- '\ .;t" ii ' \ . "';, l\ ' , "'. !:' I "J ,', ,.3-' '\ ,t7)' 1.' , , ," > q: i i- i ;, ,.. ' \.--- ing to the United tates in 1849, he made his resid{'nce in New York City, where he prosecut('d his historical labors. He was engaged in this work until 1867, when he was appointed, by President Johnson (May 14), minister to Prussia, and ac- cepted the office. In 1868 he was accred- ited to the North German Confederation, and in 1871 to the German Empire. In .August, 18GR, Ir. Bancroft received from the l'niycrsity of Bonn the honorary de- gree of "Doctor Juris"; and in 1870 he cclebra ted the fiftieth anniversary of the reception of his first degree at Gnt- tingen. Mr. Bancroft was a contributor of numerous essays to the North Amer- ican Nel'ie1V. In 188!! he published ]\lar- t.in J an Buren to the End of his Public Career, which he had written many years before. His Hist01.y of the United Htates has been translah'd into several lan- guages. In 188 he published a History of thr. Formation of tlte Constitution in 2 volumes. This completed his great work, in accordance with his original plan. lIe died Jan. 17, 1891. The Death of Lincoln.-On April 25, 186;), Mr. Bancroft delivered the fonowing oration on the death of President Lincoln, in New York City, at a great gathering in rnion Square, after the remains of the murdered President had started for Chi- cago: Our grief and horror at the crime which has clothed the continent in mourn- ing find no adequate e pression in words, nnd no relief in tears. The President of the Pnited States of America has fanen b ' the hands of fin assassin. Neither the nalized his administration by the estab- oflice with which he was invested by the lishment of the Naval Academy at .\n- appron'd choice of a mighty people, nor napoJis. 'Vhile Secretary of the Navy he the most simple-hearted kindliness of nat- gave the order to take possession of Cali- ure, could save him from the fiendish fornia, which was ùone by the navy; and passions of relentless fanaticism. The while acting temporarily as Seereta.ry of wa.ilings of the millions attend his remains 'Var he gave the order for General Tay- as they are borne in solemn proef'ssion lor to cross the Rio Grande and inyade owr our great rivf'rs, along the seaside, the territory of Mexico. In 1846 Mr. [wyond the mountains, across the prairie, Bancroft was sent as United States min- to their resting-place in the yalley of the ister plenipotentiary to Eng]and, and in Mississippi. Ilis funeral knell vibrates 1849 the University of Oxford conferred through the world, and the friends of free- upon him the honorary degree of Doctor dom of every tongue and in eyery clime of Civil Law. During this residence in are his mourners. Europe he perfected his collection of ma- Too few days ha,ve passf'd away fiinee terials for his history, visiting the public Abraham Lincoln stood in the flush of archives and libraries at Pa.ris. Return- \ igorous manhood to permit any attempt 26-t / GEORGB BANCROFT, LL.D. BANCROFT, GEORGE at an analysis of his character or an ph ere is purer than ever before, and the e"-position of his career. \Ve find it hard insurrection is vanishing away; the couu- to believe thlt his la.rge eyes, which in try is cast into another mould, and the tlleir softness and beauty expressed noth- gigantic s,ystem of wrong, which has been ing but benevolence and gentleness, are the work of more than two centurics, is closed in death; we almost look for the dashed down, we hope, forever. And as pleasant smile that brought out more to himself personally, he was then scoffcd vividly the earnest cast of his features, at by the proud as unfit for his station, which were serious e1'en to sadness. A and now against w age of later years, few years ago he was a village attorney, and in spite of numerous competitors, he engaged in the support of a rising family, was the unbiased anù undoubted choice unknown to fame, scarcely named beyond of the American people for a second term his neig-hLorhood; his administration of service. Through all the mad business made him the most conspicuous man in of treason he retained the sweetness of a his country, and drew on him first the most placable disposition; and the Slaugh- astonished gaze, and then the respect and ter of myriads of the best on the battle- admiration of the world. field, and the more terrible destruction of Those who come after us will decide our men in captivity by the slow torture how much of the wonderful results of his of exposure and starvation, had never been public career is due to his own good com- able to provoke him into harboring one mon-sense, his shrewd sagacity, readiness vengeful feeling or one purpose of cruelty. of wit, quick interpretation of the public How shall the nation most completely mind, his rare combination of fixedness show its sorrow at l\Ir. Lincoln's death? and pliancy, his steady tendency of pur- How shaJl it best honor his mcmory? pose; how much to the American people, There can be but one answer. He was who, as he walked with them side by side, struck down when he was highest in its inspired him with their own wisdom and service, and in strict conformity with duty energy; and how much to the overruling was engaged in carrying out principles af- laws of the moral world, by which the self- feding its life, its good name, and its re- ishness of evil is made to defeat itself. lations to the cause of freedom and the But after every allowance, it will remain progress of mankind. Grief must take the that members of the government which character of action, and breathe itself preceded his administration opened thE' forth in the assertion of the policy to gates to treason, and he closed them; which he fell a victim. The standard that when he went to Washington the which he held in his hand must be uplift- ground on which he trod shook under ed again higher and more firmly than be- his feet, and he left the republic on a fore, and must be carried on to triumph. solid foundation; that traitors had seized Above everything else, his proclamation public forts and arsenals,and he recovered of the first day of January, 1863, declar- them for the "Cnited States, to whom they ing, throughout the parts of the country helonged; that the capital, which he found in rebeJlion, the freedom of all persons the abode of slaves, is now the home onlv who had been held as slaves, must be of the free; that the boundless public d - aflìrmed and maintained. main which was grasped at, and, in a Events, as they rolled onward, have re- great measure, held, for the diffusion of moved every doubt of the legality and slanry, is now irrevocably devoted to free- binding force of that proclamation. The dom; that then men talked a jargon of a country and the rebel gonrnment have balance of power in a republic between each laid claim to the public service slave States and free States, and now the of the slave, and yet but one of the two foolish words are blown away forever by can have a rightful claim to such service. the breath of l\Iaryland, l\Iissouri. and That rightful claim belongs to the Unitf'd Tennessee; that a terrible cloud of politi- States. because everyone born on thf'ir cal heresy rose from the abyss, threaten- !'Ioil, with the few exceptions of the chi]- ing to hide the Jight of the sun, and under dren of travellers and transient residents, its darkness a rebellion was growing into owes them a primary allegian e. Every indefinable proportions; now the atmos- one so born has been countcd among those 265 BANCROFT, GEORGE represented in Congress; every slave has old government is restored, and its courts ever been represented in Congress; im- resume their jurisdiction. So it is with perfectly and wrongly it may be-but still U8; the United States have courts of their has been counted and represented. The own, that must punish the guilt of trea- slave born on our soil alwaJ's owed al- SOn and vindicate the freedom of persons legianee to the general government. It whom the fact of rebellion has set free. may in time past have been a qualified Kor may it be said that, heeause sla- allegiance, manifested through his master, very existed in most of the States when as the allegiance of a ward through his the Union was formed, it cannot rightfully guardian, or of an infant through its be interfered with now. A change has parent. But when the master became taken place, such a Madi!'-on foresaw, Hnd false to his allegiance, the slave stood face for which he pointed out the rC'nIedy. The to face with his country; and his allegi- c(Jllstitution of States had been trans- ance, "hich llIay before have been a qual i- formed before the plotte1"!' of treason car- fied one, became dircct and immediate. His ried them away into rebellion. ""hen the chains fell off, and he rose at once in the fcderal Constitution was framed, gen ral presence of the nation, bound, like the emancipation was thought to be near; and rest of us, to its defence. 1\11'. Lincoln's ewrywhere the respecti,"e legisl:ltnrC's had proclamation did but take notice of the authorit:v, in the exercise of their 01'- already existing right of the bondman to dinary functions, to do away with slavery. fre('dom. The treaRon of the master made Since that time the attempt has },('pn it a puhlic crime for the slave to continue made, in what are called slaye StatC's. to his obedience; the treason of a State set l'endC'r the condition of slayery pprpetual; free the collective bondmen of that State. and events have provelI, with the clear- This doctrine is supported by the ness of dpmonstration, that a constitution analogy of precedents. In the times of whidl seeks to continue a ca te of heredi- fpuda1ism the treason of the lord of the bry bondmen through endless g('nerations manor dpPl'iwd him of llis serfs; the is inconsistent with the existence of re- spurious feudalism that existed among us publican institutions. differs in many respects from the feudal- o, then. the new }")resident and the ism of the Middle Ages, hut' so far the people of the United States must insi!'.t precedent runs paranel with the present that the proclamation of freedom shall case; for treason the master then, for stand as a reality. And, moreonr, the treason the master now, loses his slaves. T,eople must ne,'er cease to insi t that the In the ::\liddle Ages the sovereign ap- Constitution shall be so amended as ut- pointed another lord oyer the serfs and terJy to prohibit slavery on any part of the land which they cultiyated; in our day our soil forevermore. the so\"Crei n makcs them masters of their Alas! that a State in ur 'Vicinity own persons, lords over themselves. Rhould withhold its assent to this last It has been said that we are at war, hf'nefìeent mea ure: its refu al was an pn- and that emancipation is not a bf'lligerf'nt eouragPll1cnt to our enell1i('s ('qual to the right. The objection di appf'ars bpfore gain of (t pitched hattie, amI dplays tile :malysis. In a war beÌ\\"í'en indppcndent onl ' hopeful method of pacification. The powers the in'Vading foreigrwr invites to rpmoml of tllf' eau e of the rchellion is his f\tandard all who will give him aid, not only dcmundpd hy ju!'.tiee: it is thp whether bond or free, and he rewards po]ie.v of Illf'rey making room for a whh'r them according to hi!;! ability and his clemency: it is thc part of order again!:'t pleasure, with gifts or freedom: but whf'n, ß chaos of controversy; its success brings at peace, he withdraws from the invadf'd with it true reconci1enlPnt, a lasting country, he must take his Riders and <,om- pPR(,P. a continuous growth of confìdC'nee forters with him: or if he IPRves t11f'm through an assimilation of the social con- hf'hind, where he has no murt to pnforce clition. his decrees, he can gin' them no security, U{'rt> is the fitting' pression of thp unless it he thc stipulations of a trpaty. mourning- of to-dav. In a civil war it is altoget11er diffpr- And Ù.t no 10\';1' of his <,mIntry say ent. 'there, when rebf'llion is crushed, the that this ,\arning is unC'alled for. The err 26() BANCROFT, GEORGE is delusive that slavery is dead. Even now it is nerving itself for a fresh strug- gle for continuance. The last winds from the South waft to us the sad intelligence that a man who had surrounded himself with the glory of the most brilliant and most varied achievemeøts, who but a week ago was counted with affectionate pride among the greatest benefactors of his euuntry and the ablest generals of all time, has initiated the exercise of more than the whole power of the e ecutive, and under the name of peace has, perllaps unconsciously, revived slaver ', and given the hope of security and political power to traitors, from the Chesapeake to the Rio Grande. \Yhy could he not rememher the dying advice of Washington. never to draw the sword but for self-defence or the rights of llis country, and when drawn, newr to sheathe it till its work should be accomplished? And yet, from this ill-considered act, which the people with one united ,'oiee condemn, no great evil will follow save the shadow on hi own fame, and that, also, we hope. will pass away. The individual, even in the greatness of military glory, sinks into insig-nificance h('fore the resi:õ:tless mow- Ir.ents of ideas in the history of man. Ko one can turn back or stay the march of Providence. 1\0 sentiment of despair may mix with our sorrow. \Ye owe it to the mpmory of the dead, we owe it to the cause of popu- lar libprty throughout the world, that the slHldf'Jl crime which has taken the life of the President of the Cnited Rtates shall not produce the least impediment in the smooth surface of puhlic affairs. This grcat city. in the midst of unexampled emblf'ms of dpeply reated grief, has sns- tained itself with C'omposure and mag- nanimity. It has nohly done its part in guarding against the derangf'nwnt of business or the slightest shock to public credit. The mcmif's of the republic put it to the senrest trial: but thp voice of faction lla!>. not been heard; doubt anll despondency have been unknown. In serene majesty the countr . risps in the beauty and strength and hope of youth. nnd prow's to the worIll tlu:> quiet enerror and tllP durability of institutions grow- ing" out of the reason and affection'! of t he people. Heaven has willed it that the United States shall live. The nations of the earth cannot spare them. All the worn- out aristocracies of Europe saw in the spurious feudalism of slave-holding their strongest outpost, and bandell them- selves together with the deadly enemies of our national life. If the Old World will discuss the respective advantages of oligarchy or equality; of the union of Church and State, or the rightful free- dom of religion; of land accessible to the many, or land monopolized by an e"er- decreasing number of the few, the United States must live to control the decision Ity their quiet and unobtrusive example. It has often and truly been observed that the truth and affection of the masses gather naturally round an individual; if the inquir,v is made, whether the man so trusted and beloved shall elicit from the reason of the people. enduring in- stitutions of their own, or shall sequester political power for a superintenlling dy- na!'!t:r, the rnited States must live to solve the problem. If a question is raised on the respective merits of Timoleon. or .Tulius Cæsar, or \Yashing-ton. or Napo- If'on, the Pnited States must be there to caU to mind that tlwre were twelve Cæsars. most of them the opprobrium of the hUlllan racp. and to contrast with tllf'm the line of American Presidents. The duty of the hour is inC'omplete, our mourning is insincere. if. while we express unwa\'pring trust in the great principles that unclerlie our government. \\'(> do not also gin onr support to the Ulan to whom thE> people ha,'e intrusted its administra tion. \ndrew .Johnson is now. br the Con- stitution. the Presidpnt of the enitpd States, and he stands he fore the world aq the most ('onspiC'uous representative of the industrial classes. Left an orphan at four years old, poverty and toil were his steps to honor. His youth was not passf'd in the halls of colleges; neverthe- l{'ss he has Teceived a thorough political {'ducation in statesmanship. in the school of the people. and by long experiencfl of public life. A vi1lage functionary: mem- bpr successh'ely of each branch of the Ten- IH'SSN' legislature. hearing with a thr111 of joy the words. "the rnion. it must h(' pr{'s('Tvcd"; a TE>presentative in Con- 2G7 BANCROFT-BANK OF THE UNITED STATES gress for successive Jears; governor of the great State of Tennessee, approved as its gO\'ernor by re-election; he was at the opening of the rebe]]ion a Renator from that State in Congl ess. Then at the Capitol, when Senators, unrebuked by the government, sent word by tele- gram to seize forts and arsenals, he ft lone from that Southern region told them what the go\'ernment did not dare to tell them, that they were trai- tors, and deserved the punishment of treaHon. Cndismayed by a perpetual purpose of public enemies to take his life, bearing up against the still greater trial of the persecution of his wife anù chiJùrPll, in due time he went back to his State, determined to restore it to the l'nion, or die with the American liag for his winding sheet. And now, at the call of the Lnited States, he has returned to \Yashington as a eonqueror, with Ten- nessee as a free State for his trophy. It remains for him to consummate the dn- dication of the Union. To that Lnion Abraham Lincoln has fallen a martyr. His death, which was meant to sever it beyond repair, hinds it more closely and more firmly than ever. The blow aimed at him was aimed, not at the native of Kentucky, not at the citizen of Illinois, but at the man who, as Presi- dent, in the executh'e branch of the gov- ernment, stood as the representative of every man in the United States. The objeet of the crime was the life of the whole people, and it wounds the affec- tions of the whole people. From Maine to the southwest boundary of tIle Pacific, it makes us one. The country may have needed an imperishahle grief to touch its inmost feeling. The grave that receiYes the rema ins of J,incoln receives the cost- 1." saerifiee to tb(' Pnion; the monument which will rise o\'er his body wi11 bear witness to the Union; his enduring mem- ory wi11 assÎ!;:t during countless ages to hind the Rtates together. and to ineite to the love of our one undi,'ided. indivis- il,lf' country. Peacp to the nshps of our departpd friend, the friend of his coun- try and of his raC'/". He was happy in his lifC'. for he was the restorPT of the re- puhlic: he was happy in his death. for his martyrdom will plead forp\'er for the union of the States and the freedom of man. Bancroft, HUBERT } [OWE, historian; born in Granville, 0., May 5, 1832. He en- gaged in the book business in California, and, after retiring, continued to develop his large and valuable library. He made a specialty of the Pacific coast of North America. Books, manuscripts, maps, nar- ratives personally rc1ated by Californian pioneers, all formed the SOurces of his vast series of histories of the Pacific re- gions. In the labor of indexing, collect- ing, and writing, Mr. Dancroft employed collaborators to a greater extent than is usual. Up to 1900 he had published 3\1 volumes in his historical series, covering the wC'stern part of North America. His working lihrary comprised GO,OOO volumes. BandeliE'r, ADOLPH FRAN"CIR .\I.PHOXHF.. arl'hæologist; horn in Berne. Swit7<'rlanò. .\ug. G, 1840; eame to the l'nited State in youth; and b('(>ame notC'd for et hnololTi- cal and historical researches in C'C'ntJ 'l1 America, Mexico, New Mexico, Arizona, Ecuador. Peru. Chilf'. etc., for the Archæo- 10giC'al Institute of .America and the _\mer- iean ::\hISE'Um of Natural History. Bangor. eE' HAAIPDEV. ACTW:-i AT. Bank of North America. It was soon perceived that under the new governmE'nt, Lased on the Articles of Confederation ( see CO FEDERA TIO:-i, ARTICLES OF), the Congress had no power, independent of the several States, to enforce taxation. Rob- ert Morris, then Superintendent of Fi- nance (Secretary of the TI"easury), pro- posed the establishment of a bank at Phil- adr1phia, to supply the government with money, with a capital of $400,000. The promissory notes of the bank were to be a legal-tender currency, to be rcceivE'd in payment of all taxes, duties, and debts due the UnitC'd States. The plan was ap- proved by the Congress (:May 2û, 1781), find this financial agent of the government was chartered by the Congress Dec. 31. The capital stock was divided into shares of $400 each, in money of gold or silver. to be procured by subscriptions. Twelve directors were appointed to manage the affairs of the bank. which was entitled hy the Congress or The President. Direc- tors, and Company of thE' Dank of Korth America." That corporation furnished adp- quate mE'ans for sa\'ing the Continf'ntal army from disbanding. Bank of the United States. Alexander ü8 BANK OF THE UNITED STATES Hamilton, observing the prosperity and ers 81f:a per cent. premium over the par u8efulne s to the commercial community value. and the financial operations of the govern- The finances of the country were in a ment, of the Bank of North America, wretched state at the close of the war, Bank of New York, and Bank of :Massa- in 1815. The local banks had all suspend- Chllsctts, which held the entire banking ed specie pa,yments, and there was very capital of the country before 1791, recom- little of other currency than depreciated mended the establishment of a govern- bank-notes. There was universal dissatis- ment bank in his famous report on the faction, and the people clamored for an- finances (1790), as Secretary of the Treas- other United States Bank as a cure for ury. His suggestion was speedily acted financial evils. One was chartered in th(' upon, and an act for the purpose was spring of 1816 (April 3). A bill to that adopted Feb. 8, 17tH. President Wash- effect had been vetoed by President )[adi- ington asked the written opinion of his son in January, 1815; now it received cabinet concerning its constitutionality. his willing signature. Its charter was They were equally divided. The Presi- for twenty years, and its capital \\WI dent, believing it to be legal, signed the $:J5.000,000, of which amount the United bill, and so made it a law. The bank re- States subscribed $7,000,000, and the re- ceived a charter, the existence of which maining $28,000,000 by individuals. The was limited to twenty years. It soon creation of this bank compelled the State went into operation, with a capital of banks to resume specie payments or wind $10,000,000, of which amount the govern- up. 1\Iany of them were aided in resump- ment subscribed $2,000,000 in specie and tion by the great bank. but many, after a $6,000,000 in stocks of the United States. struggle more or less prolonged, closed The measure was very popular. The their doors. Of the 24(i State banks, with shares of the bank rose to 25 and 45 an aggregate capital of about $90,000,000 per cent. premium, and it paid an av- in 18IG, a nry large number were com- erage dividend of 81f:a per cent. on its pelled to go into liquidation. From 1811 capital. The shares were $400 each. The to 1830 lü5 banks, with a capital of bank was established at Philadelphia, $30.000,000, closed their business, and with branches at different points. In the loss of the government and of individ- 1808-01' three years before the char- uals bv these banks was estimated at tel' would expire-application was made $!),OOO,ÒOO. or one-sixth of their capital. to Congress for its renewal. A sort of The second "tTnited States Bank went into bank mania had succeeded the original cppration in Philadelphia, in 1817, to con- establishment of the institution, and local tinue IlntiJ 1\Iarch, ] 836. In it were de- banks rapidly increased. They became posited the funds of the government. the favorites of the people, for they furnished use of which gave the hank great facilities business facilities that were of great im- for di!';colmting. and so aiding the ('om mer- portance to the whole commercial com- cia1 community. It soon control1pd the mllnity. This local bank interest combined monetary affairs of the country; and when to prevent a renewal of the charter of the General Jackson became President of the enited States Bank, on the grounds, first, United States. in 182!), he expressed his that it was uncom titutional; second, that decided hostility to the gonrnment bank, too much of the stock wa" owned by for- as a dangerous institution. He lwgan a eignprs; and, third. that thf' local banks war upon it, which ended in its destruc- hetter accommodat(>d the public. Though tion. In his first annual mpssage to C'on- the Secretary of the Treasury (Gallatin) gress (December, IS2!)), he took strong repo1'Ìed in favor of a renewal of the char- ground againHt a renewal of the charter, ter, nothing was done by Congress until which would expire in 1836. His reasons within a few weeks before the time when were that it had failf'd in the fulfilment the bank would cease to exist. The bill of the promises of its creation-namely, for its recharter was defeated bv the to establish a uniform and soun(\ cur- ca8ting vote of the Yice-President (George l'ency for the \\"hol(' nation: and, also, (,linton) in the Senate. and the bank that sueh an institution was not author- closed its affairs, giving to the stockhold- ized by the national Constitution. Again, 269 BANKRUPTCY LAWS in his annual messages in 1830 and 1831, he attacked the bank, and renewed his ob- jections. At the close of 1831 the proper officers of the bank petitioned, for the first time, for the renewal of its charter. The petition was presented in the Senate Jan. !J, 1832, and on March 13 a select com- mittee, to whom it was referred, reported in fa vor of renewing the charter for fifteen years. Long debates ensued, and finally a bill for rechartering the bank passed both Houses of Congress-the Senate on June 11, by 28 against 20, and the House of Representatives,. July 3, by a vote of 107 against 8ã. The }'resident vetoed it, and as it failed to receive the constitution- al vote of two-thirds of both Houses, the bank charter expired by limitation in 1836. The commercial community, regarding such an institution as essential to their prosperity, were alarmed, and prophecies of panics and business revulsions, every- where uttered, helped to accomplish their own speedy fulfilment. Again, in his an- nual messat:re (December, 1832), Jack- son"s hostility to the bank was manifested by a recommendation to remove the public funds in its custody, and a sale of the stock of the bank belonging to the United States. Congress, by a decided vote, re- fused to authorize the measure; but after the adjournment of that body the Presi- dent assumed the rcsponsibility of per- forming the act. He directed the Secre- tary of the Treasury (\VilIiam Duane) to withdraw the government funds-about $IO,OOO,OOO-from the bank, and deposit them in certain State banks. The Sec- retary would only consent to appoint an agent to inquire upon what terms the local banks would receive the funds on deposit. Then the President gave him a peremp- tory order to remove them froUl the bank. Duane refused compliance, and was dis- missed from office. His sUcce sor, Roger B. Taney (afterwards Chief-Justice of the United States), obeyed the President, anù in October, 1833, the remO\al was aecuJU- plished. The effect produeed was wide- spread commercial embarrassmcnts and distress. The business of the country was plunged from a height of prosperity to the depths of adversity, because its in- timate connection \\ith the national bank rendered any paralysis of the operations of th t institution fatal to commercial activity. The vital connection of the bank with the business of the country, evidenced by the confusion, confirmed the l'resident'e conviction of the danger to be apprehended from such an enormous moneyed institution. Failing to have its charter renewed, the operations of the bank eÀpired by limita- tion in March, 1836. It was rechartered the same year hy the lcgislature of Penn- sylvania, with the same capital. It was compelled to suspend specie pa ments, with all the local hanks, in 1837. and again in 1839; and in February, IR40, it made a final Buspension, and c1o cd up its affairs. There remained nothing for the stockholders. The entire eapital }Iad been "pcnt, and widespread distress wa3 the consequence. BANKRUPTCY LAWS, PAST AND PRESENT Bankruptcy Laws, PAST AXD ]'ltESEXT. -WILLlAJ\[ H. 1I0TCIIKI:-ïR (q. v.) con- t..i hut(>f; 11)(' following articlC' on the Imh- .teet ùf bankruptey: 11(.1<1 the lloard for n t:rooc1ly g{>ason in Congn'ss in ] R!17-!JH. The \oluntarie hall rather thc he!o\t of it. Hut tIt(' law a!o; a, whole must he accepted as a reasonahle ex- pression of the s('ntinwnts of the ('n- The passage of the bankruptey law, ap- tire p('ople. It f;lIrcly is n proclamation. proved July I, 1898, was effccted by a Yote as vigorous as it is emphatic, th t in this of 4 to 13 in the Renate, and 1:14 to:;3 day and t:rcJlf'ration it i6 not only the in the House. It was, necC'ssariI ', a com- rlC'htor that flies who is rcliC'yed of all promi!'le, sinc(> it was the rC'sult of agita- oC'hts. hut that tht> unfortunate amI thp tion whiC'h had heen continuous sinee the l1nwis{> may win snrC'{>asC' of tllf'ir hnsi- repeal, t\\,pnty )'{>ars hefore,of its di!o\f'retlit- ]1('SS sorrows and hC'gin again on this sille ed and unpopular pr('d('c('!-o or. The" in- of the grav('. It calls to mind that human- voluntaries" against the "voluntaries" itarian proyision of the :\Iosaic law which 270 BANKRUPTCY LAWS commanded a release of debtors eVQry seventh year. For more than twenty-five centuries the law-makers of the world have been legis- lating on bankrupt y. Draco, the pioneer, made it, with laziness and murder, pun- ishable by death. Quite naturally there followed an age of the absconding debtor. Solon. not wishing to depopulate Athens, mollified these ancient blue laws, and even aholislwd enslavement for debt; but the bankrupt anù the bankrupt's heirs for- feited their rights of citizenship. The noble Roman and his Twelve Tables were more draconic than Draco. Gibbon tells us that: "At the expiration of sixty days the debt was discharged by the loss of liberty or life; the insolvent debtor was either put to death, or sold in foreign slavery beyond the Tiber; but if several credit- ors were alike obstinate and unrelenting, they might legally dismember his body, and satiate their revenge by this horrid partition." In the time of Cæsar Roman juris- prudence and civilization had so develop- ed that the debtor, by the famous cessio bonorum, might at least escape slavery, and in most ca-ses retain his civil rights; and ahout a century later our modern idea of a discharge to the honest debtor who gives up his all was graven on their laws. Shylock's savage rights may well speak for the laws of the Middle Ages, whose statutes were little hetter than a trans- parent palimpsest of the Twelve Tables of Rome. French laws have followed the Latin modpl, and, while Romewhat modern- .. Ïzer!, evpn yet visit a dpgree of disgrace upon tIle unfortunate trader which would not long be tolerated by an Anglo-Saxon lpgislature. Rince 1542 about forty bankruptcy laws amI a numher of insolvent dehtor 3('ts have l)('en passed in England. In the Unitpd States tlU' statute of 18!1R is the fourth of a Aeries of national laws, the others being named from the years 1800, 1841, and 18G7; while, in many of the Sta tes, and from their very beginning, insolvency f\tatutes of loeal application ftnd vast1y divergent provisions have been on the hooks. In view of the interest in the the following chronology may be valu- able. We take the English statutes first: 1. The statute of 1542 was aimed at absconding or concealed debtors only. I t made them criminals, deprived them of their property without giving them a dis- charge, and left them to the tender mer- cies of their creditors. It was followed by a number of similar laws, enlarging its scope and changing its procedure. 2. The statute of 170G, in the fifth year of Queen Anne, marks the next great step in advance. Debt was no longer treat- ed as a crime, and provision was for the first time made for a discharge. 3. The statute of 1825, in the reign of George IV., for the first time recog- nized voluntary bankruptcies. 4. The statute of 1830 abolished com- missioners in bankruptcy, put the admin- istration of estates into the hands of the court, and created the official assignee or receiver. fi. The statute of 18Gl made it pos- sible for the non-trader, who had been protected by the insolvpnt debtor acts for about fifty years, to take advantage of or to be proceeded against under the general bankruptcy laws. G. The statute of 18Gg introduced in England the now well-understood prin- ciple of fraudulent preferences; but, the law being easily evaded, it proved a fail- ure. 7. The statute of 1883, as amended by that of 1890, carries the pendulum backward again. and while for the first time distinguishing between a fraudulent hankruptcy and one dup solely to mis- fortune, is drastic in its penalties nnd intolerable, at least from an American stand-point, in its limitations on the grant- ing of a discharge. Turning to the United States, we find that: 1. The statute of 1800 was copied from the English law of that time, anù did not provide either for voluntary bank- ruptcy or for non-traders coming within its terms. It was repealed in December, 1803. 2. The statute of 1841, said to have been largely the work of Daniel \Vebster, introduced the idea of voluntary bank- subject, ruptcy into our national jurisprudence. 271 BANKRUPTCY LAWS It was in force but eighteen months, being repealed by the Congress that pa:ssed it. 3. The statute of 1867 was framed largely on the :Massachusetts insolvency law of 1838. It provided for both volun- tary and involuntary bankruptcy, and went almost to the extreme in its enu- meration of acts of bankruptcy and in its restrictions on the granting of discharges. This law permitted tedious delays and ex- cessive fees. It remaÏT.ed in force untiI September, 1878. 4. The statute of 1898 swings back towards mercy again. It \ViII be remem- bered as the first of our statutes to omit that anciently all-important act of bank- ruptcy, "the suddenly fleeing to parts unknown," and as establishing a new meaning for" insolvency." The animated and often acrimonious discussion of bankruptcy legislation has turned on a half-dozen disputed principles and matters of detail. Nowhere, save in the United States, where local insolvency laws have temporariIy filIed the gap, ha2 the necessity of such legislation been de- nied. All civilized and many semi-civiI- ized countries enforce such laws. France has not been without a bankruptcy law for 400 years, nor England for a period nearly as long. It is settIed, too, that such laws should have three purposes: 1. The surrender of the debtor's estate with- out preferences; 2. Its cheap and expe- ditious distribution pro rata among all creditors; and 3. The discharge of the dphtor from liability to pay provable debts with property which he may afterwards a('quire. Eat'll statute has sought the common goal by different ways, but always by or nf'ar definite landmarks. It wiII assist to a better understanding of the law of lR!18, if we note these landmarks. 1. 'Vho may become a bankrupt? 2. \Vhat are acts of bankruptcy? 3. 'Vhat is a pref- erence? 4. \Vlwn may a discllarge be rduscd? 5. What is the procedure whiC'h wiII prove Imst pxpensive and most exppditious? This classification includE's two elements born since Blackstone's time. lnlO May Become a Bankrupt'-The limitation to traders has already been mentioned. Indeed. so late as 1817, in this country, Judge Livingston doubted whether an act of Congress subjecting to such a law every desel'Ïption of per- sons \\ithin the "Cnited Rtates would be constitutional. Yet Our law of 1841 ex- tended the meaning of the term " trader" so that, in involuntary bankruptcies, it inc1udpd bankers, brokers. factors. under- writers and marine insurers. All classes of persons could become bankrupts in Eng- land after 1861; and the like broad rule received expression in our law of 181ii, with the single exception that, when the act of bankruptcy consisted in faiIure to pay commercial paper, it applied only to merchants, bankers, and the business com- munity. The new law of 1898. however, goes backward to the time of George II., and prohibits, as did One of the laws passed in his reign, involuntary proceed- ings against farmers and wage-earners. Its pro\'isions relative to corporations are equaIIy indicative of prevailing con- ditions. For some decades English cor- porations have been liable to proceedings in bankruptcy. Our law of 1841 was lim- ited to natural persons. That of 18G7 was made expressly applicable to all moneyed, business, and commercial corpo- rations. Yet the lawmakers of 18tJ8, fear- ful lest, by collusion with stockholders, the controIling officers might force such semi-public corporations as raiIroads and transportation companies into bankl'upt- cy, limited the operation of the law to corporations engaged principally in manu- facturing, trading, printing, publishing, or mercantile pursuits. PE'nding politi- cal passions have swung us backward in these two particulars. These provisions, however, can prove of Iitt]e or no prac- tical importance, and to the future his- torian they \\ ill seem as curiow as do to us those ancient acts of bankruptcy, "keeping his house" and the "fleeing to the Abbey!' U'ltut Are Acts of Banl.ruptcy'-In the United States tllis has oepn tIle kPrnel of tIle controversy. Our laws have answered the question in widely diffE'rent \Vays. ot so in Eng]and. That original act of bank- ruptcy, absconding the realm, is in eypry English statute for 350 ypars, and ap- pears in the last law in almost the very words used in the first. Our laws, down to and including that of IRGi, have open equally mindful of the commercial run- .,-.) -1- BANKRUPTCY LAWS away. The new law, however, omits this cause entirely. The weIdler in business can be punished in other ways; our chief concern is-indeed, should be--with the stay-at-home cheat. The English catalogue of interdicted acts in business has grown long. Two hundred years ago involuntary bankrupt- cy was even worse than imprisonment for debt, for it involved that; and, prior to the evolution of the idea of a discharge, it practically was civil death. The con- dition of the English law at that time may be imagined from this decision of a court of the period: " If a man is taken in execution and lies in prison for debt, neither the plaintiff at w};lOse suit he is arrested, nor the sheriff who took him, is bound to find him meat, drink, or clothes; but he must live on his own or on the charity of others, and if no one will relieve him, let him die in the name of God, says the law; and so say I." Freedom from imprisonment for debt lias, of course changed this; but in the latest English statutes there are relics of this old-time savagery towards debt- ors, happily not included in our laws. The present bankruptcy law of England gives eight acts of bankruptcy, three predi- cated on fraud coupled with insolvency, three of a voluntary character showing in- solvency, and two others which are relics of the old rules against fleeing the realm or concealing property. A debtor who does not lift a levy on his goods within twenty- one days, or who does not within seven days after judgment comply with a credit- or's demand that he pay, compound, or secure the debt, commits an act of bank- ruptcy. The older laws put default in payment of demand obIigatioll! in the same category, thus extending a rule rightfully enforced against banks and bankers to the entire business commu- nity. Our law of 1841 defined but five acts of bankruptcy, an predicated on fraud. The law of ISG7 went much further and, in addition to the customary grounds, specified as one of its ten acts of bank- ruptcy, fraudulC'nt default in payment of commercial paper by merchants, trarl- ers, and manufacturers. The law JURt passed, however, goes back to the side I.-S 273 of leniency again. It enumerates five acts of bankruptcy, two of them involving fraud on the part of the bankrupt (fraud- ulent conveyances and voluntary prefer- ences), one constructive fraud, and two which are expressed by the paradox that by them a debtor may go into involuntary bankruptcy voluntarily. The Torrey bill enumerated nine acts of bankruptcy, going further even than the English law and in- cluding default for thirty days in the payment of commercial paper, a rule which would have upset our entire credit system. The Nelson bill wmt to the other extreme aud made fraudulent trans- fers Bud voluntary preferences while in- solvent the only acts of bankruptcy. The law as passed is perhaps a fair compro- mise, though in extreme cases we may wish for the more complete and far- reaching definition of the English statute. But, whatever the effect, lawyers and laymen alike wiII quickly understand that insolvency has a new meaning. The English statute defines it as inability on the debtor's part to pay from his own moneys his debts as they become due. The American law declares that he only is insolvent the aggregate of whose prop- erty shall uot, at a fair valuation, be sufficient in amount to pay his debts. In short, in the United StateR hereafter, he who has uncontrovertible property in plenty but little cash on hand-as, for example, he who is land poor-may yet be solvent and entitled to the time to re- alize and pay his creditors. At first blush this seems broadly equi- table, but what will be the result in actual practice! Perhaps, had it been in force, the author of Wavcrley, with his vast genius as his property, would not have been insolvent, and that other Scotchman, Anderson by name, who possessed, yet would not surrender, the secret formula for a popular nostrum. might have proved it overworth his debts, and escaped the peualties of the Jaw. Ou the other hand, into what dangerous controversies will it lead us! Hithel.to the In'oof of in- solvency has been simple and easy. Now it never can be. The expert on values has a new fieJd open to him, as creditors a.nù debtors, not to speak of lawyers and courts, may quickly learn. rn practice, the law will, therefore, BANKRUPTCY LAWS prove little more than a voluntary law. fraud of the bankruptcy law; in short, Its sponsors claim that it will accomplish it practically required proof of collusion all that it was intendcd to do by the mer I' by the creditor. Under the new law, a tltl'('at of I)obsible pl'Ocedllre. Therein is prderC'nce secms to be one thing if aS1iert- its chief Illf'rit to the business world. Ex- ed in a voluntary proceeding, and another pericnce will prove whcther it is a bOlln if alleged u!:j an act of bankruptl'Y on or bane. Hut our hysterical Congressmen which an involuntary proceeding is to shall be able now to sleep 0' nights; for stand. In both cases, the preference must under this law there can be by the rich have been made within four months of the no " grinding the face of the poor." filing of the bankrupt's petition. But, in lJ'hat Is a Prcfercncct-This is a com- the former, tIle proof need not go further, paratively recent development of the law in any but exceptional cases, than to show of bankruptcy. The earliest regulation is that the act will result in giving one that of WHO, in Scotland, which annulled creditor more than others, and that such preferences made within two months of creditor had reasonable cause to believe bankruptcy. The Common law permitted that by the act the debtor intended to preferences, and debts in favor of wives prefer him; while, in the latter, not only and female relatives in general were a insolvency-which, as we have seen, is refuge frequently found by the failing difficult of proof-but intent to prefer, debtor. It is not likely that the chattel must be shown. mortgage method of preference was then Therein lies the weakness of the new understood; that is the product of our law, as a permauent relief to creditors. higher civilization. Rut, for centuries, l"amily reunions at creditors' meetings in scandals without number and frauds on courts of bankruptcy arc still both pos- creditors by the multitude have flowed sible and probable. The clleat and the from the too gentle policy of the law in cozener, unless checked by the vigilance of this regard. Our Rtate insolvency laws, judges and referees, may be('orne as notori- most of them sanctioning limited prefer- ous as they were in other days, and a con- ences. han prO\'ed but invitations to de- venient relatiye or wjJ)ing friend may fraud. The preferring debtor has become stiB continue to be the ready safe-deposit one of the evils of our civilization, as was for the plunder of the mercantile rogue. the absconding debtor of that of two cen- Trhcn JI[ ay a Discharge Re R('fus('d.- turies ago. In nothing else does the English bank- Beginning in lR49, in England, and in ruptcy system differ from our own as 18.tI, in the United 8ta,tes, preferences much as in this. No discharge was grant- han been interdicted by law. The Eng- cd a debtor until the reign of Anne. A lish statute made them void if intended little later, not only a discharge, but al- to defeat or delay creditors. The presf'nt lowanccs. on dividends, varying from 3 lnw of England provides that, to consti- to 10 per cent., were granted to tIle hank- tute a preference, it must be made within rupt in order that he might gf't a fresh three months of the commencement of pro- !'Itart; a provision which also appears in ceedings in hankruptcy; while, if made our bankruptcy law of 1800. Until a whf'll the df'htor is im olvent and with a comparatively recent period, the discharge view of giving the creditor a preference Was of no value unle!'ls !'ig-ned h r a Rpf'ci- ovpr other creditors, it declares them ab80- fled number of cr('(litors, which rule Sf'PJl}S lutely void. Rtill to pn'vail in Franf'e. Rinf'f' lR:l Our statutes. again. evidence the Rwing- disC'harges in England have hpen in the ing of the pendulum. Tllat of 1800 dic1 discrption of the conrt. subjpct to Rome not inhihit Ruch tranRactions; that of rather drastic limitations of a punitive 1841 made the giving of preferences ground ch:lTacter. This disf'rf'tion has bepn for refuRing a discharge. The law of 1807. ahused; and .('t the present English law eop 'ing the :Massachuqptts insolvency nct permits discharges to be refuspd for nu- IIf 18:lB, compelled crpditors to prove, in merous r('asons. sUf'h as the debtor's con- addition to the factð required by the pres- tinuance in husinpss aftpr knowing him- f'nt English law. knowledgp on the part of self to be in<;olnnt, failure to pay divi- the person preferred that the act wae in dends of at least 50 per cent., rash and 2i4 BANKRUPTCY LAWS hazardous speculations, unjustifiable ex- junction" have thus their legitimate off- travagance in living, culpable neglect of spring in this sugar-coated section of our business affairs, and failure to account law. The Delilah of Populism has shorn satisfactorily for losses. the federal judiciary of its power. The Englishmen, too, have been prone to buzzards, to use Senator Stewart's pict- classify discharges. By the laws of 184g, Ul'csque designation for creditors, have there were three kinds, with correspond- heen deprived of their prey. \Vhat mat- ing effects: those given when the bank- ter, then, if the commercial rascal and ruptcy was wholly unavoidable, those the business pickpocket be free again! when it was partly unavoidable, and those "What Is the Least Expensive and Most belonging to neither of the latter classes. Expeditious P1'ocrcluref-Probably nine- The present English law permits the court tenths of the criticism of bankruptcy leg- to refuse a. discharge outright, to with- islation has been directed to details of hold it for not less than two years, to procedure. In England, for more than withhold it until the estate shall pay 50 half a century, the lines were drawn for per cent., or to rcquire the bankrupt to al- or against officialism. l>rior to 1831 low judgment against himself for the dif- bankrupt estates were administered by fE'rence between the required 50 per cent. three commissioners, largely controlled by nd the amount of dividends actually paid. the creditors. From that time down to It seems curious that this latter is the 18Gg the courts administered through usual method, and yet that the present their assignees. Then, for a decade or law of England is far and away the most more, crcditors took hold again and made successful and the fairest bankruptcy law a mess of it. The present law is a com- yet enforced in that country. promise, an official of the Boa.rd of Trade While the list of objections to discharges being in charge until the creditors get to- in England is on the increase, here it is gether and determine on action. It seems growing smaller and smaller. In 1800, to have made littl2 difference which sys- among other restrictions, the bankrupt tem prevailed, as, so it is said, tn the was not entitled to a discharge unless he one the lawyers preyed on the estates and paid 75 cents on a dollar. In 1841 a in the other the courts and their ap- majority of creditors in number and value pointees did so. might prevent the discharge by filing a The English procedure has always been written dissent thereto. The law of 18G7, complicated. It has provided elaborately as amended in 1874, refused a discharge for compositions and arrangements, with to voluntary bankrupts who did not pay the result that, until the present law, 30 per cent. on claims proved, except d('htors have more oftE'n compounded and with the assent of onc-fourth of their compromised than gone through the courtg creditors in number and one - third in and ohtained their discharge. From 1870 value; and, copying the English model, to 1877 there were but 8,275 bankruptcies, it enumerated ten acts, the commission these nearly all involuntary, to 31,651 of which might deprive him of his dis- liquidations and 20,270 compositions. Even charge. under the present English law, the actual The new law goes to the antipodf's of official bankruptcies are in number hardly thE' prcsent English statute and not only more than the so-called decds of arrange- wipes out the necessity of paying any per- ment. On the other hanel, the rigid public centage in diddends. a very poor change, E'xamination which is now required oper- hut abolishes the semi-control of cH'ditors ates both as a threat to the fraudulent over discharges, and allows a c('rtificate bankrupt and as a protection and vindica- to he withheld only whcn the df'btor has Hon to the honest or unfortunate debtor. committed one of the ff'lonif's f'numcratf'd It stimulates the co-operation of negligent in tIlE' law. or wh('n he has frrIudulcntlJl ('rf'flitors and prf'nnts much fraud. failed to kf'f'p. or in contf'mplation of In the United tatf's the administration hankruptf'Y has destro 'cd or conf'f'nled, hi!'! of hankruptcy lawq has too often bf'cn hooks of account, 1\ot ('ven a fraudulí'nt odorous from nepotism and on('rous with preferen('e is objí'('tion to a discharge. costs. In the lurid rhetoric of the con- "Life tenure" and "government by in- gressional debates, it was "the rodents 275 BANKRUPTCY LAWS who burrow around the places of justice" nnd "pillage by the fee-fiend" which dis- credited the law of 18ß7 and led to its re- peal. The present IDw is intended to avoid these criticisms. Hapidity in administra- tion is commande of thcm. He died in Baltimore, in October, 180G. BARAGA-BARCLAY Holliman and "some ten more." These books, hymn-books, catechisms, etc., into men then formed a Baptist Church there. the Indian language, he wrote in German But \Yilliams did not remain a Baptist the lliSt01'Y, Character, Manners, and long. He very early doubted the validity Customs of the North American Indians. of Holliman's baptism, and conscquently He died in :Marquette, :Mich., Jan. ID, of his own. He believed "a visible suc- 1868. epssion of authorized administrators of Barbary States. See ALGIERS. baptism" to be necessary to insure its Barber, FRANCIS, military officer; horn ,.alidit.y, and in the course of two months in Princeton, N. J., in 1751; was gradu- he withdrew from the Church, and nevcr atcd at the College of New Jersey in 1767, rejoined it. Hut the Church and its prin- and became rector of an academy at Eliza- dplps remain('d, and the colony embodied beth, N. J., and pastor of the PI:esbyt('rian in its first codC' of laws (IG37) a provision Church there in 17(j!). Leaving these posts, for perfect toleration in matters of re- he joined the New Jersey line in the Con- ligion. In I ï(i-!, when numbering only tinental army as major, in February, about 5,ono members in all America, the I776. In November he was made a lipu- Baptists cstablished tllPir first college in tí:nant-colonel, and was afterwards assist- Rhode Island (spe BROWN Ul'ìIVERSITY). ant inspector-general under Baron Steu- With one ðCPIJtion, the Baptists are the ben. He was active in several bàttles, and largest denomination of evangelical Chris- was wounded in the battle of New-town. tians in the {Tnitcd States. It is said In 1781 he was successful in quelling the that the first article of the amendnlf'uts to mutiny of Pennsylvania and Kew Jerspy the national ConstitutirT\, guaranteeing troops. He was with the army at Xpw- l'eligious liberty (ofTerpd in 178ft), was in- burg in 1783, where he died, Fpb. 11, the troduced chiefiy through the influence of ame year. the Baptist denomination. Barber, JOHN WAR ER, historian; born The Hh"1tist Church in 1900 was divided in Windsor, Conn., Feh. 2, 17!}H; wrote into the R('gular Baptist, Korth; Regular many books, including Historical Co lice- Baptist, South; and Regular Baptist, tions of Connecticut, :\'01(" York, NClv Jer- Colored. Hpsides thec;e there were t('n BCY, rirginia, and Ohio; History alld other Church organizations so closel r al- Antiquities of :.Yew En!Jland, New York, lied with the R('gular Baptist Churcl, as and ]\,T ew Jersey, etc. Much of his work to be officially grouped with the Rpgular was done in co - ol>pration with HE:'iRY Church. Reports for 18!)!) gave the fol- HOWE (q. v.). He died in New Haven, lowing summaries for the thirteen Bap- in June, IRH."). tist bodies: Ministers, 33,088; ehurcllf's, Barbour, JA;\IES, statE'sman: horn in 4!1,i2I; and memhers, 4.443.628. The Orange county, Va" June 10, 1775; mem NortllPrn and Routhern brancl,es of tJ)e bpI' of the \ïrginia board of delegates, Regular Baptist Chureh had H.,tOn min- 1 7!}6-18I2; gonrnor, 1812; Lnited Rtates i!'ters, 27,8!}3 ehurchc'J. and 2.;,)R6,fìïl benator, J Rl."): S('eretary of War, lR2:); mE'mhers: and the HC'gular Baptist minister to England, 1828. H(' died in Church. CoJor('d, had 14.000 ministpr , 15,- Orange county. Va.. ,Tllne 8, IH-l2. ono churchC's. and 1,:ï!):ï.321 memhers. The Barbour, PIIIJ.1P PEXDLETO , jurist; largpst of the other bodies was the Primi- horn in OrangE' ('ounty, Ya" :\fny 25. I is:!: tin Bapti! Ottawas in Michigan: malie journE'Ys in England, Holland. and. In 18:ïG he was appoint('d Bishop of :\f:u- npnnany with William ppnn. He was one quette. In addition to translating pray(>r- of the propriptors of east Jersey, and in 2 0 . :BARD-:BARKER 1682 he was appointed its governor (see NEV JERSEY); but he exercised the office by a deputy. He died in Ury, Oct. 13, 1690. Bard, JOlIN, physician; born in Bur- lington, N. J., Feb. 1, 1716; was of a Huguenot family, and was for seven years a surgeon's apprentice in Philadelphia. Establishing himself in Xew York, he soon ranked among the first physicians and surgeons in America. In 1 ï.30 he assisted Dr. Middleton in the first recorded dissec- tion in America. In 1788 he became the first president of the New York :Medical Society; and when, in 179.3, the yellow fever raged in New York, he remained at his post, though then nearly eighty years of age. He died in Hyde Park, N. Y., March 30, 1;99. Bard, S.UIPEL, physician; born in Philadelphia, April 1, 1742; son of Dr. John Bard; studied at the Universitv of Edinburgh, where he passed about three ;years, and was an inmate of the family of Dr. Robertson. the historian. Having graduated as M.D. in 1765, he returned home, and began the practice of medicine in New York City with his father. He organized a medical school, which was connected with King's (Columbia) Col- lege, in which he took the chair of physic in 1769. In 1772 he purchased his father's husiness. He caused the estab- lishment oÎ a public hospital in the city of New York in 1791, and. while the seat of the national government was at New York, he was the physician of PresidC'nt \Vashington. He was also appnintC'd president of the f'o]]egp of Physicians and Surgeons in 1813. While combating ye]]ow fewI' in New York in 1798, he took the disease, hut by the faithful nnrs- ing of his wife he recovered. Dr. Bard was a !"kilful hortieulturist aR well a,.; an eminent physician. He died l\Iay 24, 1R21. Barentz, \VILLE I, navigator; born in Ilo]]and; commanded exploring expedi- tions to :Nova Zembla :md Spitzbergen in 1594-97. His first expedition was an attempt to find a passage through the Arctic Ocean to China, in which he reached lat. 78 0 N. On his third and last young, and at twenty-one he owned four expedition. in 159(ì-97, he reached lat. ship!'! and a brig, and was largely engaged 80 0 11' N., and discovered Rpitzhergen. in commercial transactions. As a State He died near Nova Zembla, June 20, 1597. enator, and while sitting in the Court 281 Captain Carlsen, after a lapse of 274 years, found Barentz's winter quarters undisturbed in 1871; and some of the navigator's journals were I ecovered in 1876. Barker, ALBERT SMITH, naval officer; born in :Massachusetts; entered the navy in 1859; served under Farragut in the hombardment and passage of Forts .Jack- Eon and St. Philip; and in an attempted passage of Port Hudson his vessel was blown up, after which lIe took part in the siege of that post on the ]lollollga- hcla. He was actively employed through- out the Civil 'War; was promoted to captain in 1892; commanded the cruiser Ne1cark in the American-Spanish 'Val' (1898); succeeded Capt. CHARLES EDGAR CLARK (q. v.) as commander of the fa- mous battle-ship Oregon after the close of the war; and became a rear-admiral in I8!)!). Barker, JACOB, financier; born on Swan Island, Kennebec co., Me., Dec. 7, 1779; was of a Quaker family. and related by blood to the mother of Dr. Franklin. He began trade in New Y m-k when quite r , - ,, ' " (jl\..- . ' .....- í :\ \ . .:., , ' ,f I \ 0"\ , , J - :il: _ i{9 'A 4."':ij , -'t' $.. .;: -:- -, , / , t' /: --T; I' Ii " " ;/ \,.- ';" \';, ,'. c;_ . ;f . . _; ?7, .: .::' :. r . =ä "';- / _... / ....Jif: -- ,-- JACOB B.\RKt:R. BARKER-BARLOW of F.rrors, he ga"e an OpInIOn in an in- sur.mce case in oppobition to Judge Kent, and was sustained by the court. During the War of 1812 his ships were all capt- ured. 13eing in Washington, D. C., dur- ing its sack by the llritish (August, 1814), he assisted :\Irs. Madison in sav- ing Stuart's portrait of Washington, then hanging in the President's house, which was set on fire a few hours later, Barker was a banker, a dealer in stocks, and a eneral and shrewd financier for many years. He finally established himself in Xcw Orleans in 1834, where he was ad- mitted to the bar as a law,yer, and SOOn became a political and business leader there. He made and lost several fortunes during his long life. The Civil War ,\ rought his financial ruin, and late in ] 67 he was again in bankruptcy, at the age of eighty-eight ye?rl5. He died in Philadelphia, Dee, 26, ] 871. Barker, JOSIAH, shiphuilder; born in l\IarshfieId, ::\Iass., Nov. 16, 176:3; served at intervals throughout the He,"olution in both the army and the navy. lle estab- ]i:,-;IU'd a ship-,yard in 17!I,) in Chat-Ies- town, 1\1a,.s., whcre he built, as Cnited f'tates na, al eonbtructor, the Jïrginia, lrarn'n, Cumberland, and other men-of- w.ll'. and rehuilt the Constitution. He died in CharIe!o;town, Mass., cpt. 3, 1843. Barker, \VUARTO , banker; born in Philadelphia, Pa., May 1, 1846; was graduated at the University of Pennsyl- vania in 1866, after having served in the rnion army in the Civil War; founded the banking firm of Barker Brothers & ('0., which in IR7S was appointed finan- dal agent in the United States of the Fussian go'"ernment, and supervisor of the building of four erui!'lers for its navy; and was the Prec;:idential nominee of the :\fiddle-of-the-Hoad or Anti-Fusion Peo- ple's party, in IDOO. Barlow, ARTuru, na,'igator; born a hout 1550; died about 1620. See AM mAS. Bar] ow, FRAX('IR f'IIANNIXG, military officer; born in Brooklyn. N. Y., Oct. HI, ing; and, in 17!)2, he established a weekly Ht34; was graduatf'd at Harvard l7niycr- newspaper, entitled the .tmcrican -'Iercllry, hity in 1 ,).). After sen-ing as a three published at \Yestford. His poetic talents months' man, at the beginning of the becoming widely known, he was rel]ue!'ited f'i\-il \Yar, he be('ame a lieutenant-colonel by several Cong-regational ministers to re- of a New York rf'Q'iment, and as ('olonel vise the phraseology of "'atts's h.r mns . distinguished himself in the campaign on He also attempted to revise the Bible in 282 the Peninsula in 186 . In the battle of Antietam he captured two stand8 of eolors and 300 men, and was soon afterwards wounded and carried off the field for dead. He was made brigadier- general in September, and he commanded a division in the battle of Chancellors- ville in l\Iay, 18û3. He was wounded at Gettysburg, and was also distinguished in the l{ichmond campaign in ISG4. He rendered essential senice in the final struggle that ended with the surrender of Lee; was mustered out of the servi('e in 186.3 with the rank of major-general; was secretary of state of New York in ISû.3-ûH; enited tates marshal in 18(i8- (j!l; and attorney-general of New York in ISïI-73. lIe died in Xew York City, Jan. 11, 189G. Barlow, JOEL, poet; born in Reading, Conn., March 24, 1734; was graduated at Yale College in Hi8; studied theology and was licensed a Congregational minister; :Jlld from 1778 to 1783 was a chaplain in the army, writing patriotic songs and ad- dresses to keep up the s}Jirits of the sol- diers. "'hen the army was disbanded (] 783) he settled at Hartford, where he began to study law, and was admitted to the bar in 1785. He had tried book-sell- "'->> ..) :.; -.'-. . .. , --- ' , J; ^ . "-'(1( ', x,' \\ '" .-' , t ' ;. -,1 .. JOEL BARLOW_ BARLOW-BARNARD With Trumbull, Dwight, Humphreys, and others, Barlow published a satirical poem entitled The A.narchiad. In 1787 he pub- lished his Y ision of ColWll bus, a poem which obtained great popularity. Visiting Europe in 1788 as agent for the Scioto Land Company, he published, in aid of the Frenc'h He,'olution, Adl'ice to the Pririlrgrn Orders. To this he added, in li91, a Letter to the Xatiollal COIII'(,lltioll, and the Conspiracy of Kings. As deputy of the London Con!'!titutional Society, hp presented an addres!'! to the French Ka- tional Com"ention. and took up his abode in Paris, where he became a French citi- zen. Barlow was given emplo 'ment in Savoy, where he wrote his mock-heroic poem. Hasty Pudding. He was L'"nited States consul at Algiers in 1793-97, where he negotiated treaties with the ruler of that state, and al!'!o with the Hey of Tunis. He took sides with the French Directory in their controwrsy with the American envoy!'!. (Ree DIRECTORY, TIlE FRE CH.) Having made a large fortune by specula- tions in France, 1tfr. Darlow returned to the Cnited States in 1805, and built him- self an elegant man!'!ion in the vicinity of \Yashinpton, and called his seat there "Kalorama." In 1807 he published the f'olumbiad, an epic poem. It was ill us- bia College, New York City, in 18ü4-88. trated with engravings, some of them At various times he held responsible ap- from designs by Robert Fulton. and pub- pointments under the United States gov- Jighed in a quarto volume in a style more ernment. and was a member of many scien- sumptuous than any book that had then tific and literary societies. He was a !teen i!'!sued in the United Rtates. It was strong ad,'ocate of the higher education an enlargement of his 1'isi01l of Columbus. of women, and was instrunwntal in found- In 1811 he commeneed the preparation ing the wom{>n's "Annex" to Columbia of a History of the rnited Rtatcs, when College, whieh afterwards was giwn his Presidl'nt Madison appointed him ministC'r name. and in 1900 was made a pal.t of plenipotentiary to the French Court. The Columbia University. Among his works next year he was invited to a conference are Lrtters on Collrge Government; Re- with Napoleon at 'Yilna. for the nominal port on Collegiate Education; Art Cult- object of completing a commercial trpaty ure; History of the .t71lrricarz Coast Sur- with the United States. It was belien'd 1'ey . University Education; Undulatory 283 the same way. A cousin of Benedict Ar- nold, who would talk in doggerel rhyme, was asked by Barlow to give him a speci- men of hi" poetic talent. Al'llold looked the poet sharply in the face, and said, in- stantly: .. You've proved yourself a sinful cretur, You've mUl"dered Watts and spiled the metre, Yon've trlpd the Word of God to alter, And for your pains deserve a halter." L ' the war party that some arrangements would be made by which French ships, manned by Americans, might be employed again t Great Britain. But such hopes were soon extinguished. Barlow set out from Paris immediately, and, as the call was urgent, he travelled day and night, without rest. The fatigue and exposure brought on a disease of the lungs. and, in the cottage of a Polish Jew at Z uno- wice, near Cracow, he suddenly expired, Dec. 24, 1812, from the effects of a violent <"Onge!"tion of the pulmonary organs. "That the real object of Napoleon's call was may never be known. Barnard, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS POR- TER, educator; born in Sheffield, Mass., May 5, 180!); was graduated at Yale Col- lege in 18 8; president of the Pni\"Crsity of Iississippi in 183tì-58, and chancellor in IS.')S-Gl. In ISfil, on account of the Civil \Yar, he resigned his oflices in the unÌ\'ersit.r. lIe was president of Colum- , \! -- .... , /! !r: ;ør . . ,) 1 (, . ,"). . q rJ" 4 't. 4;.{ V>ð , ' .' , 'J (I' J. '! , / ',. " , J) I , ,. j " !II r"1 \ ."''\. /'-1 ,IS' f' - / I I I III. \' Iti\\ _ ..1!;r 'Jt / . r I F, A, P. BAR:S-ARO, BARNARD-BARNES Theory of Light; J1achinery and Process- general of \'olunteers in 1861; lieutenant- es of the Industrial Arts, and Apparatus colonel of regulars in 18ü3; brevet major of the Exact Sciences; M ctric System, of general of \ olunteers in 18ü4; brevet brig- Weights and J!casures. He died in New adier-general and brevet major-general of York, April 27, 1889. regulars, .March, 18G5; and colonel of Barnard, HENHY, educator; born in the corps of engineers, regular army, Dec. Hartford. Conn., Jan. 24, 1811; was grad- 28, the same year. During tllP war with uated at Yale College in 1830; admitted Mexico he fortified Tampil'o, and made to the bar in 1833, and elected to a seat surveys of the battle-fields around the in the tate legislature in 1837. lIe was capital. In 1850-51 he was chief enginef'r twice re-elected. In that body he effect- of the projected Tehuantepec Railroad: ed a reorganization of the Connecticut amI in 1853-5G he was superintendent State s<:hool system, and was for four of the United States :i\[ilitary Academy. ,years secretary of the board of school He was chief engineer of the Army of the commissioners. during which he wrote a Potomac, ISGI-G2; also chid engineer of number of able reports on the public the construction of the defences of the na- schools. His first report (1839) was pro- tional capital from September, 18G2, to nounced by Chancellor Kent a "bold and )(ay, ISG4. lIe was chief engineer of the startJing document, founded on the most armies in Ule field on Genpral Grant's painstaking and critical inquiry." He staff, from MaJ', HW4, until I..ec's surren- edited and published the Connecticut d('r at Appomattox in April, 186!). At School Journal. From 1843 to 1849 he the close of the war he was hrevetted ma- had charge of the public schools of Rhode .lor - general, U. S. A. He puhlished The Island, where he established a model sys- (f-yro. cop(' and l'roblf'J1ls in Rotary Mo- tem of popular education. Dr. Barnard tion.< , which evince profound mathemati- took great interest in the suhject of cal innstigation; also other works con- school-house architecture; and from 18:J0 cerning the Civil 'Val' and its operations. to 18:>4 he was State superintendent The degrpe of LL.D. was eonferred upon of public schools of Connecticut. In 1855 him by Yale College. He died in Detroit, he began the publication of the A_meri- nf'h., Iay 14, 1882. can Journal of Ed-ucation. The same rear Barnbu;'ners, a name giYen to radical he became president of the American or progres!'live politicians in the United Association for the Advancement of Edu- States, and opposed to HUNKERS (q. v.). cation, and was offered the presidency It was given to the anti-slavery section of of two State universities. When the Bu- the Democratic party, especially in New reau of EduPation was established at York, which separated from the rest of \\Tashington, he was appointed the first the Democratic Rational f'onvPI1tion in commissioner (::\[arch, 18G7). He resign- 184ft TI1PY were oppo!'lf'(l to certain cor- ed this office in 1870. Dr. Barnard wrote roration!'l, and tl\(>y de:-,ired to do away much and well on the subject of popular with all corporation.,. They received their (.ducation. A London review. speaking name from the story of the man who<;e IJf his work on ?\ (ltional Education in house was infested with rats. and who f}llropc (18:>4), !'laid: "Ill' has collected hurned it to the ground to get rid of the /lnd arran:!ed more valuable information vermin. At ahout that time anti-rl'nt out- ttnd stati<;tics than can be found in any ra:!es were committed, stIch as Lurning one volume in the English language." ba rn !'I. etc. The radical J)pmocrat!'l sym- Dr. Barnard recei\-ed the degree of pathized with the Anti-H('nters, and the LL.n. from Ran-ard, Yale, and Pnion Hunkers callpd tlwm "harnhurners." See eollpges. He died in HartfOl'd, July 5, .\XTI - REXT PARTY; FREE - SOIL PARTY; - 1900. HtTN"KERS. Barnard, JOITN GROSS. military engi- Barnes, JA IES. autlJOr; born in An- nf'er; born in Sheffield. Mass., [ay 19, J1apoljs, Md., Sept. )fl, 18fì6; was gradll- un!); was graduated at the United States ated at Princeton Collp:!e in 18!)]: author )[iJitary Academy in 1833, and entered of Naral ..tctions of tRto?; For ](;n[1 or the engineer corps. He was made captain Country; A. Loyal Traitor; Uidshipman in Iff88; major in 1858; brevet brigadier- Farragllt, etc. 284 BARNES-BARNEY Barnes, JAMES, military officer; born in Boston, Mass., about 1809; was gradu- ated at West Point in 1829, and resigned in 1836. lIe became colonel of a Massa- chusetts volunteer regiment in 1861, and in November of that year was made briga- dier-general in the Army of the Potomac, participating in its most exciting opera- tions. He commanded a division at the battle of Gettysburg, and was severely woundell. He was bl'evetted major-general of volunteers in [arch, 1865, and was mustered out of the service .Tan. 15, 1866. He died in Springfield, Mass., Feb. 12, 1 R6!). Barnes, JOSEPH K., medical officer; born in Philadelphia., Pa., July 21, 1817; was appointed an assistant surgeon in the army in 1840; assigned to duty in the office of the surgcon-general in 18M; became sur- geon-general in 1863; attended Presidents Lincoln and Garfield; brc,"ctted major- general in 18H.). At his suggestion the Army Mellical Museum and the Surgeon- General's Library were established. He died in Washington, D. C., April 5, 1883. Barney, JOSHUA, naval officer; bOlon in Baltimore, Md., July 6, 1i59. Inclined to a seafaring life, he went to sea in his early youth; and when he was only six- teen years of age, an 'lccident caused the care of his ship to devolve upon him. He met the ðigency with courage and skill. He entered the Continental navy, at its first organi7ation in 1775, as master's mate, in the sloop Hornet, and joinpd Commodore Hopkins. In an action be- tween the Continental schooner "Wasp and British brig Tender, in Delaware Bay, be- fore he was seventeen years of age, his conduct was so gallant that he was made a lieutenant. In that capacity he served in the Sachem (Capt. I. Robinson), and after a senre action with a British brig, in which his commander was wounded, JOlmg Barn('y hrought her into port. Soon after,,-ards he was made a prisoner, but was speedily rpleased, and in the A..ndrea the American flag to the Kational Con- Doria he was engaged in the defence of vention (see l\IONROE, J A IES) . He was the Delaware Riwr in 1777. He was auain a warm partisan of the FrenC'h, and en- made prisoner. anrl was exchanged in ""Au- tered their na'"y as commander of a squad- gust, 177R. A third time he was made ron, but resigned his commission in captive (Iii!)), anrl after his exchan::re lR02. When the War of 1812-15 broke was a fourth time made a prisoner, while out, he engagcd in privateering with much serving in the [{Qrafoga, Hi, was I'ent to e;1lccess. He was appointed captain in England, and confincd in the famous IiIl the United States navy in April, 1814, 285 prison, from which he escaped in May, 1781. He was retaken, and again escaped, and arrived in Philadelphia in March, 1782, wherc he took command of the Hyder A li, 16, in which he captured the Gencml ]I onl , of heavier force and metal. For this exploit the legislature of Iaryland presented him with a sword. At the close of the war he engagcd in business on shore, but very soon took to the sea again. At Cape Francoi!'\, ,Yo I., he received on his ship (1792) a large number of wom- en and children who had escaped mas- sacre by the blacks. His vessel was capt- ured by an English cruiser, but Barney l"Pcaptured her from the prize crew. He was again captured by an English cruiser (1793), and imprisoned as a pirate. His ship and cargo were condemned. In 1794 he went with Monroe to France, and bore 't.' , #" ,Ii \... I - - \ \,' "t- \ , - " I Y' ,I.. "'" \ ;;::: . -.. -' ,T """. ' - '-....' --' - tk' ."<'f > -- - t ,!J - ',- '=:--- -:. - .:. .:.1- "">.' .., ". ,:..--.... , - > .. - ' . " .::... . .::',' : ':-;::. ' ..... '.: '....:," ..... . 1,." . ..- .." /1" . '.: ' ', ,"!"',' , , '- . "" ' JOSIIl'A BAR:\EY. BARNUM-BARRE and placed in command of a flotilla of IS01; member of CongreF;s, 18 !)-33; small vessels for the defence of the coast:. rnited States Senator, 1830-31; commis- of the (,he apeake. Driven up the Patux- sioner from South Carolina to Washing-- ('nt by a British fleet, he destroyed his ton, December, HHiO; gave the casting vote nssels, and with onr 500 men he joined that e]ed('d Jefferson Davis President of Gcneral Winder in the defence of Wash- the Confederate States. lh. died in {'o]um- ington (see BLADE SBUnG, BATTLE AT). bia, S. C., Nov. ;;, IS8 . Barney was sevcrel r \\ oUl1l1ed (Aug". 24, Barras, COUNT LOLlS DE, naval oJficer; 1814) near B]adenshurg, and made a pris- born in Provence, France; was one of the oner. Too much hurt to be removed ab a chief otneers of the Iarquis de Ternay, prisoner. he was paroled and sent to commander of the Freneh squadron sent Bladensburg, near by, on a litter. There to aid the .Americans in 1 'iHI. lIe wa he was joined by his wife and son and his desig-nated to r pres('nt the na, y in the own surgeon. and was eonH'yed to his confercnce between \Yabhington and l o- farm at Elkridge, Md. The bu]]ct that chambeau in Wethers field, Conn" l\Iay 23, gave him the wound, from which he never 1 'iSI, but was unable to be present on fairly recovered, is prescl'\'ed in the Kavy aci - ('olin., April 30, lR !I. nated place waH met by OneÏllas. Onon- Barnwell, .JoIIN, military ollicer; born daga!", and Cayugas, the l\lohawks a 1111 in lrdand, ahout Hi'il; in l'il:!. with a HeJl('em, rdusing to ath'nd. Barre as- J"('giment of GOO Carolinians and severa] bumed much dignity. eatcd on a {'hair hundred friendly Indians, killed 300 of U e of state, with his Freneh and In<1ian warring Tuscaroras in the fir!>t eng-age- ofllcers formjng a circle around him, he ment and drove the survivors into their alldressed himself to Garangula, the fortified town, where they were fìnal1 . re- Onondaga chief, in a v('ry haughty speech, dm'('d to suhmission. (h-er l.OOO of thelll whiC'h he conehll]('d with a thl'l'at of !Hun- \\,('re kilkd or eaptur('d, and the n'muant ing tIH' castles of th(' Fi\-e Katious and joined the Five Xatiuns of ew York. lIe d('stroying t1lC' 1 ndiaJls thpm l'h ('8 unl('s8 di('d in Beaufort, . C., in 1724. the !"atisfaction whieh he dcmanllcd was Barnwell, l{oDERr 'VOODWAUD, states- gi,-cu. To this address Oarangula made lianj born in Bcaufort, S. C., .lug. 10, a cool but bold and decisivc bpcech in SG BARRÉ-BARRON favor. Barrê was one of the supposed authors of the Letters of Junius. Strong in person, vigorous in mind, independC'nt in thought and action, he was a dreadt'd opponent. During the last twenty :years of his life he was blind. He died in Lon- don, July 20, I 02. Barren Hill, near Valley Forge, Pa. General Washington detached General LafaJTette, May 18, 1778, with about 2,1O() men, to watch the British. He occupied Harren Hm, where he was approached by about 5,000 British troops on :May 20, intending a surprise. Lafayette, assuming to be preparing to meet the attack, ski 1- fully passed the enemy, retreated across the SchuJ"lkill, and occupied a strong posi- tion, whereupon the llritish retired. Barrett, Jou:v, diplomatist; born in Grafton, Vt., Nov. 28, 18ßß; graduated at Dal.tmouth College in 1889, and en- gagpd in journalism. He was minister to Siam in IH94-98, and represented sev- eral enited tates newspapers during the Philippine campaign in 1898. Barriger, .JoHN WALKER, military of- ficer; born in Shelby county, Ky., July 9, IH32; graduated at West Point in 1836; brevet captain for sen-ices at Bull Run; sen'ed in the commis!'mry department. He wrote the legislative history of the suhsistence department of the L'nited States army, 18ïG. Barron, JAMES, naval officer; born in Virginia in I 'jtiH. On the formation of the United States na\-y in 17!)8, Barron ISAAC BARRÉ, (who had hegun his naval career under (From an old pi"'.) his father, commander of the Yirginia Louisburg in li58. Wolfe was his friend, navy durin the Revolutionary War) amI appointed him major of brigade; and was made a lieutenant, and served unùer in )Iay, 17;)!), he was made adjutant-gen- Barry in tlw brief naval war with France. ('Tal of Wolfe's army that assailC'd Que- In I 'j!)!) he was made a captain and sent bee. J]e was spyC'rely wounded in the hat- to the :MC'ditprranC'an. under the command tie on the Plains of Abraham, bJ" which he of his elder brother, Com. Samuel Barron, lost the si ht of one ere. Barn'" serwd one of the best diseiplinarians in the ser- undC'r Amherst in 1 ïßO; and was tllP om- vif'e. ,Tamps was in command of tllP cia 1 bearer of the nC'ws of the surrendpr frigate Chrsa!J('ake in 1807, and surren- of Montreal to England. In 1 'j(il he was dpred her to the T,(,ol'ard, a nritish ship- promoted to lieutenant-colonpl, and the of-war, for which he was court-martialled same year he ohtained a scat in Parlia- and sentenced to he suspenùed from s('r- ment, where hp found himself in opposi- "ice for five ,years without payor em(llu- tion to the ministry. }'or this offence he nwnts. Durin that suspension he ell- was deprived of his offices. gÏ\-en him as terpd the merehant service. and remainl'(l a reward for his services in America. He abroad until 1818. when an attempt wa!i was the warm friend of the colonies, and made to restore him to duty in the naval made able speeches in Parliament in their service. Commodore Decatur and other 287 reply. It made the haughty Barre very angry, and he retired to his tent, where, after deliberation, he prudently suspend- ed his menaces. A treaty of peace was concludcd; and two daJ's afterwards Barre and his retinue departed for Canada. He died in Paris, May 4, lü88. Barrê, ISAAC, military officer; born in Dublin, Ireland, in I ï:W. His parents were French, his father being a small tradesman in Dublin. Isaac entered the British army at the age of twenty-one, and participated in the expedition against -t :.,, ::A\ ,<(: p' . / ; , ''' J . . @ / '\' "" , :ir , . ...ç, ','N 'I,Þ . . ' . _ . ,p v ,). '-- . \. ,<0 - - . - .- ".:.:- ( i I, . "'-';-1 11111 11 ::- . -, '. ' · Q('Î::.' /" , .' '-.. . - (j \' 'II \ ;, "- I t Y < .,r7- i :J?'7 ! ! I , ' '". .,,- ,.: .>It . " ",,,....::. \ / t -<--.J \ \ \. BARRON-BARRY sued. BalTon challenged his antagonist to fight a duel. They met near 13hlllpns- burg ()[arch 22, 1820), and Decatur was mortally wounded. Barron was severely hurt, but recovered after several months of suffering. During the latter years of his long life Barron held several im- portant commands on !';hore. lIe became senior officer of the navy in 18:3!1, and died in Xorfolk, Va., April 21, IS,')!. Barron, SA [UEL, naval officer; was born in Hampton, Va., about 1 i(i3; broth- er of .Tames. lIe, like his hrot1ler, had a training in the na"y under his father. ]n li!lS he comnuLUdpd the .lufllolta, pre- pared by the eitizpns of Norfolk to I'e!'!ist the aggre!';sions of the Fren('h. JIe took a conspicuous part in the war with Tripoli, and in 180;; he commanded a squadron of ten vessels, with the Prcsidnlt a!'! the flag-ship. lIe assisted in the captme of the Tripolitan town of Derní', .\pril 2ï. 180:). Barron soon afterwards relinquished his ('ommaml to Capt. .Tohn Itodgers, and on account of ill - health returnpd to thp United States. lIe died Oct. 29. 1810, vessel mptmpd hy a ('ommissioneil offi- Barrows, JOHN HENRY, clerfQ'man: eel' of the United Statt'!'! navy. Barry 288 officers resisted this. and a bitter corre- spondence between Barron and Decatur en- ",'- - , 1 ./ '{ ",.'..,.r j.: ' , -, , ,r- :\ -, _ >, _ "- - " i . ,"i.l) / ,:..-'a: .fZ -' #' ?-- '. . -- JA5:;., '7 ./// p' r , /ê) .,' Yø., I It 6) -. (j{..... /..... ,;p "', .p JA1H:M /JAKK()S. born in )[pdina, Mich., July 11, 18-1ï; was graduated at Olivet College, :Mich., in 18ü7, and studied at Yale, Union, and Andover theological seminaries, and at Güttingen, Germany. After two short pastorates in Lawrence and 13oston, Mass., he beeame. pastor of the First l'rpshyt('rian (,hurch. Chicago, and remailll'tl then" more than fourteen years. In um:J lIP organizt'il and was the president of the \"01'ld'8 I'ar- liament of Ueligions. In 189G he r('signe<1 his Chicago pastorate and went to India. where he lectured in an in titution en- dowed by Mrs. Caroline E. Haskell. He- turning to the United States, he Jectnr('d in the Pllion Theological Seminary in IS!IS, and in Kovemb('r of that J't'ar be- eame president of Oberlin College. lIe publishe<1 II istory of the Parliament of Nc1i.QioIl8; Ute of llt nry Ward Becch('r; ('h,.isti(/Ilify the 1ro,.1d Rcliyioll, etc. lIe died in Oher1in, 0., June 3, In02. Barry, JOliN, naval oflicer; born in Tacumshane, \y ('"fonl co., h-e1and, in I ï 4;). Ill' went to sea while he was very young, heeame the commander of a ship, and gained ('omsiùerable wealth. In Feb- ruary, 17ïH, he was appointed by Con- gress to command the l-cxington, fourt('en gnns, wltiell. after a sharp action, <,aptnre<1 the tender Rdll,(/,.d. This was the first ... -:- ...... ........ t<-* \ .. '\= "t' 7 J',I ., 2:$.. II . r. {/j Æ I " -, :,"', ..' !(<" 1 ..... : ... I :..: , .'iJ J . ,: _ 1-- '. ). ! ",:.. ,.... .\ ' . i ' '. 1 - ' , I' - '. : ' .> . .'}I. l ..Jo.. r.," - r - ........_ .. .....;,c .,. . ....' -"...., t ,/I, ' . ' . ..... -, . ." r'" .=--;. - _ ' ....... __. :::-: .,.;(... .... .. ,,' I. ;. .... ':i ', (1; -:.. . 0 ,: ,.' - '\ ' . -;:,,- II' '., ...... - \ 'Ii ". .:;; -;; "J,-:-::-? \ - . "... )\ \. - .I'.',,:> , .' . Jon.. BARRY. BARRY-BARTHOLDI was transferred to the frigate Effingham; and in the Dela\\are, at the head of four boats, he captured an English schooner, in 1777, without the loss of a man. He was publicly thanked by Washington. When Howe took Philadelphia, late in 1777, Barry took the Effingham up the Delaware with the hope of saving her, but !'he was burned by the British. Howe had offered him a large bribe if he would deliwr the ship to him at Philadelphia, hut it was scornfully rejected. Barry took ('ommand of the Raleigh, 32, in Sep- tember, 1778, but British cruisers com- pelled him to run her ashore in Penobscot Bay. In the frigate Alliance, in 1781, he Bailed for France with Col. John LaUl'ens, who was sent on a special mis..ion; and afterwards he crui ed successfully with that ship, At tile close of :\[ay he capt- un'd the ...1 t1cwta and Trespas8, after a f-evere fight, Heturning ill October, the Alliance was refitted, and, after taking J.afaJ'ette and the Count de XoaiIIes to France, Bany cruised in the \\' est Indips Yery successfully until 'lay, 178 . After the reorganization of the United States navy in 1794, Barry was named the sen- ior officer. lIe superintend- ed the building of the frig- ate United Rtat('s, to tlw command of which he was assigned, but never entered upon the duty. lIe died in Philadelphia, Sept. 1 , 1803. Barry, \VILLIA [ TAYLOR, statesman; born in Lunen- burg, Va., Feb. 5, 178:> ; was a member of the Ken- tucky legislature; member of ('ongrf.>ss, 1810-11; Unit- f'd fo:tatcs Renator, 181!)-Hi; l'ostmaster - General, 182!)- 5; appointed minister to pain, 18 !), and on his wa r to his post dipd in Lin>r- pool, England, Aug. 20, 1835. Barter, the e-xclmng-e of one commodity for another, and also the commodity so e changed. Bartering is traceable to the days of savage races, countrips. Tn 1874 the Frenf'h-American "lwn onp article, usually the product of Lllion W:UI fOl"lllPd for thp fllrtllf'ranf'P of agrif'ulture or the hunt, wa ('xchangpd this ohjpet. It was decided to pre-.:pnt J.-T 2 !) \ ,,','1,_ !, ' "",,,,, -- - ' - : for another article of the same relative value. In primitive American days the most common articles Were food animals, food products, skins, and weapons of de- fence and the hunt. For many years after the introduction of tobacco that product was the chief commodity for bartering, while among the [ndians wam- pum was used the same a"! money tokens in later times. Bartho1di, FRÉDÉRIC AUG{;STE, Frmch flculptor; born in Colmar, Alsace, April 2, ] 834; receiwd the Cross of the Legion of Honor in 18(j;). aUll is bpst known in the Cnitcd States by his eolo !-al ..tatut:' in Kew York Harbor, entitled Liberty En- lightening the World. His other works in- clude a statue of Lafarette in Union fo:quare, Kew York, and a bronze group of l.afayptte and \\'a:-.hington, presentPd by American citizens tu the city of Paris, and Ull\ eiled Dec. 1, 1S!I.). In 18iO a movement was inaugurated in France to present to the United States a !'mitahle melllOl"ial to testify to the fra- ternal feeling e isting between the two - ' .::;or '- t " , f,\'_:--: 0 t, ,,' -' ' ' \ - {-, '- .\}- :: ." .( ", ,j j, "r , "\"'\ :-. '.j ; -'- ........ ....-... FRÊbÉRIC Al-GI:8TE BARTIIOLDI. BARTHOLDI to the United States a colossal statue of Liberty E1l1iglltcl1ing tile n'orld, and mOre than 1,000,000 francs were raised by popu- lar subscription for that pUl'}>ose. Of the \ arious models submitted to the committee having the mat- ter in charge, that of 1\1. 13ar- tholdi was selected as the best, and the statue was construct- ed hy him. It is the largest statue ever made. and the most conspicu- ous e ample of ropoussé work -that is, thin fo.heets of ham- mered brass laid over a frame- , d'ç;," _ _ ..--.tIIIO:: _ ,,(" '- ;/'1 .. /;:? =-_ T". - . -;:;,L '- ;- . .. -- in sections, over a wooden frame-work. The most accurate measurements were nccessar,Y in nli\king these statues in order to preserve accurate proportions. Then came the work of copying the full-size statue in wooden mod. els. These \\ ere a11 carefully made by hand, each piece ex- actly fitting every curve or ir- ngularity of surface in SOIl1(' part of the figure. Into these mould!'; the sheets of brass were laid and beaten down until they exactly fitted them. There were 300 sheets of brass used, each 1'- ", l.. (' 1\:' \ '\ / V j.:\ I . ' . ' I' . -a . ' __ j I / : I : 'r: .. , I /Ç' (, JI . 1-: 1 1 \ '( . I' . /", )/ \ I, I / "f, ,I I I, '("'l/ , ,_ _" ......rj-}..fq-I Î,4...v"'-.: }jÎ '\ zv-... ... -_-.;;., .J.:... '-.,U._ '\\I '\ BARTHULDl'S STATLE uF LUlI>Rn IX JIoEW l'OHK HARBOR. work of iron. First, a life - size elay from one to three Jards square, and 8Latue after the design was made, tlwn weighing in all 88 tons. These form the three plaster 8tatues, the first one-six- outside of the statue. \Vhen this was te('nth, the second one - fourth the 8i7e ('ompJete, the iron frame - work or skeI- of the complete work, and thf> third eton wa!'! formC'd on \\hich the outer its full size, the la.st-name<1 being- made ('opper "lieU could be fastened. The right 2!)0 BARTLETT hand and torch of this rema.rkable statue elaborate scientific observations; but, were shown at the Centennial Exhibition owing to a failure of Congress to make at Philadelphia in 1876. The head wa the necessary appropriations, he did not shown at the Paris EÅposition in 1879. complete his work. He published a per- On ,July 4, 1880, the statue was formal- sllllal narrative of his eÅperience in that ly delivered to the United States through region in 18.)1. In )Iay, 1855, he was its n'pre f>ntative, the American minis- dlOsen secretary of state of Rhode Is1- tN' at Paris. Bedloe's Island, in :New and, which post he held until 1872, a York Harbor, but lying within the boun- period of seventeen years. Hc edited and daries of Xew Jersey, was selected by }JUb1ished the Rcconls of the Colony of the government as a suitable place for Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, its erection, and money was raiscd in 10 volumes; al!':o an Index to the Acts by means of subscriptions, concerts, etc., alld Rcsolres of the Gcneral Assembly of to build a pedestal for it to rest upon. Rhode Island from Jì,j8 to 1862. In 18-17 On Oct. 28, 188G. the statue was unveiled Mr. Bartlett published a little volume on in the presence of distinguished represent- the Progress of Ethnology j and in IRiS a atives of France and the L'uited States, Dictionary of .lmcricanisms, since revised and was formally dedicated with imposing and ('nlarged. He al!':o published a Bibli. ceremonies. The statue represents the ography of Rhode Island: Literature of Goddess of Liberty holding aloft a torch the Rebellion,: Memoirs of Rhode IsTand with which she enlightens the wodd. Jlen: Primcral J[all, and sewral other The height of the statue Ífom the base works. He died in Providence, R. I., May to the torch is 151 feet 1 inch. From the 28. ISSG. foundation of the pedestal to the torch Bartlett, JORIAII, a signer of the Dec- it is 30.3 feet G inches. The figure weighs laration of Independence; born in Ames- 4:;0,000 pounds, or 22.3 tons. and con- bury, Mass., Xov. 21, 1729; ('ducated ill tains 100 tons of hronze. Forty persons a common school and taught the science can stand comfortably in the head, and of medicine by a practitioner in hi" native the torch will hold twelve people. town. lIe began practice in Kingston, N. II., Bartlett, JOHN, authoT; horn in Plym- in 17;)0, and soon beeame eminent. He outh, 1\[ass., June 14, 1820; became a puh- was a memher of the :New Hampshire 1isher in Cambrid e. In 18G2-G3 he was l('crislature from 17G5 until the break- fi volunteer paymaster in the United in:'" out of the " ar of the Revolution. In :-:tates navy. lIe is best known for his 1770 he was appoint('d by the royal gOY- Pamiliflr QllotatiOlt8; The Rlwk8}Jcarc In- ernor 1ieuteJ1ant-eolonel of the militia, dC$: and The Complete Concordance to hut on account of his patriotic tellflenci('s Shaks/Jcare. hp wag deprived of the office in 1775. lIe Bartlett, JOHN RCSSELL, author; born was a member of the committee of in Providence, R. I., Oct. 23, 180;). He !';afdy. upon whom for a time devolwd wa:i for six v('ars cashier of the Glohe the whole e"\':('cutin' pmvpr of tI1e govern- Bank in Prov'idence. a d an acti'"e Jl}em- ment of the :-:tat('. \ dd('!!ate to Congr(' h('r of the Franklin oeiety for the Cul- in li75-76. lw was the fir"t to gin llis ti\"ation of ei('nee. He was also one vote fOT the Declaration of Tncll'fWllf1"nef'. of tIl." projeetors of the Athenæum in nd its first !':igner aftf'r tIle l re"id('nt Provi(lence, and for sonw time corr('!':po1Hl- of ('ongr('ss. He was with Stark in the ing sel'retar.v of the New York Historical T{ennington campai<.!n (sf'e B]< XIXGTON, Society. 1\[1'. Bartlett was associated with RATTLE OF). in 1777, ag agent of the Alhert Gallatin as a projedor and foundf'r State to providp mf'dieinf' and otlwr neces- of the American Ethnological SoC"i('Ì\r. Tn s'1.rÍes for t1w New Hamp"hin" troops. In lR;}O he was appointprl hv Prf'sident Tav- Congre!':s agnin in 1778. 11f' was aC"tiw in lor a commissioner. und r the trf'ntv f mmmittf'e dutif's: and in 177!) 11<' wa peaC"e with )1e,ieo in lR-t8. to !,;f'tt1e' t1w fippointNI l'ltief-jl1stiCf' of thp Common bounrlary -1in(' hetween that country and Plf'as in his Rtate. In 1782 he was a tIle L"nited States. He was enO"a ed in .1udge of the Rupf'rior Court of Xew t1wt sen'ice until Jan. 7. IS;) ."" aking Hampshire. and chif'f-iustil'e in 17SR. extensive surveys and e:xplorations, with .Tl1clgl' nartlett retirl'll from public life 2Ul BARTLETT-BARTON charge by President Lincoln of the !-(,aI'ch organized to find mbsing Cnion soldiers, and in IS(j.; went to \lIdt'r OlI\'ille to Illark the graves of :i\orthern slIMiers who had dipd tlJ('re. \\ hen the Franco- Prns- sian War broke out (18ïO), !-he aðsi ted in preparing military hospitals, and also aided the Hed Cro s ot'iety. hI 1871, after the si('ge of ::-;trasburg, she superin- tended, by request of the authorities, the distribution of work to the poor, and ill lR72 verformed a similar "ork in Paris. ]'or her servicps she was de('orated \\ ith the Goldm Cross of Baden and the Iron Cross of Germanr. rn ISH1, "Iwn the American Heel Crof;s Society was formed, she was made its president, and as sl]('h in 1884 directed the mcasures to aid the suffercrs hy 01(' Mississippi and Ohio floods. In 1883 she was made the supcr- intendent, steward, and treasurer of the ReformatoQ' Prison for "'0 nl('n, at Sll('r- horn, :1\[ass., and in the s:nr1l' rear \\ as Rpecial connnissionpr of foreign e hihits at the :Kew Orleans E position. In lRR-t she was a delegate of the Cnited :Statcs to the ] ed Cross Conference, and a Iso to the [nternational Peace Conference, hoth held in (;el1e\'a, Switzprlanù. In HìR!J she directed the movements for the relief of the sufl'erers. by the flood at Johnstüwn, Pa., and in 18 )G went to Armeni.L and personaJIy managed the relief measures. l}rior to the war with Spain she carried supplies to thp reeollcentrados of Cuha, at the rf'qUf'bt of President Mc- Kinley, and was al<;o active during the war in army relief work. In 1!100, after the Galve ton disaster, t'he directpd the movement for the rplief of the suf- ferers, ti1J her health failerl. She is all- thor of lIi.-i - J " , .... ;, . , tI(t.,i _ , ...J- -". ð r. .(f' . - -:: -__; I'Jß æ ' 1 ,- t_ 't4': ' I ., , .1 - -., ,I . -'ò ....,.. II; , ". , - 'I, / ,/ ' \': . \.. ." \ ': 1fI '..., .: \ ..... '.. \ L CLARA BARTO:ll. BARTRAM-BATANGAS further sen'ice in the war. He was a plants peculiar to North America. He died member of the Rhode Island convention in King:-ipssillg, Pa., July 22, 1823. Bassett, JUH SPE CER, educator; born in Tarhoro, N. C., Sept. 10, ISG7; gradu- ated at Trinity College, N. C., in 1888, and was Professor of History in Trinity Col- lc,ge in IHOO. He is author of (Jollstitutionlll Beginnings of .YortlL ('((rolina; J\flal/cry and Herritudc in Colony of North Carolina; Anti-Sial/cry Lcadcrs of Xorth Caro- lina; Slarer!! in the State of Xorth Caro- lina j 1'he lrar of the Regulation, etc. Bastidas, RODRrCUEZ DE, explorer; horn about 1.t(iO. ,nth Juan de la Cosa. he sailed towards the \YeRtprn Continent with two ships in 1502, and dis('oven'd the (oast of Routh America. from Cape de Yela to the Gulf of Darien. Ojeda, with Anwr- icus \'e;;;pueius, went in the same conrse Roon afterwards, ignorant of this expedi- tion of Hastidas, touched at the same places, and procepded to Hispaniola, or Santo Domingo. He founded the city of S1. Martha, in New Grenada; was wound- ed in an uprising of his people; and died soon afterwards in Santo Domingo, y;rhich fina11y adopted the national Con- whither he had tied. stitution. He died in Providence, R. 1., Batane, or Bashi, Islands, a group of Oct. 22, 1831. islands directly north of the Philippine Bartram, 'YII.I.IAU, naturalist; born Archipelago, midway between the Bashi in Kings('ssing, Pa., Feb. 9. 1 i3D. He en- and Ba1intang channels and a little to gaged in business in Korth Carolina in the southeast of the island of Formosa. 1701, and hecame a devoted student of nat- They have an estimated area of 125 square ural history. Son of John Bartram, a dis- miles and a population of about 9.iJOO. tingnished botanist, and the founder of the The principal islands in the group are first botanical garden in the Fnited States. 1\fabudis, Ibayat, Batan, Saptan, and 'Vil1iam accompanied his faUwr, when the Ha1intang, and the principal towns are latter was seventy years of age, in a Santo Domingo de Rasco, San Bartolome botanical e-xcursion and exploration of de Ca1ayan, San Carlos de 1\Iarigatao, San pa.,t Florida. and rpsid('d some time on .Jose de Ihana, Ranta Iaria dp -:\Ia:r an , the banks of the st. .John Rh-er, returning and San Vincente de Saptan. In -:\Iarch, home in 17il. UP was employed by Dr. HWO. the "Cnited States authorities estab- FothergiH, of London, in 773-78, in bo- 1isl1Pd a govprnment OWl' thes(' iRlands, tanical exploratiom; and colkctions in and the neighhoring Calayan Islands, un- Florida, Georgia, and Routh Carolina. 1\11'. del' the direction of T('ofilo CostiHejo, a Bartram was a member of the American Fi1ipino, who had aid('d the American au- Philosophical Society and othpr scientific thorities in their operations on LU70n. ssoeiations in the Unit('d States and Batangas, a province of Luzon, Philip- F.urope. In 1 i90 he puh1iRhed an account pine Islands, bordering on San R(>rnardino of his travels in the G-uH rpgion. in which Strait, and north of the island of lin- he ga,-e an aC'('ount of tlw Creek. Choctaw, doro; also the name of its capital city. and Cherokee Indians. 1\11'. Bartram made The proyince is natura]]y on(' of the rich- the mo<;t complete ta1l1e of American eRt sugar-growing districts in the Philip- ornithology previous to the wOl'k of \Yil- pines. and has also a large production of Ron, and to him we are indphted for a ('ocoanut oiL Prior to the war b('twepn knowl(>(lge of many curious and beautiful the "Cnited States and Spain, in 1898, the 293 .'\ _ -""l 'fil \(,' , . ,.- \ '- - - , f. ' "\. . , :tl'- :-., l- k}. ' J' :,, \, \ ' , \ ' '" , \, \-, ' L .:; " '.' I, , } \' .. '- ,,''\ ""';;" tt.. - .,'(' ' '...'; "..... , "', \ : " " , ,".1 .' '- .' "'. .>. , J.. \, . I ': ;\ " 1 \ 1 ,. J It ':'.,', '- . , f. ( I I \\ '_" " _ I"" J of' WILLI\1I BARTON, BATCHELDER-BATTLES city was the seat of large commerce, and had a population of over 3.3,000. The region gives promise of lalge economic returns on the applÏ<:ation of modern methods of cultivation. Batchelder, RICHARD N., militaQT offi- ccr; ùorn in I.ake Yillage, N. H., July 27, lR32; entered the volunteer army in ISûl; sen-ed through the Civil '''ar, and was awarded a Congressional medal of honor for distinguished gallantry in action; en- tcred the }'egular army at the close of the \\ a 1'; bccame brigadier-general in 1890, and was Tf'tired in 18fHì. He died in WaRhington, D. C., Jan. 4, HJOI. Bates, EDWARD, statesman; born in Del- mont, Ya., Sept. 4, 1 ï!)3; sernd in the Yirginia militia in 1813; removed to Mis- houri in 1814; and began practising law in ISlû. He was a l)rominent anti - slavery man, and during the National Republican Convention of 18GO he received 48 votes on th(' first ballot for Prcsident. 1\11'. Uncoln aftf'r his lection appointcd 1\11'. natf'S A ttorney-General. He resigncd in lRG-t, and rpturnf'{l to hi"l home in St. Loui!'!, whprf' 11<' died. ]\[arch 2:>, IR(j!). Bates, JOII:'i COALTER, miJitar,y officpr; born in Fit. Charles county, Mo.. Aug. 2fi. lR-t2; educated at 'Yashington L"niwrsity (St. Loui!'!). He ('ntf'red the army in J H(jJ. and selTed on the !'!taff of G('n. G<'Orge G. ]\[('ade from thp battle of Gettyshnrg to tll<' cJo!'!p of the war. Tn IS(j:1- 8 he held the rank of captain; in 1882 - 8(j that of lif'nt('nant - colonpl ; in J 8(j-n tl13t of colonel. IIp waR presi- dent of the board which devised thc prcs- ent drill and firing regulations, and a mpmber of the board which adopted th(' Krag - .Jorgensen rifle. At t1w outbrcak of the Rpanish-American "Tar he was com- misRioned a hrigadi('r-general of ,"olun- t('ers. and for the Santiago campaign wa promot('d ma ior-general. J n 1 S!J!J llC was appointf'd military govcrnor of Cipnfucgos, rRF.XCH AXD IXDIAX WAR. Cuha, On the reorgani7ation of the regu- r.reat !\[('ndows. " . . . . .. . . .. .:!\Iay Fort :\'f'('(>sslty ............. ..Tulv lar army in Fchruar T, ID01. h(' was ap- Fort Beau S(.jour.............TI1I f' pointf'd one of the n('w brigadier-gcnf'r:l Is. Fort ( aspf'reaux ............ Junf' Bates, .JOSIIt:"A, financier; horn in \Ye '- [onongnb(>la ".............. ..Tuly mouth. Mass.. in 1788; wpnt to "England Bloody Pond (near Lake r.f'orge) .,.,.... . . . .. ..." f'pt. as the agent of \Yi11iam Gray & Ron. nOR- Head of Lake George. .. . .. . . . !'pt. ton, and was thrown into intimate r<,la- OSWf' O ...,......,..... . AUf{. t ione;; with the Hopc!1. Baring!'!. flUd ntlwr Fort WIlliam TTenry. . . .. .. . . . July 1'\(':\1' TiC'oml('rogn ....,...,. ..Tuly grf'at cmmnf'rcÏal firm!'!. In IR2G lIt"' cn- Tkoml(>!'oga .,.'..,.,...... .July tered into partnership with John Raring. Loulsbl1rg ....,.",.,.,..... July 20-1 and afterwards became the Renior partner of the finn of Baring Brothers & Co. J n 18!>4 he was appoiIÜl.d umpire beÌ\wen the British anù \.mel'icall cOIlIU1Ï sionel' jn the adjustment of daims bctwcen citi- zens of Great 13ritain and the Pllitt'ù States growing out of the "'ar of IS12. In 1832 Mr. Bates offered $.30,000 to the city of 13oston for the establishment of a free public lihraQ", and afterwards ga H' the library some 30,000 volumes. lIe dic,l in London, England, Sept. 24, IS(j-t. Bates, SA?n;>EL rE IMAN, histOl'ian; born in l\Icridcn. ::\1ass" .fan. 2!), 182ï; was State historian of Penn ylvania in 18GÛ-Î3; and published Lil:cs of the GOI'- crnors of Pennsylvania, and several works on thc Civil War. Baton Rouge, BATTLE AT. See PORT HrDsox; "'ILLlA!\rs. THOMAS. Battle, KE IP FLt:")DIER. educator; horn in Franklin county, X. C., ])cc. 1!J, IS:n: graduaÚd at the { nin'rsit.r of Korth Carolina in IS-t!l; memh('r of the Conft'tl- ('ra te Convention of tlla t f'ta te in ISH J : l-:itate tl'e:1 S\1l'pr in 18(j(j-(j8; was pr('sidl'nt of the rniver itv of Korth Carolina in 18ïG-!JI; tJl<'n r signed to hecOJnp Pro- fe sor of History in the same institution. He is author of History of the NUjJrcme rourt of Xor/h rarolina; llistory of Ra- lriqh, North ('((I"oli"a; Trials al/d .ludicial l)r cccdinrI8 of the XCIV 'l'c! talllcnt: J,ife of Gcncral .Jethro Snlll/l(1", etc. Battle Above the Clouds. f:pe LOOK- orT .\rOrl'\TâTX, BATTLE OF. Battle Hymn of the Republic. See HowE, J1JLIA 'YAnD. Battle of the Kegs. See ITOPKTXROX. FHA (,TS. Battles. Tlw principal hattles in whidl the people of the 1;nit('(} tat('s have been engagf'd. as colonists and as a nation, are as follows: . Ii;;4 4. 1H, Ii;'::) lï. 9, 8. 8, H. 1ï:;6 G. 1 ï:; ï ß, Iï;; 8, 2G, Fort Frontenac ............. Aug. Alleghany Mountains ....... Sept. Fort Niagara........ ....... .July Iontmorencl ............... .July Plains of Abraham........., Sept. Sillery .................... ..April REVOLUTIOSARY WAR. Lexington. , . . . . . . . . . .. " .. . April ID, 1773 Bunker (Breed's) lIill........June 11, Sear 110ntreal (Ethan Allen captured) ................ Sept. 23, St. John's (8iege and Capture on .......... ....... .Oct. and ov. Great Bridge .............,. Dec. 9, Quebec ..................... Dec. 31, 1100l'e's Creek Bridge........ Feb. 27, 177(j Boston (Evacuation of)..... ,1lar. 17, Cedar Rapids ............... )Iay 9, Three Rivers ....'.......,... June 8, Fol"t ullivan (Charleston lIar- bOl') .....................June 28, Long Island.............. ..Aug. 7, Harlem Plains ............ . Sept. 16, Wbite Plains ............... Oct. 28, Fort Washington........... . ov. 16, Trenton .................... Dec. 26, l'l'inceton ................. .Jan. 3, 1771 Hubbardton .................July 7, Oriskany ................... Aug. 6, Bennington ................ .Aug. 16, Bl'andywlne ................ Sept. 11, Bemis's Heights (flrst), Sept. 19; (second) .............Oct. 7, PaolI ...................... Sept. 20, Germantown ................ Oct. 4, Forts Clinton and )lontgomery.Oct. 6, :F'ort :\Iprcer ................ Oct. 2:!, Fort l\liffiln ................. ov. 16, )Ionmouth .................. June 28, 1778 Wyoming.......... ........ .July 4, Quaker Hill (R. I.) . . . ., ... . .Aug. 29, Savannah ..................De 2D, Kettle Creek ............... Feb. 14, 1779 Brier Creek ............... .l\lar. 3, F:tono Ferry ................ June 20, Stony Point... ............ ..July 16, Paulus's Hook ........,... . Aug. 19, Chemun (near Elmira, . Y.).Aug. W, Savannah" ..,..,......,.. .Oct. 9, Charleston (Siege and Sur- render of) .............,.. nay Spl'ingfield (N. J.). .. .. ..... .June Ho('ky )Iount (N. C,).......,July Hanging Rock ( . C,), ., .. ,. ,Aug. Sander's Creek (near Camden. ,C,) .,....'............ Au . 16, King's )Iountain (S. C.).... . Oct. 7, Fish Dam !<'ord. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nov. 1 , Bla!'kstocks ................. ;.Jov. 20, ('owpens ................... .Jan. 17, 1781 Guilford ................... )Iar. 1:;, Hobkirk's Hill .............. April 2:;, inety-slx ( le1!P of) . . . . )Iay and June Augusta (Riege of) , , . . . .l\lay and June Jamestown ........ ........ July 9, Eutaw Springs....,..,....,. . Sept. 8, Yorktown (Siege of) . SPpt. and Oct. NAVAL E r.AGE:\IESTS. Hampton. Va. (British fleet repulsed) ................. Oct. 27, 21, 25, 31, 13, 28, 12, lï80 23, 30, 6, 24, BATTLES 17G8 Fort Sullivan, Charleston Har- bor (British fleet repulsed) . June Fort Stony Point, on the Hud- son (captured by British tieet) .................,., Alay Yel'planck's Point, on the lIud- son (captured by British fleet) .................... June British fleet and American flotilla of thirty-seven ves- sels on Penobscot River (lat- ter destroyed) .......... .Aug. Bon Homme Richard and the .Alliance against the SeraIJis (off coast of England) . . . . . . Sept. AmPl'ican fleet captured the J:oJcarbOrOll{}h (off coast of England) .................SepL French fleet attacked avan- nah (fOl'ced by the British to withdraw) ..........,..Oct. 28, 1ïï6 31, 177!) 1, 13, 23 3 Û, lï3Û 1760 WAR WITH TIlE IXDIAXS. )Iiami River. . . . . . . . . . . Oct. 19 and 22, 17!}Û St. Clair's Defeat.......... . ov. 4, 17:n Fort St. Clair ..............Sov. 6, li!l Xear Fort 81. Clair. .... .... .Oct. Ii, 1îU3 Fort Recovery...... . .... .. .June 30, litH l\laumee Rapids (Fallen Tim- ber) ....................,.Aug. O, Tippecanoe... . .. ... .,. .. .. .Nov. 7, 1811 WAR OF 1812-13. Fort l\Iackinaw ............. July 17, 1812 llrownstown ............... .Aug. 4, Iaguaga ................. ...Aug. !). Chicago (l\lassacre at) ...... .Aug. Hi, Detroit (Surrendered) ...... . Aug. 1H, Fort Harrison......... . Sept. 4 and :Þ, Fort Madison .............. Sept, 4-6, Gananoqui ................, Rf'pt. 1, Queenstown Heights........ .Oct. 13, St. Regis .................. Oct. 3, Fort NIagara ....,.......... ov. :!1, Black Rock ........."..,.,,;.Jov, 8. French Town (11iver Raisln).Jan, 18-22, 1813 EIi?abetbtown (Canada) ...,. Feb, 7, Ogdensburg ................. Feb, 22, York (Toronto) ............ ,.APl.it 7, Fort )Ielgs ................ . Iay :3, Fort George. . . . ., . .. . . . . .. . :\Iay 7, Rackett's Harbor ,.......... :\Iay 2!), :'\tony ('reek ................ .Tune G, Hampton (Defence of), .. , .. .June 1 , Craney I and ...............Tune Reaver Dams ...,..,....'... June 2 , Xf'ar Fort George. .. .... .... .July R. RIack Rock ................. July 11, Fort George (Defence of Out- works) .................,. ,Tuly 17, Fort Stephenson ........ ... Aug. 2, Stonington (Bombardment of) Aug, 9-11, Fort J\lims ,............... .Aug. 30. Thamf's .,.,................ Oct. á FrPllch Creek ......... .Nov. 1 and 2. Tallasebatche .............. .Xov. 3, Talladega .................' Xov. 9, Chrysler's Field ...,........ Xov. 11. IIillabee Town............ ,Xov. 1 . 177;) Auttose ,................... Kov. :!rI, 2!1.) Fort Xiagara ............. ..Dec. ID, 1813 Econochaca ................. Dec. 2::J, .. lJIack Rock .......... . . . . . . . Dec. 30, Emucfau (Ala.) ............ .Jan. 2::!, 1814 Enotochopco (Ala,) ......... Jan. 24, Camp Defiance ............ .Jan. 27, Longwoods .......,........ . Mar. 4, Horsesboe I end...,..,...... .)Ial'. 27, La Colle Mills .,............ )Iar. 30, Fort Oswego. . . . . . . . . . . , .May 4 and 5, Sandy ('l'eek. . . . . . . . . ... . . . . ,)Iay 30, Odell Town ........ , . , . . . . . . June 28, FOl.t El'ie .................. July 3, Chippe" a ..".............. .July 5, ('hamplain ..,....... ,July 18 and ID, Lundy's Lane (Xiagara Falls) . July 2:5, Fort )Ia('kinack plackinaw). . Aug. 4, FOl't Erie,................Aug, 13-1;;, Bladcnsburg ................ Aug. 24, Plattsburg ......,........... Sept. 11, orth Point..... . . . . . .. . . . . Sept. 12, Fort )IcIlenry (Bombardment of) ...................... Sept. 13, Fort Bower. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sept. I:>, Fort I' rie (Sortie fmm)..., Sept. 17, Chippewa .................. Oct. I:>, L;\'on's Creek. .. ... .. .., .. ,.Oct. I!), I'ensa('ola -,........."..., . ov. 7, "illeré's }'Iantation ( ew Or- leans) ..............,.... Dec. 23, Ho(II'ig-uez's Canal (Xew Or- leans) .....,............. Jan. K ew Orleans .............., ,Jan. Fort St. Pbilip ............, Jan. Point Petre (Ga.) ........... Jan. CIVIL ".o\n. Fort Sumter (Eva("l1atcd),.., APl'1l 14, Hlg Bethel (Va,)............ ..Jllnc 10, I:uoneville (:\10.) ......... . ,J II nc 17, Carthage (:\10.)............. ..Jllly .., Rkh :\Iountaln (Va,)....,.. ..Jnly 10, nllll Hun (\'a.) Ifirst).........JlJly 21, 1, 1813 Wilson's Creek (1\10,).,...... A IIg. 10, IIattpras Ii'orts Captured. . . . Aug. 2G-:W, Carnifex Fprry (Va.)..,...., Hcpt. 10, Lcxington (Mo,) ............ Hppt. 20, Santa Rosa I!dand..........Oet. 9, nail's HIliII' (Va.) '....... ,Oct. 21, I'ort Royal Expedition (H. C,) Oct. to Nov,. Rclmont (:\10.) ............ .Xov. 7. )Iil]òle ('reck (Ky.)......... ,.Jan. In. Fort Henry (Tenn,) ......., Feb. H, Roanoke Island (X, C,).. I,'eh, 7 and R, Fort ] lonelson ............., Fph, 1 (), 28, 1814 Val vend (Kew Mexico)...... Feb, 21, 2% NAVAL ENGAGEMENT& Chesapeake and Leopanl (im- pressment, furmer defeat- ed) ....,... _ . . . . . . . . '" . . June Presid(,1It and Little Belt (lat- ter òcfeated) ..........,.. )lay Prc8illc'n t and Bc1/'icZcra (fm'mer escapcd) ......... June E8. eÆ and .Alert (latter de- feated) ,.................Aug. COl/stitution and Guarii1'C (latter df'feateò) ,........ .Aug. n'O-'I]I and Frolic (latter de- {('a ted) .................. Oct. lI"a' JI and Poieticr8 (former Slll'l'cllliel'ed) ............. Oct. U"if('r! fat('s and lJlaccdoniUlt (Iattel' defeated) .......... Oct. ('OIl,'1lilutifJn and Jal:a (latter defea ted) ....,........... Dec. ('JI( , aJl('(I /;:e am] Shannmt I former defeated) ........ June Elllr1'fI1'is(' and BfJxer (latter defea tcò) ................. Sept, ."'"WI and P('liean (former de- fcated) .............,..,.Aug. Hm'l1('f find PencfJek (latter dcfcated) ................ Aug. American fleet of nine ves- sels and Rrltlsh fleet of Rh: vesspls on Lake Erie (latter defeated) ........ . Sept. L'8. (,3J and the PJlfJ(' be and ('lIeru/) (former surrender- ed) ,.,................... 1\1ar. BATTLES Wasp and Reilldeer (latter defeated) ............... .June Wasp and Awn (latter de- feated) .................. Sept. American fleet of sixteen ves- sels and tbe British fleet on Lake Champlain (latter defeated) ...,............ Sept. rresidetl t and tbe ElIl[ym ifJu, Majestic, and two otber British ships (former de- feated" .................. Sept. Hornct and Pcnguin (laUel' defeated) ................ Jan. BLACK HAWK W.!.R. (See nr..\CK HAWK). May to August, 183:!. SEMI OLE wAR-183:>.4 . )Ilcanopy .................. June Fort Drane..... ...... " . .. .Aug. Wahoo Swamp... .Xov. 17, 18, and Okeechobee Lake ........... .I>ee. Carloosahatchee ............, July Fort King ................. April Kear Fort Brooke........... )Iar. Big Hammock ......,....... Apl"il 2R, 1814 1, 11, 16, ....', 1 1:> --, D, 21, 21, 25, 2 , 28, 2, 1D, 1836 lR 7 183!) 1840 ]R-U 184:! 1, 1815 8, U, 13, WAlt AUAIXST MEXICO. Fort Brown ............... .May 3, 18-f() I'alo Alto ...............,.. :\Iav 8, Hesaca de la Palma. .. . . ,. .. .l\lay !), Honoma and Honoma }'ass... June l:í, Monterey .,.............. Sept. :!1-2: , Hl'aceta .................... nee. 2:>, F:an Gabriel ................Jan. 8,lKH 'rbe l\Iesa ..................Jan. 0, Encarnacion ...........,.." J an. :{, Buena \'ista. . . . . . . . . . . Feb, :!:! and :!: , Chlhuabua ................. I.'cb. 2S, Vera Cruz (Sul"I"endered).... .l\lar. :!(), Alvarado ................... APl'iI 2. ('erro Gordo ................ A prii 1 R, Con treras .................. A Ilg. 20. Churubusco ................Aug. O, El Molino del fley.......... .Sept. 8. Cbapultepec ............ Hept. 1 :!-14, Puebla ......... . . . . . . ,Hept, and Oct., IIuamantla ................. O('t. fI, Atlixco ..................., Oct. 18, 22, 180] 16, 1811 :!3, 181 13, HI, 18, 18, l fa :Jþ 2!), , 14, 24, 10, 18li2 Pea Ridge (Ark.)....... . Mar. 7 and 8, Hampton Roads (Monitor and MC1'1'imac) ............... Mar. 9, Sbilob (Tenn.)......... ,April 6 and 7, Island Number Ten (SUrl'en- dered) ...................April 7, Forts Jackson and St. Pbilip April 18-27, !\ew Orleans (Captured). April 2;) to May 1, Yorktown (Siege of). ...April and May, Williamslmrg ............... Iay 5, Wincbester ................. lay 25, Hanover Court-I1ouse ...... .May 27, Seven rines, or Fall' Oaks lay 31 and June 1, Mempbis (Tenn.) ........... .June 6, Cmss Keys and 1"0rt Repub- lic ................ ..June 8 and 9, Seven Days before Ricb- mond ..........,... June and July, Raton Rouge (La.)......... .Aug. 5, ("edal' Mountain (Va.)...... . Aug. 9, RuIl Run (second),........., Aug. 30, outb lountain (:\Id,),...... Sept. 14, Harper's Ferry (lO,UOO ation- als surrendered) .......... ept. 13, Antietam (:\ld.) ........,....Sept. 17, Iuka 011815,)......... Sept. 19 and 20, Corintb (:\liss,) ............Oct. 3, I"erryville (Ky.) .......... . Oct. 8, Prairie Grove (Ark.) ........ Dec. 7, Fn>derlcksburg (Va.) ........Dec. 13, HoIly Spl"Ïngs ( liss,)....... . Dec. 20, Chickasaw Bayou C\liss,)... Dec. 27-29, Stone HiveI' (Murfreesboro, Tenn.) ...................Dec. 31, and Jan. 3, Arkansas Post (Ark.)....... .Jan. 11, Grierson's Raid.... . April 11 to May 5, Port Gibson (:\111515.)......... .:\Iay 1, Chancellorsville (Ya.) ......, :\lay 1-4, Haymond (;\111515.) ........ ... . May 12, ,1ackson 01188.) ............l\Iay 14, Champion IIiIl (:\111515)....... .May 16, Big J:Iack HiveI' OIiss.)..... . lay 17, Vicksbm'g OIiss,) .......... May lD-22, 1"00.t IJudf'on (La.) .,........l\Iay 27, Hanover Junction (I'a.)...... June 30 t;ettysbu rg (Pa.) ............ July 1-3' \ïl'ksburg (Surrendered) ..... July 4: Helena (Ark,) ..............July 4, 1'00.t Hudson (Surrendered).. ..1uly 9, ,1ackson C\liss,) ............ .July H;, Fort Wagner (S, C.) . ... . . . . July 10-18 :\lm'gan's Gl'eat Raid (Ind. and ' (),) . . . . . . . . . . . . . June 24 to July 26, Chickamauga, ...... . ept. 19 and 20, Camphell's Station (Tenn.).. .!\ov. 16, Knoxville (Tenn.; Besieged) Nov. 17 to Dec. 4. Lookout :\Iountaln (Tenn.)... . Nov. 24, Missionary Ridge (Tenn,).... . Nov. 2:>, Olustee (Fla.) ..............Feb. 20, Sabine Cross Roads (La.)..... April 8, Pleasant lIiIl (La,)......... . Aprll 9, Fort Pillow (Tenn.; Massacre at) .................... ..April 12. \\ïlderness (Va.)...... .May 5 and 6, Spottsylvanla Court - House (Va.) .................. . May 7-12, BATTLES 1862 llesaca (Ga.)......... . May 14 and 15, 186.1 Bermuda Hundred .......... :\lay 10, !\ew Hope Cburch (Ga.).... .:\Iay 23, Cold Harbor (Ya.).......... .June 1-3, Petersburg (Va.; Smitb's At- tack) .................... June 16, Weldon Road (Va.)... .June 21 and 2 , Kenesaw (Ga.) .............June 27, Peacb-tree Creek (Ga.)..... .July 20, Decatur (Ga.) .............July 22, Atlanta (Ga.) .............. July 28, Petersburg (Va.; line Explo- sion) .................... July 30, Mobile Bay................ .Aug. 5, Jonesboro (Ga.). . Aug. 31 and Hept. 1, Atlanta (Ga.; CaptUl.ed)..... Sept. 2, ":inch ste (Va,) ...........Sept. 19, Flsber 15 Hlil (Va,). .. .. .. . " . Sept. :!2, Allatoona Pass (Ga.)....... .Oct. 6 Hatcher's Run (Va.)........ . Oct. 27: Franklin (Tenn.) .......... .Xov. 30, Fort :\!cAlIister (Ga.). . . . . . . . Dec. 14, NasbvIIle (Tenn.)..... . Dec. 13 and 16 Fort Fisher (N. C.; First At- ' tack on)........... . Dec. 24 and 25 Fort Fisher (N. C.; Capture ' of) ......................Jan. 15,186:5 Hatcher's Run (Va.)......... Feb. 5, Averasboro (N. C.,..........l\Iar. 16, Bentonville (N. C.)......... .:\lar. 18 Five FOl'ks (Va.). .:\lar. 31 and April l' Petersburg (Carried by As- ' sault) ................,.. April 2, Appomattox Court - House (near) .................. . April 9 Mobile (Capture of) . . . . . . . . April 8-12: 1863 WAR WITH SPAIN. Destruction of Spanish fleet In Manila nay.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . May 1, 18f18 Bombardment of San Juan, Porto Rico .............. .l\Iay 12, Bombardments of forts San- tiago de Cuba.......:.... .May 31, Daiquiri, Cuba. . . . . . . . . . . . . June 21-22, Juragua. Cuba (Capture).... .June 24, Las Guasima!'l, Cuba..... .... .June 24, F.I ('aney, ('uba. . , . . . . . . . . . . . July 1, an Juan 11111. Cuba. . . . . . . . . . July 2, Destruction of Spanish fleet off SantlR O,..........,.. .July 3, Santiago OIllIta,'y and Naval Bombardment) ......... .July 10-17. Nlpe Harbor, Cuba. . . . . . . . . . . July 21, C:uanlca, Porto Rico......... ..1uly 25, Ponce. Porto Rico.......... ..1uly 28, Malate, Philippine Islands,.. .July 31, Manila (Occupied) .......... Aug. 13, Filipinos begin war on Ameri- cans ...........,......... Feb. 4, lR9!} Capture of Aguinaldo ends In- surrection ................Mar. 23,1901 1RG4 There has been, from colonial times, des- uUory warfare quite frequently between the English-American co]onists and the Indian tribes. The most formidah]e of these encounters were the Pequod 'Var, the J:sopus 'Var, King Phili p 's 'Va-r Pontiac's 291 ' BATTLE-SHIPS-BAXTER "'ar, the Creek and Seminole ,"Var, and wars with the Sioux. There should also be included in the list of wars of the enit- etI States the long series of operations against the Filipino insurgents following the ratification of peace in 1899. Details of the most important of an of the above events win be found under their re:spective titles. Battle-ships, the highest and heaviest class of war vessels, designed for sea- fighting in Hne of battle, and provided with the most invulnerable armor anti the heaviest guns, difff'ring in this respect from the annored and unarmored class of cruisers, in which the qualities of pro- tection and armament do not so largely sachusetts, Oregon, and Texas, the first seven being rated as first-cla:5s battle- ships, the last as second-class. At the samC' period there were under construction, or authorized to be constructed, the following ,essels, all of the first class: Illinois, nïs. consin, Mainc, Missouri, Ohio, Gcorgia, Xcw Jersey, Pennsylmnia, lïrginia, and Rhode Island. During the summer of 1899 the Kcarsargc and IÙntucky were put in eonnnission, the fonner being made the flag-ship of the nC'w European squad- ron, and the latter heing sent to impress the f;ultan of Turkey with the desirability of paying some American claims. "-hat was denominated b.y the Secretary of the Kavy the" greatest industrial event /' / J \ I' /1 _ L , 'I !/I. ., !. =-- / ... , '. - , , / ' :; 1 _ "" . i : '1 . It t .. -iriJrl/; ,.,o;L . -.:- . .' -., U q: ; ;,; J ' .. ÌI I At 1 . : . 'r<''' ,. , c . = __ _-r. ... " -r-;;:"ZI.........lr '!JfIr ;: _ . =_ ...... : W,. . lrj'r.' ' t ..-.. c r;(. = ê" ;J - > - J' /.J5 '1j 11. ._ - --== - r- - I 1::- \ux-; '=-, -- - _ Rl.- . ,' . . ...:-:- ,- '-- . _ :::;; -==- ... '. . J--r- - --- -;: -.:::....7! sz = --- ...:. ---.: - - ..,..... ,.. - L", S. BATTLI,; 8111P K ;AR8ARGE. preponderate. In a fleet of modern war- this or any other country had ever seen" ""lÍps the battIe-ship is the unit of occurred in Wabhing-ton, Dec. 7, 1HOO. f-trength and is e pected to give and re- when bids were opencd for the con trucli()II ceive the hardest blows. of elenn new armored lìghting ships. to In the reconstruction of the 'Cniterl cost an aggregate of about $30,000,000. States navy, large attention has been given The vessels authorized were sheatlwd bat. to this class of vessels, and the results tIe-ships, for which Congr(>ss limited the of the remarkable triumph off Santiago de cost to $4.250.0no each; unslH'athed bat- Cuba have bepn u!'ed as a justification for tIe-ships, limit of eost, $-1.000.000 each; giving the navy the mo<;t thorough possible and armored cruisers, limit of cost. $3.- equipment in this line of fighting ships. GOO.OOO. See KAVY OF TIlE UXTTED STATFS. At the heginning of 1901 the following Baxter, JA fES PIl1N EY, author: born battle-ships were in service: .t.labama, in Gorham, Me.. Iareh 23, IS:n; has Kèarsar!}c, Kentucky, [on"a, Indiana, Jlas- heen maJ'or of J>ortland, 1\1e., I:>c\'cral 2t18 BAY AMON-BAYARD times; and Is the author of British In- 'Casion from the North; Sir Ferdinando Gorgcs and His Province of Yaine, etc. Bayamon, a pro\ ince 011 the north coast of Porto Rico; bounded on the east by that of Humacao, on the south by those of Ponce and Guayama, and on the west by that of AREcIBo (q. v.). The chief city and seaport is SAN JUAN (q. v.), the fortifications of whim were several times bombarded by a portion of the fleet under Admiral Sampson in 1898. The city was also the objective point of the military expedition under Gen. N. A. MILES (q. v.), which was stopped on it"! triumphal march by the signing of the protocol of peace. The formal transfer of the island to the United States also took place in this city. Bayard, GEORGE DASHIELL, military officer; born in Seneca l< alls, N. Y., Dec. 18, 1833; "as graduated at West Point in 18,')6, and entered the cavalry corps. J:a1'ly in April, 1861, he was made bl'ig- adier-general of volunteer cavalry, and wa!'! attached to the Penn!'ylvania Re- f\ern's. He participated in tIle battles fought by that body; served under I("- Dowell and Pope in \ïrginia; and, after the battle of Antietam Creek, commanded a cavalry brigade. He was chief of cav- Britain under Russian mediation. The aIry of the 3d Ann T Cerps, and was en- mission was fruitless. In January, 181-1, gagf'd in the battles of Cedar Iountain, he went to Holland, and thence to Eng- l\lanassas, and in the ddence of 'Yashing- land. At Ghent, during that 'ear, he. ton, D. C. In the battle of Fredericks- with .T. Q. .Adams, Clay, Gallatin, and burg, where he fell. Dec. 14, 1862, he was Russell, negotiated a treaty of peace with attached to Franklin's COl'pS. England. He wa., preparing to go to Bayard, JA)IES ASIITOX, statesman; England as a commissioner under the born in Philadelphia, July 28, 1 i67; of treaty, "lll'n an alarming illness seized Huguenot de cent; was graduated at him, and he returned home early in 1815. Princeton in 1784; studied law under He {lied soon aftpr his anival, Aug. 6. Gen. Joseph Reed; was admitted to the Bayard, NICHOLAS, colonial e"{ecutiv("; bar in 1787. and, settling in Delaware, born in Alphen, Holland, in WH. His Roon acquired a high reputation as a law- mother was a sister of Goyernor Stuy- :r er . 1\11'. TIayard was a member of Con- vesant, the last Dutch governor of Xew gress from 1797 to 1803, and a conspiell- Ketherland, whom she accompanied to O1IS leader of the Federal party. In 1804 .America in lG-1i, with her three sons and he was elected to the United States Spn- a daughter. The old Bayard mansion in ate, in which he diRtinguisllPd himself in Kew York City, on tllP Bowery, was con- conducting the impeachment of enator yerted into a pleasure garden in lï!J8. Blount. He was chiefly instrumental in The Astor Library is built on a part of sf'curing the election of Jefferson o,-er the estate. Under the second EnO'lish Burr in 1800; and made, in the House of régime, in 1683, Ba ;ard was mayo of Rpprcsf'ntatin's, in 1802, a powerful de- Kew York, and a member of Goyernor fcnc(> of the existing judiciar:r system, Dongan's council. In W!}8 Co1. Ba 'ard "hich was SOOl1 overthrown. He was in Wf'nt to }- ngland to clear himsdf of the 2!)9 the Senate when war was declared against Great Britain in 1812. In Iar, 1813, he Ipft the Vnited States On a mission to t. l'dersburg, to treat for peace with Great --\" \' ,,, ,, - - "'''\Ì .r !. ,/" -;;:, 1 ......-:-......._ ! -_::. . "'o;. \ , - , - --: - "- . - j ' . ,,;- - '\\ " 1 \t. - 1. h'o . '"" : !I' - ..... ':_ -...... = f ..... "... ......" , ...... JA:MES ASlll'O:S 1I.U.Aim, BAYARD-BEACH imputation of complicity in the pirary Thp Confederates soon ralIied and dro\"c of Captain Kidd, ha\'ing been accused by him back. Another part of the attacking the Leisler faction of both piracy and a force was dri\"en back, and the attempt scheme to introduce slavery. He was failed. tried before Chief-,Justice Atwood and Baylor, GEORGE, military officer; born sentenced to dmth. The proceedings, in NewlUarket, \'a., Jan. 12, 17.) . Soon however, were annuned by an order-in- after \\'ashington's arrival at Cambridge council, and he was reinstated in his prop- in 1778, he appointed (1'\ ug. J 5) :rollug erty and honors. He died in New York Baylor as his aide. He was a partiripant City, in 1707. in the battle at Trenton, and carried the Bayard, TnmfAs FRANCIS, diploma- news of the victory to ('ongrc s, when tist; born in Wilmington, Del., Oct. 2û, that body presrnted him with a horse ca- 1828; grandson of James A. Bayard; was parisoned for s<,rvice, and made him admitted to the bar at 'Yihnington in colonel of dragoons (.Tan. 8, 1777). On lR51, and served as United I';tates Dif,- the night of Srpt. 27, 1778, his troop of trict Attorney. From 18ûû to 188;) he was horse, lying in hams, unarmed, near old United States Senator from Delaware, Tappan. were surprised hy the British. who and foremost among the leaders of the fen suddrnly upon the slecping troopf'rs. Democratic side. He was a member of The latter, without arms and powerle!-\..... the Electoral Commission in 1877, and asked for quarter. General Grey had gin'n was for a while president l)ro tent. of 8l>pcial orders not to grant quartrl" and the Senate. In 1 880 and 1884 Senator out of 104 prisoners sixt)"-s<,nn wrrp Bayard's prominence in the party brought killed or wounded. na;ylor was woundl'd his name before the National D<,mocratic and made prisoner. He died in Bridge- Com'ention, but he failed of securing the town. Rarhadoes. in ::\Iareh, 178-1- prize, though receh'ing many votes. Pres- Bayonne Decree. ee E [ßAnco. ident Clen>land called him in 1885 to the Bayou Teche Expedition. Se TIm office of Secretary of State, where he re- HIVER EXPEDITIO . mained until 188!}, and in l>rc>sidcnt Bay State, the popular name of :Massa- Cle\'eland's second administration he was chusetts, the colonial corporate title of first minister and then AMBASSADOR which was "The Massachusetts Bay." (q. v.) to Great Britain, He died in This name it bore until the adoption of Dedham, Ma!';s., Sept. 28. 18!}8. the national Constitution in 1 iSS. Baylis's Creek, BATTLE AT. Gen. \V. Beach, ALFRED ELY, inventor; horn in S. Hancock proceeded to attack the Con- Springfield, Mass., in 182ft; was educated federates in front of De<,p Bottom on the at 1\1onson Academy, Mass., and under his James River, Aug. 12, 181i4. His whole father (::\foses. an early propri<,tor of fhp force Was })laced on transports at City Kew York Sun) a('quir<,d a practical Point, and its d<,stination reported to be knowledge of n<,wspap<,r work. In 18.W Washinl!ton. This was to deceÏ\'e the (with Orson D. 1\Iunn) he establisheù the ('onfed rates. That nig1It it went up the Hcientific American, and for nearly fifty J,lmes Hiver; but !".o tardy was the de- years was its editor. In 18!í2 hr p<,rfeptpd barkation that the int('ß(led surprise of a typewriting machine which was award- the Confederates was not effected. Han- ed a gold medal by the American In ti- cock pushed some of his troops by 1\1al- tute. Later he inventcd the system of Hrn Hill to flank the Confederates' dE'- underground pneumatic tuhes, through fence behind Ba:rlis's Creek, whi1e 10,000 which letters were carried from street men were sent, under Gen. F. C. "Barlow, lamp-posts to the central post-office. In to a8sail tlleir flank and rear. There were 1 67 he placed on exhihition in the Aflwri- other dispo"itions for attack; but the de- can Institute the working model of a por- lay had allowed L<,e to !'lend reinforce- tion of an elevated rai1way. whi('h met mEnts, for the movement seemed to with so much favor that he plaJIIl<'d a threaten Richmond. On the morning of !".imi1ar system of undprground railways the Wth, Genf'ral Birney, with Gpneral for New York. In 1 li!). under tlI<' author- Terry s divi ion. attacked and carried the ity of the If'gislaturf'. he bpg-an the ('011- Confederate Jines, and captured 300 men. struction of a railwaJ' under Broadway 300 BEAKMAN-BEAUMONT between Murray and \Varren streets, the and held the rank of commodore in the e'-cavation of the tunnel being made by a French navy, and lieutenant-general of the h"draulic shield of his own invention. naval army. On the breaking out of war T"his shield was !';uhsequently used in bor- with England (1745), he built the fortress in er several well-known tunnels in the of Crown Point, which was afterwards en- r ited States, Canada, and Europe. He larged and strengthened by Amherst. He died in Ke,,, York City, Jan. I, 18fJ6. died June 12, 1749. Beakman, j)A IEL FREDERTCK, soldier; Beaumarchais, PIERRE AUGCSTIN CA- born in New Jersey about li60; enlisted r.ON DE, author; born in Paris, Jan. 24, in 177R, and served throughout the Revo- 1i32; the son of a watch-maker. In 1761 lutionarv \Var; was the last surviving he purchased a commission as secretary pensione"r of that war. In 18H7 Congress to the King, a sinecure which conferrf'd granted him a pension of $.300 for life. noble rank on its possessor, and the name He died in Sandusky, N. Y., April 5, of Beaumarchais, which he had assumed, 18G!J. was legally confirmed. Entering into mer. Beall, JOH YOGw:, naval officer; born can tile speculations, he soon acquired a in Yirginia, Jan. 1, 1835; received a com- large fortune. He was the author of the mis<.:ion in the Confedf'rate navy, and on famous play, the Barber of Se.ville. In Sept. 19, 1864, he, in company with two September, li75, he submitted a memorial other!';, in the dress of civilians, captured to the French monarch, in which he in- the Lake Erie steamer Philo Parsons. sisted upon the necessity of the French Subsequently they captured another steam- government's secretly aiding the English- er, Island Quccn, and also attempted to American colonies; and as agent of his wreck a railroad train near Buffalo on govern"lent he passed some time in Eng- the night of his arrest, Dec. 16, 1864. He land, where he became acquainted with was tried by court martial, condemned, .\.rthur Lee, which acquaintance led to dip- and hanged on Governor's Island, New lomatic and comnlercial relations with the York Harbor, Feb. 24, 1865. Continental Congress. He conducted the Beardslee, LESTER Al'ìTHONY, naval offi- business of supplying the Americans with cel"; born in Little Falls, N. Y., Feb. I, munitions of war with great ability, and 183û; was graduated at the Naval Acad- afterwards became involved in a lawsuit cmy in 18;'û; hrought the Confederate with them. In 1784 he produced his JIar- steam-sloop Florida, captured off Bahia, 1'iage of Figaro, which wa violently op- Brazil, to the United States as prize posed hy the Court. Hi political tenden- master in lR64; and while in command of des were republican, and he sympathized the JnnlcstOlf'n in 1879, discovered, sur- with the }'rench Revolutionists, but did veyed, and named Glacier Bay, Alaska; not enter with his usnal enthusiasm into promoted rear-admiral in 1895. He died their measures. Sl1 pected by the Jacobins, in Augusta, Ga., Xov. 10, 1903. he was comprl1ed to leaye the country, Beat' Flag War. See FRÜroXT, JOlI C. and his property was confiscated. He was Beatty, .JOIIN, physician; born in Bucks finally permitted to return to France, but county, Pa., Dec. 19, li4g; was graduated ('ould not rf'f'over hi ,walth. Beaumar- a t Princeton in 1 iG!J; studied llledicine; cha is lived in compara tÏ\"e poyerty until hecame a colonel in the Pennsylvania line; )ray IS. 17ü!). when he was found dead and in 1778-80 he was commissary- in hi!'; hed. haying' died of apoplexy. A general of prisoners. He was a delegate suit which he IH1.d commenced Hgainst the in the Congress of the Confederation, United Rtates for pH 'ment for supplies I i83-85, and of the national Congress, fl1rnisl1ed to the Continf'ntal Congress. he- lifl3-fl;i. IIe was secretary of state for tween 17i6 and 177f1. under the mercantile Xew Jersey for ten years-17f1.J-180,J. He firm nHmf' of Roderiql1e Hortales & Co.. dicd at Trenton, X. J., April 30, 18:W. continued about fiftv veal'!=!. and re ulted Beaufort, S. C. See PORT ROYAL Sm:SD. in IR !) in the paym nt to his heirs by the Beauharnais, CHARLES, 1fARQl:IS DE, enited States of the stun of about military officer and a natural son of Louis $200.000. XIV.; born about 1670; was governor of Beaumont, \YU.LIA}[. physician; born X ew !<'rance (Canada) from I j2G to 1 i 46, in J.ebanon, Conn., ip I7ü6. In 1812 he SOl BEAUREGARD-BEAVER beginning of June, 1861, and issucd a proclamation which was ealculated and intendcd to "fire the Southern heart." He said: "A reckless and unprincipled tyrant has invaded rour soil. Aùraham Lincoln, n gardless of all moral, legal, and constitutional restraints, has thrown his abolition hosts among us, who al"C murdering and impri oning ruur citizens, confiscating and dcstroying your property, Dud committing other aets of violcncc and outrage too shockind and revolting to llU- manity to be enumerated. All rules of civilized warfare are ahandoned, and they In"oclaim by their acts, if not on their banners, that their war-cry is 'Beauty and Booty.' All that is dear to man- your honor, and that of your wives and daughters, )'our fortunes, and your lives -are invoh-ed in this IllonstrouR conte t." He then, as "General of the ConfedC'rate States, commanding at Camp Pick{'ns, l\Ianassas J unetion," invited the people oi Virginia to a vindication of their pa- triotism, "by the name and memory of their Revolutionary fathers, and by the }}urity and sanctity of their domeRtic firesides, to ra.}}y to the standard of their State and country," and by every means in their power "compatible with honor- ahle warfare, to drive ùack and expel the invaders from the land." The speech of Presidcnt Davis at Richmond and this proclamation of Beauregard were laudcd by the Confederates at Washington anll Baltimore as llaving the ring of true metal. After the battle of BULL Ru (q. '1).), in July, he was promoted to major-gC'neral. He took command of the Army of the ::\Iississippi, under Gen. A. S. Johnston, and directed the battle of F:hiloh in April, 18G , after the death of .Tohn- and major in the wa-r with Mexico, and ston. He succesduJly defcnded Charlcs- was wouncled at ChapultepC'c; also at the ton in lRô2-ô2. and in )Iar, 181;4, he taking of tIle city of Mexico. He left joined TÆe in the defence of Petershurg the scrvice of the Pnited Rtates in 18ôl, and Richmond. As commandcr of the and joined the Confpderates in Fehruarr. f(,rces in the Carolinas in 18û;;, he joined Hp conducted the siege of Fort Sumtpr, them with those of Gen. J. E. Johnston, and was afterwards active as a leader in and surrendered them to Sllf>rman. At the Yirginia and other parts of the slave- close of the war, with the fun rank of gC'n- Inhor States. Reanregard was maòC' bri.!!- eral in the ConfpdC'rate SCT\"icc, he sf'ttlpd allipr-p'pnpral in the ('onfeòpratC' army. F{'h. in Xew Orleans, where he died, Feb. 20, 20. lRôl. and was placed in command of lRfl3. thp gathpring army of Confederates at ::\[a- Beaver, nassas Junction-the Department of Alex- cpr: horn andria. He took the command at the 1837; was 302 '\as made assistant surgeon in the United States armJ', and served until 1837. While stationed at Iichilimackinac (Mackinaw) in 182 , he treated Alexis St. Martin, a Canadian, who had a gunshot wound in his side; the wound healed without dos- ing up, expo!">ing to view the operations of the stomach in its digestive functions. Dr. Beaumont made careful e periments "ith this man, for several years, upon the process of digestion, and published the result of his researches. St. )Iartin lived for more than fifty years after the al'cident. The orifice exposing the stom- ach never closed. !Jr. Beaumont died in t. Louis, [o., April 25, 1853. Beauregard, PIERRE GUSTAVE TOUTANT, militarr officer; born on a plantatiun near ew Orleans, ::\Ia-y 28, 1818; was gradu- ated at the United States )[ilital'y Acad- emy in 1838, and entercd the artilìery sC'rvice, but was transferred to the engi- neer corps. lIe won the brevets of captain } -..; --', ',I \-;/ .9- -Ap {f/' ,. , /Ø r /' GEN. PIERRE G. T. BEAUREGARD. .TA rES ADT>.urs, military om- in [illerstown. Pa., Oct. 21, graduated at Jefferson Coll{'ge BEAVER DAMS-BEEBE in ] 856; entered the army in 1861; was ian ambush, and, displa ring his men to shot through the body at Chancellorsville, the best advantage after Bæl'stler had in the side at Petersburg, and lost a leg crossed the creek, he boldly demanded the at Ream's Station; b1'evetted brigadier- 15Ufl"ender of the Americans to Major De general of volunteers; was f>lected govern- Haven, commander of the district. For or of Penns 'lvania as a Republican in this purpose Fitzgibbon bore a flag him- ]887; and was a member of President Mc- self. He falsely assured Bærstler that his Kinley's commission to investigate the party was only the advance of 1,500 Brit- ('onduct of the 'Val' Department during ish troops and 700 Indians, under Lieu- the American-Spanish 'Val'. tcnant-Colonel Bisshopp, and that the bar- Beaver Dams, AFFAIR AT TIlE. After barians were so exasperated that it would lfaving Fort George the British establish- be difficult to restrain them from massa- ed a strong post and depot of supplies cring the Americans. BærstIer, deceived at the Beaver Dams, among the hills 18 and alarmed, agreed to surrender on cer- miles we'it of Qupenstown. Dearborn tain conditions, De Haven, whom Fitz- determined to attempt the capture of this gibbon had sent for, came up with 200 post and its stores, and for that purpose men, and Bærstler and 500 soldiers were he detached 570 infantry, some cavalry made prisoners. It had been agreed that under :Major Chapin, a few artillerymen, the captives should be protected and sent and two field-pieces, all under the com- Lack on parole. This promise was broken. mand of Lieut.-Col. Charles G. BærstIer. The Indians plundered the capth'e troops, They marched up the Niagara River to and the latter were sent to Burlington Queen'itown (June 2 , 1813), and the next Heights and kept prisoners of war. \Vhen morning pushed off westward. Their Bærstler was first attacked by the Indians, march appears to have been discovf>red he scnt a courier back to Dearborn for by the British, for while Chapin's mounted aid. and that commander sent Colonel men we1'e in the advance and marching Christie with 300 men to reinforce him. among the hills, Bærstler's rear was at- "'hen thf>Y reached Queenstown, they tacked by John Brant, at the head of heard of the u1Tender, and hastened back 430 :Mohawk and Caughnawaga Indians, to camp with the sad intelligence. The who lay in ambush. Chapin was instant- British advanced upon Queenstown. and, ]y called back, and the Americans in a occupying that place, soon invested Fort body charged upon the Indians and drove George. them almost a mile. Then Bærstler hesi- Bedel, TUIOTIIY, military officer; born tated, and the Indians, rallying, bore upon in Salem, N. R.. about 174Ò; was a brave his flank and l'ear, and kept up a galling and faithful officer in the war for inde- fire at every exposcd situation. The pendence. He was attached to the 1\orth- Americans pushed forward over the Bea,'er ern army, and had the full confidence Dam Creek. fighting the dusky foe at a and estcem of General Schuylf>r, its com- great disadvantage, and made conscious mander. He was captain of rangers in that thpy were almost surrounded by 1775, and early in 1776 was made colonel them. After keeping up thi!ò\ contest for of a Ncw Hampshire rcgiment. He \V"lS nbout three hours, Bærstler detprminpd with Montgomery at the capture of Rt, to abandon the expedition, when he found John's on the Sorel, and was afterwards himsf>lf confrontcd by an unexpected force. in command at thc Cedars, not far from 1\[rs. J aura Secord, a slight and delicate Montrf>al, where a cowardly surrender by woman, living at Queenstown, bccame ac- a subordinate. in Bedel's absence. caused cpmintcd with Dca1'born's plans. and at the latter to be trif>d by a court-martial, thc time when BærstIf>r and his forces on a false charge, made by Of>neral Ar- left Fort George-a hot summer even- noM. He was dcprived of command for ing--she made a circuitous journey of a while, but was l"ein tated. Hf> died at HI miles on foot to the quarters of Lieu- Havcrhi1l, N. II., in February, 1787. tenant - Colonel Fitzgibbon (who was in Beebe, RE7.AT.EET., military officer; commanù of some regulars at the Beaver born in Litchfield, Conn.. April 28, I741; Dams) and warned him of his danO'er. was one of the Rogers Rangers, and was Thus fOl"ewarned, he had ordereù the Ind- cngaged in the fight in which Putnam was 303 BEECHER'S BIBLES-BEECHER taken, also in the capture of :Montreal in 1760. In Ju]y, 1775, he was commis- sioned lieutenant and sent to Boston. In li7G he saw active service in New York and Kew Jersey, and was taken prisoner at the capture of }'ort 'Vashington and confined in New York nearly a year. Tow- anIs the end of the Revolution he was appointed brigadier-general and com- mander of all the Connecticut troops for sea-coast defence. lIe died in Litchfield, May 29, 1824. Beecher's Bibles. During the Kansas trouble, in 18.3-!-GO, Henry Ward Beecher declared that for the slave-holder of Kan- sas the Sharpe rifle waR a greater moral agency than the Bible, and so tllU e ritle':! became known as "Beecher's Bibles." BEECHER, HENRY WARD ure. He had an abiding love of music, the fine arts, flowers, and animals; and believing Christianity to be, not a philo. sophical s,ystem, but an ðalted rule uf conduct, he never hesitated to dlseuss in the pulpit the great problems of the times in politics and socia] ]ife--tclllpemnce, socia] evils, and the lust for power ancl gain. His persistent and forceful dC'mm- ciation of the evils of slavery brought him into the greatest prominence during the Civil War period, while his speechc9 made durin his visit to England in ISti3 did mueh to disabuse puhlic opinioJl there as to the merits of the struggle. l\Ir. Rc>echer led a most active Hfe as prf'ac}wr. editor, lyceum lecturf'r, and au- thor of numerous books. He began f'cli- torial labors before he bC'g-an to prf'aeh, condueting for a year (1836) 'l'he Cin. cimwti JOllrnal; and for nC'arly Ì\n'nt.v years he was an editorial contributor to the -Kew York Indr]J('ndcnt, a weekly new - papf'r. From 1870 he was f'ditor several years of the Christian Union, a weekly pal)f'r puhli!'>hed in New York. and w s lR47 he was caHed to the pastorate of a a constant contributor to other puh]ica- new Congregational organization in Hons. In 1874 l\Ir. ReeclJ('r was acclIscd Brooklyn, ca]]f'd }>]ymouth Church, over of criminal conduct with Mrs. Theodore \\ hidl he presided as pastor till his death, Tilton. He was exonerated hy the com- March 8, 18S7. From the bf'ginning of mittee of Plymouth Church. hut in the his ministry. Mr. Beecher held a high civil suit institutC'd hy Mr. Ti]ton, wl.ich rank as a public t('3.cher and pulpit ora- lasted more than six months, the jury tor, with a constantly increasing ri'puta- failed to agree. Thf' case attracted the tion. Laying aside the conventionalities attf'ntion of the entire world. of his sacred profession, and regarding 'l'he Rystrm of Hlal'cry.-The follow- the Gospf'1 minister as peculiarly a lead- ing is Mr. Beecher's address in Liverpool, er in social life, his sermons were always England, Oct. 16, 181ì3, the f('eling of his marked by practical good-sense, and em- auditors towarù'! 11iR uhject amI him!,,('lf hracf'd in their topics the whole field of bf'ing clc>arly indÎc>atcd parC'nthetically: human society. They were largf']Y made For more than twenty-five ,years 1 have up of illustrations drawn from every heC'n made perfectly familiar with popular phase of life and the instructions of nat- assemblies in all parts of my country, ex- 304 Beecher, HENRY 'V ARD, clergyman; born in Litchfie]d, Conn., June 24, 1813; son of T.;yman Beecher; was graduated at Amherst College in 1834. lIe afterwarJs studied theology in Lane f;eminary. For a few .rears he was vastoI' of a Pre'!by- terian ehureh in Indiana, first at Law- renceburg and then at Indianapolis. In . J t - I ( j i.f .... \ ï . .,. \ :0/ \ \ , ' /1j}: . :, - I . . \ I . , , HEXRY WARD BRECHER, BEECHER cept the extreme South. There has not, hisses, "No, no!" and a voice: "New for the whole of that time, been a single York mob.") Now, personally, it is a day of my life when it would have been matter of very little consequence to me safe for me to go south of Mason and whether I speak here to-night or not. Dixon's line in my own country, and all (Laughter and cheers. But one thing for one reason: my solemn, earnest, per- is very certain, if you do permit me to sistent testimony against that which I speak here to-night you will hear very consider to be the most atrocious thing plain talking. (Applause and hisses.) under the sun-the system of American You will not find a man-(interruption) slavery in a great, free republic. (Cheers.) -you will not find me to be a man I have passed through that early period that dared to speak about Great Britain when right of free speech was denied to 3,000 miles off, and then is afraid to me. Again and again I have attempted speak to Great Britain when he stands to address audiences that, for- no other on her shores. (Immense applause and crime than that of free speech, visited hisses.) And if I do not mistake the tone me with all manner of contumelious epi- and temper of Englishmen, they would thets; and now, since I have been in rather have a man who opposes them in a England, although I have met with great- manly way-(applause from an parts of er kindness and courtesy on the part of the hall)-than a sneak that agrees with most than I deserved, yet, on the other them in an unmanly way. (Applause and hand, I perceive that the Southern in- "Bravo!") Now, if I can carry you with fluence prevails to some extent in Eng- me by sound convictions, I shall be im- land. (Applause and uproar.) It is my mensely glad-(applause)-but if I can- old acquaintance; I understand it perfect- not carry you with me by facts and sound ly (laughter). and I have always held it arguments, I do not wish you to go with to be an unfailing truth that where a me at all; and all that I ask is simply man had a cause that would bear exami- fair play. (Applause, and a voice: "You nation he was perfectly willing to have shall have it, too.") it spoken about. (Applause.) And when Those of you who are kind enough to in Manchester I saw those huge placards: wish to favor my speaking-and you will "Who is Henry Ward Beecher?" (Laugh- observe that my voice is slightly husky, tel', cries of "Quite right," and applause.) from having spoken almost every night And when in Liverpool I was told that in succession for some time past-those there were those blood-red placards, pur- who wish to hear me will do me the porting to say what Henry Ward Beecher kindness simply to sit still and to keep had said, and calling upon Englishmen still; and I and my friends the Secession- to suppress free speech-I tell you what ists will make all the noise. (Laughter.) I thought. I thought simply this: "I am There are two dominant races in mod- glad of it." (Laughter.) Why'! Because ern history-the Germanic and the Ro- if they had felt perfectly secure, that manic races. The Germanic races tend you are the minions of the South and the to personal liberty, to a sturdy individual- slaves of slavery, they would have been ism, to civil and to political liberty. The perfectly still. (Applause and uproar.) Roman race tends to absolutism in gov- And, therefore, when I saw so much ner- ernment; it is clannish; it loves chief- vous apprehension that, if I were permit- tains; it develops a people that crave ted to speak-(hisses and applause)- strong and showy governments to support when I found they were afraid to have me and plan for them. The Anglo-Saxon speak-(hisses and applause, and "No, race belongs to the great German family, no r') -when I found that tlu'y considered and is a fair exponent of its pecuIiari- my speaking dama ing to their cause-- ties. The Anglo-Sa'lon carries self-govern- (applause)-wh n I found that they ap- ment and self - development with him pealed from facts and reasonings to mob wherever he goes. He has popular gov- law-(applause and uproar)-I said, no ernment and popular industry; for the man need tell me what the heart and se- effects of a generous civil liberty are not cret counsel of these men are. They trem- seen a whit more plain in the good order, ble and are afraid. (Applause, laughter, in the intelligence, and in the virtue of I.-U 305 BEECHER a self - governing people, than in their attention has not been directed to the amazing enterprise, and the scope and third; and, with J'our patience, I will power of their creative industrr. The dwell upon that for a moment, before puwer to create riches is ju!:-t as much proceeding to other topics. a part of the Anglo-Sa'\.on virtues as the It is a necessity of every manufaeturing power to create good order and social and commercial people that their cus- safety. The things required for prosperous tomeI's should be very wealtlw and intelli- labor, prosperous manufactures, and pros- gent. Let us put the subject before you perous commerce are three: !.'irst, liberty; in the familiar light of your own loeal sC'<'Ond, liberty; third, liberty- (" Hea.r, experience. To whom do the tradesmen hear!") -though these are not merely the of Liverpool sell the most goods at the same Jiberty, as I shall show you. First, highest profit? To the ignorant and poor there must be liberty to follow those laws or to the educated and prosperous? (A of business which experience has de,-elop- voiee: "To the Southerners." Laughter.) ed, without imposts or restrictions or gO\'- The poor man bu 's simply for his body; ernmental intrusions. Business simply he buys food, he bu,ys clothing, he bu,ys "ants to be let alone. (" Hear, hear!") fuel, he buys lodging. . . . Then, secondly, there must be liberty to On the other hand, a man well off- distribute and e change products of in- how is it with him? He buys in far great- dustry in any market without burden- er quantity. He can afford to do it; lIe some tariffs, without imposts, and without has the money to pay for it. He buys vexatious regulations. There must be in far greater variety, because he seeks these two liberties -liberty to create to gratify not merely phJ'siml wants, but wealth, as the makers of it think best, also mental wants. He bUJ"s for the satis- according to the light and experience faction of sentiment and taste, as well which business has given them; and then as of sense. lIe buys silk, wool, flax, cot- liberty to distribute what they have cre- ton; he buys all metals-iron, silver, gold, ated without unnecessary vexatious bur- platinum; in short, he buys for all ne- dens. The comprehensive law of the ideal cf"ssities and all suhstances. But that is industrial condition of the world is free not all. lIe buys a better quality of goods. manufacture and free trade. (" Hear, He bUJ's richer silks, finer cottons, high- hear!" A voice: "The Morrill tariff." er-grained wools. Now a rich silk means Another voice: "l\!onroe.") I have said so much skill and care of somebody's, there were three elements of liberty. The that has been expended upon it to make third is the necessity of an intelligent it finer and richer; and so of cotton and and free race of customers. There must so of wool. That is, the price of the be freedom among producers; there must finer goods runs back to the very bcgin- be freedom among the distributers; there ning and remunerates the workman as must be freedom among the customers. well as the merchant. 1\ow, the whole It may not have occurred to J'ou that laboring community is as much interest- it makes any difference what one's cus- ed and profited as the mere merchant. tomeI's are, but it does in all regular and in this buying and selling of the higher prolonged business. The condition of the grades in the greater varieties and quan- customer determines how much he will tities. . . . Both the workman and the buy. Poor and ignorant people buy little, merchant are profited by having purchas- and that of the poorest kind. The rich- ers that demand quality, variety, and e t and the intelligent, having the more quantity. Kow, if this be so in the to\\ n means to buy, buy the most and always or the city. it can only be so because it huy the best. Here, then. are the three is a law. This is the specific development liberties: liherty of the producer, liberty of a general or universal law, and, there- of the distributer, and Jiberty of the con- fore, we sllOuJd e'-ped to find it as true fmmer. The first two need no discussion; of a nation as of a city like T"inrpool. they have been lung thoroughly and brill- I know that it is so, and J'ou know that iantly iJIustrated by the political econo- it is true of all the world; and it i., just mists of Great Britain and by her eminent as important to have customers educated, statesmen; but it seems to me that enough intelligent, moral, and rich out of Lh er- 30G BEECHER pool as it is in Liverpool. (_'-pplause.) great deal more important to Great Brit- They are able to buy; they want variety; ain than the doctrine how to raise cot- they want the very best, and those are ton. It is to that doctrine I ask from you, the customers you want. That nation business men, practical men, men of fact, is the best customer that is freest, because sagacious Englishmen, to that point I freedom works prosperity, industry, and ask a moment's attention. (Shouts of wealth. Great Britain, then, aside from "Oh, oh!" hisses and applause.) There moral considerations, has a direct com- are no more continents to be discovered. mercial and pecuniary interest in the lib- (" Hear, hear!") The market of the future erty, civilization, and wealth of every must be found-how? There is very lit- nation on the globe. (Loud applause.) tIe hope of any more demand being created You also have an interest in this, because by new fields. If you are to have a better .you are a moral and religious people. market there must be some kind of proc- (" Oh, oh!" laughter and applause.) You C8S invented to make the old fields bet- desire it from the highest motives; and tel'. (A voice: "Tell us something new," godliness is profitable in all things, hav- shouts of "Order!" and interruption.) ing the promise of the life that now is Let us look at it, then. You must civilize as well as of that which is to come; but the world in order to make a better class if there were no hereafter, and if man of purchasers. (Interruption.) If you had no progress in this life, and if there werc to prcss Italy down again, under the were no question of civilization at all, it feet of despotism, Italy, discouraged, could would be worth rour while to protect draw but very few supplies from you. . . . civilization and liberty merely as a COIll- A savage is a man of one story, and mercial speculation. . . . that one story a cellar. 'Yhen a man be- They have said that your chief want gins to be civilized, he raises another is cotton. I deny it. Your chief want story. 'Vhen you Christianize and civil- is consumers. (Applause and hisses. ) You ize the man, you put story upon story, have got skill, you have got capital, and for you develop faculty after faculty; and rou have got machinery enough to manu- you have to supply every story with your facture goods for the whole population productions. The savage is a man one of the globe. You could turn out four- story deep; the civilized man is thirty fold as much as you do, if you only had stories high. (Applause.) Now, if you the market to sell in. It is not so much go to a lodging-house, where there are the want, therefore, of fabric, though three or four men, your sales to them there may be a temporary obstruction of may, nO doubt, be worth something; but it; but the principal and increasing want if you go to a lodging-house like some -increasing from year to year-is, where of those which I saw in Edinburgh, which shall we find men to buy what we can seemed to contain about twenty stories manufacture so fast? (Interruption and -(" Oh, ol!!" and interruption)-every a voice, "The )lorrill tariff," and ap- story of which is full, and all who occupy plaw;e.) Before the American war broke buy of you-which is the better customer, out, your warehouses were loaded with the man "ho is drawn out or the man goods that you could not sell. (Applause who is pinched up? (Laughter.) Now, amI hisses.) You had over-manufactured; there is in this a great and sound prin- what is the meaning of over - manufact- eiple of economy. (" Yah, yah!" from the uring but this: that you had skill, capi- passage outside the hall and loud laugh- tal, machinery, to create faster than you ter.) If the outh should be rendered had customers to take goods off your independent-(at this juncture mingled hands? And you know that rich as Gr(>at cheering and hissing became immense; Britain is, vast as al'C her manufactures, half the audiencf' rose to their feet, wav- if shc could have fourfold the present de- ing hats and handkerchiefs, and in f'very mand, she could ha,-e fourfold riches to- part of the hall there was the greatest morrow; aml every political economist commotion and uproar) . You have had will tell rou that rour want is not cotton your turn now; now let me have mine primarily, but customer . Therefore, the again. (Loud applause and laughter.) dodrine how to make customers is a It is a little inconvenient to talk against 207 BEECHER the wind; but, after all, if you will just for them. (Hisses," Old" "No.") You keep good-natured-I am not going to lose bave not got machinery coarse enough. my temper; will you \\atch yours? (Ap- (Laughter and" No!") Your labor i too plause.) Besides all that, it rests me, skilled by far to manufacture bagging and gives me a chance, you know, to get and linsey-woolsey. (A Southerner: "\Ve my breath. (Applause and hisses.) And are going to free them, everyone.") Then I think that the bark of those men is you and I agree exactly. (Laughter.) worse than their bite. They do not mean One other third consists of a poor, un- any harm-they don't know any better. skilled, degraded white population, and the (Loud laughter, applause, hisses, and con- remaining one-third, which is a large al- tinued uproar.) I was saying, when these lowance, we will say intelligent and rich. ' re8ponses broke in, that it was worth Kow here are 12,000,000 of people, and our while to consider both alternatives. only one-third of them are customers that What will be the result if this present can afford to buy the kind of goods that struggle shall eventuate in the separation )"OU bring to market. (Interruption and of America and making the South-(loud uproar.) :My friends, I saw a man once, applause, hisses, hooting, and cries of who was a little late at a railway station, "Bravo!")-a slave territory exclusive- chase an express train. He did not catch Iy-{cries of "No, no!" and laughter)- it. (Laughter.) If you are going to stop and the North a free territory-what will this meeting, you have got to stop it be- be the final result? You will lay the fore I speak; for after I have got the foundation for carrying the slave popu- things out, J"OU may chase as long as you lation clear through to the Pacific Ocean. please-you would not catch them. This is the first step. There is not a man (Laughter and interruption.) But there who has been a leader of the South any is luck in leisure; I'm going to take it time within these twenty years that has easy. (Laughter.) Two - thirds of the not had this for a plan. It was for this population of the Southern States to-day that Texas was invaded, first by colo- are non-purchasers of English goods. (A nists, next by marauders, until it was voice: "No, they are not;" "No, no!" and wrested from Mexico. It was for this uproar.) Now, you must recollect another that they engaged in the :\Ie:\.ican War fact-namely, that this is going on dear itself, by which the vast territory reach- through to the Pacific Ocean; and if by ing to the Pacific was added to the Union. sympathy or help you establish a slave Never for a moment have they given up empire, you sagacious Britons-(" Oh, the plan of spreading the American in- oh!" and hooting) -if you like it better, stitutions, as they call them, straight then, I will leave the adjective out- through towards the West; until the slave, (laughter, "Hear!" and applause)-are who has washed his feet in the Atlantic, busy in favoring the establishment of an shall be carried to wash them in the empire from ocean to ocean that should Pacific. (Cries of "Question?" and up- have fewest customers and the largcst non- roar.) There! I have got that statement buying population. (Applause," No, no!" out and you cannot put it back. (Laugh- A voice: "I thought it was the happy peo- tel' and applause.) Now, let us consider pIe that populated fastest.") . . . It is the prospect. If the South becomes a said that the North is fighting for union, slave empire, what relation will it have and not for emancipation. The North is to you as a cU8tomer? (A voice: "Or fighting for union, for that insures eman- any other man." Laughter.) It would be cipation. (Loud cheers, "Oh, oh!" "No, an empire of 12,000,000 of people. Now, no!" and cheers.) A great many men say of these 8,000,000 are white and 4,000,000 to ministers of the Gospel: "You pretend black. (A voice: "How many have you to be preaching and working for the love got ?" Applause and laughter. Another of the people. Why, you are all the time voice: "Free your own slaves.") Con- preaching for the Rake of the Church." sider that one-third of the whole are the What does the minister say? "It is by miserably poor, unbuying blacks. (Cries means of the Church that we help the peo- of "No, no!" "Yes, yes!" and interrup- pIe," and when men say that we are fight- tion.) You do not manufacture much ing for the t:nion,1 too say we are fighting 308 BEECHER for the Union. (" Hear, hear!" and a voice: "That's right.") But the motive determines the value; and why are we fighting for the Union? Because we never shall forget the testimony of our enemies. They have gone off declaring that the Union in the hands of the North was fatal to slavery. (Loud applause.) There is testimony in court for you. (A voice: "See that," and laughter.). . . In the first place, I am ashamed to con- fess that such was the thoughtlessness- (interruption)-such was the stupor of the N orth- ( renewed in terru ption ) -you will get a word at a time; to-morrow will let folks see what it is you don't want to hear-that for a period of twenty-five years she went to sleep, and permittf'd herself to be drugged and poisoned with the Southern prejudice against black men. (Applause and uproar.) The evil was made worse because, when any object whatever has caused anger between po- litical parties, a political animosity arises ngainst that object, no matter how inno- cent in itself; no matter what were the original influences which excited the quar- rel. Thus the colored man has been the football between the two parties in the North, and has suffered accordingly. I confess it to my shame. But I am speak- ing now on my own ground, for I began twenty-five years ago, with a small party, to combat the unjust dislike of the colored men. (Loud applause, dissension, and up- roar. The interruption at this point be- came so violent that the friends of Mr. Beecher throughout the hall rose to their feet, waving hats and handkerchiefs, and rf'newing their shouts of applause. The interruption lasted some minutes.) Well, I have lived to see a total revolution in the Northern feeling-I stand here to bear solemn witness of that. It is my opinion; it is my knowledge. (Great uproar.) Those men who undertook to stand up for the rights of all men-black as well as white-have increased in number; and now what party in the North reprf'sents those men that resist the evil prejudices of past years? The Republicans are that party. (Loud applause.) And who are those men in the North that have oppress- ed the negro? They are the Peace Demo- çrats; and the prejudice for which in England you are attempting to punish me, 30fl is a prejudice raised by the men who have opposed me all my life. These pro-slavery Democrats abused the negro. I defended him, and they mobbed me for doing it. Oh, justice! (Loud laughter, applause, and hisses.) . . . There is another fact that I wish to al- lude to--not for the sake of reproach or blame, but by way of claimil'l.g your more lenient consideration-and that is, that slavery was entailed upon us by your action. (" Hear, hear!") Against the earnest protests of the colonists the then government of Great Britain-I will con- cede not knowing what were the mischiefs -ignorantly, but in point of fact, forced slave traffic on the unwilling colonists. (Great uproar, in the midst of which one indiddual was lifted up and carried out of the room amid hisses and cheers.) The Chairman: "If you would only sit down no disturbance would take place." (The disturbance having subsided, Mr. Beecher continued.) I was going to ask you, suppose each child is born with hereditary disease; sup- pose this disease was entailed upon him by parents who had contracted it by their own misconduct, would it be fair that those parents that had brought into the world the diseased child, should rail at that child because it was diseased? (" No, no!") Would not the child have the right to turn round and say: "Fathpr, it was your fault that I had it, and you ought to be pleased to be patient with my deficien- cif's "? (Appla use and hisses, and crif's of "Order!" great interruption and grf'at disturhance here took place on the right of the platform; and tlH' chairman said that if the persons around the unfortunate individual who had caused the disturb- ance would allow him to speak alone. but not assist him in making the disturbance, i1 might soon be put an end to. The in- terruption continued until another person was carried ont of the hall. Mr. Beecher continued.) I do not ask that you should justify slavery in us, because it was wrong in you 200 J'ears ago; but having ig- norantly been the means of fixing it upon us, now that we are struggling with mor- tal struggles to free ourselves from it, we have a right to your tolerance, your pa- tience, and charitable constructions. No man can unveil the future; no man BEECHER-BEEKMAN ean tell what revolutions arf> about to (" Hear, hear!" applause, trenwndous hreak upon the world; no man can tell cheers, and uproar.) J" ill not "ay that what destiny belongs to Franee, nor to England cannot again, as hitherto, single- any of the European powers; but onc handed manage any power-(app]ause and thing is eertain, that in the e'.igenCÍf>s of uproar-but I will say that Eng!and and the future there will be combinations and America together for religiun and lilwrty recombinations, and that those nations -(a ,oice: " oap, soap!" uproar, and that are of the sallle faith, the same grcat app]ause) -are a match for tll(> blood, and the same substantial interests world. (Applausc; a voice: .. They don't ought not to be alienated from each other, ',ant any more soft soap.") Kow, gE'ntle- hut ought to stand together. (Imnwnse men and ladies-(a voice: " am Slick"; cheering and hisses.) I do not say that and another ,.oice: "Ladies and gentle- -ou ought not to be in the most friendly men. if you please ")-when I came I was alliance with France or with Germany; asked whether I would answpr questions, but I do say that your own children, the and I very }"eadily consented to do so, as oft'spring of England. ought to be nearer I had in other places; but I will tell you to you than any people of strange tongue. it was because I expected to have the op- (A voice: "Degenerate sons," applause portunity of speaking with some 80rt of and hi",,.;es: another voice: ""-hat ahout ease and quiet. (_-\. '"oiee: "Ro you the 'l'rcnt !") If there had bpen an." ft'el- llan.") I ha \'C for an hour and a half ings of bitterness in .America, let me tell spokl"n against a storm-(" Hear, hear!") yuu that they had bt'en e'\cited. rightly -and )'ou youn;elves are witnesses that. or wrongly. under the impression that by the interruption, I have hepn ohligpd Great Britain was going to intervene be- to strive with my voiee so that I no tween us and our own lawful struggle. longpr have the powpr to control this as- (A yoiee: "Ko!" and app]ause.) With f',C'mhl r. (App]ausC'.) And although I am thf> f" idf'nce that there is no such intcn- in spirit perfectly willing to answer nn)' tion. all bitter ff>elings will pass away. qUl'stion, and more than glad of Uw (Applause.) "'e do not agree with the chance. J"et J am hy this \'('ry nnnp{'pssar." rpcent doctrine of neutrality as a question opposition to-night incapacitatpd php;ical- of Jaw. But it is past. and we arp not dis- Jy from doing it. Ladies and gentlenH'n, posf>d to raise that qUt'stion. \Ye accept I hid J"OU good-evening. it as a fact, and we say that t]1(' uttpr- Beecher, LY IAN, clergyman; born in ancp of Lord Russell at Blairgowrie-(ap- 1\ew Haven, Conn., Oct. 2, 177;): was p]ause, hisses. and a voice: ""'hat ahout graduated at Yale in I7!')7, and ordained Lord Brougham ?") -together with the in I7!)!). In 183:! he at'ccpted the pre:-.- declaration of thf> govprnnwnt in stopping idl'ncy of Lane f'eminary, Cincinnati, and war-steamers here-(great uproar and ap- !"('rnd the ellljnary in that capacit ' plausp)-has gone far towards quieting twenty years. He had senn sons, all of ('vpry fear. and rf'IllO\'ing' f>\-ery appn'h('n- \\hom hl.came l'ollgn'gational clerg "nH'n- sion from our minds. (eproar and shouts \\ïlliam, Edward, George, lIl'nry "-anI. of applause.) And now in th(> fllturf' it (,har]es, Thomas, and ,James. lIis daugh- is the "ork of PvCl" ' good man amI patriot tel'S wpre Catharine Bet'ch('r, lIanit't not to create di,-isions. but to do thingH B(.echer :-:towe. :\lary Bl'(,l'her Perkins, aIll] that will makf> for pf'ace. (" Oh. oh:' and Isahella Bl'eeher Huoker. He died in Jaughter,) On our part it shall be done. Hroo....] .n. Jan, 10, IHli: . (.App]ause and hi eH. and "1\0. no.") Beekman, GEI ARD{jS, eolonial govern- On your part it ought to he donp; and 0)': was a mpmher of Lci:-.]e)"s council in when in any of the convulsions that come Ilj S and \\".IS condelllm'd with Leisler. upon the world, Great Rritain find.. Jwr- hut subspquently pardOlll'd. In 1 ïOO he self struggling singJe-handC'd against Ow l",cunll' lieutl'nant-colollel of a militia reg- gigantic powers that spl'ead oppresHion imcnt under (;overnOl' Bcllomont. After and darknpss-(app]ausp. hisHf>s. ana up- th(' removal of Go\-ernor Ingoldsby, Beek- loar)-thpre ought to he sUi'll eordialit y lIIan was pil'sidl'nt of the eounciJ and act- that she can turn and say to hpr firHt-horn jng gonrnor of J\pw York until the ar- and mo<;t illm trious chiJd. .. Come!" rh-al of ( onrnor Hunter, in whose l'oun- no BEET SUGAR-BELCHER cil he also served. He died in New York in the Cnited States in the season of City about 1728. 1899-1900: Beet Sugar. This substitute for the product of sugar-cane was first made in 1747 in Germany by J\Iarggraf, who dis- covered that excellent sugar could be ob- tained from the common beet. In 1830 efforts were made in the United States t.o establish the beet-sugar industry, but it was not until 1876 that an adequately equipped factory was erected for the pur- pose, in Alvarado, Cal. Since that year many similar ones llave been built, mostly in the Western States, and the industry Behring. See BERI G. may now be said to be firmly establishe(l. Beissel, JOIIA N CONRAD, reformer; born Federal and State govcrnments have grcat- in Eberbach, Germany, in WOO; becoming ly aided in bringing about this result a Dunker he was forced to leave his native through the oITer of bounties on produc- country and emigrated to Pennsylvania, tion. Beet - roots yield an average of where in 1733 he established at the villago-- about 10 pcr cent. of saccharine matter, of Ephrata a monastic society, which at and sugar-cane about 18 per cent. The one time numbered nearly 300. The Capu- white Slevig beet is the richest among chin habit was adopted by both se-xes and the varieties. In manufacturing. the celibacy was considered a virtue, though roots are compressed into a pulp by ma- not an obligation. Soon after the death <:hinery; the pulp is put into bags, and the of Bcissel. in 17GS, the society at Ephrata juice forced out by presses. After the began to decline. A history of the Ephra- juice Ims been clarified by the use of lime tn. society was published in HJOl. or sulphuric acid, it is filtered till no de- Belcher, .TO ATHAN, colonial governor; posit is apparent, and then boiled for the born in Cambridge, Mass., Jan. 8, HiSI; pmpose of concentrating it. When the wa.g graduatcd at Harvard College in lß9Ð. density of 25 Beaume has been reached, He visited Europe, where he became ac- the juice is straincd through flannel, be- quaintf'd with the Princess Sophia and her comin a dm'k-colored syrup, which in son (afterwards George 1. of England), turn is filtered through animal charcoal, which led to his future honors. After a or bone-black, to free it of its mucilage six years' sojourn he l'eturned to America, and coloring matter. The filtered juice engaged in mercantile business in Boston, is then treated with lime - water and the became a member of the Provincial Assem- whites of eggs, and stirred till it is bly, and in 1729 was sent as agent of the slightly alkaline. It is then placed in provinces to England. In 1730 he was ap- copper pans, and while boiling is constant- pointed governor of :Massachusetts and ly stirrcd and scummed. After sufficient Npw Hampshire, which office he held conccntration the substa.nce is placed in a cleven years. He was authorized to ac- warm room for several days till it crystal- cept from the legislature of )fa!"s:1chu- lizes. The juice or molasses which re- sctts a standing salary of $3,000 a :year, mains is drained off, and the solid part is to be paid first out of the annual grants. raw sngar. This maY 1)(' fnrtIler refined '''hen he first met the legislature (Sep- by diss lving again an'd using albumen and tembcr, 1730), he tried to bring about a blood. scttlement for a standing salary, but could :Experiments in bept sugar production not, and the Assembly was dissolyed. To were timulated by the t:"nited States secure a majority in the next House, the bounty law, in operation from July 1, governOl' tried to ga.in tIle influence of cer- IB!)}, to Aug. 27, IR94. tain leaders by gifts of office: but their [n thp ppriod 1890-1900 tIle output in acceptance diminished their popularity, the United tat('s was increascd from and he gainf'd not1ling. The people had been 2,800 tons to 74,944 tons. The following encouraged by tIle English press, which table shows the production, in long tons, had commended the Bostonians for their 311 California ................ i\ebraska ..........,...... Utah ..................... New Iexlco............... New york................. Michigan ................ Iinnesota ................ Oregon. .. . .. ... . .,. ., ... . Illinois ................... Colorado .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Washington ............... 37,938 4,591 8,574 446 1.607 16,699 2,0;}3 982 804 804 446 Totals for United States.. 74,944 BELKNAP-BELL "noble stand" against the demanùs of thence to Roston in 1872, and became Pro- :Burnet, which had "endea.red them to all fessor of Vocal Physiology in the Boston lovers and asserters of liberty." The new University. He invented the telephone, court was unmanageable by the governor, which was first exhibited at thc Centennial and he accepted a grant of a salary for Exposition in 1876. He also invented the one year. In consequence of a clamor photophone. against him, he was superseded in 1741, Bell, CHARLES II., naval officer; born but succeeded in vindicating himself be- in New York, Aug. 15, 170R; entered the fore the BritiRh Court. Belcher was made naval service in June, 1812; served with governor of Kew Jerspy, and arrived in Decatur in 1813-14; with Chauncey, on 17 4 7, where he passed the remainder of Lake Ontario, in 1814; and", ith Decatur his life. He e},.tended the charter of the again, in the Mediterranean, in 1815. He CoJJege of Kew Jersey, and was its chief was with the squadron in the West Indies ra tron Rnd bf'nefactor. He died in Eliza- (1824-29) operating against the pirates bethtown. :X. .T., Aug. 31, 1757. there. In 1860 he was in command of the Belknap, GEORGE EUGE E, naval officer; Korfolk navy-yard; commanded the Pa- born in Kewport, N. II., Jan. 22, 1832; cific squadron in 1862-G4, and the navy- entered the navy as midshipman in 1855, yard at Brooklyn 1865-68. In July, 1866, and in lR62 hecame lieutenant - com- he was made a rear-admiral. He died in mander. He hecame e"Xecutive officer of :!\ew Brunswick, N. J., Feb, 10, 1875. the iron-clad "It.cw lronsidcs in 1862, Bell, JA11ES FRANKLIN, military officer; and was with her in her contests with born in I.exington. Ky., in lR;j7; was the forts in Charleston Harhor in 18li3, graduated at the rnited States Military receiving commendation from Rear-Ad- Academy in IR78; promoted to second miral Dahlgren. In the attacks on lieutenant in the !)th Cavalry the same FORT FISHER (fJ. v.) he commanded the y<>ar, first lieutenant in the 7th Cavalry iron-clad Canoniclls. He was promoted in 1800, and captain in 18!)!). In the vol- to rear-admiral in 1880, and retired in unteer army he wa-s commissioned major 18!J4. He rlied in Key West, Fla., April 7, of engineers [ay 17, IR!)8; major and 1003. assiRtant adjutant-general, April 17, 1899, Belknap, JEREMY, clergyman; horn in and colonel of the 3Gth 1Jnited Sthtes Roston. .Tune 4, 1744: graduatf'd at [Jar- Infantry, July 5, 1899. In May, 1808. he \'ard Collpge in I ï(j . He found<>d the was ordered to duty to Manila, where }\lass:whusetts Historical F\ociety; was an he was placed in charge of the Bureau of overseer of Harvard CoJJege; was a pa- Information (or secret-service department triot during the war for independence, of the army in the Philippines). In Feb- and an opponent of \frican Rlavery. He 1"uary, IR!)!J, when operations were begun puhlished a History of _YrlV Hampshire; againRt the Filipino inRurgents, he at- ...lmerican Biography. etc. He died in tached himself to the staff of neneral Mac- Roston, l\IaRs., JunE' 20, 179ft Arthur, and rendered important sen ice in Belknap, 'YILT IAl\1 \\'ORTJI. military f;couting. On Sept. 9, for "mof;t distin- officer; horn in Xewlmr:!. N. Y.. Sept. 22. guiRhed gallantry in action OJ near Porac, lR2!); rE'moved to Iowa in lR'")I; elected LU7on. President McKinley directed that to the legiRlaturp in ) 8;')7; ent<>red the n congressional medal of honor should be army as major of an Iowa r<>giment. and preRented to him. On ov. 12, Colonel re;1Chcò thp gradp of major-general, March Bell took possession of Tarlae, where 1:1. 18(j."). He was appointed Secretary of Ag-uinaldo had estahlished his headquar- War. Oet. 13. lRO!); impeached :March 7, tel's. The following month he was pro- lR76. but aequitted for want of jurisdic- moted to brigadier-gen<>ral of volunteers. tion. He died in Washington, D. C., Oct. On the reorgani7ation of the regular army 12. IR!"IO. in February. 1901. Pr<>sid<>nt McKinley ap- Ðell, ALEXANDER nRAHAl\f, im'entor; J\ointed Colonel Dell one of the new briga- born in Edinburgh, Scotland. farch 3, dipr-g<>nerals-an act that ("auseù consider- lR47; son of Alexander Melville; was ahle surprise, as this officer was only a educated in Edinburgh and London unh'er- captain in the regular army, and was ad- Eities. In 1870 he went to Canada, and mnced o,'er the heads of more than 1,000 312 BELL-BELLOMO NT officers who, according to the rules of lawyer, he came to America in 1634, and seniority, would have been entitled to pre- was chosen deputy governor of l\Iassachu- cede him in promotion. General Bell is setts the next year. He was elected go v- widely known in the army as a dashing ernor, in opposition to Winthrop, in 1641. cavalry officer, and when General Otis He ,vas rechosen in 1654, and in 166G, recommended the presentation of the after the death of Governor .Endicott, con- mcdal of honor, he said that it was a won- tinuing in office the rest of his life. His del' that Colonel Bell still lived, because administration was a somewhat stormy of his recklessness in action. one. Bellingham was so opposed to all in- Bell, JOHN, statesman; born near novations in religious matters that he was Nashvillc, Tenn., Fcb. 15, 1707; was grad- severe in his conduct towards the Fricnds, uated at Cumberland College (now the or Quakers. He died Dec. 7, 1672. UnivcrRity of Nashville) in 1814, and Bellomont, RICHARD COOTE, EARL OF, studied law in Franklin, Tenn. In 1817 colonial governor; born in 1636; was of he was elected to the State Senate. He the Irish peerage, and among the first to was elected to Congress in 1827, and esponse the cause of the Prince of Orange served till 18.H. After abandoning his when he invaded England. He was cre- free-trade views, he became one of the ated earl in 168!), and made treasurer and founders of the WHIG PARTY (q. v.), and receiver-general of Queen Mary. In May, was elected Speaker of the House in ]605, he was appointed governor of New 1834. Harrison appointed him Secretary York, but did not arrive there until l\Iay, of War in 1841, but he resigned when 16!)8. Meanwhile he had been commis- President Tyler left the Whig party. In sioned governor of Massachusetts, includ- ] 847-50 he was a member of the United ing New Hampshire; and on going to Bos- Statcs Senate, and in 18(;0 he was the un- ton, in 16!)!}, he was well received, and his successful candidate of the CO STITU- adminiRtration was popular. Bellomont TIONAL U ION PARTY (q. v.) for Presi- had been one of the parliamentary com- dent, with Edward Everett for Vice- mittee appointed to investigate the affair President. He died in Cumberland, Tenn., of Leisler's trial and execution, and had Sept. 10, 1860. taken a warm interest in the reversal of Belle Isle. See CONFEDERATE PRISONS. the attainder of that unfortunate leader. Belligerency, the recognition, on the On hili arrival in New York, he naturally part of other nations, that an actual state connected himself with the J eisler party, of war exists, and the right of both par- whom Governor Fletcher had strongly op- tics to the exercise of belligerent rights posed. Bellomont came with power to in- on the ocean. Keutrality implies belliger- quire into the conduct of Governor Fletch- eney. Great Britain. France, and other er, and he- was so wen satisfied of his European powers, and Brazil, accorded malfeasance in office that hc Sf'nt him to bclligerent rights to the Confederate England under arrest. The remains of States during the civil war. Lf'isler and l\Iilborne were taken up. and BelJigerents, parties, in the sense of after lying in state several days Wf're re- nations or confederations, actually at huried in the Dutch Church. . Bel1omont war with each other. Sovereign States chose for his council a majority of "Leis- at war are always be11igerents, but not lerians"; and that party soon obtained a cvery armed contest is a war, and com- majority in the Assembly also. One of b3tants, to gain the status of belligerents, their first acts was to vote an indemnity must be recognized as such by other to the heirs of Leisler. Bellomont used sovereign States. The character of every means to gain the good-will of thf' belligerents has never been accorded to people in both provinces. and succeeded. pirates, filibusters, brigands, nor to any The earl was a shareholdcr in the privateer of those who commit violence in their ship commanded by Captain Rilld; and own private interest, nor even to those when that seaman was accnsf'd of piracy who, guilty of violence, have not been duly Bel1omont pro('ured his arrf'Rt in Boston, authorized by the head of their State. and sent him to England for tria1. Bello- Bellingham, RICHARD, colonial govern- mont died in New York. March 5, 1701. or; born in England in 1;;!) . Bred a and the earldom expired in 1800. 313 BELLOWS-BEMIS'S HEIGHTS marched from Paducah to menace Colum- lilts in the rear. Grant went with }[c- Clernand. The troops landed 3 miles above Belmont, ov. 7, ISOl, and while the)' were pushing on the gunboats opened lire upon Columbus. General (Bishop) JJolk, the commander, sent General Pil- low over the river to reinforce the little garrison at Belmont. A sharp battle en- sued, and the Nationals were victorious; but, e posed to the heavy artillery at Columbus, the post was untenable. Giv- ing three cheers for the "Cnion, the Na- tionals set fire to the Confederate camp, and hastened back towards their boats with the en ptured /I1C"n, horses, and a rtil- lery. Polk opened seycn of hi8 heaviest guns upon them, and at the same time sent over some fresh troops under Gen- eral Cheatham. Then he crossed Over :himself, with two regiments, making the whole Conff'derate force about 5,000 men. They fell upon Grant, and a despC"rate truggle ensued. Grant fought his way back to the transports under cover of a until his death, Jan. 30, 1882. He was fire from the gunboats, and escaped. The the projector of the f'hristian Inquirer, in Xationals lost about 500 men, and the l843, and he occupied from the beginning Confederates over GOO, killed, wounded, a conspicuous place in the pulpit, in let- and missing. ters, and in social life, wielding great in- Bemis's Heights, BATTLES OF. Gen- tluence for good. Dr. Rellow8 was one of eral Schuyler, with his feeble army, had the originators of the U ITED STATES SAN- so suce('SsfuIly opposed the march of Bur- lTARY COYl\IISSTON (q. v.), which per- goyne down the valley of the Hudson that formed such prodigious benevolent work he had not passed Saratoga the first week during the late Civil 'Var. He was presi- in August, 1777. 'Yhen the expedition of dent of the commission from the beginning. St. Legf'r from the )Iohawk and the de- Belmont, AUGUST, financier; born in feat of the Germans at lIoosick, near Germany, Dec. G, l8l6; removed to 1\ew Bennington, had crippled and discouragr>d York, 1837; consul-general of .\ustria in the invaders, and Schuyler was ahout C"w York City, 1844-;'0; United States to turn upon them, and strike for the mini.,ter to Holland, 1834-!)R; chairman victory for which he had so well pre- of the Demoeratic national committee, pared, he was superseded by General ]tWO-ii. He died in l\ew York City, Gates in the command of the Northern Xov. 24, 1890. army. Yet llÌs patriotism was not coolC"d Belmont, BATTLE AT. .Just before Fri'- by the ung<,nerons act. the r<,sult of in- mont was depriwd of his eommand (see trigue. and he offered Gates e\"C"ry assist- FRÔIOXT, .TOIIN C.) he onler('d General ance in his powpr. Had the latter acted Grant to move a co-operatÌ\'e force aJong promptlJ', he might have gained a vie- the line of the Mississippi River. It was tory at onee; but he did not. At the promptly done. A column about 3.000 end of twenty days he moved the army to strong. chiefly Illinois volunteers. under a 8trong position on Remis's Heights, Gen. .John A. McClernand. 'Went down where his camp was fortified by Kosci- from Cairo in transports and wooden gun- usko, the Polish patriot and engineer. boats to menace Columbus by attacking Burgoyne called in his outposts, and with nelmont, opposite. At the same time his shattered forces and splendid train of flnother column, under Gen. C. I". Smith. artillery he crossed the Hudson on a 3H Bellows, HE RY "'IIIT EY, clergyman; born in Boston, June II, 1814. :Educated at Harvard and the Divinity School at Cambridge, he was ordained pastor of the first Unitarian Chureh in New York City in January, 1838. fIe remained its pastol" /' . ). ..... ..':-::.. ; J . ""Ý. " ' - . F ::: - HENRY WHITNEY BELWWS, D.D, BEMIS'S HEIGHTS bridge of boats (Sept. 13, 1777), and en- act on the defensive. Gen. Benedict At'- camped on the Heights of Saratoga, after- nold and others, who observed the move- wards Schuylerville. New courage had ments of the British, urged Gates to at- been infused into the hearts of the Ameri- tack them, but he refused to fight. Even cans by the events near Bennington and at 11 A.M., when the booming of a can- on the upper Mohawk, and Gates's army non gave the signal for the general ad- was rapidly increasing in numbers. Bur- vallce of Burgoyne's army, he remained in goyne felt compelled to move forward his tent, apparently indifferent. Arnold, speedily. Some American troops, under as well as others, became extremely im- Col. John Brown. had got in his rear, and patient as peril drew near. He was finally surprised a British post at the foot of permitted to order Col. Daniel Morgan Lake George (Sept. 18). They also at- with his riflemcn, and Dearborn with in- tempted to capture Ticonderoga. Bur- fantry, to attack the Canadians and Ind- L- 1 :. 1f.,- , . , .,.,' t L ". ' J." '''': 411- f: . ': 1 f 'T I .' . , 'Iõ-_.. '! ---.. . ;1 . ,,-._-. ../! [ ',if<- ,., . " ." ::.'.. "';aiiiiii;;iiiiiiii;;;;;;;::::::ï'niiUiliiiiililliliiiiiiiiiiililiil ., I ". '.:; 1 ol. -,., -'\ - I--!'\,.... -f, . I ...... .. .. - - .;. ...... .... -,j . . < '\ . :.......... ..::::::..::::::: . ,111" 1111 111111111111' . ; '!1'1 NEILSOS HOUSE OS BE:UIS'S HEIGHTS.. goyne had moved slowly southward, and on the morning of Sept. 19 he offered bat- tle to Gates. First Battle.-His left wing, with the immense artillery train, commanded by Gencrals Phillips and Riedesel, kept upon t.he plain near the river. The centre, com- posed largely of German troops, led by Burgoyne in person, extended to a range of hills that were touch cd by the American IC"ft, :oI.nd npon these hills GC"neral Fraser and Lieutenant-Colonel Breyman, with grenadiers and infantry, were posted. The front and flank of Burgoyne's army were covered by the Canadians, Tories, and Ind- ians who yet rcmained in camp. General Gates, who lacked personal courage and the skill of a good commander, resolved to · The mansion of tr, Kell!'on, an active Whig- at the time of the hattle. It was thp headquarter's of (ienpral Poor and Colonel Morgan. To It the wOl1nrtpd Jajor Ac1and was conve 'ed, and tbere was joined by bis wife. ians, who were swarming on the hills in advance of Burgoyne's right. These were driven back and pursued. Morgan's troops, hecoming scattered, were recalled, and with Npw England troops, under Dearborn, Scammel, and Cilley, another furious charge was made. After a sharp engage- ment, in which Morgan's horse was shot under him, the combatants withdrew to their respective lines. Meanwhile Bur- goyne had moved rapidly upon the Ameri- can centre and left. At the same time the vigilant Arnold attempted to turn the British right. Gates denied him rein- forcements, and restrained him in every way in his power, and he failed. Masked by thick woods, neither party was now certain of the movements of the other, and they suddpnly and unpxpectedly met in a ravinp at FrC'eman's farm, at which Bur- goynC' had halted. There they fought des- peratel)' for a while. Arnold was pressed back, wlwn FrasC'r, by a quick movement, called up some Gcrman troops from the 315 BEMIS'S HEIGHTS British centre to his aid. Arnold rallied his men, and with New England troops, led by Colonels Brooks, Dearborn, Scam- mel, Cilley, and Major Hull, he struck the enemy such heavy blows that his line be- gan to wa'oer and falJ into confusion. Gen- eral Phillips, below the heights, heard through the woods the din of battle, and hurried over the hills with fresh English troops and some artillery, followed by a portion of the Germans under Riedesel, and appeared on the battle-field just as victory !';eemed about to be yielded to the Americans. The battle continued. The :British ranks were becoming fearfully thinned, when Riedesel fell heavily upon the American flank with infantry and ar- tillery, and they gave way. The Germans saved the :British army from ruin. A lull in the battle succeeded, but at the middle of the afternoon the contest was renewed with greater fury. At length the British, fearfully assailed by buIld and bayonet, recoiled anll fell back. At that moment Arnold was at headquarters, seated upon a powerful black horse, and in vain urging Gates to gÏ\oe }lim reinforcemmts. Hear- ing the roar of the renewed hattIe, he could no longer brook delay, and turning his }lOrse's }lead towards the field of strife, and exclaiming, r, the grenadiers under 1\la- jor Aeland, with artillery un- der l\Iajor Williams, forming the left; the centre composed of British and grenadiers under Philips and Riedesel, and the right of infantry under Earl Balcarras. Gen- eral Fraser, with 300 pick- ed men, was in advance of the British right, ready to fall upon the left flank of the Americans non and the possession of the field re- when the action should begin on the front. mained -with the Americans. Meanwhile It was now between three and four o'clock Colonel Morgan had assailed Fraser's in the afternoon. As Burgoyne was about flanking corps. so furiously that the ' to advance, he was astonished by the were driven back to their lines. There thunder of cannon on his left, and the :Morgan fell upon the British right so crack of rifles on his right. Poor had fiercely that it was thrown into confu- pressed up the thick-wooded slope on which sion. A panic prevailed. It wa!' followed Majors Acland and Williams were posted, by an onslaught in front bv Dearborn, unobserved, until he was near the bat- with fresh troops, when the Briti!'h teries, which were captured after a des- broke and fled in terror. Ralcarras soon perate struggle, in which the leader of the rallied them, while the centre, composed 317 BEMIS'S HEIGHTS British grenadiers was severely wounded, and Major Williams, of the artillery, was made prisoner. Five times one of the cannon was taken and retaken. \Vhen t.he British fell back, and the gun re- mained with the Americans, Colonel Cil- ley leaped upon it, waved his sword over his head, dedicated the piece to the "American cause," and, turning it upon the foe, he opened its destructive energies upon them with their own ammunition. Sir Francis Clarke, Burgoyne's chief aide, who was sent to secure the cannon, was mortally woundpd, made a prisoner, and sent to Gates's tent. The whole eight can- PLAS OF BATTLES ON BE;\IIS'S HJo:IGHTB. BEMIS'S HEIGHTS-BENEZET chiefly of Germans, though convulsed, and spread such terror among the Ger- Etood firm. Now Arnold came upon the mans that tlH'Y fled, giving a parting 8eene. Gates, offended by what he called volley of bu]]etR, one of which gave Arnold Arnold's ., impertinence," had deprived a severe wound in the same 1('0' that was him of all command, and he was an im- badly hurt at Quebec. At th;t moment patient spectator of the battle. When he he was overtaken bv the subaltern who had could no longer restrain himself, he been sent by Gat;s to recall hi l. "lest sprang upon his charger and started on full he should do some rash thing." He had gallop for the field of action. pursued done it. He had aehie\'ed a victory for by a subaltern to call him back. He which Gates received the honor. Th (ier- dashed into the vortex of danger, where mans had thrown down their weapons. the pursuer dared not follow. He was re- Breyman was mortally wounùed. The ceived with cheers by his old troops. and fight ended at twilight, and before the he led them against the British centre. dawn, Burgoyne, who had resolved to rc- \Vith the desperation of a madman he treat, removed his whole army a mile or rushed into the thickest of the fight. two north of his intrenehmen'ts. In this \Vhen, at the head of his men, he dashed T{'markable battle-won bv an offieer who into the firm German lines, they broke had hf'en deprind of hi command-the and fled in dismay. The battle was now Americans lost, in kil1ed and wounded, general. Arnold and Morgan were the 150 men; that of the British, including ruling spirits on the American side. prisoners, was about 700. \rnold waR the Fraser was the soul that directed the only American commanding officer \\ ho most potent energies of the British. One receiveù a wound. Uurgoyne was defeated of Morgan's riflemen singled him out hy at til1water, Oct. 7, and tm days later his brilliant uniform, and shot him surrendered hiR army of 6,000 men at through the body, wounding him mor- Saratoga. Sce BURG YKE. taJly. Then a panic ran along the Brit- Benedict, GEORGE GRE VILLE, military i!'òh line. At the sight of 3,000 fresh Kew officer; born in Burlington, Yt., Dec. lO, York militia, under General Ten Broeck, 1826; graduated at the University of Yer- approaching. the wavering line gave way. mont in 1847; served in the 12th Vermont md the troops retreated to their in- Yolunteers in lRfi - fi3; and was author trenchments, leaving their artillery be- of Vermont at Gettysburg; Fcrmont in hind. Up to their intrenchments, the the Civil lrar; ..1rmy Life in T'irginia, Americans, with Arnold at their head, etc. eagerly pressed, in the face of a terrible Benedict, LEWIS, military officer; born f3torm of grape-shot anù bullets. The in Albany, N. Y., Sept. 2, 1817; was a works were assailed with small arms. graduate of \Yilliams College; was ad- Balcarras defended them brayely until he mitterl to the bar in lRtl; was surrogate could resist no longer. The voice of Ar- of Albany county in 1848, and member of nold was heard above the din of battle, A sembly in lRGl. lIe entered the mili- and his form was seen, in the midst of tary service aR lieutenant-colonel of vol- niP smoke, dashing from point to point. unteers in HW1; served in the eampaign \'lith the troops fin;t of Generals PatC'r- on thp P(.ninsula in IS62; was captured, son and Glo\'er, and then of l..earned. ond confinell in Libby and ,l1isbur)' pris- he assailed tile enemy's right, whieh ons several months, and when e ehang('d was defended by CanadianR and loyal- was sent to the Department of the Gulf. igts. The English a\-e way, leaving where he was di tingui"hed for his wis- the Germans exposed. Then Arnold dom and bravery. He sf'rved as hrigadier- ordered up the troops of Livingston v,eneral in the Red Ri\'f'r campaign, till and \Vesson, with Morgan's riflmIen. killed in tJlC battle of Plea,'mnt Hill, La., to make a gf'neral assault. whilf' C'oloní'l April n. lRH.J.. I: rooks) with his :!\fHs!'òaehn'-f'ti s rf'gi- Benezet, A "VT II 0:\ Y. l)hilanthropist; ment. aecompanif'd by Arnolrl. attacked bc.rn in France. Jan. :n. 1713; emigrated thp troops commanded by Lieutf'nant- to Philadí'lphia in 17:n. and taught school Colonel Bre 'man. Arnold rushed into the thf're ní'arly all his life. Iff' became a sally-port on his powerful black hor e. member of the Society of Friends; and 318 BENHAM-BENNETT his life was conspicuous for acts of benev- olence. He wrote much against war and African slavery, a.nd bequeathed his es- tate, on the death of his wife, to the Afriem schoo] in Philadelphia. He died in Philadelphia, May 3, 1784. Benham, A DREW ELLICOTT KEN EDY, na val officer; born in N ew York, April 10, 1832; entered the na.vy Nov. 24, 1847. During the Civil War he served in the South Atlantic and Western Gulf squad- rons, and took part in the battle of Port Royal and other engagements. In 18fJ4 he commanded a squadron at Rio de .Taneiro, Brazil, and forced the commander of the insurgent squadron to raise the blockade of the city and to discontinue firing upon American merchant vessels. Rea.r-admiral in 18DO; retired in 1894. Benham, HENRY W., military officer; Lorn in Cheshire, Conn., in 1817; was graduated at West Point, first in his class, in 1837. He served under General Tay- lor in the war with l\Iexico, and was wounded in the battle of Buena. Vista. Ear]y in the Civil War he was active in western Virginia, and afterwards on the South Carolina coast. He a.ssisted in the captnre of Fort Pulaski; and in 18(;3-64 he commanded an engineer brigade in the Army of the Potomac. He was brevetted hrigadier-general for service8 in the cam- paign ending with the surrender of Lee, and major-general ( Iarch, 18(;5) for "meritorious services in the rebellion." He died in Kew York, June 1, 1884. Benjamin, JUDAH PHILIP, lawyer; was born in St. Croix, 'Vest Indies, Aug. 11, -...:: " I ,.t ' ..I . ,,' ij .... II,' '1'" (. '?'- Z/ - JUDAH PHILIP BJl:SJAMIY. -:::\ , I 1811; was of Jewish parentage, and in 1816 his family settled in Savannah, Ga. Judah entered Yale College, but left it, in 1827, without graduating, and became a lawyer in New Orleans. He taught school for a while, married one of his pupils, and became a leader of his pro- fession in Louisiana. From 1853 to 18(;1 hc was United States Senator. He was regarded for several years as leader of the Southern wing of the Democratic party; and, when the question of seces- sion divided the people, he withdrew from the Senate, and, with his coadjutor, John Slidell, he promoted the great insurrec- tion. He became Attorney-General of the Southern Confederacy, acting Secretary of 'Val', and Secretary of State. After the war he went to London, where he pra.c- tised his profession with success. He died in Paris, May 8, 1884. Bennet, or Bennett, RICHARD, colonial governor; was appointed one of the Vir- ginia commissioners to reconcile Virginia to the administration of Oliver Cromwell in lG.3l. In 1654 the l\Iaryland royalists, under the instigation of Lord Baltimore, revolted, and intercolonial hostilities fol- lowed, resulting in a victory for the Yir- ginians under Governor Bennet. During the night of l\Iarch 25, 1655, many pris- oners were taken, including the royalist Governor Stone. Some of these were after- wards executed. Bennett, J.UIES GORDON, founder of the New York Herald; born in New :Mill, Scotland, Sept. 1, 1705; died in New York, .June 1, 1872. Int.ending to enter upon the ministry in the Roman Catholic Church, he studied theology in Aberdeen some time, but, abandoning the intention, he went to British America, arriving at Halifax, N. S., in 18H), where he taught · school. He made his way to Boston, where he became a proof-reader, and in 1822 he went to New York, and thence to Charleston. where he made translations from the Spanish for the Charleston Courier. Returning to New York, he be- came proprietor (IR25) of the New York Courier, but did not succeed. After vari- ous editorial and journalistic adventures in Ncw York and Pennsylvania. Mr. Ben- nett. in :May, 18: 5, hegan the publication of the New York Herald. His method was a "new departure" in journalism. 319 BENNINGTON tia, with the stipulation that he was to ha ve an independent command, and was at Bennington with part of a brigade. lIe had lately refused to obey a command of General Lincoln to join the main army opposing Burgoyne. It was a fortunate circumstance. for he did better service when Baum approached and began to cast up intrenchments (Aug. 14, 1777) in the township of Hoosick, N. Y., within about 5 miles of Bennington. Informed of that approach, Stark had sent expresses tor \Varner's shattered regiment, and for militia, and he soon gathered many fugi- tiw s from the disaster at Hubbardton. The 15th was rainy. Baum had sent back to Burgoyne for reinforcements, nnd Stark was waiting for the arrival of more ex- pected troops fI"Om Berkshire. \Varner joined Stark on the morning of the 15th -he and his men drenched during a night march in the rain. The lGth dawned bright and hot, and Stark proceeded to execute a plan of attack on Baum's in- of Ir. Bennett.s death, were estimated at t.renched position by dividing his force from $500,000 to $700,UOO a year. He and making a simultaneous attack at dif- died in the Roman Catholic faith, and be- ferent points. The frightened Indians queathed the Herald to his only son, with Baum dashed through the enc'ir- JAMES GORDON BEXNETT, Jr., who was cling lines of the Americans, and fled to burn in New York City, May 10, IS.U; the she1ter of the woods. After a severe fitted out the Jeannette polar expedition; contest of two hours' duration, the ammu- sent Henry 1\1. Stanley in search of Dr. nition of the Germans failed, and Owy at- Livingstone in Africa; constructed, with tempted to break through the line of be- John \V. Mackay, a new cable between siegel's with bayonets and sabrf's. In that America and Europe; and greatly pro- attempt Baum was slain and hi:-; veterans moted international yachting. were made prisoners. At that moment Bennington, BATTLE NEAR. Falling Lieutenant - Colonel Breyman appeared short of provisions, Burgoyne sent out an with the jaded reinforcements which Bur- expedition from his camp on the Hudson go:rne had sent, and Stark was joined by Hi,'er to procure cattle, horses to mount some fresh troops furnished by \Yarner. niedesel's dragoons, to " try the affections The cannon which had been taken from the of the country," and to complete a corps Germans, were immediatf'ly turued upon of loyali.,ts. Colonel BauJU led the expe- Bn'yman's men. A f]('ree hattle contiuupd diHon, which consisted of 800 men, com- until sunset, whf'n Hrf' 'man retrea ted, prising German dragoons and British leavin all his artillery, and neady all marksmen, a body of Canadians and Ind- his wounded, behind. The Germans lost, ians, some loyalists as guides, and two in kilJed, wounded, and prisonprs, nearly pieces of artiJJery. They penetrated the 1,000 men. Thf' Americans lost less than country eastward of the Hudson towards 100. On Aug. 19, IS!)I, a monument com- Bf'nnington, Yt., where the Americans had memorating the victory was dedicated at gathered a considerable quantity of sup- Bennington. It is a shaft of ma ll('sian plies. At that time (August, 1777), Gen- limestone, 308 fef't high-the highest hat- eral Stark, disgusted because he had not tIe-monument in the world; and nf'ar the heen made a Continental brigadier-gen- city the national government has sin('e eral, had resignf'd his c010nelcy, taken estaLJished a military post. See ETUA:i the 1eadership of the New Hampshire miJi- ALLEN, FORT. 3 0 The Herald obtained an immense circu- lation and ad\'ertising patronage. The profits of the establishment, at the time '/p , d'7 Ä . K1.( - t ,I l -.' '"'. . . ' . 1 // JA1IES GORDOS BEY:\"ETT. :BENSON-BENTON Benson, EGBERT, jurist; born in :New York City, June 21, 1746; was graduated at King's College (now Columbia l!ni- versity) in 1765; took an aetive part in political events preliminary to the war for independence; was a member of the Committee of Safety, and, in 1777, was appointed the first attorney-general of the State of New YOl'k. He was also a member of the first State legislature. He was a membel' of the Continental Congress from 1784 to 1789, and of the new Con- gress from 1789 to 1793, also from 1813 to 1815. From 178!) to 1802, he was a regent of the New York University, judge of the Supreme Court of Xew York (lï!)4- 1801), and of the United States Circuit Court. He WM the first president of the New York Historical Society. Judge Henson was the author of a Vindication of the Captors of 1lajor André, and a 1le- moir on Dutch ]l,T ames of Placcs. He died in Jamaica, Long Island, Aug. 24, 1833. Bentley, CnARLES EUGENE, cler man; born in \Varner's, K. Y., April 30 1841; became a Baptist minister, chairman of the State Prohibition Convention in 1864, and subsequently candidate for various of- fices. In 1896 he was the Presidential candidate of the Liberty party. active part in favoring the admission of Benton, JA [ES GILCHRIST, military Missouri as a State of the Union, and was officer; born in Lebanon, N. II., Sept. 15, one of its first representatives in the 1820; was graduated at West Point Acad- United States Senate, which post he held emy in 1842; served continuously in the for thirty consecutive years, where he was ordnance department of the army, and as ever the peculiar exponent and guardian a result of his experiments made many of" The \Yest." He was an early and un- inventions, for none of which did he take tiring advocate of a railway from the out a patent, as he held that having been :Mississippi to the Pacific Ocean. He educated by the government it was en- warmly opposed the repeal of the 1\118- titled to benefit in every way by his time SOURI CO}[PRmnRE (q. v.) in 1 .).t. Hie and talent. He published .l Course of free-labor sentiments caused his defeat as lnstnwtion in Ordnance and Gunnery. He a candidate for the enate hy the u1tra- died in Springfield, Mas!'1" Aug. 23, 1881. slavery men of his party in 1830, and in Benton, TnmlAs HART, Rtatesman; 1852 he was elccted to the House of Rep- horn near Hillshoro, N. C., )[arch 14, 1782. resentatives. By a comhination of his old Before finishing his studics at Chapcl Hill oppon('nts with the A [ERI(,AN PARTY University, :Korth Carolina, he removed (q. 1'.) , he was defeated in 1834, and fai1('d to Tennessce, studied law, and obtained of an election for governor in 18:>(ì. H(' great eminence in his profession. In the had then begun to devote hims('lf to lit- legislature of that State he procured the erary purRuits; and he completcd his enactment of a law giving to slaves the Thirty Years' Vir". of the United States henefit of a jury trial, and also succeeded ("llate in 18:>t. H(" prepar('d an Abridg- in having a law pass('d which reformed ment of the nchrrtc., thE" capital, legal, and the actual, boundaries at the 4.000 souls; then Albuquerque, G.OOO same time. From all this it results that souls; then some scores of other towns and the treaty before us, besides the incorpo- "mages, all more or less populated. and ration of Texas proper, also incorporates surrounded by flocks and fields. Then into our Union the left bank of the Rio come the departments of Chihualma, Grande. in its wnole extent, from its head Coahuila, and Tamau1ipas, without set- spring in the Sierra Verde, near the South tlements On the left hank of the river, Pass in the Rocky Mountains, to its mouth hut occupying the right hank. and com- in the Gulf of Mexico, 4 0 south of New manding the left. All this-being parts 3')') BENTON of four Mexican departments-now under without a word of explanation with her, Mexican governors and governments, is and by virtue of a treaty with Texas, to permanently reannexed to this Union, if which she is no party. Our Secretary of this treaty is ratified; and is actually re- State (Mr. Calhoun), in his letter to the annexed from the moment of the signature United States chargé in Mexico, and 5even 01 the treaty, according to the President's da 's after the treaty was signed, and after last message, to remain so until the ac- thf! Mexican minister had withdrawn from quisition is rejectE'd by rejecting the cour seat of government, shows full well treaty. The one-half of the department of that he was conschus of the enormity of Kew Mexico, with its capital, becomes a the outrage, knew it was war, and prof- h'rritory of the Lnited States; an angle fen'd voluntcer apologies to avert the con- of Chihuahua, at the Paso del Norte, fam- sequences which he knew he had provoked. ous for its wine, also becomes ours; a The President, in his special message of rart of the department of Coahuila, not '''ednesday last, informs us that we have pcopulated on the left bank, which we take, Required a title to the ceded territories by but commanded from the right bank by his signatures to the treaty, wanting only Mexican authorities; the same of Tamau- the action of the Senate to perfect it; and lipas, the ancient Nuevo San Tander (New that, in the mean time, he will protect it St. Andrew), and which covers both sides from invasion, and for that purpose has of Iexiro, 2,000 miles long and some hun- detached all the disposable portions of the dred miles up, and aII the left bank of which army and navy to the scene of action. is in the POWCl' and pos<;es<;ion of Mexi<'O. This is a caper about equal to the mad These, in addition to the old Texas, these freaks with which the unfortunate Em- parts of four statcs, these towns and vil- peror Paul of Rus"ia was accustomed to lages, these people and territory, these astonish Europe about forty years ago. f ocks and herds, thi" slice of the Republic By this declaration the 30,000 MexiC'ans in of )fexico, 2.000 miles lon:::{ and some hun- the left half of the valley of the Rio del dred broad, aII this our President has cut Norte are our citizens, and standing, in oli from its mother empire, and presents the language of the President's message, to us, and declares it is ours till the Sen- in a hostile attitude towards us, and sub- a te rejects it. He calls it Texas; and the ject to be repeIled as invaders. Taos, the cutting off he caBs reannexation. Hum- seat of the custom-house, where our cara- bohlt caBs it New Mexico, Chihuahua, yans enter their goods, is ours; Santa Fé, Coahuila, and Kuevo San Tander (now the capital of New Mexico, is ours; Gov- Tamaulipas) ; and the civilized world may Hnor Armijo is our governor, and sub- qualify this reannexation by the applica- jcct to be tried for treason if he does not tion of some odiom: and terrible epithet. submit to us; twenty Mexican towns and Demosthmes advised the people of Athens vilIages are ours; and their peaceful in- not to take, but to retake a certain city; habitants, cultivating their fields and and in that re lay the virtue which sa.ved tE'nding their flocks, are suddenly convert- tlJat act from the character of spoliation ed, by a stroke of the President's pen, into and robbery. Will it be equalIy potent .American citizens, or American rebels. with us? And will the re prefixed to the This is too bad; and, instead of making annexation legitimate thf' seizure of 2,000 themselves party to its enormities, as the miIes of a neighbor's dominion, with whom President invites them to do, I think we have treaties of peace, and friendship, rather that it is the duty of the Senate to and commerce? Will it legitimate this ,vash its hands of alI this part of the sdzure, made by virtue of a treaty with transaction, by a special disapprobation. Texas, when no Texan force--witness the The Senate is the constitutional adviser disasb'ous expeditions to Mier and to d the President, and has the right, if not Ranta F(o--have been seen near it without thE' duty, to gÌ\'e him advice when the oc- hing kilIed or takf'n. to the last man? <'asion l'f'quires it. 1. therefore, propose, Tllf' treat '. in all that rf'lates to the as an additional resolution, applicable to houmlary of t])(' Rio Grande, is an aC't of thf']{in df'l Xortf' boundary only. the one unpara]]e]ed outrage on fexiro. It is the whiC'h I wiJ] rE'ad and send to the seere- seizure of 2,000 miles of her territory taQ"s table--stamping as a spoliation this 323 BENTONVILLE seizure of Mexican territory, and on The latter were staggered and paralyzed which, at the proper time, I shall ask the by this unexpected and stunning blow vote of the Senate: from a force hitherto unseen by them, for "Re olved, that the incorporation of Fearing's troops were in reserve. They the left bank of the Hio del 1\orte into the reeled and fell back in amazement, and American Union, by \irtue of a treaty with the attack was not renewed on that part Tc as, comprehending, as the aid incor- of the field for more than an hour after- l'oration would do, a part of the Mexican wards. The army was saved. The young df'partments of Kcw l\Iexico, Chihuahua, general (Fearing) was dbabled by a bul- Ccahuila. and Tamaulipas, would be an act let, and hundreds of his brigade, dead of direct aggression on Mexico; for all and wounded, strewed the field of conflict. the consequences of which the United Davis re-formed the disordered left and States would stand responsible." cenb'e of his line in open fields half a mile Bentonville, BATTLE OF. After the ùe- in the rear of the old line. The artillery feat of Hardee at Averasboro, Sherman be- was moved to a commanding knoll, and lievcd he would meet with no more serious Kilpatrick ma:osed his cavalry on the left. opposition in his march to Gold::;boro. He Meanwhile an attack upon Morgan's di- h;sued orders accordingly. This sense of vision of the 14th Corps had bef'n very security pron:-d almost fatal to Sherman's .&cn:,re and unceasing. The Xational forces army, for at that moment, John ton, who received six distinct assaults by the Com- had come down from Smithfield, N. C., bined troops of Hardee, Hoke, and Cheat- on a rapid but stcalthy march, under ham, under the immediate command of cover of night, was hO\'ering near in full General Johnston, without yielding an force. He found the :Kationals in a favor- inch of ground, and all the while doing able position for him to attack them. much execution on the Confederate ranks, Gen. J. C. Davis's corps was encamped especially with the artillery. With dark- (March 18, 18(5) on the Goldsboro road, ness this conflict, known as the battle of at a point where it was crossed by one Dcntonville, ended. It was one of the from Clinton to Smithfield. Two divisions most notable battles of the Civil \Yar. of Williams's were encamped 10 or 12 The main forces of the Lnion and of its miles in the rear of this, in charge of enemies were then concentrating at one Slocum's wagon-trains. The remainder of point for a desperate laRt struggle-Sher- the forces were scattered to the south llIan and Johnston in Xorth Carolina, and and east, in fanded security. On the Grant and Lee in Yirginia. Had John- morning of the IGth, Sherman left Slocum, ston won at that time the eonsequence neare!"t the Confederates, to join How- probably would have been the loss of the ard's troops, which were scattered and whole of Sherman's army and the quick moving on over the wretched, muddy road. and fatal dispersion or capture of Grant's On :\larch 10, Sherman, while on his way before Petersburg and Riehmond. On th(" to Howard, heard cannonading on his left night after the battle reinforcements came wing, but did not think there was any- to the left of the Kationals. The Con- thing serious in it. It proved, however, federates prepared for another onset, but to be a complete surpri e. The Confeder- when Johnston heard of the actual con- ates, in overwhelming numbers, were nection of three Kational armies in the found pre sing Slocum. A \"Cry severe vieinity of Golùsboro, he perceÏ\-ed that al1 hattle ensued, in a densely wood cd f,wamp, chance for success against Sherman had dark and wet and dismal. In this f'Ilcoun- vanÌf.,)ted. There had been hard fighting ter, Gen. J. C. Davis conducted much of an day (March 20, lR(ì;)) , and that night, the battle with great skiB and courage, after having his only line of retreat se- continually cheering his men with 8S- \"('re)y menaced by a flank movement under surances of vietory. Johnston had as- General Mower, .Johnston withdrew and bured his men tl}at he was confidf>nt of vic- went towards Smithfield in SHch haste tory, and the troops on both Rides fought that he left his piekets, wounded in hospi- desperately. Davis had former! General tals, and dead behind. The aggregate Joss of Fearing's hrigade to the left and hurled the Nationals Iwar BentonviBe was l,fi48. them upon the flank of the Confederates. The loss of the Confederates was never reo 324 BERGH-BERING SEA ported. The Nationals captured 1,625 of as lat. 55 0 , and formally annexed that their men, and buried 267 of thf'ir dead. part of the continent to the Russian do- Bergh, HENRY, founder of the Society mains. In 1867 Russian America was for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals; purchased by the United States govern- was born in New York City, May 8, 1820; ment fQr $7,200,000. The only wealth was educated at Columbia College, and in- of the country known at that time was dulged in literary labors for a while, writ- its fur-producing animals, particularly the ing a drama and some poems. In 1863 fur-seals of the coasts and islands, and it he was secretary of legation to Russia, was for this mainly that the purchase was and acting vice-consul' there. He acquired made. The officials who conducted the lasting fame over the civilized world for transaction were not mistaken in their his untiring and brave labors in behalf estimates of the revenue to be derived of abused dumh creatures. These phil- from this source, for during the twenty anthropie efforts absorbed his attention years which followed the seal - fisheries for many years, and elicited the praise paid into the national treasury a rental of all good men and women. A society which exceeded the purchase-price of the for carrying out his benevolent plan was territory by $6,350,000. That Bering Sea, incorporated by the legislature of New with its islands, was the exclusive prop- York in 1866, and this example \Vas fol- erty of Russia for the sixty-eight years lowed in nearly all of the States and of her domination in Alaska had never Territories of the 1:nion and in Canada. been questioned, and that the United lIe died in New York, March 12, 1888. States, by purchase, succeeded to the same Bering (nowpreferred to the form Beh- rights of p05session no one could, it would dng), VITUS, Danish navigator; born at be supposed, deny. About 18R6, however, Horsen, in Jutland, in 1680. In his youth some ship-owners in British Columbia be- he made several voyages to the East and gan to encroach upon these rights by send- West Indies; entered the Russian navy, ing vessels into the sea to intercept the and served with distinction against the seals as they made their annual migra- Swedes; and in 1725 commanded a scien- tion to their breeding-grounds on the tific expedition to the Sea of Kamtchatka. Pribyl off Islands. This unlawful poaching He ascertained that Asia and America and the unregulated pelagic sealing were were separated by water-a strait which carried on to such an extent that in 1800 now bears his name. This problem Peter the Canadian intruders secured 20,000 the Great had been very desirous of hav- skins. As very many of the seals thus ing solved. Bering was appointed captain taken were females, and their young were commandant in 17 32, and in 1741 set out left to perish for want of sustenance, the on a Recond voyage to the same region, actual number destroyed was far in ex- when he discovered a part of the North cess of the number of skins, and thé American continent supposed to have been extinction of the entire species was threat- New Norfolk. He and his crew, being ened. At this juncture a United States disabled by sickness, attempted to return revenue-cuttel' captured one of the poach- to Kamtchatka, but were wrecked on an ing vessels. The seizure became at once island that now bears his name, where the subject of correspondence between the TIering died Dec. 8, 1741. His discoveries British government and the State De- were the foundation of thf' claim of Russia partment at Washington. Secretary Blaine to a large rf'gion in the far northwest of urged that illicit seaJing was a pursuit the Amf>rican continf'nt. See ALASKA. contra bonos mores, against international Bering Sea. In 1725 Capt. Vitus Rc- comity; and he argued against the claim ring. a Danish navigator in the service of I.onl Ralisbury, who had asserted that of pf'ter the Great, discovered the sea Bering Sea could not be mm'e clausum w})iel) bt'ars his name, and in 1741 he under any cireumstances. The British made an impedect exploration of a por- premier dec1ined to recognize the claims tion of the Alaskan coast. By virtue of of the United States, although he ex- these diseoveries, the Emperor Paul of pressed regret at the "wanton destruc- Russia, in 17!}0, assumed the sovereiWl- tion of a valuable industry," and asked ty over the American coast as far south Hmt the right of tl)(' United Statf's to 32;; BERING SEA seize the Canadian vessels be submitt(>j go,-ernment to visit the localities und('r to a court of arbitration. 'Yhile this cor- dispute, and lJmke a thorough innsti- re polld{>llce was goill on the poadlf.rs gati(.n of the l1lah'rial facts. A treaty continueù their df'predations, and the was signed at Washington, Feb. 2!), IS!} , number of seals was !'oO materially re- providiug for the sf'UIt'ment by arbitra- duced that in 18!Jl not more than one- tion of the "e'\ed seal question. The fourth of the usual number of pelts were treaty was ratified in J"ondon, and the ar- taken by the legally authorized sealers. bitrators met in Paris; they were Lord -\n agreement was finally entered into Hannen, Sir John Thompson. Justice Hal'- to submit the matter to a court of arbi- lan, Cnited States Senator :Morgan, Barun tration, composed of commissioners se- de Courcelles, :M. Gregero Gram. anù Mar- lected by the two governments. The ques- quis Visconti '-enosta. The decision of tions at issue to be decided by this coui't the tribunal was rendered Aug. ];5, 18B3. were as follows: The findings of the arbitrators were: Rus- 1. What exclusive jurisdiction in Bering sia never claimed exclusive rights; Great Sea did Russia exercise prior to the ces- Britain }lad not conceded any claim of sion of Alaska? Russia to exclusi\'C juri diction; Bering' 2. To what extent was this jurisdiction, Sea was included in the Pacific Ocean in especially as regardf'd the seal fisheries, the treat)" of IR ;); all Russian rights recognized by Great Britain? passed to the Unit('d States; the Lnited 3. "'as the Bering Sea induded in the States han no rights when seals are out- phrase "Pacific Ocean" in the Anglo- sidf> the 3-mile limit. Restrictive regula- Russian treaty of 182;); and what rights tions were also adupted: proclaiming a did Russia exercise in the Bering Sea closed season from May I to July 31 in after the treaty? Bering Sea and the North Pacific; estab- 4. Did not all the Russian rights in the lishing a protected zone within GO miles fisheries east of the water boundary pass of the Pribyloff Islands; forbidding to the Unitf'd States when the treaty was steam-,-essels, use of nets, fire-anus, and ratified by which she acquired possession e),.plo ives. The award was regarded as a {If the territory of Alaska? compromise, in which the L'"nited f\tate 5. What right of protection of prop- was technically defeated, but acquir('d erty has the United States in the seals substantial advantages in the regulations. frequenting Lnited States islands, when The complaints came mainly from Can- found outside the ordinary 3-mile limit? ada. See BERIXG SEA ArmITRATIO . Pending the decision of the case by ar- In 1891, the :year following the sign- bitration, an agreement was entered into ing of this treaty, more seals were slau h- between the two governments, June 15, tered by poachers than eyer hefore. Thp 1891, providing: United States again askcd England to in- 1. That Great Britain shall use her h'rfere against the Canadian poachers, bpst efforts to prohibit sealing by her but that country refused to act unl("ss the subjects in Bering Sea until May, 18D2. l"nited States Rhould pay Great Britain 2. That the Lnited States shall limit the $.jOO,OOO in dischar e of all claims for number of !"eals to be taken hy the North damages resulting from allegf>rl j]]('gal American Commercial Company to 7,500 H-izures of British vessels in Bering Sea. per ;year, and shall not pf>l'mit more to be The United Rtates denied the justice of taken previous to the date aho\'e given. this claim, but after another year of 3. That offending vessels outside the seal slaught('r, agreed to submit the claim territorial limits of the United States to arbitration. In July, 18%, Judg(" may be seized hy either of the con tract- O. E. King, of Canada, and .Judge ing parties; and, W. E. Putnam, of the Lnited 8tat('s, were 4. That British ngents may visit or chosen commi sion('rs to settle th(" matter. remain on the islands during the pres- On .Tan. 14, lRflR. Pr("sidmt IcKinle.v ent season to make such observations as suhmitt("rl to Congl'ess the report and lllay be necessary for the proper prcsenta- awards of the commission. the last aggre- tion of the case to th(' court of arhitration, g:lting :fi-li3.151 in favor of Great Britain, F.-,.pert agents were appoint('d by ('3clt and on June 14 Congress appropriated 3 G BERING SEA ARBITRATION that amount. In the mean time (June, ternational conference, but Canada ob- 1896) President Cleveland appointed a jected to the representation of Russia and commission to make an exhaustive study Japan, whom the United States had in- of the fur-seal question, and on its re- vited, and on this objection Great Britain port (1897) President McKinley appoint- Geclined. Subsequently the United States ed a new commission to devise protection invited all interested nations to a con- for the seals. Then efforts were made to ference separately. See ANGLO-AMERICAN induce Great Britain to consent to an in- Co:r.nnssION. :BERING SEA ARBITRATION cruise in the vicinity of the passes of the Aleutian chain, through which the herd travelled on its way to and from the seal islands, with a view of preventing such hunting. But 1\1r. Boutwell, Secretary of the Treasury, declined to act upon the suggestion, stating: "I do not see that the United States would have the juris- diction or power to drive off parties going up there for that purpose, unless they made the attempt within a marine league of the shore." 'Vith the progress of time pE'lagic hunting increased along the Cana- dian and American coasts, with greater slaughter of the herd, and with occasional incursions into Bering Sea. There was gradually developed a contention that the principle laid down by Secretary Bout- well did not apply to Bering Sea, because Russia had claimed and enforcE'd exclu- The impression seems to prevail with sive jurisdiC'tion over all its waters, that many of our people that the Bering Sea it had been acquiesced in by the maritime arhitration was unwisely entered upon, nations, inC'luding Great Britain, and that that it was fruitless in its results to us, all the }"ights of Russia therein passed to and that the responsibility for the failure the United States by the cession. The act is chargeable to the administration which of Congress of 1868 (Section 1,956) made agreE'd to it. Everyone of these conclu- it unlawful to kill seals" within the lim- sions is incorrect, and in the interest of iis of Alaska Territory or in the v;aters the great cause of international arbitra- thereof," and it was claimed that the wa- tion their fallacy should be exposed. tel'S of _\laska E'mbraced all that portion It is well, in the first place, to examine of Bering Sea east of the line designated the origin of tIle controversy. Alaska in the Russian treaty of ces!'!ion. Under was ceded by Russia to the United States the foregoing construction of the treaty in 1867, and in 18iO the seal islands in and the statute, th(' first seizure of Brit- Bering Sea were leased by the government is]} vessels in Bering Sea took place undE'r to a private company, with the privilege instructions of the Secretary of the Treas- of taking on the land a certain numher ury hy the revenue vessC'ls in 1886, and of seals annually. Soon thercafter it be- other seizures followed in 1887. Ruits came apparE'nt that the seal herd was ex- ,\(>re instituted in the federal court at posed to serious diminution by nwans of Sitka under the act cited, allll the vessel p{-lagic or open-sea hunting. As early were condemn('d. The judge, whose t(>l1- as 18i2 tllC attention of the gonrnllwnt ure of offiC'e unllf'r the practice in vogue was ealkd to this danger, and it was sug- as to that Territory was limited to the gested that a re,'enue-cutter be sent to political administration which appointed 3 7 :Bering Sea Al.bitration. The United St.ates stands distinguished among the nations as the foremost champion of in- ternational arbitration. Our ablest and wisest statesmen have recognized it as the ll('st way of adjusting most questions of difference arising between governments, when the ordinary diplomatic methods fail. Such being the settled policy of the country, it would be unfortunate for the cause of peace and civilization in tho world if that policy should be prejudiced in the United States for want of correct information or through partisan bias. In 1893 JOlIN WATSO FOSTER (q. v.) was appointed Cnited States agent to the Bpring Sea arbitration tribunal which n1l't in Paris. After the conclusion of the arbitration he wrote the following paper: BERING SEA ARBITRATION him, following the Hne of argumcnt suh- iu the arbitration at Paris. These seizures mitted by the dh;trict attorncy in a brief were the act of the administration of prcpared in the ollice of the Attorney- President Cleveland, and had the endorse- General, held that" all the watcrs within ment of thc exeeutive, politico-judicial, thc boundary set forth in the treaty. .. and legislative departments of that ad- are to be considered as comprised within nlinistration. In so far as the views of the thc waters of .\laska, and all the penal- opposing political party may be inferred ties prcscribed by law. . . must there- from the attitude of Secretary Boutwell fore attach within those limits." lIe and Senator Shcrman, thcy were again t further held that "as a matter of inter- the legality or wiHdom of the policy. national law, it makes no diffcrence that The complaint of Grcat Britain in 1887 the accused parties may be suhjccts of was followed by a diplomatic correspond- Great Britain. RUs ia had claimcd and cx- ence, in which :O;ecretary Bayard, without crcised jurisdiction o\'er all that purtion discussing or ;yielding the gruunds upon of Bering Sea . . . and that claim had been which the seizures had been made, pro- tacitly rccognized and acquicsced in by posed an int rnational arrangcment for the other maritime powers of the world." the protection of tll.e seals from exter- The seizure and condemnation of th!' mination. \\ïth this proposition pcnd- British vessels were followed hy an at- ing, and with all the questions arising out tt'mpt to secure a more precise and strict of the seizures unscttled, the cxecutive definition of "the waters of Alaska" by guvernmcnt of the Unitcd States passed congressional legislation. A lengthy in- into the hands of President Harrison. !\Ir. vestigation was had by a committee of llIaine, on i.tssuming the duties of Secre- the Hou!>e of Reprcsentatives in 1888; and tary of State, sought to carry into effect in January, IRS!J, a report was made by the proposition of his predecessor for an Mr. Dunn, of Arkansas, chairman of the international agrcemcnt. lIe found that committee, funy sustaining the view taken few of the govcrnments approached had by the Attorney-General and the federal shown any interest in the proposition, but judge in Alaska, and submitting a bill early in the administration he presscd the "hich dt'clared "that Section 1,056 of the subject upon the attention of Great llrit- Revised Statutes of the Cnitcd States was ain, and as soon as possible sceurcd a joint intend cd to include and apply to, and is conference at Washington with the Rrit- hereby declared to include and apply to, ish and Russian ministers. Aftcr pro- all w ters of TIering Sea in Alaska em- longed interviews the conference proved hraced within the houndary lines" of the a failure, as Gr('at nritain was unwilling treaty with Ru""ia. This bill was passed to enter into any international agrecment by the House, but in the Senate it was which the two othcr interested powers fclt scnt to the committee on foreign rela- was at all ad('quate to protect the seals tions, and that committ('e recommended from extermination. that the clau<;e ahove quoted be disagrecd The measure which Secretary Bayard to; and the chairman. 1\11'. Sherman, in had initiated for the settlemcnt of the support of the recomnwndation, stated questions arif!ing out of the seizure of that the propos('d l('gislation "invoh-ed British vessels ha,"ing proved impossible serious mattt'rs of intcrnational law. .. of r("ali7ation, th("re seemed no other al- and ought to ht' llisagreéd to and aban- ternati\'e hut to ddcnd the action of the doned, and considered more careful1y previous administration; and thereupon hel'earter." RuhsC'qu('ntly, b ' virtue of a fonowed the notahle diplomatic corre- ('onferenf'e report, an act was passed de- spondcnce bctween :\11'. Blaine and Lord clarin Section l,fJ5G to include and ap- Salishury, in which the former sought ply "to all the dominion of the United with all his rt'('ogni7.N] forensic skill to Rtates in Ule waters of Bering Sea." dt'fend the action of t]w Recr('tary of the 'fhe fwizure and conòemnation of ves- Tr('asury in ordering th(" s('izur(>s and, as scls, as stat("(1. constitute the origin and far as he f('1t it pos!';ihle to do so, to sus- foundation of the complaint of the British tain the correctness in international law government, and of the ]('ngthy COl'rf'- of the attitude of the \ttorney-neneral sponden('e and negotiations which resulted and the judge of the federal court of :3:!8 BERING SEA ARBITRATION Alaska. In no part of that statesman's no fear that a resolute stand on thi8 sub- career did his devotion to his country ject will at once put an end to the mis- more conspicuously rise above partisan- chief complaincd of." But this rccom- ship than in that correspondence. It is mendation of 1\11'. Phelps was not ap- doubtful if any living American could proved by 1\11'. Bayard, who was unwill- have made a more brilliant or effective ing to adopt a course which might bring defence of the action of his government, about a rupture with Great Britain, the and whatever fa]]acies exist in his argu- probable outcome of which would have ment are chargeable to the previous ad- been an armed conflict. In view of this ministration which had occagioned the con- dccision and the state of public scntiment, troversyand marked out the line of defence. with a prevailing opinion in a lar c part The correspondence showed the two gov- of the pre!>s and with public mcn that the ermnents in hopeless disagreement. Three attitude of the government was legally un- courses were open to President Harrison, sound, and that the interests involved did and one of them must be chosen without not, under the circumstances statcd, jmrli- further delay: First, he could abandon fy the hazard of a great war between these the claim of exclusive jurisdiction over two English-speaking nations, the ado]>- Bering Sea or protection of the seals be- tion of this second alternative by Pres i- )"ond the 3-mile limit, recede from the ac- dent Harrison would have been the hcight tion of his predecessor as to seizure of of madness. The only remaining alterna- British vessels, and pay the damages tive Was arbitration. President Harrison claimed therefor. Such a course would felt that if we could commit to an inter- have met with the general disapproval national tribunal the far greater interests of the nation, and would have been de- and principles involved in the Alabama nounced by his political opponents as a claims, it would be the part of wisdom base betrayal of the country's interests. to adopt the same course as to the pend- Second, he could have rejected the ar- ing questions of difference, and there can guments 'and protests of the British gov- be no doubt that the sober judgment of ernment, and continued the policy initi- the country confirms his action. ated by his predecessor in the seizure If, therefore, the Paris arbitration was of all British vessels engaged in pelagic unwise in any of its features, it must have sealing in Bering Sea. But this course l'een in the manner of submission of the had already been proposed to Prcsident questions to tlle tribunal. But in this re- Cleveland, and df'cilled to be improper. spect, abo, the conduct of President lIar- The lIon. :g, J. Phclps who, as minister rison was greatly restricted by the action to Great Britain, had conducted the ne- of his prcdeccssor. lIe was required to gotiations with Lord Salisbury growing formulate for the decision of the tribunal out of the seizures of lR8G and 1887. in a the contcntions upon which the seizures lengthy despatch to Secretary Bayard, re- were made, and the first four points em- viewing the cor-duct of Canada which had braced in Article vr. of the treaty will prevented an adjustment once accepted by be found to cover accurately the grounds Lord Salisbury, made the following recom- upon which the Attorncy-General in lRH7 mendation: "Under these circumstances, asked for, and the federal judge bascd, the government of the enited States must, the condemnation of the British vessels. in my opinion, either submit to have It is a singular incident that when the these valuable fisheries destroyed, or must case of the Pnitcd States came to be take measures to prevent their dcstruction prepared and the Russian archives were by capturing the vessels employed in it. examined, what had been assumed in the Retween these two alternatives it does not legal proceedings to he historical fads appear to me there should be the slight- could scarccly bC' suhstantiatNl by a sin- est hcsitation. . . . I earnestly recommend, gle official document. It is also notable therefore, that the vessels that ha'.e been that the only additional question intro- seized while engaged in this business be duced in the treaty provision for submis- firmly held, and that measures be taken sion to the tribunal-that embraced in the to capture and hold everyone hereafter fifth point, to wit, the right of protcction found concerne(} in it. . . . There need be or property in the seals, and whieh in 3:W BERING SEA ARBITRATION the judgment of the counsel of the rnited With them was joined a single party States became the leading. if not the only, friend of President Harrison, H. W. defence of the seizures-was not advanced Blodgett, for many years a distinguished in the legal proceedings of 1887, and was judge of the Federal Court. Senator Mor- not mooted until a late stage of ::\11'. gan, in a subsequent letter, wrote: .. Our Blaine's contro\-ersy with Lord -Salisbury. party was and is responsible for using the The chief credit for the development of means that were employed both for the this point is due to Mr. Tracy, Secretary raising and the settlement of these ques- of the Navy, who submitted a paper of ti.ms,and it was a just measure of respon- rare legal ability on the subject to the sibiJity that ::\11'. Harrison devolved upon President. The treaty after having under- us when, out of a body of arbitrators and gone the careful scrutiny of the President counsel, and :MI'. Secretary Foster, the and Hon. E. J. Phelps, whose advice had agent, selected by him-seven in all-he been sought by the President, was sub- selected four Democrats and three Re- mitted to the Senate and approved by that publicans." As to the manner in which body without a single dissenting voice, so these gentlemen discharged their trust. we far as is known. If the conduct of the have the following testimony of 1\11'. Jus- President, in the management of the con- tice Harlan, in a public address: .. I may tronrsy created by his predecessor, had say that no government was e\'er repre- not been in the judgment of the country sC'nted upon any occasion where its inter- wise and patriotic, or if the provisions of ests were involved with more fid('lit T, the treaty had not been properly framed, with more industr:r, and with greater abil- it would scarcely have escaped the attention ity than was the United States by its of his political opponents in the Senate. agent and counsel. . . . If more was not Hence, the only remaining criticism obtained is was solely because a majority which might be ad,'anced against the ar- of that trihunal . . . did not see their bitration must relate to the management \\ay to grant more." of the case before the tribunal. But in On fh'e points submitted to the tribunal, this respect also it must be recognized embracing the historical and legal ques- that the President's action was circum- tions, the decision was unfavorable to the spect and free from all partisanship. In tTnited States. 'Yhile the action of the gov- naming the arbitrators on the part of the el'nment in making the seizures was based United States. he chose, with the cordial on the wcakest ground of our defence, approval of the Chief-.Tustice and his as- which proved untenable, it cannot be sociates, Mr. Justice Harlan, of the Su- doubted that the motives which actuated preme Court, as senior .\merican member its conduct were patriotic and praise- of the tribunal. In filling the second worthy. But had our effort to save the place he selC'ctcd Senator Morgan, the rec- seals from destruction been from the out- ognized leader of all international ques- set based upon a right of protection and tions in the R('ßate of the party whose property in them, our case before the officials IJad originatf'd the subjf'ct-matter tribunal would han been much stronger of arbitration. Hon. E. .J. l")helps, Presi- and the dt'cision might have hf'en diffcrent. dent Cleveland's minister in London, an Kewrtheless, it cannot be justly claimed nperienced diplomatist, and a lawyer of that the arhitration was fruitless in its national repute, had been consulted by the results for us. It is no small mattt'r President several months before the treaty that a question which UJI'eatened a rupt- had been agreed upon, and when the case ure of our peaceful relations with Gl'eat came to be prepart'd he was named as Britain was adjusted by a resort to the sf>nior counsel. 'Yith him was asso('Íated arhitranwnt of rpa on and not of f01'C('. .Tames C. ('arte1". of Kpw York. the recog- The Alaskan st'al Iwnl iq of great ,oahu' nizpd leaù("r of the .-\merit':m har: and he- 10 us and tn the world. and it is tllP duty fore the tribunal waf! organi7f'd Fn.dt'ric of our gm"prnllwnt to he \ igilant in 1'1'0- H. Coudert. an aC'complish('d Fr(,JH'h t('(.ting it from destn1l'tion: hut thp Ipg-al ('holar anù a prominpnt jurist. was add('d i sll('s in\"ol\"(.ù in OJJr C'ontron>r:-.y with tn the list. These three gt'nUemen were Great nritain regarding Uwm did not the political friends of 1\1r. Cleveland. eeIIl tv justify the ha.lard of an armed 330 BERING SEA ARBITRATION . C'onflict, and it waR a great gain to us wisf'ly entered upon, that it was not aIto- that the controversy was pcacefuIl,y 8et- gether fruitless in its results for us, amI tied without national dishonor. that the admini!-.tration whieh agreed to it The decision of the tribunal was ad- cannot hc heJd culpable for the manner of \erse to thc United States on the legal its submission or management. But it points in dispute, !Jut the award contain- will naturaIJy be expcctcd that somcthing ed an important provision for interna- Lc said concerning the question of dam- tional }'egulations, which were intended ages, a subject which was not settled by by the tribunal to be a protection to the the award. In Article VIII. of the treaty seals, and which in the judgment of the it was expressly stipulated that" the ques- majorit,y of that body would in practice tion of liability of each for the injuries prove an adequate protection. The agent aIleged to have been sustained by the md counsel of the United States contend- other" should not be embraced in the arbi- ed that no regulations would be a certain tration, but should "be the subject of protection of the herd which did not pro- future negotiation." In the discussion hibit all pelagic sealing, and the American foIlowing the adjournment of the tribunal, arbitrators voted for such prohibition, and the fact seems to have been lost sight sustained their votes by very able and of that the Cnited States preferred seri- cogent opinions; but the majority of the ous claims for damages against Great tribunal took a different view of the sub- Britain on account of the injuries done jeet. The regulatio:ls adopted were op- by British pelagic sealers to the Alaskan posed both by the American and Canadian seal herd. and that President HarriRon fI.rhitrators. When first published they proposed that this question of --damages were accepted by all the Americans who should, together with the British claims participated in the arbitration as a de- for seizure of vessels, be submitted to the cided triumph for the United States, and tribunal. It was because Great Britain were regarded by the Canadian sealers as refused to consent to arbitrate this claim a serious menace. if not a death-blow, to that the whole subject was omitted. The their interests. If they are carefuIly ex- award of the tribunal was in effect that amined they will be found to be more in certain waters, and at certain times, fa vorable to the United States than the pelagic sealing is improper and should regulations which :Mr. Bayard proposed not bc permitted. How far the claim of to Lord Salisbury as a settlement of the the United States subsists for injuries ill question, or which :Mr. Blaine offered to the past sustained by the seal herd in Sir Julian Pauncefote. If, therefore, we those times and waters is one of the ques- obtained more from the tribunal than tions to be determined by the" future ne- our government proposed to accept from gotiations" contemplated in the treaty; Great Britain, the arbitration cannot and prominent persons well informed as justly be characterized as fruitless in its to the controversy contend that it is still results for us. The adequacy of the reg- a vital question. ulations cannot be properly judged, be- While the liability for damages was cause they have not yet been put in force not within the jurisdiction of the tri- in thcir true spirit and intent. This will bunal, it is generaIly admitted that the not be done until they are also made to effeet of its decision was to fix upon the flpply to the nm;sian waters, and until United States a certain measure of re- more stringent rules for their enforcement sponsibility for damages on account of nre adopted. It has been a source of dis- the seizures, which would have to be met flppointment to many who have taken an through the" future negotiations." 'Yith- interest in the presenation of the seals out further investigation than the docu- that these rules have been so lax and so mentary evidence before the Paris tri- imperfectly observed. The ohstruction in bun aI, the sum of $425,000 was agreed these respects is now, as it has been from upon between the Recretary of State and the beginning, the selfish and inhuman the British ambassador as a fun satis- eonduct of Canada. faction of the claims for the seizure of As it lias bef'n shown by the foregoing re- the British veSSelR, and the Congl'ess of vicw that thc l>aris arbitration was not un- the United States was asked to make an 3:11 13ERING SEA ARBITRATION-BERKELEY appropriation for that purpose. In the Berkeley, GEORGE, nishop of Cloyne; discwssion which arose in the House of born in Kilcrin, Kilkenny, Ireland, Iarch Hepresentatiws whcn the subject came be- l , HiH4; was educated at Trinity College, fore that hody. it was most unfortunate Dublin; became a Fellow there; and at that it should ha"e as umed a partisan an early age wrote on scientific subjects. aspect. '''hen certain members argued Between 1710 and 1713 his two famous that the sum a keù for was greatly in ex- works appeared, in which he denies the cess of the just and legal claims of the existence of matter, and argues that it is Canadian sealers, and that it was in di- not without the mind, but within it, and rf'ct conflict with the views of the agent that that which is called matter is only and counsel of the United States before an impression produced by dh-ine power the trihunal, they were taunted with on the mind by the invariable laws of nat- the f'harge that this ohligation had been ure. On a tour in France he visited the contracted hy the administration of which }'rench philosopher Malebranche, who be- they Wf're supporters. The member of the came so excited by a discussion with C'Ommittee on appropriations who had the Berkeley on the non-existence of matter nwasure in charge saia: "This is not our that, being ill at the time, he died a few foreign policy. We are paying a debt days afterwards. Miss Vanhomrigh which you gentlemen gave us." :Mr. (Swift's " Vanessa") bequeathed to Jf'('rf'ary, dmirman of the committee Berkeley $20,000; and in 1728 his income on fon'ign afl'airs. in advocacy of the ap- was increased $;:;,500 a year by being made propriation, used this language: "I re- Dean of Derry. Berkelpy conceived a plan gret that we have been placed in an atti- for establishing a college in the Bermudas tude where we have to pay this amount; for the iW'lÌruetion of pastors for the hut tlH' gf'ntlf'Uwn on the other siae of colonial churches and missionaries for the this House cannot claim that we caused Inùians. He resigned his offices to become the existing situation." How unwarranted rector of the projected college at a salary were these assertions is shown in the fore- of $500 a year. The House of Common goin!:{ review. authorized the appropriation of a por- It may have becn th(" wisest policy to tion of the money to be obtained from vote the appropriation, but it was no the sale of lands in St. Kitt's (St. Chris- breach of our international obligations not topher's), which had been ceded to Eng- to apprl've of that !'!um; and it is not to land for the establishment of the institu- the discredit of Congress that it exercised tion. With these assurances nerkeley its judgment as to the action of the execu- went to :Newport, R. I. (1729), bought tive in agreeing to a settlement with a farm and built a house, intending to in- Great nritain whi(.h altogethf'r ignored vest the college funds, when received, in the claim of the rnited States for dam- American lamls, and then to make ar- agf'S to tit(' smls by improper pelagic rangements for a supply of pupils. He hunting. amI the views of its own repre- had just married, and brought his bride sentatives bdore the trihunal as to the with him. The scheme for the college Briti h claims. While a differenf'e of failed for lack of government co-opera- vif'wS may properly exist bf'tween the tion aftpr thf' df'ath of the King, who fa- f'Xpcutiv(" ana If'gislativf' aepartments upon vored it. In 1734 nerkeley was made thf'se !'!ubordinate questionR, no dispoRi- Bishop of Cloyne, which place he held for tion ha!'! hef'n cntprtainf'd or !'!hown by any almost twenty year!'!. He gave to Yale portion of our govprnmf'nt or people to Collegp his estatp in Rhode hI and, known evade our just obligations under the a "'Vhite Hall," and also 880 volumes treaty. Anll the fact that thp Rpirit of for its lihrary. He died in Oxford, the award leads us to payout of the na- Jan. 14, li.33. Pope ascrihf'(] to him" ev- tinnal trf'a'iury a sum hy way of damages, ery virtue under the sun." It waR in which at tlw most must be regarded a!'! "iN\' of the f'stahlishment of the college insignificant for a great nation. !'!llOuld that he wrote his famous Jines On the f'f'rtainly have no tendf'ney to modify in J>1o."lprct of Planting A rt."l and [J(.aming the slightf' t clf'gree our devotion to the in .1 merica, in which occur these of ten- great policy of international arbitration. quoted lines, 2 U \Vestwnrd the course of empire takes it;; way; The first four acts nlready pa4, A fiflh sha1l dose the drama with the day; Time's noblest offspring is the last." :Berkeley, Sm JOIl , a proprietor of New Jersey; born in lG07; was in the military service of Charles I. when the King knighted him at Berwick on the Tweed. In the civil war that afterwards ensued, he bore a conspicuous part, and he remained in exile with the royal family many years. In W53 Berkeley was placed at the head of the Duke of York's establishment; and two years be- fore the Restoration (lGGO), of that of the Prince of 'Vales, who, when crowned king (Charles II.), raised Berkeley to the peerage as Baron Berkeley of Stratton, in the county of Somerset. On the Restora- tion he became one of the privy council, and late in lGfHJ he was appointed lord- lieutenant of Ireland. He was then one of the proprietors of Kew Jersey, and was not above suspicion of engaging in the corrupt practice of selling offices. Samuel l)epys, who was sl'cretary of the Admi- ralty (IGG4), speaks of him in his Diary as "the most hot, fiery man in his dis- course, without any cause," he ever saw. Lord Berkeley was appointed ambassador extraordinary to the Court of Y ersailles in lG75, and died Aug. 28, l6i8. See CARTERET, Sir GEORGE. Berkeley, Sm 'VILLIA1I, colonial gov- ernor; born near London about lGIO; was brother of Lord John Berkeley, one of the early English proprietors of New Jersey. Appointed governor of Virginia, he ar- rived there in February, lG42. Berkeley was a fine specimen of a young English courtier. He was then thirty-two years of age, wcll educated at Oxford, handsome in person, polished by foreign travel, and possessing exquisite taste in drebs. He was one of the most accomplished cavaliers of the day. He adopted some salutary measures in Virginia which made him popular; and at his manbion at Green Spring, not far from .Tamestown, he dis- pc>nsed gf'nerous hospitality for many years. Berkeley was a stan(.h hut not a bigoted ro 'a1ist at first; and during t1w civil war in England he managed puhlic affairs in Virginia with so much pru- dence that a greater proportion of the colo- nists were in sympathy with him. BERKELEY In religious matters there was soon per- ceived the spirit of persecution in the char- acter of the governor. The Puritans were then not only tolcrated in Virginia, but had been invited to settle there. The civil war drew a line of clear demarcation be- tween churchmen and non-conformists. A large majority of the people of Virginia were attached to the Church of England; so was the governor. In England the .Puritans were identified with the republi- cans, and ßerkeley thought it to be his duty to suppress them in his colony as enemies to royaltr. So he first decreed that no Puritan minister should preach except in conformity to the rules of the Church of England; and, finally, all non- conformists were banished from Virginia. In the war with the Indians in lGH, in which ÛPECUANCANOUGH (q. v.) led the sayages, the governor behaved with promptness and efficiency, and soon crush- ed the invaders. Then the colonists had peace and prosperity for some years. In 1 G48 they numbered 20,000. "The cot- tages were filled with children, as the ports with ships and emigrants." The people were loyal to the King; and when the Jatter lost his head, and royalty was abolibhed in England, they opened wide their arms to receive the cayaliers (many of them of the gentry, nobility, and cler- gy of the realm) who fled in horror from the wrath of republicans. They brought refinement in manners and intellectual culture to Virginia, and strengthened the loyalty of the colonists. When the King was slain they recognized his exiled son as their sovereign, and Bcrkeley pro- claimed him King of Virginia. Sir Will- iam administered the government under a commission sent by Charles from his place of exile (Breda, in Flanders). Virginia was the last territory bc10nging to England that suhmitted to the govern- ment of the repuhlicans on the downfall of monarchy. This persistent attach- ment to the Stuarts offended the republi- can Parliament, and they sent Sir George Ayscue with a strong fleet, early in the spring of Hì;) . to reduce the Virginians to f'.nbmission. The flec>t hore commis- :-ioners authori7ed to use har!:oh or con- ciliatory measures-to make a compro- mise, or to declare the freedom of the staves of the ro 'alists, put arms in their 333 :BERKELEY hands, and make war. The commissioners troops were sent to America to suppress "ere met with firmness by Berkeley. the aspirations of the people for freedom. .Astonished b,y the boldness of the governor Feeling strong, Rerkeley pursued tbe ad- and his adherents, they deemed it more herents of Bacon with malignant severity prudent to compromise than to attempt until twenty-two of them were hanged. coercion. The result was, the political Thc first mart 'r was Thomas Hanford, a freedom of tbe colonists was guaranteed. gallant young native of Virginia. Stand- nerkele ' regarding those whom the com- ing before the governor, he boIdl ' avowed missioners represented as usurpers, he his republicanism; and when sc>ntenced would make no stipulations with them to be hanged, he said, "I ask no favor for himself, and he "ithdrew from the hut that I may be shot like a soldier, and governorship and lived in retin'ment on 110t hanged like a dog." At the gallows hi8 plantation at Green Spring until the he said, "Take notice that I die a loyal restoration of monarchy in England in subject and a lowr of my country!' Ed- HitiO, when the loyalty of the Virginians mund Cheeseman, when arraigned before was not forgotten by the new monarch. the governor, was asked why he engaged The people elected niehanl Bennett gov- in the wicked rebpllion, and before he ernor; and he was succeeded by two others could answer his young wife stepped for- -Edward Diggs (Hi5:>) and Samuel :\Iat- ward and said, "::\Iy provocations made thews ( lG5ß), the latter appointed by my husband join in the cau::;e for which Oliver C'romwpll. At his death (lü(jO) the Bacon contended; but for me, he had peopJe eJected Uprkeley, but he refuspd lH'ver done what he has done. Since what to serve excepting under a royal conlluis- is done," she said, as she knelt before the sinn, and he went to England to con- governor, with her bowed hpad covered gratulate Charles H. on his restoration with her hands, "was done by my mean , to the throne. Charles gave Berkeley a I am most guilty; let me bcar the punish- commission. and he returned to Virginia ment; let me be hanged; let my bu band to execute his master's will with vigor. be pardoned." The governor cried out, Hc enforced various oppressive laws, for angrily, " Away with you!" The poor he was less tolerant than when he was young wife swooned, and her husband :younger and politically weaker, and, with was led to the gallows. Wben the bran the cavaliers around him, he hated every- Drummond was brought before the govern- thing that marked the character of the or, Berkeley, with wicked satire, made a Puritans. These cavaliers despised the low bow and said, "You are very welcome; .. common people" of New England, and I am more glad to see J'ou than any man opposed the ideas of popular education. in Yirginia; you shall be hanged in half BerkeJey wrote to his government in IüG3, an hour." Drummond rpplied, with dig- "I thank God there are no fr('e schools nity," I e pcct no mercy from you. I have 110r printing in Virginia, and I hope we followed the lead of my conseienC'e, and shall not have them these hundred J'ears; done what I might to free my country for learning has brought heresy and dis- from oppression."- He was eondemned at obedience and sects into the world, and one o'cloek and hanged at four; and his printing hath divulged them, and libels brave wife, Rarah, was d('nollIlced as a against the best government; God k('ep us "traitor" and banished, with her chil- from both!" Oppression of the people dren, to the wilderness, there to suhsist final1y producc>d civil war in IG76, the on the hounty of frimds. When Uwse ('vents of which soured Herkel('y. who had things were brought to the notice of thp then grown old (see BACON, KATUAXIEL); profligate monarch, even he was di gustcd and after it was over, and he was firmly with Hprk('ley's cruelties, and said, "The seated in power, he tn'atcd the principal o]d fool has taken more lives in that ahettors of the insurrc>etion with harsh- nakc>d countrv than I lta,'e tak('n for the ß('ss and cru('1t,r. His King had pro(']aim- IllUnlc>r of m ' fat1wr:" amI B('rkc>ley was cd Bacon (the ]('ader of the illsU1TPl'tion) a ordcn.d to <Ïesist. Hut he eontinupd to traitor, and spnt an armanwut under Sir fine and imprison the followers of Bal'on ,John Berry to assist in eruslling the re- until he was recalled in the "pring of beJJion, This was the first time royal lGi7, and went to England with the re- 334 BERLIN ARBITRATION-BERLIN DECREE turning fleet of Sir John Berry. The neutral trade with France or her allies, un. c010nists fired great guns anù lighted less through Great Britain. In retaliation bonfires in token of their joy at his de- for these orders apolcon promulgated, parture. In England his cruelties were Dec. 17, 1807, from his" Palace at l\lilan," severely censured, and he died (July 13, a decree which e tended and made more 1677) of grief and mortified pride. vigorous that issucd at Berlin. It dcclared :Berlin Arbitration. See SAN JUAN. every vessel which should submit to be Berlin Decree, THE. In 1803 England searched by British cruisers, or should pay joined the Continental powers against Xa- any tax, duty, or license money to the poleon. England, offended because of the British government, or should be found on scizure of Hanover by the Prussians, at the the high seas or elsewhere bound to or instigation of Kapoleon, made the act a from any British port, denationalized and pretcxt, in 1806, for employing against forfeit. With their usual servility to the France a measure calculated to starve the dictates of the conqueror, Spain and Hol. empire. By Orders in Council play 16) land issued simila.r decrees. the whole coast of Europe from the Elbe, In ::\Iarch, 1810, information reached the in Germany, to Brest, in France, a distance President of the United States that the of about 800 miles, was declared to be in a French minister for Foreign Affah-s, in a state of blockade, when, at the same time, letter to :l\linister Armstrong, had said the British navy could not spare vessels that if England would revoke her blockade enough from other fields of sen ice to en- against France, the latter would revoke foree the blockade over a third of the pre- her" Berlin Decree." l\linister Pinkney, in seribed coast. It was essentially a "paper London, approached the British minister blockade." The almost entire destruction on the subject, and, to aid in the peaceful of the French and Spanish fleets at Trafal- negotiations, Congress repealed the non- gar, a few months before, had annihilated intercourse and non-importation laws on her rivals in the contest for the sovel'eignty May 1, 1810. For these they substituted of the seas, and she now resolved to con- a law excluding both British and FI'ench trol the trade of the world. Napoleon had armed vessels from the waters of the dissolved the German Empire, prostrated United States. The law provided that, in Prussia at his fect, and, from the "Im- case either Great Britain or France should perial Camp at Berlin," he issued (Nov. revoke or so modify their acts before 21, 180G) the famous decree in which he March 3, 1811, as not to violate the neutral dcclared the British Islands in a state of commerce of the United States, and if the blockade; forbade all correspondence or other nation should not, wi thin three trade with England; defined all articles months thereafter, in like manner revoke of English manufacture or produce as con- or modify its edicts, the provisions of the traband, and the property of all British non-intercourse and non-importation acts subjects as lawful prize of war. He had should, at the expiration of the three scarcely a ship afloat when he made this months, be revived against the nation so decree. This wa-s the beginning of what neglecting or refusing to comply. The was aftcrwards called "the Continental }'rench minister thereupon, on Aug. 5 fol- System," commenced avowedly as a re- lowing. officially declared that the Berlin taliatory measure, and designed, primarily, and Milan decrees had been revoked, and to injure, and, if possible, to destroy, the would be inoperative aftcr Kov. 1, it being property of England. By another Order in understood that, in consequence of that Council (.January, IS0i) Great Britain re- revocation, the English should revoke the strained neutrals from engaging in the Orders in Council. Having faith in these coasting-trade between one hostile port and declarations, the President issued a proc- another, a commerce hitherto allowed, lamation on Nov. 2. announcing thiR revo- with some slight exceptions. This was but cation of the French decrees and declaring the extC'nsion to all hostile ports of the the discontinuance, on the part of the blockade of the coast from the Elbe to United States, of an commercial restric- TIrest estahlished by a former order. On tions in relation to France. Rut the ov. 17, 1807, another British Order in French were playing false, and England Council was issucd, which prohibited all slIspected it, for shc had many rcasons for 33.3 BERMUDA HUNDRED-BERRY doubting Gallic faith. So had the Ameri- ing from a voyage to the West Indies in a cans, but stiJI they were willing to trust French ship, was wrecked (Dec. 17, 15D3) }.'rance once again. ThejY were deceiYCd; on one of the islands. lIc and his com- the decrees were not revoked, and a later panions in distress remaincd there fh'e ene, is ued at Rambouillet, was only sus- months, when they rigged a small vessel pended. The Engli5h refused to rescind 011 of 18 tons from the material of the ship, the faith of only a letter by the French put in thirteen live turtles for provisions, minister; and this attempt ou the part of sailed to Newfoundlaud, and thence re- the Americans to secure peace and justice turned to England. These islands were was futile. See El\IBAItGO ACT, FmsT; OR- named in honor of Juan Bermudez, a VEitH IN CorxCIL. Spaniard, who waB wreeked there in 15 2. Bermuda Hundred, OPERATIOXS NEAR. May was the first Englishman who set. Genclal Butler had intrenched a greater foot upon them. ee m[ERS'S ISLANDS. portion of the Army of the James at Her- :Bernard, SIR FRANCIS, colonial govern- muda Hundred, at the j unction of the or; born in N ettleham, Lincoln co., Eng- ,James and Appomattox rivers, early in land, in 1714. In li58 he was appointed 1\Iay, 18ü4. to co-operate with the Army governor of Kew Jersey; and in lïGO he of the Potomac, approaching from the wa,s transferred to l\Iassachusetts, where north. Hi!'! chief care was at first to pre- he supported all measurcs ohnoxious to \ cnt r('inforcements hcing s('nt to Lec from the colonists. After a stormy adminis- Petershurg and the South. For this pur- tration of nearly nine years Bernard was llose nutler procecdr'd to destroy the rail- recalled, and created a haronet. Bernard wa:r between Petersburg and Richmond, was a friend of learning, and ga\"C a part and so to cut off direct communication be- of his library to Harvard College. lIe tween the Confcderate capita.} and the had become so thoroughly unpopular that Routh. \Yllf>n it was known that General when he left BOston the hells were rung, Gillmore had withdrawn his troops from cannon were fired, and "Liberty-tree" h(1fore Charlcston to join Butler, Reaure- was hung with flags, in token of the joy gard was ordered to hasten northward to of the people. He died in A,yle!'!bury, eonfront the Army of the James. He had England, June lG, 17ïD. arrived at Petersburg, and was hourly re- Bernard, SIMON, military officer; born in forced. Some of these troops he massed in Dole, France, April 28, 17ïD; eutered in front of Butler, undcr Gen. D. H. Hill; the French army during the Napoleonic and finally, on the morning of )[ay 16, un- wars; and came to the United States with der conr of a dense fog, they attcmptcd to Lafayette in 1824. ,,'hile chief-engineer turn nutler's right flank. A sharp con- of the United States army he built Fort fliet ('nsuf'll betwf>en about 4.000 Nationals :Monroe. He returned to France in 1830, nnd 3.000 Confederatf.s, which resulted in and dicd iu Paris, Kov. 5, 1836. the retirenwnt of Butler's forces within Berry, HIRAM GEORGE, military officer; thdr intrf'nchments. For several days horn in Thomaston (now Rockland), 1\Ie., aftf>rwarlls there was much skirmishing in Aug. 27, 1824; was first a carpcnter, t}wn front of Butl('r's lines, when he ff'ceived a navigator, and finally heeame a State orders to send nearly two-thirdc; of his ef- legislator and mayor of Rockland. He fcctive force to the north side of the .Tames was colonel of )Iaine voluntcers in the to assist the Army of the Potomac, then battle of null Run; became hrigadier- contf'ß(ling \\ ith Lee's Army of Xorthern general in May, 18G2; and was active in Yirginia. nutl('r complied with the the Army of the Potomac throughout the rcquisition, whieh cleprìncl llim of all campaign on the Peninsula in 18G2 and power to make> any further offensive move- until the battle of Chancellorsville (May nwnt!'!. "The nece!'! itics of the Army of 2, 18(3), where hc was k ill ('d. IIi!'! bri- the Potomnc." he said. "havc hottled me gade wa!'! especially distingui!'!hf>d in till' np at Bf>nnuda Hundred." This e pre!'!sion hatHe of Fr('derickshurg-. in Decem))('r, was aft('rwards uc;('cl to his di!'!advantage. ISG2. In :!\[arch, ISG3, he was made major- f;ec nrTT.F.R. nE .TAMI l"RAXRLI . general of volunteers, and was eommancl- :Bermudas, FIRR'l" E GLIRTI I"i TIlE. ing a division in the 3d Corp when he Henry :May, an English ma1"Ïner, return- fcll. : :Ui BERTILLON-BIBLE Bertillon, ALPHO,"SE, anthropologist; exported, exclusive of ores, an increase born ill Paris, France, in 18.3 ; founùed over tile preceding year of 15,30G,1 HI. a new s,ystem of identification of crimi- Beveridge, AJ.nERT .TERE UAJI, lawyer; nals, by a series of mcasurements which born in Highland county, 0., Oct. G, 18G2; gave marvcllous results, while chief of was graduated at De Pauw University, the Bureau of [dentification in the Pre- and began the practice of law in Indi- fectnre of Police. The system is based anapolis. In 1883 he entered political on the assumption that the bones of the life. He was elected to the United States human body undergo no further change Senate as a Republican from Indiana, when an adult age is reached. In apply- Jan. 17, 18D9. After his election he ing the system to a supposed criminal, went to the Philippine Islands, Japan, accurate measurements are made of the and Siberia, to study their material head, ears, feet, middle fingers, extended and political conditions. Returning, he forearms, height, breadth, and the trunk. delivered in the Senate a most thrill- These measurements, when placed upon ing addres3 in favor of the adminis- a card, aecompanied by a photograph of tration's policy towards the Philip- the subjeet, provide means said to be un- pines. lIe published The Russian Ad- failing for reeogni7.Ïng the subject after I"flnce, in 1!)o3, etc. several J'ears have elapsed. ThiR s)'stem Beverly, ROßF.RT, historian; born in has hE'en introùueed in the principal cities Virginia ahout IGï5. During f;ir Ed- of UIP enited States. mund Andros's administration he was Bessemer Steel. During the last few clerk of the council. an office his father years the Cnited States has made a re- had held before him. He wrote History markable advanee in the production and of the Pr('sent State of Virginia (4 vol- manufacture of iron and steel, and in no umes, published in London in liO.;). This Jine has this progre<;s been so marked as included an account of the first settlement in the )-ield of Bessemcr steel, that form of \'irginia, and the history of the gov- made from pig-iron from which all the ernment until that time. 1\[r. Beverly is earbon has be.en removed. The process said to have been the first American was inventE'd hy Sir HenQ' Bessemer citizen in whose behalf the habeas corpus (horn in Charlton, England, Jan. 13, 3ct was brought into requisition. He 181 ; died in London, March 14, 1898), died in 1716. and consists of forcing a current of air Biard, PETER, mIssIOnary; born in through the molten mass of iron. Dur- Grenoble, France, in 1563; came to Amer- ing the calendar year 1902, the produc- ica as a missionary priest of the Jesuit8 tion of this form of steel in the L"nited in 1611; ascended the Kennebec River, States amounted to !J,138,363 long tons and made friends with the natives in in ingots and castings, the largest pro- 1612; went up the Penobscot River and dudion in the history of this industry started a mission among the natives there in the United Statl's. In ID02 the in the fonowing year; and soon a.fterwanls maximum production of nf'ssemer steel founded a colony on Mount Desert 1sl- rails was reached, when the output was and, which was destroyed by SA IUEL 2,RiG,2f13 long tons. In the production of _\RGALL (q. v.). In this attack by the ingots Pennsylvania ranked first, with English Biard was taken prisonf'f, and 4,20 1. 20 tons; Ohio second, with 2,528,- the act was one of the earliest causeR of S02; and 1l1inois third, with 1,4..J:3,OI4; the hostilities bl'tween the colonists in anù in the production of Bessemer steel America from France and England. Fa- rails Pf'nnsylvania ranked first, with 1,148,- ther Biard was author of Relations dc 42;) tons, the rE'mainder being divided Ia now.cUe France, which was the first among the other States. A further c\'i- work in the historical series known as dl'nce of the remarkable growth of the Ule .Jcsuit Relations. He died in France aJ1il'd iron and stecl industry is found in in lG22. tl1(' commercial returns of the Vnitcù Bible. The first TIihle printro in Ntates TrE'38 I JrY Department for the year .America WflS Eliot's Indian tr:mslation, {>J1Iling June : O. l!lO-t, which show that issued at f'aml)ridge, MasR., in lGG3. A $111,!H8,38G worth of iron and steel was German edition of the Bible, in quarto, I.-y 337 BIBLE SOCIETY-BIDDLE was printed at Germantown, n<"ar Phila- Jesso j Sketch. of a ,Tourney from ('anton d<"lphia, in 1743, h.r Christopl)('r auer. to Hangkow, etc. In 1. l ob<"rt Aitkin, print<,,)" and hook- Bicknell, TnmL\s ,nLI.[AU. <,lIul'atol"; I'pllel" in Philadelphia, IHlhli:-lu'd thc first born in Barringtou, R. I., l'Pl. (i. IS3-1; .l\merican edition of the Bible in Eng- \\as graduated at HrO\\n l'lliHr:-;it in li",h. abo in quarto form; :md in 1 iHI IH(iO; teadwr and principal of seilOols in Isaiah Thomas printed the Bible in Eng- 18t;o-G!); and Commissioner of Fdueation ]ish, in folio form. at \\'oreestf'r, !\1ass. in Rhode Island in 18(j!}-73. He Was the This was the first in that form issued founder, editor, and proprietor of the from the press in the United States. The X cw England Journal of Education j Edlt- !';anJP year Isaac CoBins printed the Eng- cation, and Primary TC(1cher, and a found- li h ycrsion, in quarto form, at Trenton, er of the :National Council of Educatiol1. K. J. In 18GO he was a member of the Rhode Bible Society, A IERICAN. The first Island lcgislature, and in 188S-nO of the Bible Society in the United States was :Massachusetts legislature. He is author formed in Philadelphia in IR02. When, of Btate Hducational RC]Jort.ç ' .John Mylr's in HHG, the American Bible Society was and Religious Toleration j Life of 1\'. L. organized, there were between fifty and Ncye8 ' Brief History of BarriJ/gtonj Bar- sixty societies in the t::"nion. Delegates riugton in the Ret'oilltionj The Bicknells, from these met in :New York in :May, etc. 1 S] 6, and founded the "American Bible Biddle, CLI: [ENT, military oflìcer; Society." ELIAS BOUDIXOT (q. v.) was born in Philadelphia, Pa., l\Iay 10, 1740; choben president, and thirty-six man- was descended from one of the early agers were appointed, all of whom were Quaker settlers ill western Nl'w .Jersey, and laymen of scvcn different denominations. when the war for indepcndence broke out The avowed object of the society was to he ass;sted in raising a company of soldiers .. encourage a wider circulation of the in Philadelphia. He was deputy quart r- Holy Scriptures without note or com- master-general of Pennsylvania militia In ment." In the first year of its exist- I jiG, and commissary of forage under ellce it issued G,41O copies of the Script- General Grcene. On tlH' organization of ures. Tn 18úS-Ð!) the issues aggregatcd the national government he was appointed 1,380,8Ð2 copies, and, in the eighty- l-nited :-;tat<,, marshal for Penmvlvania. three years of its existence then closed, He died in Philadelphia.Pa" .July Ì4.IRl-l. 65.9G2,503 copies. In 18 G the Baptists Biddle, .JA!\rER. naval officer; born in seceded from the American Bible Society, Philadelphia. 1'a.. Feb. 20, IjS ; was ed- and founded thc "American and For- Hcated at the "Lniversity of Pennsylvania, eign Bible Society," conducted entirely and entered the navy, as mid hipIl1an, Feb. by that denomination. A secession from 12. 1 ROO. He was wreckf'd in the frigate this Baptist Bible Society occurred in Philalldphia, off Tripoli. in Octoher, IRO:L 1t)50, when the" American BiLle rnion" and was a prisoner ninetf'f'n montJH . As was formed. fir t lieutenant of the lra,çp, he led the Bickmore, ALßERT :-; nTII, educator; hoarders in the action with the Frolic, born in St. George, 1e., 1\Iarch I, 183!); Oct. 18. 1812. Captured hy the Poirtirr,ç. graduated at Dartmouth College in 18GO, he was exchanged in ::\rarch. IRI3; aUII and !'.tudied under Professor Agassiz at was made master eommander in clwrge the Lawrence f;ci('ntific School in Cam- of a flotilla of gunhoats in the D('laware hridge, ::\1ass. In 18G5-(itl he trayelled 111 River soon afterwards. In command of the 1\Ialay Archipclago and in eastern the Hornet he captur('cl the Penfluin. Asia. Returning, he was appointed Pro- :\Iarch 23, 1813. For this victory Con- fessor of Katural History at Madison gress voted him a gold medal. :\1ade rniversity. In 1883 he became professor captain in F('hruary, ISI!). he held im- in charge of the Department of Public In- portant comuu1mls in different parts of Rtruction in the American Museum of the world. 'Yhile in command of a squad- :Katural History in New York. He is the ron in the l\Iedit<"1"ran('an (lR3o- 2). be author of Trm'els in the Ea,çt Indian was given a commission to negotiate a 1rchipdngoj The -linos, or Hairy ]!tn of <'Ommercial treaty with the Turkish go,-. 338 BIDDLE-BIENVILLE ernment. In 1845 he performed diplo- matic service in China, aud visited Japan. He died in Philaclelphia, Pa., Oct. 1, 1848. r ' , ,. .... """ . i' -.;:J... "'\...-- Ih.....-. - , ' / -/ /. 'f . u:- , ,h"' . : _J,..' ,hJ;Þj;:. ". /. . /, ,I/o' '- /, ".'-'" ". zz' . "// ,#? 'lib' , f/ ;!' / .!, ' ,... J" , 5'" 'L. ' ,, / ' - .:,' '"II @/'l :;) IJ' /..' . ,X' '., ,,';' ..:.. v/,. / r"'" ,. '.:i(".,/ :; ,.,1 : -,. /' :;:- \ JAMEI:! BIDDLE. Biddle, KICHOLAS, bankcr; born in Philadelphia, Jan. 8, I 78U; gracluated at Biddle, NICHOLAS, naval officer; born in Philadelphia, Pa., Scpt. 10, 1750; made a voyage to Quebec before he was fourteen years of age. He entered the British navy in 1770. While a midshipman, he abscond- ed, and became a sailor before the mast in the Carcass, in the exploring e pedi- tion of Captain Phipps in which Horatio Kelson served. Returning to Philadelphia, he commanded the brig lndrea Doria, un- der Commodore Hopkins. In 1770 he capt- ured two transports from Scotland, with 400 Highland troops bound for America. In :February, 1777, he sailed from Phila- delphia in the frigate Randol/Ill, and soon carried four valuable prizes into Charles- ton. Then h(> cruised in the 'Vest India waters. In an action with a British 6-1:- gun ship, March 7, 1778, he was wounded. A few minutes afterwards the Randolph was blown up; and of the entire crew, con- sisting of 313 men, only four escaped. Bienville, JEAX BAPTISTE LE IoYxE, pionper; brother of Le Ioyne Iberville\ who founded a FrC'nch settlement at Biloxi, near the mouth of the Mississippi, in 16!IR; Lorn in ::\Iolltreal, Feb. 23, 1680. For se,.- era I veal'S he was in the French naval ser- vice 'with Iberville, and accompanied him with his brother Sauville to Louisiana. In 16DÐ Bienville explored the country MEDAL PRE!" ;YTF.D TO JAMES BIDDLE BY COXGRESS. Prinl'eton in ] SO 1: appointed prcsiclent of the L'nited :::5tates Bank in 18 ; resigned in 183U. He died in Philadelphia, Feb. 27, 18H. around niloxi. Sauyille was appointC'd governor of I ouisiana. in Hm , and the Iwxt year nienville constructed a fort 54 miles above the mouth of the riveT. Sau- 339 viIle died in 1701, when BienviIle took charge of the colony, tran::,ferring the scat of government to Mobile. In li04 he was joined by his brother Chateaugay, who brought seventeen settlers from :France. lõ;oon afterwards a ship brought twenty young women as wives for settlers at Mo- bile. ILerviIIe Soon afterwards died, and BicnviJIe, charged with misconduct, was dismissed from office in 1707. His succes- sor dying on his way from France, Bien- viIIe retained the office. Having tried unsuccessfully to cultivate the land by Indian laLor, Bienvil1e proposed to the government to exchange Indians for ne- groes in the "'est Indies, at the rate of three Indians for one negro. llienviUe remained at the head of the colony until 1713, when CadiJIac arrived, as governor, with a commission for the former as lieutenant-governor. Quarrels between them ensued. Cadi11ac was superseded in 1717 by Epinay, and Bienvi11c received the decoration of the Cross of St. Louis. ] n 1 il R he founded the city of ]\ ew Or- leans; and war breaking out between :France and Spain, he seized Pensacola and an accomplished 'olmg graduate of \Vc:-;t put his brother Chateaugay in command Point, whom he appointed master of ord- there. He was summoned to France in nance, to superintend the construction 1724 to answer charges, where he remain- of fortifications there which commanded ed until 1733, when he was sent back to the ship-channel of the James Ri ver and Louisiana as governor. Having made un- the mouth of the Nan::,cmond. The forced successful e),.peditions against the Chicka- iuaction of the a.tional troops at Fort saws, he was superseded in 1 i 43, and re- !\lonroe, and the threatening aspect of turned to France, where he died in 17G5. atfai.'s at Kcwport News, made the armed See CÊLORON. Confederates under Col. J. B. Magruder Big Bethel, BATTLE AT. When Gen- bold, active, and vigilant. Their principal eral Butler arrived at his headquarters at Hndezvous was at Yorktown. on the York Fort Monroe (May, 18tH), he first estab- niver, which they were fortifying. They 1ished Camp Hamilton, near the fort, as pushed down the peninsula to impress a rendpzvous for troops gathering there. slaHs into theit. hen'ice, and to force There ,vere gathered Phelps's Vermont Union men into their ranks. .\t Big and rf:giment, and another from Troy, N. Y.; LitHe Hetliel (two chun-hes on the road and soon afterwards they were joined by Lehnen Yorktown and Hampton) they R well-disciplined regiment of Zouaves, un- made fortified outposts. It was cvid('nt der Col. Abraham Duryl'e, of Kew York that Magruder was preparing to Rci7.c City. Dury{>e was a$òsigned to the com- Xewport Xew8 and Hampton, and confinp mand of the camp as a.cting hrigadier- nutler to Fort Monroe. Th latter deter- general. Butler conceiw>d a plan of taking mined on a countervailing movement hy pOf;sef;sion of the country between Suffolk an attack on these outPOhtS. Gen. E. \V. and Petersburg and Norfolk, and so threat- Pmrce. of ::\rassachusctt , was placed in cning the "'eldon Railroad. the great high- command of an ðpedition for that pur- way between Virginia and the Carolinas. pose. composC'd of Duryj'e's Zona\'Cs and Ðut, lacking troop , he contentf"d }limself the Troy troopf; at Camp Hamilton, Yer. with taking possession of and fortifying mont and )fahsachusetts troops. some (;pr- the important strategic point of Xewport man ew York troops, under Colonel Ben- 340 :BIG BETHEL Kcws. Ile sent Play 27, 1861) Colonel Phelps thither in a steamer with a de- tachment to fortify that place. He was accompanied by Lieut. John Trout Greble, MAP OF THE BATTLE AT ßlG BETlU..L. BIG BETHEL-BIG BLACK RIVER dix, and two G-pounders (field-pieces), works of the Confederates, and drive out under Lieutenant Greble, from Kewport the occupants at the point of the bayonet. Xews. The latter had under him eleven The Nationals were nearly successful, r('gular artillerymen. The troops from when a portion of them were driven back the two points of departure were to be by a murderous fire from the Confeder' joined, in the night, near Little Bethel. ates. This and other adverse circum- The soldiers wore on their left a.rms a stances caused Pearce to order a retreat. white rag or handkerchief, so that they All of Greble's men had been disabled but JI1ight recognize each other in the dark. flve, and he could only work one gun. Their watchword was" Boston." Lieuten- He was just limbering them up, when a ant-Colonel Washburne led the column shot from the Confederates struck a from Kewport Xews, followed by Bendix glancing blow on his head, and he fell with his Germans. Duryêe pushed for- dead. l\Iaj. Theodore \Vinthrop, one of ward, followed by Colonel Townsend with General Butler's aides, was also instantly the Troy troops. The latter and Bendix killed by a bullet from a North Caro- approached eaeh other in the gloom, near lina drummer - boy. Greble's body was l..ittle Bethel, the appointed place of junc- tfthn to Philadelphia, where it lay in tion. Rendh: and his men, ignorant of the state in Ind pendence Hall; was the order to wear a white badge, were without first officer of the regular army of the it, and the two columns mistook each United States who fell in the Civil otller for enemies. The Germans opened 'Var. The result of the expedition to Big fire on Townsend's column. After a short Bethel was national exasperation and mor- skirmish, in which two men were killed tification. The Unionists lost sixteen and several wounded, the mistake was dis- killed, thirty-four wounded, and five miss- covered. Duryée and \Vashburne, hearing ing. The Confederate loss was trifling-. the firing, hastened their march, and soon Big Black River, BATTLE AT. From joined the confused regiments. The Con- Champion Hills, the Confederates were federates had been warned of the ap- pursued, and bivouacked during the night proaching troops by the firing, and Brig- of l\Iay IG, 18G3, on the hill overlooking adier-General Pearce, in chief command, Edward's Station and the fertile plain spnt back for reinforcements, as a surprise between it and the Big Black River. The was then out of the question. The ('on- pursuit was renewed in the morning, but federates at Little Bethel fell back to Big the Confederates were soon found well Bethel, 4 or 5 miles distant, and all of posted on both sides of the river, near the them at the latter place were on the alert. railway bridge, and were strongly forti- Thf're were about 1,800 Confederates be- fied. Behind their defences on the eastern hind works, with several pieces of cannon side of the river were several brigades; in haUpry. The Nationals, ahout 2,500 and above the bridge Pemherton had con- strong-. attacked them between nine and structed a passage-way for troops, com- ten o'clock on the morning of .Tune 10, posed of the hulks of st('amboats. Gen- ] {jl. Troops under Captains Kilpatrick, eral Carr's division led the Nationals, and Bartlett, and Winslow (all of which were first engaged in battle; and soon there lln high banks acro!'!"! Kentucky in 178 . A large ùodJ' of the!'e, 342 BIGELO -BILLINGS headed by Simon Girty, a cruel white mis- creant, entered these settlements in Au- gust. They were pursued by about 180 men, under Colonels Todd, Trigg, and Roone, who rashly attacked them (Aug. I!}) at the Big Blue Lick, where the road from l\Ia rsville to Lexington crosses the Licking River in Xicholas county. One of the most sanguinary battles ever fought in Kentucky then and there occurred. The Kentuckians lost sixty-seven men, killed, wounded, and prisoners; and, after a se- vere struggle, the rest escaped. The slaughter in the river was great, the ford being crowded with white people and Ind- ians, all fighting in horrid confusion. The fugitives were keenly pursued for 20 miles. This was the last incursion south of the Ohio by any large body of barbarians. Bigelow, ERASTGS BRIGIIAl\[, inventor; born in \Yest Boyleston, Iass., April 2. 1814. His father was a cotton manufact- urer; and this Hon, before he was eighteen ears of age, had invented a hand-loom for weaving suspender webbing. In 1838 he obtained a patent for an automatic loom for weaving knotted counterpane . but soon made great improvements. In 18 !) he entered into a contract with a Lowell manufacturing company to con- struct a power-loom for weaving two-ply ingrain carpets (that were before wown exclusiYely by the hand-loom, which could produce only 8 yards a day). He died in Bo ton. ::\Iags., Dec. 6, 1S7!}. Bigelow, JOH , author; born in Ma1- (' 1 ' \ Jr ->>if ,u,.I' \ t' 'ò.. ) í. ,*' t , -, l- í r f . '''" 4) r. . -... I . '" ,;.r- . ... ..' \\.,u,' t)". :-il."'\. --- (. \\:., ,'- 1< I .' . : " " " \ II' I " I f 'h,,; >"', ( r\ J y#/, ì. Ù \ I , ' , ./ . '.Jlb JOHY BIGELOW, den, Ulster co., N. Y., ov. 25, 1817; waS graduated at Union College in IS35; and became a lawyer. In 184!}-61 he was one of the editors of the Kew York Evening Post. He was L'nited States consul at Paris in 1861-64; minister to France in 1864-67, and secretary of state of New York in 1875-77. He was the biographer and trustee of the late Samuel J. Tilden: and in 1!}00 was president of the board of trustees of the EW YORK PUBLIC LI- BRARY (q. v.). He is author of MoU- nos the Quietist j France and the CO/1- federate z..-avy; Life of William Cullen Bryant 7' Life of fJamuel J. T-ilden j Some Rccollections of Edouard Laboulaye; The .1Iystery of SlPPj), and editor of A Life of Franklin; 1Vritillgs and Speeches of Sam- uel J. Tilden, etc. Bigelow, TnroTIIY, military officer; born in \Vorcester, 1\1ass., Aug. 12, 173!}; was a blacksmith and a zealous patriot; member of the Provincial Congress; led minute-men to Cambridge; and accom- panied Arnold in his notable expedition to Quebec in 1775, where he was made a prisoner. As colonel, he assisted in the capture of Burgoyne, and was acth-e in some of the stirring scenes of the war af- terwards. Colonel Bigelow was in charge of the Springfield Arsenal after the war, a nd was one of the original grantees of Montpelier, Vt. He died in Worcester, :Mass" Mareh 31, 1 j!)O. Billings, JOHN SHAW. surgeon and li- hrarian: born in Switzerland county. Ind., April 12, 183!}; was graduated at )liami rniversity in 18,)7; was Demonstrator of Anatomy at the :Medical College of Ohio in lS60-61; served in the medical depart- ment during the Civil \Yar, rising to the Tank of deputy surgeon-general in 1864. After the war he was on duty in the office of the surgeon-general in Wa!'hington till his retirement from the seryice in IS!},). He was Professor of Hygiene in the eni- versity of Pennsylvania in IS!}3-!}6, and in the last year became director of the Xew York Public Lihrary. He is a mem- her of numerou:'ò cipntific socipties, both in the United tates and in Europe. He has puhlished P,.Üzci/,lps of 1 elltilatiun and Beating j Inde3J Catalugue of the T.i_ bmry of tlte Surgeon-General's otfice; X'i- tiullal J[(dical LJictiunary, etc. See NEW YOI:K P{;"ßLIC LmUAUY. 343 BILLINGS-BILL OF RIGHTS Josu. See SHAW, HENItY nhiable only in Parliament, and by divers other arbitrary and iUegal causes. 9. And whercas of late :rears, partial, corrupt, and unqualilìed pcrsons have been returned, and served on jurics in trials, and particularly divers jurors in trials for high treason, which ,\ ere not frce- Whereas the I.ords Spiritual and Tem- holders. poral, and Commons. assembled at \Vest- 10. And excessive bail hath becn re- minster, lawfully, fully, and freely repre- qui red of persons committed in criminal spnting all the estates of the people of cases, to elude the benefit of the laws made this realm, did upon the Thirteenth day for the liberty of the subjects. of February, in the year of our Lord II. And excessive fines have bcen im- One Thousand Sh. Hundred Eighty-eight posed; and illegal and cruel punishments [0. s.], present unto their Majesties, then inflicted. called and known by the names and style 12. And several grants amI promiscs of \\ïIliam and Mary, J>rince and Princess made of fines and forfeitures before any of Orange, being present in their proper conviction or judgmcnt against the per- persons, a certain Declaration in writing, sons upon whom the same \\ere to be made by the said Lords and Commons, in levied. the words following, viz.: All which are utterJy and directly con- \Yhereas the late King James II., by trary to the known laws and statutes, and the assistance of divers evil counsellors, freedom of this rcalm. judges. and ministers employed by him, And where ls the said late King James did endeavour to subvert and extirpate II. having abdicated the government, and the Protestant religion, and the laws and the throne being thereby vacant. his IIi h- liberties of this kingdom: ness the Prince of Orange (whom it lmth 1. By assuming and exercising a power pleased Ahnighty God to make the glori- of dispensing with and suspending of laws, ous instrument of delivering this kingdom and the execution of laws, without con- from Popery and arhitrary power) did (by 8('nt of Parliament. the advice of the Lords Spiritual amI 2. By committing and prosecuting di- Temporal, and divers principal per!'ons of \ers worthy prelates for humbly petition- the Commons) cause Ictters to he written ing to be excused from concurring to the to the Lords Spiritual and Temporal. said assumed power. being Protestants, and other lett('rs to 3. By issuing and causing to be exe- the sevcral eounties, eitips. uni\"Cr!'ities, cuted a commission under the Great Seal boroughs, and cinque ports, for the choos- for erecting a court, calJed the Court of ing of such persons to repre!'ent thC'm as Commissioners for Ecclesiastical Causes. were of right to be sent to Parliament. to 4. By levying money for and to the meet and sit at \Ve!'tminster upon the use of the Crown by pretence of prerog- two-and-twentieth day of Janu:lI'Y. in this ative, for other time and in othcr man- J'ear One ThouRand Six Hundred Eighty ner than the same was granted by Parlia- and Eight. in order to such an e!'tahli!'h- ment. ment, as that their religion, laws, and ]ih- 5. By raising and keeping a standing erties might not again he in danger of he- army within this kingdom in time of ing subverted; upon wInch letters clec- peace, without consent of Parliament, and tions have been aceordingly made. cmployed contrary to law. And thereupon the said J.ords piritnal G. By causing several g'ood subjeets, be- and Tl'mporal. and Common!'. IHlr!'tJant ing Protestants, to be disarmed, at the to th(.ir re!'pectin letters amI plC'etions. same time wnen Papists were both armed being now assemhled in a full and frC'e amI employed contrary to law. represpntation of this nation. taking into 7. By violating the freedom of election their most !'erious consideration tJI(' b('!'t of members to serve in Parliament. mean!'! for attaining the enll!' aforf'!'aicl, R. By prosecutions in the Court of do in the first place (as their ancestors King's Bench for matters and causes cog- in like cases have usually done) for the 344 Billings, ". HEELEU. Bill of RIghts. The title of an aet of Parliament declaring the rights and lib- erties of the people and defining the power of the King, passpd in HiS!). BILL OF RIGHTS vindicating and asserting their ancient rights and liberties, declare: 1. That the pretended power of suspend- ing of laws, or the execution of laws, by regal authority, without consent of Par- liamcnt, is illegal. 2. That the pretended power of di::;pcns- ing with laws, or the execution of laws by }'egal authority, as it hath becn as- sumed and excrcised of late, is illegal. 3. That the commission for erecting the late Court of Commissioners for Ecclesias- tical Causcs, and all othcr commissions and courts of like nature, are illegal and p('rnicious. 4. That levying money for or to the use of the Crown by pretence and prerogative, without grant of Parliament, for longer time or in other manncr than the same is or shalI be granted, is illegal. 5. That it is the right of the subjects to petition the King, and all commitments and prosecutions for such petitioning are ilIegtll. G. TI13t the raising or keeping a stand- ing army within t!w kingdom in time of peace, unless it be with consent of Parlia- ment, is against law. 7. That the subjects which are Protes- tants may have arms for their defence suitable to their conditions, and as al- lowed by law. 8. That election of members of Parlia- ment ought to be free. U. That the freedom of speech. and de- hates or proceedings in Parliamcnt, ought not to he impeached or questioned in any court or rla('e out uf Parliament. 10. That excessive bail ought not to be rf'quirC'd. nor excessive fines imposed; nor cruel amI unusual punishments inflicted. 1 L That jurors ought to be duly im- panell('d and returned, and jurors which pass upon men in trials for high treason ought to be freeholdf'rs. 12. Tha t an grants and promises of finps and forfeitures of particular person before f'onvietion are illegal and void. 1:1. And that for redress of all griev- ances, and for the amending. strengthen- ing, and prpserving of the laws, Parlia- nlPnt ought to he held frequently. _\nd tlley do claim, demand, and insist upon all and singular the premises, as their undouhtcd rigllts and liberties; and that no declarations, judgments, doings or 343 proceedings, to the prejudice of the people in any of the said premises, ought in any wise to be drawn hereaftcr into conse- quence or example. To which demand of their rights they are particularly encouraged by the dcclara- tion of his Highness the Prince of Or- ange, as being the only means for obtain- ing a full redress and remedy thcrein. Having therefore an cntire confidence that his said Highness the Prince of Or- ange will perfect the deliYeranee so far ad- vanced by him, and will still preserve them from the violation of their rights, which they han> here asserted, and from all other attempts upon their religion, rights, and liberties: II. The said Lords Spiritual and Tem- poral, and Commons, asscmbled at 'Vest- minster, do resolve. that "ïlliam and 1\fary, Prince and Princess of Orange, be, and he declared, King and Quccn of Eng- la.nd, France, and Ireland, aud the do- minions thereunto belonging, to hold the crown and royal dignity of the said king- doms and dominions to them the said Prince and Princess during their lives, and the life of the survivor of them; and that the sole and full exercise of the regal power be only in, and executed by, the said Prince of Orange, in the names of the said Prince and Princess, during their joint lives; and after their deccases, the said crown and royal dignity of the said kingdoms and dominions to be to the heirs of the body of the said Prince!'s; and for default of such issue to the Princess Anne of Denmark, aud the heirs of her body; and for default of such i sue to the heirs of the budy of the said Prince of Orange. And the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and Commons, do pray the said Prince and Princess to accept the same accord- ingly. III. And tllat the oaths hereafter men- tioned be taken hy all persons of whom the oaths of allegiance and suprcmaey might he required by law instead of them; and that the said oaths of allegiance and supremacy be abrogateù. "I, A. n., do Aincerely promise :md s'vear, That I will be faithful and hear true aHegiance to their Majestie::; King William and Queen Mary: "So help me God." " I, A. B., do swear, That I do from my heart abhor, detest, and abjure as impious and heretiml that damnable doctrine and IJosition, that princes excommunicated or deprh-ed by the l")ope, or any authority of the See of Rome, may be deposed or mur- dered by their subjcf'ts, or any other what- !-oever. And I do declare, that no foreign prince, person, prelate, state, or potentate hath, or ought to have, any jurisdiction, power, superiority, pre-eminence, or au- thority, ecclesiastical or spiritual, within this realm: " So help me God." IV. Ppon which their said Majesties did accept the crown and royal dignity of the kin doms of England, }'rance, and Ire- land, and the dominions thereunto belong- ing, according to the resolution and de- sire of the said Lords and Commons con- tained in the said deelaration. V. And thereupon their .:\Iajesties were ph-ased, that the said Lords Spiritual and Tcmporal. and Commons, being the two Hou!;;es of Parliament. should continue to sit, and with their :Majesties' royal con- currence make effectual provision for the scttlement of the TCligion, laws. and Jib- erties of this kingdom, so that the same for the future might not be in danger again of being subverted; to which the aid I ords Suiritual and Temporal, and ('ommons, did agree and proceed to act fJcconlingly. VI. Kow in pursuance of the premises, the s3.id Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and Commons, in Parliament a-s embled, tcr the ratifying. confirming, and estab- lif'hing the said deelara tion, and the arti- des, clauses, mattcrs, and things therein contained, by the force of a law made in due form by authority of Parliament, do pray that it may be declared and enacted, That all and singular the rights and liber- ties asserted and claimed in the said decla- ration are the hue, ancient, and induhi- tal,le rights and lilJf'rties of the people of this kingdom, and sO shall be esteemed, al- lowed, adjudged, deempd, and taken to hp, and that all and e\ pry tIt(' particulars atoresaid sllall be firmly and strictly hoM- (n and ohserved. as the." are P'pl'f' spd in tIle said de('laration; amI all ofTicf'rs alHl ministers what<.;oevpr shall serve their :;\ra.if' tit.<; and thf'ir succP!' ors aceording to the same in all times to come. YII. And the said Lords Spiritual BILL OF RIGHTS Temporal, and Commons, seriously con- sidering how it bath pleased Almighty God, in his marvellous providence, and merciful goodlwss to this nation, to pro- vide and presen'e their said Majesties' ro 'al persons most happily to reign over us upon the throne of their ancestors, for which they render unto Him from the bottom of their hearts their humble!;;t thanks and praises, do truly, firmly, as- suredly, and in the sincerity of their hearts, think, and do hereby recognise, aeknowledge, and declare, that King James II. having abdicated the Govern- ment, and their Majesties having accepted the Crown and royal dignity as afore- said, their said Ma.jesties did become, were, are, and of right ought to be, by the laws of this realm, our sovereiW1 liege Lord and Lady, King and Queen of England, France, and Ireland, and the dominions thercunto belonging, in and to whose princely persons the ro 'al state, crown, and dignity of the said realms, with all lionolll's, styles, titles, regalities, preroga- ti\'ps, powers, jurisdictions, and authori- ties to the same belonging and appprtain- ing. are most fully, }'ightfuIly, and entire. ly invested and incorporated, united, and anne'\.ed. \ III. And for pre\"enting all qlwRtions and di\"i!;;ions in this realm, by reason of any pretended titles to the Crown, and for prf'ser\"ing a certainty in the succes- sion thereof, in and upon which the unity, peace, tranquiIlit .. and safety of this na- tion doth, under God, wholly eonsist and depend, the said Lords Spiritual anrl Tem- poral, and Commons, do heReech thcir Iajesties that it may he enacted, estah- lished, and declared, that the Crown and regal government of the said kingdoms and dominions, with all and singular the premises thereunto belonging and apper- taining, shall he and {'Ontinue to their raj- PHt ies, and the f\urvi\"or of them, durin!.! thC'ir li\"Ps. and the lifC' of the surviyor of tJ1Pm, And that thp pntire. perfect. and full l' prcis(' of the rC'gal po\Vpr and go\"prn- JJlt'nt be only in, and e'\':Pf'uted 11.". his 1\Iajpsty. in thp JWHlPS of hoth t)H'il' 'faj- ('sties. durin th...il' joint 1i\"('R; ami aftPI' t1H-ir de(,f'ast'R the said Crown and 1'J"t'I\J- i..;('s !;;lmll hp and rel\Ja in to the hpirs of the hody of her Maje!;;ty: amI for default and of !.iuch ib:me, to her Hoyal Highness the 346 BILL OF RIGHTS-BILLS OF CREDIT Princess Anne of Denmark, and the heirs sons who shall administer the coronation of her body; and for default of such issue, oath to him or her, at the time of his to the hcirs of the body of his said Majes- or her taking tlle said oath (which shall ty: And thereunto thc said Lurd Spirit- first happcn), makc. subscribe, and audi- ual and Temponll, and Commons, do, in )'Iy rCl'c.lÌ the declaration mentiOlwd in the name of all the people aforesaid, most the statute made in t1lf' thirteenth year IlUlllhly and faithfully submit thenH;ch es, of the reign of King Charlcs II., intituled their heirs and posterities, for enr: and ,. An Act for the more effectual preserving do faithfully promise, that they will stand the King's person and Government, by dis- to, maintain, and defend their said )lajes- ahling Papists from sitting in either ties, and also the limitation and succes- House of Parliament." But if it shall sion of the Crown herein specified and happen that such King or Queen, upon his contained, to the utmost of their powers, or her succession to the Crown of this with their liws and estates, against all I'ealm, shall be under the age of twelve persons whatsoe\'er that shall attempt ;years, then pvery such King or Queen anything to the contrary. shall make, subscribe. and audibly repeat IX. And whereas it hath been found by the said declaration at his or her corona- ðperience, that it is inconsistent with the tion, or the first day of meeting of the safety and welfare of this Protestant king- first Parliament as aforpsaid, which shall dom to be gOYerned by a Popish prince, first happen after such King or Queen or by any kiJlg or queen marrying a Pap- shall have attained the said age of tweh-e ist, the said Lords Spiritual and Tempo- years. ml, and Commons, do further pray that XI. All which their lajesties are con- it may be enacted, That all and every tented and pleased shall be declared. en- person and persons that is, are, or shaH acted, and estahlished by anthority of this be reconciled to, or shall hold communion present Parliament, and shall stand, re- with, the See or Church of Rome, or shall main, and be the law of this realm for profes the Popish religion, or shall marry eYer; and the same are by their said _\laj- a Papist, shall be excluded, and be for esties, by and with the advice and consent eYer incapable to inherit, posse s, or en- of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and joy thp Crown and Government of this Commons, in Parliament assembled, and realm, and Ireland, and the dominions by the authority of the same, dedal'ed, thereunto belonging, or any part of the enacted, or established accordingly. same, or to have, use, or e ercise, any XII. And be it further declared and regal power, authority, or jurisdiction enacted by the authority aforesaid, That within the same; and in all and every from and after this present session of such ease or cases the people of these Parliament, no dispensation by non ob- realms shaH be and are hereby absolved stante of or to any statute. or any part of their allegiance, and the said Crown thereof, shan be allowed, but that the and Government shall from time to time same shall be held void and of no effect, descpnd to, and be enjoyed by, such per- exeept a dispensation be allowed of in son or persons, being Protpstants, as should such statute, and except in such cases as have inherited and enjoyed the same, in hhall be specially provided for by one or case the said person or persons so recon- more bill or bills to be passcd during this ciled, holding communion, or professing, or present session of Parliament. marrying. as aforesaid, were naturally dead. XIII. Provided that no charter, or X. And that e\'Cry King and Queen of grant, or pardon granted before the three- tMs realm, who at any time hereafter and-twentieth day of October. in the ;vear shall come to and succf>ed in the Imperial of our Lord One thousand six hundred Crown of this kingdom, shall, on the first eighty-nine, shall be any ways impeached ùay of the meeting of the first Parliament, or invalidated by this Act, but that the ne t after his or her coming to the Crown, same shall be and remain of the same sitting in his or her throne in the House force and effect in law, and no other, than of Peers, in the presence of the I..ords and as if this Act had never been made. COIllmons th{>rein assembled, or at his or Bills of Credit. The first bilIs of her coronation, before such person or per- credit, or paper money, i:i"'lwd in the Eng- 347 :BILLS OF CREDIT Jish-AulPricnn colonies were put forth by or tr('asury notes, varying from five Rhil- Massachusetts, in IG!)O, to pay the troops lings to fhe pounds, receivahle in payment who went on an expedition against Quebec, of taxes, and redeemable out of any money (q/!l) Qd THES InÀe'Y\.ted. B lLof Twem ty -9-ì S h ilLurt g -r du.e. [:rom. the M affachufetr Co lcmy to the..Ib 1f or !ha.lL be... ÍtrL Va l u equal to 7't1.cme-x. &fhallbe..'ò.cccrrd1.ngly,..9 accð'pted.b y the- eaFwrfX am Recei.\TeTt [uhordlna.te.-. to ht/ffi. vrvaUPubh.ck. p aym.: am..dJor allY .stock at M1.ytum..e.. tin... the heahvcy, BoIto iA\___ New E laffi,cL Ebrua:ry rheth.LyJ.gz1f90V1B y Ordtwof th.e.. Geme;ral Otvr \ l'AC-SnIlLE OF TßE FIRST A"..:mf'AS PAPF.R "O'\!RY. under Sir William Phipps. The pxppdi- in the treasury. The total amount of tion was unsuece"sful. The men had suf- this paper c1IlTPncy i!'stwd was a little fered from sickneR!'; had not gained ex- more than !j:l :1:Loon; hut long hdore that ppcted plunder; and when tlu'y arrived limit was reaehpù the hills depreciated onp- at DOEton, di! formally renounced allegiance to the nriti h power, and prcpared for the paymcnt of an ann.y to rc- sÏ::;t all encroadllllents upon their liberties. They also au- tllOrized (in August) the issue of bills graving. The literal translation of th of cI'edit, or paper money, in the form of words is, "He seeks by the sword calm treasury notes, to the alllount of $3ï5,- rEpose under the auspices of freedom." 000, making them a legal tender, the back In 1755 the Virginia Assembly voted of which is shown in the above en- $100,000 towards the support of the c010- BILLS OF CREDIT T-WEN TY FOUR. SHILL IN GS \eí}.ce 0 f.4 b- Ci ,. .Jol .$ t Q , n , I"'S ' 'C> tJ3 P> ø C1I (, þ. ÞT:J C'. f"" W"O (). "rL . . r> ð'). (l(h L . (lJ"v ibertð..te t. A U8 18. 177 s. REVER E OF A .lLU!SACHU8ETT8 TREASURY NOTE. "'"Cl & ß17:X United States of oÆMf:R..fJGA. '2 71>1l1l O 11 . ';;1 'J/ 177 , A T c:Thlrl.fJ 7;a.!J.f Sisbt of this rhird Bilf. irg Secortð an 7"o i . not pattI, pa.!l to :., '" ur " r er, Twenty-fo&' DoJíars, in One Hundred and Twent L' 7o;nois, for ntereJf due on one.!/ 6o"ollJed G]; t e tlnited Stat A Ivres . 0 the 01MIl,J( or b071ll"l';//io Tr of the 2 'lUtel &ata Dr !)!."e Ti:;;:; tlT i', S r-V .....L X ountcrfigncd, l2, -4íd71/) c::::? ð7'-"2- >J.E SV S Commiffioner of the O'llti."e'-:2' U,oce in the } Un:aJ .ror./Ýa/bJ ì ()" tate of th 'Ý ' 1 : t . I I."" nXEXTAL DR,\! T, 34D BILLS OF EXCHANGE-BIMETALLISM nial service in the impending French and lief of this uncertainty wa:5 that an agree- Indian War. In anticipation of the taxes ment should be established on a broad in- imposed to meet this amount, the Assem- t(:l"national basis to again open the mints bly authorized the issue of treasury notes of the great countries of the world for the -the first paper money put forth in Vir- free and unlimited coinage of both gold ginia. and silver. An International Monetary During the war in 1 j(i3 Pontiac estab- Congress was convened at Paris in Sep- lished a commissary department with a tember, 188U, and a similar one, caned by careful head; and during the siege of the L'nited States "to consider by what Detroit (1763-64) he issued promissory means, if any, the use of silver can be in- notes, or bills of credit, to purchase food creased in the curreney system of the na- for his warriors. These bilJs "ere writ- tions," met in Brussels in November, 18U , ten upon bireh bark, aud signed with his and separated without practical results. totem-the figure of an otter; and so On Mareh 17, 18!16, a resolution was highly was that chief esteemed by the pa.f'sed by the British House of Com- :French inhabitants for his integrity that mons, urging upon the English govern- these bills were received by them without ment the necessity of securing by inter- hesitation. "Cnlike our Continental bills national agreement a solid monetary par of credit, these Indian notes were all re- of exchange between gold and silver. In deemed. April, umu, a Bimetallic Congress con- Bills of Exchange. On Oct. 3, 1776, vened at Brussels, made up of representa- the Continental Congress resolved to bor- tin s from the enited ðtates. Great Brit- row $3,000,000 for the use of the United ain, France, Germany, \ustria - Hungary, foItates, at the annual interest of 4 per JkJgiulll, Denmark, Holland, Rumania, cent., and directed certificates to be is- and Russia, and organized a pennan nt sued accordingly by the manager of a loan committee, under the belief that there office whi('11 was established at the same could be an immediate agreement if the time. 'Vhen foreign loans were made, rnited States would re-estahlish bimeta.l- drafts or bills of exchange were used for lism, if the Indian mints were reopl'ned the payment of interest. On the pre- for the coinage of silver, if the Uank of ceding page is shown fac-simile of one }:ngland would turn into silver a part of of these drafts, reduced in size. It is its metallic reserve, ard if the various drawn on the commi!'l ioner of Congress, European countries would ahsorb a sutH- then in Paris, signed by Franci!'l Hopkin- cirnt amount of silycr. TI)(' agitation of son, the Treasurer of Loans, and counter- the silver qnestion in the United States f'jgnl'd by Kathaniel Appleton, conllnis- hugely influenced the Presidential cam- !'ioner of the Continental Loan Office in I'nign of 18!16. It became evident in the ::\la!' aehu C'tts. first half of the year that the free-silnr Bimetallism, a term currently employ- doctrine had won a large part of the ell to designate a double monetary stand- Democratic party, which arlopted at the ani of "alue. The ('ontention of the bi- Chieago Con\"Cntion (July 7) a platform, JlwtaIlists, as defined hy 1\11'. Balfour, him- the most important plank in wIJÌch con- sr-If a Rtrong bimetallist, is that" if they taÏJl('d a declaration for "the immediate could hy international agTef'ml'nt fix IC'storation of the free and unlimited coin- some ratio of e).change hetween gold ag<> of gold and sih-er at the present legal and bih"er coin th y would ('n ate an auto- ratio of IG to I, without waitin;.r for matic system hy which the demand and the aid or consent of an,yother nation," and bupply of gold and silver re pecti\"Cly that" the standard sih-er dollar shall be would maintain that ratio at the point full legal tender <>qua.IIy with gold for all they fhed it." BiuwtalIists afTIrnwd that d(.hts, puhlic or privatC'_" The DC'moeratic the condition of C'ommerce generally was party nominal<>d \\'ILUAl\[ ,TF::\fXIXGS most unsati"faetory. and that this ('on- BRYAN (q. v.) for Prf'sidpnt, and he wa!'! dition was due hugely to tIH' gn>at un- ddeated Ly "ïIliam McKinley, the TIe- certainty of exehallge hetween the gold- puhlican nominee. An em of unexampled tall(]ard and siJnr-standard C'Ountries. I'rospC'rity set in immediately after ::\[1'. The remedy that they proposed for the re- McKinley's ('lection, and steadily increased 350 BINNEY-BIRNEY during his first administration. In the ing in the quartermaster - general's of- party conventions of 1900 the Hepublicans fice. gave a stanch support to the policy of the Bird's Point, opposite Cairo, was forti- administration, especially on the compli- tied early in IHtil by the Kational troops. cated questiolls growing out uf the war It was on the wc t side of the )1ississippi with Spain, and particularly on the one HiveI', a few feet higher than Cairo, so im-oh-ing the future of the l'hilippine Isl- that a battery upon it would completely ands; and the Democrats based their cam- command that place. The Confederates paign chiefly on opposition to trusts and were anxious to secure this point, and to territorial expansion. The disposition of that end General Pillow, who was collect- the Democratic leaders was to ignore en- ing Confederate troops in ,wstprn Ten- tirely the silver question. The Repub- nessee, worked with great energy. 'Yhen lieans renominated President l\IcKinley, Governor Jackson, of Iissouri, raised the and the Democrats :\11'. Bryan, and the standard of revolt at Jefferson City, with latter, in a remarkable tour of political Sterling Price as military commander, speech-making, while dealing with the General Lyon, in command of the depart- anti-trust and imperialist features of the ment, moved more vigorously in the work platform on which he was renominated, already begun in the fortification of Bird's continued an earnest advocacy of the 16. Point. His attention had been called to to-l silver policy. The result of this elcc- the importance of the spot by Captain tion, in which unql1e tionably many sound- Benham, of the engineers, who constructed money Democrats gave their support to the works. They were made so strong that the Republican canùidates, was the sec- they could defy any force the Confederates ond defeat of Mr. Bryan. See BRYAN, might bring against them. 'Vith these \\'ILLI.U[ .J.; EVARTS, WILLIA"I :MAXWELL; oppo!"ite points so fortified, the Nationals :\10NETARY REFORM; MORRILL, J. S. controlled a great portion of the naviga- Binney, HORACE, lawyer; born in Phil- tion of the l\Iissi sippi River. See Irs- adelphia, Pa., Jan. 4, 1780; was graduated SOFRI. at Harvard College in 1797, and was ad- Birge, HE RY 'VAR ER, military officer; mitted to the bar in 1800. He practised horn in Hartford, Conn., Aug. .), 182.); law with great success until 1830, when was one of Governor Buckingham's aideH his health became impaired and led to his when the Civil War began. He entered retirement. Soon afterwards he was elect- the service in June, 1861, as major, anù ed to Congress as a Republican. He de- early in 1862 was madp colonel. For ser- elined a renomination, and for many years vices on the lower Iis;;;issippi he waH devoted himself to writing opinions on made brigadier-general. Sept. 19, 186:1. He legal questions. Tn 18.-14, by a masterly ar- was in the Red River campaign and in gument before the Supreme Court of the heridan's campaign in the Shenanlloah rnited States, on the case of Bidal vs. Valley in 1864. In June, 186.), he was ap- Girard's executors, he raised the laws gov- pointed to command the military district erning charities out of the confusion and of Savannah. For hiH services in the army obscurity which pre\'iously existed. He he was bre,'etted major-general of ,"olun- was author of 'l'he Life and Character of teers and ,'oted the thanks of the Con- Justice Bushrod lVashington,' An Inquiry necticut legislature. He died in Kew into the Formation of Washington's Fare- York City, June 1, IRRR. v:cll lddres8, and three pamphlets in sup- Birney, JAMES GILI.ESPIE, statesman; port of the power claimed by President born in Danville, Ky., Feb. 4, 1792; gradu- Lincoln to suspend the writ of habeas ated at the College of New .Jersey in 1812; CUl"PUS. He dipd in Philadelphia, Pa., Aug. studied law with A. J. Dallas, of Phila- 12. 1875. delphia; and began its practice in J(pn- Bird, CHARLE , military officer; born in tucky in 1814. He was a member of the Delaware, .June 17, 1838; entered the vol- State legislature at the age of twenty- unteer service in 1861; appointed to the two: hecame a plantpr in Alahama; served regular army in 1866; promoted major in the Alabama legislature; and practised in IS!),'}; colonel of volunteers through- Jaw in HuntsvilJe. Returning to Kentucky out the war with Spain, in 1898, serv- ill IS34, he emancipated his slaves, and 51 BISHOP-BLACK HAWK proposed to print there an anti-slavery paper. He could not find a printer to un- dertake it; so he went to Ohio anti estab- 1i hed one, at grpat personal risk, the op- po ition to " abolitionists" then being very \ (.hement ever,ywhere. \bout 18:3ti he was in Xew York as sccretary of the \merican .\.nti-Slavery Society, and tried to build up a political party upon that sole issue. He \\ent to England in 1840, and took part in the anti-slavery movements there. In 1844 he was the candidate of the I..IßERTY PARTY (q. v.) for the Presidency, the re- sult of which was not only his own defeat, hut that of Henry Clay, the candidate of the Whig party for the same offiec. :Mr. l;irner was the fathpr of the meritorious Gen. David BC'1l Hirn(';y. who did excellent s(,l"Vipe for the Union in the Civil \Var, and died in Philadelphia, Fa., Oct. 18. 18G-t.. .Tames G. Birney dicd in Perth Am- ho v, X. .J., Kov. 25, 1857. Bishop, tIle title of an office in a num- h(']' of rdigious d('nominations, corre- ponding to Pr('<;hytpr in oth('rR. In t]H' T:nited States the Roman Catholic; Prot- estant Episcopal; Reformed Episcopal; ::\Iethodist Episcopal; Methodist Epi<;co- pal. South; African :Methodist Episcopal; Old Catholic; and a few other bodies of lesser numcrical strength have hishops. Bissell, \Vn.LIAM R., legislator; born near C'oopprstown. N. Y., April 25, 1811; pJpeted to the Illinois legislature in 1840, and lwcanlf> prosC'C'uting attorney for Rt. Clair county in 1844. During the Mexican "":u he sC'n-ed as captain of the 2d Illi- nois Yohmtpers. and di<;tingl1islwd him- self at Rupna Yi!"ta. In 18 !)--t5 lIe was a reprC'<;pntativp in Congress from Illinois: was Reparated from the Democratic party on the Kansas-Sehraska bilI; and was C'llOspn gowrnor on the Rppublican tiekC't in HHiû. anel afterwards re-elcc1e(l. \Vhile in Congress he (>ngaged in a contrm-ersr with .Tpfferson Dfivis. who chaJlengpd 1\11'. nisselJ. Mr. Bissell chose muskets, dis- tfince 30 p:u'ps, which was unsatisfactory to the fJipnelR of !\fr. Davis. He died in Rpringfipld. Tll.. laT('h 18. H (iO. Bissell, \Yn,So:v RIIA:VXO . lawyer; horn in Npw London. N. Y., Dr-c. :31. 18.H; WfiR gradllatpd at Yale Collpge in IRG!); he- eame a law partn('r of Grm'er Clpwland: and was Postmfister-( eneral in lR!}: -!):;. He dipd Oct. G. 1!I03. Bituminous Coal. See COAL. Black, FRANE: RWETT, Jawyer; born in Limington, Mc., ::\Iarch 8, 18;;:J; was graù- uated at Dartmouth College in 1875; Re- publican member of Congress in 18D;)-D7, and governor of Xew York in IRtl7-!)!). Black, JA IES, lawyer; born in LpwiR- burg, Pa., Sept. 23, I H 3; was the Pr si- dential nominee of the Prohihition party at its first convention heM in Colum- bus, 0., Feb. 22. 18,2, with the Rev. ,John Russell, of Michigan, for Yice- President. Black, JEREMIAH ::O;ULLIVAN, jurist; born in Somerset county, Pa.. .Tan. HI, 1 1O; was Attorney-General of the Unitpd States in 1857-GO; Secretary of State in 18fio-61; retired from politieal life after Pr('sident Lincoln's inauguration: amI was afterwards engaged in many notable law cases. lIe died in York, 1'a.. Aug. ] û, 18R3. Black, .JoIIN CrrARLES, lawyer; horn in Lexington, Mass., .Tan. 27, lR !); eulist('d in the f('deral army as a private in IRGl; retired as bl"e\'ct hrigadier-gr-npral in lRG5; commissioner of pf'llsions in 1 RR:j- 8!1; and me\1lbpr of Congress in 18!)3-!)ã. Black Friday, the designa tion of Fri- day, Sppt. 24, B(jD. ,Tay Gould and .James Fisk, .Tr., lwd attempted to gain control of tl)e gold market of the eountry hy pur- chasing the entire stock of $1:>.000.000 then held hy the hankH of New York City. The value of gold had he en going up for everal days, and tlw sp('culators attpmpt- ed to raise it from 144 to 200. By Fri- day the wholp metropolis Wfi!'. in a !':tate of tumult, and gold had risen to }(j2 . The wildest c:\citcnlf'nt prenlÏI('d. and it seemed aR if hundreds of strong husine:-\s l)Ouses would be forced to sll lwnd. In the midst of this panic Recretary Rout- well, of thc United States TrC'asury. placed $4,000.000 in gold on the New York mar- ket. and as Boon as the fact WfiS known tllf' spceulative price of gold fp11 and the e:\cÎtf'nwnt abated. It waH said that this BI)('eulation 'iplded Gould and Fisk a profit of $11.000.000. Black Hawk (l\Ia-ka-tae-mish-kia- kiak). a famous T mlian; horn in Ka!"kaH- hia. Ill.. in 17fii. Hp waH a PoUawaUomip hy hirtl). hut he<,ame a not ('II ('hipf of t1l(" Sacs and Fm:w!. JIp wa apcollntPll a hn1\-e when 1)(' was fiftcen 'ears of age. and soon 352 BLACK HAWK-BLACK REPUBLICAN afterwards Ifd expeditions of war parties between lllack Hawk and troops led by against the Osage J ndians in Missouri General Atkinson, when the Indians were and the Cherokees in Georgia. He became defeated and dispersed, with a consider- head chief of the Sacs when he was twen- able loss in killed and ,vounded, and ty-one years old (1788). Inflamed by Te- thirty-six of their women and children cumseh and presents from the British made prisoners. There were eight of the agC'nts. he joined the British in the War troops killed and seventy-seven wounded. of 1812-15, with the commission of briga- Black Hawk was pursued over the \Viscon- dier-general, leading about .300 warriori. sin River, and at a strong position the He again reappeared in history in hostili- fugitive chief made a stand with about ties against the white people on the North- 300 men. After a severe battle for three western frontier settlements in 1832. In hours he fled, and barely escaped, with that year eight of a party of Chippewas, the loss of 150 of his bravest warriors and on a visit to Fort Snelling, on the west his second in command. The chief him- banks of the upper Mississippi, were killed self was finally captured by a party of or wounded by a party of Sioux. Four friendly Winnebagoes and given up to of the latter were afterwards captured by General Steele at Prairie du Chien. t11e commander of the garrison at Fort Treaties were then made \\ ith the hostile Snelling and delivered up to the Chippe- tribes by which the United States acquired was, who immediately shot them. valuable lands on favorable terms. Black The chief of the Sioux (Red ninl) re- Hawk, his two sons, and six principal solved to be revenged. and he and some chiefs were retained as hostages. The companions killed several white people. chief and his sons were taken to \Vash- General Atkinson, in command in the ington to visit the President; and then Northwest, finally captured Red Bird and they were shown some of the principal a party of Winnebagoes. Red Bird died in cities of the North and East to impress prison soon afterwards, when Black Hawk, them with the greatness of the J..merican having been released from confinement, people. The hostages, after confinement at once began hostilities against the white in Fort Monroe, were liberated at Fort people on the frontier. General Gaines Armstrong, Rock Island, Ill.. in August, marched to the village of the Sacs, when 1833. Black Hawk being deposed, Keo- they humbly sued for peace. At the same kuk was made chief of the Racs and Foxes, time Black Hawk and a band of folIow- when the former settled on the Des Moines ers were murdering the Menomonees, who River. Black Hawk died Oct, 3, 1838. were friendly to the white inhabitants. Black Hills, a group of mountains Black Hawk crossed the Mississippi, and situated chiefly in South Dakota and the General Atkinson took the field against northwestern part of Wyoming. Reveral llÌm; hut in July the cholera broke out of the peaks reach an altitude of from among the troops, and whole companies 2.000 to 3,000 fpet above the surround- were almost destroyed. In one instance ing plain. and the highest summit of all only nine survived out of a corps of 208. is :Mount Harney. which is 7.400 fpet. In Atkinson was reinfor('ed, and, with a 1875 the Dakota Indians ced('d the region command greatly superior to that of mack to the United States, amI immediately a Hawk, pressed him so closely that the valuable' mining industry sprang up. In latter sent the women amI children of 1875-91 the district yielded gold to the his hand down the )Iississippi in canoes value of $45.000.000. and silver to the and prepared for a final struggle. value of more than $2.000.000. Valuahle A severe fight occurred (Aug. 1, 183 ) deposits of tin have also be(,l1 found on on Ba.d Axe Hi"C'r. in which twenty-threp Mount Harney. For later productions Indians were killed without loss to tl1P in tl1is re:.rion spe GOLD; SO(TTII DAKOTA. troops. The contest was hetwC'en 400 Ind- Black Republican, the name applied ians and some Pnitcd States troops on in derision to the HEPUBLICAN PARTY hoard tlw steamhoat lVarrior, which had (q. v.) formed in lR:)(). because of their heen spnt up the river. After the fight friendship for the black bondsmpn in the the 1\'{lrrior returned to Prairie du Chien. Routhern States and their efforts for the The contest ,,'as renewed the ne:\.t morning TPstriction of the slave system of labor. I.-Z :ti:1 BLACK ROCK-BLACKBURN Lane, where he diC'll five davs fter he re('eÏn'd his wound. On'r his.,'emains, in a Mllall (,clUeter.)' on the outh side of J.und.\"s Lane, more Uwu thirty p'an, af- tc','wanls, t he istcr of the ,\ nUIlg soltlier ('rpded a handsome 1H1l1lUUWUt. Black Warrior Seizure. Prior to Feb- ruary, 1834, there had been several causeR for irritation bC'tween the Rpanish au- thorities of Cuba and the Pnited Statps. on account of im asions of the territorvof tlu' former from that of the latter. r der cover of a shallow pretence, the steamship IJlack l\'arrior, belonging to citizens of the United States, was scized Feb. 28, at Havana, by order of the Spanish authori- ties in Cuba, and the vessel a.nd cargo were declared eonfiscated. This flaO'rant out- l' ge aroused a bitter feeling ag inst those authorities; and a motion was made in the House of Representatives to suspend the neutrality laws and compel those olficials to act more justly. A better measure was adopted. A special messenger was sent to :1\1adrid, with illstructions to the American minister there, Ir. Soul{', to demand from the Spanish government immediate redress in the form of indemnifiea tion to the own- er!" of the vessel in the amount of $300,000. dragoon reeruits from the South on their The Spallish gOHrnment justificd the out- way to Fort George, besides a little more rage, and this justification, operating with than 100 Indians unòpr the J'oung Corn- other causps for irritation, Ipù to the plantpr, who had heen educated at Phila- famous eonsultation of American mini ters ùelphia, and had gone back to his blanket in Europe known as the "Ostend Con- amI feather head-dress. 1he foruwr were fNenee." (See OSTEXD MAXIFESTO.) under the command of GC'n. Peter n. Por- )'Ieanwhile the pcrpetrators of the outrage tel'. t}wn at his home near Black Rock. beeame alarmed, and the captain-general Bisshopp sm prispd the camp at Rlack of Cuba, with pretended generosity, offered Roek. whpn the militia f1pd to Buffalo, to gh-e up tit(' ,-essel and ca.rgo on the pay- leaving their artillery behind, Porter IIwnt, hy the owner , of a fine of $H,OOO. narrowly pscaped capture in his own They complied. but under protest. The house. He hastened towards Buffalo, governments of the United f;tates and rallied a part of the militia, and, with Spain finally made an amicable settle- fifty volunteer citizens, proceeded to at- mc>nt. tack the im'aders. \t the same time Blackburn, .TOSEPH CLAY f;TYLFS, law- forty Indians rose from an amhu!'.h in a yer; horn in \Voodfnrd county, Ky., Oet. ravine and rushed upon the jm'adpn with I, 183R; was graduated at Centre Collp ('. the appalling war-\\hoop. The fright- nanville, in 18;)7; sen-ed in thp Con feder- enpd British. after a vpry brief contpst, ate army during the Civil \\-ar; waR flí'd in confusion to their boats, and, with clpcted to the legislature in lHil, to tJwir commander. hastily dppartpd for the Con ress in 187.!, and to the United Canada shore. follO\\'Pd by yolleys from States Senate in 1883, I$!Il, and IDOL .Ame1Ïcan muskets. In the flight Bisshopp lIe was a leader in the free-coinage mO\c- was mortally wounded. He was a gallant ment. young man, only thirty years of age. He Blackburn, LrKE PRYOR, php;ician; was taken to his quarters at Lundy's born in Fa 'ette county, Ky., June W, 334 Black Rock, rRPRlSE OF. On .Tuly II. IHI:J. Lieut.-Col. CedI UÌs:,hopp. with a motley party of reg-ulars, ('anadians, and Jndian , ahout 400 ill nUl/lber. el"Os:' . '.;' >:- f " d . " '+ "c.:T.'f- ' .. i' . -! .. I, . lJISSliOI'I"8 MOXU)lE:IoT, BLACKBURN'S FORD-BLACKSTOCK'S 1816; was graduated at Transylvania Confederates called this the "Battle of University, Lexington, Ky., in 1834, and Bull Run," and that which the N"ationals settled in that city. He removed to N"at- designate by that name they called the chez, Miss., in 1846, and when yellow fever "Battle of Ianassa.s." The loss of the broke out in New Orleans in 1848, as combatants at Blackburn's Ford was llealth-officer of Xatchez he ordered the nearly equal- that of the N"ationals first quarantine against Kew Orleans that seYenty - three and of the Confederates had ever been established in the Missis- seventy. sippi Valley. He was a surgeon on the Blackfeet Indians, a confederacy of staff of the Confederate General Price Xorth American Indians, also ca]]ed the during the Chon War. When ydlow feyer Siksika. It is one of the most important lJ}Jpearc>d in Memphis, he hastened to that trib('s in the Northwest, and is compo ed city, and organized corps of physicians and of three divisions: the TIlackfeet prolwr; nurses, and later went to Hickman, Ky., the Kino, or Blood; and the Piegan. They and gave aid to the yelIow feYer sufferers occupy northern )Iontana and the adja- there. In 18ïü he was elected governor of cent part of Canada, a region extending Kentucky. Dr. Blackburn established the from the Rocky .:\Iountains to the Milk Blackburn Sanitarium for Kervous and River at its junction with the "Missouri, Mental Diseases in 1884. He died in and from the BelIy and Saskatchewan Frankfort, Ky., Sept. 14. 1887. riYers in Canada to the Mussel She]] Blackburn's Ford, BATTLE AT. Pre- Rh-er in .:\Iontana. In !fJOO they were be- liminary to the Fevere conflict at Bull liend to number about 7,000. There were Run (July 21, 1861) was a sharp fight on 2,022 Bloods and Piegans at the BIack- the same stream, at Blackburn's Ford. feet agency in Montana. a numbpr of This ford was guarded by a Confederate Blackfeet Sioux at the Cheyenne River force under Gen. James Longstreet. Some lJgency in South Dakota and the Standing Kational troops under Gen. D. Tyler, a Rock agency in North Dakota. and the part of McDowell's advancing army, went Siksika and the remainder of the Bluods, out towards this ford on a remnnoissance 0)' Kinos, were in Canada. ûn the 18th. The troops consisted of Rich- Blackmar, FR.\xK \\'ILSO , hh;torian; ardson's brigade, a squadron of cavalry, born in \Yest SpringfieIcl, Pa_, Xov. 3, and Ayres's battery. Sherman's brigade 1834; was graduated at the Unh-ersity of was held in reserve. He found the Con- the Pacific in 1881; beeame Professor of federates there in strong force, pa.rt1y History and Sociology in the "CniYersity conce JJed by woods. Hoping to draw their of Kansas in 1880, He is the author of fire and discover their exact position, a Spanish Institutions in the BOllt/UCrst; 20-pound gun of Ayres's battery fired a Pedcral and State .lid to Higher Edllca- shot at random among them. A battery tion; Thc Story of Human Progrcss, etc. in view only re!'.ponded with grape-shot. Blackstock's, BATTLE AT. In 1780 Richardson sent forward the 2<1 )[ichigan General Sumter coIIected a smaIl force Regimcnt as skirmi hers. who were soon near Charlotte, N. C., and with these re- pngaged in a hot eontpst on low ground. turned to South Carolina. (See FISIII:.vG The 3d Michigan, 1st :\Iassachusetts, and CREEK.) For many weeks he annoyed the l th New York pu hed forward, and were British and Tories wry much. Cornwal- Sf.on fighting severely. Cavalry and two Ii!'., who called him the" Carolina Game- howitzers were fiercely assailed by mus- cock," tried hard to catch him. Tarle- kptry and a concealed battery, when the ton, \Yemyss, and others were sent out Xationals, gren.tl,v outnumbpred, recoileù for the purpose. On the night of Xov. and withdrew hehind Ayre!'.'s hattpry on a 12 Major "-emys!'., at the hean. of a Brit- hill. .Just then Sherman came up with his ish detachment. fell upon him near the hri a(l(', when Ayres's battpry again opened nroad Riwr, but was repulseù_ Eight fire. and for an hour an artilIpry dupl was days afterwards lle was encamped at k('pt up, the Confpd('rates responding. gun Black!'ltock's plantation. on the Tyger for gun. Sa.tisfìpn. that he could not flank TIin>r, in Union DistriC't, where he was the Confederatf's. ::\lcDowell ordered the joined by some Georgians umlpr Colonels whole body to fall back to Centreville. The Clarke and Twiggs. There he was attaek- 335 BLACKSTONE-BLADENSBURG ed by Tarleton, when a severe Lattle en- over seventy wagons loaded with tents, blIed (Nov. iU). The British were re- baggage, ammunition. and supplies of puJ:..,ed with a lObS in killed and wounded every kind. In a brief space of time the of about 300, while the Americans lost power of the ('onfederates in that quarter only three killed and five wounded. Gen- was paralyzed, and Halleck complimented era I Sumter was among the latter, and Pope on his" brilliant campaign." was detained from the field several Blackwell, ANTOl ETTE LOUISA BROWN, months. minister; Lorn in Henrietta, N. Y., Mfty Blackstone, \\'ILLIAM, pioneer, sup- 2U, 182.3; was graduated at OherJin Col- posed to have been graduated at Emman- lege, 0., in lS.H, and at the Theological uel College, Cambridge, in HH 7, and to School at Oherlin in lR50; heg lll puhlic ha.ve become a minister in the Church of speaking in lR46 and preaehing in l84S. .England. In 1(j2; he removed from She settled as pastor of an orthodox Con- Plymouth to the peninsula of Shawmut, gregational church at f;outh Butler and where Boston now stands, and was living Savannah, N. Y., in 18;)2, but resigned there in 1630, when Governor \\ïnthrop the nðt year, and later becamc a Unita- arrived at Charlestown. On April 1, rian. Shc has heen prominent in woman lfi33, he was given a grant of fifty flcres, suffrage and otlll'r movements. lier puh- but not liking his Puritan neighbors he lications include Htudics in General 5ìold his estate in 1634. He then moved to Nci('nce; The I sland Neighbors; The Hcxc,ç u. place a few miles north of Providence, 7'hrouglwut N alure; The Physical Basis locating on the river which now bears his of Imlllortality,' The Philosophy of Iudi name. He is said to have planted the I:iduality, ete. first orchard in mlOde Island, and also the Bladensburg, BATTLE AT. In 1814 first one in Massachusetts. He was the General Winder warned the Presidf>ut and first white settler in Rhode Island, but his cabinet of the danger to the national took no part in the founding of the culony. capital from a contemplatcd invasion by The cellar of the house where he lived is the British. The obstinate and opinion- still shown, and a little hill near by where ated Secretary of War (Armstrong) would he was accustomed to read is known as not listen; hut when Admiral Cochrane "Study Hill." He died in Rehoboth, appeared in Chesapeake nay with a I)QWf>r- Iass., May 26, lüï5. ful land and naval force, the alarmed Blackwater, BATTLE AT TIlE. Late in Secretary gave \Yinòer a carte blanche, l8ül the Department of l\Iissouri was en- almost, to do as he' pleased in defending larged, and Gen. Henry \V. Halleck was the capital. Com. Joshua Barney was in placed in command of it. General Price command of a flotilla in the bay, eomposNI had been rapidly gathering Confeder- of an armed },chooner and thirteen harges, ate forces in Missouri; and Gen. John Thesewere driven into the Patuxent 11i\"f>r, Pope was placed in command of a con- up which the flotilla was taken to a point iderable body of troops to oppose him. heyond the reach of the British vessels, Pope acted with great, igor and skill. He and where it might assibt in the defence made a short, sharp, and decisive cam- of pithcr \Va hington or Baltimore, which- paign. Detaphments from his camp struck ever city the British might attack. To telling hlows here and there. One was de troy this flotilla, more than 5,000 regn- inflicted by Gen. Jefferson C. Davis on the lars, marines. and negroes were 1:mded Blackwater, near ::\fi, lford which much dis- at Benedict, with three cannon; and the heartpned the Confederates of that State. British commander, Gen. Hobert Ro....s, Davis found the Confederates in a wooded hoasted that hp would wipe out Harney's hottorn opposite his own forces. He car- fleet and dine in \Yashington the next ried a well-guarded bridge hy storm, and Runday. Th{' hoast being known, great fdJ upon the Confederates with such vigor exertions wcre made for the dcfence of tllRt they retreated in confusion. and werf> the eapital. G(,]leral \\Tinder, relie\Cd f'\0 closely pm'supd that tlwy surrendered, from restraint, callpd upon the veteran in number about 1. 00. pavalry and in- Gen. Ramuel Rmith. of Raltimore, to bring fan try. The spoils of vietory were 800 out his division of militia, and Gf'neral h.)rses anrl mules. 1.000 stand of arms. and Van Xess, of \Yashintrton, was requested 35ü BLADENSBU:RG the intended destination of the invaders, Winder left a force near Bladensburg, and with other troops closely watched the highwa 's leading in other directions. The an'\.ious President and his cabinet were awake that ni ht, and at dawn the next morning (Aug. 24), while \\ïnder was in consultation with them at his head- quarters, a courier came in hot haste to tell them that the British were marching on Bladensburg. \Yillder sent troops im- mediately to reinforce those already there, and soon followed in persun. The over- whelming number of the invaders put his little army in great peril. He was com- pelled to fight or surrender; he chose to fight, and at a little past noon a severe contest began. The troops under General \Vinder, including those from Baltimore ( a bout 2,200) and detachments at vari- ous points watc1Iing the movements of the British, with the men of Barney's flotilla. were about 7,000 strong, of whom 900 were enlisted men. But many of these were at distant points of ohservation. The cavalry did not exceed 400. The little army had twenty-six pieces of cannon, of w h i c h twenty we r e only G- pounders. With these troops and wea pons \Yinder mi ht have driv- en hack the in- vaders, had he bpcn untrammel- led by the Secre- tary of '\ ar and Ule rcst of the sepmingly hewil- dered cahinet. As the British dp- s('pndpd the lJill s and prpssed tow- Tm: mUIIGE AT ßLADEXSßGRG 1:11 lRG!. ards the hridgp at n1adenshurg. ni ht ( \pril 23) the J riti!'\h pncamp(>(l they comnwnced hurling l'ockets at the ex-' within 10 milps of the capital. At the poscd \nH'rie:llls. TIH'Y were repulsed lattPf p1ac-e there was grpat excitement, at first by thp .\nwric:m artillery. but and tllPrc were slpepless vigils kppt by leing continually reinforced. they push- !':oliliprs anil ('ivilians. Un('prtain whether ell across the stren.m (past braneh of Washington City or Fort \Vashington was the Potomac) in the face of a deadly ::J:>7 to station two brigades of the militia of the District of Columbia at Alexandria. Winder also called for volunteers from all the militia di::;tricts of Iar 'land. Gen- eral Smith promptly réspondcd, but the call for volunteers W:IS not very effectual. :Meanwhile the British, who had pursued Barney up the Patuxeut in bargcs, were disappointed. Seeing no chance for escape, the commodore blew up his flotilla at Pig Point (Aug. 22, 1814), and with his men hastened to join Windcr at his head- quarters. \Yhen General Ross arrived, perceiving Barney's flotilla to be a smok- ing ruin, he passed on to uPI>er )1a1"1- boro, where a road led directly to "-ash- ington, D. C., leaving Admira,l Cockburn in charge of the I3ritish flotilla of barges. To oppose this formidable force, \\ïmler had less than 3,000 effective men, most of them undisciplined; and he prudently re- trpated towards \Vashington, followed by Ross, who had been joined by Cockburn and his sailors ready for plunder. That : :.<-.': ..:. ::. : < :; -- ""<0 " ->..- .. _..."" '-,..... ,,:,.; ..- -.,;;;;: :'!'" -. . - ," "- .-- -.-:., . v.' .' i,i. \.r..'-h.... ' .. ft -"- . .; '-. ." - ;: ,r "" ".." "-ç'-..',, ,'- . ';, ;;,:- J.; :-i< -'Ii": " "::C:' . t,' ,. . w/io; to' '."i..øt: , ">.' :''' ;' " :' .f,,?;' h? '" ."'1- ::;I ;_.,t 1 , ... f/ . . !.. I ,.:::J-,}l' ç " _.. l, ." I -#"" r'->r- 1-' to.. J ' .r.:.... ." .".4 $" . t':. -.,f :, , r _ I '1/ J ,f ; II !\, , ' ;"f I : . . ; J ..\;) ';' . ' I :;:= . :,. I, / "-:=-- ,,, . " \ _ ::", 7.;... ,:y - IiJ I _ J .1' , " . ..: , .;. . !! I., .' .. ". oJ. ....:...:.'':.. 't-.............'/ ';- . ".; . . L . ; ' . ,'" .l- "r..t'L':. '. 1, ' f1 ,. - , ' ) ,. . . '("<;;.: . :r.: ,'ánw;.'",::; \.. \">....:' '". ..' , f 1 l ,f{ '\ . ., . ,,(. "l ,... r.. _',.Io .1 I J :. d ." j ,:: . {" . ::.. fl. p l i . ( . ;";-:; 'f ':" 1 , J flY ., J9!,."'Ì!o. '1>",,,, ELADENSBURG DUELLING FIELD fire. A terrible ('onfIict ensllN!. wllPn personal ahusp that tile latter was pro- another :,;ho\\'er of rockets made the yokeù to a challenge. J n the encounter regiments of militia hrl'ak atlll Ilee in thc memhcr from New York "as dangt'r- the" ildl':-t disorder. ""inder tried in \ain ou:.ly "ullllded, hut !o;uh:-öpqul'ntly n'CO\" to mll.r thelH. .\nother eorps ]u'hl its en-d. awl. heing a gn'at fa\"orite with his pObition galJantJ.r for a whi]('. \\hcn it, too, constitlll'nb, was rp-e]pe!ed to Congn'ss. 1Il-d in di:-.order. ('O\"pl't'11 hy rillelllcn. The CamplJell was t.leded to the f;cnate in first and ecund lines of the .\mericans lHll, and in lRlo! was appointed l'cretary wpre now di"persed. The British still of the Treasury, a position which ]1(' re- pre ,.;ed on and encountered Commodore signed, howe\'er, after holùing it ahout Barue ' and his gallant 1Iotilla-men. After a 'ear. Bladenshurg from that time be- a de:,.perate struggle. in which the commo- came a fa\"orite re"ort for those whose dore was se\"erel,\' wounù('l], \\ïnder or- wounded honor could find no balm sa\"e dered a genera] retreat. Harney was too through the bloody code of the duello. badly hurt to Iw remo\'eù. and was taken In HH4 l-:nsign Eùward Hopkins, of the prisoner. lIe was immediately parolcd. army, whose parents resideù at Bladens- The great body of the Americans who burg. was shot on this field within sight were not disperscd retreated towards of his home. Feb. G, lHln, a most pain- Montgomery Court-Honse, )Id., ]pa\'ing the. ful and desperate encounter occurred there battle-field in full l'o""l's"ion of the Brit- between Cen. Armistead T. Mason and i!"h, The .Americans lost twenty-six kill- Col. John :\1. )Jc(':trtJ', who were cousins, cd and fiftv wounded. The Uritish loss and both of \ïrginia. Mason was at the was more than 500 killed anll wounded, time a Cnited tates Scnator. The two among them se\"eral otlicers of rank and gentlemen had quarrelled at an election, distinction. The battle lasted about four and MtCart . was the challenger. It hours. The principal troops engaged were was arranged that they should fight militia and \"olunteers of the ])j:..;trict of with muskets. each loaded with a single Cu]umbia; militia from Baltimore, under ball, at 4 paces. \\'hen in position t he command of General tan....buI"J'; vari- the muzzle of their pieces nearly tuudlpd, ou"! detachments of Maryland militia; and at the word both fired together, and a regiment of Yirginia militia, unùer :Mason fell dead. and ::\[cCa rty was serious- CuI. George ::\Iinor, GOO strong, with ]y wounded. The famous Decatur-Barron 100 ca\'alry. The rpgular army contrih- duel occurred at Rladenshurg, March 22, uted 300 men; Harney'!'. tiûtilla. 400. There 1820. Rtepllen Deeatur and Janws Darron were I O marinps from the \Yashington had both been captains in the Vnitc.d navy-yard, with two l8-p o und and threp States navJ'. Barron had been found 12-pound pannon. There were also vari- guilty of the charge of lieglecting his duty ous companies of volunteer cavalry from while in (>olIlIuand of the ChesoJleake, and the District. Maryland, and Yirginia, :mo had he('n suspended from the service. De- in number,l1nd('r Lieutt"nant-ColoncI Ti]gh- catur had served on both the court of in- man and :\Iajors O. H. Williams and C. quir.r and the court-martial trying thf' f;tprett. There was a] o a !'.quadron of case, Barron had RubseqllPntl.r app]ipd rnited Rtatps dragoons, commanded by for restoration of hi:,> rank, and had bepn :\ra.ior Laval. oppo...pd by Ðpcahlr, not from personal Bladensburg Duelling Field. The rpasons, hut from principles of honor. first notahle nweting on this spot was in This was the cause of the enmity hptwpen 1808. between Barpnt Gardenier, memher the two om('ers, and a long and hitter of Congress from Xew York, ann. George (,()JT('spondpnee. which finall ' culminated \\ . Campbell, Jl)pl)Jlwr from Tenncs:-;pe. in a duel. They fought with pistols at The quarrel was a political One. Gardl'n- 8 pacps, and Decatur was fatally and ipr \\as much oppost'd to the e:nbargo and his antagonist dangerously wounded at the attacked it fiercely on the floor of ('on- fir!'.t fire. They held a brief cOl1\'ersalÏoIl gress. Campbell, as one of the leallC'rs ns they lay on the ground. pwhanging of the administration party, was grpat]y full forgivcne!"s of paeh other. Before thp incpn!"ed at this spppch. In his 1"P)l]Y he fatal shots were fired it is saill that Har- assailed Cardeni('r with such a torrent of ron rpJJ1arl..ell to Decatur that he hopf'd 3.")8 on meeting in another world they would be better friends than in this, to which Decatur replied, "I have never been your enemy, sir." A number of other duels have been fought at Bl aden sburg, among "hich may be mentioned that between a Treasury clerk named Randall and a )11'. Fox. of Washington, in 18:H, in which the la tter was killed at the first fire; and that between two members of Congress, Bynum, of Korth Carolina, and Jenifer, of l\Iary- land, in 1R3ü, which was the last meeting on this famous field. This last was fortu- nately bloodless; it was brought about by a political quarrel, and after six shots had he en exchanged without damage to either party the affair was amicably settled. Blaine, ,TA IES GILLESPIE, statesman; horn in ,\'e t BrownsvilIe, Pa., Jan. 31, 1830; was graduated at Washington Col- lege in 18.17; and passed several years in tpaching. In 1834 he removed to Augusta, Me., and with that State he was tlH'reafter identified. He edited the Kennebec JOltr- nal and the Portland A.dvertiser, and was a member of the legislature from IS.")!) to 1862; in the last two years he was speaker of the House, and about the same time he became powerful in the Republican or- ganization of the State. His service in the national House of Representatives e"tend- ed from 18ü3 to 1876, and in the Cnited States Senate from 187G to 1881. Blaine was among the most aggressi,'e of the party If>allers, was a ready debater. and an expert in parliamentary law. From 1860 to 1875 he was speaker. In IS76 he was one of the chief candidates for the Presidential nomination, but he and Bris- tow, the leaders, were set a-side for Haves. ]n 1880 Grant and n1aine were the an- didates respectively of the two grPat wings of the party, and again a "dark horse," Garfield, was selected. President Garfield appointed Senator Blaine Secretary of tate, which post he resignpd in December, IRSI, soon after the aeee sion of President Arthur. In 1884 :\[r. Bla.ine reeeived the Presidential nomination on the fourth hallot. _\n e"traonlinary campaign fol- 10w('(1 hptwf'en his fldllf'rpntq and tho<:1"' of <:ov. <:rovpr ( lpvel:HlIl. thp })plIloeratic Garfield'", amhition for the snece!':s of -candidatp. and the elf>ption tUrIH'cl on tl1P 11i'l admini"tralion was high. \Yith strong result in Xew York, which was lost to )[1'. {'aution and eonservatis.m in his nature, mainI"' hy 1.0.17 votes. TIH' dcfpction of It(' was in no dangpr of attf'mpting r:l:,h the )lugwumps, the votc of the Prohibi- experiments or of resorting to the empiri- 35V ELAINE tionists, and the fatal" Rum, Romanism, and Rebellion" utterance of Dr. Bur- chard, have all been assigned as causes of his defeat. Mr. Blaine then resumed his literary work and published his Tu::enty l' cars of Congress, in 2 volumes, and in JA}U:S GILLESPIE BLALXE. 1888 positi,-ely deelined the use of his name for a renomination, but received some votes nevertheless. President Har- rison in 188D called him to his old port- folio in the Department of State. The salient points in his administration were the Pan-AnwrÍcan schemes and the doc- tl'Íne of reciprocity. Secretary Blaine Ruddenly resigned in 18!12, and was an nn- sueceRsful candidate for the nomination for President that year,. being defeated by Harrison. He died in ""ashington, D. C., Jan. 27, 18!J3. Blaine was ce1pbrat- eel for his personal "magneti m," aud af- ter 1876 was univeTsal1y known as the "Plumed Knight," a phrase applied to him hy Robert G. Ingersoll in nominating him for the rre id('nc.'T. Sf>e }')ROTECTIO'\. Oration OIl Pr('sirlcllt Garfìdd.-The fol- lowing is the concluding portion of :\1 r. Blaine's oration, deli,'ered before both Housps of Congress on Ft'b. 2ï, IS : BLAINE, JAMES GILLESPIE cism of "tatesmam;t)ip. llut he belieyed or of loss to others. Least of all men did that reneweù and clûser attention should he harbor re,.enge, rarely ùid he e, en he gÌ\'en to questions affecting the ma- show rebentuwnt, and malicc was not in terial interests and commercial prospects his nature. He was congenially emplo,yed of 50,000,000 people. lIe believed that only in the e change of good oflices and our continental relations, extensi,"e and the doing of kinùly deeds. umleHloped as they are, involved respon- There was not an hour, from the begin- sibility, and could be cuItimted into ning of the trouble till the fatal shot en- profitable friendship or be abandoned to tered his body, when the President would harmful inditl"ercnce or labting enmity. not gladly, for the sake of J"('storing- har- Hc believed with equal confidenec that an mony, ha'"e retraced any step he had taken ec:;sential forerunner to a new era of na if such retracing had mcrcly inHIlvcd con- tional progress must be a feeling of con- sequences personal to himself. . . . tentment in every section of the Union, The religious element in Garfield's ehar- and a generous belief that the hcnefits and aeter was deep anù earncRt. In his early l'unlens of government would be common youth he espou!"ed the faith of the nis- to all. Himself a conspicuous illustration ciples, a sect of that great Baptist eom- of what ability and ambition may do under nmnion which in ditl"erent C'ccIesiastieal republican institutions. he loved his eoun- cstahlishments is so numerous and so try with a pas ion of patriotic devotion, inlluential throughout all parts of the and every waking thought was gi\"Cn to her United States. . . . advancement. He was an American in all The liberal tendency which he antici- his a pirations, and he looked to the des- pated as the result of wider culture was tiny and influence of the United States fully realized. He was emancipated from with the philosophic composure of JetTer- mere sectarian belief, and with eager in- son and the demonstrative confidence of terest pushed his investigations in the di- John Adams. rection of modern progressive thought. Hc The political events which disturbed the foIloweù with quickening step in the paths rresident's serenity for many weeks before of exploration and speculation so fearless- that fateful dar in July form an impor- Iy trodden by Darwin, by I1u'\:ley. hy Tyn- tant chapter in his career, and, in his own daIl, and by other living scientists of the judgment, invoh'cd questions of principle radical and advanced type. His Own and of right which are vitally essential to Church, binding its disciples hy no formu- the constitutional admini tration of the Jated creed, but accepting the Old and federal government. It would be out of 1\ew Tef'-'taments as the word of God, with place here and now to speak the language unhiased JihC'ra.Jity of prÎ\ate interpreta- of controversy; Lut the events referred to, tion, favored, if it did not stimulate, the however they may ('ontinue to be a source spirit of im'esti ation. of contention with others, have become, The erownin dtaradcristie of GeneraJ so far as Garfield is eoncprned. as much a Garfield's reli ious opinions, as, indeed, matter of history a.s his heroism at of all his opinions, was his libprality. In Chickamauga, or his illustrion service in all thin s he had charity. Tolerance was the House. Detail is not needful, and per- of his nature. He respeeted in othel's the sonal antagoniRm Folmll not hC" rekindled qualities which he pos!o.e scd himself-sin- }J,v any word uttC"red to-day. The motives eerity of conviction and frankneFos of ex- of thosc opposing him are not to be herc preRsion. \Vith him the inquiry was not fldyersply intprpreted nor their course () much what a man hf'lieves. but does he harshly elJaracterized. nut of the dead b('lieve it? The lines of his fripndship and PreFoident this is to he said. and said he- llis eonfidC'nee encirded nwn of e\'f'ry erped, cause llis own speed) is forever silen('C'd and nwn of no creed, anll to the f'nd of and he can hp no more }ward (''(('C'pt his lifp, on his eYer -1C'ngtlwnin list of throngll the fideJity and Joye of c:;ur\-Î\-ing friC'nds, wC'rp to he founrl the nall1<'R of a friC'nds: from the beginning to the C'nd of pious Catholic priest and of an honest- the controversy he so much deplored, the mindpd and genC'l'Ous-heartpcl free-thinker. President was never for onp moment aetu- On the morning of Saturday. July 2, the ated by any mothe of gain to himself Presidpnt waoS a eontpnted and happy man 3GO BLAINE, JAMES GILLESPIE -not in an ordinary degree, but joyfully, may tell-what brilliant broken plans, almost bOJ'ishly happy. On his way to what baffled high ambitions, what sunder- the railroad station, to which he drove ing of strong, warm manhood's friend. slowly, in conscious enjoyment of the beau- ships, what bitter rending of sweet house- tiful morning, with an unwonted sense of hold ties! Bf'hind him a proud, expectant leisure and a keen anticipation of pleas- nation, a great host of sustaining friends, ure, his talk was all in the grateful and a cherished and happy mother, wearing gratulatory vein. He felt that after four the full, rich honors of her early toil and months of trial llis administration was tears; the wife of his youth, whose whole strong in its grasp of affairs. strong in life la in his; the little bOJ's not yet popular favor, and destined to grow emerged from childhood's day of frolic; thc stronger; that grave difiìculties confronting fair young daughter; the sturdy sons just him at his inauguration had been safely pringing into closest companionship, passed; that trouble lay behind him and claiming every day and every day reward- not before him; that he was soon to meet ing a father's love and care; and in his the wife whom he loved, now reeovering heart the eager, rejoicing power to meet from an illness which had but lately dis- all demand. Before him, desola,tion and quieted and at times almost unnerved great darkness! .And his soul was not him; that he was going to his Alma l\Iater shaken. His countrymen were thrilled to renew the most cherished associations with instant, profound, and universal sym- of his young manhood, and to exchange pathy. Masterful in his mortal weakness, greetings with those whose deepening in- he became the centre of a nation's love, en- tcrest had followed every step of his up- shrined in the praJ'ers of a world. But all ward progress from the day he entered the love and all the sympathy eould not upon his coHege course until he had at- share with him his suffering. He trod the tained the loftiest elevation in the gift of wine-press alone. "îth unfaltering front hi eountrymen. he faeed death. \Vith unfailing tenderness Surely, if happiness can ever come from lie took leave of life. Above the demoniac the honors or triumphs of this world, on hiss of the assassin's bullet he heard the that quiet July morning, James A. Gar- voiee of God. With simple resignation he field may well have been a happy man. No bowed to the divine decree. foreboding of evil haunted him: nor As the end drew near, his early craving f;]ightest premonition of danger clouded for the sea returned. The tately mansion his sky. His terrible fate was upon him of power had been to 'him the wearisome in an instant. One moment he stood ereet, hospital of pain, and he hpg-ged to be taken E>trong, eonfident in the years stretching irom its prison wans, from its oppressive, l)eacefully out before him. The next he stifling air, from its homelessness amI its lay wounded, bleed in/!, helpless, doomed to helplessness. Gently, silently. the love of wcary weeks of tmbue, to silence, and the a great people bore the pale sufferer to grave. the longed-for healing of the sea, to live Great in life, he was surpassingly great or to die, as Ood shculd will, within sight in death. For no cause, in the very frenzy of its heaving billows, within sound of its of wantonness and wickedness. by the red manifold voices. 'Vith wan, fevered face lumd of murder, he was thrust from the tcnd('rly Iift('d to the cooling breeze, he full tide of this world's interest. from its looked out wistfuHy upon the ocean's hopes, its aspirations, its vietorics, into changing wonders; on its far sails, whiten- the visible presence of df'ath-and he did ing in the morning light; on its restless not quail. Xot alone for the one short waves, rolling' shoreward to br(>ak and moment in whieh. !'.tunn('d and dazed, he die beneath the noonday sun: on the red could give up lif('. hardly aware of its re- clouds of evening, arehin low to the linquiRhment, but through days of deadly horizon; on the serme and shining path- languor, through weeks of agony. that was way of the stars. I.et us think that his not less agony hecause silently borne. with d ,ing eyes read a mystic meaning which clear sight and calm eourage. he looked only the rapt and parting soul may know. into his open gran. What blight and Let us belieye that in tIle silence of the ruin met his anguished eyes, whose lips receding world he heard the great wa'"es 361 breaking on a farther shore. amI felt al- r(-ad,y on his \\ asted brow the breath of the eternal morning. Blair, FRA CIS PRESTO , statesman; born in Abingdon, Ya., April 12, 1791; "as originally a supporter of Henry Clay, but became an ardent Jackson man in eon sequence of the agi ta tion over the H.\:\K OF TIlE U ITED :-iTATES (q, V.), and at the suggestion of the President estab- lished The Olobe in Washington, D. C., which was the recognized organ of the ]}emocratie party until 18-15, when Presi- dent Polk displaced him. The Spanish mission was otl'el"ed to 1\11'. Blair by tIle President, but refused. In 1804 his efforts led to the un!"atisfaetory peaee eonferenee of Feb. 3, 18ü.3. lIe died in Silver Spring. l\Id.. Oct. 18, 187û. Blair, FRAXCIS PRESTON, JR., military officer; born in Lexington, Ky., Feh. 19, lS2I; was educated at the ColJege of Kew Ten;ey. and took an actiye part in politics early in life. The FREE-SOIL PARTY (q. v.) at t. Louis elected him to a seat in Con- gTefis in 18.3G, and he acted and voted with the Republicans sc\"eral years. He joined the rnion army in 18GI, and rose to the rank of major-general of yolunteers. In 1 RIa he commanded a corps of Sherman's army in the campaign a;.rainst Atlanta, and in his march to the sea. Haying joined the Democratic party, he was its unsuccessful candidate for the YÏee-Pn'fii- deney in 18GS. In JanuaQ', 1871, he was ehosen L"nited State,; Senator. He died in t. Louis, Io.. .July 8. 187.3. Blair, lIEXRY "'ILLIA:\[, legislator; horn in Campton. N. H., Dec. 6. 1834; pn- listed in the 15th Xe\\" Hampshire Yolun- teers at the opening of the Civil War. and beeame lieutenant-colonel; was wounded at Fort Hudson. He was a memher of Congress in 1875-7n. and of the L"nited taÌl's Spnate in IR7!)-!H. He was the author of the famons miteracy bm whieh proposed to distribute $77,000,000 to t1lP :-;tates in proportion to their illiteraey. This bill was pa"sed hy tll(' Senate th1"l"e times. but failpd to heeomp a In\\'. Sl'n- ator nlair was appointp(} rnitpd Stab-", minister to China. hut resigned. as the Chinese go\"ernnwnt nhjPf'tp<1 to him he- eau e of hi!'! opposition to Chinese im- migTation to the L"nitpd States. Blair, JA:\[ES, educator; born in BLAIR land in Hì.ï6: was !';ent to VirO'inia as a missionary in WS,}; and in Hi!)2 ohtained the charter of \Yilliam and :ì\Iary Coll('O"c. of which he was the first president. H published The State of His J!ajesty's Colony in nr9inia, in Ii27. He died in \Yil1iamsburg, Va., Aug. I, Ii43. Blair, JOlIN, jurist; born in \\ïlliams- burg, Va., in l7:32; was (>ùucated at the College of William and :l\1ary; studicd law a t the Temple, London; l'>oon rose to the first rank as a lawJ'"er; was a memher of the House of Burgesses as early as 17G:J, and was one of the dissoh'ed Virginia As- s('mbly who met at the Haleigh Tavern. in the summer of 1774, and drafted the Yir- ginia non-importation agreement. He was one of the committee who, in June. 177ti. drew up the plan for the Virginia State gO\ ernment. anù in 1777 was elected a judge of the Court of Appeals; then ehief- justice, and. in Ii80, a judge of the High Court of Chancery. He was one of the framers of the national Constitution; and, in 178!), \Yashington appointed him a Judge of the L"nited States Supreme Court. He resigned his seat on the bench of that court in 17!Hì, and died in \\ïlliam!'lmrg, Va., Aug. :n, 1800. Blair, .J()II IxsT.EY. phi1antllropi!"t; born near Belvidere, N. J., Aug. 22, 1802; hecanlP a merchant and banker early in life. and in his latter ymrs was the in- diviùual owner of a greater amount of railroad property than any other man in the world. lIe loaned more than $1.oon.- 000 to the federal gm'ernmcnt in the earl ' part of the Chon War; built and endO\YPd the Presbyterian Acadpmy at Blair!'town, K. J., at a cost of more than $GOO.OOO; rehuilt Grinnell College, in Iowa: and erected Blair lIall for Prinee- ton rniversity. He was equally liheral to I afayette Col1ege. He is said to have built more than IOU ehurelws in \'ariOlH! parts of the "'est, and founded man ' vil- lages and towns along the lines of his many railroads. He died in Blairstown, N. .J.. Dec. 2, 18!}!). Blair, ::\r()XTr.o rFRY. stntpsman: horn in Franklin county. Ky., 1\ra ' 10, JRI3; was gnHlllatell at the (Tlliteù States 1\Tili- tar:,' _\I'(Hlpmy in ls:t"). (m<1 !"1-'l"\'PII a \\ hilp in thp II ArtillpQ' in Florilla, ag:lin!-ot thp f\pminole Indians. lIe resigned in 1836; Scot- becamc a practising law "er in St. Louis, 302 BLAK:E-13LAKEL Y Mo., in 1837; from 1839 to 1843 was lTnited State-:-; di:;triet attorney for the I\ish"ict of Missouri, and \\as judge of the t. Louis Court of Common Pleas from I R-t:l to IS4!J. I n I -1 he was Illa or of SL Louis. President Pierce appointed him solicitor to the Cnited States Court of Claims in 1833, but, becoming a Repub- liean, }'resident Buchanan remoyed him. [r. Blair was counsel for the plaintiffs in the famous DRED SCOTT CASE (q. 't'.). He was appointed Postmaster-General in March, 18Gl, and sel.....ed about three years. He died in Silver Spring, Md., July 27, 1883. Blake, HmlER CRAXE, nayal officer; 110rn in Cleveland, 0., Feb. 1, 18 ; en- tered the nayy as a midshipman in 18-10; was promoted lieutenant-commander in IBG , and in HW3, while in command of the llattfJra8, off Gah-eston, Tex., was or- dered to chase a suspicious vessel, which pl'Oved to be the Confederate cnlÏser Alabama. The Hatteras was no match for the cruiser, and Blake was obliged to surrender. "ïthin ten minutes of his Furrender the Hatteras went down. He died Jan. 21, 1880. Blake, LILLIE DEVEREUX U:USTEAD, re- former; born in Raleigh, N. C., in 183;). In 18G!J she became active in the woman suffrage movement, and was president of the Kew York State Woman Suffrage As- sociation for many years. She first mar- ried Frank G. Quay rmstead (died in 1859), and then in 18GG Grenfill Blake (died in 189G). Her writings include HOlltll1wlcl; Rockford,- Fettered for Life,- lroman's Place To-day, a reply to Dr. Morgan Dix's Lenten Lectures on .Women, etc. In 1901 she was president of the Civic and Equality rnion. the Reindeer. For this exploit Congress Blake, WILLIA:\{ PUIPl"S, mineralogist; ....oted him a gold medal. Capturing the born in New York, June 1. 18:W: was brig .-1t1anta on Sept. 21, that ws el J!raduated at Yale Seientific School in was sent to Savannah, and brought 18;)2. He was the geologist and mim>ral- the laRt intelligence of the lrasp. It ogist for the United States Pacific Rail- is suppos(>d Fhe foundered in a gale, road expedition in 18:>3; edited the Milling s no tidings were eyer heard of her after- JIWlazine in lR;)!)-GO: and afterwards en- wards. gageù in mining, enginpering. and explora- Blakely, BATTLE OF. E\Ter since tion. In 18G-1 he became Profps or of Stpple's arrival from Pensacola Blakely Mineralogy and Geology in the College of had been held in a state of siege. By the California. In 1UOI he was director of fall of Spani:;;h Fort, water communica- the School of linps in thp Lni\TPI"sity of tion bpt\wen Blakely and Mohile l\ad h('pn A1"Ì7.ona,and also Territorial geologist. He cut off. It was dpfpt\lINI hy ahati:;;. ('!tN'- has been hlentifipd with the great inter- aux-d('-fr1Re, and t\)rpPlllws, :md had a 3G3 national expositions since 1833. He is the author of Ueolu!1;ml RceOlllloissoll('c of ('aliforll;(L; ,'-;ilnT-Uns aud , ;lt"e,.- U ines; Ceramic .-1rt uud mass ' Life of Captain J Ollfl tlwn JI ix, etc. Blakeley, JO!l STO , nand officer; born at Seaford, Down, Irelanù, in Oc- tober, 1771; \\as educated at the "Cniver- sity of Xorth Ca.rolina, and entel"ed the navy, as midshipman, Feb. 5, 1800. He was made lieutpnant in IS07, master-com- mander in 1813, and captain in IH14. He commanded the brig Enterprise in protecting the American coast-trade. In AUgURt, 1814, he was appointed to the command of the Wasp, which captured ... ) It f \ì" 1 M \" A.l 't j " I I '\ JOHNSTOY BLAKELEY. BLANCO-BLAND ditch in the rear of these. In front of these Canby formed a strong line of bat- tle, Hawkins's negro troops being on the right, the divisions of Ycatch and An- drews in the centre, and Garrard's division on the left. On Sunday afternoon, April H, 18G':;, when the assault began, a heavy thundcr-storm was gathering. There was a fierce struggle with obstacles in front of the fort. The whole Xationalline partici- patC'd in the assault. Great guns were making fearful lanes through their ranks. T mpests of grape and canister from the armament of the fort made dreadful havoc. At length the colored briga le were ordered to carry the works. They sprang forward with the shout, " Uemember Fort Pillow!" They went over the Confederate embank- ments, scattering everything hdore them. The vietory for the Nationals was com- plete. The struggle had been brief but very severe. The Nationals lost about I,Of)O men; the Confederates, ;'00. The strong regrets on UJ{' appalling disaHter. spoils were nearly forty piC'ces of artillery, After the United States made the declara- 4.UOO small-arms, sixteC'n battle-flags, and tion of war, he assumed command of all a vast quantity of ammunition. troops and military operations on the Blanco, RA}IO Y AUENAS, military island. It has been statC'd that it was officer; born in San Sebastian, Spain, in by his impcrati\ye commands, snpported by 1833; entered the army as a li('utenant in ord(>rs from Madrid, of a similar tenor, ]85;); was made a captain in 18;)8; and that AmnRAL CEm"ERA (q. v.) made the in the war with Ran Domingo gained pro- unsuccessful attcmpt to escape from San- motion to Jieutenant-colone1. In lR!>4- 1)(' tiago Harbor with his flect. After the was sent to the PhiJippineR as gov(>rnor- surrender of the Spanish army at Santi- eneral of the province of Mindanao. His ago, Blanco asked to he reliC'ved of his career in the Philippines was charactC'rÏzcd command, on the ground that having by acts of extreme cruelty. For his sC'r- urged the Cuhans to maintain the war, it vice there he was appoint d a marshal in would he difficult for him to IJI'('lmre tJlC'm lR05. Unahle to queII the r('hellion in the for the conditions involv('d in the protocol islands, he resignC'd his officC', and. return- of pC'ace. His J"{.signation was aeeC'pted, ing to Spain, was a!"signed to the com- fmcl the duty of formally transf(>rring manf] of t)J(' Army of tIle North, HC'tllerC' Cuba to the protC'ction of the rnit('ca1l1<' a earJi('st acts aft('r assuming authority fine pIa o;;si (':tl scholar. and was an ora('l(' there was a reluC'tant f1('quipsC'C'n('(> in t1w touehin tllP rights of the colonies. HC' desire of thp p('oplp of tl)(' rnit('d RtatC's. -wa a nwmhC'r of the H011!"C' of BnrgC'!"se!'l as ðpressed hy tJwir CongrC'ss, to proyj(le from lï-t:) until his dpath-a pC'riod of the reeoncC'ntrados with food. clothing. tJlirty-one 'Nl.r ; aIlll lIP was one of th(' and mpdical RlIpplies. Presid('nt 1\1C'I<:1n- most aetiV<' of its patriotic nlf'lIIhC'rs. Tn ley appoint('d a ('entral Cuhan R(']jcf Com- 17i4 hp was a dC'I('!!ate in OJ(' ('ontinpntal mittee to rai!"C' funds for purchasing the CongJ"l'ss, hut deelin('d to serve the n('xt various articles needed, and these w('re year. In 17GG he puhlislwd one of the 2G-t forwarded to the island and distributed under the direction of Cl:ua. Darton. "'hen the Jlaine was blown up in the haruor of Havana, Blanco sUllllllunel{ the troops and firemcn of the city to aid in the rescue of the survivor::>, and expressed --- w ,, .. . -- : ! (), , , iv ' d \J". ._ · ,- .); >; I 'ii;' . ... .... - - I I 111"1' fJ.". ... J.-J" .... , ., RUlON Y ARE;\AS ßLAYCO. BLAND-BLEDSOE ablest tracts of the time, entitled An In- passed by the House of Representatives in quiry into the Rights of the British Colo- 1877. It was the culmination of a long nies. lIe died in Williamsburg, Va., Oct. agitation in and out of Congress for the 26, 1776. free and unlimited coinage of silver by all Bland, RICHARD PARKS, lawyer; born the mints in the United States, and the near Hartford, Ky., Aug. HI, 1833; re- bill originally provided simply for such eeived an academic education, and later coinage. The coinage of the silver dol- settled in Nevada, beginning the practice lar had been abandoned since its demon- of law in Virginia CitJ'. Remodng to ctization by an act of Congress in 1873, Missouri, he practised law in Rolla in and the leading bimetallists were anxiuus 186.>-üD, and then at Lebanon. He was a to ha\"e it restored and placed on an equal- member of Congress in 1873-95, and from ity with the gold dollar as a standard of lSU7 tm his death; and was the recog- ,alue. Under the provisions of the Bland nized leader in the House of the free-silver bill these objects were expected to be ac- moyement. At the National Democratic complished. When, however, the bill was Convention in lSU6 he receind lllany votes sent to the Senate, it received a tTeatment for the Presidential nomination, which was directly opposite to its original purpose, ultimately given to \VILLIAM J. BRYAN because the clause pruviding for the free (q. v.). 1\11'. Bland was the author of the and unlimited coinage of sih er was strick- free-sih"er coinage bill, which afterwards en out; but the bimetallists in the Senate became known as the Bland-Allison act. succeeded in amending the bill to the ex- He died in Lebanon, Mo., June 15, 1899. tent that the Secretary of the Treasury See BLAXD SILVER BILL. should be directed to purchase monthly Bland, TUEODOInC, military officer; not less than $ .OOO,OOO and not more born in Prince George county, Va.., in than $4,000,000 worth of silver bullion. 1742; was, hy his maternal side, fourth The quantity purchased should be paid for in descent from POCAIlOlWAS (q. v.), his at the market price of the metal; should mother being Jane RoHe. John Randolph be coined into standard silver dollars; and was his nephew. He l"eceiwd the degree these should be recognized as un1imited of l\{,D. at Edinhurgh, returned home in legal tender for an debts. The measure was 1 i6-t, and practised medicine. Bland led adopted fly both Houses; was vetoed by volunteers in opposing Governor Dunmore, President Hayes. and on Feb. 28,1878, was and puhlished some Litter letters against passed over his veto by a vote of 106 to that oflicer oyer the signature of .. Cas- 73 in the House, and of 46 to If) in thc sius." He became captain of the 1st Senate. The act remained in force till Troop of \ïrginia cavalry, and joined the 1800, when the obligation to purchase and .nain Continental army as lieuteuant- coin the silver metal was repealed by what colonel in 1771. Brave, vigi1ant, am] judi- is known as the Sherman act. See AL- cious, he was intrusted with the command LJSON, \Yn.J.IAM BOYD; SIIERl\IA , Jou . of Burgoyne's captive troops at Alhcmarle Blatchford, SA:\HTEL, jurist; born in Barracks in Virginia; and was member of New York City. l\Iarch 0, 1820; justice of the Continental Congress in 1780-83. In the United States :-\upreme Court, lRR2- the legislature and in the convention of !15. Hp died in :Kewport, R. I., July 7, llis State he opposed the adoption of the 18!>3. national Constitution; but represented Bledsoe, ALßEBT TAYLOR, educator; \ïrginia in the first Congress held under born in Frankfort, Ky., :Kov. 9, 180!); it, d ing while it was in scssion. Colonel graduated at West Point in 1830, and Blanù waR a popt as we]] as a. soldier and served in the army about two years, when patriot. The Bland PaJ>rrs, containing he reRigned; appointed a colonel in the many valuable memorials of the Revolu- Confederate army in 1861, and soon made tion, were edited and published hy Charles Assistant Secretary of War. In 1863 CampbeH in lR-tO-43. He died in New he Wl'nt to :England and did not re- Y01'k Citv. .Tune 1. 1790. turn until 18ß6. Among his writings Bland'Silver Bill, the original title of are [8 nm'is a Traitor'! [,ib('1"t!l and Rla- a notable financial measure drawn up by 1'(ry, etc. He died in Alexandria, Va,. Representative Richard P. Bland, and Dec. 8, 1877. 365 :BLENKER-BLIND Blenker, Lours, milita,ry olficer; born in \VorIns, Hessc-Darmstadt, Germany, July 31, 1812; was one of the Bavarian Legion, raised to accompany King Otho to Greece. In l848-4U, he became a leader of the re,'olutionists, and finally fled to Switzerland. Ordered to leave that coun- try (September, 1840), he came to the tTnited tates. At the beginning of the Ci\ il "Tar he raised a regiment, and, early in July, 1861, was put at the head of a brigade, chiet1JT of Germans. In the Army of the Potomac he commanded a division for a while, which was sent to western Virginia, and participated in the battle of CROSS KEYS (q. v.). He dif>d in Rock- land county, N. Y., Oct. 31, 18ü3. Blennerhassett, HAmIAN, scholar; born in Halllp l1Ïre, England, Oct, S, 1 iG4 or 1765; was of Irish desccnt; educated at the University of Dublin; studied law and pl'aeti:5f'd there; and in 1 iUG married ::\lar- garct Agnew, granddaughter of General -\gnew, who was killed in the battle at Germantown, 1 ïil. He was a rcpublica in principle, although his family COIlllC'C- tions were all )'o.Yali"b. lIe sold hi:o: " ... ",' L . ' " ', t' . ,. ff .l. 1 .." · l' -=m:-.- \ . 11cf)-r- =- -', ;. 11' J .' , :t. ;;'" ., I\:!::. -:-..;...... - ' . . H. sett and his wife became fugitives in lROi. He was prosecuted as an accomplice of Jhur, but was discharged. Then he be- came a cotton-planter near Port Gibson, liss., but finallJ' lost his fortune, and, in 1819, went to :Montreal, and there began the practice of law. In 18 , he and his wife went to thc \Vest Indies. Thence they returned to England, where Bien- nerhassett died, on the island of Guern- sey, Feb. 1, 1831. His widow came back to the United States to seek, from Congress, remuneration for their losses; but, while the matter was pending, she died (184 ) in the city of ew York, and was Imripd in the family plot of Thomas Addis Emmett. See ill. RR, AAROX. Blind, EnrCATlON OF THE. Prior to li84 there were no institutions in the world where the blind could b cducated. In that ycar the first school was fouud- ed in Paris, hr Yalentine Ilaiiy, aud boon after simiJar institutions were organ- ized in England and othcr J.:uropean coun- tries. The first school for the blind in the rnited States was established in Roston in IR !J, by an act of the State legislaturC'. . , o . , "'-.L. . '. -_A- . ,. , ; $rð of ) , ." IILKJII ERIIASS..TT'8 ISLA V IU:SID.'XCE. - ..."....-.... -!L...-' .':.". ;i' (\ ""k - estates in England in lï!Hì, and came Since then schools of the same charactcr to America ",ith an ample fortune. He have heen instituted in nparly every Statc. purcha ed an i ]and in the Ohio Iliver, The pioneer workprs in thi!'! field ,wre J\{'arly opposite Marietta, Imilt an elegant Howe, Chapin, Williams, Wait, UUle, mansion, furnished it luxuriantly, and Lord, Huntoon, Morrison, and \nagnos. there he and his accomplished wife were The "Lnitcd States gonrnment has {'x- li\-ing in happiness and eontpntnwnt, sur- tendcd large aid to promote the educa- rounded bv hooks. philosophical apparatm , tion of the hlind. In 'larch. 18jli, ('on- piptures, and otJlPr Ilwan<; for intp11('(.t- greRR ]1:1SS('I} an aet appropriating ual culture. when Aaron Burr elltprpi! that $ ;jn.nno for a }I('rpptual fund, UH' in- ra raeJis<" a ncl tf'mpÜ'cl and ru inf'l} its t f'rpst of "hid. waR to !lp uspcl to purrohasf' l1\\,p11('rs. A mol. of miJitianwn laid tlw suitah]p hooks and apparatus for dbtrihll- island waste, in a degree, and Blcnnerhas- tion among the various schools for the :j66 .. BLISS-BLOCK ISLAND hlind. The following is an official summary he made a successful vo 'age to )lanhat- (If the statistics of schools for the blind at tan (now Kew ìork) 13ay, taking back the close of the school ,year 1808-!.H): The to Amsterclam a ca rgo of rich furs. In total number of schools reported was 3(j. Hil-t he bought a lUerchant ship, the Tiger, The total number of instrudors was 3!):J and again ,isitcd .l\Ianhattan. The Tigrr -male, 137; female, 'Z3(j in music, 12i; was accidentally dC Ìl'oYl'd by lire, but and in the industrial departments, 1 . with his crew he made a yacht, n.uued The total number of pupils reported was the Unrest, and with this ex:plored ad- 3,liG5-male, 1,8nS; fema,le, 1,7fi7; in kin- jacent waters. He was the first European dérgarten departments, 417; in vocal IllU- to sail through Hell Gate, and he difiCOV- Hie, 1,738; in instrumental music, 1,707. ered the rivers now known by the names In the industrial department the total of Housatonic and Connecticut. The lat- number of pupils was 1,024. The total tel' he explored as far as the site of Hart- number of volumes in the libraries was ford, and still pushing east discovered 93,262. The value of scientific apparatus Block Island, which was named for him. was $100,610; and the value of grounds After reaching Cape Cod he left tq.e Un- and buildings was $G,334,30i. The total ?'Cst, and returned to Holland on one of the ðpen iture for support was $1,065.437. ships which had sailed with him on his Bliss, ZEXAS RAXDALL, military offi- westward cruise. eel'; born in Johnston, R. I., April 17, Block Island, En:l'iTS AT. In lG36, 1833; graduated at "'('fit Point in IS31; JOIl OLDIIA l (q. v.) was trading in a reached the rank of major-general in \'essel of his own along the shores of 1897; and was retired in the same year. Connecticut, and near Block Island he was He commanded the northern defences of attacked by Indians of that island, and Washington in 1862; took part in the he and his crew were munlered. :F ill ed battle of Fredericksburg, the siege of with the barbarians, who did not know Vicksburg, the capture of Jackson, )fiss., how to manage rudder or sail, the vessel the Wilderness campaign, and after the was found drifting by .Tohn GaJJop, a 1\1as- war was Assistant Commissioner of Freed- sacJmsetts fishel'nH1I1, who had only a man men and Abandoned Lands. He died in and two boys with him. They gallantly 'Vashington, D. C., Jan. 2. 1000. attacked the> Indians, killed or drove tIlf'11l Blizzard, a storm noted for its high into the sea, and reeaptured the nssel- wind, extreme cold, and hard, sharp. fine the first naval fight on the New :Eng- crystals of snow. It appears first east of 'land coast. They found the dead body the Rocky Mountains on the plains of of Oldham on the deck, yet b]eeding-. Canada, and sweeps into the United States The Block Island Indians were alJies of through "'yoming, North Dakota, and the Pequods. and were protected by the Minnesota, but seldom pre, ails east of the latter. The murder of OJdham was a sig- Great Lakes, excepting when the ground nal for war. In August fiye small vessels, lias had a long coyering of snow. It is carrying about 100 men, under John En- a very dangerous storm, as the fine snow dicott, sailed from Roston to punish fiJIs the air and prevents anyone exposed the mock Island savages. His orders to it from seeing his way. In the hJizzard from the magistrates were to kill an that occurred in January, lSSS, extending the men. but to spare the women and from Dakota to Texas, 23:) persons pC'r- children. There were four captains in ished. On )1arch 11 - 14, 1888, a blizzard tl1P company. he<'al1se the J ndians in fight- raged throughout the Eastern States that ing usua]]y divided into sman squads, and will long be remembered. e\V York and it, was nC'cessary to attack t}WlU in likp Philadelphia suffered the most severely of detachments. One of these captains was all the cities in its path. At one time the the famous John "CnderhilJ. (See PEQroD !mow-laden wind blew at the rate of 46 IXDIAN"s.) Endicott's party landed in a miles an hour. Streets and rai]roads were hpavy surf, and in the face of a shower of hlocked, telegraph-wires were blown down, arrows, but only one Englishman was and many lives were lost. wounded. The Indians fled into the in- Block, or Blok, ADRIA EN, navigator; terior of the island. EYerything' well- born in Amsterdam, Holland. In 1610 ings, crops, and the simple furniture of 367 BLOCKADE the Indians-was destroJed. The iHland \essels b('gan depredations on the eoast was completely desolated. Endicott could of Massachusetts, under an order issued 110t find the Indians to kill them, hut he l(>ft by Admiral Cochrane to "destroy the them in a condition to starve to death. seapurt towns and devastate the country." Blockade. In May, 1813, the British At Wareham, on lluzzard's llay, they de- proclaimed a formal blockade of New stroyed vessels find other property vahH'd York, the Delaware, Chesapeake Bay, at $40,000. In the same month fifty Charleston, Savannah, and the mouth of armed men in five large barges entered the )lississippi. On June 11, the United the Sa co River, l\faine,and destroycd prop- Rtates, Jl(lrrdonian, and Hornet, under erty to the amount of abuut $20,000. Kew the command of Decatur, blockaded in the Bedford, and Fair Haven opposite, were harhor of New York, attempted to get to threatened by British cruisers. Eastport sca through the East River and Long IsI- and Castine, in Maine, were captured hy and Sound, but ofT the Connecticut shore the British. In July, 1814, Sir Thomas they were intercepted by a British squad- l\I. Hardy sailed from Halifax with a con- ron and driven into the harbor of New siderable land and naval force, tu execute London. The militia were called out to the order of Cochrane. The eountry from protect these vessels, and the neighbor- Passamaquoddy Bay to the Ppnobscot hood was kept in constant alarm. The Rinr speediJy pass('d under British rule, British blockading- squadron, commanded and remained so until the close of the hy Sir Thomas Hardy, consisted of the war. After capturing Eastport, Hard)' flag-ship Ramillics, of the Orphcus, Yal- Railed westward, and threatened Ports- iant, Acasta, and smaHer vessels. The mouth and other places. An attack on connnander-in-chief had won the respect Boston was confidently expected. It was of the inhabitants along the ('Oast because almost defenceless, and offered ft rich prize of his honorable treatment of them. The for plunder. There ships were built for blockade of New London Harbor continued the war; hut when real danger appeared, twenty months, or during the remainder the inhabitants were aroused to intense of the war. In the Hpring of 1814, an action in preparing defences. All classes hopes of their being able to escape having of citizens might be s('en with implements faded, the United Statrs and JIacedonian of labor working daily in casting up for- were dismantled, and laid up just below tifications on Noddle's Island. Informed Norwich, while the llonwt,after remaining of these preparations and the enthusiasm in the Thames about a year, slipped out of the people. Hanly passed by and took of the harbor and escaped to New York. a position off the coast of Connecticut, On April 25, 1814, Admiral Cochrane where he proceeded, with reluctance, to declared the whole coast of the United exeeute Coehrane's crucl order. He bom- States in a state of blockade. On June hanled STOXIXGTON (q. v.), hut was re- 20 the President of the United States pulsed. His squadron layoff the mouth issued a proclamation declaring the bloek- of the Thames when the news of peace ade proclaimed by the British of the came. See SEW LO:\'DoN. whole coast of the Unit(>d States, nearly In the opening months of the Civil 2.000 miles in extent, to be incapahle "Tar, the Confederates planted cannon on of heing carried into effect by any ade- the Virginia shores of the Potomac Hiver, quate force actually stationed for the at various points, to interrupt the navi- purpose. It d(>clared that it formed no gation. One of these redouht!'! was at lawful prohihition or obstacle to such l\fatthias Point, a hold promontory in neutral or friendly vessels as might ùe- King G('orge county. Ya., and commanded Hire to visit and trade with tIle Fnited the river a short time. The point was States; and all pirates, arm('d vessels, 1,C'avily wooded. Capt. .T. n. Ward, with or letters. of - marque and reprisal were his flag-ship Preeborn, of the Potomac flo- warned not to interfere with or molest tma, was hf'low this point whf'n he heard any Yessels, bdonging- to neutral powers, of the ConfC'df'rates heing husy in f'reC'ting bound to any port or place within the a battery there. He procure,l from Com- jurisdiction of the United States. modore Howan. of the Pawnce, then lying Early in June, 1814, British blockading off Aquia Creek, two companies of ma- 3lì8 BLOCKADE-RUNNERS rines, in charge of Lieutenant Chaplin. Ward had determined to land there, de- nude the point of trees, and leave no shel- ter for the Confederates. On the morning of June 27, ISüI, Chaplin and the ma- rines, under cover of a fire from the ves- sels, landed, and soon encountered the pickets of the Confederates. Captain Ward accompanied Chaplin. A bod)' of about 400 Confederates was seen approaching, when Ward hastened back to the Free- born, and the marines took to their boats. They return- ed, but were called off be- cause the number of the Confederates was over- whelming. A Rph'ited skir- mish ensued between the Confederates on shore and the Nationals on their ves- sels. While Captain Ward was managing one of his cannon, he was mortally wounded in by running the blockade of Southern ports. the abdomen by a Minié bullet from These vessels carried arms, ammunition, the shore. He lived only forty-five min- and other supplies to the Confederates, utes. His was the only life lost on the and receiYed in exchange cotton and to- "Fnion side on that occasion. Captain bacco. Enormous profits were made for \Vard was the first naval officer killed dur- the owners of these vessels when a suc- ing the war. His body was conveyed to cessful voyage was accomplished; but so the navy-yard at Brooklyn, where, on the many of them were captured by the block- North Carolina, it lay in state, and was ading fleets, destroyed, or wrecked, that then taken to Hartford, where imposing it is believed their losses were greater fun(!Tal ceremonies were performed in the in amount than their gains. The number Roman Catholic cathedral. of blockade-runners captured or destroyed In September, 1861, General McClellan during the war by the National navy was ordered to co-operate with the naval was 1,504. The gros!'; proe'peds of the force on the Potomac River in removing property captured and condemned as law- the blockade, but he failed to do so; and ful prize, before Nov. 1 following the it was kept up until the Confederates close of the war, amounted to nearly $22,- voluntarily ahandoned their position in 000,000. This sum was subsequently in- front of \Yashington in IRG2. See creased by new decisions. The value of CIlARLESTO . R. C.; 'IOßILE, ALA.; SAVAN- the vessels captured ami destroyed (1.14!) NAIl, n1\..; \VIUII GTO , N. C. captured and 3:>5 destroyed) was not less On April 22, 18!)8, President l\IcKinley than $7,000,000, making a total loss, proeIaimed a blockade of all ports on the chiefly to British owners, of at least $ O.- north coast of Culm, between Cardenas 000,000. Besides, in consequence of the and Bahia Honda (Havana being about remissness in duty of the British govern- midway hctween the Ì\\o} , and of the ment in permitting piratical vessels to be port of Cienfu<'gns, on the south coast, built and furnished in the realm for the and kept a strong naval force there to Confederate's, that government was com- enforce it. Se'c BEHLIN DECREE, TIlE; pelled to pay, in the form of damages to CFRA; OrmERR IN COUNCIL. American property on the fieas, $15,500,- Blockade-Runners. The British gov- 000 in gold. See ARBITRATION, TRIBUNAL ernment professed to be neutral when OF. 1.-2 A 3ü9 the Civil \Var in the United States broke out, but the Confederates were permitted to have privateer vessels built and sup- plied in Great Britain, while swift-sailing British merchant steam-vessels, built for the purpose, were permitted to carryon an extensive trade with the Confederates !Ii..... - .." . - -I ' \ .... - - . - WI;I . Ð - ..... ØF- - --- - - -- A COXFEDERATE BLOCKADE-RDI:\ER. BLOCKS OF FIVE-BLOUNT Blocks of Five, a political phrase Falls, N. Y., in 1840; and began tIle which originated in the United tates puhlicatioll of 'l'hc Lily, ùc\"ut d to in the Presiùential campaign of 1888. It womau's rights, lH'ohibition, etc.. ill 18.!!). was alleged that the treasurer of the 1\J r. and 1\1rs. Bluolller mond to Council l epublican National COlUmittee had writ- BIutl's, la., in 1 H.");), amI she th(,ll lect- tell a letter to the chairman of the lndi- ured in the principal cities of the COUIl- ana State Committee, with the reeom- try. She rccommended and wore a sani- mendation that he secure "floaters in t:uy dress for women which became known blucks of five." This was interpreted as the Bloomer eostume, although it was to mean the bribing of voters at whole- originated by :i\Irs. Elizabeth :Smith :\Iiller. sale rates. The managers of the Demo- It consisted of skirts reaching just below cratic party widely circulated the letter the knee and Turkish trousers. She died before the election. A suit for libel was in Council muffs, la" Dec. 30, 18Ð4. afterwards instituted, but was never :Bloomfield, JOSEPH, military officer; pressed. born in Woodbridge, N. J.; was a law stu- Blodget, LORIN, physicist; born in dent when the war for independence broke Jamestonn, N. Y., :May 25, 1823; was out, wIlen he was made a captain, and educated at Hobart College; appointed entered the service of the patriots, serv- assistant in the Smithsonian Institution ing until the end of the war. Then he in charge of researches on climatology, in had attained the mnk of major. After 1851; and published The Climatology of the war he was attorney-general of Kew the United ";tates, in 1857, the most valu- Jersey; governor in 1801-12; brigadier- able contribution on that subject ever general during the War of 1812-15; mem- issued in this country. He was Pnited ber of Congress 1817-21; and was always ::-;tates appraiser-at-large in ISG.j-77. esteemed a sound legislator and a judi- His Commercial and Financial Resources cious leader. He died in Burlington, N. J., of the United States, issued during the Oct. 3, 1823. Civil War, was of great service to the Blooming Gap, SKIR:\IISII AT. Gen. F. government in sustaining the credit of 'V. Lander was sent, early in January, the Pnited States in Europe. He died 1862, to protect the Baltimore and Ohio in Philadelphia, Pa" March 24, HJOI. Railway. He had a wily and energetic Blodgett, HE RY \YILLIAMs, jurist; opponent in "Stonewall" Jacks(\n, who born in Amherst, Mass., July 21, 1821; was endeavoring to gain what the Con- educated at Amherst Academy; admitteù federates had lost in western Virginia, to the bar in 1844. He was a mem- and to hold possession of the Shenanùoah ber of tIle Illinois legislature in 1852-54; Valley. With about 4,000 men Lander a State Senator in 18;)0-6.>, and United struck Jackson at Dlooming Gap (Feb. States district judge in lSG!)-Ð . In 18Ð2 14), captured seventeen of his conunis!"ion- he was appointed one of the Gnited States ed officers, nearly sixty of llÏs rank and counsel to the Bering Sea arbitration file, and compelled him to retire. tribunal. lIe retired from the bench Blount, JAMES H., legislator; born in in 18U3. Macon, Ga., Sept. 12, 1837. He was eleet- Blood Indians. ee RLACI\:FEET. ed to Congress as a Demo('rat in 18ï2, and Bloody Angle. Ree GETTYSIwua. held his seat till 1803, when he declined Bloody Bill. Passed by Congress, ::\Iarch a renomination. At the conclusion of his 2, lR 3, to enforce the tariff of 1832, which last term the House sUApended its procee(l- :-;outh Carolina had declared null and void. ings that his a!'lsoeiates might formally Bloody Bridge. Ree l)O TJAC'S WAn. testify their appreciation of his worth. In Bloody Marsh, BATTLE OF. See GEOR- his last term he was chairman of the CIA. eommittee on for(>ign affairs, a pORt Bloody Shirt. A term used after the that gave him a wide knowledge of Ameri- Civil \Var to describe attempts to arouse can relations with other countries. In 1\orthern passions again t the South. :March, 1893, President Cleveland appoint- Bloomer, A:\IELJA JE KS, reformer; ed him a special commissioner to visit born in Homer, N. Y., :\Iay 27, 1818; Honolulu and report on the conditions married Dext r C. Bloomer, of Seneca which led to the overthrow of the king- 3;0 13LOUNT-:BL UE LAWS dom of Hawaii and the establishment of ish fleet in the harbor. This journey was an American protectorate over the islands. one of 72 miles in eÜent, and was wholly The first result of his investigations was within the enemy's lines. :For this suc- an order to remove the American flag from cessful achievement he was commended the government house, and for the with- by Rear-Admiral Sampson and the Secre- drawal of American marinE's from Hono- tary of the Kavy. lulu. These actions led to the resigna- :Blue-:Books, the popular designation of tion of )[inister Stevens, the appointment a collection of reports and other papers of :\1r. Blount to succeed him, and to a printed by order of the British Parlia- renewed agitation for the annexation of ment from time to time. In the United Hawaii, both in 'Yashington and in Hono- Etates the blue-book, issued by the gov- lulu. "'hen his mission was aCCOlll- enUllent, contains lists of all persons in plished, l\Iinister Blount returned to is the employment of the government in the home and resumed the practice of law. civil, legp.l, military, and naval depart- He di d in :Macon, Ga., larch 8, l!}03. ments. These books are so called because See HAWAII. of the color of their cover. :Blount, 'YILLIA1I, statesman; born in :Blue Hen, a cant or popular name for Korth Carolina, in 174-1; was a delcgate the State of Delaware. Captain Caldwell, to the Continental Congress in 1782-83, of the 1st Delaware Regiment in the Revo- 1786, and 1787; and wa s a member of the lution, was a bra Ye and very popular om- convention that framed the national Con- cer, and noted for his fondness for cock- stitution. In 1700 he was appointed gov- fighting. When officers were sent to his em or of the territory south of the Ohio. State to get recruits for the regiment. it (See NORTHWESTER TERRITORY.) He was was a common remark that they had gone president of the convention that formed for more of Captain Caldwe]]'s game- the State of Tennessee in 1706, and was eocks. The captain insisted that no cock chosen the first United States Senator could be truly game unless the mother from the new State. Rlount was impeach- was a blue hen; and the expression" Blue ed in 1707 by the House of Representa- Hen's Chickens" was sub!;tituted for tives, charged with ha\ing intrigued, while game-cocks, and finally applied to the territorial goycrnor, to transfer Xew Or- whole Delawal"e line. leans and neighboring districts (then be- :Blue Laws, the name giycn to the first longing to Spain) to Great Britain by collection of laws framed for the govern- means of a joint expedition of Englishmen ment of the Connecticut colony. They and Creek and Cherokee Indians. He was were published, in collected form, in 16;;0, expe]]ed from the S<,nate, and the procf'ss and issued in hlue-paper covers. From was discontimIf'd in the House. His popn- this fact they derind thc nau1P of blue larity in Tcnnpssee was in{'reased by these laws. They contained rigid enactments proceedings, and he became, by the voice against every social vice, as well as for of the people, a State Senator and presi- social regulations, and reycaled the stern- dent of that bod '. He died in Kno"\..ville, ness of the Puritan character and morals. Tenn., l\Iarch 21, 1800. Copies of these laws found their way to :Blue, VICTOR. naval officer; born in England, where they first receh-ed the Marion, S. C., DeC'. 6, 186!); entered the name of "blue laws." After the restora- "Cnited States Naval Academy, Sf'pt. 6, tion of Charles II. the word blue was ap- 1883; was an assistant engineer in 1880- plied to rigid moralists of {'ycry kind, es- !ì2; then promoted to ensign; served on pccially to the Presbyterians. Butler, in the Alliance and Thetis; and was as- Jl udibras, sa rs: signed to duty at the :Kaval Academy, .. For bls rellg-Ion It was writ. Sept. 28, 18fJ6. '''hen the war with Spain To match his learning- and his wit, hroke out he was promoted to lieutenant, 'Twas Presbyterian true blIlC," and onlf'red to the gunboat RIlII:n)1rc. On To ridicule the Puritans of Nf'w England, .June I], lRfJ8, 11(' was lanùpd at Af'erra- a series of ridiculous enactments, falsely de)'os, Cuha, made his way to the top of purporting to he a seledion from the blue a hill oYl'rJooking Santiago Harhor, and laws. were promulgatf'd, and gained gf'll- definitely located ..\dmiral Cervera's Span- eral belicf, 37! BLUE LICK-BOARD OF STRATEGY Blue Lick. ee TIm TILUE LICK. aIry, supported b)' a small force of in- Blue Lights. In Decemher, 1813, the fautry, was thell at Uull's Gap. The cav- Maccdonian and llornet were blockaded in aJry pressed forward to Blue Springs, New London Harbor. Decatur was anx- where the Confederates were cOlllmanded ious to run the blockade, and might have by Gen. S. Jones, After a desultory fight accomplished it but for the mischievous, for about twenty-four hours (Oct. 10 and if not treasonable, conduct of a section II, 18(3) the Confederates broke and fled, of the ultra-Federalists known as the leaving their dead on the field. They PEACE PARTY (q. v.). He had fh..cd on were pursued and struck from time to Sunday evening, Dec. 12, for making an time by General Shackleford and his cav- attempt to run the blockade. The night aIry, and driven out of the State. The was very dark, the wind was favorable, pursuers penetrated Virginia 10 miles be- and the tide served at a convenient hour. yond Bristol. In the battle of Blue When all things were in readiness and he Springs the Nationals lost about 100 men was about to weigh anchor, word came in killed and wounded. The Confederate from the "row-guard" of the blockaded loss was a little greater. vessels that signal-lights were burning on Board of Ordnance and Fortification, both sides of the river, near its mouth. a body of officers under the jurisdiction of The lights were blue, and placed in po- the Secretary of War and assodated with sition by treasonable men to warn the the ordnance department, charged with British blockaders of Decatur's final move- the execution of duties indicated in the ments. There were Peace-men in almost title. every place in Xew England, who did all Board of Strategy, in the United they could to embarrass their government States, a body of expert officers in the in its prosecution of the war. So betray- army and navy who, in co-operation with ed, Decatur gave up the design, and tried the bureaus of information of those e\ery means to discover the betrayers, but branches of the public service, pla-nned the without success. The Federalists denied operations on land and sea during the the fact, but the blue signal-lights had Amel'ican-Spanish War of 1808. These been seen by too many to make the denial boards were especially appointed as ad- of any effect. In a letter to the Secretary visors of the President, and th(> duties of the Kavy, Decatur wrote: "Notwith- they performed were similar to those dc- standing these signals have been repeated, volving upon what is known a-s the gen- and have been seen by at least twenty eral staff in Europe. With large, de- persons in this squadron, there are many tailed maps covering every inch of land in Kew London who have the hardihood to or water likely to be involved in any way affect to dishelieve it and the eITron- in the war, the boards first located with tery to deny it." The whole Federal markers the initial positions of armies, party, traditionally opposed to the war, squadrons, and minor forces, both Ameri- were often compelled to bear the odium ('an and Spanish, and the moment the of the bad conduct of the Peace faction. slightest change in any of these locations They had to do so in this case and for was made the change was indicated hy more tllan a generation; and long after the shifting of the markers. Hence the that organization was dissolved memhers boards could determine at any time the of that party were stigmatized with the rositive or a.pproximate location of any epithet of "Blue Light Fpderalists!' force. If the ch:mge by the enemy was Blue Ridge Mountains, a portion of one of Tital mmnpnt. warnings or fresh the Appalachian range. im:;trudions were sent to the command- Blue Springs, BATTLE AT. While ing oUicer directly concerned. The strat- Burnside's forces in east Tennessee were egy board could thus see at a glance the concentrating at Kl'\OXVILT.E (q. v.), they condition of the entire field of operations; had many encounters with the Confeder- while the local admiral or general was ates. One of these occurred at nIue r(' trictpd to his immediate em'ironment. Rprings, not far from Bu1l's Gap. There A closí' touch hptween the boards and a the Confederates had gathered in consid- di!"tant army or fle(>t enahled the latt<,r to erable force. A brigade of National cav- operate more intelligently and to grasp 372 BOARD OF WAR AND ORDNANCE-BOER quickly the meaning of sudden changes in deed, John Wesley records in his diary instructions. that noehler was the person through Board of War and Ordnance, a com- ,..hom he was brought to believe in Christ. mittee appointed_ by Congress, June 12, The [orayiau colony in Georgia was 1776, consisting of John Aùams, Roger broken up and removed to Pennsylvania. Shennan, TIenjamin Harrison, James '\'il- in 1740. He was consecrated bishop in son, and Edward Rutledge, with Richard 1748 and superintended the Ioravian 1'('ters as secretary. This board con tin- churches in _-\.merica in 17.33-64, when he u('d, with ehanges, until October, 1781, was recalled to Germany. He died in wlH'n JJenjamin Lincoln was appointed London, England, April 27, 1775. Secretary of 'Val'. Boer, a Dutch term meaning" farmer," Board on Geographic Names, a board giycn to the descendants of the Holland organized by the "Cnited States govern- emigrants to the Cape of Good Hope in ment in 1800 for the purpose of securing ]6.32. They gradually extended civiliza- lIlliform usage in regard to geographic tion over a wide territory. The British nomenclature and orthography throughout acquired the settlement in 170(j as a fruit tlw e"{pcutive departments of the govprn- of war. In 1803 it was restored to the ment and particularly on maps and charts Dutch, but in 1806 was again seized by i!"Hled by the various departments a.nd the British. In the Congress of Vienna bureaus. To it a.re referred all unsettlf'd ( ISH) Ho]]and formally ceded it to Great or disputf'd questions concerning the spel1- Britain. This settlement became known ing of ;!f'ographic names which ariRe in as Cape Colony. A large majority of the the ditrc'r<,nt departments, and the deci- l oers moved north in 1835-36, a number sions of the board are acceptpd by the de- sf'ttling in the region which afterwards partments as the standard authority in hecame known as the Orange Free State, such matters. The decisions of the board and the remainder in the present colony cover the speIIing of foreign place-names of Natal. The settlers in the latter re- as well as thoRe in the United States. In gion stayed tl1<'re until Great Britain took the present work the forms adopted by rossession of it in 1843, when they re- this hoard have hf'<,n followed. moy<,d farther north, and organized the Bobadilla, -FRANCISCO, a Spanish mag- I"outh African, or, as it has been generally istrate; was sent to Santo Domingo by called, the Transvaal, Republic. In 1877 Queen Isabella in 1500 to ascertain the the South \frican Republic was annexed condition of the Spanish colony there, so by the TIritish government; in 1880 the many complaints ùf the administration Boers tl1('re I'ose in revolt; in 1881 a peace of Columbus having reached her. Covet- was signed giving- the Roers limited self- ing the place of Columhus, l\obadi1la made governnlC'nt; and in lR84 another com"en- many unjust charges againRt him. He ar- tion reC'ognized tJ]f> in(lppf'ndpncf' of the rest<,d the illustrious man and spnt him J'<'}mlllic, subject to a British suzerainty to Spain in chains. But the soycreigns, restricted to the control of foreign affairs. satisfied that he was innocent, reinstated The war of 18f)!)-1001 hetwpen the South Columbus, recalled Bobadilla, and sent African Republic and the Orange Frf'e OVAJ.\"J)O (q. v.) to take his place. On his State on the one hand, anel Great Britain return homeward, Bohadilla was lost at on the other, resultf'd from the refusal of sea in a furious t<,mpest with many others the Boers to ace{'d(' to a number of British of the enemies of C'olumhus, together with claims whkh the HoerR held to be without the immense wealth which they were car- justification. In this war the Rof'], mili- rying away with them. in June, 1502. tary leaders, Joubert, Cronje, Botha, and :Boehler, PETER, clergyman; horn in De 'Vet displayed a skill in manæu- Franldort, Oermany, D<,c. :n, 1712; was vring- that "on the admiration {',"en of graduat<,d 1t .Tena. in 1 nô; ordained a tlwir oppon<'J1ts. The death of Toubert and Moravian minister in 1737; and was sent the sUJTf'n Dought .-the latter is the pstate which the" heirs of .\nnetje preaching to the Englh;ll residents there. Jansen Bogardus" have been seeking for The conduct of Bogardus had lwcome a many 'ears to recowr. BC'ing charged subject of remark in the Clas is of Am- before the Classis of Amsterdam with con- sterclam, and after the arrival of StI1Y- duct unbecoming a clergyman, Bogardus wsant (IG4ï) he resigned, and sailC'd fur \\as about to go thither to defend himself Holland in the same w!"sel with Kil'ft. on the arrh'al of Kieft, but the governor He, too, was dro" nC'd when the ves;;;el was and council determined to retain him for wrecked in Bl'istol Channel, S('pt. 2ï, the "good of souls." A daughter of Mr. lG-17. Dogardus hy his first wife ,vas married Bogardus, JA1IES, inyentor; born in in IG-12; and it was on that occasion that Catskill. N. Y., March 14, 1800; was ap- Governor Kieft procured generous suh- prenticed to a watch-maker in 1814, and scriptions for building a new church. At became skilled as a (lie-sinker and en- the wedding feast, "after the fourth or grayer. His genius as an inycntor was fifth round of drinking," he made a liheral first f'\een wlwn he made an ei ht-day, subscription himself to the church fund. three-wlweled chronometer clock, which and requested the other guests to do the was awarded the highC'st premium at the ame. All tile company. with" light heads first fair of the American Institutp. In and glad hC'arts," vied with each other 1R28 he produced tllf' "ring flier" for ill "subscrihing richly"; and some of cotton spinning; in 1831 devised an cn- them, after they returned home, "we1I re- gra' ing machine. He also made the tran!'>- pC'nted it," but were not excused. John fer machine for the produc.tion of bank- and Richard O dpJl. of Stamford, Conn., note plates from spparate dies. In 1832 were emploJ'eù to build the church. in he devised the first dry gas-I1wter, and in 3ït BOGGS-BOLLAN 1836 made it applicable to all current fluids by giving a rotary motion to the maehinery. In 1839 the British govern- ment otrered a prize to anyone who should submit the best plan of manufacturing postage-stamps, and from 2,600 designs that of lr. Bogardus was selected. In 18-17 he built a five-story factory in New York City entirely of cast-iron, which was the first of its kind in the United States, and probably in the world. This under- taking was so successful that it led him to engage in the business of building iron ,,,arehouses throughout the Cnited States. He died in New York City, April 13, 1874. Boggs, CHARLES STEWART, naval offi- eel'; born in New Brunswick, . J., Jan. 28, 1811; entered the navy in 1826; served on stations in the )'Iediterranean, \Y est Indies, the coast of Africa, the Gulf of Mexico, and the Pacifie Ocean. He was made lieutenant in 1837; promoted to com- mander in 1855; and in 18.38 was appoint- " f" " 1":/ ,1-':' t , ). t l 1 1# i-// \. /A . t"Î.t " JI ..:\ , _ A r / 1 /f -1; / . /./ :: / , CAPTAI:s" CHARLES STEWART BOGGS. ed light-house inspector on the Pacific coast. Placed in command of the gun- boat raruna, when the Civil 'Yar broke eut, he was with Admiral Farragut in the dc!'\perate fight on the )'Iississippi, near Forts Jackson and St. J)hilip. In that contest his conduct was admirahle for hran>ry and fortitude, Iff' was suhse- qu('ntly in command of variou:'! vessels on Ameriean and European stations, and was promoted to r('ar-admiral in .July, lRïO. He died in Xew 13runswick, April 22, 1888. Bogus Presidential Proclamation. See HOWARD, JOSEPH. Bohol, an island in the Philippine Ar- chipelago belonging to what is known as the Visayas, or Bisayas, group; hetween the larger islands of Luzon and ),[in- danao; east of Zebu, and a short distance southwest of Leyte; area about 1,300 square miles; estimated population, 2-1.3, 000. The island is believed to be rich in several minerals, especially gold, and the principal industry has been the growing of sugar-cane. The island has several im- portant towns and ports which were de- clared open to commerce by the American authorities, Dec. II, 18f>9. Boker, GEORGE HE RY, poet and dram- a tist; born in l>hi1adelphia, Pa., Oct. (i, 1823; was graduated at Princeton Col- lege in 1842; studied law, but did not en- gage in practice. After a tour in Europe he applied himself to literary work. In 1871 President Grant appointed him "Cnit- ed States minister to Turkey, and in 18ï.3 he was transfeITed to Russia. He re- turned home in 1879. His poetical works include The Lesson of Life; Plays and Poems; Poems of the lrar; Sf1"cet Lyrics ' and The Boo/.; of the Dcad; and chief among his dramatic works are ('alaynos ' A.nne Bolcyn ' Franccsco da Rimini ' The Widow's 1I arria!7c; and The Betrothal. He died in Philadelphia, Jan. 2, 1800. BoUan, 'YILLIA [, lawyer; born in Eng- land; came to America about 1740, and settled in Boston. He married a daughter of Governor Shirley, of :\Ias achusetts, ønd was appointed collector of customs at Salem and l\Iarblehead. In 1 ï 45 he was sent to England to solicit the reimburse- ment of more than $800,000 ad \"anced by "Massachusetts for the expedition against Cape Breton. He was successful; and be- came agent for :Massachusetts in 1 ïG2, hut was dismissed. Being in England in 1760, he obtained copies of thirty-three l('tters written by Goyernor nermn-d and General Gage. calumniating the colonists, amI sent them to l oston. For this act I\(' was df'n011ßCed in Parliament. He strongly rpcomnwndell tllP Bl'iti<;h gOYPrn- ment to pursue con('ilit-ttory measures tuw- ards the coloni;;ts in 1775; and in y,nious ways. in p('rson a]hl in writing,-he showecl his warm fri('n(lship for the AnJf'ri('aw . l\Ir. BoHan wrote several political pi1m- 375 BOMFORD-BOONE phlets relating to _\merican affairs; and in 17i -1 he presented, a::s colonial agent, a pe- tition to the King in council. He died in 1776. Bomford, GEORGE, milibn'y officer; born in Kew York, in 17S0; graduated at West J 'oint in ISO.); inh'oduced bomb cannon after a. pattern of his own, which were called columbiads. These cannon were afterwards developed hy JOII .\. DAHL- GHE (q. v.). He became chief of orrl- nance May 30, 1832, and from Feb. [, 18-1 , till his death was inspector of arsenals, ordnance, arms and munitions of wa... He dicd in Boston, l\Iu::ss., l\IaI"ch 5, 18-18. Bomford, JA fES V., military officer; horn on Governor's Islalu], K. Y., Oct. 5, 1811; son of George Bomfon1; was gradu- ated at We::st Point in 18 2; brevetted major for gallantry at Contreras and lieu- tenant-colonel for meritorious conduct at the battle of Molino del Rey. While on frontier duty in Texas, at the beginning of the Civil 'Val', he was made a prisoner and was not exchanged until 1Rß2, when he was promoted lieutenant-colonel. Hc was bre\'etted colonel for gallantry at Falls of the Ohio (now Louisville). He J'erryville, and was retired in 1872. He had taken his family with the other fam- died in Elizabeth, N. .J., .1 an. G, ISf>2. ilies to Kentucky in 1773, where they were Bonaparte. See KAI'OLEO . in perpetual danger from the barbarians Bon Homme Richard. See JONES, ef the forest. He had several fighb with PAUL. the Indians; and in 1775 he built a fort Boniface, 1"RANCI8. See .JESrIT 1\118- on the Kentucky Hiver on the present site SIONS. of Boone boro, In 1777 several attaek Bonneville, nEX.TA ID, L. E., explorer; were made on this fort by the India.ns. horn in France ahout Ii!};); was gradu- They were repulsed, but in February, 1778, ated at West Point in ISlfi; cngagN} in Boone was captured by them, and ta.ken to p plorations in the Hocky Mountains in Chillicothe, heyond the Ohio, and thence Hì 1-36. \Vashington IrYing edited his to Detroit. Adopted as a son in an Jnd- journal entitled .lldl'cnfurf's of ('((pfain ian family, he became a favorite, hut Bonncdlle, U. S. .4.., in tlte Rocky 110un- managed to ef'cape in June following, amI tains amI the Far Trest. He served returned to his fort and kindred. In Au- throughout the 1\[('xiC'an 'Val', and was gust, about 450 Indians attacked his fort, wounded at the battle of Churuhusco. In which he bravely defended with about flft)' 18G.') he was brevetted hrigadier-gf'llC'rnl for men. At different times two of his sons long and faithful !"pJ'\'iee. He died at were killed hy the Indians. Boone accom- Fort Smith, Ark., June 12, l i . panipd General Clarke on his expedition Book of Mormon. See 1\JOR'IOXII. vgainf-t the Indians on the Rcioto, in Ohio, Boone, ÐAXTF:I.. explor('r: born in Buc-ks in 1782, soon a.fter a battle at the Blue county. Pa., Feb. 11, 173.'). From his Licks. Having lost his lands in Kentucky :routh"lw was R. famou<; hunter. and. while in eonspquence of a defective title, he ;,pt a minor, he emigrated, with his fa- "ent to the lissouri eountry in I7!);;, and ther, to Korth Carolina, where he mar- settled on the Osage "'oman RiHr, where ried. In ::\[ay, 17;)9, Boone and fiw others he continued the occupations of hunter went to e plore the forests of Kentucky. nd trapper. .\gain he was c1pprÌ\'ed 01 There he was captured hy some Indians, a large tract of land in \Ii,.,souri, obtained 3i6 hut escaped, and returned home in 1771 In 1773 he led a party of settlers to the wilds he had ðplorcd; and in 1774 conducted a party of surveyors to the ...";' '\ , '9; son of Gen. William Booth, the foundf'r of the SALVATro ARMY (q. v.). In 18R,)- 7 he was the commander of tIle Salvation .\rmy in Ausi ralia. and from 1887 till 18!)G in the Fnitf'd State , when he withdrew and found<,d the YOLF TEEns OF AMERICA (q. v.). In .\ugust, 1896. he was ordained a minister in Chicago. H(I ha!' had in his wife Maud. who is a strong, popular lect- urer, an able supporter. :Booth, JOlIN \VILKES, assa.ssin; in Harford county, Md., in 1839; son of Junius Brutus Booth, and brother of Ed- win T. Booth; made his appearance as an actor in early manhood. When the Civil War broke out he took sides with the South. Brooding over the "lost cause" of the Confederacy he fmmed a conspir- acy with Powell, ::;unatt, and others, to assassinate President Lincoln. On the eyening of April 14, ISG5, the President, Mrs. Lincoln. and a party of friends went tn }'ord's Theatre, in \Vashington, to witness a performance of Ou.r Amcrieatt Cousin. While the play was in progress Booth entered the President's box, and shot tlH President in the back of the head. Then, shouting .. Hie scml/cr tyrannis I" the aoS- sas:-;in leaped upon the stage and made his escape on a horse in waiting. He was pursued and overtaken, concealed in a barn near Bowling Green, Va., and, re- -:::- ), .- , "': - - =_....... Á' . .", . ' "', - ;' 'i\'_þ " "', ,> ., JOUX WILK :8 nUOTH. (&drau:n from a .le".h.) fusing to surrender, waoS shot dead, April 2fi. HìfifJ. Ree LINCOLN, ABRAIIA I. Booth, \YII.LTAM, clergyman; born in Nottingham, England, April 10, 1829; was educated in Nottingham, and in 1850-61 served as a minister of the Methodist New Connection. In IS(j5 he organized the Cbri!'\tian Mi!'\sion to reach the lower class- es in the East End of London. In 18i8 when this mission had grown to be a large organization, he changpd it into a religious military body, and it hccame born known as the Salvation Army, with him- 377 BORDER RUFFIANS-BORGNE self ag leader or "g-eneral." His entire with the news. In the afternoon of the family were mustered into the service of same day the fleet appeared near the en- the" anuJ'," his son, BaUington, being es- trance to Lake Borgne, and Jones hast- p'o'cia.]Jy set apart for the work in the ened with his flotilla towards Pass l"nited States. In] 8f)ü, when a division ChriBtian, where he anchored, and waited occurred in the American branch of the the approach of the invaders to dispute army, and BaIlington was engaged in 01'- their passage into the lake. He was dis- g"uni7.ing the YOLt.:"XTEERS OF A IERICA co\ered by the astonished Britons on the (q. v.), General Booth made unavailing 13th, when Admiral Cochrane, in command efiorts to prennt a disruption. His chief of the fleet, ga,'e orders for a change in publieation is In DOl'kést England. the plan of operations against New Or- Border Ruffians, an epithet applied to leans. It would not do to attempt to land pro-slan-'ry men in l\Iigsouri charged with troops while the waters of the lake were l1arassing anti-slavery Illen in Kansas. patrolled by American gunboats. A flo- Border States, a phrase applied to Del- tilla of about sixty barges was prepared, aware, ::\Iaryland, Virginia, Kentucky, and the most of them carrying a carronade in :l\lissouri, during the Civil \Va.r, because the bow, and an ample number of armed they were located on the border line be- 'volunteers from the fleet were sent, under t\\een the free and the slave States. At the command to Captain Lockyer, to capt- the suggestion of Virginia, a Border State ure or destroy the American vessels. Per- Convention was held at Frankfort, Ky.) ceiving his da.nger, Jones, in obedience to on -:\Iarch 2ï, 18Gl. The Unionists in Ken- orders, proceeded with his flotilla towards tllcky had elected nine of their representa- tIle Rigolets, between Lakes Borgne and tives and the Confederates one. The con- Pontchartrain. Calm and currents pre- vention was a failure. Ko delegates from vented his passing a channel, and he anch- Yirginia appeared, and only five besides ored at two in the morning of the 14th. those from Kentucky. The venerable John Jones's flag-ship was a little schooner of J. Crittenden presided. };'our of the five 80 tons. The total number of men in his outside of Kentuckv were from Iissouri, squadron was 182, and of guns twenty- 'lnd one from Tenn;ssee. The" wrongs of three. At daylight the British barges, the South" and the" sectionalism of the containing 1,200 men, bore down upon North" were spoken of as the principal Jones's little squadron. They had six oars cause of the trouble at hand. It con- on each side, and formed in a long, dpmned rebellion, but did not ask the loyal straight line. Jones reserved his fire un- people to put it down. Its chief pa.nacea til the invaders were within close rifle for existing evils was, in substance, the nmge. Then McKeever hurled a 32-pound CRITTEXDEX CO lrRO II E (q. v.) ; and the ball over the water and a shower of grape- convention regarded the national protec- shot, which broke the British line and tion and fostering of the sIan sp!tem as made great confusion. But the invaders .. essential to the best hopes of our co un- pushed forward, and at half-pa8t eleven tQ'." o'clock the engagement became general and :Borgne, LAKE, RATTLE ON. The re\"e- desperate. At one time Jones's schooner lations made lw JEA I AFITTE (q. v.) was attacked by fifteen barges. The Brit- eaused everybmÌ y to be vigilant at Kew ish captured the tender A.lligator early in Orleans. Early in December, 1812, Com. the contest; and finaHy, by the force of D. T. Patterson, in command of the naval overwhelming numbers, they gained a yic- tation there. was warned, by a letter tory, which gave them undisputed com- flOm PC'nsacola, f)f a powerful RritÜ:h mand of Lake Borgne. The triumph eOFr, and thirty-five wounded. Among the latter a de!"pateh-boat, to watch for the enpmy. were LÏf'utena.nts .Tones. 1\1c1(ee\'er, Park- ,T ones Fent Tjeutpnant IeKf'ewr "ith two er, and :-;peddon. The Briti!ò.h commander, gunhoats to tlw f'ntrance of 'foltile Bay for T.ockvf'r, wa!'; !'If'vereJv wonndf'd; 80. also, intelligence. ::\fcKf'ever (liscowre2. On a peninsula on the south l\[as aehusetts, commercial metropoli!'; of side of the mouth of the Charles Hiver ew England, and fifth city in the United (which the natins called Shawmut, hut States in population under the census of \\ hich the Engli<:h named Tri-mountain, ] 000; area, about 40 square miles; mu- because of its three hills) lind \YILLI..nI nicipal income in 1.800-1900, $30.06f>,813: Ih.ACKSTOXF. (q. 1'.), who went there from n<>t e-xpenditure, $2f>,777,8f>7; value of im- Pl.vl11outh about 1623. He went O\-er to ports of merchandi!;:e in the fiscal year Charlestown to pay his respects to Gov- mding' .rune 30, 1900. $72.193.f>30; nLlue eroor \Yinthrop, and informed him that of simil:1r exports, $112,10."},;)!j,); total as- upon ha'nnut was a !';p,'ing of e-xcellent sps!';ed valuation of taxable property in water, lIe invited \\ïntlnop to comp 1!100, $1,120,130.762; tax rate, $l-t.70 per over. The governor, with others, crossed $1,000; population, lSf>O, 448,477; 1DOO, the river, and finding the situation there 37 BOSTON delightful, bf'6an a settlement by the wnt fighting in Boston Harbor, except" by erection of a few small cottages. At a authority." COUl't hellI at Charlcstown in eptember, Before the news of the revolution lG30, it was ordered that Tri-mountain in England which placed William and should he called Bo:"ton. This name was 1\Jary on the throne had arrived at Bos- gi\'en in honor of ReL John Cotton, vicar ton, a daring one was effected in Kew of St. llotolph's Church at Boston, in F.ngland. The colonists had borne the Lincoln hire, England, from which place tyrann ' of -\ndros about three years. many of the settlers came. The governor, Their patience was now exhausted. _\ with most of his assistants, remo,'ed their rumor was started that the goyernor's families to Boston, and it soon became the g-uards were about to massacre !,:;orne of capital of New England. In August, the leading people of Boston. The pf'ople W:12, the inhabitants of Charlestown and tlew to arms, and on April IS, 1688, when Boston hf'gan the erection of a church the rumor had gone out of the town, the edifice at the latter place. There were people flocked in with guns and other then 1;)1 church - memhf'rs at the two weapons to the assistance of their Rf'ttlements. Tllf'Y amieahly dividf'd, brethren. They did not wait for the the ehureh in Boston rdaining Mr. governor'!'; troops to move, but instantly \Vilson as its pastor, al1l1 that in Charl<,s- seized Andros, such of his council as had town invit<,d Hev. Thomas James to heen most active in oppressing them, its pulpit. The Boston church edifice had with other prisoners to the number of mud walls and a thatched roof. and about fift ., confined t!wm, and r<,instated stood on the south Ride of State Street, the old magistrates. The rumor of the near where the old Rtate - house after- massacre found readier belief because of wards stood. Ir. \Yilson, \\"110 had been a military order which was given out on a teacher only, was ordained pastor the reception of the declaration of the of the first church in Boston, :Nov. 22, Prince of Urange in England. The order Hì32. charged all officers and people to he in The civil war in England e'i:tended readiness to hinder the landing of the across the RPa. The vessels of London. troops which the prince might Rend to the seat of Parliamentary power, furnish- X<,w England. The people first impr soned cd with privateering commissions, took Captain George, of the Rosc frigate, and every opportunity that offered to attack some hours afterwanls Sir Emn':-l'm AN- those of Bri tol, and other western ports, IIROS (q. v.) was taken at tllf' fort on Fort that adhf'red to the Kin::!. In .July, Hi44, Hill, aroum[ which 1,.')00 ppople had as- a London V('s!"('l brought a \Yest-of-Eng- !"<'mhled. The people took tllP castle on land pri7.e into Boston Harhor. 'I'll(' cap- Castle Island thc next da '. The !';ails of tain exllihiterl a commis'iion from \,,"ar- the fri ate were brought on shore. A wick, High .\(lmiral of Xew England, and ('ouncil of safety was chos('n. with Simon they were allowed to retain thf'ir pri7.e; Bradstreet as president, and on )Ia)' 2 hnt when anotIlf'r London vess<'1 attacked the council recommended that an aSSf'm- a Dartmouth ship (S('ptf'mlwr), as she hly compos('d of dpl('gations from the sev- ('nt('red Boston Barhor with a cargo of pral towns in the colony i'\hould n1('et on salt, the magistrat('s sent an armed force the !Jth of the same month. Si ty-six per- tl) prevent the capture. Because of a de- sons met, and haying confirmed the new fpet in the commission of the privateer, government, another convention of 1"(>pre- the prize was appropriated as a compensa- s('ntatives was Palled to m(,f't in Boston tion for a Boston sllip which had hf'(>n on the 22d. On that da;\' fifty-four town!'! capturf'd on the high s('as by a royalist \vere rpprf'!,;pnted, when it wa!'; df'tprmillPd ve!';sel. Some pf'rsons in Boston de('lar('(1 .. to resump the gm'f'rmnent accorrl ing to thpmseIYf's in favor of the King, wllf'n charter rights." The govprnor (Brad- ( Iarch, Hi-t3) such turhulent practices street) and magistrates chosf'n in Ifì8(ì were strictly forhidd<,n. A law was soon rf'sumed the g-o\"Crnment nra ' 24, HiSS) passed assuring protection to all ships lInd<,r the old cllart(>r, ana on the 2!Jt h tnat came as fripmls; and officers ,,"pre ap- King \Villiarn and QUf'f'n :\[ary wpre pro- j)ointeJ to k('('p the pf'a('e, and to pre- clainlPd in Boston with grf'at ceremony. so \ " ,\ ,a r'\ 4 t7' "I " b -- !>oJ> . ',- " "..... '" . t .. \', ... . '- Ì' ........' t ..;.. " - " r.. I> \. ..' .xo; ',\ - .;:- ..........;.. - ...... --... ,\ I -.' - ,. .- ""- ...... . r-' ...- ::-e ':-'" n - . . -.....: (' "\ , \\ '} è " ,ø .. -, '''-;-''q ) .- . . -- .. ' .........-----... -- ., " ,'}, , \ ". . . . . " \ ::;> f J " v 'J ' J I . ì .... ..... ,,-..: r ", " . S-' j -.(i. - i '... :.... " III a. .. .J - ,---. - -- .- '" .....' '\ '" > C - -1 " I . ..... . f \. , ., ...., j .. t' : j. < . I I., -'.,') . , " l . :: ,I '- r f - to 1'-0 · -, . ., Î' I . '? .I # ' . \ .:" ..;;.... . . . ':- ' (, . ,.:::L. . -:- . - :y:: , '....( . 'J,. .,", ar ... '" \., - '\. 4SI ,I - .... :. - THE BOSTON MASSACRE, MARCH 5, 1770 BOSTON In 1607 rumors spread over New Eng- the united applications of all who are land that a French armament from Eu- aggrieved, all may happily obtain re- rope and a land force from Canada were dress." Symptoms of violent ferment about to fall upon the English colonies. in the public mind appeared in several Such an expedition had actually been places before the arrival of the stamps ordered from France; and it was placed in America. under the command of the Marquis of In Boston was a great elm, under which Nesmond, an officer of great reputation. the "Sons of Liberty" held meetings. He was furnished with ten men-of-war, a and it was known as "Liberty Tree." galiot, and two frigates; and was instruct- On its branches the effigies of leaders cd to first secure the possessions in the among the supporters of the British min- extreme east, then to join I,;}OO men to isters were hung. The house of Secretary be Ílunished by Count Frontenac, and 01iver, who had been appointed stamp- proceed with his fleet to Boston Harbor. distributor, was attacked by a mob (Aug. .After capturing Boston and ravaging Kcw 15, 176.3), who broke his windows and England, he was to proceed to New York, furniture, pulled down a small building rE'duce the city, and thence send back the which they supposed he was about to use troops to Canada by land, that they as a stamp-office, and frightened him into might ravage the New York colony. Nes- speedy resignation. At that time Jona- mond started so late that he did not reach than Mayhew, an eloquent and patriotic Newfoundland until July 24, when a preacher in Boston, declared against the council of war decided not to proceed to Stamp Act from the pulpit, from the text, Boston. "I would they were ev{'n cut off which An New England was alarmed, and trouble you." The riots were renewed on l)l'f'parations were made on the seaboard lVlonday evening after this sermon was to defend the country. The Peace of Rys- preached. ThE' house of Story, registrar wick was proclaimed at Boston Dec. 10, of the admiralty, was attacked (Aug. and the English colonies had repose from 2G) and the public records and his private war for a while. pa pel's were destroyed; the house of the Nearly a tenth part of Boston was comptroller of customs was plundered; consumed by fire on March 20, 1760, Dud the rioters, maddened by spirituous in about four hours. It began, by ac- liquors, proceeded to the mansion of Lieu- cident, at Cornhill. There were con- tenant-Governor Hutchinson, on Korth sumed 174 dwelling-houses, 175 ware- Square, carried everything out of it, and nouses and other buildings, with mer- burned the contpnts in the public square. ehandise, furniture, and various articles, Among his furniture and papers perished to the value of $3.35,000; and 220 fami- many valuahle manuscripts relating to the lies were compelled to look to their neigh- history of Massachusetts, which he had hors for shelter. The donations from been thirty years collecting, and which every quartE'r for the relief of the suffer- could not be replaced. The better part ers amounted to ahout $ ï,OOO. of the community expressE'd their abhor- As soon as intelligence of the intro- rence of the acts, yet the rioters went un- duction of the Stamp Act into Parlia- punished, an indication that they had ment reached Boston, a town - mecting powerful sympathizers. Indemnification was called (:\Iay. 1764), and the rep- for losses by the officers of the crown was resentatives of that municipality were demanded by the British government and instructed to stand by the chart(!red agreed to by Massachusetts. Hutchinson rights of the colonists; to oppose every received $12,000; Oliver, $645; Story, encrOaChmE'l1t upon them; to oppose all $25;); Hallowell, $I,44tì. taxation th{'n in contE'mplation; ani!. con- The commissioners of customs arrived eludí'd by saying, " As his Majesty's other in Boston in ]\fay, 176R. and hegan their Kort1wrn Anwrican colonies are embarked duties with diligence. The sloop Liberty, with us in this most important bottom. belonging to John Hancock, arriwd in we further d{'sire you to use your best Boston Harhor June 10. \\ ith a cargo of E'ndeavors that their w ight may be add- winE' from Madeira. It had been detE'r- ed to that of this province, and that, by mined by leading merchants and citizens 381 BOSTON to resist these custom-house officers as attacked these soldiers with stones, pieces illegal tax-gatherers, and when the tide- of ice, and other missiles, daring them to waiter, as usual, went on board the Lib- fire. One of the soldiers who received a crty, on her arrival, just at sunset, to blow fired, and his companions, mistak- await the landing of dutiable goods on ing an order, fired also. Three of the pop- the dock, he was politely received and ulace were killed and five were dangerous- invited into the cabin to drink punch. At ly wounded. The leader of the mob (who about 9 P.)I. he was confined bclow, was killed) was a powerful mulatto or whilf' the "ine was landed without en- Indian named Crispus Attucks. The mob tcring it at the custom-house or observ- instantly retreated, when all the bells ing any othcr formula. Then the tidc- of the city rang out an alarm, and in less waiter was sent on shore. In the morning than an hour several thousands of eJ\..as- the commissioners of customs ordered the perated citizens were in the streets. A seizure of the sloop, and Harrison, the terrible scene of bloodshed might have en- collector, and Hallowell, the comptroller, sued had not Governor Hutchinson as- were dirpf"ted to perform the duty. The sHred the people that justit"e "hould be w:,;:-õel was duly marked. cut from her "indicated in the morning. They retired, moorings, and. placed under the guns of but were firmly resolved not to endure mil- the Romnc./!, a Bdtish ship-oi-war, in the itary de!'opotism any lonl!er. The governor harhor. The pf'ople were greatly excited was called upon at an carl.)' hour to fulfil by this ad, and the asscmblcd citizens his promise. The people demanded the soon became a moho A large party of the instant remoTal of the troops from Roston lower cla s, headed by Malcolm, a bold and the trial of Captain Preston and his smuggler, pelted Harri:,;on with stones, at- men for murder. Thcir demands were tacked the offi('e of the commissioners, and, complied with., The troops were remond dragging a custom-house boat through the to Castle William (March 12), and Pres- streets, burned it upon the Common. The ton, ably defended by ,John Adams and frightened commissioners tied for safety Josiah Quincy, two of the popular lead- on board the Romney, and thence to Castle ers in Boston, was tried and acquitted, William, in the harbor. The Sons of Lib- with six of his men, by a Boston jury. erty, at a meeting at Faneuil Hall (June This loyalty to justice and truth, in the 13), prepared a petition, asking the gov- midst of unreasoning public eJ\..citement, ernor to remove the war-ship from the gave the friends of the Americans in Eng- harbor. The Council condemned the mob, land a powerful argument in favor of be- but the Assembl)' took no notice of tIle ing just towards the colonists. matter. The "Boston Tea l'arty" is a popular The British troops in Boston were a name given to an occurrence in Roston continual source of irritation. Daily oc- Harbor in December, 1773. To compel currences exasperated the people against Great Britain to be just towards her the soldiers. The words "tyrant" and American colonies, in the matter of en- "rebel" frequently passed hetween them. forced taxation in the form of duties upon Finally an occurrence apparently trifling articles imported into the colonies, imposed in itself If'd to riot and bloodshed in the hy English navigation laws, the merchants streets of Boston. A rope-maker quarrelled of the latter f'ntered into agreements not with a soldier and struck him. Out of to import anything from Great Britain this grew a fight between several soldiers while such oppre8si,.e laws existed. The and rope-makers, when the latter were consequence was British manufacturf'rs beaten; and the ennt aroused the more and shipping merchants felt the loss of eJ\..citable portion of the citizens. A few the American trade severely. The Parlia- evenings afterwards (March 5, 1770) ment had dec1ared their right to tax the ahout 700 of them assf'mhlf'd in the trf'(>ts colonists without their conRent; the lat- for the avowed )>lIrposf' of attacking the tel' took the position that.. taxation with- troops. Nf'ar the cu!'.tom-house a sentinf'l out rf'prf'<,entation is t 'ranny," and rf'- was assaulted with missiles. when Captain sisted. The quarrel had grown hottpr Prf'ston, commander of the guard, went and hotter. Some of th(' duties were re- to his rescue with eight men. The moh moved under pressure j but several art , 382 BOSTON des, among them tea, were still burdened by duties in 1773. The English East lndia Company felt the loss of their American customers for tea, of which they had the monopoly, most severely, and. of- fered to pay the goveru.ment, as an export duty, more than the threepence a pound exacted in America, if they might deliver it there free of duty. The government con- sidered itself in honor bound to enforce mense indignation meet'tJlg of the citizens was held in the Old South :)leeting-house, and, at twilight, on a cold moonlit even- ing, on Dec. Hi, li73, about sixty men, dis- guisetl as Inrlians, rushed. by prèconcert, to the wharf, boarded the vessels, tore open the hatches, and cast 340 chests of tea into the waters of the harbor. See HUTCHINSON, THo IAs. When intelligence reached London of the 11 l " \ - .. , . 15- I /, \ '.:-;. I \', J - - " ' .l --6r! o i ' I \J . r './-, .1,', It, l l " u '-It. '" ... , ..1- r", ,.".. ' . H j , : II' \ - ..- "_,' OJ _'4 " -- ' :-.. - - -=-=J (. '< . Iff '-t,r , o . '": )" : . U Æ - ., ,å :(\,' ' -.['''' r-.. Æ' .( 1 w .... _ ;.- ' &.. "f. - - \1 'i ., - r ...... .'0' . ..h'.' . "" _s'> \'. ". . ) . _ _.,,' . .l J . :--, -{ .;;;;-=-- - . -.' " "= =-, . / : - C - ' Þ I .';;j1 7 '<-- ' I' CASTING TEA OVERBOARD TY BOSTOY HARBOR. its laws, just or unjust. instead of con- destruction of tea in Boston Harbor there ciliating the Americans by compliance. It was almost universal indignation, and the allowed the East India Company to take friends of the Americans were abashed. their tea to <\merica on their own account Ministerial anger rose to a high pitch, and free of export duty. As this arrangement Lord North introduced into Parliament would enable the Americans to procure (March 14, 1774) a bill providing for the their tea as cheaply as if it were duty shutting-up of the port of Roston and free, the ministry supposed they would r('moving the seat of gov('rnment to Salem. submit. nut tlwrf' was a principle which The measure was popular. Even Barrl- thf' colonists would not yield. However and Conway gavf' it their approval, aml small the tax, if levied without their ron- the Bostonians removed their portraits scnt, they ref/moded it as oppressive. They from Faneuil Hall. Violent language was refused to allow any cargo of tea even used in Parliament against tlw people of to be landed in some of their ports. Ves- Boston. "Thf'Y ought to have their town sels were sent immediately back with knocked about their ears and destroyed." their cargoes untouched. Two ships laden said a member, and concluded his tirade' with tea were moored at a wharf in Bos- of abuse by quoting the factions cry of ton. and the royal governor and his friends the Romans. "Delenda pst ('art/wgo." attempted to have their cargoes landed Burke denounced the bill as unjust, as in defiance of the popular will. An im- it would punish the innocent for the sins 383 BOSTON of the guilty. The bill was passed by completed, and became the source of great n almost unanimous vote, and became irritation among the people. The ' stretch- a law March 31, 1774. The King believed ed entirely across the isthmus, and inter- that the torture which the closing of the COUl se between the town and country was port would inflict upon the inhabitants narrowed to a passage guarded hy a mili- of that to\\ n would make them speedily tary sentinel. The fortifications conf'iste!I cry for mercy and procure unconditional of a line of works of timber and earth, --""- ;-:, ' .L J' .......1. mlln""'" -. , . -,;- ." .. !....i J - .. do- -- --- - - '- --- -- - :: ........ . .... VIEW OP THB LIDS OY BOSTON NECK. obedience. Not so. \Vhen the act was re- with port-holes for cannon, a strongly cei\'ed at Boston, its committee of corre- built sally-port in the centre, and pickets spondence invited eight of the neighbor- extending into the water at each end. ing towns to a conference" on the critical 'nth the efficient aid of General Gates, state of public affairs." At three o'clock adjutant-general of the Continental arm)', on the afternoon of 1\1ay 12, 1774, the \Vashington ddermined to prepare for a committees of Dorchester, Ro bury, Brook- regular sif'ge of Boston, and to confine the ljne, Newtown, Cambridge, Charlestown, British troops to that peninsula or dri,-e Lynn, and Lexington joined them in Fan- them out to sea. The siege continued from euil Hall. Samuel Adams was chosen June, Iii 5, until March, 177<:1. FortifiCël- chairman. They denounced the Boston tions were built, a thorough organi7ation I)ort act as cruel and unjust, by accusing, of the army was effected, and all that in- trying, and condemning the town of Bos- dustry and skill could do, with the ma- ton without a hearing, contrary to natural terials in hand, to strike an effectual blow right as well as the laws of civilized na- was done. All through the remainder of tions. The delegates from the eight towns the summer and the autumn of Ii75 these were told that if Boston should pay for preparations went on, and late in the year the tea the port would not be closed; but the American army around Boston, 14,000 their neighbors held such a measure to be strong, extended from Roxbur)', on the uncalled for under the circumstances, and right, to Prospect Hill 2 miles northwest the humiliating offer not worthy to be of Breed's Hill, on the left. The right thought of. They nobly promised to join was commanded by Gen. Artemas 'Yard, 'õ their suffering brethren in every measure and the left by Gen. Charles Lee. The of relief." centre, at Camhridge, was under the im- Alarmed by warlike preparations every- mediate command of \Vashington. The where in li74, General Gage began to enlistments of many of the troops would fortify Boston Neck, for the purpose of de- expire with the year. Many refused to fence only, as he declared. The Neck was re-enlist. The Connecticut troops demand- a narrow isthmus that connected the pen- ed a bounty; and when it was refused, insula of Rhawmut, on which Bostffil because the Congress had not authorized stood, with the mainland at Roxbury. He it, they resolved to leave camp in a hody. also removed the seat of governmf'nt from rany did go. and never came back. But Salem back to Boston. The work of forti- at that dark hour new and patriotic efforts fying went f\lowly on, for British gold were made to keep up the army, and at could not buy the labor of Boston car- t.he close of the year nearly all the regi- pen tel's, though f\ufTering from the dread- ments were full, and 10,000 minute-men in fni depression, and workmen had to he Kew England stood ready to swell the procured plsewhere. \Vorkmen and tim- ranks. On Jan. I, 1770, tlu' new army bel' shipppd at :r\'pw York for Boston for was organi7er1, and consisted of about carrying on the fortifications W'pre de- 10,000 men. The British troops in Boston tained bv the " ons of Liherty" in the numhpred ahout 8.000. exclusive of ma- latter city. Finally the fortifica'tions were rines on the ships-of-war. They were well 3S4 BOSTON r r- I; I: - -=- . I ::....- -- - ,",- 1 _ ! _ I_\..Å-- -- .. . . -"'" ..k 1L, j a ' ..,.-,- .. =- '- --= --= -- I -=:1 - -- "I!'I"" II . . . . , J I :; I , . .:. -' .. ;,...: .,""'f' ,.....J/--=7. i',... "' .- '-..:. ;;;,.; :;:":, _-:.. _- _ _ _- . . . .'.,' -' , ',I ...." _ -",.-:: - - "-- . .';';'. . .::v -, (.. : -" <", : x - <- _ - ,9( - t" JJ' /.""K- fu:" ':z, .',"C:_. ,, '. ,:, . _/ - . J-' ... . - ... ..., ..../];í1-<- -*. . z _' . ,. . ' .;- ' -.," -' I ,"1' )... ?- VIEW O ' BOSru)o I.'ROM VOHCHE::>l'EI< HEIGH!':> IX 17ï-l. supplied with provisions, and, having been British army was to fly to the ocean. He promised ample reinforcements in the offen d to evacuate the town and harbor spring, they were prepared to sit quietly if Washington would allow him to do so in Boston and wait for them. They con- quietly. The boon was granted. and on verted the Old South :Meeting-house into a Sunday, March 17, li76, the British fleet riding-school, and Faneuil Hall into a and army, accompanied by more than theatre, while Washington, yet wanting 1,000 10 Talists, who dared not brave the ammunition to begin a vigorous attack, anger of the patriots, whom they had op- was chafing with impatience to "break up pressed, left the city and harbor, never to the nest." He waited for the ice in the return in force. The event gave great joy rivers to become strong enough to allow to the American people, and the Conti- his troops and artillery to cross over on nental Congress caused a medal of gold it and assail the enemy; bui:. the winter to be struck, with appropriate devices, and was mild, and no opportunity of that kind presented to 'Vashington, with the thanks offered until February, when a council of of the nation. When the British rear- officers decided that the undertaking would guard left Boston, the vanguard of the be too hazardous. Finally Colonel Knox, American army marched in, and were re- who had been sent to Ticonderoga to ceived by the inhabitants with demonstra- bring away cannon and mortars from that tions of great joy. They had endured place, returned with more than fifty great dreadful sufferings for more than sixtepn guns. Powder began to increase. Ten months-hunger, thirst, cold, privations of militia regiments came in to increase the every kind, and the outrages and insults strength of the besiegers. Heavy cannon of insolent soldiers, who treated them as were placed in battery before Boston. rebels, without rights which the British Spcretly Dorchester Heights was occupied were bound to respect. The most neces- by the Americans, and fortified in a single sary articles of food had risen to enOrmou night. Howe saw, for the first time, that prices, and horse-flesh was welcomed, he was in real danger, for the cannon at when it could be proclired, as a savory Dorchestf'r commanded the town. First he dish. For a supply of fuel, the pews tried to dislodge the provincials. lIe fail- and henches of churches and the partitions cd. A council of war determined that the and counters of warehouses were used. aml only nH'thod of s('curing safety for the even Rome of the meaner uninhabiteJ 1.-2 u 383 BOSTON COMMON-BOUDINOT dwellings were demolished for the same ernor-in-chief of Virginia, and arrived purpose. there in November, 17nS. Having b(>('n In 1822 Boston was first incorpo- instructed to af'sume great dignity, he rated a city, and John Phillips was elect- appeared in the streets of Williamsburg ed the first mayor. It then conta.ined in a coach, with guards and other in- about 50,000 inha'bitants. The 1st of May signia of vice-regal pomp; and entered was appointed b.v the charter the begin- upon his duties with a determination to ning of its municipal year, and the cere- enforce submission to parliamentary au- monies of inducting the mayor and other thority. \Vith a generous mind he per- officers into their official places were at- cC'ived the righteousness of colonial indig- tenùed at Faneuil Hall. After an in- nation because of the taxation schemes of troductory prayer by Rev. Dr. Baldwin, the ministry, and he forwarded to Eng- senior minister of the city, Chief-Justice land remonstrances of the representa- }'arker administered the oaths of allegi- tives of the people, with his own opinion ance and office to the mayor-elect, who ad- against the wisdom and justice of parlia- ministered similar oaths to other officers. mentary measures. In illtprfering with The chairman of the selectmen then arose, the wishes of the people, he obeyed in. and, after an address to the mayor, de- structions rather than the promptings of livered to him the city charter, contained his own will. A malarial fever which in a superb silver case, with the ancient attackf'd him was so aggravated by elm- act incorporating the town nearly 200 grin because of the aspect of political af- years before. Since becoming a city Bos- fairs that he died at his lJOst Oct. 15, ton has had but one serious interruption 1770. The colony erected his statue in in its prosperous advance. On the even- front of the capitol in 1774, for he was ing of Kov. 9, 1872, a fire broke out which generaIJy beloved by the people. In 1797 swept over G.3 acres of ground, in which it was remond to the front of \\ïlIiam the principal wholesale warehouses were and l\fary College, of which he was a benc- located, and created a loss of over $75,- factor; and thence it was taken to the 000,000. Among the notable works of enclosure of the As "hun for the Insane municipal improvement in recent J"ears, in \\ïlliamsburg during the Civil \Vax. the most important are the l'ecovery and Boudinot, ELIAS, philanthropist; born building up of the "back bay" district; in Philadelphia, Pa., )'f:1y 2, 1740; bcgan the annexation of numerous sulmrball the practice of law in New Jersey, and \Va:'! towns; the completion of a new system an earl)' advocate of freedom for the Amer- of water-works; the e tension of its ican colonies. Congress appointed him magnificent public-park system; and the commissary-general of prisoners in 1777; construction of the" subway." and during the same ;year he was elected Boston Common, a park of about a member of that body. He became it 4;; acres set apart by the first settlers for l)residcnt in 1782, and as su h he signed public use, which can never be sold nor the ratification of the treaty of peace. changed in character. Mr. lloudinot rcsnnwd the practice of law :Boston Massacre. See BosTo . in 1789. In 179G Washington appointed :Boston Port Act. See UOSTO . him superintendent of the mint, which :Boston Protest Against Taxation. position he held until 180;;, when he re- Spe ADA}\!S, SAMUEL. signed all public employments, and re- :Boston Tea Party. Sce BOSTO ; tired to Burlington. On becoming tms- HUT(,IIINSO , THOMAS. tee of the College of Princeton in I80;}, :Botetourt, NORRORXE BERKELEY, nARO , he endowed it with a valuable cabinet of colonial governor; born in Glollee8ter- natuI'Rl history. Mr. Boudinot took great shire, England, ahout 1717. But little is interest in foreign missions, and became known of his career in his earlier life. a member of the board of commisE'ioners He was colonel of the Gloucestershire in 1812; and in 1816 he was chosen the militia, and was summoned to Parliament first president of the AMEP.ICA BIBLE So- 8S Baron Botetourt (the title having been CIETY (q. 1).). to both of which and to in abeyance since l40G) in April, 1764. benevolent institutions he made mmrifi- He succeeded Sir Jeffrey Amherst as gov- cent donations. Dr. Boudinot was the au- 386 EOUGAINVILLE-BOUTON thor of The Age of Revelation,; Second was active in western Pennsylvania in Advent of the Messiah; and Star in the connection with operations against Fort 1rest,or an Attempt to Discover the Long- Duquesne; also in relieving Fort Pitt lost Tribes of Israel. He died in Burling- in 1763. During Pontiac's war Fort ton, N. J.. Oct. 24, 1821. Pitt (now Pittsburg, Pa.) was in immi- Bougainville, LOUIS ANTOINE DE, navi- nent danger, and Colonel Bouquet was sent gator; born in Paris, France, Kov. 11, to its relief. He arrived at Fort Bedford, 1729; he served as aide-de-camp to the in western Pennsylvania, on July 25, Marquis de Montcalm during the French 1763, in the neighborhood of which eigh- and Indian 'Var, and on his l'eturn to teen petiOns had been made prisoners or Europe was made a colonel and a knight scalped by the Indians. The barbarians of St. Louis. In 1778 he commanded a were then besieging Fort Pitt. As soon division of the ships of the line, and was as they heard of the approach of Bouquet, in several engagements between the they raised the siege with the intention French and English fleets. When De of meeting and attacking him. Dncer- Grasse was defeated by Rodney, Bougain- tain of their strength and motives, Bou- "me was in command of the A.uguste, and quet left Fort Bedford and went to Fort by clever manæuvring escaped with eight Ligonier, where he left his wagons and of his ships to St. Eustace. He died Aug. stores, and pushed on towards Fort Pitt, 31, 1811. with the troops in light marching order, Bound Brook, ACTION AT. A consider- and 340 pack-horses carrying flour. On able force under General Lincoln, detached Aug. 5 his advanced guard was attacked to guard the upper valley of the Raritan near Bushy Run by Indians in ambus- River, in New Jersey, was stationed at cade, who were driven some distance by Bound Brook in April, 17i7. It was not the troops. The barbarians returned to the far from a British post at New Bruns- attack, and a general action ensued, the wick. Owing to the negligence of a militia Indians being continually repulsed and guard, Lincoln came near being surprised then returning to the fight. They were by a detachment under Cornwallis, which finally driven from their posts with fixed marched out of New Brunswick (April bayonets and dispersed. They rallied, and 13) and fell suddenly upon the Ameri- the next morning surrounded Bouquet's cans. The latter, after a sharp action, camp. After a severe conflict, they were escaped with the loss of twenty men, two again dispersed. In theRe engagements pieces of artillery, and some baggage. the English lost fifty killed and sixty Eoundary. See ASHBURTO ; MASON wounded. Colonel Bouquet reached Fort AND DIXON LINE; SAN JUAN. Pitt four days afterward"" and the cam- Boundary Commission. See CLEVE- paign was closed. In 17û4 he subdued LA m, GROYER; VE EZUELA. the Ohio Indians, and compelled the Slmw- Bounty-Jumper, a term applied dur- Ilees and Delawares to make peace. Dr. ing the Civil War to anyone who became William Smith, of Philadelphia, wrote a recruit in the army simply to procure a history of this f'xpedition. Rouquet died the bounty paid to volunteers for enlist- in Pensacola in li6û. See DUQUESNE,FoRT. ing, and then deserted. There were men Boutell, HENRY SIlER IA . See SHIP- who made bounty-jumping a regular busi- BUII.DIKG. ness. They would enlist in one place un- :Bouton, NATHANIEL, clergyman; born der an assumed name, go to the front, and in Norwalk, Conn., June 2!). 17!)7; grad- after receiving the bounty, desert, and uated at Yale College in 1821; ordain- repeat the operation under another name ed a minister of the Congregational and in some other place. Church in 182;;. and \Va'" appointed Rtate :Bouquet, HENRY, military offieer; born historian of New Hampshire in 1867. in Rolle, Switzerland, in i719. In 1748 Among his writings arC' a History of he was lieutenant-colonel of the Swiss Education in Neu, HamWlhire; The Guard in the service of Holland: and he Pathers of th(' New Ham/>.shire Historical So- nel, and in 1765 brigadier-general. Bouquet cicty; and many volumes of provincial 387 :BOUTWELL-:BOWIE records. He dicd in Concord, N. II., June cock as governor. By ,'igorous measures G, ] 878. he suppressed the rebc>IIion led by DANIEL Boutwell, GEOnGE REW ALL, statesman; 8HA YS (q. v.). Ill' died in Boston, Mass., born in Brookline, Mass., Jan. 28, 1818; Sov. G, 1790. His son JAMES, born Sept. 2 , the son of a farmer; studied law, hut 17.32; died Oct. 11, 1811; also was gradu- never practised it, turning his attention ated at Harvard (l771), and afterward::; to politics. He was seven times chosen spent a year at Oxford. He was mini:;,tc>r to a seat in the l\Iassachusetts legislat- to Spain from 180.3 to 1808; and while in life, and became the leader of the Demo- Paris he purchased an e tensive library, era tic party in his State. In 1850 he was I.hilosophical apparatus, and a colIection chosen governor of Iassaehusetts, nnd of pail1tings, which, with a fine cabinet was re-elected in 1852. In 18G he was of minerals, he left at his death to Bow- elected to Congress, and was twice re-ele('t- doin ColIege, so named in honor of his ed. He was one of the managers of the father. impeachment of President Johnson, and :Bowen, HERnERT \\'OLCOTT, diplo- was Secretary of the Treasury from 18G!J matist; horn in Brooklyn, X. Y., Feb. 2n, to 1873 when he 1x>came a member of the 1856; studied at the Brooklyn Polytechnic United Rtates Senate, his term ending in Institute, in Europe, and at Yale ColIcge; 187D. He published Educational Topics was graduated at the Columbia Law and Institutions; The Constitution of the School in 1881; and practised in K('w United States at the End of the First York city. In HmO he was appointed con- f1entury; The Crisis of the Republic; suI at Barcelona, and in 1805 consul- Sixty rears in Public Affairs, etc. general; later was Cnited States minis- :Bowditch, KATHAXIEL, mathematician tel' and consul-gcncral to Persia; and in and astronomer; born in Salem, Mass., HIOl bemme minister to Venezuela. \Yith March 2(;, 1773; learned the business of the consent of the United States govern- a :;,hip-ehandler, and then Iopent nine years ment he represented Venezuela in the 1'1'0- on the sea, attaining the rank of mas- ceedings which resulted in the settlen1C'ut tel'. \Yith great nath-e talent and ('qual of the debt claims of Great Britain, Gel'- iJldustry, he became one of the greatcst many, and Italy by the Permanent Court men of science of his time. \Yhile he was of Arbitration at The Hague in I!W3-0-t. yet on the sea he published (1800) his :Bowen, TllmlAs I., lawyer; born nc>ar Practical Nar1gator. He made the first Burlington, Va., Oct. 2û, 1835; received entire translation into English of La an academic education; admitted to the Place's Mécaniqtlc Célcste, and published bar in 1853; member of the State legis- it, in 4 volumes, in 1829, with valuable lature in 1856; and sen-ed in the Union commentaries. J a Place added much to army during the civil war, attaining the his work many years after, and Bow- rank of brevet brigadier-general. After ditch translated this supplement also: the war he settled in Arkansas, where he and it was puhlished under the (>ditorial servcd as a justice of the Supreme Court ('arc of Prof. Benjamin Peirce. He was in ]867-71; was appointed governor of a member of the principal scientific socie- Idaho in IS71; and later settled in Colo- ties in Europe. He died in Boston, Mass., rado, where he resumed practice. On the l\Iarch lfi. 1838. organi7ation of the State government he Bowdoin, JAMES, state!'man; born in was ('lect('d a judge of the 4th Judicial Boston. Aug. 8, 1727; was a descendant District, a post he held for four years; of Pierre Bowdoin, a Hug-uenot who fled was a memhpr of the tate legislature in to America from persecution in France. 1882. and of the enited States Senate in He was graduated at Harvard in 1745, 1883-8!"I. Aftf'l' settling- in Colorado he anil became a member of the General engagpd in Jarge mining entc>rpriqes. Court. a Senator of ::\[assachusetts, and a Bowie, .JAMES, military officer; born councillor. He espoused the cam:;e of the in nurke county. (ia., ahout liflO; took colonists, was prf'sident of the rassachu- an active part in the Texas revolution, f'ett.s Council in 1775. and was cho!"c>n and in ,January, 1836. was ordf'red to president of the convention that framed San Antonio de Bexar, where he joined the Rtate constitution. He sU('ceeded lIan- Colonels Trads and Crockett. Rnd was RR BOWLES-BOYD killed with them at the taking of the from another vessel. A raking fire soon ALA lO (q. v.), March 6, 183G. lIe was the disabled the Hermes. At length the flag- inventor of the Bowie knife. staff of the fort was shot away, when the Bowles, SA WEL, journalist; born in ships redoubled their fire. StJ.pposing the Spdngfield, 1\1ass., .Feb. 9, 182G; entered fort had surrendered, the British leader the pdnting-office of the Springfield Re- on land assailed it with his Indians. He publican while a boy. and soon became the was soon undeceived. They were driv n general manager of the paper. On the back by a terrible storm of grape-shot, and death of his father in 1851 the entire fled in terror. The battered ships with- management devolved on him. The paper drew, all but the Hennes. She was set acquired the largest circulation of any on fire by her friends, and at midnight her daily paper in New England outside of magazine exploded. The British, who had Roston, and exerted a large influence not brought to bear upon Fort Bowyer ninety- only throughout New England but in the two pieces of artillery, and arrayed over country at large. In 1872 the Republican 1,300 men against a garrison of 130, were became an independent paper and sup- repulsed with a loss of 232 men, of whom ported Mr. Greeley. He died in Spring- 162 were killed. The loss of the Ameri- field, :Mass., Jan. lG, 1878. cans was four men killed and four Bowyer, FORT, ATTACK UPON. At the wounded. See "MOBILE; MORGAN AND entrance to Mobile Bay, 30 miles from GAINES, FORTS. the village of Mobile, was Fort Bowyer Boxers. See CHINA. (afterwards Fort :Morgan), occupying the Boycotting, a practice which derives extremity of a narrow cape on the east- its name from Capt. C. C. Boycott, of ern side of the entrance, and commanding Lough Mask House, in :Mayo, Ireland, who the channel between it and Fort Dauphin in 1880, as land agent of Lord Erne, an opposite. It was a small work, in semi- Irish nobleman, evicted a large number of circular form towards the channel, with- tenants. These with their friends re- out bomb-proofs, and mounting only twen- fused to either work for him or trade with ty guns, nearly all of them 12-pounders. him, anù would not pemlit others to do so. lt was the chief defence of Mobile; and in Finally sixty Orangemen from the north it Jackson, on his return from Pensa- of Ireland, armed with revolvers and sup- cola, placed Maj. \Villiam Lawrence and ported by a strong escort of cavalry, 01'- 130 men. On Sept. 12, 1814, a British ganized themselves into a "Boycott relief squadron appeared off Mobile Point with expedition," and after gathering his crops land troops, and very soon Lieutenant- carried him to a place of safety. In the Colonel Nichols appeared in rear of the United States and England the boycott is fort with a few marines and 600 Ind- sometimes used by trade unions in times ians. The squadron consisted of the of strikes. More or less stringent laws llennes, twenty-two guns; Sophia, eigh- against boycotting have been enacted in teen; Caron, twenty; and Anaconda, Illinois, \Yisconsin, Colorado, Connecticut, (.ighteen - the whole under Captain :Maine, :Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Percy, the commander of a squadron Kew York, Alabama, Florida, GeOl"gia, of nine vessels which Jackson drove from l\Iichigan, North Dakota, Oklahoma, Ore- Pensacola Bay. By a skilful use of his gon. South Dakota, Texas, Utah, and Ver- cannon, Lawrence dispersed parties who mont. tried to cast up intrenchments and sound Boyd, JOlIN PARKEll, military officer; the channel. Early in the afternoon of born in Newburyport, :Mass., Dec. 21, the 15th the British began an attack on 1 jG4; entered the military service of the land and wat('r. The garrison adopted as Vnited StateR in 178G. but soon after- t.he signal for the day" Don't give up thp wardR went to the East Indies and entered fort." A fierce and general battle ('nsued, the l\Iahratta service, in which he rORe and continued lIntil half-past five o'clock, to the rank of commander. and at one time when the flag of the Hermes was shot led 10,000 men. He first raised three away. 1...awr('nce ceased firing to ascer- battalions of 500 men each, with a few tain whether she had surrendered. This English oflìcers, whom, as well as his men, humane act was answered by a broad!'idp lw hired, at a cel"tain amount a month, to :1R!) BOYDEN-BOYDTON PLANK ROAD and files. Later he designed a machine to split leather, and in 181.") took it to Kew- ark, N, J. and engaged in leather manu- facture. In 1816 he made a machine to cut hmds, and afterward" invented patent leather. which he manufactured untiII8:n, when with a !';)'stem of his own he hcgan making malleable-iron castings. In 183;; he gave his attention to steam-engines, and both changed the crank in locomotives to the straight axle and made the cut-off to take the place of the throttle-valve. He went to California in 184U, but meeting with no succes:;, returnf'd to New .Teri:iey, engaged in farming, and produced a vari- ety of strawberry never before (.qualled in size or quality. He spent the greater part of his lif(' in Newark, N. J., where a statUQ of him has been erected. He died in Middleville, N. J., .March 31, 18iO. Boydton Plank Road, BATTLE OF. After the Xational troops had taken pos- session of the Weldon Hailroad, the Boyd- ton plank road became the chief channel of communication for Lee in that quarter, and he extended his intrenchments along its line to the vicinity of Hatcher's Run. 'The corps of 'Varren and Parke were sent to assail the extreme right of these in- trenchments, while Hancock's corps and in that of Nizam AIi Khan. -\rriving at Gregg's camlry, well towards its left, :Madras in Julr, I i89, he was given, by should swing around to the w('st side of the ruler, the command of 10,000 men. Hateher's Run, sweep acl'O!'s the Boydton 'Yhen demands for his sen-ices almost roaG, and seize the Sonthside Railway. The ceased, he so1d out and went to Paris. In Boydton road was a few miles Wf'st of the ISOR he returned to the enited States, and "'eldon Railway, The mowment began on re-entered the army as colonel of the 4th the morning of Oct. 27, 18G-t, and at nine Infantry on Oct. 7 of that year. In o'clock the Confederate line was struck that capacity he was distinguished in the but it was not broken. 'Vanen's corps hattle at TIPPECAXOE (q. v.), Nov. 7, made its way to tIle Wf'st of Hatclwr's 1811. Boyd was commissioned brigadier- Run to gain the Confederate rear. Craw- g('neral Aug. 2G, 1812. He was in com- ford's division got entangled and brokpn mand of 1,500 men in thf> expedition in an almost impassable swamp. An at- down the St. l a'\Tpnce in 1813; and tf'mpt of a l)art of Howard's corps to form fought brawly at Chrysler's Field, in Can- a junction with Crawford'A troops was de- ada, Xov. II, 1813.. He led his brigade ff'ated by the tangled swamp. These move- in the capture of Fort George, Upper Can- nH'nts had been eagerly watched b ' tl1<' ada, General Boyd was appointed naval Confederates, Heth was sent by Hill to officer at the port of Boston early in strike Hancock. It was done at 4 P.)[, 1830, and dipd there Oct. 4 of that year. The blow first fell upon Pierce's bri- Boyden, SETH, inventor; born in Fox- gade, and it gave way, leaving two guns boro, Mass., Kov. 17, Iï88; was educated behind. The Confederates were pursuin , at a district f\choo1. His mecllanif'al in- when they, in turn, were struck by the c1ination led him to pass much time n:- Kationals, driw.n back, and the two guns perimenting in a blachmith shop. He r('captured. Fully l.nOO Confed('rates wpre first df'vised a machine for making nail!'! made prisoners. Others, in their flight, 3!10 any of the Indian pdnces who needed their s('n-iccs. Their equipment, including guns and elephants, was at his own expense. He was at one time in the pay of Holkar, in the Peishwa's service, and afterwards \ "\. ' - . -: :) I 'J - ,-" "'t .; I' j(f.( , ., ("h.,.J , \ , IltJ ' - . . i'? - C', " 0 a..J '. -.... .: . ;; ;;"10:;;.... .. -- ,::' .'- " 'b' ".. JOHS PAl/KIm BOYD. BOYNTON-BRADDOCK rushed into Crawford's lines, and 200 of supposing them all to be slain, rushed them were made prisoners. Meanwhile forward to plunder the dead, when the Hancock had been sorely pressed on his Americans suddenly arose, poured deadly left and rear by five brigades under Wade vo]]eys from their rifles, kiJIed about 200 Hampton. thegg fought them, and with of the foe, seized their cannon, and dis- infantry supports maintained his ground per sed the whole body of the assailants. until dark. In these encounters Hancock Brackenridge, HUGH HENRY, jurist; lost about 1,500 men, and the Confederates born in Scotland in 1748; was graduated ahout an equal number. Hancock with- at Princeton in 1771, in the same class drew at midnight, and the whole National with James Iadison. He and Philip Fre- force retired behind their intrenchments neau together wrote The Rising Glory of at Petersburg. The movement was in- Amcrica, a dialogue which formed a part tended to favor Butler's operations on the of the graduating exercises. During the north side of the James River. Whiskey Insurrection in 1794 he used an Boynton, HE!\RY VAN NESS, military his influence to bring about a settlement officer; born in West Stockbridge, Mass., between the government and the rebels. July 22, 1835; received a commission as He also wrote Incidents of the Insurrec- major in the 35th Ohio Volunteer In- tion in -Western Pennsylvania in defence fantry at the outbreak of the Civil War of his action. He died in Carlisle, Pa., and served during the Tennessee cam- June 25, 1816. paign; receiyed the brevet of brigadier- Brackett, ALBERT GALLATI:X, military general for gaHant conduct at the battles officer; born in Cherry VaHey, N. Y., Feb. of Chickamauga and Chattanooga; be- 14, 1829; served in the 4th Indiana Y 01- eame chairman of the Chickamauga and unteer Regiment in the :Mexican 'Val'; Chattanooga Military Park, and a briga- re-entered the army as captain in the 2d dier-general of volunteers in the Ameri- Cavalry in 1835 and distinguished him- can - Spanish War. He is author of self in actions against the Comanche Ind- f..jherman's Historical Raid, etc. ians. He commanded the cavalry at Boys in Blue and Boys in Gray, Blackburn's Ford and the first battle of popular nicknames of the National and BuH Run in 18G1. He was brevetted Confederate soldiers respectively. colonel of volunteers and was made colonel Braceti, or Brazito, BATTLE OF. Cot in the regular service in 1879. He pub- Alexander \V. Doniphan, in command of lishEd a History of the Fnited States Cal:- 1,000 mount.ed volunteers from :Missouri, alry ' General Lane's Brigade in Central was detached from General Kearny's com- Me::cico, etc. He died in \Vashington. mand for independent service. In Novem- D. C., June 25, 1896. hpI', 1846, he marched towards Chihuahua, :Braddock, EDWARD, military officer; :Mcxico, after forcing the Navajo Indians born in Perthshire, Scotland, about 1695; to make a treaty of peace. His object was cntered the army as ensign- in the Cold- to join the forces under General \V 001. At stream Guards; served in the wars in Rraceti, or Brazito, in the vaHey of the Flanders; received a commission as briga- Rio del N orte, not far from EI Paso, he dier-general in 1746, and major-genpral in was attacked, in his camp, by a large March, 1754. lIe arrived in Yirginia in Mexican force (Dec. 22) under Gen. February. 1755, and, placed in command of Ponce de Leon, who sent a black flag, an expedition against Fort Duquesne, be- bearing the device of a skull and cross- gan his march from "Till's Creek (Cum- bones, to the American commander, with berland, :Md.), June 10, with about 2,000 the message, "\Ve will neither take nor men, regulars and provincials. Anxious gh'e quarter," Doniphan was surprised, to reach his destination before Fort Du- and his men 11ad not time to saddle their quesne should reeeÌ\-e reinforcements, he horses before the foe-infanhy, ('Rvalry, maùe forced marches with 1,200 men, and artiHery-as!'oailpd them. Donipllan leaving Colonel Dunbar, his second in com- ha!'otiJy drew up hi" men in front of his mand, to foHow with the remainder and camp. The le,icanR the(l thrpe rounds tlle wagon-train. On the morning of July in quick succcssion, awl thf" [issourianR !) the little a.rmy forded the Monongahela aU fell upon their faces. The :Mexicans, River, and advanced in solid platoons 391 BRADDOCK-BRADFORD along the southern shores of that strcam. \rashington saw thc perilous alTungement of the troops after the fashion of European tactics, and hc ventured to advise Brad. dock to dii:iperse his a.rmy in open order and employ the Indian JUode of fighting in the forests. The haughty geneml angrily replied, "What! a provincial colonel teach a British geneml how to light!" The army moved on, recrossed the river to the north side, and were march- ing in fancied security at about noon, when they werc sUlldenl ' assailed by vol- IpJ's of bullets aud clouds of arrows on their front and flanks. They had fallen into an ambush, against which 'Vashing- ton had vainly warned Braddock. The assailants were French regulars, Cana- dians, and Indians, less than 1,000 in num- }.f'r, under Dc Beaujeu, who had been sent from Fort Duquesne by Contrecæur (see DUQUESXE, FORT), and who fell at the first onslaught. The suddenness of the at- tack and the hOlTid war-whoop of the Ind- ians, which thc British regulars had nev- er heard before, disconcerted them, and th('y fcll into great confusion. Braddock, ecing the peril, took the front of the fight, and by voice and example encour- aged his men. For more than two hours the battle raged fearfully. Of cighty-sh:: English officers sixty-three were killed or non and their dead on the hattlc-field. wounded; so, also, were one-half the Three days after the battle, Braddock died private Foldiers. \.ll of Braddock's aidcs (July 13, li,j;)), and was huricd in the were dis bled pxc('pting \Vashington, who, forest more than 50 miJes from Cumber- alone unhurt. distributed the genera.l's 01'- land. "'a-shington, surrounded by I:;nrrow- del's. Braddock had five horses shot un- ing officers, read the funeral scrvice of the del' him, and finally he, too, fpll, mortally Church of England by torch-light at his wounded. Competent testimony seems to grave. General Braddock was haughty and prove that he was S]lOt by Thomas Fau- egotistical, aud his private character was cett, one of the provincial soldiers. His J10l good, he bcing known as a. gambler plea in extenuation of the el'Íme was self- and spendthrift. preservation. Braddock, who had spurned Bradford, \VILLtA)I, colonial governor; the advice of \Ya.shington ahout the meth- t'om in Austerfield, Yorkshire, England, od of fighting IndianR, had issued a posi- in March, 13RR; was a passenger in the tin order t11at none of the English should jfnyflolccr. At the early age of seventeen protpet themsf'h-es h('hind trees, as the y('ars he made an attempt to leave Eng- French and Indians did. Faueett's hrother land with dissenters, for Holland. and suf- had taken such a position. and when TIrad- f(,loC'd imprisonment. JT(' finally joined dock pere('ived it. he struck him to the his di!'os('nting hrethr('n at Amstenlam. (.nrth with his sword. ThOlnaR, on seeing Iparned the art of silk-dreing. and, comin his brother fall, hot Braddock in the into the pos!'o('s ion of a eonsid('rable estate haek. The prm inC'ials fought hrawly. and at the age of twenty-one 'ears, he en- T!early all w('re killed. The remnant of the gaged successfully in commerce. One of rf'gulars hrokc and fled when Braddock Mr. nobin on's congregation at Lcyden, feB. \Vashington, who was left in chief he accomI)anicd the" Pilgrims" to Amer- 3Ð2 c(\mmand, pereeiving the day was lost. laJIied the few provincial troops, a.nd, ear- r,ying with him his d 'ing general, gal- lantly conrcd the retreat. The cnemy did not pursue. The British left thcir can- , '! , ,:; ,/ '. , ,. \ , , , . . J/ .' .. . '\: ' .:; .," , ) . ." ."." :::' . ;'{:'ìi''' -' :! t\ l ; ft 'j I 'i! ) }' Yf-" Ji :"')'ì\)I')\'.. \ ; . t, 11 - '.;, I - / II '\. .. ' 1, ":.' "ð \ '\, ;. _.'!' " . In ) ' .;-,. .....;. Iþ' . - .', f ' (fj , ..... 1( ---- J'; í -', : , " VJff, ...... y: l1f1: _ / ð -.$.-- ./ GENERAL EDWARD BRADDOCK. BRADFORD-BRADSTREET ica., and was one of the foremost in select- I75G he was charged with conveying sup- ing a site for the colony. Before the" Pil- plies to Oswego. In 1757 he was appoint- grims" landed, his wife fell into the sea ed captain of a company in the regiment from the Moyf701t'cr, and was drowned. of Royal Americans; and late in the same He succeeded John Carver (April 5, lG21) year he was promoted to lieutcnant-colo- as governor of Plymouth colony. He cul- Ilel of the same regiment, and deputy tivated friendly relations with the Ind- quartermaster-general, with the rank of ians; and he was annually rechosen gov- colonel. He was quartermaster - gcneral ernor as long as he lind, excepting in five of Abercrombie's forces, with the rank of -c>ars. He wrote a. history of Plymouth colonel, in the expedition against Ticon- (:olony from lG20 to lGH, which was pub- ðeroga in July, 1758; and in August he IÜ:hed by the :Massachusetts Historical So- led an expedition which captured Fort ciety in 1856. He died in Plymouth, Frontenae. Bradstreet was with Am- Mass., May 9, 1657. See 1>ILGRIMS. herst in his expedition against Ticondero- Bradford, WILLIAM, printer; born in ga and Crown Point in I 75!). In May, Leicester, England, in I(j58. A Friend, or 17G2, he was commissioned a major-gcn- Quaker, he came to America with Penn's eral. Pontiac's war had filled the set- early colonists in lG82, and landed near t1ements on the western frontiers with the spot where Philadelphia was after- dire alarm, and they smt piteous caIls for wards built. He had learned the printer's h('lp. In July, 17G4, a little army of trade ill London, and, in 1686, he printed 1,100 men, composed chiefly of provincial an almanac in Philadelphia. Mixed up in battalions from New Jersey, New York, a political and social dispute in Pennsyl- and Connecticut, led by Bradstreet, reach- vania, and suffering thereby, he removed to ed Fort Niagara on its way farther New York in I(j!)3, and in that year print- westward. Bradstreet found a large con- ed the laws of that colony. He began the course of Indians there, of various na- first newspaper in New York, Oct. 16,1725 tions, ready to renew friendship with the -the Xcw York Gazette. He was printer English, and expecting presents. The to the government of New York more Senecas, to placate the Eng1ish, brought than fifty years, and for thirty years the in prisoners, and ratified a trea ty of peace. only one in the province. He died in New On his march along the southern shores York, :May 23, 1752. of Lake Erie. Bradstreet was met by du!'\ky Bradley, .JOSEPH PUILO, jurist; born deputations from the Ohio country, who in Berne, N. Y., March 14, 1813; was desired to have the chain of friendship graduated at Rutgers CoIlege in 183G; ad- hrightened; and he made a treaty with mittcd to the bar in Newark, N. J., in the nations dweIling between T"ake Erie IS3!); appointed by Presidcnt Grant jus- and the Ohio. He was welcomed at Dc- tice of the Supremc Court of thc Lnitcd troit with cxpressions of grf'at re!'\p('d Statcs in 1870; became the fifth member and satisfaction; and from that pORt he of the Electoral Commission created by sent a detachment to take posses!'\ion of Congress in ISH, and by his concurrence l\1ackinaw. On Sept. 7 the Ottawas allli in the judgment of thc Repub1ican mem- Chippewas met Bradstreet in council, and, hers of the commission, RUTHERFORD B. cashiering their old chiefs, the young war- HAYES (q. v.) became President. He died riors made a covenant of friendship with in \Yashington, D. C., Jan. 22, 18D2. the English, as brothers. and a!'\ked for Bradstreet, JOHN, military officer; peace in the name of their wiYf"s and 1,0m in 1Tarhling-. Engl:md, in 17Il; was ('hildr('n. Pontiac did not appear, but was lieutenant-eolonf"1 of Pepperell's regiment inC'luded in the trc>aty of pc>acc> tlJen made. in the cxpf"dition against Louisburg in TIy that treaty the Indian country be- 174.;; and in September, the same year, came a part of the royal domain; itR he was made a captain of a regular regi- 1.rih('s were bound to render aid to the ment. The following year he was appoint- English troop!'\; and, in return, were ed lieutenant-governor of St. .Tohn!'!, New- promised EngIi!'\h prot('ction. Bradstreet foundland-a sinecure place. Braddock died in New York City, Sc>pt. 25, 17i4. ordered him to aecompany Shirley to Os- Bradstreet, SI1\ION, colonial governor; wego, in 175;;, as his adjutant; and in horn in Lincolnshire, England, in March, 393 :BRAGG W03. After stuùring one year in college, E. Kirby Smith, a native of Connecticut, h(' became steward to the Countess of \Yar- led Bragg's advance. He entered Kentucky wick. He married Anne, a daughter of from eastern Tennessee, pushed rapidly Thomas Dudley, and ",as persuaded to en- to Lðington, after defeating a National gage in the settlement of Massachusetts. force near Richmond, in that State, and JJl\"csted with the office of judge, he ar- was warmly welcomed by the Confed('rates. rh'ed at Salem in the summer of W30. The alarmed legislature, sitting at Frank- The next year he was amoJiilg the found('rs fort, fled to Louisville; while Smith press- of Cambridge, and was one of the first ed on towards the Ohio, where he was settlers at Andover. Very active, he was confronted by strong fortifications oppo- almost continually in public life, and lived site Cincinnati. The invader recoiled, amI, at Salem, Ipswich, and Boston. He was falling back to Frankfort, awaited the ar- secretary, agent, and commissioner of rival of Bragg, who entereù Kentucky the rnited Colonies of New England; and (Sept. 5) with forty regiments and as in 16G2 he was despatched to congratulate many cannon. His ad\'ance, R,OOO strong, Charles II. on his restoration. He was as- under General Chalmers, encountered a sistant from Hi:JO to !Gi!), and deputy- National force under Colonel Wilder at governor from !Gi3 to Wig. From that :Mumfordsville, on the line of the Nash- time till lG8li (when the charter was an- "iIle and Louisville Railway. The Con- nulled) he was governor. When, in lG8!), federates were repulsed; hut Wilder was Andros was imprisoned, he was restored compelled to yield to General Polk a few to the office, which he held until the ar- days later. Bragg joined Fimith at Frank- rival of Governor Phipps, in !G!)2, with fort, where the combined armies number- the new charter. His wife, Anne Brad- ed about 05,000 effective men. He now street, was a poetess of considerable merit. expected to make an easy march to Louis- Her poems were published in London in ville, but was confronted hy General Buell, Ili30, and a second edition was published who had been marching abreast of Bragg. in Boston in WiS. Simon died in Salem, Buell suddenly turned upon Bragg with 1\1ass., March 27, 16!)7. about (iO.OOO troops, and a battle ensu('ù :Bragg, nRAXTO , military officer; born near PERRYVILLE (q. v.) (Oct. 8, 18(j ), in in \\-arren county, N. C., March 22, 1817; which the invaders were so roughly han- was graduated at the United States Mil- dIed that they fled in haste toward::. eastern itary Aeademy in 1837; entered the ar- TE:'nnessee, followed by their marauding tillery; and served in the Seminole \Yar bands, who had plundered the inhabitants and in the war with Mexico, receiving in every direction. Bragg soon afterwards for good conduct in the latter several al.andoned Kentucky. breyets and promotions, The last brevet The armies of Rosecrans and Bragg was that of lieutenant-eolonel, for Buena confronted each other for several months Yista, Feb. 23, 1847. He was made major in Tennessee after the battle of STO:\"E in 1855; resigned the next year, and lived RIVER (q. v.). Rosf'crans remained on (an extensive planter) in Louisiana until the scene of the battle; Bragg was bf'low the breaking out of the Civil War, when the Duck River. Finally the \rmy of the (March, 1861) he was made a brigadier- Cumberland, in thrpe divisions, eommand- general in the Confedf'rate army. [ade ed reRpecti\'ely by G('nprals Thomas, major-general in F('bruary, 1802, he took l\[cCook, and Crittemlpn, bpgan its maI'ch an important part in the battle of Shiloh (.Tune 23,18(3) from l\Iurfree boro to Chat- in April. He was made general in place tanooga. General Burnside. in Kentucky, of A. S. Johnston. kilJeù; amI in May suc- was ordered to mo\"e through the moun- ('eeded Bpaurpgard in command. tains into east('rn Tpnnp sep to co-oppr- .John II. l\rorgan, the guerilla ehipf, and ate with Hos('crans. At that time Bragg's N. B. Forrest, the ]f'aùpr of a strong eava]- ]pft wing'. undf'r r.enf'l'al (Bishop) Polk, ry force, hacl for sonlP time (in lRf;2) roam- lay at hplhn'i1I('. Lehind formidaLlp in- ed, with very little "erious opposition, over tr n('hmf'nts ;lLout i) miles in l('ngth, cast Kf'ntueky and Tennes!;l('e. preparatory to up hy ]pgally emaneipatf'd slaves ':\ . !",j :1: - ::, cf:-' - ?1 ' .1NI , ", ?)j -? " : , :; : .,: " tç , . "$;' liir --, - --.,' t. -, ... Þ, . I -,,-;..;,' _.\,.} Ji.i ,;' 1.:--- ' 'l' r , ' ilÎ11 i íililíll . ii...tit" IIU I )1, '4 .1. . Jfß. <' /"1' m l .., .:' ;.', /.. .....' - . .,,(1'';; . 16 .... .. 1-...,-,....;'" r. '" k. ..'};:: ""'-' .:;:;;.. -. .;" -4rV''''f - " ". ... . ( :.._ r-'- '-r" Ae ' /o '... - .-.. . , . _ _.. ___::b WASHINGTON'S HEADQUARTERS ON THK BRANDYWI ne. :BRANDYWINE Wilmington. and took post in a strong Then he turned upon his pursuers find position on the hills that skirt the eastern drove them back to the main line. Per- borders of that stream. The astonbhed eei\'Ïng danger of being flanked, Maxwell Britons ga,-e chase the ne'\:t morning, but tIed across the stream, lmving its western fouud Wa::,hington standing in their path- banks in possession of the enemy. Kn)'p- ot , 'I) . . ?-,'f .. r" '.. - ,, .-, pttt.... , . , ' .' .,; y...:'\."' 7 --:. :. i; ' ' <:I;';: v.- , b- , , _ 1KÞ . : i ".:?/' > : -r;;;. _ ? ;:V . "' < , :,;. - , , :;''''1 16h r-t/IJ. t'Þ .. - . , ':.';, ,) ..., ""- . ,. ,. ..r . . -.t ..J/"\.....--: . 1*: - :; : - " b '.' ;': . i - ;( , .;-'{, '.f 4- ff,.. -. ...'.....t, J' . r .". .' '.'<' It: ... - - ..< \ J-.r.- .... :':at \' ." I- ..,\,,''1. ... . J ....,., ,...... ..t..},......,.. ,Jt. .. -c , - ii;; "':1> , . "';\-' . ".... .., > 'rt<,...-:, 't. ....."':.:-- ' (,' / '; t ' ., ': , ' 1M '. . "": ,/),ì' "..'> f:;;!;l: ,.' :_.1 :: ' 2iF' ... -. à ,,-;;- ' --.' / -h. - c:c- < - ;- .. ,- _ _ - _ ' _ ': _ _ ._ - - _ '; -::- . ;:' ;j':: ,1 '>,. .' V' - - . - = ' . -- --' t \ ,,)\...... . I -.. _ .... VIEW AT CHAD'S FORD ON THB BRAYDYWINE. way to Philadelphia. The two divisions hausen now brought his great guns to bear of Howe's army met at Kennet Square upon the Americans at Chad's :Ford. It (Sept. 10), and the next morning Corn- was to divert Washington's attention from wallis led a large portion of t}lem up the Cornwallis, who was pushing forward to J.ancastf'r road towards the forks of the cross the llrandywine and gain the rear Brandywine, leaving all their baggage of the Americans. This accomplished, --even thcir knapsacks-with the other Knyphausen was to cross over, whcn a òivision. The latter moved for Chad's simultaneous attack hy both partie!' was Forù a few llOurs later in a dense fog. to be made. \Vashington directed SuIIimn " ashington's l('ft wing, composed of the to cross the Brandywine aho\"c and attack hrigades of Iuhlenherg and \Veedon, of Cornwallis, while he (Washington) should (:re>('ne'!' divi!'\ion, and \\'ayne's division, cross the stream and assail Knyphause>n. with Proctor's artillery, were on the hills Through misinformation, Sullivan failed east of Chad's Ford. The brigades of Sul- to perform his part. A message which limn, Stirling, and Stephen, composing he sent to \Vashington kept the latter in tIle right wing. eJo.tencled along the Brandy- suspense a long time. Crcme, who had wine Crf'('k to a point ahove the forks; crossed at Chad's Ford with his admnced and 1.000 Pennsylvania militia under Gen- guard, was recallcd; and Cornwallis, in eral Arm!'\trong were at Pyle's Ford, 2 the mean time, had made a wide circuit, miles bclow Chad's. (;eneral :Maxwell, crossed the Brandywine, amI gained a with 1.000 light troops, was posted on the lliI1 near Birmingham )'Ieeting-hou!'\e, not west side of the creek to dispute the pas- far from Sullivan's right, hdore that om- sage of KnJ phausen. The latter attempt- cer discovered him. The !'urprisf'd gm- cd to dislodge Maxwell, who, after a !'\e- eral informed \Va!'\hington of his peril. and vere> fight, was pushed to tIle edge of tIle immediately prepared to attack the em.my. Brandywine, where he was reinfon.cd. Before he could do so, CornwaIli!:>, with hi; :J!IG BRANDY NE-BRANT rested troops, fell upon Sullivan, and a seycre conflict ensued. For a while the ré ult was doubtful. :Finally the right wing of the Americans, under General Deborre, gave way; then the left, under Sullivan; but the centre, under Stirling, remained firm for a while. Then it, too, 'j, 111 ' ;;.' . . " <' - '1f . -- _ :- _' : ' : '} . ::' \ <,, F ;.:-.m i = ; l' -.]: .!t mH = ""'" :: 'f- : .), . , ;, , ;. ... ::.::: ;'. __ . \i _ :;; ;-::: : . .;"" . : _;=..i!t _ ,_.. BIRMIXGIIAM MEETING-BOUSE. broke and fled in confusion. Lafayette, who was with this corps, fighting as a vol- unteer on foot, was badly wounded in his Ieg-. The scattered troops could not be rallied, excepting a few who made a stand at Dilworth. They, too, soon joined the fugitives in the flight towards the main army, closely pursued hy the victors, Corn- wallis's cannon having made dl'cadful ha ,'oc in the ranks of the \.mericans. Meanwhile Washington, with Greene and two brigades, had hastened to the aid of the right wing. They met the fugitives, opened their ranks to receive them, and, hy a constant cannonade, checked their pursuers; and at a narrow defile the regi- ments of Stephen and Stewart held the British back until night, when the latter encamped. In the mean time, Knyphausen }Iad crossed at Chad's Ford and attacked t}H"' left wing under \V ayne. After a gallant fight, the latter, seeing the Britis1-t aining his rear, abandoned his cannon and munitions of war and made a dis- orderly retreat behind the division of Greene. At twilight there was a skirmish near Dilworth between Maxwell and his light troops, lying in amhush to COWl' the retreat of the American..., and some British grenadiers. The contest was brief, for darkness put an end to it. The Ameri- cans, defeated, marched leisurely to Ches- 397 tel'; for the British, who held the field, did not pursue. The next morning (Sept. 12, lï77) Washington gathered his broken army, marched towards Philadelphia, and encamped near Germantown. It was esti- mated that the Americans lost, in kiHed, wounded, and prisoners, about 1,200; the British, about 800. Brant, JOHN, Indian chief; son of Jo- seph Brant; born in the :\Iohawk village on the Grand River, in Canada, Sept. 2ï, liD,!; took up arms for the British when the War of 1812-15 broke out, and led a party of Indians at the battle of QUEENSTO (q. v.). He was then only eighteen years of age, and was conspicuou!' for his bravery. He had receind a good English education at Ancaster and Niag- ara, and was a diligent student of English authors. Young Brant was an ardent lover of nature, was manly and amiable. and was in every respect an accomplished gentleman. On the death of his father, he became the principal chief of the Six Nations, although he was the fourth and roungest son. Brant was engaged in most of the military events on the Niagara frontier during the war; and at its close he and his young sister Elizabeth occupied '- .._ ....... q( ,. /;; .l', . , '- - ;;:-", l ø I 'I 'i'" . - -. ,- n ' -,I , , '- " .... , , - - " ; , " , ( . ---- \ .\, ... ... " . \',' ,,)- n ":; _o, <\ -? .-:\-..c:............... . _ :. \ \. --_._ '- ...... - -. '. - \ .:: "': '" - ,c,-- ,I JOHS BRAliT, offer with an expf'ctation of secming ycry favoraùle arrangements for his people, for the ministry were elated with the news of the disasters to the" rebels" at Quebec. Besides, they had completcd the bargain for a host of German mcrcenaries, a part of whom were then on thcir way to Amer- ica to crush the rebellion. They concluded the next ship would bring news that the Americans were willing to agree to un- conditional suhmisbion, the only terms which the imperial gOYernment would grant. Brant returned, but to find the Americans snccessful in many places, and determined to persevere. He took up arms for the llrith;h; and in the raids of Tories and Indians in central Kew York upon the patriotic inhabitants he was often a leader, holding the commission of eolonel from the King of England. lIe prevailed on the Six Nations to make a permanent peace after the war; and in 178G he went to England the second time. but then for the purpose of collecting fund;; to build a church on the Indian r('s- eryation on the Grand River, in Canada. This was the first dlUrch erected in the the beginning of the war for imlepemlence rpper Province. Brant did nHIe'h to in- was R('cretnry to Guy Johnson, the Indian duee his people to engage in the arts Superintendent. In the spring of 1776 of peace. He died on his estate at the he was in England; anù to the ministry head of Lake Ontario, Canada, Kov. 24, he expressed his willingness, and that of 1807. The remains of Brant rest beneath his people, to join in the chastisenlent of a handsome mausoleum near the church ;J08 the homestead at the head of Lake On- tario, and there dispensed a generous hos- pitalit)". He went to England in 1821 on business for the Six Nations, and there took occasion to defend the character of his father from the aspersions contained iu Campbell's Gertrude of Wyoming. He pro\'Cd that his father was not present at the massacre in ".yoming; but the popt had not the generosity or manliness to strike out of the poem the calumnious words, and so it remains until this day. In 182ì GOYernor Dalhousie gave him the commission of captain, and as such he ap- peared as in the engraving. In 1832 he was elected a member of the Provincial Parliament for the county of Haldimand. He died on the Grand River reservation in September, 1832. Brant, J OSEI'H (Thay-en-da-ne-gca), :Mohawk chief; born on the banks of the Ohio River in 1742. In liGI Sir William Johnson sent him to Dr. \\-heelock's school at Hanover, N. H., whcre he translated rortions of the Kew Testament into the Mohawk language. Brant engaged in the war against Pontiac in 17G3, and at ">-- .., "" '" I' -, .- - ;... } " 1..""1- '. I t 't . J I)\ ( , \\h . \\l\ ' . \ . ...... ...... I'" '''1\ \f, - .JOSEPH BRAs'r, BRANT the rebellious colonists. It was an un. favorable time for him to make such an '". ,.... '-7 ,--" :". . 1 ", "' , _. '\.. - ' .Ú':' . ,-;. ., r; - : ,;.. ; &-,..' ' - - . ..('.,". J; "'-... - ---:..... .' '-.. \ I .., -..: --- J,' : "". /.. ... "'.- ! - \ . ..... . , '1' , \i. TilE IIRA:l.T MAD"OU_l'M. BRASHEAR CITY-BREAKWATER on the reservation on the Grand River, Canada. It was erected by the inhabi- tants of the _vicinity in 1830. On the slab tha t surmounts it is an inscription in commemoration of the ehief and of his son John. Brashear City, l\IILlTARY OPERATIONS NEAR. This town of Louisiana, afterwards Morgan City, was, at the beginning of the Civil \Var, in a singular country, com- posed of fertile plantations, extensive for- ests, sluggish lagoons and bayous, passable and impassable swamps, made dark by mnbrageous cypress-trees draped with Spanish moss and festooned with inter- lacing vines, the earth in many places matted and miry, and the waters abound- ing in alligators. At that time the whole country was half submerged by the super- abundant waters of the Mississippi and its tributaries. A single railroad passed through this country from New Orleans to 13rashear City, on the Atchafalaya, a dis- tance of 80 miles, at which point the waters of the great bayou Teche meet those of the Atchafalaya and others. Near Pattersonville, on the Teche, the Confeder- ates had erected fortifications, and gather- ed troops to dispute the passage of these important waters by National gunboats. Gen. N. P. Banks, in command of the Department of the Gulf, determined to expel the armed Confederates from Brash- ear City and its vicinity. An expedi- tion for that purpose was led by Gen. Godfrey Weitzel, accompanied by a squad- ron of gunboats, under Com. McKean Bu- chanan, brother of the commander of the MERRDfAC (q. v. )., They penetrated to Brashear City, and then proceeded (Jan. 11, 18(3) to attack the works near Pat- tersonville. Weitzel's infantry were placed ir.. the gunboats, and his cavalry and ar- tillery proceeded by land. They encoun- tered formidable river obstructions-torpe- does, an armored steamboat, and batteries well manned by 1,100 men, on each side of the bayou. These were attacked on the 15th, and in that engagement Buchanan was killed by a rifle-ball that passed through his head. The Confederates were driven from their works, and their mon- ster steamer was abandoned and burned. In this affair the Nationals lost thirty- four men killed and wounded. Braxton, CARTER, a signer of the Dec- 399 laration of Independence; born in New- ington, Va., Sept. 10. 1i3ti; was educated at the College of William and Mary in 1756, and resided in England until li60. He was a distinguished member and pa- triot in the Virginia House of Burgesses in suppOl"ting the resolutions of Patrick Henry in 1763, and in subsequent assem- bUes dissolved by the governor. He re- mained in the Virginia Assembly until royal rule ceased in that colony, and was active in measures for defeating the schemes of Lord Dunmore. Braxton was in the convention at Richmond in li75, for devising measures for the defence of the colony and the public good; and in December he became the successor of Pey- ton Randolph in Congress. He remained in that body to vote for and sign the Dec- laration of Independence. In lï8G, after sf'rving in the Virginia legislature, h became one of the executive council. He died in Richmond, Ya., Oct. 10, 1797. Brazil. An event of great interest to Americans was the overthrow of the Brazilian empire, the last monarchy in the New World, and the establishment of a repubUc in November, 1889. A constitu- tion was adopted, framed on the Ameri- can model, and Fonseca was the first President. Brazil was included in the reci- procity arrangements of the Harrison administration. Peixoto succeeded as Pres- ident in 18!)}, but the new republic has been disturbed by internal troubles. 1\1ost serious of these outbreaks was the revolt of the fleet under Admiral lello in the summer of 1893, followed by the blockade of Rio de Janeiro by the insurgents. To supply the loss of vessels, the Brazilian government purchased a powerful mer- chantman, m Cid, plying bctween New York and New Orleans, transformed it in New York Harbor into the dynamite cruiser Nictlteroy, and despatched it at the enù of 1893 to the scene of action. Other vessels were purchased to cope with the strong naval force of l\Iello. The rebellion was not ended until June. IS!);"). M. de ror3(>s, who had meanwhile been electeù President. granted full amnesty to all concerned in the revolt. In 1896 Brazil entered into 8. reciprocity treaty for trade with the United States. :Brazito, BATTLE OF. See BRACETI. :Breakwater, in civil engineering, a con- BRECKENRIDGE-BREVET lature; and from 1851 to lRã5 was in Con- gress. President Pierce tendered him tll(" mission to Spain, which he declined. In March, 1857, he became Vice-President, under Buchanan, and succeeded John J. Crittenden in the Senate of the Pnit('d States in 1861. He was then a defeated candidate for the I")rcsidellcy. His friend- ship for the Confederates cau ('ù his ðpul- sion from the Senate in December, 1861, when he joinell the Confederate army and was made a major-general, Aug. 5, 18G2. He was active at various points dur- ing the remainder of the war. Breck- inridge was Secretary of \\ ar of the Con- federacy when it fell (1865), anll soon afterwards departed for Europe, return- ing to his native State in a short time. He was the youngest man who e\-er lwld the office of Vice-President. lIe died in Lexington, Ky.. l\Iay 17, 1875. Breed's Hill. See BUNKER HILL. Brenton, \\TULIAM, royal governor; born in England; was governor of Rholle Island in 1666 under the charter from Charles II., and was one of the original r.ine proprietors of Rhode Island. Bren- ton's Point and Brenton's Reef in Karra- ganset Bay were named after him. He died in :Newport, R. I., in 1674. Bressani, FRANCIS JOSEPH. See JES- LIT MISSIONS. Brevard, EPHRABI, physician; born in Charlotte, N. C., about li50 j was gradu- ated at the College of New Jersey in 17G8; was educated for a physician, and prac- tised the profession in Charlotte. He was secretary of the famous :Mecklenburg Con- vention. When the British invallell the Carolinas, he entered the Continental army as a surgeon, and was made a prisoner at Charleston in 1780. Brok(,l1 with disl"ase, he returned to Charlotte after his release, anll Ilied about 1783. Brevet, a French worll implying a royal act, conferring some privilege or Ilistinc- tion j in Englanll it is appliell to a com- mission giving nominal rank higher than that for which pay is received. Thus, a brevet major serves and Ilra \vs pay as cap- tain. The first time it was used in the United States army was in 1812, when 1821. Studying law at the Transylvania Capt. Zachary Taylor was promoted to Institute, hI" h('gan its practice at Lexing- major by brevet for his defence of Fort ton. He served as major in the war with Harrison. It was somctimf''1 11S('<1 in the l\Jf'xico; was a lI1('mbf'r of his State If'gi!'l- Continental army after the arrival of the .Jon struction in deep water to protect an anchorage for vessels during storms and for other purposes. They are technically classified as sloping, composite, and verti- cal. The most notable breakwater in the rnited States is at the entrance of Dela- ware na -, which cost considerably over 2,OOO,OOO. There are others at Galveston, Tex. j at Buffalo, Chicago, and Oswego, on the (heat Lakes, and at several ports of entry in the Southern States, which have been constructed by the federal gov- ernment since the close of the Civil \Var. The Eads jetties, below New Orleans, arc practically a breakwater construction, al- though built for a different purpose. Breckenridge, JOlIN, statesman; born in Augusta county, Va., Dec. 2, I 7GO j was admitted to the bar in 1785; elected to Congress in 17t13 but did not accept, having dptermined to remove to Kentucky, where he settled near LeÀington. He was appointed attorney-general of Kentucky in 1795. In 1798 he met Jefferson and Nicholas at Monticello and prepared the famous Kentucky resolutions of 1798, of which JeJrcrson claimed the authorship. In 1801 he was elected to the United f;tates Senate, and resigned in 1805 to become Attorne --General under President Jefferson, \\hich office he filled about four months. He died in Lexington, Ky., Dec. 14, 180G. Breckinridge, JOlIN CABELL, states- man; born near J.exington, Ky., Jan. 21, -... --' .-. \"'., . ) t- - :. <>. . \ <\ . . '-- JOII CA BI':LL BRECKINRJDGK, BREWER-BRICE French troops in 1780. The word came into ver:r gpnen11 use during the Civil '''ar, and, as an intermediate distinction between an actual low and a possible highf'r rank, is still frequently confened by the President. Officers receiving it are privileged to include it in their official titles, as "Colonel and Brevet Brigadier- General, U. S. A.," or "U. S. V." Brewer, D.o\ VID JOSIAH, juri!'t; born in t:mvrna, Asia, June 20, 18:3/; graduated at \:-ale in 1 ;)Iì; rpmoved to Kansas in 18:ï!l; åppointed ju4ice of the Pnited tates Supreme Coud in IRa4. Brewster, BEXJA '[1:'< HARRIS, lawyer; born in akm county, N. J., Oct. 13, 18lü; graduated at Princeton College in 1834, and admitted to the Philadelphia bar in 1838; was appointe,l .\ttorney-Gen- nine years, preaching very impressi\'e ser- eral of the Cnited tates in December, mons; but he could never be persuaded lRS1, and conducted the IU"OSf'cution of the to administer the Lord's supper, though Sbu- Route tria Is. lIe died in Philadel- he had the care of the church. He died l'hia, Pa., Ap1"il 4, lRSS. at Plymouth, Mass., April 10, lG44. Brewster, \\'n.T.LH[. a Pilgdm Father; Bribery, in the United States, an act horn in Serooby, England, in l:l()O. Edu- prohibited and made punishable by acts cated at Cambridge, he entered the ser- of Congress and by legislation in nearly vice of \\ïlliam Da\'idson, ambassador of all of the States. The penalties apply Queen Elizabeth in Holland. He with- equally to the persons offering and ac- drew from the Church of England and C'cpting a bribe. The acts of Congress established a society of SeparatisÌlil. apply particularly to persons connected This new society worshipped on Sabbath with the government in various capacities, days at Mr. Brewster's house until per- and also to federal elections, and the secution began to interrupt them. He, legislation of a State to public officers with :Mr. Bradford and others, was among generaJIy under its jurisdiction, and also those who attempted to fly to HolIan(1 in to State and municipal elections. One of lG07. (See ROBINSON, JOII .) They were the most noted cases of wholesale bribery arrested and imprisoned at Boston in Lin- in the United States was that involving a colnshire. As Mr. Brewster had the most number of aldermen of New York City, property, he was the greater sufferer. At which ,,-ew out of a grant of a street rail- much expense he gained his liherty, and road franchise in 1884. The legislature then he assisted the poorer members of ordered an investigation, and several of the church to escape, following them him- the aldermen, a former president of the self soon afterwards. At Leyden he open- railroad company, and Jacob Sharp, the ed a school for te:lehing the English Jan- alJ("g<'rl leader in the brihery, were con- guage, to replenish his exhausted fund , vif'ted. He had then been an cIder and teacher Brice, BENJAMIN 'V., military offie("r: for some time. By the assistance of some horn in Virginia in 180r>; was graduated friends he proeUT<>t! a printing-press, and at 'Vest Point in 1829; sPTYed in the e - published several hooks against the Eng- pe(1ition against the Sac Indians in lR31, lish hierarchy_ In :Mr. Robinson's church then resimwd from the army and became in Leyden Brewster was a ruling elder, a lawyer judge, and adjut nt-general of and was so highly estf'emed that he was Ohio. He re-entered the army as major at chosen the spiritual guide of the "Pil- the beginning of the {exiean War, and grims" who emigrated to America. Hf' sen-ed as paymaster. He served through took "ith him to the wilderness his wife the Civil 'Var in the pay department; be- amI numerous children. It was upon mille pa.rmaster-general in 18G4, and was 1.-2 c 401 the lid of his chest that the political compact was signed 011 board the JIay- flolccr. At New Plymouth he supplied the vacant pulpit most of the time for r r .. U I --= 0-=-:. h - - ELDER BREWSTER'S ('HEST AND DISNER. POT. BRICKETT-BRIDGES brevetted major-general for faithful ser- built for carriages and foot-passengers: ,ices in 1 'Hi.). He died in "'ashington, has a span of 1, lìO fect; hegun IHü7; V. C., Dec. 4, IHU2. cOlllpleted in IHli!l; hlown down .fan. 10, Brickett, .TAMt:S, military offieer: horn 18H!}, anrl a 1If'\\' :--trudure of iron. hung in li37; was a php;idan in IIaverhilI, on f,teel cahlef;, opent'd ::\la) i, IS8!1. 1\Iass., and a surgeon in the army at llrookl.rn Bridge, a wire cable suspension Tieonderoga; was wounderl in the battle hridge connecting K('w York City with of Bunker Hill; appointerl brigadier- Brookl.rn; designed bJ' John A. Roebling, general in the expedition designed for and built by his son, W. A. Roebling; Canada in líiG; and commanded the carriage - way, 5,989 feet, and including American escort of Burgoyne's urren- (:xtensions, ü,337 fef't; a central span of dered army in li77. He died in HaYer- ],595 feet, and two side spans of 030 hi]], 1\Iass., Dec. 9, 1818. feet each, with a clear headway under the Bridges. The most notable ones in c{'ntre of the bridge of 135 feet above Cnited States history are: high-water; total hei ht of towers abo,-e .irch Brirlg(s.-St. Louis Bridge across high-water, 278 feet. There are four the 1\Iississippi at St. Louis, 1\100; three suspmsion cables, composed of 5,29G gal- arches formed of tubes of cast-steel, and \"anized steel wires, bound together, but huilt out from the piers without scaf- not twisted; width of bridge, 8,) feet; fo!ding: the centre span, 520 feet; the co!'t, $ 1.3,000,000; bridge begun 1870; others, 502 feet each; built by James B. opened 1\Iay 24, 1883. Eads at a cost of $10,000,000; begun New East Ri,'er Bridge (under con- ISG7, and completed July 4, 1874. The struction), connccting Ncw York City bridge buiJt to carry the Washington, with BrooklJTn; north of the Brookl.rn D. Coo aqucduct oYer Cabin John Creek Bridge. The roadway of this bridge is sup- has the largest masonry arch in the ported by six steel cables passing over Unitf'd States; span, 220 feet. steel towers on each side of the river. High Bridge, aeross the Harlem River, North River Bridge (under construc- in New York City; built to carry the tion), across the Hudson, between Kf'w Croton aqueduct across the river. It York Citv and IIobokm, N. J. In this consists of thirteen arches, and is 1,4GO bridge th towers are to be of steel, 5;)7 feet long. feet high. The central span wiJI be 3,1l0 'Vashington Bridgp, across the Harlem feet long, and the lowest point of the River, just north of High Bridge; con- bridge 1:>0 feet above high-water. sists of nine ardH>f;, three of granite on Cantilercr Bririgcs.-Xiagara Fa11s the east side, four of granite on UlP west, Cantilever, oYer tllf> gorge, a short dis- and two stf'el arches spanning the river. tance abo\"e the old suspension bridge; This bridge is 2,400 feet long and 80 feet the first true metal cantilever hridge wide; completed in 1888. C'rpcted, comprising two eantile,-prs, 38,3 Suspension Bridgcs.-Niagara Fans feet each in length, extending from the Suspension Bridge. across the gorge, 2 shores to piers, and reaching out oYer the miles below the fans; built by John A. river, supporting a central girder 120 J:.oebling; length of !'Ipan between towers, fed in length; di tance he tween piers. SOO feet; supported by four wire cables, 4!)5 feet; height of hridge, 180 feet abo,'e each containing 3,G40 Ko. 9 wires; height the water; open('d Dec. 20, lR83. of track above the water, 24.3 feet; ear- Kentucky and Indiana Bridge, over the riarre-wav beneath the track; cost of Ohio Rin'r, at Louis,oil1e; has two canti- hridge, -tOO,OOO; work b('gun 18:)2; first le\"er spans of 480 and 483 feet; hegun in locomotives cros!'ed :\farch 8, 18,")5. 1883; completed in 1 88. Cincinnati and CO'Tington Suspmsion Poughkeepsie Brirlge, crossing the IIud- Uridge, over the Ohio River. at an ele- son River at Poughkeepsie; is composed \Cation of 91 feet above low-water, and of two cantilever spans on each shore of with a span of 1,057 feet; built by Roeb- 523 feet, and a central cantilever span of ling, and completed in 1867. 521 feet, joined by two ordinary irders of Clifton Suspf'nsion Bridge, at Kiagara 500 feet span with projecting cantilewr Fans, a short distance below the fans; ends; work begun 188G; opened in 188S. 402 :BRIDGEWATER-BRISTOW STATION Blackwell's Island Bridge (under con- the sea, led by Lieutenant-Colonel Camp- stTuction), across the East River north of bell. Ashe crossed and pursued as far as the Brooklyn Bridge. It has four chan- Brier Creek, 40 miles below Augusta, on uel piers, 135 feet above high-water. The the Georgia side of the Savannah River, bridge will be 2 miles in length, with where he encamped. He was surprised two channel spans of 846 feet each, and ( farch 3) and utterly defeated by General one across Blackwell's Island of 613 feet. Prevost, who was marching up from Sa- Girder and ]liseellaneous Bridges.- \annah to support Campbell. Ashe lost .Arthur Kill Rridbe, between Staten Isl- almost his entire army by death, captivity, and and Kew .Jersey, consists of two shore- and dispersion. Some were killed, others spans of 150 feet each, covered by fixed perished in the morasses, and many were trusses, and a draw 500 feet in length; drowned in attempting to pass the Sa van- cau be opened and closed in two minutes; nah River. This blow deprived Lincoln of . bridge authorized by act of Congress June about one-fourth of his army and led to 16, 18813; completed at a cost of $450,000, the temporary re-establishment of royal June 13, 1888. authority in Georgia. \Voodf'TI bridge, over the Connecticut at Bright, JESSE D.; born in orwich, HanO\-er. with a single arch of 236 feet; . Y., Dec. IH. 1812; remond to Indiana erected in 1796. in 1820; Cnitcd States Senator, 184.3-62, Potomac Run Bridge, a famous trestle- when he was expelled for llaving recog- work 400 feet long and RO feet high; built nized Jefl'l'rson Davi as Pre!'ident of the in nine days by soldiel's of the AI'my of ('onfedpl'ate Stah' , lIe died in Baltimore, the Potomac under the supervision of Gen. Id.. Iay 20. lRi.). Herman Haupt. It contained more than Brinton, DAXIEL GARIUSO , surgeon 2.000,000 feet of lumber, chiefly round and archæologist; horn in Thornbury. Pa., sticks, fresh cut from the neighboring ::\lay 13, 1837; gmduated at Jen'er on woods; erected ::\Iay, 1862. Medical College iu l tj}: was a ppoillted Portage Bridge, over the Genesee River, medica] director in the lIth .\nny Corps on the line of the Erie Railroad at Port- in IStì2-tì.,. His writings include Xotes age, N. Y. An iron truss bridge on iron on tlte Floridian Penill.'""lfl; A.nlpriran trestles, built in 1875, to replace the Hero ]Jyths ' _\bori!linal .4.merican -!nthol- original wooden trestle brid e; completed og!J; Primer of lln!JfHl Hir/"ofllyphirs; R,,- Au . 14, 1852, and burned down, fay 6, ligion of Primitire Peuples, etc. He died lR75; total length, 800 feet, comprising in Atlantic City, K J., July 31, 1899. one span of 180 feet, two of 100 feet, and Bristow, Rt JA IIN HEUI, statesman; seven of 50 feet; height, 1 0 feet above born in Elkton, Ky., June 20, 1832; was the river; contract Jet, ::\Iay 10, 1873; graduated at Jefferson College in 1831; opened for traffic July 31, lR75. and admitted to the bar of Kentucky in Wrought-iron girder bridge, at Cincin- 1853. At the outbreak of the Civil War nati, over the Ohio River, with a span of he accepted a commission in the Union 31!} f<>et; 10.3 feet above low-water; built army as lieutenant-colonel of the 25th in 1877. Kentucky Infantry; afterwards became Kentucky River Bridge, a trussed girder colonel of the 8th Kentucky Cavalry, and bridge of iron, on the line of the (,incin- served through the war. He was Secre- nati Routhern Railroad; three "pans of tary of the United States Treasury in 375 feet; built without false work; begun 1874-76, when he resigned. He was tt Oct. 16. uno. and completed at a cost of leading candidate for the Republican $-l0-t-,2:30, Feh. 20, 18i7. Presidential nomination in 1876. He dic.J Bridgewater, B\.TTLE OF. See LlTXDY'S in 1'ew York, June 22, 1896. LAXE. Bristow Station, RATTLE OF. In the Brier Creek, H \TTLE OF. ('o]on{'] A!';he. third race of the National and Confederate of Korth Carolina. was sent _hy Oeneral armies for \\'a hington, the struggle to Lincoln. with 2.000 men. to drh'e the Brit- first pass Bristow Station, on the ('en- i....h frow \ugu:-;ta, (1a" in 1 jin. Tlw lat- tral Virginia RaihmHl, was very hot. Lee t<>r flf'd when .\ ]Il' appcarf'd on the oppo- pushed Hill and Ewell forward to gain Fite side of the river, and pushed. toward:;; that point before the Nationals should 403 BRITISH ORDERS IN COUNCIL-BROCK reach it. "'hen they approached it the entire Army of the Potomac had passed it, e cepting Gen. G. K. \Vanen's corps, which was then not in sight of the Con- federates. Hill was about to attack the 3d Corps, when, at about noon (Oct. 13), he was startled by the appearance of ""arren's troops ap- proaching his rear. They had out- stripped Ewell's, and were expect- ing to Jueet S.rkes's at Bristow Station. Hill in tant]y turned and opened his batteries upon Warrcn, who \\as surprised for a moment; I but in the space of ten minutes the batteries of A.l"no]d and :Brown, I a sisted b,y thc infantry divisions of Ha,yes and Wcbb, drove back the Confederatcs and cal1tured six of their guns. Thesc wel'e instantly turned upon the fugitives. A flank attack by the Confederates was re. pu] ed with a loss to them of 430 m('n made pri oners. This was an efi"ectual check upon Hill's march. Just at sunset .Ewell came up, and "'anen's corps (3th) was con- fronted by a greater portion of Lec's army. Seeing his peril, 'Var- nn kilfully withdrew under co\'er of the approaching darkness, and joined the main army in the morn- ing on the heights of Ccntreville. \\'arren's loss in the battle was about 200 in killed and wounded. British Orders in Council. See OIWEU I COC\"C'IL. on .July 20, 1812. lIe kne\\ the weak- Brock, Sm ISAAC, milital'y officer; ness of Fort :Malden below Detroit, burn in Guernsey, Oct. Ü, 17ü!) ; en- and felt an ious. The legislature \\ as tered the British army as an ensign in about to a scmble at York (Toronto), and he could not personally conduct affairs in the west. Di\ided duties perplned him. Leaving the military which he had gathered along the Ki- agara frontier in charge of Lieutenant- Colonel Myers, he hastened to York, and, with mm'h parade. opened the li>cssion of the l('gis]ature. His address was warm- IJ' received, hut he found that cith('r dis- ]oJ'alty or timidity pr('vai]crl in the legis- lature. Some were d('eidcdly in favor of the .\mericans, and most of them were 1 ï8: : f;a\\' service in Holland, and \\as lukewarm. PerceÏ\ ing thi!'l, Hroek pro- in tllf> attack on Copenhagen in 1801. IUs- rogued the _\s!'emh]y so soon as thcJ" had ing hy degn'('s. lip became a major-gen- pas<.ed the neees!>ary 5Upp]r hills. Rut a era], and wa" appointed president and ad- changf' soon came. Kews of the seizure 404 'IU'V\L IS IIE'IIORY OF G.:S.:RAL BROCK. minibtrator of the government of L"pl'er Canada, Oct. Ü, IRI1. \\'hen war was de- clared lJythe United Statc::>,he took prompt measures for thc defence of the l)l'Ovince. He heard of lIill's inmsiOll from Dctroit ." " , t . i' 'I: :, ..... '("-', ; , , :J. . "'Ii" ,;-. - j : i . } i'" ..... .:' ... ;, '. 10',1' 'P- -' I, #, "( . ..,: ,....;, ;. "..,' ..... ", . '. , 1.. . ." " , .. . ^' , -- -; :r lo " ... . - . :, ,1 " . " " . " ' ,: : ' ., - ..... : - * . .. - frIJ,, ,0., t '"Y' '":, r; f _' . . ,,-' ,\.,.' , __ t' . :.......... jr.t1ftt .M' ','''1 1 '., .': 1. ý' ....."" '\-. . , ,... u,; _..... . (' .j;t,. 'HI . M ", :, &: - :--:";v..: . . f"'" .., . \ .1 a þ: ),1.:, ' ft""1f.,"'1 :--':' "t .. -'( .,j t.) .. "'6 _' "iI' _ f .' "._ 'I ". " ...10"" . "'-""""';''\1 1I0 UJl(E T WHERE GF.!'o'ERAL BROCK FELL. BRODERICK-BROKE of Mackinaw and reverses to the Ameri- cans on the Detroit frontier, together with Brock's continually confident tone in pub- lic expl'( :;siOllS, gave the people courage, and he was enabled to WI'ite to Sir George Preyost ( July 2U, IS 12), " The militia sta- tioned here have volunteered their ser- riel's this moming to any pal"t of the prodnce." Ill' soon led quite a large body of them, and ('a ptured DETROIT (q. v.). He also personally led the troops in the battle of Queenston, where he was killed, Oct. 13, 1812. The British government catu;ed a fine monument to be ereeted to his memory in St. Paul's Cathedral, Lon- don, bearing the following inscription: "Erected at the public eXlwnse to the memory of Iaj.-Gen. Sir Isaac Brock, who gloriously fell on the 13tll of Of'tobcr, InCCCXn., in resÏf;ting an attack on QIIf'pnRton, Upper Canada." To the four suniving hrothers of Brock 12,000 acres of land in Canada were given, and a pen- sion of $1,000 a year each for life. In 181G the Canadians struck a medal to his mem- my; and on the Heights of Queenston they raiscd a beautiful Tuscan column 13:> feet in height. In the base of the monument a tomb was formed, in which the gcneral's remains repose. They were taken to this last resting-place from Fort Georgc on Oct. 13, 1824. ...\. small monu- ment marks the place where he fell. Broderick, DAVIS COLBRETJI, legisla- tor; born in Washington, D. C., Feb. 4, ]X20; was actively engaged in New York politics until his removal to California in lR-tI1, where he became a leader in pditical mattC'rs. Ill' was elected a Cnited States Senator for that State in IH,íli. Tn consf'quf'nce of political diffi- f'Hltips he was chaHenged to fight a duel hy Dadù S. Tf'lTY, chief - justice of the upreme Court of California; fen at the fÌl'st fire; and died Rhortly thereafter, near Lake rPI"Cf'll, CaI., Sept. lIì, 18!)!). Brodhead, .JOHN R01JEY:V, historian j horn in PhiladC'll'hia, Pa., .Tan. 2, 1814. 1[e graduatf'd at Rutgers CoHege in 1831; admitted to tll(' har in 1833; was nUach- ed to the '\meriean If'gntion at the Hague hood; and at the time of his death he in lS:m. and was appoint{'(l hy tIle IC'gislat- held the commission of rear-admiral of arc of Kew York its agent to procure and the Red. Tn the action with the Chcsa- iranscrihe original documpnts conf'f'rninO' peakr he was so hadly wounded that he the history of the State. He spf'nt thrc \Va!'! nCVf'T fit for service afterwards. He years in searching the archives of Holland. ,lieù in London, Jan. 2, 1841. 40:) England, and France, and obtained copies of more than 5,000 separate papers, com- prising the reports of home and colonial authOl'ities. They have bcen publbhed in 11 quarto volumes by the State of New York, editcd by E. B. O'Callaghan, LL.D. :r.lr. Brodhead was secretary of the Amer- ican legation in London fwm 18-1:6 till 1849. On his return he began the prep- aration of a Hi tory of the State of New York. The first volume was publish- ed in 1853, and the second in 1871. He \'I,as naval officer of New York from 1853 till 18;;7. rr. nrodhead left his lIistory of the Rtate of Netc York unfinished. He died in New York City, May n, 1873. Broke, SIR PHILIP BOWES VEHE, an English admiral; born Sf>pt. 9, 17ïG; entered thf' nritish navy in 1792, and he- came post-captain in 1801. His most con- spicuous exploit was his capture of the American frigate f1hcsnpcake in June, IS13. (See CHESAPEAKE and SHANNON.) This affair caused him to receive knight- , ./ I "') ..-- , ,I, : " __...""\ . Ai' 1 1 '1 .... " 1 ;-i - íH4' , t JJ I - ; - t ' ". ) ' , 1' \ ..... ''' " ... " .'\ --- N ' .' 1: _,-- - - \, ',t . _..; _. 'ß I N ._ \ ,"'-- " . -. )i! p, . ",, -- ,t,> þ /' \ '- . '"0. ' +. " "-. '&,v " ; .;"Ó " C " -.. 'i.: . -t,:g- _ , .. - - ;;. ' ''''' Z' ;: 01 ....,.u.... . '- - ......'" ,.....;;:-....-........... - SIR PHI UP HOWES Vt:RE llROKlo:, BROOK FARM ASSOCIATION-BROOn:E Brook Farm Association. The Brook ment of the communal atfail's at \Yest Farm project originated with George Rip- Roxbury, and made man.v improvenH'ut!'l ley, a prominent humanitarian of Boston, there, and put up large workshops anll and Dr. William H. Channing. The origi- other buildings. But outside of this work Ilal plan was to make of it a religious and its members conducted the Harbinger, literary community, supported by joint which was published weekly and was given labor of ib'l members on a farm which up almost wholly to ad\ocacy of Fourier- was the common property of all. All ism. It also instituted a missionary 130- were to live simply, and, as the hours of ciety and a lecturinf{ f'.r tem. Its ;nem- labor were brief, abundant leisure was to bel's, with some outside sympathiz('rs, be secured for social and intellectual inter- formed an organization, the American course. All the members of the commu- Cnion of Associationistf'. the two foremost nity were to be stockholders in the Com- workers in whieh were \\ïlliam H. Chan- munity's property, some giving money and ning and Charles A. Dana, and elnquent others contributing labor as an equh"a- appeals in the form of circulars were seIlt lent. Manr persons of note in the literary out, urging the formation of similar so- world were nwrubers of the as!'ìociation, cieties all over the countr,Y. A number of including Theodore Parker, George \\ïll- these were formed, but, unfortunateh', iam Curtis, Xathaniel Hawthorne, Charles nearly all were failures. 1\[arch 3, IS-tti, A. Dana, Elizabeth P. Peabody, :Margaret the large "phalanstery," in process of Fuller, and others. The association was erection at Brook Farm, was burned. This organized in I8-H, the farm purchased, and was a terrible blow to the society, and by the following spring its plan was fairly one from which it never recoycred. The ill working order. It was then known organization lingered and continued the simply as the West Roxbury Community, publication of the Harbinger till October, Brook Farm being the name of the place 1847, but the hope of becoming a model owned by the society. A quarterly jour- "phalanx" died out long before that time. nal called the Dial was carried on by The associate life was broken up in 1847, the members of the society. In Decem- and the Brook Farmers sought other fields bel', 1843, a convention of reformers of of labor. The end of Brook Farm was various grades was held in Boston, to dis- virtually the end of Fourierism in the cuss the ideas of l"ourier, which had just rnited States, for though other organiza- become known in this country. The result tions of a similar character had been was the conversion of all the Brook Farm- formed after its example, their lives were ers to Fourierism, and the transformation of short duration, when the inspiration of their simple community into a Fourier- of the Hoxbury apostles was gone. ist "phalanx," under the name of the Brooke, JOH RUTTER, military offi- Brook Farm Association. The leaders of eer; born in Pottsville, Pa., July 21, 1838. this movement were George Ripley, l\Iinot \Yhen the Civil \Yar began he joined the Pratt, and Charles A. Dana. The land Lnion army as a captain of a volunteer owned by tIle agsociation at this time ag- regiment, and resigned from the volunteer gregated 208 acres, situated at \Yest Rox- army with the rank of brC\"et major-gen- hury, 8 miles from Roston, and their eral in ISGfi. Ill' was appointed lieuten- pro pert,\". real and personal, was estimated ant-colonel of the 3ith United States In- at $30,000. In the summer of 1844 the fantry in .July, lfH)(ì; and promoted to Dial suspended puhlieation. The new or- ('olonel in 18i9, Lrig-adier-general in 1888, gan of the association was the Phalanx, and major-general in 18!}7. In lR98, on then puhlished in Kew York, afterwards the declaration of war against Spain, he removed to Boston, where its name was was appointed commander of the 1st Pro- changed to the Harbinger. The Brook visional Army Corps. After serving in the Farm Association was incorporated by the Porto Rico campaign, he was appointed Massachusetts If'gislature in the winter a member of the joint military commission of 1844-4.3, under the name of "The to arrange the cession of that island to Brook Farm Phalanx." From this time the T.:nited States. He was military and the main function of Brook Farm was civil goycrnor of Cuba from December, propagandism. It continued the manage- 1898, till April, 1900; was then succeeùf'd 4fJG BROOKLYN by Gen. Leonard Wood; and on :May 10, lüOO, succeeded Maj.-Gen. Wesley Ierritt as commander of the :\Iilitary Department of the East, with headquarters in New York City. Brooklyn, a former city and county seat of Kings county, N. Y., at the west end of Long Island; since Jan. I, 18ü8, one of the five boroughs of the city of Kew York. Under the census of 1890 it was the fourth city in population in the United States-806,343; under that of 1900 the borough had a population of 1,166,582. In IDOO the area was 66.39 square miles; assessed valuation of tax- able property, $6D5,33.3,940; and net debt, $70,005,384. The borough derived its name from Breuckelen (" marshy land"), a place in the province of Utrecht, Holland. The gust, 1814), there were stirring scenes at Brooklyn, when hosts of citizens went over from ew York to assist in strength- ening the old fortifications there, in ex- pectation of an attack by the British. In the Civil War the citizens of Brooklyn contributed largely to the support of the Lnion cause in every way. The fair held here for the benefit of the United States Sanitary Commission yielded the sum of $402,943. Brooklyn was incorporated a village in April, 1816, and became a char- tered city in 1834. Williamsburg and Greenpoint were annexed to it in 1855; the towns of Flatbush, New Utrecht, and Gra vesend, in 1894; and the town of Flatlands became a ward of the city in 1896. The bridge across the East River, con- :--=- t: .. TllE IIROOKL'DI BRIDGE. fir..,t movement towards settlement there U( cting New York and Brooklyn, was de- wa::. the purcha::;e of land from the Indians, signed by JOH A. ROEBLI G (q. v.). It in lü:36, l 'ing at Gowanus, and of land was begun in 1870 and finished in 1883. The at \\"allabout Bay, in lli37. A ferry be- 1.3%-in. steel cables by which it is sus- tween it and ew Amsterùam \Va::; cstab- pcnùpd were made at Trenton, N. J., and li 1ted in lü4 . It held a leading position are supported on stone piers, 272 feet above amung the towns t"or wealth and popu- high tide. The total length of the briùge latiun at the time ot the surrender tu the i:; !). IS!l f('pt, and the carriage-way is 13j I ngli,.;h. .\1 or near Brook!) 11 oeenrred feet above the water. The cost was $15,- the bt1ttle of Lung Island (see Lo u ISL- UUU.UOO, of whidl the city of Brooklyn paid A:o.;O, BA.TTLE OF). in 177li. 'lÏle gO\crn- *lU,UOU,IIOO and Kcw York city $3,OUO,OOU. lllCllt established a na.vy-)'arù in llrooklJll The bridge now accommodates pedestrians, ill 1801. During the \\ ar of 181 -lj (Au- carrialf-respect went to work yprv dclibprately, as I am rN)uir('s that I sllan )I:1"!'! them as stran- charged-and this' is admitted'::""'and "pee- gprs. ulated somewhat a8 to whether r should And np,,", Mr. Rp('ak('r. T announcp to ('mplov a horsewhip or a cowhide; but ou anù to this Ilotls('. that I am no long- knowing that the f-nator was my !o.upP- er a memher of thp thirty-fourth ('on- rior in trell!.!th. it oc'currerI to me tlmt hp gress. might wre!-'t' it from my hand. and t]J('n 'fl'. Rrooks th<:'n witlHlrew from the -for I ncvcr attcmpt anything I do not chamber. 410 BROOKS-BROWN Brooks, \VU.LlA},,[ THO [AS HARBAUGH, military officer; born in Kew Lisbon, 0., .Jan. 28, lRn; graduated at West Point in 1841; served under Scott in the war against Mexico, and became brigadier-gen- eral of volunteers in 18Gl, serving in the Army of the Potomac. In July; 18G4, he was temporarilJ" in command of the lOth -\ rmy Corps. and resigned the same month. IIp died in Huntsville, Ala.. July 19, 1870. Brother Jonathan. See TRU},,(ßULL, .JO ATlIAX. Brotherly Love, CITY OF. See PHILA- nr;LPHIA. Brough, JOlIN, journa1ist; born in )Iarietta, 0., in 1811; learned the print- (or's trade in the office of the Marietta Oazette; and was editor of Democratic newspapf'rs in Lancaster and Cincinnati. He held several State offices in Ohio; was a member of the joint commission to adjust. the boundary line between that f-;ta te and Yi rginia ; became a popular Democratic orator; was an active" war" Democrat in the early part of the Civil \\"ar; and was elected gonrnor of Ohio as the Republic-Union candidate in 18G3. He died in Cleveland, 0., Aug. 20, 18G.,). Brown, .AARO VAIL; born in Virginia, Aug. 1.'), 179.3 ; removed to Tennessee in 1815; was member of the State legi - lature for some years, and elected to Con- gres8 in 1839, and governor of the State in 1845. He was Postmaster-General in TIu- chanan's cabinet. He died in \Vashington, )Iarch 8, IS.3!). Brown, nE JA)nN GRATZ; born in Lexington, Ky., May 28, 182G; gradu- ated at Yale in 1847; and settled in St. l.'lUis, where he edited the _lIissouri Dcmo- cloat. He a sisted in preventing the se- ('p !'ion of Missouri, and was elected to the rnited States Senate in 18G3, and gov- clJ10r of the State in 1871. He was the candidate for Yice - President on the Greeley ticket in 1872. He died in St. Louis, Dec. 13, 188.3. Brown, CUARI.ES BRonwEN, author; born in Philadelphia, Jan. 17, 1771 ; studied law, but abandoned it for literature. In addition to nowls and works of literature he published An "lddress to Franklin; An A ddress to Corlgress on Foreign Commcrce. He was the first American author who made literature his profession. He died in Philadelphia, Feb. 2 , 1810. Brown, FORT, a fortified post on the IUo Grande, erected in 18-tG, and named in honor of :Maj. .Jacob Brown, U. S. A. It was built by General Taylor immediate- ly after his arrival at the river opposite Matamoras with a part of the army of occupation Dlarch 29, 184G), and was de- signed to aC'commodate 2,000 men. It was placed in command of Major Brown. Tay- lor was ordered by General Ampudia, COIll- mander of the :Ì\1exican forces at )Iata moras, to withdraw within twenty-four hours, as he elaimed the territory around Fort Brown belonged to the Department of Tamau1ipas, a part of l\Iexico. Taylor refused to do so; and when he bad gone back to Point Isabel with a part of hi" forces, leaving Major Brown in command, Arista crossed the rinr with some troops to attack the fort. His army was hourly increasing in strength. On the night of May 4 the Mexicans erected a battery be- lJÌnd the fort, and early the ne-xt morning opened a heavy fire from it upon the forti- fication. At the same time the batteries at :Matamoras, which had fired upon the fort on the 3d, hurled shot and shell, but with little effect, for Brown had erected bomb-proof shelter. Almost at the begin- ning of the bombardment. the gallant com- mander was killed. The bombardment continued thirty-six hours, when Arista demanded a surrender of the fort. It was refused, and towa-rds e\"Cning (April 6) a heavy tempest of shot and shell fell upon t.he fort. The fort withstood the attack until relieved by approaching troops under General Ta "lor. See :MExICO, 'WAR WITH. Brown, HE RY BILLTXGS. jurist: born in Lee, l\Ias .. Iarch 2. I8 G; gradlwted at Yale in 18:ifi: C'irí'uit judge of Wa 'J1f> county, 1\fich.. in 18fi8: rnitpd States dis- trict judge in u1';.'); justice of the "Cnited States Supreme Court in 18!1O. Brown, IIEXRY KmKE. sculptor: born in LeydC'n. :\Iass.. Feh. 24. lRU. Among his best works are an cC]uestrian statue of \Vashington. in Kew York: an C'C]ues- trian statue of Gcncral Greene: a colo sal statue of De Witt Clinton: and .Ln!7rl of the Restlrrectioll, in GreC'nwood CenlC'tery; a colossal eque trian statue of GC'neral SC'ott, and a statue of President LinC'oln. He died in Newburg, N. y,. .July 10, lRSG. Brown, ISAAC U" naval officer; com. mand('d the ram ARKAXSAS (q. v.). 411 BROWN Brown, .heon, miJitar)' officer; horn in fight the French. On leaving that senice nm'ks ('ount.'., Pa., May D, ]77:), of Quaker lie went to northern New lork, purchased parcntage. lIe taught school at Cross- lands on the banks of the Blad.. Hiver, not wicks,:N..T.,for three ,rears,and passed two many miles from ackl.tt's lIarho.., and MIWAL I'RJO:8E'iT.:D TO GJi:SERAL BROWN BY COSGlU:S . founded the flourishing settlement of Brownsville, where he erected the first Imilding within 30 miles of Lake Ontario. There he ùecame county judge; colonel of the militia in 180!); ùrigadier-general in 1810; amI, in 1812, received the appoint- ment of commander of the frontier from Oswego to Lake St. Francis, a linp 200 miles in extent. He performed excellent sC'rvice on that frontier and that of the Kiagara during the "'ar of 1812-1'>, re- ceiving two severe wounds in battle. For his services he received the thanks of Con- gress and a gold mcdal. At the dosf' of the war, General Brown was ..etain('d in command of the northern di\'Ïsion of the army, and was made gen('ral-in-ehief of the army of thc rnit('11 tat('s, March 10, lR21. Hf' died in Washington, D. C., Fcù, 2-l, 1828. U('neral Drown's remains Wf'r(' interr('d in the congr('ssional hurying- ground, and over them is a trun('at('(1 column of white marh](' upon an inscriL('(1 I'cd('stal. Sf'e FRF.F.omr OF A CITY. Brown, .TOIIN, patriot: horn in f'an. disfie](J. ::\rass., Oet. HI, 17 H; was gradu- ated at Ya](' f'ollf'gf' in lïfìl: b('('ame a ]awYf'r and active patriot; f'ntered Canada (jen. Alexander Hamilton, to whom h(' he- in disguise (17i4-75) to ohtain informa- eame sf'cretary while that olTif'er was act- tion a 1111 s('eure the co-operation of the ing g(,]]f'ral-in-chicf of the army raised to Canadian!'! with the otl1(>r colonists, and 41:! years in sUl'n>ying lands in Ohio. In 17DS he openf'd a select school in the city of Xcw York, a.nd studied law. Some of his newspaper essa 's attraeted the notice of , I [ , : \ :{ .. t"\ . t ' , , " . " 1 "'" .:. II ./ t;-'\- ,'l"o. " ;,:Vl"" . ' lD .: ! \,..,.' .J': .t!"i,.lt- fi Ý" : ... f, ; r.. " . ' . .....;L\:.:1foi&;1,:;..-.:....,M '''' 1' '. '1c'<''''-oIj.. "''f 4t ". t ,, r {' - "'J1;.e-i;r're seemed to be a peculiar serenity and calmne"s in the public mind about puhlic affairs in the fall of 1859, when suùdenly a rumor went out of Baltimore that the abolitionists had seized the gov- ernment armory and arsenal at Harper's Ferry, at the junction of the Shenandoah and Potomac rivers, and that a general insurrection of the slaves in Virginia was imminent. The rumor was mostly true. ons, with ammunition, for the purpose .Tohn Brown had Imddenly appeared at of first arming the insurgent slaves of Harper's :Feny with a few followers, to Virginia. On a very dark night, Brown, induce the slaves of Virginia to rise in with seventeen white men and five negroes, insurrection and assert their right to stole into the village of Harper's Ferry, freedom. \Vith a few white followers and put out the street-lights, seized the gov- twelve slaves from [issouri. he went into ernment armory and the I"ailway-bridge Canada \Vest, and at Chatham a eon- tlwre, and quietly arrested and imprison- vention of s 'mpathizers was lwld in May, ('d in the gO\"ernment buildings e\"Cry dti- 1859, whereat a "Provisional Constitu- zen found in the 8tr<>et at the earli('r hours tion and Ordinances for the People of the of the next morning. each one ignorant of L'nited States" was adopted-not, as the what else had happened. These invaders 413 aided Ethan Allen in the capture of Ti- conderoga. He was active with Montgum- ery in the siege of Quebec. In August, 17i6, he was made lieutenant-colonel, and, on the morning of Sept. 18, li76, he sur- prised the outposts of Ticonderoga, set free 100 .\.merican prisoners, captured four BROWN, companies of British regulars, a quantity of stores and cannon, and destroyed a number of boats and an armed sloop. He left the service because of his detestation of Benedict Arnold, but continued to act with the militia. lIe was killed by Ind- ians in the Mohawk Valley, Oct. 19, li80. JOHN instrument declared, "for the overthrow of any government, but simply to amend and repeaL" It was a part of the scheme for promoting the uprising of the slaves. Brown spent the summer of 1859 in prep- arations for his work. He hired a farm a few miles from Harper's Ferry, where he was known by the name of Smith. One by one his followers joined him there, and stealthily gathered pikes and other weap- JOHN BROWK, BROWN, JOHN had seized Colonel 'Vashington, living a few miles from the ferry, with his arms and horses, and liberated his slaves; and at eight o'clock On :\Ionday morning, Oct. 1 ì, Brown and his followers (among whom were two of his sons) had full possession of the village and the government works. He had felt assured that when the first blow should be struck the negroes of the surrounding country would rise and flock to his standard, that a general uprising of the slave8 throughout the Union would follow, and that he would win the satis- faction and the honors of a great liber- ator. 'Vhen asked what was his purpose, and by what authority he acted, he replied, RANDOLPH, PA., "Kov. 21, 18,'3 . ., To free the slaves; and by the authority DEAR 13noTIIER,-As I have had only one of God Almighty." , letter from Hudson since you left here. Kews of this affair went swiftly abroad, and that some weeks since, I begin to and before night a large number of Vir- get uneasy and apprehensive that all is ginia militia had gathered at Harper's not well. I had satisfied my mind about I"erry. Struggles between these and it for some time, in expectation of seeing Brown's followers en!;'ucd, in which the father here, but I begin to gi,'e that up two sons of the latter perished. The in- for the present. Since you left me I have ,aders were finally driven into a fire- been trying to devise some means wherehy engine house, where Brown bravely de- I might do something in a pradical way ft-nded himself. With one son dead by his for my poor fellow-men who are in bond- side and the other shot through the body, age, and having fully consulted the feel- he felt the pulse of his dying child with ings of my wife and my three boys, we one hand, held his rifle with the other, have agreed to get at least one negro boy and issued oral commands to his men with or youth, and bring him up as we do our all the composure of a general in his mar- own-viz., give him a good English edu- quee, telling them to be firm, and sell their cation, learn him what we can about the lives as dearly as possible. Thcy held their history of the world, about business, about citadel until Monday enning, whcn Co!. general subjects, and, above all, try to Robert E. Lee arrived with ninety Unitcd teach him the fcar of God. 'Ve think of tates marines and two pieces of artillery. three ways to obtain one: First, to try The doors of the engine-hou e Were forced to get some Christian !"lan-holder to re- open, and Brown and his followers were lease one to us. Second, to get a free captured. The bold leader was speedily one if no one will let us have one that is tried for murder and tn>ason, was found a slave. Third, if that does not succeed, guilty (Oct. 2f)). and on Dcc. 3, IS;)n, was we have all agreed to submit to considf'r- hanged. :\Ieanwhile the wild<>st tales of able privation in order to buy one. This the raid had gone over the land. The gOY- we are now using means in order to efTcct, ernor of Virginia (Henry A. Wise) was in the confident eJ\.pectation that God is hcside himself with excitement, and de- about to bring them all out of the house dared himself ready to make war on all of bondage. the free-lahar States; and he declared, in a I will JURt mention that when this sub- letter to the President (Nov. 25), that he jf'et waR first introduced, Jason had gone had authority for the belief that a eon- to hed; but no soon<>r did he hear the "'piracy to rescne Brown existf'd in Ohio, thing llÌnted, than his warm hcart Penns)'hania, N<>w York, and othl'r tatf's. kindlpd, and he turm'll out to have a part Attempts were made to implicate leading in the discussion of a subjf'ct of sUl'h f'''- Republicans in a scheme for liberating ('('cding interest. I 113\"e for years bf'cn the hlaycs. A committee of the rnited trying to devise some way to get a school Htates S<>nate, with James 1\1. Mason, au- a-going here for blacks, and I think that 414 thor of the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850, as its chairman, was appointed to investigate the subject. The result was the obtain- ing of positive proof that Brown had no accomplices, and only about twenty-five followers. Although Brown's mad attempt to free the slaves was a total failure it proved to be one of the important e\':nts which specdily brought about the result he so much desired. Autobiographical Notcs.- BROWN'S LETTER ON SLAVERY TO HIS BROTHER FREDERICK. BROWN, JOHN on many accounts it would be a most INSTRCCTIONS TO THE "GILEADITES," AN fa \'()rable 10C'ation. Children here would ORGANIZATION OF COLORED PEOPLE. have no intercourse with vicious people of their own kind, nor with openly vicious persons of any kind. There would be no powerful opposition influence against such a thing; and should there be any, I believe the settlement might be so effected in future as to have almost the whole influence of the place in favor of such a school. \Vrite me how you would like to join me, and try to get on from Hudson and thereabouts some first-rate aholitionist families with you. I do hon- estly believe that our united exertions alone might soon, with the good hand of our God upon us, effect it all. This has been with me a favorite theme of reflection for years. I think that a place which might be in some measure settled with a view to such an object would be much more favorable to such an undertaking than would any such place as Hudson, with all its conflicting interests and feelings; and I do think such advan- tages ought to be afforded the young blacks, whether they are aU to be immedi- ately set free or not. Perhaps we might, unùer God, in that way do more towards breaking their yoke efTectually than in any other. If the young blacks of OUr country could once become enlightened, it would most assuredly operate on slavery like firing powder confined in rock, and all slave-holders know it well. \Yitness their heaven-daring laws against teaching blacks. If once the Christians in the free Rtates would set to work in earnest in t('aching the blacks, the people of the 8lave-holding States would find themselves constitutionally driven to set about tIle work of emancipation immediately. The laws of this State are now such that the inhabitants of any township may raiEe by a tax in aid of the State school-fund any amount of monpy they may choose by a vote, for the purpose of common schools, which any child may have access to by application. If you will join me in tMs undertaking, I wiII make with you any arrangem<>nt of our temporal con- cerns that shall be fair. Our health is good, and our prospects about business rat.her brightening. Affectionately yours, JOHN RROWN. Nothing so charms the American people as personal bravery. \Vitness the case of Cinqnes, of cverlasting memory, on board 1he A.mistad. The trial for life of one bold and to some extent successful man, for defending his rights in good earnest, would aronse more sympathy throughout the nation than the accumulated wrongs and süfl"erings of more than three mill- ions of our submissive colored popula- tion. \Ve need not mention the Greeks struggling against the oppressive Turks, the Poles against Hussia, nor the Hun- garians against Austria and Russia com- bined, to prove this. So jury can be felund in the Northern States that would convict a man for defending his rights to the last extremity. 'l'his is well under- stood by Southern Congressmen, who in- sisted that the right of trial by jury should not be granted to the fugitive. Colored people have ten times the number of fast friends among the whites than they suppose, and would have ten times the number they now have were they but half as much in earnest to secure their dearest rights as they are to ape the fol- lies and extravagancf>s of their white neighbors, and to indulge in idle show, in ease, and in luxury. Just think of the money expended by individuals in your be- half in the pa-st twenty years! Think of the number who han been mobbed and imprisoned on your account! Have any of you seen the Branded Hand? Do you re- member the names of Lovejoy and Torrey? Should one of Tour number be arrest- ed, you must collect together as quickly as possible, so as to outnumber your ad- v<>rsaries who are taking an active part against you. Let no able-bodied man ap- ])f'ar on the ground unequipped, or with his weapons exposed to view: let that be understood beforehand. Your plans must be known only to yourself. and with the understanding that all traitors must die, wherever caught and proven to be guilty. "\Vhosoever is fearful or afraid, let him r<>turn and depart early from :Mount Gilead" (Judges, vii. 3; Deut. xx. 8). Give all cowards an opportunity to show it on condition of holding their peace. Do not delay one moment after you are 415 BROWN, JOHN rmdy: you 1cill lose all your resolution if you do. Let the first blow bc the signal for all to cn[Jage; and 1chen cnga[Jed do ,'ot do your 1t:ork by halt'cs, but makc dean lcork 11.-ith your cncmics,-and be sure you mcddle not 1cith any others. By going about 'our business quietly, you will get the job disposed of before the number that an uproar would bring to- gether can collect; and you will have the advantage of those who come out against 'ou, for they will be wholly unprepared with either equipments or matured plans; all with them will be confusion and terror. Your enemies will be slow to attack :rou after rou have done up the work nicely; and if thcy should, they will have to en- ('ounter )'our white friends as well as you; TilE FIGHT OF OSAWATOllIIE. for ron may safely calculate on a division Early in the morning of Aug. 30 the of the whites, and may by that means enemy's scouts approached to within get to an honorable parley. one mile and a half of the western boun- Be finn, determined, and cool; but let dary of the town of Osawatomie. At it be understood that you are not to be this place my son Frederick (who was not driven to desperation without making it attached to my force) had lodged, with an awful dear job to others as well as to some four other young men from Law- )'ou. Give tlH'm to know distinctly that renee, and a young man named GarrÍ!mn, those who live in wooden houses should from Middle Creek. The scouts, led by not throw fire, and that you are just as a pro-slavery preacher named \Vhite, shot ahle to suffer as your white neighbors. my son dead in the road, while he-as I Alter effecting a rcscue, if you are assail- have since ascertained-supposed them to ed, go into the houses of your most promi- be friendly. At the same time they ?tcnt and influcntial whitc fricnds with butchered Mr. Garrison, and badly man- your wil'cs; and that 1l'Íll effectually gled one of the young men from Law- fm:ten upon them the suspicion of being renee, who came with my son, leaving . connccted 1(;ith you, and will compel them him for dead. This was not far from Bun- to make a ('ommon cause with you, rise. I had stopped during the night 11!hethcr thc!! would otheni"Ïsc livc up to about two and one-half miles from them. their profcssion or not. This would leave nnd nearly one mile from Osawatomie. I thcm no choi('c in the matter. Some had no organized force, but only Borne would douhtlpss prove themselves true of twelve or fifteen new recruits, who were their own c1lOice; others would flinch; ordered to leave their preparations for Tpat would he taking them at their own breakfast and follow me into the town. words. You may make a tumult in the as soon as thi", news was hroug-llt to Jllf'. court-room where a trial is going on, by As I had no meanR of learning (,01'1"<>('t ly hurning gunpowder freely in paper paek- the force of the enemy, I placed twd\"e ages, if you cannot think of any better of the recruits in a 10g-houRe, hoping we way to create a momentary alarm, and might 1)(' able to def<>nd the town. I tlt('n might posRibly give one or more of your gathered some fifteen more mpn together, enemies a hoist. TIut in such case the whom we armpð with guns; and we start- prisoner wi11 need to take the hint at cd in the dirpction of the enemy. After onc(', and be!'ltir himself; and RO should oing a f('w rod!'!. we could Ace them ap- his frif'mls improve the opportunity for proaching the town in line of haUle, ahont a general rush. half a mile off, upon a hill weRt of thp A la Ro migllt probably be applied to a yillage. I tlwn gave up all hIm of doing !'Ila,'e-eatcher for once with good effect. more than to annoy, from the timher near Hold on to your weapons, and never be the town, into which we were all retreat- 4lG persuaded to leave them, part with them, or have them far away from yon. Ntalld by one another and by your friends, 1dlÌle a drop of blood rcmains; and be hanged, if you must, but tell no tales out of sohool. -"lake no confession. Union is strength, \\ïthout some well- ùigested arrangements nothing to any good purpose is likely to be clone, let t11C demand ùe neyer so grcat. \\ïtness the case of Hamlet and Long in New York, when there was no well-defined plan of opera- tions or suitable preparation beforehand. The desired end may be effectually se- cured by the means proposed; namely, the enjoyment of our inalienable rights. BROWN, JOHN ed, and which was filled with a thick growth of underbrush; but I had no time to recall the twelve men in the log- house, and so lost their assistance in the fight. At the point above named I met witIl Captain Cline, a very active young man, who had with him some twelve or fifteen mounted nlPn, and persuaded him to go with us into the timber, on the outhern shore of the Osage, or :Marais des C)'gnes, a little to the northwest from the vi llage. Here the men, numbering not more than thirty in all, were directed to f:>catter and secrete themselves as well 3.8 they could, and await the approach of the enemy. This was done in full view BROWN'S PLAN AS EXPLAINED IN 1858, of them (,;ho must have seen the whole REPORTED BY RICHARD REALF. movenwnt), and had to be done in the ut- John Brown stated that for twenty or most haste. I believe Captain Cline and thirty years the idea had possessed him some of his men were not even dismount- like a passion of giving liberty to the ed in thc fight, but cannot assert positive- slaves; t.hat he made a journey to Eng- ly. When the left wing of the enemy had land, during which he made a tour upon approached to within common rifle-shot, the European continent, inspecting all we commenced firing, and very soon threw fortifications, and especially all earth- the northern branch of the enemy's line work forts which he could find, with a into disorder. This continued some fif- view of applying the knowledge thus gain- teen or twenty minutes, which gave us ed, with moditications and inventions of an uncommon opportunity to annoy them. his own. to a mountain warfare in the Captain Cline and his men soon got out of United States. He stated that he had ammunition, and retired across the river. read all the books upon insurrectionary After the enemy rallied, we kept up warfare that he could lay his hands on: our fire, until, by the leaving of one and the Roman warfare, the successful oppo- another, we had but six or seven left. sition of the Spanish chieftains during We then retired across the river. \Ve the period when Rpain was a Roman had one man killed-a Mr. Powers, from r-rovince--how with 10.000 men, divided Captain Cline's company-in the fight. and subdivided into small companies, act- One of my men, a Mr. ] artridge, was shot ing simultaneously yet separately, they in crossing the river. Two or three of the withstood the whole consolidated pow r party who took part in the fight are yet of the Roman Empire through a numher missing, and may he lost or taken pris- of years. In addition to thi!'l, he had be- oners. Two were wounded: namely, Dr. come very familiar with the succes ful Updegraff and a Mr. Collis. I cannot warfare waged by S<>ham:vl. the C'ircas- speak in too high terms of them, and of sian chief, against tIw Russians; he had JUany others I have not now time to men- posted himself in relation to tJl(' war tion. of Toussaint Tl0m'<>l'hll'e; he llad be- One of my best men, together with my- come thoroughly acqnaint<>d with tIt(' wars self, was struck by a partially sp<>nt ball in Hayti and the islands round ahout; from the en<>JI1Y, in the eommeneement of and from all these things he had ùrawn the fight, but we were only bruised. The the conclusion-believing, as he stat<>d loss I refer to is onp of my missing men. there he did ]wlieve. and as we all (if I The loss of thp f"n<>my. as we learn by the may judge from myself) helipvf'd-that dilTerf'nt stat<>ments of our own as well upon the first intimation of a plan fornlf'd a ütlwr p('O)l1f'. was some thirty-one or for the liberation of the slaves, thpy two kiIlf'd. and from forty to fifty wound- wouM immediately rise an over the PII. AftpJ" Iml'ning the town to ashes and f-;out}wl'n Rtatps. He supposed that they kilJing a Mr. \Yilliams they had takPn. would come into the mountains to join I.-2n 417 whom neither party claimed, they took a hasty leave, carrying their dead and wounded with them. They did not at- tempt to cross the river, nor to search for us, and have not since returned to look over their work. I give this in great haste, in the midst of constant interruptions. My second son was with me in the fight, and escaped unharmed. This I mention for the benefit of his friends. Old Preacher \\'hite, I hear, boasts of having killed my son. Of course he is a lion. JOHN BROWN. LAWRENCE, KANSAS, Sept. 7, 1856. BROWN, JOHN J:OSTOl'\, MASS., 11(1 rch 7, 1 t{.i8. l\Iy ilEAl: :-;u:.- ine<> yoU kno\\' I haw' an almost countless br od of poor hun- gry chickens to .. scratch for," you will not reproach me for scratehin enn on the Sabbath. At any rate, I truEt God will not. I want you to undertake to provide a sub- stitute for an add res!'! you saw last sea- son, directed to the officers and soldiers of the Pnitf'd States army. The ideas con- tained in that address] of course like, for J furnished the skeleton. 1 n<>\"('r had the ahility to clothe those ideas in language at all to satisfy myself; and I was by 110 weans satisfied with thp stvle of that ad- dress, and do not know as Ì can give any correct idca of what J want. I will, how- ever, try. In the first place, it must be short, or it will not be generally read, It must be in the simplest or plainest language, with- out the least affectation of the scholar PROVISIOl'\AL COl'\8TITrTIOX ANDORDI A CES about it, and yet be wordf'd with great FOR THE PEOPLE OF THE I;NITED STATES. clearnes!'! and power. The anonymous writer must (in the language of the Pad- dy) be "afther others," and not" afther himself at all, at all." If the spirit that communicated Franklin's Poor Richard (or some otJ1('r good !'Ipirit) would di<>tate, I think it would be quite as wcll employed as the .. dear sister spirits" have been 1f"hereas slavery, throughout its entire for some years past. The address should (> istence in the enited States, is none be appropriate, and particularly adapted other than a most barbarous. unprovoked, to the peculiar circumstances we antici- and unjustifiablp war of one portion of pate, and should look to the actual change its citizf'ns upon another portion-the of service from that of atan to the ser- only conditions of which are pprpetual vice of God. It should be, in short, a imprisonment and hopeless Ren-itude or most earnest and powerful appeal to m(>n's absolute extermination - in utter disre- 8<>nse of right and to their feelings of Im- gard and violation of those eternal and manity. Soldiers are men, and no man can seJf-evidf'nt truths s<>t forth in our DecJa- e<>rtainly calculate tIle value and impor- ration of J llllepf'mlenee: t:mce of g'<>tting a single" nail into old Cap- Therefore. we. citizen!'! of the UniÌf'.] tain Kidd's clwst." It should be prm'ided States, and the oppresspd people who by beforehand. and be ready in adnmce to a recent decision of the Supreme Court distribute by all persons. male and female, arp df'c1ared to have no rights which the who may be disposf'd to favor thp right. white man is bound to respect, together I also want a simiJar short address. ap- with a11 other people degraded by the propriate to the p<>culiar circuHl<;tances, laws thereof. òo, for the time being. 01'- int<>nded for a11 persons, old and young, dain and establish for ourselves the fol- male anò ff'mal<>, slave-holding and non- l()wing Provisional Constitution and Ordi- fo1lave-holding, to be sent out broad<'a"t over nances, the better to protect our persons, the entire nation. So by every male and 418 him, where he purposed to work. and that b.r tloching to his stallliard they woulù enable him (making the line of mOUIl- tains which cut diagonalJy through .:\1ary- land anù Virginia, down through the outhern States into Tenn<>s ee and \.Ia- barna, the base of his operations) to act upon the plantations on the plains lying on each side of that range of mountains; that we should be able to establish our- selves in the fastnesses. And if an:.r hos- tile action were taken against us, either by the militia of the States or by the armies of the United States, we purposed to defeat first the militia, and n<>xt, if possible, the troops of the P nited tates; and then organize the free blacks under the provisional constitution, which would carve out for the locality of its jurisdic- tion a11 that lllOuntainous region in which the blacks were to be established, in which they were to be taught the useful and mechanical arts, and aU the business of life. Schools were also to be established, and so on. The negroes were to be his soldiers. [This is the preamble of the constitu- tion drawn up by Brown in 18:58 for the government of the slaves whom he pro- posed to free.] Preamble. property, lives, and libertics, and to gov- el Il our aetioI1s. I.ETTEn To TIlEouora; 1'.\HKER. BROWN, JOHN Canada. I designed to have done the same thing again, on a larger scale. That was all I intended. I never did intend mur- der, or treason, or the destruction of pl'operty, or to excite or incite slaves to rebellion, or to make insurrection. I have another objection; and that is, it is unjust that I should suffer such a penalty. Had I interfered in the manner which I admit, and which I admit has been fairly proved (for I admire the truth- fulness and candor of the gl'eat portion of the witnesses who have testified in this case) -had I so interfered in behalf of the rich, the powedul, the intelligent, the so-called great, or in behalf of any of their friends--either father, mother, brother, sister, wife, or children, or any of that class-and suffered and sacrificed what I have in this intederence, it would have been all right; and every man in this court would have deemed it an act worthy of reward rather than punishment. This court acknowledgcs, as I suppose, the validity of the law of God. I see a hook kissed here which I suppose to be the Bible, or at lcast the Kew Testament. That teaches me that all things what,;;o- ever I would that men should do to me, I should do even so to them. It teaches me, further, to "remember them that are in bonds, as bound with them." I en- deavored to act up to that instruction. I say, I am yet too young to understand that God is a,ny respecter of persons. I bl'lieve that to have intel"Íered as r have done-as I have always freely admitted I have done-in behalf of His despised poor, was not wrong, but right. Now, if it be deemed necessary that I should forfeit my life for the furtherance of the ends of justice, and mingle my blood further with the blood of my children ßROWN'S LAST SPEECH TO THE COURT, 1mv. and with the blood of millions in this 2, 1839. I ] . h d . d save country w lOse ng ts are Isregar- I have, may it please the court, a few cd by wicked, cruel. and unjust enact- words to say. ments-I submit; so let it be done! In the first place, I deny everything but Let me say one word further. "hat I have all along admitted-the de- I feel entirely satisfied with the treat- sign on my part to free the slaves. I ment I have received on my trial. Consid- intendcd ertainly to have madC' a clC'an ering all the circumst:mcC's, it has bepn thing of that matter, as [ ùid last win- morC' genprous than ] expecteù. Rut I tf-I", whpn T went into :Missouri and there f..p] no eunsciousness of guilt. I have took slaves without the snapping of a stated from the first what was mv intpn- gun on either side, moved them through tion, and what was not. I ne 'er had the country, and finally left them in any design against the life of any per- 419 female prisoner on being set at liberty, anfl to be read by them during confinement. I know that men will listen, and reflect, too, under such circumstances. Persons will hear your anti-slavery lectures and abolition lectures when they have become ,'irtuallv slaves themselve;;. The impres- sions m:'1de on prisoners by kindness and plain dealing, instead of bal'barous and cruel treatment, such as they might give, md instead of being slaughtered like wild reptiles, as they might very natural- ly expect, are not only powerful. but last- ing. Fema]es are susceptih]e of being car- ried away entirely by the kindness of an intrepid and magnanimous soldier, even when his bare name was but a terror the day pre,ious. Now, dear sir, I have told you ahout as well as I know what I am ;nxious at once to secure. 'Vill you write the tracts, or get them written, so that I may commence colporteur? Very respectfully your friend. .JOII nROW . ßROW 'S ADDRE!"JS TO GOVER OR WI!"JE. Governor,-I ha\Te from all aplwaranees not more than fifteen or twenty years the htart of you in the journey to that eternity of which you kindly warn me; and, whether my time here shall be fifteen months or fiftcpn days or fifteen hours, ] am equally prepal'ed to go. There is an eternity hehind and an eternity before; and this little speck in the centre, how- ever long, is but comparatively a min- ute. The differelwe between your tenure and mine is trifling, and I therefOl'e tell you to he prepared. [am prepared. You all have a heavy responsibility, and it be- hooves you to pl'epare more than it does me. BROWN hon, nor an)' di:--position to commit trea- memher. In Ju]y he accompanied .\lIen fion, or n.cite slaves to rehel, or make any on his Canadian ('''Jll'dition, and :-;"l't. -1 general insurrection. I never encouraged he took FOI:T l'IIA \IBJ.Y (q. v.). The ne t any man to do so, but always dh;eourage(l day Allen, who e pected the co-operation of any id('a of that kind. Brown, marchcd upon Iontreal, hut was J et me say, also, a word in regard attacked by a supcrior force and 'Hl!'. taken to the statements made by some of those prisoner. connected with me. I hear it has been "'hile Arnold was he fore c..>uebee, Major !'tated hy 80me of them that I have in- Brown arrivcd from SorcI to join him, dueed them to join me, But the contrary Montgomery had arrived two days earlicr. is true. I do not say this to injure them, In the attack on QrEßEc (q. v.), Dec. 31, hut a6 regretting their weakness. There he was directed to makc a false attack to is not one of them but joined lJle of his the south of St. John's gate and to I',('t own accord, and the greater part of them fire to the gate it:-.elf. lIe successfully at their own e pense. .A number of them exceuted his orders. I never saw, and newr had a word of Congress promoted Brown to ]ieuteuant- com ersation with, till the day they came colonel .Aug. I, I ïïG, with rank and pay to me; and that ,'as fo!' the purpol:>e I from Kovemher, 1773. After the defcat of have stated. Colonel Baum at Bennington in 1777, Xow I have done. Brown was despatched hy Genf'ra] Lin- Brown, .Joux, merchant; hOl'n in Prov- eo]n to Lake George \\ ith ;')00 lJlcn. lie idence, R. I., Jan. '!.i, 17:Hi. In the at- attacked the Briti:-.h at hrcak of day, foiept. tack on the British sloop-of-war UASPEE 17, three miles from Ti(,()1l!leroga, set at (q. v.) in 177 he was one of the leaders. liherty 100 An1f'riean pri:-.onf'rs, captured In his account of the burning of the ship, nearly 300 British, 400 batteaux, a sloop, Bancroft says: "The following night a severa] gunhoats, some' cannon, and a ,'ast party of men in six or senn boats, led amount of plunder. .\fter this exploit he hy John and Joseph Brown, of Providence, joined the main army a few weeks hf'fore and Simeon Pottel', of Bristo], boarded the the surrender of BurgoJ'ne, oon after 8tranded ship, after a scuffle in which this evcnt Colone] Brown resigned ]IÏ Dudingston was wounded, took and landed commission on account of his dctc,;tatíon its crew, and then set it on fire." Brown of Arnold. Threc years hefore Arnolt1.s was elected a member of the State ]egis]at- treason, Brown puh]ished a handl.ill of ure se\'era] times, and was a member of thirt('en or fOUl'tf'('n articles against Ar- Congress, liDD-ISOl. He died Scpt. 20, nold, then at the height of his famc, 1803. charging him with ]e\"ying eontrihutions Brown, .TOH , military officer; horn in on the C'anadians for his private use, and Sandi:;field, Mass., Oct. 19, li44; gradu- adding that Arno]d would prove a tmitor, ated at Yale College in 1771; studied law for he had sold many a life for monf'Y. He with Oli\"er Arnold in PrO\ idenec; ap- was elected a memher of the Genera] pointed King's attorney at Johnstown, Court of Massachu!'.etts in 1778. N. Y.; resignf'd this office in 17i3 to prac- In the fall of 1 iRO he marched up t]\f' tise law at Pittsfield, Mass.; memher of :\Iohawk Valley to the relid of (;enf'ral the l\1as a('husetts Provincial Congress, :-; huyler, but was ]ed into an am]msear]e 1774, in \\ hich year he was selectf'd by the at Stone Arabia, and killed in tIlP conflict, State committee of correspondence to go Oct. 19, 1780. to Canada for the purpose of exciting the Brown, JOIl:-J, pioneer: horn in En - Canadians to revolt. Rrown rf'turned in land in Hi O; removf'd with his parents the autumn of I 7ï 4. lie notifif'd the com- to Rhor}f' Is]and in Hi 8; IIf'Id many of- mittee that Ethan Allen and the (:reen ficf's in the colony. lIe dif'd ahout 1 jOlì. l\Iountain Boys would attack FORT TIC'ox- Brown, JOJlX, statf'sman; horn in DEROGA (q. v.) as S00n as hostilities be- taunton. Ya., ept, 1 , 17;')7; f'nlistf'rl in gan" "'hen the fort was captured, Brown the Continf'nta] arm)' whi]f' a !'tw1f'nt at took charge of the prisoners, and on [ay Princeton: J1lf'mber of thf' Yirginia ]f'gis- 17 he reportf'd to the Continental Con- Jature, 1783; member of the Continental greh", in Philadelphia, of which he wa:; a Congn"", I ï87-88; L"nitf'f1 tates Senator 420 BROWN from Kentucky, 17f12-180!). At his death, before his death he pursued this object Aug. !), 18:;7, he was the last surviving with zeal, and left one of the rarest col- memher of the Continental Congl"ess. lections of the kind evcr made. It eom- Brown, JOHN ß., statesman; born in prised about 10,000 volumes; and it gave lUchfield, N. Y., July lü, 18U7; removed to John Carter Brown a foremost place to Virginia in 184U; delegate to the Re- among the distinguished historical col- publican national conventions of 18.JG and lectors of the world. ::;ee BnowN UXIVER- 1800; arrested in Yirginia on the charge SITY. of circulating incendiary documents, and Brown, JOliN HEXHY, author; born in imprisoned. He died in Washington, D. C., Pike county, Miss., Oct. 2D, 1820; served Df'c. !), 18ti7. in the regiment of Texas Rangers during Brown, JOlIN CALVIN, military officer; the Mexican 'Val', 1840-48; sernd in the born in (}iles county, Tf'nn., .Jan. 0, 1827; Confederate army during the Civil 'Val'. graduatf'd at Jackson College in 1840; en- Among his writings are History of 7'cxas tf'red the Confederate army as captain in from 1685 to 189,?; Life of l/rnry Hmith, ISHI, reaching the rank of major-general. First Governor of Texas; Indian lVar8 IIp was president of the Tennessee con- and Pioneers of Texas, etc. stitutional convf'ntion of 1870, and was Brown, JOSEPH E IERSON, jurist; born gonrnor of the 8tate, UnO-74. He died in Pickens county, S. C., April 15, 1821; in Red Boiling Spring, Tenn., Aug. 17, remO\'ed to Georgia in IH:30; admitted IS8a. to the bar in 1845; elected to the f'htte Brown, JOlIN CARTER, merchant; born Senate in 1849; and was governor of in l rovidenc'e, R. I., Aug. 28, 17!)7; second Georgia in 18;;7-G5. During the Civil son of .Kicholas Brown, 2d, the patron of "-ar he threw his influence on the side Brown PniYf'rsity, at which he gradu- of the Confederacy, but antagonized some atf'd in 181G. He engaged largely in the of the war measures of Jefferson Davis husiness of manufactures and merchan- and refused to allow State troops to be dise. He travelled much in the L'nited sent out of the State to check Shennan's States, and rcsidcd in Europe, at different march. "-hen peace was concluded he times, for several Tears. In 1828 he was favored the reconstruction policy of the chosen a trustf'e, and in 1842 a fellow, of fpdera] government, though the Df'Il1o- Brown rniwrsity, and so remained until f'ratic party of Georgia opposed it. In his death in Providence, June 10, 1874, 1880-91 he held a seat in the United hestowing many munificent gifts upon that States Senate, and during his last term institution. Togetllf'r they amounted to in that body was a member of the com- *70,000. In his wiH he made liheral pro- mittees on civil service, retrenchment, ,'i!'.ion for a nf'W lihrary huilding, which foreign relations, and railroads. He died lI:1-s since 1)('f'n er('('ÌI.d. His entire hpne- in Atlanta, Ga., Kov. 30, 18D4. factions to the university amounted to Brown, MOSES, naval officer; horn in 1IParly IGO.OOO. Mr. Brown never took Npwhuryport, Mass., .Jan. 20, 1742; sf'rved :lHY {lromin('lIi part in puhlic affairs; but through the Revolutionary 'Val'. While hI" was an ac.tive fri('nd of the bondsmen, in command of the Intrepid he captUl'ed allll rlid much, in his quiet way, in aid of four Eng]ish vessels in the latter half of the (';LUSf' of fref'dom in the struggle in 177n, and was placed in command of the Kansas. giving money 1ihera11y for the Ilc?'rimac wl1('n that v('<;sp] was eom- promotion of emigration thitlwr from I'let('d for the government. In 1 í!l!l-180 1 ;\PW England. Du1"Ïng almost his whole he capturf'd the French ships l.Je Phénix, lifp Mr. Brown was pngagf'el in the col- Lc l/u[licicn, l.c Bonaparte, and l.e Brill- ]f'ction of a lihrary of American history, ante. He died at sea, .Jan. I, 180-1. in which his fri('ucl .JoHN ReSSEL!. RART- Brown, NICHOLAS, philanthropist; born LETT (q. v.) mat('rial1y aidcd him. TIe in Providence, R. 1., April 4, lím); son aimed to gath('r early, rar(', and valuahl(' of Kicholas Brown, 1st; graduated at hooks, which, hy prol'('r classification, Rhode Is]and Col1egc (afterwards Brown wouM show the methods of \me1"Ïcan Univl"rsity) in 178G; bf'came a very suc- colonization anel suhscquf'nt dC'v(']opment cessful merchant in 17!)1; was a meml)('r of its ci\'ili7ation. For fully forty ymrs of th(' Ilhoclf' Tsland 1f' !Ís]atur('. and. giving 4 1 BROWN UNIVERSITY-BROWNLOW money JiberalJy to his alma mater, the [slond; l:trhillgs of a lrlw1illg (1ruisc, etc. name of Bro\\ 11 rni n>rsi ty was I!i n'n to II f' d if'd in Oakland, ('a I., Dee. !I, 187;), it. He ga\ e in all about $1O(),nOO to that Browne, \\'1I.LI.Ul, loyali t; born in eolJege, and liberally patronized other in- .l\fassal"hu!'f'tts, Fd). 27. 17; 7: I!raduated E-titutions of learn i n;.{. Ill" gave nearly at TIan'ard in 17.;;): jUlIgf' of the l\I3s!-\a- ::n 0.000 to the Provid('nce _\thpnæum, and cJlllhPttS Superior ('ourt. 1773-74; re- bequeathed $30,000 for an insane asylum moved to England in (j7G. He was han- in Providence. He died in Pro\-idencc, ished in 1778 anù his eE-tates confiscated. :-:f'pt. 27, 18.1]. He was go\-ernor of Bermuda. I 781- O. Brown University, a eoedueational in- He died in England, F('b. 13, 1802. f;titution; originally establbhed under the Browne, 'nLT.TA 1 IL-\XD, author; born auspices of the Baptist Church in \Yar- in Baltimore, hl., Dec. 31, 1828; gnlllu- rf'Il, R. I., in 17G4; and incorporatl'd un- atedatthel-ni\'ersityof Iar.rlandinI8.;0: del' the title of Rhode Island Colll'ge. In ('ditor of the Nouthcm Nrvicw and the 1770 the institution was removed to Proy- Nouthcrn JJa!la::inc, 18Gi-i.;. He wrote idence, where it has since remained, and in The Life of .11rxandrr 1/. Rtcphrns: 1/ is tory 180-1 its name was changed to Brown of Jlaryland; George and Cecil Calvert, etc. UniYersity in rpeognition of the liberal- Browning, Or:nLLE IIICK:\IA , !>tates- ity of XH'HOLAS BI:OWK (fJ. v.). In laoo man; born in Harrison county, Ky., in the uni\'ersity r('ported se\"enty-fh"e pro- I 10: remow'd to Illinois in 18:H; served fessors and instrueton,; I-)Hli students in in the Black Hawk 'far in 18 ; "Gnitpd aJl departments; two feJlowships; 100 States :-;(')1ator, 18(jl-û3; pcretary of the scholarships; 5,21iO graduates; 10;),000 Interior, 18()'")-(j!}; and aetf'd as _-\ttornI'Y- bound volumes and 3,"),noO pamphlets in Gl'neral, 18GS-ûf). lIe died in Quincy, III., the library; scientific apparatus valued Aug'. 10, 1881. at $:uo,ono; ground and builùings valued Brownists, the name ginn to those at $1,177,nû7; producti\"e funds aggre- Puritans "ho went to Holland and after- gating $1.297,227; and total income for wards emigrated to New England: so the year $17G,n23. named from tlwir leadcr, j{ohert Brown. Browne, CnARLEs FARRAR, humorist; _\s early as 1.;80, Brown began to invf'igh born in 'Vaterford, :\Iaine, April 2G, 1834; against the c('remonil's of the Church of hrpd a printer, latl'r became a journalist. England. Being oppo!-\erl hy the bishops, IIi" clenr and witty sketches, combined lIe and his congregation Ipft England and with the most atrocious speJIing, won him !'ettlpd in Holland. At the close of the a great reputation as a humorist, undpr century there wcre about 20,000 Brownist" the pf'n - name of ART;O: IUS \YARD. lIe in England. Of that sect were Hev. :\1 r. lectured in the Cnited States from 18ûl Hohinson, Elder Brewster, and the congre- to 18(jG, when he remond to England. gation at Leyùpn in I (j:W. The foundpr \\ here Iw was very successful. He dipd of this sect was horn about the "ear 15,")0, in Southampton, England, March G, 18G7. and died about IG30. His family wprp Browne, FRAXCIS FISHER, author; born closely connected with Cccil, afterwards in South Halifax, Vt., Dec. I, 1843; en- Lord Burleigh. Edueatf'd at Cambridge, I ist(:d as a pri \"a te in the 1Gth .l\Iassachu- as soon as hp left college Iw bl'ga n a I'>ptts U. S. V. in 18G2; removed to Chicago \-igorous opposition to the whole disciplinl' in lRû7; founded the Dial in ISBO. Among and liturgy of the E!-otaLIishcd (,hureh. his works are The Every-day Life of ,ibm- He taught that aJl the nwmbers of a ham Lincoln; Bugle Echoes J ' "xorthern and church were equal, and tlhtt the pastor Southern, etc. should be chosen hy the congregation. ::5ee Browne, Jünx H08S, artist and author; 13HADFOIW, "'ILLIA 1. born in Ireland in 1817; engaged on the Brownlow, "'ILJIA'I GAXXAWAY. Cnited States official publication, Re- clergyman and journalist; horn in \\"ytllP sourccs of the Pacific Slope, in 18Gû and county, '.a., Aug. 2!1, 180'::;; was Idt an IHfiS; United States minister to China in orphan at ele\"Cn years of a;.{e. and, h ' ISGS. Among his works, illustrated by means of wages as a carpentp1" in his himself, are .In .Imerican Family in Gr/"- youth, acquired a fair English ellueation. many; the Land of lVar; YuscfJ' Crusoe's .\t the age of twenty-four )'e3rs he en- 4')') BROWNLOW, WILLIAM GANNAWAY tcred the ministry of the JcthodÏ::;t Epis- copal Church, and was an itinerant for ten years. '''hile on his circuit in South Carolina he opposed the nullification movement in that State (see ]S"lJLLIFICA- 'l'lON) , which excited strong opposition to him. About 18:31 he began the publication of the Knoxville Whig, a political news- paper, which soon circulated widely, anù, for its vigorous polemics, obtained for Brownlow the name of the" Fighting Par- SOIl." In 18.38 he engaged in a public de- bate in Philadelphia on the question, "Ought American Slavery to be Perpetu- ated?" in which he took the affirmative. \Yhen the secession movement began, he boldly opposeù it, taking the ground that the presen-ation of the l.:'nion would fur- nish the best safeguard of Southern in- stitutions, and especially of slavery. So outspoken and influential was Ir. Brown- low that, in December, 18ül, he was ar- re ted. by order of the Confederate au- thorities, on a charge of treason against the Confederacy, and confined in Knox- ville jail, where he suffered much until re- leasf'd in Iarch, 18G . Then he was sent Smoky Mountains, on the borders of within the Vnion lines at Xa.sln-ille. Af- Xorth Carolina, where they were fed by tf.rwards he made a tour in the Xorthern loyalists. The Confederates finally re- States, delh-ering speeches in the principal solved to get rid of this" dangerous citi- cities. At Philadelphia he was joined by zen" by gidng him a pass to go into his family, who had been expelled from Kentucky under a military escort. He re- Knoxville, where he published Sketches of ccived such a pass at Knoxville, and was tlw Rise, Progl"C8S, and Drclinc of Recc.ç- about to depart for the rnion lines, when sion, 'Leith a J.,-armtit.c of PCrlwnal .-1d- he was arrested for treason. By the as- vt'ntures among the Rebrls. TIrownlow surance of safety he had gone to Knox- was governor of Tennessee in 18ü;)-GD. and ville for his pass, and so put himself in Unit('d States Sf'nator from 18GO until his the hands of his enemies. He and some death in Knoxville, April 20, 18;7. He of the best men in eastern Tennf'ssee were was a man of fearless spirit, ]wld SUell a cast into the county jail, where they suf- caustic pen, and maintained snch inflnen- fered intensely. Df'prived of every com- tial social and political relations that he fort, they were subjected to the vile rib- was intf'nsely hated and ff'ared hy the aldry of the guards, and constantly Confederates. The latter long-('d for an tllreatened with death by hanging. Act- oc(>asion to silence him, and finally they ing upon the suggf'stions of Benjamin, made the false charge that he was acces- men rhargcd with bridge-burning, and C'on- sOl'y to the firing of several railway fined with TIrownlow, were hanged. and hridgf's in eastern Tenne!':!':ee to (,l1t off their bodies were left susp('mlcd as a warn- communication bdwN'n Yirginia and that ing. Tn the midst of these fiery trials rf'gion. His life had he('n fr('(l11('ntl ' Brownlow remained firm. and exercised n1f'na('('d by ('onfpd('ra t(" soldiers. a ncl. at grf'a t hoMnC'ss of sp('eC'h. They dared not thc urgent !'oli<'Ìtation of his famil,'"- he hang him without a ll'gal trial and convi('- Idt home in tllf' Rut11lnn (HHiI). and went tion. Thev offered him life and lihertv if into another clistrif't, 'Yhilf' II(' was ab- hf' would' take the oath of alJegian(' to ('nt sf'wral hridg('s were hlln1('(1. TI('li('y- the Conf('(lern('y. lIe rf'fll:':ecl with s('orn. ing him to have been concerneù in the To Brdjamin he wrote: "You are report- 423 burning, the Confederate Colonel \Yood- a )Iethodist preacher from Alabama-was sent out, with some cavalry, with orders, publicly given at Knoxville, not to take him prisoner, but to shoot him at once. Informed of his peril, Brownlow, with other lo 'al men, secreted himself in the ,: - -.:::::;::::.: \ ... Ì' l' :<' '- 'i' ':'.,,:. ---*':"'. . ' '1 i; ' :' : ' \ . .... 1 . " l , \;::, , ':i\.' '- 1 . . . "". \. .. , - . . 10..- '. . \ ".' . .. . )i , . ì ,. i\. . ,. " "' ' t WILLIAM GAXYAWAY BROWXLOW. BROWN'S FERRY-BRYAN cd to have said to a gentleman in Rich- mond that I am a bad man, and dangerous to the Confederacy, and that you desire me out of it. Just give me my passport, a.nd 1 will do for your Confederacy mm"e than the devil has ever done-l will quit the country." Benjamin soon afterwarùs indi- cated a wish that Browulow should be sent out of the Confederacy, "only," be said, .. bccause color is gi\"cn to the I'>uspieion that he has been entrapped!' He was final- ly released, and scnt to ashville (thcn in possession of National troops) early in March, 18G . Brown's Ferry, SEIZURE OF. Gen. G. W. F. Smith undertook to open a mOre di- rect way for supplies for the National troops at CIIATTAXOOGA (q. v.). In co- operation with Hooker's advance on 'Vau- l.atchie, he sent GenerallIazen from Chat- tanooga, with 1, 00 men in bateaux, to construct a pontoon bridge hc1ow. These floated noiselef;sly and undiscerned in the night (Oct. 2G-27, 186 ) down the Ten- nesspe Rh"er, past the point of Lookout Mountain, along a line of Confederate pickets 7 miles in length. They landed at. Rrown's Ferry, on the south side, capt- ured the piekets tl\('re, and seized a low range of hills that commanded Lookout Yaney. Another foree, I,:WO strong, under Gen('raJ Turchin, had moved down the north bank of the river to the ferry at about the same time; and hy ten o'clod" a pontoon bridge was laid, and a strong abatis for defence was constructed. The Confederates, bewildered, withdrew up the valley. Before night the left of Hooker's line rested on lllith's l'ight at the 1'011- toon bridge. By this operation the railway from Bridgeport well up towards Chatta- nooga was put in po:"scssion of the Nation- als, and the route for supplies for the troops at the latter pJace was rf>duf'f'II by land from GO to H miles along a safe road; and by using the ri ver to Kel1y's Ferry, to R miles. Brownstown, MICIl., BATTLE AT. See VAN HORNE, TumrAS B. Brush, CHARLES FRANCIS. inventor; born in Euclid, 0., :\Iarch 17, lR-HI; was graduated at the University of l\lichigan in 18G9. lIe was one of the earliest work- ers in the field of electric lighting, and invented the arc electric light. lIe is 1\ fellow of the .American Association for the Advancement of I'cienee, and a life- member of the British Association for the Admncement of Scif'nce. In 1881 the Fr("nch governnwnt decorated him, and ill March, 1900, he received the Rumford medal from the Amcrican Academy. Brussels Conference. See MO:"iETAItY REFoRr.r. Bruyas, JACQUES. Sce JESUIT MIS" SI01 S. BRYAN, WILLIAM JENNINGS :Bryan, \VILLIA ,r .JENNINGS, politician; nomination. was awarded to him. TIIC' horn in Ra ]etn. In., Iarch If), 1860; W lS Round-money Democrats r<'pudiated the !!ra(luated at IlJinois Colleg-e in 1881, and nomination, organized the Xational Demo- at rnion College of Law, Chica o, in cratie party, and put forth a separate IRR3. He practised in .Jacksonyille, Ill., platform and national ticket. The Popu- from IRR3 till 1887, t})('n rpmoved to Lin- lists, howeYer, adopted the Dcmoeratic coIn, Neh., and was elected to Congress nominee as their own, hut with a differ('nt as a Democrat, serYin in 18!H-fl5. In candidate for the Vicc-Presidf'nf'Y. Dur- 1 !).t-f)G he was editor of the Omaha ing the campaign that ens1)('d, Mr. 11r,\":m lrorl,f-J/ rmld, and in the latter year a made a speaking tour more than 18,000 d('lf>gatc to tl1(" National Democratic Con- miles in extent. 'Yith yirtual1y se\'en \"Cntion at Chicago. lIe there marle a Prpsiòential tickets in the field. l\Ir, Br,\'an nota hle f;pf'eeh ad mea ting the fref> nnd as thf' Demoera tie and Populist candidate unlimit("d eoinagf' of sil\"PT at the ratio rf'ef'iy('(] G,!)02.fI ;) popular and 176 ('l('cto- of W to 1. 1'1)(' frpe-sih'er ('lpment in the ral votes. while 1\Ir.1\ll-Kinley. tile Hppuhli- eonnntion was far stronger than the can candiòatp, rf>ecÌ\-pd 7.1O-t,ï7!} popular ]eadprs of the party imagined, and thf're and 271 plectoral yotp!'!. Tn IRfl7 and thp was as much surprise in the convention early part of IHrl8 1\11'. Br,\'an df'Ji\"ered as out of it when its prize, the Presidential a number of lectures on niMETALLIs r 424 BRYAN, WILLIAM JENNINGS Mr. Chairman and Gentlemen of the Convention,-I would be presumptuous, indeed, to present myself against the dis- tinguished gentlemen to whom you have listened, if this were a mere measuring of abilities; but this is not a contest between persons. The humblest in all the land, when dad in the armor of a righteous cause, is stronger than all the hosts of error. I come to speak to you in defence of a cause as holy as the cause of liberty -the cause of humanity. When this debate is concluded, a motion will be made to lay upon the table the resolution offered in commendation of the administration, and also the resolution offered in condemnation of the adminis- of IUOO madc declarations antagonistic to tration. We object to bringing this ques- Prcsident McKinley's administration, bas- Hon down to the level of l)ersons. The ing its chief opposition on allegations individual is but an atom; he is born, he that the Republican party had become acts, he dies; but principles are eternal; weddcd to a policy of territorial expan- and this has been a contest over a prin- f:-ion, and to thc encouragement of trusts. cipie. ::\lr. Bryan madc another remarkaùle :Kcver before in the history of this coun- bpeaking tour, and neglected no oppor- try haR there been witnesscd such a con- tunity to ðpound the frce-silver policy. test as that through which we have just The r<'!mJts of the elections were: For passed. Never before in the history of thc RepulJJican candidates, 7,217,üí7 American politics has a great issue been popular and 2!)2 electoral votes; for the fought out as this issue has been, by Democratic candidates, Ü,3:>7,S.33 popular the voters of a great party. On the 4th and 155 electoral votes; showing an in- of March, 18D.3, a few Democrats, most crease in the Republican plurality over of them members of Congress, issued an that of IR!}ü of 24Ü.025. l\lr. Bryan soon address to the Democrats of the nation, afterwards established a weekly news- asserting that the money question was paper for the pnrpose of continuing his the paramount issue of the hour; declar- efforts in heha1í of free silver. ing that a majority of the Democratic Although it was evidpnt long before party had the right to control the action thf' National Democratic Conwntion of of the party on this paramount issue; and I!IO-t tlwt a large majority of the party conc1uding with the request that the be- desired the nomination of ALTON B. Bevers in the free coinage of silver in PARKER (q. 1..'.) for the Presidency, Mr. the Democratic party should organize, Bryan was clearly the most conspicuous take charge of, and control the policy figure in that assembly. On July 7 the of the Dcmocratic party. Three days 425 ('1. v.). On the declaration of war against pain he was commissioned colonel of the 3d Xebraska "olunteer Infantry. Neither he nor his regimcnt saw fighting during the war, both being held in reserve in the L"nitpd States, with other regiments, at Camp Onward. The Democratic National Convention -'- it \." '" :- ., )- / \ WILLIAM JEN:s"I:s"GS BRYAS, Committee on Resolutions adopted his draft of a tariff plank; but the same day he was defeated on the contested-seat cases in Illinois by a vote of ü47 to 2DD. He seconded the nomination of Francis M. Cockrell for the Presidency in a !'peech which electrified the great audience. Af- ter Judge l>arker's nomination Mr. Bryan plcdged his support to the candidate. The Cr088 of Gold.-At the National Democratic Convention in Chicago, in ISn6, Mr. ßryan deli "ered the following speech: BRYAN, WILLIAM JENNINGS later, at )lemphis, an organization was hi:" employer; the attorney in a country perfected, and the Silver Democrats went town is as much a business man as the forth openly and courageously, proclaim- corporation counsel in a great metropolis; ing their belief, and declaring that, if suc- the merchant at the cross-roads store is as cessful, they would crystallize into a plat- much a business man as the merchant of form the declaration which they had made. Xew York; the farmer \\'ho goes forth in Then began the conflict. With a zeal ap- the morning and toils all day-who begins l'roaching the zeal which inspired the in the spring and toils all summer-and cru:;aders who followed Peter the Hermit, who by the application of brain and mnscle our Silver Democrats went forth from vic- to the natural resources of the country tory unto victory until the)" are now as- creates wealth, is as much a business Ulan sembled, not to discu:-,s, not to debate, but as the man who goes upon the board of to enter up the judgment already render- trade and bets upon the price of grain; ed by the plain people of this country. the miners who go do\\n 1,000 feet into In this contest brother has been arrayed the earth, or climb 2,000 feet upon the against brother, father against son. cliffs, and bring forth from the hiding The warmcst ties of love, acquaintance, places the precious metals to be poured and association have been disregarded; in the channels of trade, are as much busi- old leaders have been cast aside when they ness men as the few financial magnates have refused to give e pression to the who. in a hack room, corner the money sentiments of those whom they would lead, of the world. We come to speak for and new leadel'S have sprung up to give this broader class of business men. direction to this cause of truth. Thus has Ah, my friends, we say not one word the contest been waged, and we have as- against those who live upon the Atlantic !',emhled here under as binding and solemn coast; but the hardy pioneers who have instructions as were ever imposed upon braved all the danger of the wilderness, reprf's('ntatives of the people. \\'ho have made the df'sert to blossom as \'"e do not come as individuals. As in- the rose-the pioneers away out there dividuals we might have been glad to eom- (pointing to the West), who rear their I'limcnt the gentleman from Kew York children near to Xature's heart, where (Senator Hill), but we know that the they can mingle their voices with the ppople for whom we speak would ne'-er voices of the birds--out there where tIley be willing to put him in a positi n where have erected school-houses for the edu- he could thwart the will of the Democratic cation of their young, churches where party. I say it was not a question of they praise their Creator. and cemeteries persons; it was a qlH>stion of principles, where rest the ashes of their dead-these and it is not with gladnp!-s. my friend , people, we say. are as deserving of the that we find ourseh"es brought into con- consideration of our party as any people flict with those who are now arrayed on in this country. It is for these that we the other side. speak. \Ve do not come as aggressors. The gentleman who preceded me (ex- Our war is not a war of conquest; we are Governor Russell) spoke of the State of fighting in thp defence of our homes, our ::\Iassaf'husetts. I et me assure him that familips, anrl posterity. \\'e ha ,'e p('tition- not one present in all this convention en- ed. and our petitions have h('en scorned; tcrtains the ]cast hostility to the people we han entreated, and our entreaties have who are thp ('quaIs, before the law. of the hf'en di!'r('garded; we have heggcd, and greatest citizens in the State of Massa- they have mocked when our calamity chusetts. 'Yhen you (turning to the gold canl('. 'Ve beg no long('r; we entreat no delpgates) come bpfore us and t('lI us that more; we Iwtition no more. \\. e defy we are ahout to disturh your husines!'l in- tlwm. terests. we rppJ." that you ha,'p disturht.d The gentlf'IwlII from \\ï:-;('onsin has said onr Imsinp:-;s int<.r......ts h.,' your ('Olll':-;e. that he [('aI's a J{o!J('spi('\TC'. M.v frif'l\lls. \\' e sa.'" to you t ha t you lIa '"(' made the in this land of thf' frp(' you nf'f'd not ff'aT d('finition of a husinC'!"'s too limited in its that a tyrant will spring lip from among appli('ation. The man who is employcd thc l)('o}>le. "'hat wc nec(l is an AlHln'w for wages is as llIuch a businct>s man as .Jackson to stand, as Jackson 6too<1, 42f) BRYAN, WILLIAM JENNINGS against the encroachments of organized tJlOrity, seems to have differed in oplJlIon wealth. flOm the gentleman who has They tell us that this platform was on the part of the minority. rrhosp who made to catch votes. '\'e reply to thPID are opposed to this proposition tell us that changing conditions make new issues; that the issue of paper money is a fune- that the principles upon which Democracy tion of the bank, and that the go\"ernment 1"('sts are as eycrlasting as the hills, but ought to go out of the banking busine8s. that they must be applied to new eondi- I stand with Jefferson rather than with tions as they rise. Conditions have arisen, them, and tell them, as he did, that the and we are here to meet those conditions. i88ue of money is a function of goyern- They ten us that the income tax ought ment, and that the banks ought to go out not to be brought in here; that it is a new of the governing business. idea. They eritieise us for our criticism They complain about the plank which of the Supreme Court of the United States. declares against life temll'e in office. They :My friends, we have not criticised; we have tried to strain it to mean that which have simply called attention to what you it does not mean. \Yhat we oppose by already know. If you want criticisms, that plank is the life tenure which is read the dissenting opinions of the court. heing built up in \Yashington, and which There )'ou will find criticisms. They say excludes from participation in official ben- that we passed an unconstitutional law; efits the humbler members of society. we deny it. The income-tax law was not I et me ca1lyour attention to two or three unconstitutional when it passed; it was important things. The gentleman from Kew not unconstitutional when it went before York sa)'s that he will propose an amend- , the Supreme Court for the first time; it ment to the platform providing that the did not become unconstitutional until one proposed change in our monetary system of the judges changed his mind; and we shall not afrect contracts already made. cannot be expected to know when a judge Let me remind you that there is no in- will change his mind. The income tax tention of affecting these contracts which is just. It simply intends to put the according to prest>nt laws are made pay- burdens of the government justly upon the able in gold; but if he means to say that backs of the people. I am in favor of we cannot change our monetary s 'stpm an income tax. \Vhen I find a man who without protecting those who ha\.e loaned is not willing to bear his share of the money before the chan c was made, I de- burdens of the government which protects sire to ask him where, in law or in morals, him, I find a man who is unworthy to en- he can find justification for not protect- joy the blessings of a government like ours. ing the debtors when the act of 18ï3 was They say that we are opposing national passed, if he now insists that we must bank currency; it is true. If you will protect the creditors. read what Thomas Benton said, you will He says he will also propose an amend- find he said that, in searching history, he ment which will provide for the suspen- could find but one parallel to Andrew sion of free coinage, if we fail to maintain Jackson; that was Cicero, who destroyed the parity, within a year. We reply that the conspiracy of Catiline and saved when we advocate a policy which we he- Home. Benton said that C'icero only did lieve will be successful, we are not com- for Rome what Jackson did for us whpn pelled to raise a doubt as to our own sin- he destroyed the bank conspiracy and cprity by suggf'sting what we shall do if saved America. \Ve !'ay in our platform we fa.il. I ask him. if he would appl that we believe that the right to coin and his logic to us, why he does not apply issue money is a function of government. it to himself. He f-ays he wants this 'Ve believe it. \Ye believe that it is a country to try to secure an international part of sovereignty, and can no more with agreement. \Yhy does he not tell us what safety be dplegated to private individuals he is going to do if he fails to secure an than we could afford to delf'gate to private international agreement? There is more individuals the power to make penal reason for him to do that than there statutes or levy taxes. ::\[r. .Jefferson, who is for us to provide against Uw faÏlurp to was once rf'gardetl as good Democratic au- maintain the parity. Our opponents have 427 ÐRY AN, WILLIAM JENNINGS tried for twenty )Tears to secure an inter- ard upon this country, or who is witting national agreement, and those are waiting to surrendcr the right of sclf-gonrnment, for it most patiently who do not want it and place the legislati,'e control of our at all. af1'airs in the hands of foreign potentates _-\.nd now, my friends, let me come to the and powers. paramount issue. If they ask us why it 'Ve go forth confident that we shall is that we say more on the money ques- win. 'Vhy? Because upon the para- tion than we say upon the tariff ques- mount issue of this campaign there is not tion, I reply that, if protection has slain a spot of ground upon which the enemy its thousands, the gold standard has slain will dare to challenge battle. If they tell its tens of thousands. If they ask us why us that the gold standard is a good thing. we do not embody in our platform all the we shall point to their platform and tell things that we believe in, we reply that them that their platform pledges the party when we have restored the money of the to get rid of the gold standard and suh- Constitution all other necessary reforms stitute bimetallism. If the gold standard will be possible; but that until this is is a good thing, why try to get rid of it? done there is no other reform that ean be I call your attention to the fact that some accomplished. of the very people who arc in this con- \Vhy is it that within three months nntion to-day, and who tell us that we such a change has come over the country! ought to declare in favor of international Three months ago, when it was confidently himetallism-thereby d claring that the asserted that those who believe in the gold gold standard is wrong, and that the prin- standard would frame our platform and ciple of bimetallism is better-these very nominate our candidates, even the advo- people four months ago were open and cates of the gold standard did not think avowed advocates of the gold standard, that we could elect a President. And and were then telling us we could not leg- they had good reason for their doubt, be- i:;late two metal!'> together, even with the caUße tllere is scarcely a State here to-day aid of all the world. If the gold standard asking for the gold standard which is if'; a good thing, we ought to d('clare in 110t in the absolute control of the Repub- favor of its retention. and not in fa,"or liean party. But note the change. [r. of ahandoning it; and if the gold standard lcKinleywas nominated in St. Louis upon is a bad thing, wh)T should we wait until a platform which declared for the mainte- other nations are willing to help us to nance of the gold standard until it can be let go? Here is the line of hattIe, and changed into bimetallism by international we care not upon which issue tllPY force ngn>ement. Mr. McKinley was the most the fight; we are prepared to nwet them popular man among the Republicans, and on either issue or on hoth. If th('y tell three months ago everyhody in the Repub- us that the gold standard is the standard lican party propllPsied his election. How of civilization, we reply to them that this, is it to-day? 'Vhy. the man who was once the most enlight('npd of all nations of the pleased t think 'that he looked like Na- earth, has lWHr declared for a gold staml- polpon-that man shudders to-day when ard, and that both the great parties this he remembers that he was nominated on )'par are declaring against it. If thp gold the annh"ersary of the hattle of 'Vaterloo. standard is the standard of civilization, Xot only that, but as he listens he can why, my friends, Rhould we not have it? hpar with ever-increasing distinctnpss the If thpy come to 11I('('t us on that issue, Wf' sounds of the waves as thpy beat upon the can present the history of 0\11' nation. lonely shores of St. H('lena. More Hum that; "e ean tpll t1IPIH that Why this change? Ah, my friends, is tlJpy will search the pages of hbtory in not the reason for the change evident to vain to find a singlp instancc where the anyone who will look at the matter? 1\0 common people of the land have e'"er prh"ate character. however pure, no per- dpelar('d t!wIHseh"ps in fa,or of the gold sonal popularity, however g-reat, can pro- standard. They can find whpre the hold- tpct from the avpngin wrath of an indig- ers of fixed investments have dp('lared for nant people a man who will declare t1w t a gold standard, hut not where thp maf;RPS he is in favor of fastening the gold Rtanel- have. 4 BRYAN-BRYANT Mr. Carlisle said in 1878 that this was a struggle between "the idle holders of idle capital" and "the struggling masses, who produce the wealth and pay the taxes of the country," and, my friends, the ques- tion we are to decide is: "Cpon which side will the Democratic party fight; upon the side of" the idle holders of idle capital" or upon the side of " the struggling masses"! That is the question which the party must answer first, and then it must be answered by each individual hereafter. The sym- pathies of the Democratic party, as shown by the platform, are on the side of the struggliJlg masses who have ever been the foundation of the Democratic party. There are two ideas of govel nment. There are those who believe that, if you will only legislate to make the well-to-do prosperous, their prosperity will leak through on those below. The Democratic idea, however, has been that if you legis- late to make the masses prosperous, their prosperity will find its way through every class which rests upon them. You come to us and tell us that the great cities are in favor of the gold stand- ard; we reply that the great cities rest upon our broad and fertile prairies. Burn do\\ n your cities and leave our farms, and your cities will spring up again as if by magic; but destroy our farms, and the grass will grow in the streets of every city in the country. l\Iy friends, we declare that this nation is able to legislate for its own people on every question, without waiting for the nid or consent of any other nation on earth; and upon that issue we expect to carry evelY State in the Union. I shaII not slander the inhabitants of the fair State of l\Iassachusetts nor the inhabi- tants of the State of New York by saying that, when they are confronted with the proposition, they will declare that this nation is not able to attend to its own husiness. It is the issue of 1776 over Rgain. Our ancestors, "hen but 3,000,000 in number, had the courage to declare their political independence of every other nation; shall we, their descendants, when we have grown to 70.000.000, declare that we are less independent than our fore- fathers! No, my friends, that will never be the verdict of our people. Therefore, we cafe not upon what lines the battle 429 is fought. If they say bimetallism is good, But that we cannot have it until other nations help us, we reply that, in- stead of having a gold standard because England has, we will restore bimetallism, and then let England have bimetallism because the United States has it. If they dare to come out in the open field and defend the gold standard as a good thing, we will fight them to the uttermost. Hav- ing behind us the producing masses of this nation and the world, supported by the commercial interests, the laboring in- terests, and the toilers everywhere, we will answer their demand for a gold stand- ard by saying to them: You shall not press down upon the brow of labor this crown of thorns, you shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold. Bryant, \VILLIAM CULLEN, poet; born in Cummington, l\Iass., Nov. 3, 1794. He communicated rhymes to the county newspaper before he was ten years of age. His father was a distinguished physician and man of letters, and took great pains in the instruction of his son. His poem on Tlte Embargo, written at the age of thirteen, evinced great precocity of in- tellect. Young Bryant called the embargo act a "terrapin policy"-the policy de- signed by it of shutting up the nation in it" own shell, as it were, like the terrapin with its head. In that poem he violently aesailed President Jefferson, and revealed the intensity of the opposition to him and his policy in New England, which made even boys bitter politicians. Alluding to Jefferson's narrow escape from capture by Tarleton in 1781, his zeal for the French, and his scientific researches, young Bry- ant wrote: .. And thou. the scorn of every patriot name. Thy country's ruin, and her council's shame! Poor, servile thing! derision of the brave! Who erst from Tarleton fled to Carter's cave; Thou, who, when menaced by perfidious Gaul, Dldst prostrate to her whlsker'd minion fall ; And when our cash his empty bags sup- plied, Did meanly strive the foul disgrace to hide. Go, wretch, resign the Presidential chair, Disclose thy secret measures. foul or fair; Go, search with curious eye for horn d frogs '!\lId the wild wastes of Louisiana bogs, BRYANT-BUCCANEERS Or, where Ohio rolls his turbid stream, Times, Philadelphia, Feb. 22, 1878, on the DIg for huge bones, thy glory and thy subject of 'Vashington, and written at theme." the request of the editor of that paper. At the time of his death he was engaged with Sydney Howard Gay in the prepara tion of a History of the United States. He had also just completed, with the as ist- ance of the late Evart A. Duykinck, a new and carefully annotated edition of Shake- SJ1e01"e'S "Works. He died in New York City, June 12, 187R. Bryce, JAMES, historian; born in Bel- fast, Ireland, l\Iay 10, 1838; was gradu- ated at Oxford Cniversity in 18G ; prac- tised Jaw in London tin 1882; and was Professor of Civil Law in O ford in lRiO- D3. He was first elected to the British Parliament as a Liberal in 1880. lIe has di"tingui hed him elf alike in politics and historical 1iterature, and is best known in the United States for his work on The Amcrican Common1rcalth. Bryce, LI.OYD, author; born in Flushing, Long Island, N. Y., Rept. 20, 1851; was graduated at Oxford rniversity and stud- ied law in the Columbia Law School, Xew York: was a Democratic member of Con- gress in 1887-8D. In the latter year he received a large interest in the North Amcrican Review, which he edited till 18DG. Buccaneers, TIlE, were daring adyent- urers, who first eombined for the spolia- tion of the Spaniards in the West Indies and the islands of the Caribbean Sea. The first of these were mostly l<'rench, who a t- death. reanwhile he contributed to lit- tempted to introduce themselves into the crary pub1ications. He made visits to Eu- 'Yest Indies not long after the conquests rope in ] 834, 1845, 184!), and 18;)R-5D, and of the Spaniards there, and were called iu the intervals visited much of his own flibllstíers, or freebooters. Their depre- country from Maine to Florida. On the dations among the islands were extensive completion of his seYentieth year, in and alarming. They made settlements in 18(;4, his birthday was celebrated by a Santo Domingo, where the Spaniards at- festival at the Century Club bJ' promi- tempted to expel them. Reta1iation fo]- nent literary men. His tramdations of lowed. In 1630 they made the 1itUe i l- Homer into English blank verse were com- and of Tortug-as, west of the F]orida J(PY8, mended RS the be!';t rendering of the Epics their stronghold, where, in armed bands in his native tongue ever made, His oc- in rowboats, they attacked Spanish ves- casiona] speeches and more formal ora- spl8, lying in wait for them on their pa.s- tions are models of stately style, some- !'!age from America to Europe. The riehly times enlivened hy quiet humor. In prose laden treasure-ships were boarded by composition 'fl'. Bryant was equally Imppy them, pJnndí'I'ed, and their cr(lws cast into as in poetry in t1w choice of pure and e]e- the sea. They extended their operations. gant Engli h words, with great delicacy The Frení'h l)lweaneers madp thpir head- of faney pervading the whole. His last quarters in Santo Domingo, and tll<' Eng- poem was published in the Blwday-Sclwol lish in .Tamaica., during the long "ar be- 430 He wrote the poem Thanatopsis when he was in his nineteenth year. In 1810 he entered Williams College, but did not gradua.te. He was admitted to the bar in lR15, and pradised some time in western )[assachusetts. His first collection of poems was published in 1821, and this volume caust'd his immediate recognition as a poet of great merit. In 182;5 Mr. Bryant became an associate editor of the Xew York Ncz;iclV. In 18:W he became connected with the New York EvcniJ1,q Post, and continued its editor until his 1 f '.r" __ ls to plunder, they ceased pillaging vef'sels, and attacked and plundered Span- ish towns on the coast of Central and South America. A number of these were seized, and immense treasures were car- ried away in the form of plunder or ran- som. At Ca.rthagena, in 1697, they pro- cured $8,000,000. Their operations were finally broken up by an allianee against them of the English, Duteh, and Spanish governments. Exasperated at the con- duct of the Spaniards in Florida, the Car- olinas were disposed to give the buccaneers D. sistanee in plundering them; and in 1684-93 they were sheltered in the harbor of Charleston. Buchanan, FRANKLIN, na val officer; born in Baltimore, )lfl.. Rept. Ii, IS00; entered the navy in 181:); became lieu- tf'nant in IH ;;, and master-commander in 1 .H. He was the first superintendent of the Kaval Academy at Annapolis. t;ym- pathizing with the Confederate movement, and believing his State would secede, he Sl'nt in his resignation. Finding that Maryland did not secede, he petitioned for restoration. but was refused, when he entered the Confederate service, and superintended the fitting-out of the old MC1"1"imac (rechristened the Virginia) at Korfolk. In her he fought the ][onitur and was severely wounded. He after- wards blew up his vessel to save her from capture. In command of the iron- clad Tennessee, in Mobile Bay, he was de- feated and made prisoner. H(' died in Talbot county, Md., :May II, 1874. See MONITOR AND MERRIMAC. BUCHANAN, JAMES Buchanan, JA fES, fifteenth President men, opposing the \YILMOT PRonso of the Cnited States, from 1857 to (q. v.), and the anti-slavery movements 1861; Democrat; Lorn near :Mereers- generaHy. In 1853 President Pierce sent burg, Pa., April 23, 1791; was graduated him as Cnited States minister to England, at Dickinson College, Pa., at the age of where he remained until 1856, during eighteen years, and in 1814, when he was which time he became a party in the con- Gnly twenty-three years old, he was elect- ference of United States ministers at Os- ed to a seat in the Pennsylvania legislat- tend, and was a signer of the famous man- ure. He had studied law, and waoS ad- ifesto, or eunsular l(>tter (see OSTEND miUed to the bar at Lancaster in 1812. MANIFESTO). In the fall of 18.')6 he was His father was a native of Ireland, and elected President of the Cnited States, re- his mother was Elizabeth Spear, daughter ceiving li4 electoral votes to 129 given of a farmer. :Mr. Buchanan's career as for Fr(omont (Republican) and Fillmore a lawyer was so successful that, at the (American). age of forty yea.rs, he retired from the A hief topic of President Buchanan's profession with a handsome fortune. He inaugural address was the decision of the was a :Federalist in politics at first, and Supreme Court of the Cnited States (not a'l such entered Congress ns a member in promulgated until two days nfterwa.rds) ]821, w]lf>re he held a seat ten successive in the DREo SCOTT CASE (q. v.), and its y('aTs. 'Vhen the Federal pa,rty disap- eft'ects. He spoke of that decision, which reared he took sid(>s with the Democra.ts. virtually declar('d the institution of sla- Hc support(>d Jackson for the Presidency very to he a national one, and that the in lR28, when the present Democratic ],Jack man" had no rights which the white party was organized. In 1832-34, 1\1r. man was bound to respect," a.nd said it Buchanan was Cnited Stat(>s minister at would ""peedily and finally" settle the St. l>etersburg, and from 18:14 to 1845 was slayery question. He announced his in- II. mcmher of the United States Senat('. He t(>ntion to clwerfully abide by that deei- was Secretary of Sta.te in the cabinet of sion. He declared that the qupstion was ]>resident Polk, 1845-49, where he arrayed whoHy a judicial one, wl}ieh belonged to himself on the side of the pro-slavery the Supreme Court to settle; and that, as 431 BUCHANAN, JAMES by its decision the admission or rejection of slavery in any Territory was to be de- termined by the legal votes of the people in such Territory, the II whole territorial question was thus settled upon the prin- ciple of popular sovereignty-a principle as ancient as free government itself"; that II everything of a practical nature" had been settled; and that he seriously hoped the long agitation of the subject of slavery was "approaching its end." It was then only the " beginning of the end!' That decision II kindled the fire" spoken of by the Georgian in the debate on the MISSOURI CO){PROMISE ( q. v. ) , II which only seas of blood could extinguish." The decision settled nothing "speedily and finally" but the destruction of the insti- tution it was expected to preserve. See CAßI:NET, PRESIDENT'S. On Dec. 27, 1860, news of the occupation of Fort Sumter by MAJ. ROBERT ANDERSON (q. v.) reached Washington. The cabinet assembled at noon. They had a stormy session. Floyd demanded of the Presi- dent an order for Anderson's return to Fort Moultrie, urging that the Presi- dent, if he should withhold it, would II vio- late the solemn pledges of the govern- ment." The President was inclined to give the order, but the warning voices of law and duty, as well as public opinion, made him hesitate, and the cabinet ad- journed without definite action. The posi- To the Senate and House of Rcprcscn- tion of the President was painful. He tatives: had evidently made pledges to the Con- At the opening of your prespnt session federates, without suspecting their dis- ] called your attention to the dangers loyal schemes when he made them, and which threatened the existencc of the had filled his cabinet with disloyal men, Union. I ðpressed my opinion freelJo con- supposing them to be honest. It is said rerning the original causes of those dan- that at that time he was in continual gers, and recommended such mf>asures as fear of assassination. On the morning J believed would have the effect of tran- after the cabinet meeting referred to, news quillizing the country and saving it from came of the seizure of Fort Moultrie and the peril in which it had heen needlpssly Castle Pinckney. The President breathed and most unfortunately involved. Those more freely. The Confederates had com- opinions and r(lcommcndatiuns I do not mitt(ld the first act of war, and he felt propose now to rcpeat. M,\O own com"ic- r('lieved from his pledges. He peremp- tion>; upon the whole suhjpct remain un- t(lrilv refusf>d to order the withdrawal of <:hanged. And rson from Sumter, and on the fol- The fact that a great calamity was im- lowing day Floyd resig-ned the seals of pending over the nation was cV(ln at that Secretary of 'Var and fled to Richmond. time acknowlpdgpd hy every int('Jlig('nt In his letter of resignation he said, re- C'itÏzen. It had alr('ady made iÜ ('lf f('lt specting the secretaryship, II I can no long- throughout the l('ngth and hrpadth of the (lr hold office, unclpr my conviction!'! of pa- land. The ne(les aTJo con!'!l'qu(lnces of the triotism, nor with honor, subjected as I am alarm thus prouuced were most deplor- 432 to a violation of solemn pledges." JOSEPH HOLT (q. 't'.), of Kentucky, a thoroughly loyal man, took Floyd's place, and a load of anxiety was lifted from the minds of the 10J"al people of the republic. The dis- ruption of Buchanan's cabinet went on. Attorney-General JUaek had taken the place of General CaBs as SecrctaryofState, and EDWIN 1\1. STANTON (q. v.) filled the office of Attorney - General. Philip F. Thomas, of 1\lar 'land. had succcellpd Cohb as Secretary of the Treasury, hut, un- willing to assist the government in en- forcing the laws, he was succeeded by JOlIN A. DIX (q. v.), a stanch patriot of New York. The ex-President retired to private life March 4, 1861, and took up his abode at \Vheatland, near Lancas- ter, Pa., where he died, June 1, HWH. Mr. Buchanan was an able lawyer, a good de- bater, and in private life, from his boy- hood, his moral character was without re- proach. He lived in troublous times, and his political career, towards the last, seems to have been shaped more by persistent politicians than by his own better im- pulses and judgment. P1"Ospects of Civil nOar.-On Jan. 8, 1861, President Buchanan sent the follow- ing message to the Congress, giving his views on the question of State's rights and the prospects of a civil war: .. ft . "- . ..... "- ... LfJ BUCHANAN , JAMES 3 ble. Thp imports féll off with a rapidity dppendence of such State. This left mf' nf:'ver kno\\ n before except in time of war, no aIternati \ e, as the chief executive offi- in the histmy of our foreign commeree; eel' under the Constitution of the United the Treasury was unexpectedly left with- States, but to collect the public revenues out the means which it had reasonably and to protect the public property so far counted upon to meet the public engage- as this might be practicable under exist- ments; trade was paralyzed; manufact- ing laws. This is still my purpose. l\ly ures were stopped; the best public seem"i- province is to execute and not to makp ties sudtlenl . sunk in the market; every the laws. It belongs to Congress cxclu- species of property dcpreciated more or sively to repeal, to modify, or to enlarg(l less, and thousands of poor men who de- UJeir provisions to meet exigt'neies as they pended upon their daily labor for their may occur. I possess no disppnsing daily bI"ead were turned out of employ- power. ment. I certainly had no right to make aggres- I deeply regret that I am not able to sive war upon any State, and I am per- give you any information upon the state of fedly satisfied that the Constitution has the Union which is more satisfactory than wisply withheld that power even from what I was then obliged to communicate. Congress. But tIll' right and the duty to On the contrary, matters are still worse use military foree defpnsively against at present than they then Were. When those who resist the federal officers in thp Congress met, a strong hope pervaded the execution of their legal functions and whole public mind that some amicable against those who assail the property of adjustment of the subject would speedily the federal governnwnt is clear and un- be made by the representatives of the deniable. States and of the people which might re- But the dangerous and hostile attitudp tore peace between the conflicting sections of the States towards each other has al- of the country. That hope has been dimin- ready far transcended and cast in the i8hed by every hour of delay, and as the shade the ordinary executive duties fll- prospect of a bloodless settlement fades ready provided for by law, and has as- away the public distress becomes more sumed such vast and alarming propor- and more aggravated. As evidence of tions as to place the subject entirely this it is only necessary to say that the above and beyond executive control. The Trpasury notes authorized by the act fact cannot be disguised that we are in of Dec. 17 last were advertised accord- the midst of a great revolution. In all ing to the law, and that no responsible its various bearings, therefore, I commend bidder offcred to take any considerable the question to Congress as the only sum at par at a lower rate of interest than human tribunal under Providence pos- 12 per cent. From these facts it appears sessing the power to meet the existing that in a government organized like ours emergency. To them exclusively belongs dompstic strife, or even a well-grounded the power to declare war or to authorize fear of civil hostilities, is more destructive the employment of military force in all to our public and private interests than cases contemplated by the Constitution, the most formiùable foreign war. and they alone possess the power to re- In my annual message [ e"\.pressed the move grievances which might lead to conviction, which I have long deliberately war and to secure peace and union to lwld, and which rf'C'ent reflection has only this distracted country. On them, and on tended to deepen and confirm, that no them alone, rests the responsibility. State has a right by its own act to secede The 'Cnion is a sacred trust left by our from the Union 01" throw off its federal Revolutionary fathers to their descend- obligations at pleasure. I also declareò ants. and never did any other l)eople in- my opinion to be that, ('ven if that rip-ht herit sO rich a legacy. It has rendered exi ted and should he C'xercised by any us prosperous in peace and triumphant in Htate of the Confederacy, the pxpcuti"e war. The national flag has floated in depal"tment of this govprnment had no glory over every sea. Unùer its shadow authority under the Constitution to recog'- American citi7ens have found protection nize its validity by acknowledging the in- and resppct ill all lands beneath the sun. 1.-2 E 433 BUCHANAN, JAMES If we descc>nd to considerations of purely no time for paUiations. Action, prompt ma h'rial intc>rest, wlwn in the history of action, is required. A delay in Congress a)) time has a confederacy been bound t.o- to prescribe or to recommend a distinct gethcr by sueh strong til's of mutual in- and practical proposition for eonciliatiun t erest? Eaeh portion of it is d('pendent JIlay drive us to a point from" hich it will on all, and all upon eaeh portion, for pros- be almost impossihle to recede. pf'ritJ' and domestie security. Free trade A common ground on which conciliation throughout the whole supplies the want.s and harmony can be produced is surely of one portion from the productions of an- 110t unatta.inable. The proposition to other, and scattcrs wealth everywhere. compromise by letting the North have ex- The great planting and farming States elusive control of the territory above a rc>quire the aid of the commercial and cf'rtain line and to give Southe 'n institu- navigating States to send their produc- tions protection below that line ought tions to domestic and foreign markets, to receive uniyersal approbation. In it- and to furnish the naval power to render self, indeed, it may not be entirely satis- their tran!'portation secure against all factory; but when the alternath'e is be- hostile attacks. tween a reasonable concession on both Should the "Cuion perish in the midst sides and a destruction of the Union it of the pr('scnt excitement. we have al- is an imputation upon the patriotism of readJ" had a sad foretaste of the universal Congress to assert that its members will suffcring which would result from its de- hesitate for a moment. struction. The calamity would be severe Ewn now the danger is upon us. In in ('very portion of the Union, and would several of the Statcs which ha.ve not yet be quite as great, to say the least, in the seceded the forts, arsenals, and magazines Southern as in the Northern States. The of the Cnited States have been seized. greatest aggravation of the evil, and that This is by far the most serious stcp which "hich would place us in the most un- has been taken since the commencement favorable light both before the world and of the troubles. This public property has postcrity, is, as I am firmly convinced, that long heen left without garrisons and the secession movement has been ehicfly troops for its protection, because no per- based upon a misapprehension at the son doubted its security under the flag South of the sentiments of the majority of the country in any State of the Union. ill several of the Korthern Statcs. Let the Besides, our small army has scarcely been question be transferred from political HS- sufficient to guard our remote frontiers f';('mhlies to the ballot-box, and the people against Indian incursions. The seizure themselves would speedily redress the of this property, from all appearances, serious grievances which the South have pas been purely aggressive, and not in suffered. Rut, in Hcaven's name, let the rc>sistance to any attempt to cocrce a trial be made before we plunge into armed State or States to remain in the Union. conflict upon the mere assumption that At the beginning of thc>se unhappy there is no other alternatiYe. Time is a troubles I determined that no act of mine great conservative power. Let us pause sllOuld increase the excitement in either at this momentous point and afford the section of the country. If the politieal pf'ople, both North and South, an oppor- e(lnflict were to cnd in a civil war, it was tunity for reflection. 'Yould that South my determined purposc not to commence it Carolina lHld been conyinccd of this truth nor even to furnish an excuse for it hy before her precipitate action! I therefore any act of this go\'Crmnent. )[y opinion DI)peal through you to the people of the remains uncl13ngeù that ju!'tice as wen country to declare in t1lPir might that the as sound policy rcquires us still to seck rnion must and shall be prescrved by a peaceful solution of the questions at is- all constitutional means. I most ear- sue between the North and the South. nestly recommend that you dc\'ote your- Entertaining this conviction. I refrained selves e""clusively to the question how eycn from scnding reinforcements to }\[a- this can be accomplished in peace. An .lor Anderson, who commanùcd tIle forts other quc>stions, when compared to this, in Charleston Ha.rbor, until an absolute sink into in!'.ignificance. The present is necessity for doing so should make itself 4:)4 BUCHANAN-BUCKINGHAM apparent, lest it might unjustly be re- garded as a menace of military coercion, and thus furnish, if not a provocation, at least a pretext, for an outbreak on the part of South Carolina. No necessity for these reinforcements seemed to exist. I was assured by distinguished and upright gen- tlemen of South Carolina that no attack upon Major Anderson was intended, but that, on the contrary, it was the desire of the State authorities as much as it was my own to avoid the fatal conse- quences which must eventually follow a. military collision. And here I deem it proper to submit for your information copies of a com- munication, dated Dec. 28, 1860, address- ed to me by R. \V. Barnwell, J. H. Adams, and James L. 01'1', "commissioners" from Soutl} Carolina, with the accompanying documents, and copies of my answer there- to, dated Dec. 31. In further explanation of Major An- derson's removal from Fort Moultrie to Fort Sumter, it is proper to state that after my answer to the South Carolina ,. commissioners" the \Var Department re- eeived a letter from that gallant officer, cIa ted on Dec. 2i, 18ÛO, the day after this movement, from which the following is an extract : "I will add as my opinion that many things convinced mp that the authorities of the State designed to proceed to a hostile act." Evidently referrin to the orders. dated DC'c. 11, of the late Secretary of 'Val'. "Under this impression I could not hesitate that it was my solemn duty to move my command from a fort which we ('ould not probably have held longer than forty-eight or sixty hours to this one, where my power of resistance is increased to a very great degree." It wi11 b recollected that the conclud- ing part of these orders was in the fol- lowin terms: "The smallness of your force will not permit you, perhaps, to occupy more than one of the three forts, but an attack on or attempt to take possession of either onf' of thf'm will be regarded as an a('t of hostility. anel you may then put your command into eitlwr of tlH'm whid) vou mllY d('em most proper to inC'reasp' its power of resistance. You are also author- 435 ized to take similar defensive steps when- ver you have tangible evidence of a de- sign to proceed to a hostile act." It is said that serious apprehensions are to some extent entertained (in which I do not share) that the peace of this district may be disturbed before March 4 next. In any event, it will be my duty to preserve it, and this duty shall be performed. In conclusion, it may be permitted to me to remark that I have often warned my countrymen of the dangers which now sur- round us. This may be the last time I shall refer to the subject officiaHy. I feel that my duty has bepn faithfully, though it may be imperfectly, performed, and whatever the result may be, I shall carry to my grave the consciousness that I at least meant well for my country. .J A )[ES DUCIIAN AN. Buchanan, ROBERT CHRISTIE, military officer; born in Iaryland about 1810; was graduated at \Vest Point in 1830; served in the Seminole 'Val' and the war with Mexico; and was made a lieutenant- colonel in 18û1. He served in the Army of the Potomac continually during the Civil 'Val', and was breyetted majm-gen- eral United States Army in 18û5. He died in Washington, D. C., Nov. 29, 18i8. Ruckeye State, the popular name of the State of Ohio, derived from the buck- eye, or horse-chestnut, tree which a,bound;, there: Buckingham, WILLIAU ALFRED, the "war governor of Connecticut"; born .\ \. \.' ._ .1 . ' }. \! -:.. '- :- ø . , ...... j. '. I . WILLIAM ALFRED nLCKI GUAM BUCKLAND-BUDGET in Lebanon, Conn., )Iay 2 , 1804; en- joined the Confederate army, and surren- gaged in business in K orwich in 1825, dered the fort and garrison of FORT Do:v- where he became a successful merchant ELSON (q. v.) in February, 1862, when he and carpet manufacturer; and his gener- was sent a prisoner to Fort Warren. After osity and public spirit endeared him to his release, he continued in the Confeder- the people. He was elected governor every ate service until the close of the war. year from 1858 to 1866, when he declined He became a lieutenant-general in the a renomination. His patriotism, energy, army; was selected by General Grant popularity, and extensive influence were to be one of his pan-bearers; and was of inestimable service to the national gov- elected governor of Kentucky in 1887. ernmellt during its struggle for exist- Bucktails. In the politics of the State ence; and he was one of the most active of New York the TAMMANY SOCH;TY of the "war governors" during the con- (q. v.) held a conspicuous place as early test. In 1869 h was chosen to represent as during the War of 1812-15. The Repub- Connecticut in the Senate of the "United Bcan, or Democratic, party had been di- Rtates. A patron of education and a pro- vided into two great factions, known as motel' of religion and public morals, he Madisonians and Clintonians, James Madi- gave to the Theological School of Yale son and De 'Vitt Clinton bein rival can- College $25,000 for the education of young didates for the office of President of men for the Gospel ministry. He died the United States. l\Iost of the Federal- in Norwich, Conn., :Feb. 3, 1875. ists voted for Clinton. The Tammany Buckland, CYRUS, inventor; born in Society adhered to Madison. In the elec- f'pringfield, l\Iass., Aug. 10, 1799. After tion of 1816 a portion of the members aiding in constructing the machinery for of the Tammany Society wore an emblem the first cotton mills, in Chicopee Falls, in their caps-a deer's tail-and they were he became the pattern-maker of the United called" Bu('ktaiJs!' This soon became the States armory, at Springfield, l\Iass" in title of the Madisonians; and in 1816, 1828. He remained there for twenty- ight when Clinton was elected governor of New years, much of the time as master-me- York, the opposing parties in the State chanie. He remodelled old weapons, made were known as "Bucktails" and "Clin- new ones, and designed a lathe for the tonians." To one or the other of these manufaetUl"e of gun-stocks. His inven- parties portions of the disintegrated Re- tions also included machinery and tools publican, or Democratic, party became at- for the manufacture of fire-arms, for ri- taehed. Afterwards the Bucktail party fling muskets, etc. )Iany of these inven- was styled by its antagonists the ALBANY tions were adopted by foreign countries. REGENCY (q. v.). When ill-health forced him to resign Con- Buddington, SIDNEY OZIAS. Ree gress voted him $10,000, as he had recei\'"Cd HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS. no compensation for his inventions while Budget, a term applied to the English at the armory. He died in Springfield, Chancellor of Exchequer's annual state- Feb. 26, 1891. ment of the finances of the country, the Buckner, f;1l\ION BOLIVAR, military offi- documents having been formerly pres('nterl eel'; born in Kentucky in IR23; was grad- in a leather bag. In the United States uated at the United States 1i1itary Aead- the Secretary of the Treasury has made an ('my in 1844; was Assistant Professor l1.11nual report to Congress of receipts anrl of Ethics there for two veal'S, and then expenditures of thp government since 1790. engaged in the war with :\Iexico, in which In n89 the House of Representatives ap- he was wounded, and brevetted captain. pointed a committee to see that the gov- After that war h was again a tutor at ernmpnt was supplied with sufficient reve- \Yest Point; resigned in 1835; praetispd nues, and to devise ways and means for law in Kentucky; and became one of the obtaining it. whence the name of "'Vays most prominent" KNIGHTS OF THE GOLD- and l\Ieans Committee." In 186;') the du- E'i CIRCLE" (q. v.) in that State. \fter ties of this committee had become excps- the Civil \Var be;.ran he became eommand- sive, and a committee of appropriationH (>1' of the Kentucky State Guard, and was appointerl to share the work. Esti- adjutant-general of the State. He soon mates for appropriations are prepared by 436 BUELL-BUENA VI rrA the heads of the several departments and cans. He reached Saltillo with his little bureaus of the public service for the fiscal army on Feb. 2, I8.H, joining \VooI's forcf's year ending June 30, but are often reduced there, and encamped at Aqua Nueva, 20 by the House. No appropriations can be miles' south of that place, on the San Luis made for purposes not sanctioned by the road. On hearing of the a.pproach of Santa Constitution. See ApPROPRIATIONS, Co - .Ana with his host, Taylor and Wool fdl GP.ESSIOXAJ.. back to Angostura, a narrow defile in the Buell, Do CARLOS, military officer; mountains facing the fine estate ()f Buena born near Marietta, 0., March 23, 1818; Vista, and there encamped, in battle order, was graduated at West Point in 1841; en- to awa.it the coming of their foe. Santa gaged in the war with :\Iexico, in which Ana and his army were within two milps he won the brevets of captain and major, of Taylor's camp on the morning of Fph. and was se\'erely wounded; became lieu- 2 , when the Mexican chief sent a note tenant-colonel in the regular army, and to Taylor telling him he was surroundt'd brigadier-general of volunteers in Iay, by 20,000 men, and could not, in all prob- 1801; major - general of volunteers in ability, avoid being cut to pieces; but as ::\[arch, 18íS2; and. with an army, arrived IH' held the American commander in spe- on the battle-field of SHILOH (q. v.) in cial esteem, and wished to save him sueh time to a'!sist in the defeat of the Con- a catastrophe, he gave him this notice, federates. In command of the District tl.at he might surrender at discretion. He of Ohio, he confronted Bragg's invasion of granted Taylor an hour to make a ùeci- Kentucky and ùrove him out of the State. sion. It was soon made; for the com- On Oct. 24 he transfprred his commantl to mander immediately declined the polite in- (;eneral Rosecrans; was mustered out of vitation to surrender, and both armies the volunteer service May 23, IR04; and prepared to fight. The Americans waited resigned his commission in the ngular for the lexicans to take the initiative. army June 1, 1805, when he became presi- There was slight skirmishing all day. and dent of the Green Rive}' Iron Company, that night the American troops bivoua<:ked in Kentucky. He died near Rockport, without fire and slept on their arms; the Ky., Nov. In. 18!1R. )fexicans, in the mounta.ins, meanwhile Buena Vista, BATTLE OF. General trying to form a cordon of soldiers around Taylor re('eÍ\ ed such instructions from the the little army of Taylor and \V 001, then \"ar Department that he declared (Kov. les!'! than 5,000 in number. The battle I . 184G) the armistice granted at [on- began early on the morning of the 23d, tf'rey was at an end. General \Vorth and -eontimwd all day. The struggle was mareh<,d, with !tOO men, for :-:a1tillo, the Ì(.rrihly spvere; the slaughter was fe-ar- capital of Coahuila, and was fonowed the ful; amI until nea.r sun.;et it was doubt- nt"xt day lI.v Taylor, who left nen, \V, O. ful who would triumph. Then the Mði- Butler, with some troops, to hold the con- can Ipader, performing the pitiful tri<:k quered city of Monterey. Salti110 was of displaying a flag- of truce to throw Tay- taken possession of on Kov. 15. Aftpr sev- Jor off his guard, made a desperate as- (']"al minor U1()\'ements, and having been sault on the Anwrican centre, where that d<'priv('d of a large number of his troops officer was in t'Ommand in person. Thp by an order of (jeneral RC'ott to send them batteries of Bragg, \rashington, anù Sher- to reinforce an AmeriC'an army that -was man resi!"ted the assauJt, and before long to attack Vera Crn?, Taylor was foued the Mexican line began to waver. Tay- to act on the dpfensive with a.bout 5,000 lor, !"tanding near' one of the batteries, Jnf'n. Informed that Gpneral Santa Ana f;('ping this Rign of weakness. said. quietly, (who had entered Mexico from his exilp "ni\'e 'em a little more grape. Captain in Cuba, and had been elected President of Bragg" (see DRAGG, DRAXTO ). It wa <;; :Mexico in December) was gathering an done, and ju!"t at twilight tll(' Mexicans army of 20,000 men at San Luis Potosi. gave way and fl('d in considerable confn- Ta.ylor resol\'ed to form a junction with sion. Kight closed the battle. Expecting Genera.] \Vool (who hall pntpreHidio), and fight the l\[pxi- wIlen the day dawned no enemy was to be 4:17 seen. anta Ana had fanen baek. and in a ff'w days his utterl ' di,..piritpd army was almost di!< ohed. [n their Hight the )[e,ieans had Ipft about !iUU of their eOIll- mdL's, dead or dying, on the fidd. "ïth these ,l1l(1 wOUlHlell and pri!l'troit Oil .\ug'. : following. From this !,<'riml a 1111 this trip Bufl'alo has made gn.at progrf'!<8 in hcr eo III IIU'H'i a I rela t iOll wi th the prillei!,al .AIIIPril"an and ('anadian ports on the <:reat Lakes. In the fiscal \'('ar end- ing June 3U, 1!IU4, the imports f foreign 1IIerehandÜ,e at the port of Butl'alo Cre("k aggregated in ' alue $4,!I:J3,31!I, and the exports of domestic nwrchandise. $:!:!.;)!I:!,_ 340. The tonnage 1110\ enlent of the yea I' was: Entrances: American sail, Ii 4.S58: stea1ll, tI.ï,!)-tf): foreign sail, 7.f/liS; steam, 37,322-total sail, 18:!,82Ii; 8tpam. 13:L- 271. Clearances: American sail. 174.010; bteam, 100.4!1:!; foreign sail, 7 ,!liO; steam, 20.140-total sail, 181,980; steam, I:W.- 032. 'fhe city has very large interests in the iron and steel industry, and an e ten- sÌ\'e commcrce in grains, lumber, coal. flour, and live-stock, promoted by its ex- ceptional rail and water communications. As a manufacturing ccntre also Butralo has attained high rank. The census of 1000 .,. iI .... ... ..,.. r ":', ; \ ; . ' f:- _ . '). :.... "' "r; ...'" ,ç1t. I ,: ; t þ II::;, - I '? ' -r-.r ,. ,\\ t\. : ',', I, " t :J .' :s __ .. .IT... . 't " 11 . ... J' ,..' , ' JI-, ".'! -- -- .-- 1."'<1,- TßE PORT OF HI'FFALO 1:\1 1813. : ... Dk ,-':,J,.v .. . ..... -_. 'f"r,l .Jt :';..... ' . .... :JI.+"ý.':' ç :<,?,.,,' .-. :. . } (I -Y/f: ' .r';' . . < '.,.. .... ...{ ." .J;. - .... ......... :. 11;-" . '\...-"" t.I . :,", , r--t <4 4-'" ""C"< >'l'>.' ' t :.;; ':.1" '> i'", . - ,,' - .... ...::R.. '\-I"(ifJ' ,,' __ Jfj ' ... """c .... . . ... C '. -", ,,:,... . I -:: -" . t.\" 1:: - -- '. (-"'.i'.:; .- t.:. ......., I- l lf ;t 'f -- iJ, 1 ..: . -- --'. . '':t..t- o -'t 6 ,10 "). ';]ë L. -=- '-- ). ? ., .,, portanee. In I RO.'" Buffalo Crcek was con- credited the city with 3.902 manufacturing stituted a port of entry. and in lRll, establishments, f'l1Iploying $103.!): !I.Ii.ï.ï Black Rock. It was at the latter plapc capital and 4:J.4 :! wag('-earnl'rs: paying tIt" t tlH' fi rst tp:lI11boat on Lake Eric, thc l!1,!IlJ,H 17 for "ages and $7: .: ;;!I,4Ii1i fur 4:3H BUFFALO HILL-BUFORD materbl useù; and yielding products falo to its fate. It was presently ill pos- valued at $122,230,061. The most im- session of the British and their Indian al- portant industries, according to value of lies, who proceeded to plunder, destroy, products, were, wholesale slaughtering and and slaughter. Only four buildings were meat-packing, $9,631,187; foundry and left standing in the village. At Black machine-shop work, $6,816,057; linseed Rock only a single building escaped the oil, $6,271,170; railroad cars, $4,513,333; flames. Four vessels which had done good malt liquors, $4,269,973; and soap and .service on Lake Erie--the Aricl, Little c;anrlles, $3,818,571. Other important Belt, Chippeu;a, and Trippe-were burned; manufactures are flour, lumber, glucose, and so were completed the measures of re- clothing, and leather. Official reports of taliation for the burning of Newark. Six municipal officers for 1903 s owed that villages, many isolated country-houses, the city owned real estate of an estimated and four vessels were consumed, and the value of $13,679,7G2, and personal prop- butchery of many innocent personR attest- erty, $11,274,298-total, $24,954,OGO, in- eÜ the fierceness of the revenge of the eluded in which was the water-works prop- Britisll. See PAN-A IERICAN EXHIBITION. erty, valued at $8,G39,804. The resources Buffalo Hill, BATTLE AT. On Oct. 4, of the city wel'e reported at $29,568,994, 18Gl, there wa.s a spirited engagement at and the liabilities at $18,391,451, show- Buffalo Hill, Ky., between the Kational ing an excess of resources of $11,175,543. and Confederate forces, in which the Na- The assessed valuations were: real estate, tionals lost twenty killed, and the Con fed- $233.06G,365; personal property, $18,958,- erates fifty. The organizations that took 200-total, $2.32,024,565; city tax rate, part in this engagement are not recorded. $17.37 per $1,000. The net city debt on Buffington, ADELBERT RINALDO, mili- l\Iay 1, 1904, was $17,413,088. Popula- tary officer; born in "'heeling, Va., Nov. tion, (1880) 155,134; (1890) 2.3.3,6G!; 22, 1837; was graduated at the United (1900) 352,387. States Military Academy in 18Gl, and com- General Riall, with his regulars and missioned bre\'et second lieutenant in the Indians. recrossed from Lewiston (see ordnance department; and was appointr'd KIAGARA, FORT), when his forces bad re- chief of ordnance with the rank of briga- turned from the desolation of the New dier-general in 1889. From 1881 till 18D2 York frontier. Riall marched up from he was in charge of the national armory Queenston (Dec. 28) to Chippewa, Gen. at Springfield, ";\fass. General Buffington is Drummond in immediate command. By the -Ïn\'entor of a magazine firp-arm, car- this time all western New York had been riages for light and hpavy ordnance, and alarmed. l\IcClure had appealed to the the nitre and manganese method for bluing people to hasten to the frontier. Gen. ÎIon and the stpel surface of small-arms. .Amos Hall called out the militia and in- Buffington Island, BATTLE AT. On vited volunteers. Hall took chief com- July 19, 18G3. six regiments of Kentucky mand of troops now gathered at Rlack volunteers, three of l\[jf'higan, three of Rock and Buffalo, 2,000 strong. From Ohio, one of Indiana. and one of Tpnnps- Drummond's camp, opposite Black Rock, Ree, comprising infantry and ca,'alry, to- Riall cro sed the river (Dec. 30) with gpther with several gunboats. had an pn- a hout 1,000 white men and Indians. The gagement at Rnffington Island. known night was dark. They drove the Ameri- alRo as St. Georgc's Creek. 0.. which re- canR frol11 Black Rock. The militia were suIted in the capture of the Confedcrate alarmed, and at dawn Hall ascertained raiders under .TOlIN H. :MORCA ('1. 1'.). that 800 of them had deserted. Hall, with Buford, AßRAJIA [. military officer; the rest of his force, proceeded to attack hmn in Yirginia; became colonpl of the the im'aders. He, too, had a force of Ind- ] It h Virginia Rf'giment. l\Iay Hi. 1778. ians; hut thesp, with more of the militia, Tn !\fay. 1 iSO. wlH'n his <'Ol11m:lnd. hasten- soon gave way, and, Ow C'OImnandpr'R for('(' i UQ' to HIP rC'1 ief of Li lI('oln at Charlf'!"ton. broken, he wa'! in great ppril. Df>sprt.,a hp;ll'd of his <;;I1ITPnÙPl", thpv rpturnp(l h,\' a large portion of his troops. vastl,V toward!'! North Carolina. Buford's f'nm- ouhmmlwred, and almost RUlToUlH1ed. Hall mand consist('d of nearly 400 Continf'ntal was compelled to retreat and leave Buf- infantry, a small detadhmeni of Colonel 43!J BUFORD-BULL RUN Washington's cavalry, and two field-pieces. staff. He was conspicuous in many en- He had reached Camden in safety, and gagements while in command of the re- was rptreating leism'ely towa.rds Char- serve cavalry brigade, and he began the lotte, when Colonel Tarleton, with 700 battle of GET fY8BURG (q. v.). lie was trlen, all mounted, sent in pursuit by chief of Burnside's cavalry, and was as- Cornwallis, overtook Buford upon the sigllPd to the command of the Army of Waxhaw Creek. Tarleton had marched 100 the Cumberland just before his dpath in miles in fifty-four hours. With only his Washington, D. C., Dec. 16, IS63.-His cavalry-the remainder were mounted in- half - brother, NAPOLEON BONAPARTE Bu- fantry-he almost surrounded Buford be- FORD (born in Woodford county, Ky., Jan, f(lre that officer was aware of danger, and 13, 1807), was also graduated at \Vest demanded an instant surrender upon the Point, and entered the artillery. He was tenus p-iven to the Americans at Charles- a pupil in the Law School of Harvard ton. These were too humiliating, and University; ProfeRsor of Natural Phi- Buford refused compliance. While flags losophy at West Point; but retircd to for the conference were passing and re- civil pursuits in 183;'. Engaging first as passing, Tarleton, contrary to the rules colonel in the Union army in HH3I, he of warfare, was making preparations for !ierveù wpll during the continuance of the an attack in case of refusal. The in- strife, and was brevetted major-general of stant he received Buford's reply, his cav- volunteers in March, 1865. He died aIry made a furious charge upon the March 28, 1883. American ranks (:\Ia 2f)). The assailcd Buford, NAPOLEOX BONAPARTE, military troops were di:.mayed by an attack under otJicer; born in Woodford county, Ky., such circumstances, and all was confu- .Jan. 13, 1807; was graduated at the sion. Some fired upon their assailants, United States Military Academy in 1827; others threw down their arms and begged and served for !,pveral years on surveying for quarter. None was given, and men duty; RuhRPquently resigning and enterill without arms were hewn to pieces by civil life. When the Civil War broke ont the sabres of Tarlpton's cavalry. There he was commissioned colonel of the 27th were 113 slain; and 150 werp so maimed Illinois Volunteers; served through the as to he unable to travel, and fifty-three war; was hrevettpd major-genf'raJ of vol- were madp prisoners to grace the trium- unteers :\[arch 13, ISIi;;. He died ::\Iarch phal entry of the conqneror into Camden. 2S. IRS3. Only five of the RritiRh were killf'd and Bulacan, a Philippine town on the fifteen woundpd. All of Huford'R arti1- island of Luzon, a few miles northwest of lery. ammunition. and haggagp bef'a.nw Manila. Its popuJat.ion is mostly native, spoil for tJlP enemy. For thi!'; !'a\'age fpat and the town is chiefly engagpd in !'ugar- Cornwallis eulogi7pd Tarleton, and com. l>oiling. although there are sew'ral other mended him to the ministers as worthy indu!';trial plant . filliacan was cOllsidpr- of sppciaJ favor. Aftp1'\\'ards," Tarleton's ed a place of f'onsiderabJe stratpgic illl- quarter" becaulP a proverbial Rynonym portanf'P by the Filipino in!';urgents after for cruelty. Rtedman, one of Cornwallis's they had been driven from the immediate officers. and a historian of the war, wrote, suhurbs of 'Manila, and hpcause of this U On thiR occasion the virtue of humanity fact was the scene of considerable mili- was totally forgotten," Colonpl Buford tary acth-ity after the American troops died in RC'ott county, Ky.. Junp 2f1, 1833. he.!:!an their remarkable chase after Ag-ui- Buford, JOITN, military officpr: born in naldo, Earl.'" in IflOO the town was undpr Kentucky in IR2,j; was graduatpd at \YPRt complpte American control, and a mili- Point in 1848; became captain in 1859; tary post was estahlished there. and inspector-general, with the rank of Bull Run, RHfI.ES OF. The gathering major, Xovemher, IRQl. He commanded of Confederate troops at }IA ASSAS a brigade of ca\'alry undt'r General Hook- ,Tt;XCTION ('1, v.) requirpd prompt and vi!:!- er, and was so severely wounded near the orous mo\'ements for the defence of \Vash- Rappahannock (August, IR(2) that he ington, D, C. Bpauregarrl was there with was reported dead. Tn the hattle of An- the main Confederate army, and Gen. ,J. tietam he was on General McClellan's K Johnston was at Winchester, in the .uO BULL RUN Shenandoah VaIlcy, with a large body of fiercely. Hard pressed, Evans's line be- troops, with which he might reinforce the gan to waver, when General Bee advanced former. Gen. Robert Patterson was at with fresh troops, and gave it strength. Martinsburg with 18,000 Nationals to keep Then the National line began to tremble, Johnston at Winchester. Gen. Irvin Mc- when Co!. Andrew Porter sent a battalion Dowell was in command of the Depart- of regulars under Major Sykes to strength- ment of Virginia, with his headquarters en it. More fiercply the battle raged. Gen- at Arlington House; and, at about eral Hunter was severely wounded. Colo- the middle of July, 1861, he was ordered nel Slocum, of the Rhode Island troop8, to move against the Confederates. With waS killed, when Sprague, the youthful 20,000 troops he marched from Arlington governor of the commonwealth, took com- Heights (July 16), for the purpose of mand of his troops. The wearied Na- flanking the Confederate right wing, A tionals, who had been on their feet since part of his troops under General Tyler midnight. began to flag, when they were had a severe battle with them at Black- reinforced by troops under Heintzelman, burn's Ford (July 18), and were repulsed Rherman, ami Corcoran. A charge made (see BLACKBURN'S FORD, BATTLE OF). by a New York regiment, under Cor... McDowell found he could not flank the HENI Y W. SLOCUM (q. v.), shattered the Confederates, so he proceeded to make a bending Confederate line, and the troops direct attack upon them, not doubting fled in confusion to a plateau whereon Patterson would be able to keep Johnston Gen. T. J. Jackson had just arrived with in the valley. On the morning of July 21, reserves. The flight was checked, and or- McDoweIl's forces were set in motion in der was brought out of confusion. three columns. one under General Tyler Alarmed by this show of unsuspected on the \Varrenton road, to make a feigned strength in the Nationals, Johnston, who attack, and the other two, commanded re- had arrived and taken the chief command. spectively by Generals Hunter and Heint- looked anxiously towards the mountain zelman, taking a wide circuit more to the gaps through which he expected more of left, to cross Bull Run at different points his troops from the Shenandoah Valley. and make a real attack on Beauregard's \Vithout these he had small hopes of suc- left wing, which was to be menaced by Ty- ('es8. There had been a luIl in the con- ler. The Confederate right was to be Aict; and at 2 P.M. it was announced threatened by troops under Colonels Rich- they were not in sight. At that time th<> ardson and Davies, moving from Centre- Confederates had 10,000 soldiers and ville. These movements were all executed, twenty-two hea\'Y guns in battle order but with so much delay that it was nearly on the plateau. The :Nationals proceed- noon before the battle began. ed to attempt to drive tlwm from this Meanwhile the Confederates had made vanta e-ground. To accomplish this. five a movement unknown to McDowell. The brigadcs-Porter's. Howard's, Franklin's, Confederate government, just seated at \Vilcox's, and Sherman's-with the bat- Richmond, hearing of the movements of teries of Ricketts, G."imn, and Arnold, ami the Nationals, immediately ordered John- cavalry under Major Palmer, advanced to ston to hasten from the valley, and rein- turn the Confederate left, while Keyes's force Beauregard. This was done at noon brigade was sent to annoy them on their (July 20) with 6,000 fresh troops. Hunt- right. General Heintzelman accompanied er's column crossed Bull Run at Sudlpv McDowell as his lieutenant in the field. Church, led by General Burnside. with and his division began the attack. Rick- Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and Massa- cits and Griffin advanced with their troops, chusetts troops. Soon after crossing: it and planted their batteries on an eleva- pncountered the Confedcrates. and a bat- tion that commanded lhe whole plateau, tie ensued in open fields. The batteries with the immediate support of Ellsworth.s of Griffin and Reynolds were brought to Fire Zouaves, commanded 11Y Colonel Farn- bear by the Nationals. Only a small ham. To tl1P left of these batteries, New stream in a little vale eparated the com- York, Magsachusetts, and Minnesota troops batants. The Confederates were led by took a pORition. As the artillery and the Colonel Evans. The contest raged most Zoua"es were adnlncing, they were sud- 441 BULL RUN denly attacked on the flank by Alabam- Confederates lost over 2,000. The Nation- ians in ambush, and then by Stuart's als lost twenty-seven cannon, ten of which Black Horse Cavalry in the rear, and the were captured on the field, nnd the remain- Zouaw's recoiled. At that moment Heint- der were abandoned in the flight to Centre- zelman ordered. up a Minnesota regiment viHe. They took only a single cannon in to support the batteries, when the Con- safety to Centreville. They also lost many federate:,; in (\\'crwhelming force delivered 8mall-arms and a large quantity of muni- ..,...,,,. .... ,..., : '. ... . .. If , ....... ..... I r:; . ,I... : i':.. ..: '- ,.'..: .",,:'. ."* _ $-'-'"f I .-". ......" ' ,,'. ..; ..'. .:;" :? -- ,,:;. ":1 '4 , "'-"; = :ij. \?.J.' \, 10' -' ... .'.,.-"< ......., .... " < V- t ....... >' j . '." "., ;;éJ) ::,: :. .' ': : lTi, I ;: . . . -,.. \ ,< :' ... l;:1 " -5.. , li t.... \ " \ þ",'t-- '/^' "\ ..\?' ;... ' t . . - - I " C\ L\ .:'" . ;" '--' - fS' .. ..... (",; '..J.. -: ,A,X' V .J;- / .... " ..' s. " . L/. 11,"/f.r:,'1f!l '. 1 lj. . ':.- .. ('., , ;"rY' \ ' . 1, .,. _ '- :: "-"_ '>.:\:.. \ ... {f; . , r ..."; - " II. ..__ _ '" ;;:..Þ- :;:-. . ;,"r-:'" .. h .. .,.... , ,. .. . .. H .." :/ A:'V;.' '" '). ,,,,"-": tJ ' ..d . ..... $ ,-'"'.... ft""..-""'I- . .. _;:0...""--_ r<; '.-'-. ., -- )\ \ "\ J --., :F- -, ,-, , .t- '1.. ì 1N1 4 ..-:t!. .. .. , f. , -. . - BATTLE OF BI:LL RUN. a fire on these guns that disabled them tions of war, and medicine and hospital hy prostratin:,r the men. Both sides suf- suppHes. The Xationals were pursucd fered dreadfully. some distance. Had the Confederates 'Yhen Johnston heard of the slaughter, pressed on after the panic-stricken fug-i- he exclaimed, "Oh, for four regiments!" tivcs, the coveted prize of the national It was now three o'clock. His wish was capital, with all its treasures, might have more than gratified. Just then he saw a been won by them within twenty - four cloud of dust in the direction of the hours. Johnston had escaped from Patter- l\lanassas G:1.p Railroad. It was a part of son, reinforced Beauregard at a critical his troops, 4.000 strong, from the valley, moment, and won a great victory through under Gen. E. Kirby Smith. They were the forgetfulness of Lieutenant - (;pnf>ral immediately ordered into action, when the Scott. who had given Patterson positive Confederatps, so reinforced, struck the Ka- directions not to move until he should re- tionals a f;tunning 1I10w, just as the latter ceive further orders. These the command- \\ ere about to grasp the palm of victory. ing general forgot to sClld! PaÜpr!':on H was so unexpected, heavy, and ovprpow- knew of Johnston's monment, hut his or- ering that in fifteen minutes the Nation- deI's to wait were imperatin. The first fils were swept from the plateau. As reg- he heard of the rlisaster at Bull Run was iment after regiment gave way, and hur- through a morning paper from Philadel- ricd towards Ow turnpikP in confmdon, phia, on July 22. panic r;;pizp(] others, and at 4 P.\f. the The result of the battle was publishe..J greatpr portion of the National army was with great exaggeration on both sidps ft.ving aerORR HuH Run towards ('entre- It produced unlloundf'd joy among tllp villp---Ieaving hehind tlH'1ll onr 3.000 IIIf'n, Confpdprates and their frienùs, and the killed, wounded, or made prisoners. TIIC' lo 'al people were, at first, greatly dcprc ,,- 44 BULL RUN ed by it. While the Confederates were States is worthless as a military organ- elated beJ'olld mea:,;ure, by the evidence ization,... a screaming crowd"; and the battle seemed to give of their superior spoke of it as a collection of .. Npw York skill and courage, and thousands flocked rowdies and Boston abolitionists desolat- to the standard of revolt from all parts ing the villages of Virginia." of the Southern States, the loyalists were The depression of spirits among the stunned by the great disaster, and the loyal people was, however, only moruen- 75.000 men, whose three months' term of tary. \Vithin a few da:ys they were buoy- service was about to expire, were, for ant with faith and hope. There was a the moment, made eager to leave the field, second uprising of the friends of fl'ee and return home. The President of the institutions more marvellous than the Confederacy, who arrind at .1Ianassas just first. Volunteers flocked to the standard after the victory, made an exultant speech of the Stars and Stripes by thousands. at Richmond, now become its capital, and The Confederates were amazed by the said to the multitude, when referring to the spectacle, and did not venture near the vanquished, with bitter scorn, "Xever be capital in force, where loyal regiments haughty to the humble"; and predicted were continually arriving. Five days that the national capital would soon be after the battle, Secretary Seward wrote in their possession. \Vhile the streets to ::Uinister Adams in London: "Our Army of Richmond were populous with prison- of the Potomac, on Sunday last, met a re- el'S from the vanquished army, and eager verse equally severe and unexpected. For volunteers were Pl'essing forward towards a day or two the panic which had pro- the camps of the victors at 1Ianassas, the duced the result was followed by a panic streets of "'ashington were crowded with that seemed to threaten to demoralize the a discomfited and disheartened soldiery, country. But that evil has ceased pn- without leaders and without organiza- tirely. The result is already seen in a tion-tIle personification of the crushed vigorous reconstruction upon a scale of hopes of the loyal people. Such was the greater magnitude and increased cnthu- sad picture of the situation of the re- siasm." The Pennsylva ia J'eserves were public, much exaggerated, which was pre- transferred to the ational army at \Vash- sented to Europe in August, 18Gl. The in- ington. The government and ppople were telligence was given first to Europe satisfied that a long and desperate strug- through The Times of London-the accred- gle was before them, and they put forth ited exponent of the political and social most extraordinary energies to meet the opinions of the ruling class in England- crisis On the contrary, when, the SllOuts hy the pen of Dr. Russell, its war-cone- of victory having died away, and the Rpomlent in the United States. He did not smoke of battle dissipated, the people of spe the hattle, and his account was, in a the Confederacy saw their victorious army great degree, a tale of the imagination. immovable at Manassas and indispospd It e eited among the ruling claRses a de- to follow up their triumph, they were ri!>ion of the government and loyal people filled with apprehensions, and a feeling of the United States, and gratified the op- akin to despondency took possession of the ponents of republicanism. To them the hearts of the Southern people. ruin of the great republic of tIle west The seeond battle of Bull Run (or sf'emed to he a fact accomplished. Eng- Manassas) was fought on Aug. 2f1, 30, ]ish statesmen and journalists dogmatical- 1862, the fighting on the first day bein ly asserted it, and deplored the folly and sometimes ca.lled the battle of GRO\ETON wiekednesR of the President and Congress (q. v.). On the morning after the battle in "waging war upon sovereign States," at Groveton, Pope's army was greatly re- and attempting to hold in union, by force, dueed. It had failed to prpwnt the unity a people who" had the right and the de- of Lee's army, and prudence dictated its sire to withdraw from a hated fellowship." immediate flight across Rull Run, and It was dedared that "the bubble of de- ('yen to the defenees of \Yaslling-ton. But mocracy had burst." The London Times Pope determined to resume the' hattle th.. said (Aug. 13), "It is evident that the next morning. He had receiwd no rein- whole volunteer army of the Northern forcements or supplies since the 2Gth, and 443 BULL RUN-BUNKER HILL had no positive assurance that any would Bull Run again divided the two great are be sent. He confiùpntIy expected rations mies. So ended the second battle of Bull anù forage from .McClellan at Alexandria Run. (a short distance away), who was to sup- Bulwer-Clayton Treaty. See CLAY- ply them; and it was not until the morn- To -BuLWER 'fHEATY. ing of the 30th (August, Hì(2),when it was Bummers, SIIER1IAK'S, a derisive name too late to retreat and pcrilous to stand applied in the outh to the army undpr f>till, that he received information that General Sherman, which made the mem- rations and forage would he sent as SOon orable march from Atlanta to the sea. as he (Pope) should send a cavalry escort See SIIER1IAX, 'YILLI.UI TECUMSEH. for the train-a thing impossible. He Buncombe, mere talk, or speaking for had no alternative but to fight. Both com- the gratification of constituents. It is mandel's had made dispositions for attack said the word received this meaning from in the morning. Lee's movements gave a remark of Felix 'Valker, representative Pope the impression that the Confederates to Congress from North Carolina, lS17- were retreating, and he ordered McDowell 23. While making a fo'lJet'eh in the :\Iis- to pursue with a large force, Porter's soud compromise debatt's wit h little rele- forces to advance and attack them, anù vancy, as the House thought, he assertf'd Heintzelman and Reno, supported by it did not matter, a!' he was" making a Ricketts's division, were ordpred to assail slwech for Bllneombe," one of the countip't and turn the Confederate left. This he re}>1"Pselltpd. movement, when attempted, rpvealpd a Bunker Hill, RATTLE OF. By rein- state of affairs fearful to the National forcements from England and Ireland, army. The latter, as their advance moved General Gage's army in Boston, at the forward, were opened upon by a fierce close of :\Iay, 1775, was 10,000 strong. fire of cannon, shot, shell, anù bullets, \\ïth the reinforcements came Gens. 'ViII- and at the same moment a large number iam 1Iowp, Sir Henry Clinton, and ,Jolm of Lee's troops were making a flank move- Burgoyne, three offipers experienped in the ment that might imperil the whole of military tactics of Europe, but little pre- Pope's army. A very severe battle soon pared for service in AmpriC'a. Thus occurred. Porter's corps, which had re- strengthened, Gage issued a proclamation coiled at the unexpected blow, was rallied, (.June 12) of martial law, and offering and performed specially good !'ervice; and pardon to all who should return to tllPir Jackson's advanced line was steadily allegiance, except Samuel Adams and ,John pushed hack until fi,'e o'clock in the afte;- Hancock. At that time the New England noon. whf'n Longstreet turned the tide army bpfore Boston numbered about lü,- of battle by pouring a dpstructive artil- 000 men, dividpd into thirty-six regiments, If'ry fire upon the Nationals. Une aftpr of which Massachusetts furnisllPd twentv- line was swept away, and very soon the Reven, and the other three Npw Engla d whole left was put to flight. .Jackson ad- colonies three each. .John Whitcomb, a vancpd. and Longstreet pushed his heavy colonel in the French and Indian 'Var, C'ohlmn!' again!'!t Pope's centre, while the and Joseph 'Varren, president of the Pro- Confederate artillery was doing fearful vineial Congress, were appointed (.June execution. The left of the Nationals, 15) major-generals of the Massachusetts though pushed back, was unbroken, and forces. These provincial troops complf.tely held the \Varrenton pike, by which alone blockaded Roston on the land side, and Pope's army might safely retreat. Pope f:ffectively hpld the British troops as had now no alternative but to fall back prisoners on the peninsula. Gen. Artemn towardR the defpnl'es at \Vashington. At Ward, the military head of ::\fassachusetts, eight o'clock in the evening he gave orders \Vas regarded, by common consent, as the to that effect. This movement was made commandpr-in-chipf of this New England during the night. across BuB Run, to the army. The Ampricans had thrown up only heights of Centrevi11e, the brigades of a few breastworks sman redouht at :;\reade and Seymour covering the retreat. Roxbury, and somp breastworks at the The night was very dark, and Lee did not foot of Prospect Hill, in Camhriùgp. The pursue j and in the morning (Aug. 31) right wing of the heRipging army, under 444 BUNKER HILL Gen. John Thomas, was at Roxbury, con- by a few reinforcements thrown into eisting of 4,000 Massachusetts troops, Charlestown at the southern slope of the four artillery companies, a few field- hill. On the left a fortification against pieces, and some heavy caunon. The musket - balls, composed of a rail- fence Rhode Island forces were at Jamaica and new - mown hay, was hastily con- Plain, under General Greene, with a regi- structed, almost at the moment of at- ment of Connecticut troops under Gen- tack. eral Spencer. General \Vard commanded The British clearly saw their impending the left wing at Cambridge. The Con- danger, and, to thwart it, picked corps of necticut and New Hampshire troops were their army, 3,000 strong, led by Generals in the vicinity. Howe and Pigot, embarked in boats from It was made known to the committee the wharves in Boston, and landed at the of safety that General Gage had fixed eastern base of Breed's Hill. :Meanwhile upon the night of the 18th of June to the troops who had worked all night and sally out and take possession of and forti- half of a hot June day in throwing up in- fy Bunker Hill (an elevation not far from trenchments on Breed's Hill were not re- Charlestown); also Dorchester Heights, lieved by others, as they should have been. south of Boston. Both of these points Colonel Prescott, at first, did not believe would command the town. The eager the British would attack his redoubt; aDd provincials determined to anticipate this when he saw the movement in the town he movement, and the l\Iassachw;;etts com- felt assured that he could easily repulse mittee of safety ordered Col. William any assailants, and it was nine o'clock Prescott to march, on the evening of the bcfore he applied to General Ward for 16th, with 1,000 men, including a com- reinforcements. Putnam had urged, early pany of artillery, with two field-pieces, in the morning, the sending of troops. to take pos!'!ession of and fortify Bunker Ward, believing Cambridge to be thp Hill. This force, after a prayer by Presi- point of attack, would not consent to dent Langdon, of Harvard, passed over sending more than a part of Stark's Charlestown Neck; but, going by Bunker New Hampshire regiment at first. Final- Hill, they ascended Breed's' Hill (much l r, the remainder was sent; also, the whole nearer Boston), where they had a better of Colonel Reed's regiment on Charles- command of the town and the shipping. town Neck was ordered to reinforce Pres- They had been joined on the way by cott. General Putnam was on the field, Major Brooks and General Putnam, and by but without troops or command. The wagons laden with intrenching tools. The same was the case with General Warren, patriot troops worked incessantly all night who hastened to the scene of action when under the skilful engineer Gridley, and at the conflict began. Stark's regiment took dawn a redoubt about 8 rods square, a position on the left of the unfinished flanked on the right by a breastwork which breastwork, but 200 yards in the rear, extended northwardly to marshy land, and under imperfect cover, made by pun- met the bewildered and astonished gaze ing up a rail-fence, making parallel lines of the sentinels on the British shipping with the rails, and filling the intervening in the Charles River. The guns of spaces with new-mown hay. their vessels were immediately brought to At a little past three o'clock in the bear upon the redoubt on Breed's Hill, afternoon Howe's great guns moved tow- and the noise of the cannonade aroused ards the redoubt and opened fire upon the the sleepers in Boston. The Americans on works. They were followed by the troops Breed's Hill continued their work until in two columns, comm:anded respectively by eleven o'clock on that very hot June morn- Howe and Pigot. The guns on the Brit- ing, under an incessant shower of shot and ish ships. and a battery on Copp's Hill, shell, with a scanty supply of pro\Tisions, in Boston, hurled random shots in abun- after having worked aU night. Putnam dance on the Americans on Breed's Hill. had removed t1te intrenching tool!'! at Thp occupants of the redoubt kept silent noon to Bunker HilI for the purpose of until the enemy had approached very casting up intrenchments there, and the near, when, at the word" Fire!" 1,500 of right flank of Prescott was strengthened the concealed patriots suddenly arose and 445 BUNKER HILL-BUNKER HILL MONUMENT floating batteries on the Charles River but receh.ed very little hurt. Of th 3,000 British troops engaged in the fight, 1,054 were killed or wounded-a proportionate loss which few battles can show. ThE' loss of the provincials was 450, killeè. and wounded. Among the former was General \Varren, whoRe loss was irreparable. He came to the redoubt without command, and did not tal"e it from Prescott. He fe]], as he was leaving the re- doubt, from the effects of a bullet-wound. The result of the bat- tle was a substantial victory for the Ameri. cans. They failed only because their ammuni- tion failed. It tested the ability of the pro- ,incial army to meet a British force in the field; and so unsatis- factory was the battle to the British minis. try, that Gage was su- persedC'd in command by Gpneral How.:!. The gpneral impression at the time was that the battle was on Bunk- er Hill, and so it figures in history as the "Battle of Bunkcr Hill." It was fought on Breed's Hill, some distance from the former. The battle was seen by thousands who were on the neighboring hills and the roofs and balconies in Boston. The battle lasted about two hours. Bunker Hill Monument. The corner- stone of this monument was laid on the fiftieth anniversary of the battle (,Tune 17, 182:5), in the presence of a vast mul- titude of people. Lafa .ette, then on a visit to the United Rtates, was present, and Daniel \Yebster delivered an oration. The monument is an obelisk, and stands in the centre of the ground, on Breed's Hill, included in the old hreastwork. Its sidC's are precisely parallpl "jth tllOse of t1IP rpl1oubt. It is built of QuinC'y granitc. and is 221 feet in Iwight. The hasp of the obelisk is 30 feet square. and at thp spring of the apex 15 feet. By a flight 446 poured such a destructive storm of bullets upon the climbers of the green slope that whole platoons, and even companies were prostrated. Flags fell to the ground like tall lilies in a meadow. The as!>ailants fdl back to the shore, and a shout of triumph went up from the redoubt. Some scattering shots had come from the houses at Charlestown; and Gage, infuriated by the repulse, gave orders to send combustibles into that vil- lage and set it on fire. It was done, and soon the town was in flames. ThiR conflagration added new horrors to the scene. ---=..:. -- -. - BUNKER BTLL MO AND PLAN OF BATTLE.. The British again advanced, and were again driven back to their landing-place. Then General Clinton passed over from Boston to aid Howe and Pigot, and the troops were led to the assault a third time. The powder of the provincials, scanty at the heginning, now failed. Rome British artillery planted pieces near the breastwork and swept it from end to end, while grenadiers assailed the redoubt on three sides at once and carried it at the point of the bayonet. Stark, meanwhile, had kept the British at hay at the rail- fenee until the redouht was carried, after which all of the surYiving provincials fled in good order across Charlestown Neck, enfiladpd by the" fire from the vessels and · On thp right of thp plan of tll(' hattlf> Is spen a pkturp of tllP rnnltf> obf>lIsk erectN] ovpr thf> site of thp rpdol1ht. Thp form of the rpilouht Is seen In thf> diagram A In the map. The entrancp to It wns at a, which was on the end towards Charlestown Neck. ) , .!'J! - :1 1 ,,' /? _I .-:\ 1- < ; . --:t - -"0-""'- :BURBECK-BURGOYNE of 295 stone steps, within the obelisk, minute. He died in Troy, N. Y., Jan. 19, its top may be reached. A chamber at the 1871. top has four windows, with iron shutters. Burgesses, HOUSE OF, the name given The monument was not completed until to the collected representatives of bor- 1843, when, on June 17, it was dedicated oughs in Vh-ginia when representative in the presence of President Tyler and government was first established there un- his cabinet and a vast multitude of cit- der the administration of Governor Yeard- izens. The city of Charlestown, subse- ly. That body was elected by the people, quently annexed to Boston, now sur- and at first consisted of two representa- l"ütmds the monument. tives from seven corporations. These, Burbeck, HE RY, military officer; born with the governor and council, formed the in Boston, Mass., June 8, 1754; served General Assembly of Virginia. That gen- with distinction in the Revolutionary eral form of government was maintained War; took part in the battles of Brandy- until that colony became an independent wine, Germantown, Monmouth, etc., re- State in 1776. That first House of Bur- ceiving the brevet of brigadier-general in gesses assembled at Jamestown in July, 1813. He died in New London, Conn., 1619, and bv the end of summer four more Oct. 2, 1848. boroughs ere established and represent- Burchard, SAMUEL DICKINSON, clergy- atives chosen. The character of the per- man; born in Steuben, N. Y., Sept. 6, sonnel of that popular branch of the Vir- 1812; was graduated at Centre College, ginia legislature for many years was Danville, Ky., in 1836; became a temper- sometimes severely criticised by contem- ance lecturer and later a Presbyterian porary writers. A clergyman who lived minister in New York. In 1884, near the there wrote that the popular Assembly close of the Presidential campaign, he un- was composed largely of those unruly men expectedly brought himself into notoriety whom King James had sent over from the by speaking of the Democrats at the close English prisons as servants for the plant- of an address to a party of Republicans ers, and were not only vicious, but very ig- as the party of " Rum, Romanism, and Re- nor ant. These men (Stith, an accurate belli on." These words were scarcely })h:torian, observes) disgraced the colony uttered before the leaders of the Demo- in the eyes of the world. Finally better cratic pal'ty published them throughout material found its way into the House of the country. The election was very close, Burgesses; and when the old war for in- and it was several days before the official dependence was kindling, some of the count of New York State was received. bright st and purest men in the common- That State went Democratic by a small wealth composed that House, and were the majority. The remark of Dr. Burchard conservators of the rights of man in Vir- was said to have influenced many thou- ginia as opposed to the governor and his sands of votes, and to have lost the elec- council. tion to Mr. Blaine. He died in Saratoga. Burgoyne, SIR JOHN, military officer; K. Y., Sept. 25, 18!H. born in England, Feb. 24, 1723; was liber- Burden, HEXRY, inventor; born in ally educated, and entered the army at Dumhlane, Scotland, April 20, 1791; lived an early age. \Vhile a subaltern he clan- on a farm, and early in life evinced his destinely married a daughter of the Earl inventive taste hy designing a variety of of Derby, who subsequently aided him in labor-saving machinery. In 1819 he came acquiring military promotion and settled to the United States, and first engaged in $1,500 a yea.r upon him. He served with the manufacture of fanning implements. distinction in Portugal in 17G2.. The year Afterwards he designed machines for mak- bdore, he was elected to Parliament, and ill horse - shoes and the hook - headed gained his seat as representative of an- spikes used on railroads; an improved other borough, in 1768, at an expense of plough; an automatic ma<>hine for rolling obout $50,000. In the famous Letters of iron into bars; the first cultivator made Junivs lIe was severely handled. Being in the United States; and a machine appointed to command in America. he ar- which received a rod of iron and turned rind at Roston J\Iay 25, 17i5; and to Lord out hor:;.e-shoes at the rate of sixty a Stanley he wrote a letter, giving a graphic 447 BURGOYNE, SIR JOHN account of the battle on Bunkf>r (Breed's) Hill. In December, ] 77(j, he rdurned to England, and was commis8ioned lieuten- ant-general. Placed in command of the British forces in Canada. he anÏ\'ed there early in 1777, and in .Tune he began an invasion of tlJt province of New York by way of Lake Cham- plain and the Hudson YaIley. He left St. Johns on the Sorel (June, 1777) with a brilliant and well - appointed army of B,nOO men. and aSf'end- ed Lake Champlain in boats. At the faIls of the Bouquet Hiver, near the we"tern shore of the lake, he met about 400 Indians in council, and after a fea!'t (June 21, 17;ï) he made a stirring speech to them. On ,July 1 he appeared before Tif'ondproga, whi('h was inade- quatel.v garrisoned. General 81. Clair, in command then'. was eompelled to evacuate Uw post, with Mount Indepen- dence opposite (July 5 and (j). and fly towards Fort Fdwanl. on the upper Hud!'on. through a portion of \T ermont. In a battle at HUBBARUTON (q. v.) the Amcric'ans were beaten and dispers(>d hy the pursuing British and nerman , :-;1. Clair had sent stores in lIoats to Rkeneshoro onward march of Hnrgo)'ne down the HUlI- (afterward" \\,hitpltall), at the ht'Lld of son Valley. There he was attaeked (f'ept 448 f, . ,,' \ \ '"" _I" ./ \' I ,I : _ ! - ,'" - ;.-"" . '= -=. ::- -'1, E- -= =- -- --' -_-: _: 51R JOHN BURGOYSE. E- D tht, lake. The!':e were oVf'rtaken and df'- stroyed b)' tlH' pm'suing British. Burgoynf' pre 8f'd forward almost unopposed, for the .\merif'an forees were \ ery weak. The latter retreated first to Fort Edward, and then graduaIly down the Hudson almost to Albany. The British advanced but slow- ly. for the Americans. umler the command of Gen. Philip :-\ehuyler, harassed them at c\ cry stcp. An expedition sent by Bur- goyne to ca pture stores and cattle, amI I))ocure horses in this region and at Bl'nnington, \ t., was defeated in a battle at Hoosick, N. Y. (Aug. 16), by a force hastily gathered under General Stark. Already another innlding force of Brit- bh regulars, Canadians, Tories, and Ind- ians, under Colonel 81. Ll'ger, which was sent by Hur oyne, by way of Oswego, to march down the Mohawk Valley and meel the latter at Albany, had b('(:'n defeated in a battle at Oriskany (Aug. {)). Schuyler was superseded by Uatc::! in ('ulUmand of the northern army. Oates formed a forti- fieù f'amp on Bemis's Heights to oppose the 1" .....Lf. ' \ . . .r) : \. l' \ þ II r = .... ,- \ .,' \' ( ,- >-": \l - "II , J,' \ I II j ., I. I' '\-=- .. I ...;#"0' . " t } d L ;-.. ,......, >l- I . .. ';I ". ", ...a"..:;. - 1 I < ,. ,.,.r '- 1 " ... . : \,' ......... _' . _ _ ' )' L..! - 'J:r- : ._- :)-- .' . _-.t. BCR(òO\NK AIJIJRKS8"G THE l!loIJIA B. BURGOYNE, SIR JOHN J. == \.- - 4.'t '. "'- ...;"... ' . - - .'J.....'- ' ,...... i ----. o::;c- +- - . "'I .. ". '''', .. . : '. ... : l" or- . r , '.td:...: ,'--. :. t -"?t 3:' '/'i ' .., - . ., .....- M _.... ., '-' ......... L: .::t< 4f " ""k '::' It'"..t, I __;:- .;z: , \ J I I' , '" -þ>- ., l1o,. ""I ... .....",- .,' :"" ...':-............... , .....1!-- - . - ]'.. "".. '\ . ....., ... ..;... '= :it, '''.' -"-: '=- " .:; -'-;: :- Li '-; .=: : l'=, - . " = .- - .. I' J ,,::.aiJ ..::' ..... . :.........I ,: \, - - -------"," J "ø _" f --':- -\,.:. '. '. --., ". VIEW OF THE ENCAMPME:ST OF TH ; CO:'iV ;"TIO:'i TROOPS, 19) by the British; and, after a severe go home on his parole. The British min- battle, the latter retired to their camp istry charged the Congress with absolute on the heights of Saratoga (afterwards perfidy; the latter retorted, and justified Sehuylerville) to a.wait the approach of their acts by charging the ministry with Sir Henry Clinton from New York. The meditated perfidy. Owing to the difficulty latter captured forts on the Hudson High- of finding an adequate supply of food for lands, and sent marauding expeditions up the captive troops in New England, the the river that burned Kingston. Again Congress finally determined to send them Burgoyne advanced to attack Gates. He to Virginia. Commissioners sent over, in was defeated (Oct. 7), and again retired the spring of 1778, to tender a scheme of to his camp. J.<'inding it impossible to rc-conciliation, offered a ratification of the ntreat, go forward, or remain quiet, he convention, signed by themselves; but Con- surrendered his whole army, Oct. 17, 1777. gress would recognize no authority in- See nE IIS'S HEIGHTS. ferior to the British ministry for such an The vanquished troops made prisoners act. Finally, in pursuance of a resolution to the Americans by a convention for the of Congress (Oct. 15, 1778), the whole body surrender of them, made by Gates and of the captives (4,000 in number), Eng- Burgoyne, were marched through :Kew lish and German, after the officers had England to Cambridge, near Boston, to be signed a, parole of honor respecting their emharked for Europe. The Congress had conduct on the way, took up their line rntified the agreement of Gates that they of march, early in November, for Char- should depart, on giving their parole not 10ttesvilJe, Va., under the command of to serve again in arms against the Ameri- Major-General Phillips. Col. Theodoric cans. Circumstances soon occurred that Bland was appointed by \Vashington to con\'Ìnced \Vashington that Burgoyne and superintend the march. It was a dreary his troops intended to viola.te the agree- winter's journey of 700 miles through ment at the first opportunity, and it was New England, New York, New Jersey, r('solved by the Congress not to allow Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia. them to leave the country until the Brit- The routes of the two nationalities were i8h government should ratify the terms sometimes distant from each other, and of the capitulation. Here was a dilemma. sometimes the same, until they reached That government would not recognize the Yaney Forge, when they went in the same authority of the Congress as a lawful line until they had cros"ed the Potomac body; so the troops were allowed to re- niver. They remained in 'Virginia until main in idleness in America. four or five October, 1780, when the danger that the years. Rurgo 'ne, alone, wa!'. a nowed to captives might rise upon and ovel'power 1.-2 F 449 BURGOYNE-BURKE --...-........., "'- 'I '" __< k r; c - rg ... .e. ;i,;,, 6,.,:0> ' \ -"""'::6'" '\\\1".. '" ' ,- - 'iP . .......;..., .A :q; '. ,_ , .. .. -& &P 'J> , -!ì t , . 'ìff,; <\ - ::f 1{' , '- , ( fí: j. :: J , { -k.fí r.. Ii r{ ' .' . -. ,- ;. .[ ,V d joL.'1 .r., '\) . I J' (?'" .., f ''1''-.._ ') 9, . -,0 J ' j 1'ty? - _ N J:g _'if:;' . '1.. ' Ii' j'. F" '. _ O>p\ IJ l t .: ,,< 4" <..JJ:"',' ,J .' ,Æ . to..,. ' . I '( , -., ;;. J'" t ,,-i,. - -..- r, t.. "1.. '. r _'( _' ', f ti: :< ,'_ r .. ,, , l1iJA - Þ .,. -'. ,f. .:: /= V' , ç). ,,- r(}!-, .i" --. 1_ '. , $f " _. _ ..._< : """ .c -- 1>11 .,. 4,;- __ '.,p their guard caused the British to be re- moved to }'ort Frederick, in ::\Iar,yland. and the Germans to \\ïnchester, in the Shenandoah YaUp)'. Deaths, desertion, and partial e"-changes had then reduced their number to ahlmt 2,100, Afterwa.rds theJ' were removed to Lancaster, Pa., and Some to East \\ïndsor, Conn. In the course of 1 ï82 they were all dis- persed, either by exchange or desertion. Many of the Germans remained in America. The disaster to Burgoyne's army pro- duced a profound sensation in England. This was intensified by indications that France was disposed to acknowledge the independence of the colonies. Efforts were made to supply the place of the lost troops by fresh recruits. Liverpool and Manchester undertook to raise each 1,000 men, and efforts were made to induce Lon- don to follow the example. The new lord mayor worked zealously for that purpose, .,,;, ... 0; but failed, and the ministry had to be con- tent with a subscription of $100,000 raised among their adherents. Nor did the plan succeed in the English counties. In Scotland it was more successful; Glas- ow and Edinhurgh both raised a rpgi- ment. and several more were enlisted in the Scotch Highlands by the great land- holders of that region, to whom the ap- pointment of the officers was conceded. The surrender created despondency among the }:nglish Tories, and Lord Korth, the Prime Minister, was alarmed. Burgo .ne returncd to England, on his parole, :May, lïïS. Bping blamed, he so- licit-ed in vain for a court-martial to try his case, but he ably vindicated himself on the floor of Parliament, and published ( 1 ï80) a narrative of his campaign in America for the same purpose. He joined the opposition, and an ineffectual attempt was made in 1 ï7fJ to exclude him from Parliament. Then he resigned all his ap- pointments; but in 1 ï82 he was restored to his rank in the army, and appointed privy councillor and commander-in-chief in Ire- land. He retired from public life in 1784, and died in London, Aug. 4, 1 ï92. :Burgoyne acquired a literary reputation as a dramatist. His pla Ts and poem!'. were published in a collection, in 2 vol- umes, in 1808. Burke, AEDANUS, jurist; born in Gal- way, Ireland, June Hì, 1743; was educated at St. Omers for a priest; emigrated to Ii -. - "<-- - ....... "'-. , ,'^ f ", ")-,' t }. :i-, ....... , ... "_;","" I \. '. .. ; ..,.. - VIEW Oi' THE PLACE WHERE THE BRITISH LAID DOWN THEIR RKS. 450 ... BURKE South Carolina, and there engaged with :March 3, 1802. Judge Burke was a thor- the patriots in their conflict with Great ough rf'publican, and wrote a. famous Britain. He was a lawyer, and in 1778 pamphlet against the CINCI lSATI So- was made a judge of the Supreme Court CIETY (q. v.) that was translated into of South Carolina. He served two years French by .Mirabeau, and used by him with in the army; was in Congress (1789-91); much effect during the French Revolution. and after serving in the State legislature, Burke opposed its aristocratic features. he became chancellor of the COIllmon- He also opposed the national Constitu- wealth. He died in Charleston, S. C., tion, fearing consolidated power. BURKE, EDMUND Burke, EDMUND, statesman; born in Dublin, June I, 1730; was one of fifteen children of Richard Burke, an attor- ney, and was descended from the Nor- man De Burghs, who early settled in Ireland; graduated at Trinity College, Dublin (1748); studied law, and in 1756 published his famous essay on The Sublime and Beautiful. In 1738-59 he and Dods- ley established the Annual Register; and in 17(j;) he was made secretary to Pre- mier Rockingham. He entered Parliament in IjG6. There he took an active and brilliant part in debates on the American question, and always in favor of the Amer- icans, advocatin:s their cause with rare eloquence. In 1771 he was appointed agent for the colony of New York. He lost some popularity by advocating the claims of the Roman Catholics in 1780, and opposing the policy of repressing the trade of Ireland. During the brief ad- ministration of the Rockingham ministry in 1782, he was a member of the privy council and paymaster of the forces. Tak- ing a prominent part in the affairs in India, he hegan the prosecution of Gov. \Yarren Hastings early in 178G. His la- bors in lwhalf of India in that protracted tria.} were immense, though the convic- tion of Hastings was not effected. His great work entitled Reflcetions on the Rcvolution in France appeared in 17nO. As a statesman and thinker and clear writer he had few superiors. His con- versational powers were remarka.hle, and he was one of the suspectf'd authors of the Letters of Junius. He died in Beaconsfield, England, July 9, 1797. on the following proposals which he had prHiously introduced: That the colonies and plantations of Great Britain in North America, consist- ing of fourteen separate governments, and containing 2,000,000 and upward of free ..... \a "\.' 1/ \ 1 J -= A ',a. \;/; _ >t _ " .1-. -:::::=; . ' """ ' f . t .' ... '-- l, c i ,' . f I " ,_ '.". . 'II Ii"'"> ' -'-' f-- ."It/', v \i " , " - I ,} -, _ . r.' " .:; ' . .' ' L""=- 1. \ 1' r <' " - - , '\ fJ' '- ' --7- 1i'î""' ( I .... J'- EDJIIXl'iD BCRKE. inhabitants, have not had the liberty and privilege of electing and Rending any knights and burgesses, or others, to rep- r(>sent them in the high court of Parlia- ment. That the Raid colonies and plantations have been made liable to, and bounden by, several subsidies, payments, rates, and taxes, given and granted by Parliament; Conciliation with the Colonies.-Bl1rh's though the said colonies and plantations grf'at conciliatory speech in the British have not their knights and burgesses in Parliament, on March 22, 1775, was based the said high court of Parliament, of their 4.31 BURKE, EDMUND 0\\ n election, to represent the condition of venting the clandestine running of goods their country; by lack whereof they have in the said colonies and plantations. been oftentimes touched and grieved by That it may be proper to rcpeal an act, subsidies given, granted, and assented to, made in the fourteenth ,year of the reign in the said court, in a manner prejudicial of his present Majesty, intituled, An act to the commonwealth, quietness, rest, and to discontinue, in such manner, and for peace, of the subjects inhabiting within such time, as are therein mentioned tIle the same. landing and discharging. lading or hip- That, from the distance of the said colo- ping of goods, wares, and merchandise, at nies. and from other circumstances, no the town, and within the harbour, of Bo;;- lIIethod hath hitherto been devised for ton, in the pro\'Ïuce of :ì\Iassaehusetts Bay, procuring a representation in Parliament in North America.. for the said colonies. That it ma T. he propf'r to repeal an act, That each of the said colonies hath made in the fourtcenth year of the reign within itself a. body, chosen, in pal't or in of his present ::\Iajesty, intituled, An act the whole, by the freemen, frf'cholders, or for the impartial admini!'tration of jus- other free inhabitants tJlf'reof, commonly tice, in cases of persons questiol1f'd for any called the general assembly, or general acts done by them in the ðecution of the court; with powers legally to raise, lev ', law, or for the suppression of riots and and asseR8, according to the se\"eral usages tumults, in the province of Massachusetts of such colonies, duties and ta es towards Bay, in New England. rldraying all sorts of puhlic services. That it is proper to repeal an act. made That the said general a sembIies, gen- in the fourteenth Tear of the reign of his eral courts, or other bodies, legally quali- present Iajesty, intituled, An act for the fied as aforesaid, have at sundry times hetter regulating the government of the freely granted several large suhsidies and province of Maf:>sachusetts Bay, in New public aids for his ::\Iajesty's service, ac- :England. cording to their abilities, when required That it is proper to explain and anlf'nd thereto b 7 letter from one of his Majesty's an act made in the thirty-fifth year of principal secretaries of state; and that the reign of King Henry VlIIo, intituled, their right to grant the same, and their An act for the trial of treasons committed cheerfulness and sufficiency in the said out of the king's dominions. grants, have be('n at sundry times ac- That, from the time when the general l...nowledged by Parliament. assembly, or general court, of any colony That it hath been found by experience, or plnntation. in North America, shaIl that the manncr of granting the said sup- have appointed, hy act of a!'sembly duly plies and aids, by the said general assem- confirmed, a settled salaQ" to the offices of blies, hath been more agreeable to the in- the chief-justice and judgf's of the supe- hahitants of the said colonies, and more rior courts, it may be proper that the hf'neficial and condueti\Oe to the puhlic said chief-justice and other judges of the ('r\'ice. than the mode of gh ing and superior courts of such colony shall hold granting aids and subsidies in Parlia- his and their office and offices during their nu.nt td he raised and paid in the said good hf'haviour; and shall not be removed colonies. therefrom. but when the said removal shal1 That it ma:" he proper to repf'al an act, be adjudged hy his :Majesty in couneil, made in the seventh year of the reign of upon a hearing on complaint from t11P gen- his present Majesty, intituled. An act for eral assembly, or on a <'Omplaint from the granting certain duties in the British governor, or council, or the House of Rf'p- colonies and plantations in America; for rf'sentati\"es, se\"eralIy, of the colony in alIowing a drawhack of the duties of which the said chief-justice and other cu<;toms, upon the exportation from this judges have exercised the said office. kingdom, of coffee and cocoa-nuts, of the That it may be proper to regulate the produce of the Raid colonies or planta- courts of admiralty. or vice-admiralty, au- tions: for discontinuing the drawbacks thori7.ed hy the fifteenth chapter of the payahle on China earthenware exported to fourth of George III., in such a manner, America; and for more effectualIy pre- as to make the same more commodious to 452 ÐURKE, EDMUN:D t hose who sue, or are sued, in the said less under the necessity of forming some courts; and to provide for the more de- fixed ideas concerning the general policy cent maintenance of the judges of the of the British Empire. Something of this same. sort seemed to be indispensable; in order, Burke's Speech on Conciliation. - I amidst so vast a fluctuation of passions hope, sir, that, notwithstanding the aus- and opinions, to concenÌI'ate my thoughts; terity of the chair, your good - nature to ballast my conduct; to preserve me will incline you to some degree of indul- from being blown about by every wind of gence towards human frailty. You will fashionable doctrine. I really did not not think it unnatural, that those who think it safe, or manly, to have fresh prin- have an object depending, which strongly ciples to seek upon every fresh mail which engages their hopes and fears, should be should arrive from America. At that somewhat inc1ined to superstition. As I period I had the fortune to find myself in came into the House full of anxiety about perfect concurrence with a large majority the event of my motion, I found, to my in- in this House. Bowing under that high finite surprise, that the grand penal bill, authority, and penetrated with the sharp- by which we had passed sentence on the ness and strength of that early impression, trade and sustenance of America, is to be J have continued ever since, without the returned to us from the other House. I least deviation, in my original sentiments. do confess, I could not help looking on this \Vhether this be owing to an obstinate event as a fortunate omen. I look upon perseverance in error, or to a religious it as a sort of providential favour; by adherence to what appears to me truth which we are put once more in possession and reason, it is in your equity to judge. of our deliberative capacity, upon a busi- Sir, Parliament having an enlarged ness so very questionable in its nature, so view of objects, made, during this in- very uncertain in its issue. By the re- terval, more frequent changes in their turn of this bill, which seemed to have sentiments and their conduct, Ulan could taken its flight forever, we are at this be justified in a particular person upon very instant nearly as free to choose a plan the contracted scale of private informa- for our American government as we were Hon. But though I do not hazard any- on the first day of the session. If, sir, thing approaching to censure on the mo- we incline to the side of conciliation, we tives of former parliaments to all those are not at all embarrassed (unless we Ilterations, one fact is undoubted, that please to make ourselves so) by any' in- under them the state of America has been congruous mixture of coercion and re- kept iiI continual agitation. Everything straint. \Ve are therefore called upon, as administered as remedy to the public com- it were by a superior warning voice, again plaint, if it did not produce, was at least to attend to America; to attend to the followed by, an heightening of the dis- whole of it together; and to review t11e h\mper; until, by a variety of experiments, !'uhject with an unusual degree of care and that important country has been brought calmness. into her present situation; a situation Surely it is an awful subject; or there whif'h I will not misca]], which I dare is none so on this side of the grave. \Vhen not name; which I scarcely know bow to I first had the honour of a scat in this comprehend in the terms of any descrip- House, the affairs of that continent press- tion. ed themselves upon us, as the most im- In this posture, sir, things stood at the portant and most delicate object of parlia- beginning of the session. About that time, mentary attention. My little share in a worthy member of great parliamentary this great deliberation oppressed me. I expprience, who, in the year 17GG, tl]]ed found myself a partaker in a ,'ery high the chair of the American committf'f", trust; and having no sort of reason to rf'ly with much ability, took me aside; and, on the strength of my natural abilities lamenting the present aspect of our poli- for the proper execution of that trust. 1 tics, told me, things were come to such a was obliged to take more than common pa!'ls. that our former methods of proceed- pains to instruct myself in everything in:;! in the House would h(' no longer which relates to our colonies. I was not tolerated. That the public trihunal (newr 4;;3 BURKE, EDMUND too indulgent to a long and unsuccesgful lamity is a mighty leveller; and there are opposition) would now scrutinize our con- occasions when any, e,'en the slightest, duct with unusual gewrity. That the very chance of doing good, must be laid hold vicissitudes and shiftings of ministerial on. e, en by the most inconsiderable person. measures, instead of convicting their To restore order and repose to an em- authors of inconstancy and want of sys- pire so great and so distracted as ours, tem, would be taken as an occasion of is, merely in the attempt, an undertak- charging- us with a predetermined discon- ing that wouM ennoble the flights of the tent, which nothing could satisfy; whilst highest genius, and obtain pardon for we accused every measure of vigour as the efforts of the meanest understandin o . cruel, and e,'ery proposal of lenity as Struggling a good while with the;e weak and irresolute. The public, he said, thoughts, by degrees I felt myself more would not have patience to see us firm. I derived, at length, some <'onfi- play the game out with our adversaries; dence from what in other circumstances we must produce our hand. It ..ould be usually produces timidity. I grew less e pected that those who for many years anxious, even from the idea of my own in- had been active in such affairs should significance. For, judging of what ,you show that they had formed some clear are by what you ought to be, I persuaded and decided idea of the principles of myself that ,you would not reject a reason- colony government; and were capable of able proposition because it had nothing drawing out something like R platform but its reason to recommend it. On the of the ground which might be laid for other hand, being totaUy degtitute of all future and permanent tranquillity. shadow of influence, natural or adyenti- I felt the truth of what my honourable tious, I was very sure that, if m ' propo- friend represented; but I felt my situa- sition were futile or dangerous, if it were tion too. His application might have been 'eakly concei,'ed, or improperly timed, made with far greater proprietr to many there was nothing exterior to it, of power other gentlemen. 1\0 man was indeed to awe, dazzle, or delude vou. You will ever better disposed, or worse qualified, see it just as it is: and y u will treat it for such an undertaking, than m 'se]f. just as it deserves. Though I gan so far in to his opinion, The proposition is peace. Not peace that I immediately threw my thoughts through the medium of war; not peace into a sort of parliamentary form, J was to be hunted through the labJ'rinth of in- by no means equally ready to produce tricate and endless negotiations; not peace them. It generaUJ' argues Rome degree of to arise out of universal discord, foment- natural impotence of mind, or gome want ed from principle, in aU parts of the em- of knowledge of the world. to hazard plans pire; not peace to depend on the judicial of government e"cept from a seat of au- determination of perple"ing questions, or thority. Propositions are made, not only the precise marking the shadow)' boun- ineffectually, but somewhat disreputably, darics of a complex government. It is when the minds of men are not properly Rimply peace, sought in its n'ltural course, ,li!-posed for their r('ception: and for my and in its ordinary haunts. It is ppapp r: ut . I :nn not ambitious of ridicule; not sought in the spirit of peace, an,1 laid ab!"olutely a candidate for disgrace. in principles purely pacific.' I propose, Bcsidps, sir, to speak the plain truth, by removing the ground of the difference, I ha,'e in general no very exalted opinion and b ' restoring the former 1t11S11Specting of the virtue of paper government: nor of cnnfìdence of the colonies in the mother- any politics in which the plan is to he country, to give permanent satisfaction to wholl ' separated from the e,,"ecution. Rut )"our people: and (far from a scheme of when I saw that anger and violence pre- ruling by discord) to reconcile them to vailed every day more and more, and that each other in the same act, and by the ilIings were hastening towards an incur- bond of the very same interest which able alienation of our colonies. I confess reconciles t]lPm to British government. my caution gave wa '. I felt thiR, as :\[y idea is nothing more. Hpfined policy onp of those few moments in which de- eypr has been thp parent of ('onfusion. CfJrum J'ields to a higher duty. Public ca- and ever will be so, as long as the world 454 BURKE, EDMUND endures. Plain good intention, which is as easily discovered at the first view as fraud is surely detected at last, is, let me say, of no mean force in the govern- ment of mankind. Genuine simplicity of heart is an healing and cementing prin- ciple. 1\1y plan, therefore, being formed upon the most simple grounds imaginable, may disappoint some people when they hear it. It has nothing to recommend it to the pruriency of curious ears. There is nothing at all new and captivating in it. It has nothing of the splendour of the proj- ect which has been lately laid upon your table by the noble lord in the blue riband. It docs not propose to fill your lobby with squabbling colony agents, who will require the interposition of your mace, at every instant, to keep the peace among them. It does not institute a magnificent auc- tion of finance, where captivated provinces come to general ransom by bidding against each other, until you knock down the hammer, and determine a proportion of payments beyond all the powers of alge- bra to equalize and settle. The plan which I shall presume to sug- gest derives, however, one great advan- tage from the proposition and registry of that noble lord's project. The idea of con- ciliation is admissible. First, the House, in accepting the resolution moved by the noble lord, has admitted, notwithstand- ing the menacing front of our address, notwithstanding our heavy bills of pains and penalties, that we do not think our- selves precluded from all ideas of free grace and bounty. The House has gone further; it has de- clared conciliation admissible, previous to any submission on the part of America. It has even shot a good deal beyond that mark, and has admitted that the com- plaints of our former mode of exerting the right of taxation were not whol1y unfounded. That right thus exerted is al- lowed to have had something reprebensi- ble in it; something unwise, or something grievous; since, in the midst of our heat and resentment, we, of ourselves, have proposed a capital alteration; and, in or- der to get rid of what seemed so very exceptionable, have instituted a mode that is altogether new; one that is, indeed. wholly alien from all the ancient methods aud forms of Parliament. The p'rinciple of this proceeding is large enough for my purpose. The means pro- posed by the noble lord for carrying his ideas into execution, I think, indeed, are very indifferently suited to the end; and this I shall endeavour to show you before I sit down. But, for the present, I take my ground on the admitted principle. I mean to give peace. Peace implies reeon- cilia tion ; and, where there has been a ma terial dispute, reconeilia tion does in a manner ahvaJ s imply concession on the one part or on the other. In this state of things I make no difficulty in affirm- ing that the proposal ought to originate from us. Great and acknowledged force is not impair cd either in effect or in opin- ion by an unwillingness to exert itself. The superior power may offer peace with honour and with safety. Such an offer from such a power will be attributed to magnanimity. But the concessions of the weak are tbe concessions of fear. '''hen such a one is disarmed, he is wholly at the mercy of his superior; and he loses forewr that time and those chances, whieh, as they happen to all men, are the strength and resources of all inferior power. The capital leading questions on which you must this day decide are these two: First, whether you ought to concede; and, secondly, what your concession ought to be. On the first of these questions we have gained' (as I ha\'e just taken the liberty of observing to you) some ground. But I am sensible that a good deal more is still to be done. Indeed, sir, to enable us to determine both on the one and the other of these great questions with a firm and precise judgment. I think it may be nee'cs- sary to consider distinctly the true nature and the peculiar cireumstances of the object which we have before us. Because after all our struggle, whether we will or not. we must govern America aceorrling to that nature, and to those circum- stances; and not according to our own imaginations; nor according to abstract irleas of right; by no means according to mere general theories of government, the resort to which it appears to me, in our present situation. no better than arrant trifling. I shall thel'efore endeavour, with your leave, to lay before you some of the most material of the::.e circurustances in 455 as fun and as clear a manner as I am able to state them. The first thing that we have to con- sider with regard to the nature of the object is-the number of people in the col- onies. I have taken for some years a p:ood deal of pains on that point. I can by no calcula tion justify m,yself in plac- ing the number below 2,000,OUO of inhabi- tants of our own European blood and col- our; be ides at least 500,000 others, who form 110 inconsiderable part of the strength and opulence of the whole. This, Eir, is, I believe, about the true number. Therc is no occasion to exag- gerate, where plain truth is of so much weight and importance. But whether I put the present number too high or too low is a matter of little moment. Such is the strength with which population shoots in that part of the world that, state the numbers as high as we will, \dlÌlst the dispute continucs, the exaggera- tion ends. Whilst we are discussing any given magnitude, they an grown to it. Whilst we spend our time in deliberating on the mode of overning 2,000,000, we shall find we have millions more to man- age. Your children do not grow fastpr flOm infanc . to manhood than they spread from families to communities, and from villages to nations. I put this consideration of the present and the wowing numbers in the front of our deliberation; because, 8ir, this consideration will make it evident to a. blunter discernment than yours that no partial, narrow, contracted, pinched. occa- sional sYEtem will be at all !mitable to snch an ohje<,t. It will !':how you that it is not to be considered as one of those minima (trifles) which are out of the f' ve and considpration of the law; not a paltry excre!':cpnce of the state, not a mean dppendent. who may be npglected with little damage and provoked with little danger. It - will prove that some degree of ('are and caution is requirelt in the handling such an object; it will show that rou ought not, in reason. to trifle with so lar,ge a mass of the inter- ests and feelin;!!': of the human ra<,e. You ('OuId at no time do so without guilt: and he assured you will not be able to do it long with impnnit ". But the population of this country, BURKE, EDMUND great and growing population, though a very important consideration, will not lo e much of its weight if not combined with other circumstances. The commerce of your colonies is out of all proportion be- yond the numbers of the people. This ground of their commerce, indeed, has been trod SOIUe daJ's ago, and wi th grca t ability, by a distinguished person, at )'our bar. This gentleman, after thirty- five )eal's-it is so long since he first appeared at the same place to plead for the commerce of Great Britain-has come again before you to plead the same cause, without any other effect of time than that to the fire of imagination and extent of erudition, which even then markcd him as one of the first literary characters of his age, he has added a consummate knowledge in the commercial interest of his country, formed by a long course of mlightened and discriminating experi- ence. Sir, I should be inexcusable in coming after such a p<,rson with any detail if a great part of the members who now fill the Honse had not the misfortune to be ahsent when he appeared at your bar. Hesidf>s, !':ir, I propose to take the matter at periods of time somewhat different from his. There is, if I mistake not, a point of view, from whence, if "Ou would look at thiA subject, it is impossible that it should 1I0t make an impression upon ;you. I have in my hand two accounts: one a comparative 8tate of the export trade of England to its colonies, as it stood in the rear 1704, and as it stood in the year 1772; the other a Rtate of the e"'port trade of this country to its colonies alone, as it stood in 1772, compar<,d with the whole trade of England to all part!': of the worIel (the colonies ineluded) in the rear 1 i04. They are from good vouchers; the latter period from the accounts on your table, the earlier from an original manu- seript of Davenant, who first establi!'hf'd the inspector-gf'neral's office. whi<,h has }.f'en e'"er sin('e his time 80 ahundant a SOurce of parliamentary information. The f'xport tn-HIp to HI(> co]on1f's <,on- sists of thrf>e grf'at nranchf's. Thf' Afri- can. whi<,h, tf>rminatin almost wholly in the <,olonies. must hf' put to t1w 8.<'<'0\1111 thf' of their commerce; the West Indian; and 4;-)G BURKE, EDMUND eà. But, it will be said, is not this Amer- ican trade an unnatural protuberance, that has drawn the juices from the rest of the body î The reverse. It is the very food that has nourished every other part into its present magnituue. Our general trade has been greatly augmented, and augmented more or less in almost every part to which it ever extended; but with this material difference, that of the fG,- 000,000 which in the beginning of the cen. tury constituted the whole mass of our Exports to Nortb America and tbe export commerce, the colony trade wa& ',!pst Indies .................. .t483,2r.5 but one-twelfth part; it is now (as a part To Africa....................... 86,665 of fI6,OOO,OOO) considerably more than a third of the whole. This is the relative .t569,930 proportion of the importance of the col- onies at these two periods: and all rea- soning concerning our mode of treating them must have this proportion as its basis, or it is a reasoning weak, I"otten, and sophistical. 1\11'. Speaker, I cannot prevail on my- self to hurry over this great considel"a- tion. It is good for us to be here. We stand where we have an immense view of 364,000 what is, and what is paoSt. Clouus, in- deed, and darkness rest upon the future. .t6,022,132 Let us, however, before we descend from this noble eminence, reflect that this growth of our national prosperity has happened within the short period of the life of man. It has happened within sixty-eight years. There are those alive whose" memory might touch the two ex- tremities. For instance, my Lord Bath- urst might remember all the 8tages of the progress. He was in I i04 of an age at least to be made to comprehend such things. He was then old enough acta T,m'entum jam lcgC1'P. ct quae sit potuit cogno..wcre 1,irt1t8 (to sturly thf' doings of his forefathers. and to learn the mcaning of virtuc). Supposc, sir, that thc angel of this auspicious youth-foreseeing the 6,024,000 many virtues, which made him one of the most amiable, as he is one of the most DIfference ............ .t 483,000 fortunate, m(>n of his age-had opened to him in vision, that wh(>n. in the fourth The trade with America alonf' is now g(>n(>ration, th(> third prince of the House within less than f500,OOO of b(>ing equal of Brunswick had sat twelve yea.I's on the to what this great commercial nation, tllrone of that un,tion, which (by thf' J ngland. carried on at the beginning of happy issue of moderate and healing coun- this century with the whole world! If sds) was to be made (ireat Rritain, he I had taken the largest year of those on sllOuld see his son, Lord Chancf'llor of your table, it would rather have exceed- :England, turn back the current of heredi- 437 the North American. All these are 130 interwo,en that the attempt to separate them would tear to pieces the contexture of the whole; and if not entirely destroy, would very much depreciate the value of all the parts. I therefore consider these thrce denominations to be, what in effect t hey arc, one trade. The trade to the colonies, taken on the export side, at the beginning of this cen- tury-that is, in the year 1 i04-stood thus: In the year I ïi2, which I take as a middle year between the highest and low- est of those lately laid on your table, the account was as follows: To NOI'tb America and tbe West Indies ...........,..,....... .t4, 791, 734 To Africa .................... 866,398 To whlcb If you add tbe export trade from cotland, wblcb had In 1704 no existence... .... .. . From five hundred and odd thousand, it has grown to Rix millions. It has in- creased no less than twelvefold. This is the state of the colony trade, as compared with itself at these two periods, within this century - and this is matter for meditation. But this is not all. Examine my sccond account. See how the export trade to the colonies alone in I ïi2 stood in the other point of view, that is, as cnmpared to the whole trade of England in li04: Till' whole export trarle of Eng- land, In<'Íufling that to the colo- nies, In 1704................ .t6,509,OOO Export to the colonies alone, In 1772 ..............,........ BURKE, EDMUND tary dignit,r to its fountain, and raise him lags after truth, invention is untruthful, to a higher rank of peerage, whilst he en- and imagination cold and barren. riched the family with a new one. If So far, sir, as to the importance of the amidst these bright and happy scenes of object in view of its commerce, as con- domestic honour and prospel'Ïty, that an- cerned in the exports from England. If gel should have drawn up the curtain. and I were to detail the imports, I could show unfolded the rising glories of his country, how many enjoyments they proeure, which and whilst he was gazing with admiration relieve the burthen of life; how many on the then commercial grandeur of Eng- materials which invigorate the springs of land, the genius should point out to him national industry, and e'\tend and animate a Jittle speck, scarce visible in the mass every part of our foreign and domestic cf the national interest, a small seminal commerce. This would be a curious suh- principle, rather than a formed body, and ject, indeed-but I must prescribe bounds should tell him: "Young man, there is to myself in a matter so vast and various. .America, which at this day serves for I pass therefore to the colonies in an- little more than to amuse you with stories othcr point of view-their agriculture. oÌ savage men, and uncouth manners; yet This they have prosecuted with such a shan, before ,you taste of death, show it- spirit that, besides feeding plentifully self equal to the whole of that commerce their own growing multitude, their an- \\hich now attracts the envy of the world, nual export of grain, comprehending rice, Whatever England has been growing to has some years a o exceeded fI.OOO,OOO in by a progressive increase of improvement, value. Of their last harvest, I am per- brought in b;r varietics of people, by suc- suaded they will export much more. At cession of cidlizing conquests and civil- the beginning of the century some of these izing settlements in a series of 1,700 ,rears, colonies imported corn from the mother- yell sha!] see as much added to her by country. For some time past. the Old .\merica in the course of a single life!" \"orld has been fed from the New. The If this state of his country had been fore- scarcity which :r ou have felt would ha\-e told to him, would it not require all the been a desolating famine if this child of sanguine credulity of youth, and all the your old age, with a true filial piety, with ferdd glow of enthusiasm. to make him a Roman charity, had not put the full believe it? Fortunate man, he has lived breast of its youthful exuberance to the to see it! Fortunate, indeed, if he lives mouth of its exhausted parent. to see nothing that shall vary the prospect As to the wealth which the colonies and cloud the setting of his day! have drawn from the sea by their fisheries, Excuse me, sir, if, turning from such you had an that matter fully opened at thoughts. I resume this comparative view your bar. You surely thought these ac- once more. You have seen it on a lar e quisitions of value, for they seemed e\-en seale; look at it on a small one. I will to excite your envy; and J'et the spirit point out to your attention a particular by which that enterprising employment instance of it in the single province of has been exercised ought mther, in my Pennsylvania. In the year 1704. that opinion, to han raised your ('stecm and prodnce caUed for fI 1.45!J in value of admiration. _\nd pray, sir, what in thc 'Ollr commodities, native and foreign. worM is equal to it? J>ass by the other This was the whole. \\7hat did it demand in parts, and look at the manner in which I ii2? Why, nearly fifty times as much; the people of K ew England have of late for in that year the export to Pennsyl- carried on the whale fishery. Whilst we vania was f507,909, nearly equal to the fonow them among the tumbling mount- export to all the colonies together in the Rins of ice, and behold them penetrating first period. into the deepf"st frozen rec('sses of Hud- I choose, Air, to enter into these minute son's Day and Davis's Straits, wlailst we and particular deta.i1s; because general- are 100kinO' for them beneath the arctiC" ities, which in all other cases are apt circle, we ð}war that they have pierced to heighten and raise the subject, have into the opposite region of polar coM. hC"re a tendency to sink it. \Vhen we speak that they are at the antipodes, and en- of the comme;ce with our colonies, fiction gaged under the frozcn serpcnt of the 458 BURKE, EDMUND south. Falkland Island, which seemed too an odious, but a feeble instrument, for remote and romantic an object for the preserving a people so numerous, so ac- grasp of national ambition, is but a stage tive, so growing, so spirited as this, in and resting-place in the progress of their a profitable and subordinate connection victorious industry. Nor is the equinoc- with us. tial heat more discouraging to them than First, sir, permit me to observe that the the accumulated winter of both the poles. use of force alone is but temporary. It \Ye know that whilst some of them draw may subdue for a moment; but it does the line and strike the harpoon on the not remove the necessity of subduing coast of Africa, others run the longitude, again; and a nation is not governed whi<:h and pursue their gigantic game along the is perpetually to be conquered. coast of Brazil. No sea but what is vexed My next objection is its uncertainty. by their fisheries. No climate that is not Terror is not always the effect of force; witness to their toils. Neither the perse- and an armament is not a victory. If verance of Holland, nor the activity of you do not succeed, you are without re- France, nor t.he dexterous and firm sa- source; for, conciliation failing, force re- gacity of English enterprise ever carried mains; but, force failing, no further hope this most perilous mode of hardy indus- of reconciliation is left. Power and au- try to the extent to which it has been thority are sometimes bought by kind- pushed by this recent people; a people ness; but they can never be begged as who are still, as it were, but in the gris- alms by an impoverished and defeated vio- tIe, and not yet hardened into the bone lence. of manhood. When I contemplate these A further objection to force is that you things, whf"n I know that the colonies impair the object by your very endeav- in general owe little or nothing to any ours to preserve it. The thing you fought care of ours, and that they are not for is not the thing which you recover, squeezed into this happy form by the eon- but depreciated, sunk, wasted, and con- straints of watchful and suspicious gov- sumed in the contest. Nothing less will ernment, but that, through a wise and content me than whole .1merica. I do not salutary neglect, a generous nature has choose to consume its strength along with been suffered to take her own way to per- our own; because in all parts it is the feetion; when I reflect upon these effects. British strength that. I consume. I do not when I see how profitable they have been choose to be caught by Jl foreign enemy to us, I feel all the pride of power sink, at the end of this exllausting conflict; and all presumption in the wisdom of Im- and still less in the midst of it. I may man contrivances melt and die away with- escape; but I can make no insurance in me. My rigour relents. I pa.rdon some- against such an event. Let me add that thing to the spirit of liberty. I do not choose wholly to break the Amer- I am sensible, sir, that all which I have ican spirit; because it is the spirit that asserted in my detail is admitted in the has made the country. ross; but that quite a different conclu- Lastly. we have no sort of experience in sion is drawn from it. America, gentle- favour of force as an instrument in the nlí'n say, is a noble object. It is an object rule of our colonies. Their growth and well worth fighting for. Certainly it is, their utility has been owing to methods if fighting a people be the best way of altogether different. Our ancient indul- aining them. Gentlemen in this respect gf'nce has been said to be pursued to a will be led to their choice of means by fault. It may be so. But we know. if their complexions and their habits. Those feeling is evidence, that our fault was who understand the military art will, of more tolerable than our attempt to mend course, ha,'e 80me predilection for it. it; and our sin far more salutary than our Those who wield the thunder of the state penitence. may have some confidence in the efficacy These, sir. are my reasons for not f"n- of arms. ]tut I confess, possibly for want tertaining that high opinion of untried of this knowledge. my opinion is much foTCP. by which many gentlemen, for whose more in favour of prudent management sf'ntiments in other particulars I have than of force; considering force not as great respect, seem to be so greatly capti- 459 BURKE, EDMUND ,ated. But there is still behind a third the importance of this point, it was not considcration concerning this object, which only necessary for tho:>e who in argu- sen-es to determine my opinion on the sort ment defend cd the e cellence of the EnO"- of policy which ought to be pursued in li!'h constitution to insist on this prÏ\ - the management of America, even more lege of granting money as a dry point than its population and its commerce. of fact, and to prove that the right had I mean its temper and character. been acknowledged in ancient parchments, In this character of the Americans, a and blind usages, to reside in a certain love of freedom is the predominating feat- body called a House of Commons. Thf"v ure which marks and distinguishes the went much farther; they attempted t whole; and as an ardent is always a jeal- prove, and they succeeded, that in theory ous affection, :your colonies become sus- it ought to be so, from the pa.rticular nat- picious, restive, and un tractable, when- ure of a House of Commons, as an inllne- ever they see the least attempt to wrest diate representative of the people; whether from them by force, or shuffle from them the old records had delivered this oraeJe by chicane, what they think the onJy ad- or not. They took infinite pains to in- vantage worth liYing for. This fierce culcate, as a fundamental principle, that spirit of liberty is sÜ'onger in the Eng- in aU monarchies the people mw;;t, in ef. lish colonies probabJy than in any other f('d, themselves, mediately or immediately, people of the earth; and this from a great possess the power of granting their own variety of powerful causes; which, to money, or no shadow of liberty could sub- understand the true temper of their minds sist. The colonies draw from you, as with and the direction which this spirit takes, their life-bJood, thesf" ideas and principles. it will not be amiss to lay open somewhat Their love of liberty, as with you, fixed more largely. and attached on this specific point of tax- First, the people of the coJonies are ing. Liberty might be safe, or might be de cendants of Englishmen. England, (.ndangered, in twenty other particulars, sir, is a nation, which still, I hope, re- without their being much pleased or alarm- spects, and formerly adored her freedom. ed. Here they felt its pulse; and as they The colonists emigrated from ,you when found that beat, they thought themselves this part of your character was most pre- sick or sound. I do not say whether they dominant; and they took their bias and were right or wrong in applying :your direction the moment they parted from general arguments to their own case. It your hands. They are, therefore, not only is not easy, indeed, to make a monopoly devotcd to liberty, but to liberty according of theorems an corollaries. The fad is to Engli!'h idea , and on English principles. that they did thus npply those general Ahf'itract libt>rty, like otller mere abstrac- arguments; and your mode of governing tions, is not to be found. Liberty inheres thf-m, whf"ther through lenity or indolencf", in some sensible objcet; and every nation through wisdom or mistake, confirmed has formed to itself some fa\'ourÏte point, them in the imagination that they, as whieh by way of eminf"ncf" becomes the weJl as you, had an interest in tIlese com- criterion of thf"ir happiness. It happened, mon principlf's. you know, sir, that the great contf"sts They were furthf'r confirn1f"11 in this for freedom in this country were from the pJf"asi g error by the form of their pro- earliest times chiefly upon the question vincial legisJative assemblies. Their gO\'- of taxing. Most of the conte!'ts in the an- ernments are popular in a high degree; cient commonwealths turned primarily on some are merely popular; in all, the popu- the Tight of ejection of magistrates or on Jar representative is the most weighty; the balance among the several orders of and this share of the pf'opJe in their ordi- the !'tatf". The question of money was not nary governnwnt ne\'er fails to in<;pire "ith thf":TI so immediate. But in Eng- thf'm with Joftv sentimf"nts, and "ith a land it was otherwise. On this point of stronO' ave1"sion' from whatf"nr tends to taM>S the ablest pens and most eloquent dppri e them of their chief importance. tonguf"s have been exercised; the greatest If anvthinO' were wanting- to this necf"S- flpirits lIaYC acted and suffered. In ordpr sary op ratioðn of the form of governmf'nt, to gh-e the fulle'!t satisfaction concerujn rpJigion would have given it a compJete -HiD BURKE, EDMUND eHect. Religion, alwa:rs a principle of tude of this description; because in the energy, in this new people is no way worn southern colonies the Church of England out or impaired; and their mode of pro- forms a large body, and has a regular es- fessing it is also one main cause of their tablishment. It is certainly true. There free spirit. The people are Protestants; is, however, a circumstance attending and of that kind which is the most ad- these colonies, which, in my opinion, full)' v('rse to all implicit submission of mind counterbalances this difference, and makes :Jnd opinion. This is a persuasion not the spirit of liberty still more high and only fa\-ourable to liberty, but built upon haughty than in those to the northward. it. I do not think, sir, that the reason of It is that in Virginia and the Carolinas this aYerseness in the dissenting churches they have a vast number of slaves. \Vhere from all that looks like absolute govern- this is the case in any part of the world, hlent is so much to be sought in their those who are free are bJ' far the most relip-ious tenets as in their history. Every proud and jealous of their freedom. Free- one knows that the Roman Catholic relig- dom is to them not only an enjoJ"ment, ion is at least coeval with most of the but a kind of rank and privilege. Kot governments where it prevails, that it has seeing there, that freedom, as in countries genera.Ily gone hand in hand with them, where it is a common blessing, and as and received great favour and every kind broad and general as the air, may be of support from authority. The Church united with much abject toil, with great of England, too, was fOl'med from her misery, with all the extel"Ïor of servitude, cradle under the nursing care of regular liberty looks amongst them like some- (ìYernment. But the dissenting interests thing that is more noble and liberal. I have sprung up in direct opposition to all do not mean, sir, to commend the superior the ordinary powers of the world, and morality of this sentiment, which has at could justify that opposition only on a least as much pride as virtue in it; but strong claim to natural liberty. Their I cannot alter the nature of man. The very existence depended on the powerful fact is so; and these people of the south- and unremitted assertion of that claim. ern colonies are much more trongly, and All Protestantism, even the most cold and with a higher and more stubborn spirit, passive, is a sort of dissent. But the re- attached to 1ib('dy. than those to the ligion most prevalent in our northern northward. Sueh were all the ancient colonies is a refinement on the principle of commonwealths; such were our Gothic an- resistance; it is the dissidence of dissent, cestors; such in our days wen' the Poles; and the Protestantism of the Protestant and suèh will be all ma ters of slaves. who leligion. This religion, under a variety are not slaves themselves. Tn such a pf"O- of denominations agreeing in nothing but pIe, the hau htiness of domination com- in the communion of the spirit of liberty, bines with the spirit of freedom, fortifies is predominant in most of the northern it, and renders it im-incible. provinces, where the Church of England, Permit me, sir. to add another circum- notwithstanding its legal rights, is in stance in our colonies. which contributes reality no more than a sort of private nO mean part towards thf" growth and sect, not composing most probahly the <,ffect of this lIntractable spirit. T mf'an tenth of the people. The colonists left their education. In no country perhap!'! England when this spirit was high, and in the world is tllP law so enf"ral a study. in the emigrants was the highest of aU; The profession itself is numerous and pow- and even that stream of foreigners, which erful; and in most provinces it takes the has been constantly flowing into these lead. The reater number of the df"putif"s colonies, has. for the greatest part, been Re-nt to the colonies were lawyer!'!. But all composed of dissenters from the establish- who read - and most do r ad - endeav- ments of their !'Ieveral countries. and have our to ohtain !'Iome smattf'ring in that brought with them a temper and character scif'ncC'. T have been told bv an emi- far from alien to that of the people with nent bookseJler, that in no' branch of whom they mixed. his business, after tracts of popular de- Sir, ['can pf'rceive by their manner votion, were so many books as those on that some gentlemen object to the lati- the law exported to the plantations_ The 4Gl BURKE, EDMUND colonists have now fanen into the way of raging passions and furious elements, of printing them for their own use. and says, "So far shalt thou go, and no I hear that they have sold nearly as farther." Who are you, that should fret many of Blackstone's Commentaries in and rage, and bite the chains of nature? America as in England. General Gage Nothing worse happens to :you than dops marks out this disposition very particu- to an nationH who have e tensÏ\'e empirf'; larly in a lcttf'r on your table. He states and it happens in all the forms into which that all the people in his government empire can be thrown. In lar e bodi(.s, are law,r ers , or smatterers in law; and the circulation of power mu::;t he less vig- that in Roston they have been enabled, orous at the e tremities. Kature has by successful chicanc, wholly to evade said it. The Turk cannot gonrn Egypt, many parts of one of your capital penal and Arabia, and Curdistan, as hc gonrns constitutions. The smartness of debate Thraee; nor has he the same dominion will say that this knowledge ought to in Crimea and Algiers which he has at teach them more clearly the rights of leg- Brusa and Smyrna. Despotism itself is h.lature, their obligations to obedience, obligcd to truck and huckster. The I:;ul- and the penalties of rebeIlion. All this is tan gets such obedience as he can. lIe mighty well. Rut my honoured and learn- governs with a loose rein that he may cd friend on the floor, who condescends govern at all; and the whole of the force to mark what I say for animadversion, and vigour of his authority in his centre will disdain that ground. He has heard, is dcrived from a prudent relaxation in 3S weIl as I, that when great honours and all his borders. Spain, in her provinccs, great emoluments do not win over this is, perhaps, not so wen obeyed as you are knowledge to the service of the state, it is in yonrs. She complies too; she submits; a formidable adversary to government. If she watches times. This is the immuta- the spirit be not tamed and broken by ble conùition, the eternal law, of utensive thcse happy methods, it is stubborn anù and detached empire. litigious. Abcunt studia in mores (Pur- Then, sir, from these six capital suits influence character). This study E>ources: of descent; of form of gO\'ern- renders men acute, inquisitive, dexterous, ment; of religion in the northern prov- prompt in attack, ready in defence, fu]] inces; of manners in the southern; of of resources. In other countries, the peo- education; of the remoteness of situation pIe, more simple, and of a less mercurial from the first mover of govermuent-fl'OlIl east, judge of an iJl principle in govern- all these causes a fierce spirit of liberty nwnt only by an actual grievance; here has grown up. It has grown with the they anticipate the evil, and judge of the growth of the people in your colonies, and pressure of the grievance by the badness increascd with the increase of their of the principle. They augur misgovern- wealth; a spirit that, unha-ppily IIH'eting ment at a distance; and snuff the ap- with an eÅercise of power in England, proach of tyranny in every tainted breeze. which, however lawful, is not reconcilable The last cause of this disobedient spirit to any ideas of liberty, much less \\ ith in the colonies is hardly less powerful theirs, has kindled the flame that is ready than the rest, as it is not merely moral, to consume us. but laid depp in the natural constitution I do not mean to commcJld citllf'r the of things. Three thousand miles of ocean spirit in this excess. or the moral eaU:Ol'S lie between you and them. No contrh'- which produce it. Perhaps a mürp smooth ance can prevent the effect of this distance and accommodating spirit of freedom in in weakening government. Seas ron, and them would be more acceptable to us. months pass, bptween the order and the Perhaps ideas of 1iI)f'rty might be desired, execution; and the want of a spef'dy ex- more reconcilable with an arbitrary and planation of a single point is enou h to houndlf'ss authority. Perhaps we might defeat a whole "ystem. You have, in- wish the colonists to be persuaded that deed, winged ministers of vengeance, who their liberty is mOre !'Ie('ure when laid in carry your bolts in their pounces to the tT1l t for them hy us (a their guardians remotest verge of the sea. Rut there a during a perpetual minority) than with power steps in, that limits the arrogance any part of it in their own hands. The 462 BURKE, EDMUND question is, not whether their spirit de- most fortunate periods. Obedience is what sen'es praise or blame, but-what, in makes gO\Ternment, and not the names by the name of God, shall we do with it'! which it is called; not the name of govern- You have before you the object, such as it or, as formerlJ7, or committee, as at pres- is, with all its glories, with aU its imper- ent. This new government has originated fections, on its head. You see the magni- directly from the people; and was not tude; the importance; the temper; the transmitted through any of the ordinary habits; the disorders. By aU these con- media of a positive constitution. It was siderations we are strongly urged to de- not a manufacture ready formed, but termine something concerning it. \Ve transmitted to them in that condition are called upon to fix some rule and line from England. The evil arising from for our future conduct, which may give hence is this: that the colonists having a little stability to our politics, and pre- once found the possibility of enjo:ring the vent the return of such unhappy deliber- advantages of order in the midst of a ations as the present. Every such return struggle for liberty, such struggles will will bring the matter before us in a still not henceforward seem so terrible to the more untractable form. For, what aston- settled and sober part of mankind as they ishing and incredible things have we not had appeared before the trial. seen already! \Yhat monsters have not Pursuing the same plan of punishing by been generated from this unnatural con- the denial of the exercise of government tention! Whilst every principle of au- to still greater lengths, we wholJy abro- thority and resistance has been pushed, gated the ancient government of l\Iassa- upon both sides, as far as it would go, chusetts. \Ve were confident that the first there is nothing so solid and certain, either feeling, if not the very prospect of anar- in reasoning or in practice, that has not chy, would instantly enforce a complete been shaken. Cntil very lately, all au- submission. The experiment was tried. thority in America seemed to be nothing A new, strange, lmðpected face of things but an emanation from yours. Even the appeared. Ana.rchy is found tolerable. A popular part of the colony constitution vast province hac; now subsisted, and sub- deri\'ed aU its activity, and its first vital sisted in a considerable degree of health movement, from the pleasure of the crown. and vigour, for near a twelvemonth, with- We thought, sir, that the utmost which out governor, without public council, with- the discontented colonists could do was out judges, without executive magistrates. to disturb authority; we never dreamt How long it will continue in this state, or they could of themselves supply it, know- what may rise out of this unheard-of ing in general what an operose busines situation, how can the wisest of us con- it is to establish a government absolutely jecture? Our late experience has taught new. But having, for our purposes in this us that many of those fundamental prin- contention, resolved that none but an eiples, formerly believed infallible, are ohedient assembly should sit, the humours either not of tlt{' importance they were of the people there, finding all passage imagined to be, or that we have not at through the legal channels stopped, with all adverted to some other far more im- great violence broke out another way. portant and far more powerful prin- Rome provinces have tried their experi- ciples, which entirely overrule those we ment, as we have tried ours; and theirs had considered as omnipotent. I am much have succeeded. They have formed a gov- against any fUTther experiments, which ernment sufficient for its purposes, with- tend to put to the proof any more of these out the bustle of a revolution, or the aJJowed opinions, which contribute so troublesome formality of an election. Evi- much to the public tranqui1Jity. In effect, dent necessity, and tacit consent, have \\re suffer as much at home by this loosen- done the business in an instant. So well ing of all ties. and this concussion of aU they have done it, that Lord Dunmore established opinions, as we do abroad. (the account is among the fragments on For, in order to prove that the Americans your table) teJJs you, that the new have no right to their liberties, we are institution is infinitely better obeyed than c\'ery day endeavouring to sub\rert the the ancient government ever was in its maxims which preserve the whole spirit 463 BURKE, EDMUND of our own. To prove that the Americans only withheld its grants, but annihilated ought not to be free, we are obliged to de- its soil. If this be the case, then tlw preciate the value of freedom itself; and only etl'ect of this a ,'arice of de!'ola lion, we never seem to gain a paltry ad,'antage this hoarding of a royal wildcrnl's8, would over them in debate, without attackmg be to raise the value of thc pOf;sesf;ion some of those principles, or deriding some in the hands of the great privatc monop- of those feelings, for which our ancestors olists, without any adequate check tll tlH' have shed their blood. growing and alarming mischief of }>opu- But, sir, in wishing to put an end to latioll. pernicious ('xperiments, I do not nwan to But if you stopped your rants, \\ hat l'reclude the fullest inquiry. Far from it. would be the consequences? The people Far from deciding on a sudden or partial would occupy without grants. The ' han> view, I would patiently go round and alread:r so occupied in many plac('s, You round the subject, and survey it minutely cannot 8tation garrisons in e"er)' part of in every possible aspect. Sir, if I were these deserts. Ii :rou drive the people capable of engaging )"OU to an equal at- from one place, they will carryon their tention, I would state that, as far as 3nnual tillage, and remo"e with their I am capable of discerning, there are tlod.s and herds to 3nother. Many of the but three ways of proceeding relative to peoplf' in the back settlements are alrf'adv this stubborn spirit which prevails in our little attached to particular situation . colonies, and disturbs your government. Already they have topped the Appalachian These are-To change that spirit, as in- Mountains. From thence they behold bc- convenient, by removing the causes. To fore them an immense plain, one vast, prosecute it as criminal. Or, to com- rich, level meadow; a square of 500 miles. ply with it as necessary. I would not Over this thev would wander without a be guilty of an imperfect enumeration; I possibility of restraint; they would can think of but these three. Another has change their manners with the habits of indeed been stated, that of giving up the their life; would soon forget a gm'f'rn- colonies; but it met so slight a reception, ment by which they were disowned: that I do not think myself obliged to would become hordes of :English Tartars; dwell a great while upon it. It is nothing find pouring down upon your unforti{Ì('d but a little sally of anger, like the fro- frontiers a fielee and irresistible lavalry, wardness of peevish children, who, when become masten!. of your gO\"ernors anrl they cannot get all they would have, are Jour counsellors, your collectors and resolved to take nothing. comptrollf'rs, and of all the slans that The first of these plans, to change the adhere to them. Such would, and. in no spirit as inconvenient, by remo,'ing the long time. must be, the effect of attempt- causes, I think, is the most like a syste- ing to forbid as a crime, and to suppres matic proceeding. It is radical i; its a", an evil, the command and blessing of principle; but it is attended with great Providence, " Increase and multiply." ditIiculties, some of them little short, as I Ruch would he the happy result of an conceive, of impossibilities. This will ap- endeavour to keep as a lair of wild beast" pear by examining into the plan!'! which that earth which God, by an ('''pres,; char- have been proposed. tel'. has gin.n to the childr('n of 1lI('n, As the growing population in the col- Far different. and surely much wiser, has onies is evidently one eause of their re- heen our policy hitherto. Hitherto \\(" !'i tanee, it was last session mentioned have invited our people, by ewry kind of in both Houses by men of weight, and bounty, to fixed establishments. We have received not witllOut applause, that in 01'- invited the hushandman to look to au- del' to check this evil it would he proper thority for his title. ""e ha\'e taught him for the cro\\ n to make no further grants piously to believe in the m."sterious virtue of land. Rut to this scheme tJJere are of wax and parchment. \Ye have thrown two objections. The first, that there ig í':!eh tract of land, as it was p(>opled. into already o much unsettled land in pri,yate districts, that the ruling power should hands as to afford room for an immí'ns(' 11("vcr be wholly out of sight. \Ye have future population, although the crown not !o\ett1ed all we could; and we have care- 4G-t BURKE, EDMUND fully attended every settlement with gov- er to change their republican religion, as ermnent. their free descent j or to substitute the · Adhering, sir, as I do, to this policy, Roman Catholic, as a penalty, or the as well as for the reasons I have just Church of England, as an improvement. given, I think this new project of hedging The mode of inquisition and dragooning in population to be neither prudent nor i going out of fashion in the Old \V orld; practicable. To impoverish the colonies and I should not confide much to their in general, and in particular to arrest efficacy in the New. The education of the the noble course of their marine enter- Americans is also on the same unaUer- prises, would be a more easy task. I able bottom with their religion. You frp(>ly confess it. \Ye have shown a dis- cannot persuade them to burn their books position to a s:rstem of this kind; a dis- of curious science; to banish their lawyers position even to continue the restraint af- from thcir courts of law j or to quench the tel' the offence; looking on ourselves as light of their assemblies by refusing to rÏ\'als to our colonies, and persuaded that choose those persons who are best read in of course we must gain all that they their privileges. It would be no less im- shall lose. Much mischief we may cer- practicable to think of wholly annihilat- tainly do. The power inadequate to all ing the popular assemblies, in which these other things is often more than sufficient lawyers sit. The army, by which we must for this. I do not look on the direct and g-O\Oern in their place. would be far more immediate power of the colonies to resist chargeable to us; not quite so effectual; our violence as very formidable. In this, and perhaps, in the end, full as difficult to however, I may be mistaken. But when I be kept in obedience. consider that we ha\"e colonies for no pur- \Vith regard to the high aristocratic pose but to be serviceable to us, it seems spirit of Virginia and the southern col- to my poor understanding a little pre- ouies, it hat'! been proposed, I know, to posterou"! to make them unserviceable in reduce it, by declaring a general en fran- order to keep them obedient. It is, in chisement of their slaves. This project truth, nothing more than the old and, as has had its advocates and panegyrists; I thought, exploded problem of tyranny, yet J ne\"er could argue myself into any which proposes to beggar its subjects into opinion of it. Slaves are often much at- submission. But remember, when you tached to their ma.sters. A general wild have completed your system of impover- ofl'er of liberty would not always be ac- isÌ1ment. that nature still proceeds in her cepted. History furnishcs few instance'3 ordinary course; that discontent wiII in- of it. It is sometimes as hard to persuade crease with misery; and that there are slaves to be free, as it is to compel free- critical moments in the fortune of all men to be slaves, and in this auspicious states. when they who are too weak to scheme, we should have both these pleas- <:ontribute to your prosperity, may be ing tasks on our hands a,t once. But when strong enough to complete your ruin. we talk of enfranchisement, do we not per- ' /10lifltis arma Sttpersllnt (The plundered ceive that the American master may en- JI("er wa-nt arms). franchise too; and arm sprviIe hands in The temper and character which pre- df-fence of freedom? A measure to which \'a il in our colonies a.re, I am afraid, other people have had recourse more than lInaIterahle by any human art. \Ve can- once, and not without success, in a des- 110t, I fear. falsify the pedigree of this perate situation of their affairs. fierce people, and persuade them that they Slaves as these unfortunate black peo- are not sprung from a nation in whose pIe are, and dull as an men are from nins the blood of freedom cirf'ulates. slavery, must they not a little suspect the TÞe langlla;:{e in which they would hear effer of freedom from that very nation you tell thpm this tale would detect the which has sold them to their present mas- imposition: "our speech would betray you. tel's? from that nation. one of whose An Englishman is the unfitte t person on causes of quarrel with those ma ters is ('rrrth to argue another Englishman into tllCir refusal to deal any more in that in- s]awry. lmman trafllc? An offer of freedom from I think it is nearly as little in our pow- England would come rather oddly, shipped 1.-2 G 465 11URKE 7 EDMUND to them in an African vessel, which is re- I am. I really think, that for wi e men fused an entry into the ports of Virginia this is not judicious; for sober men, not or Carolina, with a cargo of 300 Anglo decent; for minds tinctured with human- llf'gJ"Oes. It would be curious to see the ity, not mild and merciful. Guinea captain attempting at the same Perhaps, sir, I am mistaken in my ideas instant to publish his proclamation of of an empire, as distinguished from a liberty, and to ad,"ertise his sale of slaves. single state or kingdom. But my idea But let us suppose all these moral difli- of it is this: that an empire is the ag- culties got over. The ocean remains. gregate of many states under one com- You cannot pump this dry; and as long mon head, whether this head be a mon- as it continues in its present bed, so long arch, or a presiding republic. It does, in all the causes which weaken authority such constitutions, frequently happen by distance will continue. "Ye gods, an- (and nothing but the dismal, cold, dead nihilate but spaee and time, and make uuiformity of servitude can pre,'ent its two lovers happy!" was a pious and pas- happening) that the subordinate parts sionate prayer; but just as reasonable, as have many local priyileges and immunities. many of the serious wishes of very grave Between these priyileges and the supreme and solemn politicians. common authority the line may be ex- If, then, sir, it seems almost desperate tremely nice. Of course, disputes, often, to think of any alternative course, for too, very bitter disputes, and much ill changing the moral causes (and not quite blood, will arise. But though e,'ery privi- easy to remove the natural) which 1'1'0- If'ge is an exemption (in the case) from duce prejudices irreconcilable to the late the orh them that the go'"ernment, against the ordinary ideas of criminal justice to which a claim of liberty is tantamount to this great public contest. I do not know high treason, is a government to which the- method of drawing up an indictment Fmbmission is equivalent to slavery? It a ainst a whole people. I cannot insult nmy not always he quite connnient to and ridiculp tIle feelings of millions of imprps dependent f'Ommunities with such my fellow-creature , as Sir Edward Coke an idea. insulted one excellent individual (Sir \Ve are, indeed. in aB disputes wit11 Walter Raleigh) at the bar. T hope I the colonies, by the necf'si'ity of things, am not ripe to pass s('ntence on the grav- the judge. It is true, sir. But I confess, est public bodies, intru.,ted with ma!!is- tImt the charader of judge in my own tracies of great authority and dignit -. cause is a thing that frightens me. In- and charged witIt the safety of thpir fpl- stead of fiIIin me with pride, I am ex- low-citizens, upon the very same title that ceedingly humbled by it. I cannot pro- 460 BURKE, EDMUND ceed with a stern, assured, judicial con- and ferocious? \Vhat advantage have we fidence, until I find myself in something derived from the penal laws we have more like a judicial character. I must passed, and which, for the time, have been have these hesitations as long a.s I am severe and numerous? \Vhat advances compelled to recollect, that, in my little have we made towards our object, by the nading upon such contests as thcse, the sending of a force, which, by land and sea, sense of mankind has, at least, as often is no contemptible strength? lIas the dis- decided against the superior as the subor- order abated? Nothing less. When I see dina te power. Sir, let me add too, that the things in this situation, after such con- opinion of my having some abstract right fident hopes, bold promises, and active in my fa,'our, would not put me much exertions, I cannot, for my life, a,void a at my ease in passing sentcnce; unless I suspicion that the plan itself is not cor- could be sure, that there were no rights rectly right. which, in thcir exercise under certain cir- If, then, the removal of the causes of cumstances, were not the most odious of this spirit of American liberty be, for the all wrongs, and the most vexatious of greater part, or rather entirely, imprac- all injustice. ir, these considerations ticable; if the ideas of criminal process have great weight with me, when I find he inapplicable, are in the highest degree things so circumstanced, that I see the inexpedient, what way yet remains? No same pa,rty, at once a civil litigant against way is open, but the third and last, to me in point of right, and a culprit before comply with the American spirit as nec- me; while I sit as a criminal judge, on essary; or, if you please, to submit to aets of his whose moral quality is to be it as a necessary evil. decided upon the merits of that very liti- If we adopt this mode; if we mean to gation. 1\[en are every now and then put, conciliate and concede, let us see of what b.\' the complexity of human affairs, into nature the concession ought to be; to as- strange situations: but justice is the certain the nature of our concession we ame, let the judge be in what situation must look at their complaint. The olo- he will. nies complain that they have not the char- There is, sir, also a circumstance which acteristic mark and seal of British free- convinces me that this mode of criminal dom. They complain that they are taxed proceeding is not (at least in the present in a. Parliament in which they are not rep- stage of our contest) altogether expedi- resented. If you mean to satisfy them all, ent; which is nothing less than the con- ;you l1111st satisfy them with regard to duct of those very persons who have seem- this complaint. If you mean to please ed to adopt that mode, by lately declar- any people, you must give them the boon ing a rebellion in Massachusetts Bay, as which they ask; not what you may think they had formerly addressed to have trai- better for them, but of a kind totally dif- t0rs brought hither, under an act of Henry ferent. Such an act may be a wise regu- VIll" for trial. For though rebellion lation, but it is no concession: whereas is declared, it is not proceeded against our present theme is the mode of giving as uch; nor have any steps been taken satisfaction. towards the apprehension or conviction of Sir, I think )'OU must perceive that I any ilHliddual offender, either on our late am resolved this day to have nothing at or our former address; but modes of pub- all to do with the question of the right lic coercion have been adopted, and such of taxation. Some g-entlemen start1(', but as han' much more resemblance to a sort it is true; I put it totally out of the of qualified hostility towards an inde- question. It is less than nothing in my pendent powf"r than the punishment of consideration. I do not, indeed. wonder, rebellions snbjects. All this seems rather nor wil1 yon, sir, that gentlenwn of pro- inconsistmt; but it shows how difficult it found learning are fond of displaying it iF; to apply these judicial ideas to our pres- on this profound subject. But my consid- ent case. eration is narrow, confined, and wholly In this situation let us seriously and limited to the policy of the question. I coolly ponder. What is it we have got by do not examine, whether the giving away all our menaces, which have been many a man's money be a power excepted and 4û7 BURKE, EDMUND resern>d out of the general trust of gov- principles of freedom. I am not determin- ernment; and how far all mankind, in all ing a point of law; I am restoring tran- forms of polity, are entitled to an e.xer- quillity; and the general charadeI' and cise of that right by the charter of nat- situation of a people must determine what ure. Or whether, on the contrary, a right sort of government is fUted for them. of taxation is necessarily involved in the That point nothing else can or ought to general principle of legislation, and in- determine. separable from the ordinary supreme pow- :\fy idea, therefore, without considering ('I'. These arc deep questions, where great whether we yield as matter of right, or names militate against each other; where grant as matter of favour, is to admit tlU' reason is perplexed; and an appeal to au- people of our colonics into an interest in thorities only thickens the confusion. For the constitution; and, by recording that high and renrend authorities lift up their admission in the journalR of 1)a.rIiament, heads on both sides; and there is no sure to gÏ\Te them as strong an assurance as the footing in the middle. This point is nature of the thing will admit, that we the great Serbonian bog, bcitt.:>Ïxt Damiafa mean forever to adhere to tlwt solemn and ]fount Cas ius old, where armies wholr! declaration of sJ'stematic indulgence. hal'e sunk. I do not intend to be over- Some years ago, the repeal of a ren'nue whelmed in that bog, though in such re- act, upon its understood principle, might spectêlble company. The question with me have served to show, that we intenrled is not whether you have a right to ren- un unconditional abatement of the e},.er- del' Tour people miserable, but whether it cise of a taxing power. Such a measure is not your interest to make them happy. was then sufficient to rcmove all 8US- It is not what a lawyer tells me I nW!1 pieion, and to give pcrfcct content. But do, but what humanity, reason, and jus- unfortunate events, since that time, may tice tells me I ought to do. Is a politic make something further neces!"ary; and act .the worse for being a generous one? not more necessary for the satisfaction Is no concession proper but that which of the colonies, than for the dignity and is made from your want of right to keep consistency of our own future proceedings. what you grant? Or does it lessen the I ha\'e taken a very incorrect measure grace or dignity of relaxing in the ex- r,f the disposition of the House, if this ercise of an odious claim, because you proposal in itself would be received with have your evidence-room full of titles, and dislike. I think, sir, we have few Amer- your magazines stuffed with arms to en- imn financiers. But our misfortune is, force them? What signify all those titles, we are too acute; we are too exquisite and all those arms 1 Of what avail are in our conjectures of the future, for men they when the reason of the thing tells oppressed with such great and present me that the assertion of my title is the evils. The more moderate among the los8 of my suit; and that I could do noth- opposers of parliamentary conce!"!"ion ing but wound myself by the use of my freely confess, that they hope no g-OO({ own weapons? from taxation; but they apprehf'nd the uch is steadfastly my opinion of the colonists have furthcr views; and if this ah!"olute necessity of keeping up the con- point were conceded, they would instantly cord of this empire by the unity of spirit, attack the trade laws. These gentlemen tJlOugh in a diversity of operations, that, ar(> convinced, that this was the intention if I were sure the colonists had, at their from the beginning; and the quarrel of leaving this country, sealed a regular the Americans with taxation was no more compact of servitude; that they had sol- than a cloak and conI' to thiF! design. emnly abjured all the rights of citizens; Sueh has been the language eV(>n of a that they had made a vow to renounce all gentleman of real moderation, and of a ideas of liberty for them and their pos- natural temper well adjusted to fair and terity to all generations; yet I should equal government. I am. however, sir, hold m 'se1f obliged to conform to the not a little surprised at this kind of dis- temper I found universally preyal(>nt in course, whenever I hear it; and I am the my own day, and to govern 2,000.000 more 8urprised, on a('count of the argu- of men, impatient of servitude, on the ments which I constantly find in company 468 BURKE. EDMUND with it, and which are often urged from was on taxation. This quarrel has indeed the same mouths, and on the same day. brought on new disputes on new ques- For instance, wben we allege, that it is tions; but certainly the least bitter, and against 1'('a80n to tax a people under so the fewest of an, on the trade laws. To 1l1t. They do eonfine, and they do great- more the subject will be inclined to re- ly narrow, the market for the Americans. sist and rebel? But my perfect conviction of this does not All these objections being in fact no help me in the least to discern how the more than suspicions, conjectures, diyina- rcvenue laws form any security wbatso- tions, formed in defiance of fact and ex- ever to the commerC'ial regulations; or that perience; they did not. sir, discourage me these commcrcial regulations are the true from entertaining the idea of a conciJia- ground of the quarrel; or that the giving tory concession. founded on the priIH'iples way. in anyone instancc of authority. is which I have just stated. to lose all that may remain unconceded. In forming a plan for this purpose. I One fact is clear and indisputable. Tbe endeavoured to put myself in that frame puhlic and avowed origin of this quarrel of mind which was the most natural, and 4û9 BURKE, EDMUND the most reasonable; and which was eer- English authority and English liberties tainly the most probable means of secur- had exactly the same boundaries. Your ing me from all error. I set out with a standard could never be ad,"anced an inch perfcct distrust of my own abilities; a before your privileges. Sir Tohn Davis total renunciation of every speculation of shows beyond a douht that the refusal of a my own; and with a profound reverence general communication of these rights was for the wisrlom of our ancestors, who have the true cause why Ireland was 500 left us the inheritance of so happy a con- years in subduing; and after the vain stitution, and so flourishing an empire, projects of a military government. attempt- and, what is a thousand tinlPs more valu- ed in the reign of Queen Eli7abeth, it Was able, the treasury of the maxims and prin- soon discovered, that nothing could make ciples which formed the one, and obtain- that country English. in eÍ\'ility and allegi- ed the other. ance. but your laws and your forms of ]e - During the reigns of the kings of Spain islature. It is Dot English a.rms, but the of the .\ustrian family, whenever they English constitution, that conquered Ire- were at a loss in the Spanish councils, land. From that time Ireland had ever it was common for their statesmen to say had a general parliament, as she had be- that they ought to consult the geniu's fore a partial parliament. You changed of Philip I I. The genius of Philip the people; you altered the religion; but II. might mislead them; and the issue JOu never touched the form of the vital of their affairs showed that they had substance of free gonrnment in that king- not chosen the most perfect sta:nda]"(1. dome You deposed kings; you restored But, sir, T am sure that I shall not he them; you altered the succession to theirs, misled. when. in a case of constitutional as well as to "our own crown; but 'ou difficulty. I consult the genius of the Eng- never altered their constitution: the prin- lish constitution. f'onsulting at that ora- ciple of which was respected by usur)la- ele (it wa!'! with all due humility and tion; restored with the restoration of mon- piety) I found four capital examples in archy find established, I trust, forewl", a similar case before me: those of Irdand, by the glorious Revolution. This has \Yales, Chester, and Durham. made Ireland the great and flourishing Ireland. before the Engli!'.h conquest, kingdom that it is; and from a disgrace tllOugh newr governed hy a dcspotic pow- and a burthen intolerable to this nation, er, had no parliament. How far tIle Eng- has rendered her a principal part of our lish Parliament itself was at that time strength and ornament. This country modelled according to the present form. is cannot be said to have evcr formally ta...ed disputed among antiquarians. But we han> her. The irrf'gular thing!'. done in the all the reason in the world to he assured confusion of might . troubles, and on the that a form of parliament. such as Eng- hinge of great revolutions, enn if all land then enjoyed, she instantly commu- were done that is said to have been done, ni('atert to Ireland; and we are equally form an example. If they have any d- snre that almost every successÌ\-e impro,oe- fect in argumcnt, the ' make an ex('('ption nwnt in constitutional ]ibert .. as fast aR to prove the rule. Kone of your own it was made here. was transmitted thither. lihertif's could stand a moment if the The feudal haronage, and the feurtal ('asual deviations from t1H-'IIl. at such knighthood, the roots of our primitive tinlf's, were f;uffered to be used as proofs constitution. were early transplantf>d into of their nullitv. Bv the ]ucratin amount that soil: and grew and flourished there. of such casu;l bre;chcs in the constitu- Magna Charta. if it did not gÌ\-e us orig- tion. judge what the Btated and fhNI rule inaJIy the Hou!'.e of Commons. gave us at of supply has been in that kingdom. Your least a Housc of Commons of weight and Irish pf'nsioners would starye if the ' had consequcnce. But :rour ancestors did not no otJH'r fund to live on than taxes grant- churlish]y sit down to the f("ast of )[agna ed hy English authority. Turn your e,p's Charta. Ireland was made immediately a to those popular grants from whence all partaker. This benefit of English laws and great supplies are come; and learn to Jihertie'!. I confess, was not at first f"xtend- respect that only source of public wealth ed to all Ireland. l\Iark the consequence in the British empire. 470 BURKE, EDMUND 1\ly next example is Wales. This coun-- ment and the use of it! I admit it fully; try was said to be reduced by Henry III. and pray add likewise to these prece- It was said more truly to be 80 by Ed- dents that all the while \Yales rid this ward I. But though then conquered, it kingdom like an incubus; that it was an was not looked upon as any part of the unprofitable and oppressive burthen; and realm of England. It" old constitution, that an Englishman travelling in that whatever that might have been, was de- country could not go six yards from the stroyed; and no good one was substituted hig-h-road without being murdered. in its place. The care of that tract was The march of the human mind is put into the hands of lords marchers, slow. Sir, it was not, until after 200 a form of go\-ernment of a very singular years, discovered that by an eternal law kind; a strange heterogeneous monster, Providence had decreed ve ation to vio- something betwpen hostility and govern- lpnce, and poverty to rapine. Your an- ment; perhaps it has a sort of resem- cestors did, howe\-er, at length open their blance, according to the modes of those e Tes to the ill husbandry of injustice. times, to that of commander-in-chief at They found that the tyranny of a free present, to whom all civil power is grant- people could of all tyrannies the least ed as secondary. The manners of the be endured; and that laws made against 'Velsh nation f llowed the genius of the a whole nation were not the most effectual goveuunent; the people were ferocious, methods for securing its obedience. Ac- restive, s wage, and uncultivated; some- eordingly, in the twenty-seven ;years of times composed, never pacified. 'Vales, Henry VIII. the course was entirely alter- within itself, was in perpetual di order; ed. 'Vith a preamble stating the entire and it kept the frontier of England in per- and perfect rights of the crown of Eng- petual alarm. Benefits from it to the state land, it gave to the Welsh all the rights there were none. 'Vales was only known and privileges of English subjects. A to England by incursion and inm sion. political order was established; the mili- Sir, during that state of things Parlia- tary power gave way to the civil; the ment was not idle. They attempted to marches were turned into counties. But subdue the fierce spirit of the Welsh by that a nation Rhould have a right to Eng- all sorts of rigorous laws. They prohib- lish liberties, and yet no share at an in ited by statute the sending all sorts of the fundamental security of these liber- arms into Wales, as you prohibit by proc- ties, the grant of their own property, lamation (with something more of doubt seemed a thing so incongruous that, eig-ht on the leg-ality) the sending arms to ypars- after-that is, in the thirtJT-fifth \merica. They disa.rmed the Welsh by of that reign-a complete and not ill- statute, as you attempted (but still with proportioned representation by counties more question on the legaHty) to di!'.arm and boroughs was bestowed upon 'Vales by :Kew England by an instruction. They act of Parliament. From this moment, as made an act to drag offenders from 'Vales by a charm, the tumult subsided, obedience to England for trial, as you have done was restored, peace. order, and civiliza- (hut with more hardship) with regard to tion fonowed in the train of liberty. America. By another act. where one of 'Yhen the day-star of the English con- the parties was an Englishman, they or- Rtitution had aris(>n in their hearts, all dain(>d that his trial should be always was harmony within and without. by English. They made acts to restm'in trade, as you do; and prevented the Welsh from the use of fairs and markets. as you do the Americans from fisheries and foreign ports. In Rhort, when d1e statute-book was not quite so much swell- ed as it is now, you find no lf'sS than fifteen ads of penal regulation On the sub- jr'CÌ of Wales. Here we rub our hands. A fine body of precedents for the authority of Parlia- 471 imlll alba 71flUtiS tella reful8it. Defluit 8axi8 agitatu8 humor; Concidunt 1"enti, fugiuntque 1wbes, Et minaa: (quod sic voluere) ponto Unda rccumlJit. (Soon as gleam Tbplr stars at sea, Tbe lasb'd spray trickles from the steep, Thf' wind sinks down. the storm-cloud flies, The threatf'nlng billow on the deep Oùedlent lies.) BURKE, EDMUND TIle very same year the county palatine of gric\'ance, aU rugged as it was, with- of Che ter received the same relief from cut softenin or temperameut. unpurgeù its oppression, and the same remedy to its of the original hitte]'JIe s and indignation disorders. Before this time Chester was of complaint; the.r madc it the vel'Y pre- little less distempered than 'Vales. The amble of their act of redre::;s; and Con- inha bitants. without rights themselves, secrated its principle to all ages in the were the fittest to destroy the rights of sanctuary of legislation. others; and from thence Richard II. Here is my third example. It was at- drew the standing army of archers, with tended with the success of the two fonner. which for a time he oppressed England. Chester, civilized as well as '\'ale , has The people of Chester applied to Parlia- demonstrated that freedom, and not selTi- ment in a petition penned as I sha]] read tude, is the cure of anarchy; as religion. tû you: and not atheism, is the tJ'ue rcmedy for' "To the king our sovereign lord, in superstition. Sir, this pattern of Che!'tf'r most humble wise shown unto your ex- was fo]]owed in the reign of Charles II. c<-llent Majesty, the inhabitants of your with regard to the county pa.latine of Dur- Grape's county palatine of Chester; That Ilam, which is my fourth example. This \\ here the Sil id county palatine of Chester county had long lain out of the pale of is and hath bcen always hitherto exempt, free legislation. e ('luded and sf'parated out and from your So scrupulously was the example of high court of Parliament, to have any Chester followed, that the stvle of the knights and burg-esscs within the said preamblc is nearly the same with that of court; by reason whereof the said inhabi- the Chester act; and, without affecting- tants ha\'e hitherto sustaineù manifold the abstract extent of the authoritv of disherisons, losses, and damages, as well Parliament, it recognizes the equity of not in their lands, goods, and bodies, as it1 suffering any considerable district, in the good, civil, and politic governance and which the British subjects may act as a maintenance of the commonwealth of body, to be taxed without their own voice their said country: (2) And forasmuch in the grant. as the said inhabitants ha\'e always hith- Now if the doctrines of policy contained erto been found by the acts and statutes in these preambles, and the force of these made and ordained by your said High- examples in the acts of Parliament, avail ness, and your most noble progenitors, by anything. what can be said against apply- authority of the said court, ae far forth ing thC'm with regard to America? Are as other countries, cities, and boroughs not the people of America as much }:ng- have been, that have had their knights and lishmen as the 'Vf'lsh? The preamhle of burg-esses within your said court of Par- the ad of Henry VIII. says, tIle Welsh ]iament, and yet have had neither knight speak a language no way rescmbling that nor burgess there for the said county of his Majesty's English subjects. Are palatine; the Raid inhabitants, for lack th(' Americans not as numerous? If we thereof. have been oftentimes touched and may trust the learned and accurate Jurlg-e grieved with acts and statutes made with- Harrington's account of Xorth '\'a-Ies, amI in the said court, as weJI rlerogatory unto tuke that as a standard to meaHure thp tliP most ancient juriHdictions, liberties, 1.est, there is no compariHon. The pcop!(> and prh'iJegcs of your said county pala- cannot amount to above 200,000; not a tine. as prejuòicial unto the common- tenth part of the number in the colonies. wealth, quictness, rest, and peace of your Is America in rebf'JJion? \Yales was han]- Grace'" most bounden subjects inhabiting Iy eyer free from it. Han you attempted within the same." to govern America by penal statutcs? What did Pa.rliamcnt with this auda- You made fifteen to WaleR. But yonI' dous addrpss? Reject it as a lihel? Trea1 Ipgis1atiw authority is perfect with re- it as an affront to government? F:purn g-ard to America; was it lcss p('rfect in it as a {]crogation from the rights of leg-- "'ales, Chcster, and Durham? But Amer- i!<'ntion? Did they tOl'S it over the table? ica is virtna)]y represpntf'd. '''hat! does Vir] they burn it bv the hands of the com- the electric force of yirtual rpprcsentation mon h ngman? They took the petition more easily pa s over the Atlantic, than 472 BURKE, EDMUND pervade '\-Vales, which lies in your neigh- :My resolutions, therefore, mean to estab- borhood; or than Chester and Durham, lish the equity and justice of a taxation urrounded by abundance of representa- of America, by grant, and not by imposi- tion that is actual and palpable? But, tion. To mark the legal competency of sir, your ancestors thought this sort of the colony assemblies for the support of virtual representation, however ample, to their government in peace, and for public be tota,lJy insufficient for the freedom of aids in time of war. To acknowledge that the inhabitants of territories that are so this legal competency has had a dutiful ncar, and comparatively so inconsiderable. and beneficial exercise; and that experi- How then can I think it sufficient for ence has shown the benefit of their grants, those whieh are infinitely greater, and and the futility of parliamentary taxation infinitely more remote? as a method of supply. You will now, sir, perhaps imagine, These solid truths compose six funda- that I am on the point of proposing to mental propositions. There are three you a scheme for a representation of the more resolutions corollary to these. If colonies in Parliament. Perhaps I might you admit the first set, you can hardly re- be inclined to entertain some such ject the others. But if you admit the thought; but a great flood stops me in my first, I shall be far from solicitous whether course. Oppo8uit natU'l"a (Nature has you accept or refuse the last. I think barred the way). I cannot remove the these six massive pillars will be of eternal barriers of the creation. The strength sufficient to support the temple thing, in that mode, I do not know to be of British concord. I have no more doubt po!'.sible. As I meddle with no theory, I than I entertain of my existence, that, dn not absolutely assert the impractica- if you admitted these, you would com- bility of such a representation. But I do mand an immediate peace; and, with but not see my way to do it; and those who tolerable future management, a lasting have been more confident have not been obedience in America. I am not arrogant more successful. However, the arm of in this confident assurance. The proposi- public benevolence is not shortened; and tions a re all mere matters of fact; and if there are often several means to the same they are such facts as draw irresistible end. What nature has disjoined in one conclusions even in the stating, this is the way, wisdom may unite in another. \Vhen power of truth, and not any mismanage- we cannot give the benefit as we would ment of mine. wish, let us not refuse it altogether. If Sir,- I shall open the whole plan to we cannot give the principle, let us find a :rou, together with such observations on suhstitute. But howY \VhereY What the motions as may tend to illustrate substitute? them where they may want explanation. Fortunately, I am not obliged for the The first is a resolution "That the colo- way,; and means of this substitute to tax nies and plantations of Great Britain in my own unproductive invention. I am not North America., consisting of fourteen sep- even oblige(l to go to the rich treasury amte governments, and containing 2,000,- of the fertile framers of imaginary com- 000 and upwards of free inhabitants, have monwealths; not to the Republic of Plato; not had the liberty and privilege of not to the Utopia of 1\Iore; not to the electing and sending any knights and bUT- Oceana of Harrington. It is before me, gesses, or others, to represent them in the it is at my feet, and the rude swain lâgh court of Parliament." This is a treads daily on it with his clouted shoon. plain matter of fact, necessary to be laid I only wish you to recognize, for the down, and (excepting the description) it theory, the ancient constitutional policy is laid down in the language of the consti- of this kingdom \\,;ith regard to representa- tution; it is taken nearly verbatim from tion, as that policy has been declared in acts of Parliament. acts of Parliament; and, as to the pmetice, The second is like unto the first- to return to that mode which an uniform "That the said colonies and plantations experience has marked out to you, as bp t; have been liable to, and bounden by, sev- and in which you walked with security, eral subsidies, payments, mtes, and taxes, advantage,and honour, until the year 1763. given and granted by Parliament, though 473 BURKE, EDMUND the said colonies and plantations have not their knights and burgesses, in the said high court of Parliament, of their own election, to represent the condition of their country; by lack whereof they ha,-e been oftentimes touched and grie\"ed by subsi- dies given, granted, and assented to, in the "aid court, in a manner prejudicial to the commonwealth, quietness, rest, and peace of the subjects inhabiting within the same." Is this description too hot, or too cold, too strong, or too weak Y Does it arrogate too much to the bupreme legislature? Does it lean too much to the claims of the people? If it runs into any of these er- rors, the fault is not mine. It is the lan- guage of your own ancient acts of Parlia- ment. those who are ræolved always to be in the right will deny to contain matter of fact, as applied to the present case; although l")arliament thought them true, with re- gard to the counties of Chester and Dur- ham. They will deny that the Americans were e\"er " touch('d and grieved" with the taxes. If the)' consider nothing in ta1l.('s but their "eight as pecuniary imposi- tions, there might be some pretence for this denial. But men may be sorely touched and deeply grieved in their priv- ileges, as well as in their purses. Men may lose little in property by the act \\ hich takes awav all their freedom. When a man is robbed of a trifle on the highway, it is not the twopence lost that constitutes the capital outrage. This is not confined to privileges. Even andent indulgences withdrawn, without offence Non meU8 hie 8ertl/O, 8ed quae pracccpit on the part of those who enjoyed suth fa- Ofcllu8, RU8tieu8, abnormi8 8apien8. ,ours, operate as grievances. Hut were tIt(' Americans then not touched a,nd grie\-('d 1 1 ,y the taxes, in some measures, merely aa ta xes? If so, why were they almost all either wholly repealed or exceedingly re- duced? \\. ere they not touched and grie\"ed eYen by the regulating duties of the sixth It is the genuine produce of the an- of George II.? Else why were the du- dent, rustic, manly, home-bred sense of ties first reduced to one-third in li64, this country. I did not care to rub off and afterwards to a third of that third a particle of the venerable rust that rather in the year I7ûG? '''ere they not buched adorns and preserves, than destroys, the and grie\"ed by the stamp act? I shall metal. It would be a profanation to say they were, until that tax is revi\"ed. touch with a tool the stones which con- 'Yere they not touched and grie\"ed by the struct the sacred altar of peace. I would duties of I7G7, which were likewise re- not violate with modern polish the in- pealed, and which Lord Hillsborough tells genuous and noble roughness of these you (for the ministr;y) were laid contrary truly constitutional materials. Above all tû the true principle of commerce? Is things, I was resolved not to be guilty not the assurance given by that noble per- of tampering, the odious vice of restless son to the colonies of a resolution to lay and unstable minds. I put my foot in the no more taxes on them, an admission that tracks of our forefathers, where I can taxes would touch and grieve them? Is neither wandf'T nor stumble. Determining not the resolution of the noble lord in the to fix articles of pf'ace. I was resolved not blue riband, now standing on your jour- to be wise beyond what was written; I nals, the strongest of all proofs that par- was ret\ol\"ed t use nothing else than the liamentary subsidif's really touched and form of sound words; to let others abound grieved them? Else why all these changes, in their own !'Iense; and carefully to ab- modifica,tions, repeals, assurances, and rcs- stain from all expressions of our own. olutions? What the law has said, I say. In all The next proposition is-" That, from things else] am silent. I have no organ the distance of the said colonies, and fl"Om but for her words. This, if it be not in- other circumstances, no method hath genious, I am sure is safe. hitherto been devised for procuring a rep- There are, indeed, words expressive of resentation in Parliament for the said grievance in this second resolution, which colonies." This is an assertion of a fact. 474 [Ofellu8 shall set forth ('Twas he that taught me It, a shrewd dear wit, Though country-spun, and for the schools unlit).] BURKE, EDMUND I go no further on the paper; though, the said grants, have been at sundry times in my private judgment, an useful rep- acknowledged by Parliament." To say resentation is impossible; I am sure it Bothing of their great expenses in the Ind- is not desired by them; nor ought it per- ian wars; and not to take their exertions haps by us; but I abstain from opinions. in foreign ones, so high as the supplies The fourth resolution is this-" That in the year lfi!J5; not to go back to their each of the said colonies hath within public contributions in the year 1710; [ itself a body, chosen in part, or in the shall begin to travel only where the jour- whole, by the freemen, freeholders, or nals give me light; resolving to deal in other free inhabitants thereof, commonly nothing but fact, authenticated by Parlia- called the General Assembly, or General mentary record; and to build myself Court; with powers legally to raise, levy, wholly on that solid basis. and as ess, according to the several usages On the 4th of April, 1748, a committee of sur'h f>olonies, duties and taxes towards of this House came to the following reso- defraying all sorts of public services." lut.ion: This competence in the colony assemblies "Resolved, That it is the opinion of is certain. It is proved by the whole tenor tMs committee, that it is just and reason- of their acts of fmpply in all the assem- able that the several provinces and col- blies, in which the constant style of grant- onies of Massachusetts Bay, New Hamp- ing is. " an aid to his Majesty"; and acts shire, Connecticut, and Rhode Island be granting to the crown have regularly for reimbursed the expenses that they have nearly a century passed the public offices been at in taldng and securing to the without dispute. Those who have been Crown of Great Britain the Island of pleased pal'adoxicaI1y to deny this right, Cape Breton and its dependencies." liülding- that none but the British Parlia- These expenses were immense for such ment can grant to the crown. are wished colonies. They were above f OO,OOO ster- to look to what is done. not only in the ling; money first raised and ad,"anced on colonies, but in Ireland. in one uniform, their public credit. unbroken tenor every session. Sir. I am On the 28th of January, 175G, a mes- surprised that this doctrine should come sage from the king came to us. to thi!'t from some of the law servants of the effect:" His Majesty. being sensible of the crown. I say. that if the crown could be zeal and vigour with which his faithful responsible, his l\Iajesty-but certainly subjpcts of certain colonies in North the ministers. and even these law officers America ha,'e exerted themselves in de- themselves, through whose hands the acts fence of his 3IajestJ"s just rights and pa",s bienniaJIy in Ireland, or annuaI1y in !)ossessions, recommends it to this House the colonies, are in an habitual course of to take the same into their consideration, C()llllnitting impeachable offences. What and to enable his ::\Iajesty to give them habitual offenders have been lords of the such assistance as may be a proper reward counciJ. all secretaries of state. an first and encouragement." lords of trade. aU attornies. and an so- On the 3d of February, 1 'i.,)G, the House licitors general! However, they are safe; came to a suitable resolution, expressed in as no one impeaches them; and there is words nearly the same as those of the no ground of charge against them, except message; but with the further addition, in their own unfounded theories. that the money then voted was as an en- The fifth resolution is also a resolu- couroflcln('nt to the colonies to Hert them- tion of faet-" That the said general as- selves with vigour. It will not be neces- sPlIlhlies, general courts, or other bodies sary to go through all the testimonies IpgaI1y qualificd as aforesaid have at sun- which your own records have given to the dr ' times freely granted se"eral large b uth of my resolutions; I will ûnly refer suhsidies and public aids for his Majest ..s J"OU to the places in the journals: !'enice, accordinl-! to their abilities. when Vol. xxvH.-lüth and 19th ::\Iay, 17J7. required thereto by Jetter from one of his Vol. XXHn. - June 1st. 1758 - April l\Ia.iest "s principal secretaries of state: 2Gth and 30th, li5!)- [arch 2Gth and md that their rights to grant the !';ame, 3ht, and April 28th, I7Gü--Jan. 9th ane! and their cheerfulness and sufficiency in 20th, 17Gl. 475 BURKE, EDMUND 'Tol. XXIX.--Jan. 22d and 2Gth, I7ü2- sort again to requisition. No colony, since !\Jarch 14th anù 17th, 1,ü3. that time, ever has had any requisition Sir, hel'e is the repeated acknowledg- whatsoever made to it. ment of Parliament, that the colonies not "'e see the sense of the crown, and the only gave, but gave to satiety. This na- sense of Parliament, on the productive tion has formally acknowledged two nature of a revenue by grant. Xow search things j first, that the colonies had gone the same journa.ls for the produce of thf' beyond their abilities, Parliament having rf'venue by imposition-Where is it 1-let thought it neeessary to reimburse them; us know the volume and the page-what is secondly, that they had acted legally and the gross, what is the net produce?- laudably in their grants of money, and to what service is it applied 1-how their maintenance of troops, since the com- have you appropriated its E;urplus 1_ pensation is expressly given as reward and "'hat, can none of the many skilful index- encouragement. Reward is not bestowed makers that we are now mploying, fi ù for acts that a,re unlawful; and encour- any trace of it? "-ell, let them and that agement is not held out to things that de- rest together. llut a.re the journals, which serve reprehension. My resolution there- say nothing of the revenue, as silent on the fore does nothing more than collect into discontent? Oh no! a child may find it. one proposition, what is scattered through It is the melancholy burthen and blot of your journals. I gÌ\'e you nothing but every page. your own j and you cannot refuse in the I think then I am, from those journals, gross, what :you have so often acknowl- justified in the sixth and last resolution, edged in detail. The admission of this, which is-" That it hath been found by which will be so honourable to them and C'xperience, that the manner of granting to you, will, indeed, be mortal to all the th(' said supplies and a,ids, by the Raid miserable stories, by which the passions general assemblies, hath been more agree- of the misguided people have been engagf'd able to the said colonies, and more bene- in an unhappy system. The people heard, ficial, and conductÌ\'e to the public ser- indeed, from the beginning of these dis- vice, than the mode of giving and granting putes, one thing continually dinned in aids in Parliament, to be raised and paid their ears, that reason and justice de- in the said colonies." This makes the manded, that the Americans, who paid no whole of the fundamental part of the taxes. should be compelled to contribute. plan. The conclusion is irresistible. You How did that fact, of their pa;ying noth- cannot say, that you were driven by any ing, stand, when tbe ta"Xing system be, necessity to an exercise of tbe utmost gan? 'Yhen 1\'[1'. Grenville began to form rights of If'gislature. You cannot assert, his system of American revenue, he stated that you took on yourselves the task of in this House, that the colonies were imposing colony taxes, from the want of then in debt f2,GOO,OOO sterling money; another legal body, that is competent to and was of opinion they would discharge the purpose of supplying the e"Xigencies that debt in four years. On this state, of the state without wounding the preju- those untawd pf'ople were actually sub- dices of the people. Neither is it true that j('(.t to the pa.yment of taxes to tIle amount the body so qualified, and having that of {ü.')O,OOO a 'ear. In fact, however, )[1'. competenC'e, had neglected the duty. Grenvi11e was mistaken. The funùs given The quel'tion now, on all this accumu- for sinking the old deht did not provp Iated matter, is:-whether you will quite 1'0 ample as hoth the colonies and choose to abide by a profitable e perience. he> expected. The calculation was too san- or a mischievous theory; whether 'ou guine; the reduction was not completf'd cboose to build on imagination, or fact; tm some years after, and at different times wlwther you prefer enjoyment, or llOpe; in difff'rent colonif's. However, the ta"Xes Ratisfaction in your suhjf'ets, or ar tf'nt? an ' addition. with prudf>nce or propriety; If thf'se propositions Wf're aef>epted. pv- and when tl\(> hurthens imposed in con- ('rythin which has bef'n made to enforcf> a sequenee of former r('quisitions were dis- contrary s:rstem. must. I take it for grant- chargf'd. our tone beeame too high to re- ('d, faJI along with it. On that ground, 476 BURKE, EDMUND I have dtawn the following resolution, up. Even the restraining bill of the pres- which. wJwn it comes to be moved, will ent session does not go to the length of naturaJIy be divided in a proper manner: tbe Boston Port Act. The same idea of .. That it may be proper to rcpeal an act, prudence, which induced ;you not to ex- made in the seventh year of the reign tcnd equal punishment to equal guilt, even of his present Majesty, intituled, An act when you were punishing, induced me, who for granting certain duties in the British mean not t.o chastise, but to reconcile, to colonies and plantations in America; for be satisfied with the punishment already allowing a drawback of the duties of cus- partially inflicted. toms upon the exportation from this king- Ideas of prudence and accommodation dom, of coffee and cocoa-nuts of the prod- to circumstances prevent you from taking lice of the said colonies and plantations; away the chart.ers of Connecticut and for dif'continuing Ute drawbacks payable Uhode Island, as you have taken away that on China earthenware eÅported to Amer- of Massachusetts colony, though the crown ica; and for more effectually preventing has far less power in the two fonner t he clandestine running of goods in the provinces than it enjoys in the latter; and said colonics and plantations.-And that though the abuses have bcen full as great, it may be proper to repeal an act, made in and as flagrant, in the exempted as in the t he fourteenth ;y('ar of the reign of his punished. The same reasons of prudence present Majesty, intituled, An act to dis- and accommodation have weight with me continuc, in such manner, and for such in restoring the charter of :1\Iassachusetts time, as are thercin mentioned, the land- Bay. Besides, sir, the act which changcs ing and discharging, lading or shipping, the charter of Maf'sachusetts is in many of goods, wares, and merchandise, at the particulars so exceptionable, that if I did town and within the harbour of Boston, in not wish absolutcly to repeal, I would by the province of Massachusetts Bay, in all means desire to alter it; as several of Korth America.-And that it may be its provisions tend to the subversion of all proper to repeal an act, made in the four- public and private justice. Such, among tcenth year of the reign of his present others, is the power in the governor to Majesty, intituled, An act for the im- change the sheriff at his pleasure; and to partial administration of justice, in the make a new returning officer for every cases of persons questioned for any acts special cause. It if' shameful to behold such done by them, in the execution of the law, a regulation standing among English laws. or for the suppression of riots and tu- The act for bringing persons accused of muIts, in the province of Massachusctts committing murder under the orders of Bay, in New England.-And that it may gO\'ernment to England for trial is hut he proper to repeal an act, made in the temporary. That act has calculated the fourteenth year of the reign of his present probable duration of our quarrel with the :l\Iajcsty, intituled, An act for the better colonies; and is accommodated to that regulating the government of the province supposed duration. I would hasten the of l\Iassachusetts Bay, in New England.- happy monwnt of reconcilation; and And, also. that it may be proper to explain therefore must, on my principle, get rid rmd amend an act, made in the thirty-fifth of that most justly ohnoxious act, :v('ar of the reign of King Henry VIIT., The act of Henry VIII., for the trial of illtitnl('(I, An act for the trial of treasons treasons, I do not mean to take awav, hut committed out of the king's dominions," to confine it to its proper hound and I wish, sir, to repcal the Boston Port original intention; to make it expressly BilI, because (indcpendently of the danger- for trial of treasons (and the greatest ous preced('nt of suspending the rights of treasons may be committed) in places the subject during the king's pleasure) where the jurisdiction of the crown does It was passed, as I apprehpndf'd, with less not cxtend. regularity, and on more partial principles, Having guarded the privileges of local than it ought. The corporation of Bos- legislature, I would next secure to the ton was not heard before it was condemn- colonies a fair and unbiaf'sed judicature; ed. Other towns, fuJI as guilt , as she for which purpose, sir, I propose the fol- was, have not had their ports blocked lowing resolution: "That, from the time 477 BURKE, EDMUND when the general assembly or general court of any colony or plantation in orth America, shall have appointed by act of as::.embly, duly confirmed, a settled salary to the offices of the chief-justice and other judges of the superior courts, it may be proper that the chief-justice and other judges of the superior courts of stich colony, !"hall hold his and their office and offices during their good behaviour; and !"hall not be removed therefrom, but wIlen the said removal shall be adjudged by his l\Iajesty in council, upon a hearing on complaint from the general assembly, or on complaint from the governor, or council, or the house of representatives f;everally, or of the colony in which the said chief-justice and other judges have eJ.ercised the said offices." The neJ.t resolution relates to the courts of admiralty. It is this:-" That it may be proper to regulate the courts of admiralty, or vice- admiralty, authorized by the fifteenth cha-pter of the fourth of George III., in such a manner as to make the same more commodious to those who sue, or are sued, in the f;aid courts, and to provide for the more decent maintenance of the judges in the same." These courts I do not wish to take away; they are in themselves proper es- tablishments. This court is one of the capital securities of the act of naviga- tion. The extent of its jurisdiction, in- deed. has been increased; but this is al- together as proper, and is indeed on many B('counts more eligible, where new powers were wanted, than a court absolutely new. Rut courts incommodiously situated, in efTf"ct. df"ny Justice; and a court, par- takin in thf" fruits of its own condemna- tion, is a rohher. The congress complain, and complain justly, of U1Ìs grievance. There are three consequential proposi- tions. I have thought of two or three more; but they come rather too near de- tail, and to the province of executive gov- ernment; which I wish Parliament always to superintend. never to assume. If the first six are grantpd. congruity will carry the latter thref". If not, the things that rc>main unrepealed will be, I hope, rather unseemly encumbrances on the building. than very materially detrimental to its :'3trength and stability. Here, sir, I should close; but I plainly perceive some objections remain, which I ought, if possible, to remove. The first will be, that, in resorting to the doctrine of our ancestors, as contained in the pre- am ble to the Chester act, I prove too much; that the grievance from a want of reprcsentation, stated in that prcamble, goes to the whole of lcgislation as well as to taxation. And that the colonies, grounding themselves upon that doctrine, will apply it to all parts of legislative au- thority. To this objection, with all pos:sible def- erence and humility, and wishing as lit- tle as any man living to impair the small- est partide of our supreme authority, I answer, that the words are the words of Parliament, and not mine; and that all false and inconclusive inferences, drawn from them, are not mine; for I heartily disclaim any such inferwce. I have chosen the words of an act of Parliamf"nt, which Mr. GrenvilJe, surely a tolerahly zealous and very judicious advocate for the sovereignty of Parliament, formally moved to have read at your table in con- firmation of his tenets. It is true, that Lord Chatham considered these preambles as declaring strongly in favour of his opinions. He was a no leAs powerful advocate for the privileges of the Ameri- cans. Ought I not from hence to pre- sume, that these preambles are as favour- able as possible to both, when properly understood; favourable both to the rights of Parliament, and to the privileges of the dependencies of this crown? But, sir, the object of grievance in my resolution I have not taken from the Chester, but from the Durham act, which confines the hardship of want of representation to the case of Fubsidies; and which therefore falJs in exactly with the case of the colonies. Rut whether the unrepresented countries were de jure (in law), or de facto (in fact), hound, the preambles do not accurately distinguish; nor indeed was it necessary; for. wllf'ther de jure, or de facto, the legis- lature thought the exercise of the power of taxing. as of right, or as of fact with- out right. equally a grievance, and equally oppressive. I do not know that the colonies have, in any general way, or in any cool hour, gone much beyond the demand of immunity in 478 BURKE, EDMUND relation to taxes. It is not fair to judge on metaphysical speculations. Aristotle, of the temper or dispositions of any man, the great master of reasoning, cautions or any set of men, when they are com- us, and with great weight and propriety, posed and at rest, from their conduct, or against this species of delusive geometri- their expressions, in a state of disturb- cal accuracy in moral arguments, as the ance and irritation. It is besides a very most fallacious of all sophistry. great mistake to imagine, that mankind The Americans will have no interest foUow up practically any speculative contrary to the grandeur and glory of principle, either of government or of free- England, when they are not oppressed dom, as far as it will go in argument and by the weight of it; and they will rather logical illation. We Englishmen stop be inclined to respect the acts of a super- very short of the principles upon which intending legislature, when they see them we support any given part of our consti- the acts of that power, which is itself the tution; or even the whole of it together. security, not the rival, of their secondary I could easil ', if I had not already tired importance. In this assurance, my mind 'ou, give you a very striking and convinc- most perfectly acquiesces; and I confess. ing instance of it. This is nothing but I feel not the least alarm from the dis- what is natural and proper. All govern- contents which are to arise from putting ment, indeed every human benefit and en- people at their ease; nor do I apprehend joyment, every virtue, and ever ' prudent the destruction of this empire, from giv- act, is founded on compromise and barter. ing, by an act of free grace and indul- \Ve balance inconveniences; we give and gmce, to 2,000,000 of my fellow-citizens take; we remit some rights tha.t we may some share of those rights, upon which I enjoy others; and we choose rather to be have always been taught to value myself. happy citizens than subtile disputants. It is said, indeed, that this power of As we must give away some natural lib- granting', vested in American assemblies, crty, to enjoy civil advantages; so we would dissolve the unity of the empire; mu t sacrifice some civil liberties for the which was preserved entire, although advantages to be derived from the com- 'Vales, and Chester, and Durham were munion and feIlowAhip of a great empire. added to it. Truly. Mr. Speaker, I do But, in all fair dealings, the thing bought not know what this unity means; nor has must bear some proportion to the purchase it ever bf"f"n heard of, that I know, in the paid. None will barter away the immedi- constitutional policy of this country. The ate jewel of his soul. Though a great veQ' idea of subordination of parts, ex- house is apt to make slaves haughty, yet cludes this notion of simple and undivided it is purcha ing a part of the artificial im- unity. England is the head; but she is portance of a great empire too dear, to not the head and members too. Ireland has pay for it all essential rights, and all the ever had from the beginning a separate, intrinsic dignity of human nature. None but not an independent, legislature; of us who would not risk his life rather which, far from distracting, promoted the than faU under a government purely ar- union of the whole. Everything was sweet- bitrary. Rut although there are some Iy and harmoniously disposed through amongst us who think our constitution both islands for the conservation of Eng- .wants many improvements to make it a lish dominion, and the communication of complete s;ystem of liberty. pf'rha.ps none English liberties. I do not see that the who are of that opinion would think it same principles might not be carried into J.jght to aim at such improvement, by dis- twenty islands, and with the same good turbing his country, and risking every- effect. This is my model with regard to thing that is dear to him. In eveQ' ardu- America, as far as the internal circum- ous enterprise. we con ider what we are stances of the two countries are the same. to lose as well as what we are to gain; I know no other unity of this empire, than and the more and better stake of liberty I can draw from its example during these every people possess, the less they will periods, when it seemed to my poor un- hazard to make it more. These are the derstanding more united than it is now, cords of man. Man acts from adequate or than it is likely to be by the present motives relative to his interest; and not methods. 479 BURKE, EDMUND But since I speak of these methods, I quantity of payment, and its proportion to recollect, Mr. Speaker, almost too late, that others. If you should attempt it, the COllI- J promised, before I finisllf"d, to sa:y some- mittee of provincial ways and means, or thing of the proposition of the noble lord by whatever other name it will delight to on the 11001', which has been so lately re- be called, must swallow up all the time ceived, and stands on your journals. I of Parliament. must be deeply concerned, whenever it is Thirdly, it does not give satisfaction to my misfortune to continue a difference the complaint of the colonies. They com- with the majority of this House. But as plain that they are taxed without their the reasons for that difference are my consent; you answer, that you will fix the apology for thus troubling you, suffer me sum at which they shall be taxed. That is, to state them in a very few words. I you give them the very grievance for the shall compress them into as small a body remedy. You tell them, indeed, that you as I possibly can, having already debated wi1l1eave the mode to themselves. I really that matter at large, when the question beg pardon; it gives me pain to mcn- was before the committee. tion it; but you must be sensible that )'ou First, then, I cannot admit that proposi- will not perform this part of the com- tion of a ransom by auction; because it pact. For, suppose the colonies were to is a mere project. It is a thing new; un- la:r the duties which furnished their con- heard of; supported by no experience; tingent, upon the importation of )'our justified by no analogy; without example manufactures; :you know you would of our ancestors, or root in the constitu- nl"ver suffer such a tax to be laid. You tion. know, too, that vou would not suffer It is neither regular parliamentary many other modeswof taxation. So that, taxation, nor colony grant. Experimcn- when you come to explain yourself, it tum in corpore. vili (Try experiments \\jlJ be found, that you will neither leave only upon what is of no value)-is a good to themselves the quantum nor the mode; rule, which will ever make me adverse to nor indeed an:ything. The whole is de- an:y trial of experiments on what is cer- lusion from one end to the other. tainly the most valuable of all subjects, Fourthly, this method of ransom hy the peace of this empire. auction, unless it be universally acceptl"d, Secondly, it is an experiment which will plunge you into great and in x- must be fatal in the end to our constitu- tricable diffIculties. In what year of our tion. For what is it but a scheme for Lord are the proportions of paynwnts to taxing the colonies in the antechamber be settled? To say nothing of the impos- of the noble lord and his successors? To sihilit , that colony agents should han settle the quotas and proportions in this general powers of taxing the colonies at House, is clearly impossible. You, sir, t}l('ir discretion, consider, I implore you, may flatter yourself you shall sit a state that the communication by special mes- auctioneer with )'our hammer in your sages and orders between these a ents and hand, and knock down to each colony as their constituents on each variation of it bids. But to settle (on the plan laid the case, when the parties come to con- down by the noble lord) the true propor- tend together, and to dispute on their rela- tional payment for four or five and twenty tive proportions, will be a matter of delay, governments according to the absolute and perplexity, and confusion" that never can relative wealth and burthen, is a wild ha,'e an end. and chimerical notion. This new taxa- If all the colonies do not appear at the tion must, therefore, come in by the back- outcry, what is the condition of thosp door of the constitution. Each quota must assemblies, who offer by themselves or be brought to this House ready formed; thf"ir agents, to tax themselves up to your JOu can neither add nor alter. You must ideas of their proportion? The refractory register it. You can do nothing further. cr,lonies, who refuse all composition, wiH 1;01' on what grounds can you deliberate r<,main taxed only to 'our old impositions, either before or after the proposition? which, however grievous in principle. are You cannot hear the counsel for all these trifling as to production. The olwdit'nt provinces, quarrelling, each on its own colonies in this scheme are heavilJ' ta:>..cd; 480 BURKE, EDMUND the refractory remain unburthened. 'Vhat new restraining laws, new acts for drag- will you do? Will you lay new and ging men to England for trial. You must heavier ta'\:es by Parliament on the dis- send out new fleets, new armies. All is obedient? Pray consider in what way to begin again. :From this day forward JOu can do it. You are perfectly con- the empire is never to know an hour of \ inced, that, in the way of taxing, you tranquillity. An inte..tine fire will be can do nothing but at the ports. Now, kept alive in the bowels of the colonies, fluppose it is Virginia that refuses to ap- which one time or other must consume pmI' at your auction, while Maryland and this whole empire. I allow, indeed, that orth Carolina bid handsomely for their the empire of Germany raises her revenue rn nsom, and are taxed to your quota, how and her troops b ' the quotas and con- will you put these colonies on a par? tingents; but the revenue of the empire, \Vill you tax the tobacco of Virginia? If and the army of the empire, is the worst you do, you give its death-wound to your revenue and the worst army in the world. English revenue at home, and to one of Instead of a standing revenue, you will the greatest articles of your own foreign therefore have a perpetual quarrel. In- trade. If you ta'\: the import of that re- deed, the noble lord who proposed this bellious colony, what do you tax but your project of a ransom by auction, seemed own manufactures or the goods of some himself to be of that opinion. His proj- other obedien1 and already well-taxed coI- ect was rather designed for breaking the ony? Who has said one w rd on this Iaby- union of the colonies, than for establish- rinth of detail, which bewilders you more ing a revenue. He confessed, he appre- nd more as 'ou enter into it? Who hended that his proposal would not be to has presented, who can present, you with their taste. I say, this scheme of dis- a clue, to lead you out of it? I think, union seems to be at the bottom of the sir, it is impossible, that you should not project; for I will not suspect that the recollect that the colony bounds are so noble lord meant nothing but merely to de- implicated in one another (you know it lude the nation by an airy phantom which by your other experiments in the bill for he never intended to realize. But what- prohibiting the New England fishery), ('vpr his views may be, as I propose the that you can lay no possible restraints peace and union of the colonies as the very on almost any of them which may not be foundation of my plan, it cannot accord presently eluded, if you do not confound with one whose foundation is perpetual the innocent with the guilty and burthen discord. those whom, upon every principle, you Compare the two. This I offer to give ought to exonerate. He must be grossly you is plain and simple. The other full i norant of America, who thinks that, of perplexed and intricate mazes. This without falling into this confusion of all is mild; that harsh. This is found by rules of equity and policy, you can restrain experience effectual for its purposes; the any single colony, cspeciall ' Virginia and other is a new project. This is universal; 1faryland, the central and most important the other mlculated for certain colonie;; of them all. only. This i immediate in its concilia- I...et it al o be considered, that, either in tOQ' operation: the other remote, con- the present confusion you settle a per- tingent, full of hazard. :Mine is wllat manent contingent, which will and must be becomes the dignity of a ruling people, trifling; and then you have no effectual gratuitous, unconditional, and not held revenue: or you change the quota at every out as a matter of bargain and sale. I f"xigency; and then on ever ' new reparti- have done m ' duty in proposing it to ;you. tion you will have a ne,v quarrel. I have, indeed, tired you by a long dis- Reflect, besides, that when you have course; but this is the misfortune of tho e fixed a quota for every colony, you have to whose influence nothing will be con- not provided for prompt and punctual ceded, and who must win every inch payment. Suppose one, two, five, ten of their ground by argument. You ha,.e years' arrears. You CRnnot issue a treas- heard me with goodness. May you de- Iry e'\:tent against the failing colony. cide with wisdom! For my part. I feel You mu t make new Boston Port Rills, my mind greatly di hurthened by what I 1.-2 H 4RI BURKE, EDMUND have done to-day. I have been the less }'iance, has ever run with a more copious fearful of tQ"ing ;rour patience because stream of revenue, than could be squeezed on this subject I mean to spare it alto- from the dry husks of oppressed indigence, gether in future. I have this comfort, by the straining of all the politic ma- that in every stage of the American af- chiner;y in the world. fairs, I ha\'e steadily opposcd the measures Kext we know, that parties must mer that have produced the confusion, and exist in a free country. \Ve know too. that may bring on the destruction, of this em- the emulations of such parties, their con- pire. I now go so far as to risk a pro- tradictions, their reciprocal necessities, posal of my own. If I cannot give peace their hopes, and their fears, must send to my countr;y, I give it to m;y conscience. them all in their turns to him that holds l ut ",hat (says the financier) is peace the balance of the state. The parties are without mone '? Your plan gives us no the gamesters; but government keeps the revenue. Ko! But it does; for it se- table, and is Eure to be the winner in the cures to the subject the power of REFUSAL; end, \Vhen this game is played, I reall ' the first of all revenues. Experience is a think it is more to be feared that the peo- cheat, and fact a liar, if this power in the pIe will be exhausted, than that govern- subject of proportioning his grant, or of ment will not be supplied. 'Vhereas, not granting at all, has not been found whatever is got by acts of absolute power the richest mine of revenue ever discov- ill-obeyed because odious, or by contracts ered by the skill or bJ' the fortune of man. ill kept because constrained, will be nar- n does not, indeed, vote you fl52,750: II: row, feeble, uncertain, and precarious. 2% ths, nor any other paÌtry limited sum. "Ease would retract vows made in pain Hut it gives you the strong-box itsf"lf, as violent and void." the fund, the bank, from whence only I, for one, protest against compound- I"f"venues Can arise amongst a people sen- ing for a limited sum, the immense, ever sible of freedom: Posita lud.itur area (The growin , eternal debt, which is due to chest is staked). Cannot you in England, gf"nerous government from protected free- cannot you at this time of day, cannot dom. And so may I speed in the great you, a House of Commons, trust to the object I propose to you, as I think it principle which has raised so mighty a would not only be an act of injustice, but rf"venue. and accumulated a debt of near would b(' the worst economy in the world, 140 millions in this country? Is this to compel the colonies to a mm certain, principle to be true in England and false either in the way of ransom, or in the way everywhere else? Is it not true in Ire- of compulsory compact. land? Has it not hithprto been true in TIut to clcar up my ideas on this sub- the colonies? 'Yhy should you presume, ject-a revenue from America transmittf"d that. in any country. a body duly con- hither-do not delude yourselves-you stituted for any function. will neglect to never can receive it-no, not a shilling. perform its duty, and abdicate its trust? 'Ve have experienced that from remote Such a presumption would o against all countries it is not to be expected. If, when governments in all modes. But, in truth, 'ou attempted to extract revenue from this dread of penury of supply from a TIengal, you were obliged to return in loan fref' assemblv. has no foundation in nat- what you had taken in imposition, what ure. For fi st obsen-e that, besides the can you expect from North America? For desire which all men have naturally of certainly, if ever there was a country supporting the honour of their own gov- qualified to produce wea1th. it is India; (>rnment. that sense of dignity, and that or an institution fit for the transmission, sf"curity to property, which ever attends it is the East India Company. America frC'edom, has a tendenc ' to increase thc has none of these aptitudes. If America stock of the free community. :Most may gives you taxable objects, on which you be taken where most is accumulated. And lay your duties here, and gives you. at what is the soil or climate where experi- the same time, a surplus by a foreign sale ence has not uniformly proved that the of her commodities to pay the duties on voluntary flow of heaped-up plenty, burst- these objects, which you tax at home, she ing from the weight of its own rich luxu- has performed her part to the British rev- 482 BURKE, EDMUND enue. But with regard to her own inter- your registers and your bonds, your affi- nal establishments, she may, I doubt not davits and your sufferances, your cockets she will, contribute in moderation. I say and your clearances, are what form the moderation, for she ought not to be per- great securities of your commerce. Do mitted to exhaust herself. She ought to not dream that your letters of office, and be reserved to a war; the weight of which, your instructions, and your suspending with the enemies that we are most likely dauses, are the things that hold together to have, must be considered in her quarter the great contexture of the mysterious of the globe. There she may serve you, whole. These things do not make your and serve )'011 essentially. government. Dead instruments, passive For that service, for all service, whether tools as they are, it is the spirit of the of revenue, trade, or empire, my trust is English communion that gives all their in her interest in the British constitu- life and efficacy to them. It is the spirit tion. My hold of the colonies is in the of the English constitution, which, infused close affection which grows from common through the mighty mass, pervades, feeds, names, from kindred blood, from similar unites, invigorates, vivifies every part of privileges, and equal protection. These the empire, even down to the minutest are ties, which, though light as air, are member. Is it not the same virtue which as strong as links of iron. Let the colo- does everything for us here in England? nies always keep the idea of their civil Do :you imagine, then, that it is the land rights associated with your government; tax act which raises your revenue? that they will cling and grapple to you; and no it is the annual vote in the committee of force under heaven wil1 be of power to supply which gives you your army? or tear them from their allegiance. But that it is the mutiny bill which inspires let it be once understood that your gov- it with bravery and discipline? No! sure- ernment may be one thing, and their priv- ly no! It is the love of the people; it ileges another; that these two things may is their attachment to their government, exist without any mutual relation; the from the sense of the deep stake they have cement is gone; and everything hastens to in such a glorious institution which gives decay and dissolution. As long as you you :rour army and your navy, and in- have the wisdom to keep the sovereign au- fuses into both that liberal obedience, thority of this country as the sanctuary without which your army would be a base of liberty, the sacred temple consecrated mbble, and your navy nothing but rotten to our common faith, wherever the chosen timber. race and sons of England worship frce- Alrthis, I know well enoug}l, will sound dom, they will turn their faces towards wild and chimerical to the profane herd you. The more they multiply, the more of those vulgar and mechanical politi- friends you will have; the more ardent- cians, who have no place among us; a ly they love liberty, the more perfect will sort of people who think that nothing ex- be their obedience. Slavery they ('an have ists but what is gross and material; and anywhere. It is a weed that grows in ev- who, therefore, far from being qualified ery soil. They may have it from Spain. to be directors of the great movement of they may have it from Prussia. But, until ('mpire, are not fit to turn a wheel in the you become lost to all feeling of your true machine. But to men truly initiated and interest and your natural dignity, free- }'ightly taught, these ruling and master dom tlH'Y can have from none but you. principles, which, in the existence, are in This is the commodity of price, of which truth everything, and all in all. l\Iag- you have the monopoly. This is the true nanimity in polities is not seldom the act of navigation, which binds to vou the truest wisdom; and a great empire and commerce of the colonies, and through little minds go ill together. If we are them seClnes to you the wealth of the conscious of our situation, and glow with world. Deny them this participation of zf'al to fill our place as bf'comes our sta- freedom, and you brC'ak that sole bond, tion and ourselves, we ought to auspicate which originally made. and must still pre- all our public proceedings on America serve, the unity of the empire. Do not with the old warning of the church, Sur- entertain so weak an imagination, as that sum corda! (Lift up your hearts). 'Ve 483 BURKE-BURLINGAME ought to elevate our minds to the great- lUichigan and release the Confederate ness of that trust to which the order of prisoners on Johnson's Island; but the PrO\ iò('nce has caJJed us. H ' adverting Alichigan captured the whole party. The to the dignit ' of this high calling, our Island Queen was sunk and the Philo ancefìtors have turned a savage wilderness Parsons abandoned. Hurley was placed into a glorious empire; and have made the on trial for extradition, and after con- most ('xtensive and the only honourable siderable diplomatic correspondence with conquests. not by destroying, but by pro- the British government was surrendered moting the wealth, the number, the hap- to the United f;tates authorities for pun- piness of the human race. Let us get an iI,:hment. The Confederate government, American revenu{' as we have got an under the plea of belligerent rights, en- Ameriean empire. English pri\-ileges have dea\'ored to secure his release or exchange, made it aJJ that it is; Englifìh privileges but without suecess. alone wiIJ make it all that it can be. Burlingame, ANsox, diplomatist; born In full confidence of this unalterable in Xew Berlin, Chenango co., N. Y., Xov. truth, 1 now (quod fcli:>> fallstllmque sit) 14, H 20. His father, a iarnJf'r, remond [and may it be lucky and fortunate] lay to Seneca county. Ohio, wh('n Anson was the first stone of the temple of peace; and three years of age. Ten years later the I move you: family were in Michigan. Anson entered "That the colonies and plantations of the University of )Iichigan in 1837, and Great Britain in North America, consist- was graduated at Harvard in 184G. He ing of fourteen separate governments, and l,egan the practice of law in Boston, and containing 2,000,000 and upwards of free fmbsequently became an active member of inhabitants, have not had the liberty the FRJ<;E SOIL PARTY (q. V.), acquiring a and privil('ge of electing and sending any wide reputation as an effective speaker. knights and burgesses or others, to repre- In 1849-50 he was in Europe. In 1852 sent them in the high court of Parlia- hp. was chosen a member of the Massa- ment." dmsetts Senate, and beeame an active sup- Burke, THOMAS, governor, born in porter of the American party in 1854, Ireland ahout 1747; went to Virginia when by whieh he was elected to Congress the seventeen )-ears old, and in time engaged same year. Mr. Burlingame assisted in i!l the practice of medicine. Then he the formation of the Republican part ' studicd law, and in 1774 moved to Hills- in 1835-56; and he was regarded as one boro. He had written against the stamp of the ablest debaters in Congress on that act and other obnoxious measures, and he side of the House. Severely criticising took a conspicuous part in politics in J'reston S. Brooks for his attack upon Korth Carolina. He was a member of CHARLES SUMNER (q. v.), the South Caro- the Provincial Congress in 1776; was en- Iinian challenged him to fight a dueL He gaged a short time in the army, and was promptly acceþted the ehaJJenge, proposed a member of Congress from December, rifles a the weapons, and Xavy Island, 1776, until early in 1781, when he was just above Niagara :1"aJJs, as the place of choscn gonTllor of the State. In Septem- conflict. Brooks decJined to go there. and her of that year he was seized by the matter was dropped. In March. HHH, Tories, and kept a prisoner on James IsI- President Lincoln appointed 1\11'. Burlin- and, near Charleston, four months; after g-ame minister to Austria. He having which he was regularly exchanged, re- Hpoken in favor of Hungarian indepen- sumed his duties of governor, but soon re- dence, the Austrian government refused to tired to private life. He died in HilJs- receive him, and he was sent as ambassa- boro. N. C., Dec. 2, 1783. dol' to China. There he carried forward Burley, BEKNETT G., naval officer; important negotiations; and when, in suved in the Confederate nav '. On Sept. 1867, he announced to the Chinese govern- 1 g, 1864, with other Confederates. he seized ment his intention of returning home, the Philo Parsons, a steamer on Lake Erie, Prince Kung, the regent of the empire, and afterwards another steamer, the Is1- offered to appoint him special ambassa- and Queen, with which his party intended dol' to the United States and the great to capture the United States gunboat European powers, for the purpose of 484 BURLINGTON HEIGHTS-BURNS framing treaties of amity with those na- and was received with unusual pomp. tions. This high honor Mr. Burlingame This show he urged in his speech as a accepted; and at the head of a retinue proof of their ability to give a liberal sup- of Chinese officials, he arrived in the L"nit- port to his government, and acquainted ed States in March, 1868. :From his own them with the King's instructions to him country l\Ir. Burlingame proceeded on his to insist upon an established salary, and mission to England, France, Denmark, his intention to adhere to it. The Assem- Sweden, Holland, and Prussia. He was bly at once took an attitude of opposition well received, and he negotiated treaties to the governor. They voted him fl,700 with all but France. He had just entered to enable him to manage public affairs, upon negotiations at St. Petersburg, early and to defray his expenses in going there. in 1870, when he died of pneumonia after The governor declared himself dissatisfied, an illness of only a few days, Feb. 23, and would not consent to their resolve, 1870. as it was "contrary to his l\Iajesty's in- Burlington Heights, EXPEDlTIO:S TO. structions." The Assembly appealed to The British maintained for some time a their charter, granted by King William, fortified camp at Burlington Heights, at and refused to vote a fixed salary. A the western end of Lake Ontario. There spirited contest in writing ensued. In they made a depository of stores; and to one of ,his communications the governor capture these an expedition, composed of threatened the colony with the loss of their 300 land troops, under Co!. \Vinfield Scott, charter. They remained firm, "because," borne by the 1leet of Commodore Chauncey, they said, "it is the undoubted right of left the mouth of the Niagara River, July all Englishmen, by l\Iagna Charta, to raise 28, 1813. The usual feeble guard over the and dispose of money for the public ser- stores had just been reinforced. Con- vice of their own free accord, without vinced that their forces were insufficient compulsion." At a town meeting in Bos- to seize the prizes, Scott and Chauncey ton, during the controversy, a unanimous concluded to attack York, from which the declaration was made that the people of British reinforcements had just been sent. the town were opposed to settling a fixed The fleet bore the troops across the lake, salary on the governor. That official then and entered the harbor of York on July adjourned the legislature to Salem, re- 31. Scott landed his troops without oppo- marking, in his message for that purpose, sition; took possession of the place; burn- that the interposition of towns was" a ed the barracks, public storehouses and needless and officious step, better adapted stores, and eleven transports; destroyed to the republic of Holland than to a Brit- five pieces of cannon, and bore away as ish constitution." The Assembly adhered spoils one heavy gun and a considerable to their determination, and the governor quantity of flour. They found in York was compelled to yield. In person he was (Toronto) the sick and wounded of very commanding; frank in manner, and Bærstlcr's command captured at the BEA- of ready wit. He died Sept. 7, 1729. \"ER ÐAl\[S (q. v.). Burns, ANTHONY, negro slave; was Burnet, \VILLUM, colonial governor; sf"ized in Boston, as a fugitive slave, )[ay l:orn at The Hague, Holland, in March, 27, 1854. After a judicial hearing he was IG88, when \Yil1iam of Orange (after- remanded to slavery and was taken to the wards Wil1iam III. of England) became wharf and shipped South under a strong his godfather at baptism; was a son of guard to prevent his rescue by anti-sla- Bishop Burnet; became engaged in the very sympathizers. The event created South Sea speculations, which involved great excitemf"nt, and subsequently his him pecuniarily, Dnd. to retrieve his fort- freedom was purchased by a subscription une, he received the appointment of gov- raised in Boston, and after his release hf" ernor of the colonies of New York and s('ttled in Canada. New Jersey. He arrived in :Kew York in Burns, .JOHN, military officer; born in September. 1720. Becoming unpopular I urlington, N. J., Rept. 5. 1793; served thf"re, he was transferred to the govern- in thc 'Var of 1812-15. taking part in the It)(>nts of l\Iassachusetts and Kew Hamp- engagements at Plattsburg, Queenston, shire. He arrived at Boston in July, 172R. and Lundy's I.ane. He endeavored to en- 485 BURNSIDE-BURNT CORN CREEK Peninsula, and was active and skilful as a corps commander in man,)' of the most important military events of the war. General Burnside served in the campaign in 1\b.Q"laud under )'IcClellan, and was in the battles at :::;outh \Iountain and Antie- tam. On Kov. 7, 186 , he superseded l\IcClellan in command of the Army of the Potomac. Failing of success in his at- tack upon Lee at Fredericksburg (Decpm- bel', 18(2), he resigned, and was succepded h;y General Hooker in .January, 1863. As- signed to the command of the Department of the Ohio in 1\la,)', he was active there in suppressing the dislo,)-al elements in that region. In the fall he freed eastern Ten- ue:ssee of Confederate domination, where he fought Longstreet. He was in command of his old corps (the 9th) in Grant's cam- paign against Richmond in 18fi4-G5, where he performed important work. He re- signed April 15, 1865. In 1866 he was elpcted governor of Rhode Island, and was twice re-elected. Being in Europe in the fall of 1870, he was admitted within the German and French lines around Paris, and ineffectually endeavored to mediate between the belligerents. He was elected to the United States Senate in 1875, and was fe-elected in 1880. He died in Bris- tol, R. I., Sept. 3, 1881. Burnt Corn Creek, BATTLE OF. Peter :l\IcQueen, a half-blood Creek Indian of Tallahassee, was a fiery leader among the war party of that nation, wherein civil war was raging in the spring of 1813. This war Tecumseh had stirred up, and the whole Creek nation had become a seething caldron of passion. A British squadron in the Gulf held friendly inter- course with the Spanish authorities at Pensacola. To that port [cQueen and 300 followers, with pack-horses, wcnt to get supplies and convey them to the war party in the interior. That party was inimical to the white people settled in Company when the Civil \Yar began. He that nation, and it was the dutv of the went into that conflict as colonel of the militar,)' in that region to prdtcct the 1st Rhode Island Volunteers. For good latter. Thi8 protection was not furnished, service at the battle of Bull Run he was Hnd the white inhahitants and the peace made (Aug. tì, 18(1) major-general of party among the Creeks prepared to de- volunteers. He commanded the expedi- fend themselves. Co!. James Caller called tion that captured ROANOKE ISLAND out the militia to intercept ),[cQucen. (q. "'.) in February, 1862; also Kewbern There was a prompt response, and Caller and Beaufort. He was called to Virginia 8f"t out with a few followers. He marched after the close of the campaign on the towards the Florida frontier, join('d on thE' 4SG list for the Mexican War, but being re- jected on account of his age went with the army as a teamster. In 1863, when the Confederate scouts entered Gettys- burg, he joined a party to oppose them, but was turned back by the National cav- alry. He took an active part in the sub- s('quent battle of Gettysburg, and when the report of his participation reached the 1\orthern States it aroused much interest and he was hailed ae the" hero of Gettys- burg!' He died in Gettysburg, Pa., Feb. 7, 1872. Burnside, A}IBROSE EVERETT, military officer; horn in Liberty, Ind., l\Iay 23, 18 4; was gmduatpd at \Vest Point in 1847, and, as a mcmber of a corps of ar. tilleT,)', accompanied General Patterson to Mexico the same year. Afterwards he was in charge of a squadron of cavalry in l\ew Mexico: was quartcrmaster of the ::\fexican Boundary Commission in 18:,0- 51; resigned in 1833; established a manu- faetor r of breech-loading rifles (his own im'ention) in Rhode Island; and was an offieer of the Illinois Central Railroad ..---- \ .... '> ^ " . , , / ... ' ,,çV--- - -t\ 'It - ' fi ' í" / /' v /7 ...... // ð / t /4 k /, )' /. ./ ./ ' ø/ " - f//._, // , .;/ /:/ AMBRO:SK I!:\ )';H)';TT JJL:Hl\S1VK. way by the famous borderer Capt. Samuel Dale and fifty men, who were engaged in the construction of a fort. He was now joined by others from Tensaw Lake and Little River under various leaders. Caller's command now numbered about 180 men, in small companies, well mounted on good frontier horses, and provided with rifles and shot-guns. Setting out on the main route for Pensacola on the morning of July 27 ( 1813), they found McQueen encamped upon a peninsula formed by the windings ot Burnt Corn Creek. It was resoh-ed to attack him. McQueen and his party were surprised, but they fought desperately a few minutes, and then fled towards the creek. The tide then turned. )lcQueen and his Indians arose from an ambush with horrid yells and fell upon less than 100 of Caller's men. Dale was severely wounded, but kept on fighting. Over- whelll1in numbers at length compelled Caller's force to retreat. They fled in dis- order, many of them leaving their horses behind them. Victory rested with the hostile Creeks. Only two of Caller's com- mand were killed and fifteen wounded. The battle of Burnt Corn Creek was the first in the Creek war, a conflict which ruined that nation. See CREEK I DIAxs. :Burr, AARON, educator; born in Fair- field, Conn., Jan. 4, 1716; was of German descent; graduated at Yale College in 1736; and ordained by the presbytery army in Canada, and joined the military of east Jersey in 1737. He became family of 'Vashington, at New York, in pastor at Newark, N. J., where he was l\Iay. 1776, with the rank of major. Dis- chiefly instrumental in founding the Col- satisfied with that position, he left it in lege of New .Jersey (now Princeton Uni- the course of a few weeks and took a simi- versity), and was elected its president in lar position on General Putnam's staff. 1748. Tn lifi2 he married a daughter of IIp was active in the events connected Jonathan Edwards, the metaphysician. In with the defence and ahanrlonment of tlw 1754 he accompanied Whitefield. to Boston. city of New York in 1776; and in lii7 He died Sept. 24, 1757. he 'became lieutenant-colonel of :Malcolm's Burr, AAHO , Vice - President of the regiment. Burr distinguished himself in United Statps; born at Newark, N. J.. Feb. the hattle of Monmouth in 1778, where he 6, 1756; a son of Rev. Aaron Burr, Presi- C'ommanded a hrigade in Stirling'sdivision. dent of the College of New Jersey, and During the winter of 1778-79 he was sta- of a daughter of the eminent theoÌogian, tioned in \Yestchester county, N. Y. For Jonathan Edwards. 'Vhen nineteen veal'S a short time he was in command of the of age, he entered the Continental rmv, post at West Point, but, on account of ill- at Cambridge, ac; a private soldier, a d health, he left the army in :March, 1779. as such accompanied Arnold in his exp - Rurr was a born intriguer, and was nat- dition to Quebec. From the line of that urally drawn towards IÆe and Gates. and expedition, in the wilderness, Arnold became a partisan in their schemes for in- sent him with despatches to General Mont- juring the reputation of Washington. He gomery, at :\lontreal, where he entered had been detected by the commander-in- 487 BURR the military family of that officer as hi... aide-de-camp, with the rank of captain. Offended because checked by }'lontgomery in his officiousness, he left his staff and joined Arnold's. On the night of the assault on Quebec (Dec. 30 and 31, 1775) he was with Montgomery, and, when the latter was killed in that assault, he bore his body on his back from the field. He left the / , / \ ," . - ""'..... r): , , 1 _: . - ' '"'- " '- -' :- -:.., " ,." - ,,- ? , ;,' - 1 ' 1 \ 'I\ ' _ k '\. \ ..... .......' , :,, ......-..., . ' '- ".... it- - - "-.; - " '\\ AARON BURR.. BURR, AARON chief in immoralities, and ever afterwards BLE NERIIASSETT, IIAR IAN). He had a he affected to despise the military charac- pleasant mansion, enriched by books, ter of Washington. He began to practise aùorned with paintings, enlivened by law at Albany in 1782, but removed to music, and presided over by a lovely anù Xew York the next year. Entering the accomplished wife. Burr laid before DIen- arena of politics, he was chosen a member nerhassett a brilliant vision of wealth of thc New York legislature in 1784, and and power, in a scheme of conquest or again in 1798. In 1789 he was appointed revolution, which captivated him and fire<<} attorney-general of the State, and com- the ambition that lay in the bosom of missioner of Revolutionary claims in 17!H. his wife. They engaged in Burr's scheme, A member of the United States Senate whatever it may have been, with ardor. from 1791 till 1797, Burr was a conspicu- After remaining there some time, .Durr ous Democratic leader in that body; and pressed forward, and at Louisville ovcr- in the Presidential election in 1800 he and took MATTHEW LYON (q. v.), with whom he Thomas Jefferson had an equal number had voyaged in company in the earlier part of votes in the electoral college. The House of the journey. He accompanied Lyon to of Representatives dccided the choice in his home on the Cumberland River, whence fa vor of Jefferson on the thirty-sixth bal. he journe)'ed to Nashville on horseback; lot, and Burr became Vice-President. In had a public reception (::\Iay 28, 1805), July, 1804, he killed Alexander Hamilton in which Andrew Jackson participated; in a duel; and the next year he undertook and, furnished with a boat by that gentJe- his mad and mysterious enterprise in the man, returned to L)'on's. Then he resumed \Yest, which resulted in his trial for his voyage in his own "ark," and met treason. \\ïlkinson at Fort Massac, nearly oppo- In March, 1805, Burr's term of office as site the mouth of the Cumberland. Some Vice-President ended, and he descended soldiers were about to depart thence for to private life an utterly ruined man. But New Orleans, and \Vilkinson procured a his ambition and his love of intrigue were barge from one of the officers for Burr's as strong as ever, and he conceived schemes accommodation in a voyage to that city. for personal aggrandizement and pecuni- There he found the inhabitants in a state ary gain. It was the general belief, at of great excitement. The introduction of that time, in the United States, that the English forms of law proceedings, and Spanish inhabitants of Louisiana would the slight participation of the people in not quietly submit to our government. public affairs, had produced much discon- Taking advantage of this belief, and the tent, especially among the Creoles and restlessness of many of the inhabitants old settlers. Even the new American im- of the valley of the Mississippi, he con- migrants "ere divided by bitter political cpiYed some daring schemes (none fully and private feuds. Burr remaincd only a developed) of military operations in that short time, when he reascended the Mis- region. which he attempted to carry out sissippi to Natchez, whence he travelled immediately after he left office. \Yith through the wilderness, along an Indian several nominal ohjects in view, nnrr trail or bridle-path, 450 miles, to Kash- Rtartpd for the :Mississippi Valley in com- ville, where he was entertained for a wef>k pany with General \Vilkinson. who went hy Jackson early in August. After ,.,pend- to take possession of his office of governor ing a few weeks there, Burr madc his way of the Louisiana Territory. to which he through the Indian Territory to St. J..ouis, had heen appointed. At Pittsburg Rurr where he again met Wilkinson, that being started in a vessel called an "ark." in the seat of governmenf of the Louisiana which were fitted up conveniences for a Territory. Then, for the first time, he long voyage. \Vilkinson was not ready, threw out llints to \Vilkinson of his splen- and the impatient Run proceeded without did scneme of conquest in the Routhwest, him. He stopped at mennerhassett's Isl- which he spoke of as being favorf>d by the and. nearly opposite Marietta, then in- enited States government. At the same hahited hy a wealthy and accomplished time he complained of the government as Irish gentleman of that name. who had imbecile. and the people of the West as created there a paradise for himself (see ready for revolt. He made no explanation 488 BURR, AARON to Wilkinson of the nature of his scheme. former. fifteen boats on the :M:uskingum and that oflìeer, Euspicious of Burr's de- River; and negotiations were set on foot signs, wrote to his friend Robert Smith, with an Ohio senator to furnish supplies Secretary of the Navy, advising the gov- for an army in the \Vest and the purchase ernmcnt to keep a watch upon his move- of two gunboats he was building for the ments. government. A mercantile house at Mari- Burr went from Rt. Louis to Vin('ennes etta, in which Blennerhassett had been a with a letter from Iatt. Lvon to Governor partner, was authorized to purchase pro- Harrison, in which he urg d the latter to visions, and a kiln was erected on BIen- use his influence to get Burr elected to nerhassett Island for drying corn to fit it Congress from that district. Thence Burr for shipment. Young men enlisted in con- 'Hut eastward, stopping at Cincinnati, siderablc numbers for an expedition down Chil1icothe, and Marietta, everywhere con- the Mississippi, about which only mys- versing with leading men, to whom he tt.rious hints were given. gaYe only attractive hints of a brilliant Meanwhile Wilkinson had arrived at scheme in hand. He spent that winter Natchitoches to repel, with 500 or GOO and the following spring and summer in troops, a Spanish invasion of the Ter- Philadelphia and Washington, engaged in ritory of Orleans from Texas. There a his mysterious projects. There he more )'oung- man appeared in camp with a let- clearly developed his scheme, which seemed ter of introduction from Jonathan Day- to have a twofold character-the conquest ton, of New Jersey, to Colonel Cushing, the of Mexico from the Spaniards and the es- s('nior oflìcer next to Wilkinson. He also tab1ishment of an independent monarchy, slipped, unobserved, a letter into Wilkin- and the revolutionizing the Mississippi son's hand, from Burr, which was a. for- Valley, separating that region from the mal letter of introduction. It contained rest of the enion, and forming an inde- a letter from Burr, principally written in pendent republic, with its seat of govern- cipher. Circumstances seem to show that ment at New Orleans. If the first-men- Wilkinson was at this time privy to, if tioncd scheme should be carried out, Burr not actuaIJy engaged in, Burr's scheme. aspired to be king; if the latter, he was The cipher letter informed Wilkinson that to be president of his new republic. Tow- h(' (Burr) had arranged for troops under ards the end of summer (August, 180G) different pretexts at different points, who Burr departed on a second \Vestern tour. would rendezvous on the Ohio by Nov. For a year a vague suspicion prevailed I; that the protection of England throughout the country that Burr was en- had been secured j that Truxton had gone goagcd in a scheme for revolutionizing to Jamaica to arrange with the English Mexico-an idea agreeable to the Western admiral: that an English fleet would meet people because of the existing difficulties on the :\lississippi; that the navy of the with Spain. It was believed, too (for so United States was ready to join; that final Hurr had continuaIJy hinted), that such orders had been given to his friends ant'! a sdH'me was secretly favored by the followers j that \Vilkinson should be !'e('- gooycrnment. Under this impression ond to Burr only; that the people of t}1P Burr's project received the countenance country to which they were going wen- of several leading men in the Western ready to receive them; and that their {,()lmtQ'. One of the first things which agents with Burr had stated that, if pro- nun did a.fter his arrival in Kentucky tected in their religion, and not subject- was to purchase an interest in a claim to ed to a foreign government, all would be a large tract of land on the \Vashita sl"ttled in three weeks. The plan was to River, under a Rpanish grant to the Baron move detachments of volunteers rapidly de Bastrop. The negotiation was CaT- from Louisville in November, meet \ViI- ried on through Edward Livingston at kinson at Natchez in December. and then New Orleans. The avowal of an intention to determine whether to seize Ra.ton Rouge to settle on these lands might ("over up a (then in posse!'sion of the Spaniards as far different d{'sign. Rlennerha!'!'ett now a part of west Florida) or pass on. En- join('d Rurr aC'tively in his entprprise, To- closed in the same packet was a letter, gether they built, with the money of the also in cipher, from Jonathan Dayton, 489 BURR, AARON telling Wilkinson he would surely be dis- placed a.t the next meeting of Congress, and added, " You are not a man to de- spair, or even to despond, especially when such prospects offer in another quarter. Are you ready! Are your numerous as- sociates ready! Wealth and glory! Lou- isiana and Mexico !-DAYTON." The correspondence, in cipher and other- wise, between \Vilkinson and Burr for several months previously leads to the conclusion that the former was, at that time, engaged in Burr's scheme, and that the latter relied upon him. Intimations in the letters of a design to seize newly acquired Louisiana startled Wilkinson, and he resolved to make the best terms he could with the Spanish commander on the Sabine and hasten back to Kew Or- leans to defend it against any scheme of conquest there which Burr might con- template or attempt. This design he com- municated to Cushing, and obtained from the bearer of the letters such information as excited his alarm to a high pitch. The young man (named Swartwout) stated that he and another (named Ogden) had been sent by Burr from Philadelphia; that they had carried despatches from Burr to General Adair, of Kentucky, who was a pa.rty to the scheme; that they hastened towards S1. Louis in search of Wilkinson, but learned at Kaskaskia that he had de- scended the river; that they followed to the mouth of the Red River, when Ogden went on to New Orleans with despatches to Burr's friends there, and he (Swartwout) had hastened to Wilkinson's headquarters. He said Burr was supported by a numer- ous and powerful association. extending from Ne>w York to New Orleans; that Ef'veral thousand men were prepared for an expedition against the Mexican prov- inces; that the Territory of Orleans would be revolutionized-for which the inhabi- tants were quite ready; that he supposed some "seizing" would be necessary at New Orleans, and a forced" transfer" of the bank; that an expedition was to land at Vera Cruz and march thence to the fexican capital; that naval protection would be furnished bv Great Britain; and that Truxton and other officers of the navy, disgusted with the conduct of the government, would join in the enter- prise. After gathering all the information pos- sible, \Vilkinson sent, by express, two let- ters to President Jefferson-one official the other confidential, in which, without mentioning any names, he gave a general outline of the proposed e"'-pedition; and then pushed forward to the Sabine. He sent orders to the commanding officer at 1\ew Orleans to put that place in the best possible condition for defence, and to se- cure, if possible, by contract, a train of artillery there belonging to the French. Having made a satisfadory arrangement with the Spanish commander, Wilkinson hastened back to Natchitoches, where he received a letter from St. Louis informing him that a plan to revolutionize the \\Testern country was about to explode; and that Ohio, Indiana., Kentucky, Ten- nessee, and Orleans Territory had com- bined to declare themselves independent on Nov. 15. Wilkinson, alarmed, or- dered Cushing to hasten down with the troops, while he sped to Natchez; whence he sent a second special messenger to the> President with duplicates of his for- mer letters, and another declaring that a. conspiracy really existed; and author- ized the messenger to mention the names of Durr, Dayton, Truxton, and others as apparently engaged in the enterprise. He informed Governor Claiborne, of th Or- leans Territory, that his government was menaced by a secret plot, and took other measures for its defence. At Kew Orleans \nlkinson procured a meeting of the mer- chants, to whom he and Governor Clai- borne made an exposition of Burr's suspect- ed projects. Rollman, an agent of Burr there, with Swartwout and Ogden, were arrested, and the militia of the Territory were placed at Wilkinson's disposal. Great excitement now prevailed on the lower Mississippi and on the Ohio and its tribu- taries. A series of articles, inspired, no doubt, if not written, by Burr, had ap- peared in an Ohio newspaper, signed "Querist," arguing strongly in favor of the separation of the \Vestern States from the Union. Similar articles had appeared in a Democratic paper at Pittsburg. In Kentucky were many uneasy aspirants for political power, and an old story of Span- ish influence there-through pensioners upon the bounty of Spain-was revived. Burr's enterprise became associated in the 490 ÐURR, AARON pubJic mind with the old Spanish plot; the l\Iuskingum, and that a body of militia and Burr and his confpderates, offended was coming to seize those at the island, by what they deemed Wilkinson's treach- hastily embarked (Dec. 13) with a few of ery to their cause, associated him with his followers, and descended the river in the Spanish intriguers. These hints, Tyler's flotilla. The next day a mob of reaching the lower Mississippi, embar- miJitia. took possession of the island, de so- rassed Wilkinson; for it was intimated lated it, and even insulted :Mrs. Blenner- that he was also connected with the hassett, who succeeded in obtaining an schemes of Rurr. General Jackson-who open boat and following her husband down had favored Burr's schemes so long as the river. thpy looked only towards a seizure of The legislature of Kentucky speedily Spanish provinces-alarmed by evidences passed a similar act for seizures to that that he had wicked designs against of Ohio. Tyler, however, had already the Union, wrote to Governor Claiborne passed Louisville. They were joined by (with the impression that Wilkinson was Burr, and the flotilla passed out into the associated with Burr), warning him to be- Mississippi and stopped at Chickasaw ware of the designs of that officer and Bluffs (now Memphis), where Burr at- the ex-Vice-President. "I hate the Dons," tempted to seduce the garrison into his Jackson wrote (Nov. 12, 1806) ; "I would service. Burr now first heard of the ac- delight to see :Mexico reduced; but I t\on of the legislature of the Orleans Ter- would die in the last ditch before I would ritory, before which Wilkinson had laid see the Union disunited." his exposure of the schemes. Perceiving Daviess, United States district attorney what he might expect at New Orleans, and for Kentucky, watched Burr, and finaHy fearful that the authorities of Mississippi npplied to the court for process for his might arrest him at once, Burr passed to arrest. Burr was summoned before a the west side of the river, out of their grand jury (Nov. 2.5), but, the attorney jurisdiction, where he formed a camp, 30 failing to get such witnesses as he desired, miles above Natchez. Under the procla- the jury not only failed to find a bBl, but mation of the President, a militia force declared their belief that Burr intended was raised to arrest Burr. He made an nothing against the integrity of the Union. unconditional surrender to the civil au- This triumph for Burr was celebrated by thority, and agreed that his boats should a ball at Frankfort. Meanwhile the be searched and all arms taken. Before President of the United States had com- this was accomplished his cases of arms missioned Graham, secretary of the Or- were- cast into the river; and as no evi- leans Territory, to investigate the reports dence of any hostile intention was found, about Burr, and, if well founded, to take a belief prevailed that he was innocent of steps to cut short his career. On Nov. 27 any of the designs alleged against him. the President issued a proclamation that Burr was brought before the Supreme he had been informed of an unlawful Court of the Territory, and was not only scheme set on foot for invading the Spa.n- not indicted by the grand jury, but they ish dominions; warning citizens of the presented charges against the governor Vnited States not to engage in it; and for calling out the militia to arrest him. directing all in authority to endeavor to nun spoke bitterly of Wilkinson as a suppress it. Before this Graham had traitor, a.nd, fearin,g- to fall into his hands, drawn from Blennerhassett facts of great he resolved to disband his men and fly. importance (for the latter took the sec- He told them to sell what provisions they retary to be one of Burr's confidants), and had, and, if they chose, to settle on his applied to the governor of Ohio for the "rashita lands. They dispersed through seizure of the boats on the :Muskingum. the Mississippi Territory, and furnished The legislature, then in session, granted an abundant supply of school-masters, the rpquest. A fpw days afterwards sev- singing-masters, dancing-masters, and doc- pral boats, in charge of Colonel Tyler, tors. A reward was offered for the capt- fj]]ed with men, descended the Ohio to ure of Rurr, and he was arrested (Feb. Blennerhassett's Island. Blennerha.ssett, lU, 1807) by the Register of the Land- informed of the seizure of his boats on office, assisted by Lieut. (afterwards 491 BURR-BURROWS :Maj. - Gen.) Edmund P. Gaines, near I.'ort Stoddart, on the Tombigbee River, in eastern 1ississippi. An indictment for high treason was found against Burr by a grand jury for the District of \ïrginia. He was charged with levying war, by the collection of armed men at Hlennerhassett's Island, within the do- minion of Virginia. He was also charged wi th concocting a scheme for the over- throw of the national authority in the Western States and Territories. On these charges he was tried and acquitted. After his acquittal Burr went to England and sought to engage that or some other European government in his project for revolutionizing Mexico. Pressed by his creditors, he lived a miserable life, in poverty, in London and Paris. Becoming subject to suspicion in London as a French spy, he was driven from the country, and took refuge in Paris. Finally, after long solicitations. he obtained leave to return, and appeared in New York in 1812, where he resumed the practice of law; but he liwd in comparative poverty and obscurity until 183-1, when, at the age of seventy- eight, he married :Madame Jumel, a wealthy woman in New York, with whom he lin'd only a short time. when they wpre separated. Burr's first wife was )frR. Pre- lina.. She left Charleston (1812) in a vessel to visit her father in New York, and was never heard of afterwards. Burr was small in stature, of great ability, and fascinating in IlUUlIwrs. lIe died on Staten Island, ept. 14, 1836. Burritt, ELIHu, reformer; born in New Britain, Conn., Dec. 8, 1810. At the age of sixteen he was apprenticed to a black- smith. In order to rcad the Scriptures in their original language, he learned Greek and Hebrew, and read these with so much ease that he continued his stud- ies and mastered many other languages. He was caIIed "the learned blacksmith." He became a reformer, and went to Eng- land in 18-16, where he formed the" League of l!niversal Brotherhood," for the aboli- tion of war, slavery, and other national evils. He was appointed United State!'J consul at Birmingham in 18(;;). and re- turned home in 1870. He died in New Britain, March 9, 1879. Burrows, \VILLlA I, naval officer; born in Kensington (now a part of Philadel- phia), Oct. 6, 178.3; entered the navy. as midshipman, l\ovember, liDD; and sernd under Preble in the war against Tripoli, In March, 1807, he was promoted to lieu- Ì('nant, and, early in the 'Var of IRI2-1;;, he was placed in command of the sloop-of- --- n / 1, -. '. \ 'Jt' . ,'\-- it , " ...... .'/jJ' " '.... I '; ' ... '\, - -- - ,. - - - -- .......... :\'I'y.u l. " f?: :"" -, 1Jlr;; O . II ,) I _g$" 1':._--0:: I "...:-Þ - .,..., . . , :.., '- ---- l :J1' ""' , - <;{ -::.';--=='- -:-. ...''\, '\ _ @ r- ! \ HK:\'JAMJY FRAYKLIY BI:TLER, BUTLER, BENJAMIN FRANKLIN city hall. The editor of the True Delta move all causes for unnecessary irritation, J"t>fused to print Butler's proclamation in and removed his headquartcrs from the hand-bill form. The general invited the St. Charles to a private residence. city authorities to a conference. The At the beginning of t;l'ptelllber 18G2, mayor at first refused to go, but finally Butler was satisfied that the Confederates went to the St. Charles, with Pierre Soulé had abandoned all ideas of attempting to (formerly member of Congress) and other retake New Orleans, so he proceeded to friends. They persisted in regarding "repossess" some of the rich districts of Louisiana as an independent na,tion, and Louisiana. He sent Gen. Godfrey Weitzel the National troops as invaders or in- with a brigade of infantry, with artillery, trudel's. An immense and threatening and Barnet's cavalry, late in October, into Inob had collected in the streets in front the region of the district of La Fourche, of the St. Charles. Butler had placed west of the Mississippi. On Oct. 27 Weit- troops there and a cannon for the protec- zel had a sharp fight at Labadieville with tion of headquarters. The commander Confederates under General McPheeters. sent him word that the mob was pressing They were on both sides of the Bayou La hard upon him. "Give my compliments Fourche, with six pit'ces of cannon. These to General Williams" (the commander), W eit7el attacked with musketry and ean- said Butler; .. and tell him if he find.,; he non. The Confederates were driven and cannot control the mob to open upon them pursued about 4 miles. Weitzel lost with artillery." The mayor and hi! eighteen killed and seventy-four woundcd. friends sprang to their feet, exclaiming, He captured 2G8 prisoners and one ean- "Don't do that, general!" "\Vhy not, non. He then proceeded to open eommu- gentlemen?" said Butler; "the mob must nieation with Kew Orleans by the bayou be controlled. We can't have a disturb- and the railway connecting Brashear (af- ance in the street." The mayor went to terwards Morgan) City with it. The whole a balcony, informed the mob of the gen- country was abandoned, and the troops eral's order, and persuaded them to dis- were received with joy by the. negroes. perse. Butler read a proclamation which All industrial operations there were par- he had prepared to Soull>, who declared it alyzed, and General Butler, as a state pol- would give great offence; that the people i('y and for humane purposes, confiscated were not conquered and would never sub- the l"ntire property of the district, ap- mit, and uttered a threat in !?mooth terms. pointed a commission to take charge of To this Butler replied: "I have long it, and set the negroes to work, by which bl"en accustomed to hear threats from tlH'Y were subsisted and the crops saved. Southern gentlemen in political conven- Two congressional districts in Louisiana tions; but let me assure the gentlcmen were thus" repossessed," and the loyal cit- present that the time for tactics of that Ü-.ens of New Orleans elected to seats in nature has passed, never to return. New Congress Benjamin F. Flanders and l\Ii- Orleans is a conquered city. If not, why chapl Hahn. In Dccember, ISG , General are we here? How did we gt't here? Have Butler was succet'dcd b.v Gen. K. P. you opened your arms, and hid l1S wel- BANKS (q. v.), in comilland of the Depart- conlP? Are we here by )Tour consent? ment of the Gulf. Late in 18ü3, he was \Yould you or would you not ð,pel us if placed in command of the Department oi )"Ou could? New Orleans has been con- Virginia and Korth Carolina, and his quered by the forces of the United Rtates, force was designated the Army of the and, by the laws of all nations, lies sub- James. After an unsuccessful expedition ject to the will of the conqueror." These against Fort Fishf'r, in December, l!;ti4, utterances indicated the course Gt'ncral General Butler retired to his residence in Butler intended to pursue in Kew Orleans Massachusetts. He was f'lected to Con- and in the Department of the Gulf; and. gress in 18üG, and was one of the princi- within twenty - four hours after he had pal managers of the Housf' of Rpprescnta- taken possession of the city, there was a tives in conducting the impeachm('nt of perfect understanding between him and President Johnson. He was a Rcpubli- the people of their mutual relations. TIut- can Congressman until 1875. and again in ler, at the same time, took pains to re- 18;7-;9. In 1883 he was Democratic go\"- 494 :BUTLER, BENJ AM1:N FRANKLIN hold that rebellion is treason, and that treason persisted in is death, and any pun- ishment short of that due a traitor gives so much clear gain to him from the clem- ency of the government. Upon this thesis have I administered the authority of the United States, because of which I am not unconscious of complaint. I do not feel that I have erred in too much harshness, for that harshness has ever been exhibited to disloyal enemies of my country, and not to loyal friends. To be sure, I might Citizens of New Orleans,-It may not have regaled you with the amenities of be inappropriate, as it is not inopportune British civilization, and yet been within in occasion, that there should be address- the supposed rules of civilized warfare. ed to you a few words at parting, by one You might have been smoked to death whose name is to be hereafter indissolubly in averns, as were the covenanters of connected with your city. I shall speak Scotland, by the command of a general in no bitterness, because I am not con- of the royal house of England; or roast- scious of a single personal animosity. ed like the inhabitants of Algiers during Commanding the Army of the Gulf, I the French campaigns; your wives and found you captured, but not surrendered; daughters might have been given over to conquert'd, hut not orderly; relieved from the ravisher, as were the unfortunate the presence of an army, but incapable of dames of Spain in the Peninsular \Var; or taking care of yourselves. So far from you might have been scalped and toma- it, you had caIled upon a foreign legion hawked as our mothers were at Wyoming, to protpct you from yourselves. I restored by savage allies of Great Britain, in our order, punished crime, opened commerce, own Revolution; your property could have hrought provisions to your starving peo- been turned over to indiscriminate" loot," pIe, rpformed your currency, and gave you like the palace of the Emperor of China; quiet protection, such as you had not works of art which adorned your buildings enjoyed for many years. While doing might have been sent away, like the paint- this, my soldiers were subjected to oblo- ings of the Vatican; your sons might have quy, reproach, and insult. And now, speak- been blown from the mouths of cannon, ing to you, who know the truth, I here like the Sepoys of Delhi; and yet all this declare that whoever has quietly remain- would have been within the rules of civil- ed about his business, affording neither aid ized warfare, as practised by the most nor comfort to the enemies of the United polished and the most hypocritical na- Statcs, has never been interfered with by tions of Europe. For such acts the rec- the soldiers of Ule United States. The ords of thp doings of some of the inhabi- men who had assumed to govern you and tants of your city towards the friends of to defend your city in arms having fled, the Union, before my coming. were a suffi- some of your women flouted at the pres- cient provocative and justification. But ence of those who came to protpct thcm. I hav(' not so conducted. On the contrary, By a simple order (No. 28) I caIled upon the worst punishment inflicted, except every soldier of this army to treat the for criminal acts punishable by every womcn of New Orleans as a gentleman law, has be('n banishment. with labor, to should deal with the sex, with such effect a barren island. where I encamped my own that I now can upon the just-minded soldiers before marching here. It is true, ladies of K{'w Orleans to say wlwther I have levied upon the wealthy rebels. and thpy have ('vcr <'lljoyed so complete pro- paid out nearly half a million of donars tpetion and calm quiet for themselves and to feed 40,000 of the starving poor of all their familips as since the advcnt of the nations assembled here. made so by this enitcd States troops. The enemies of my war. I saw that this rebellion was a war country, unrcp('ntant and implacable, I of the aristocrat aga.inst the middling have treatcd with meritcd severity. I nwn; of the rich against the poor; a war 4!1.) ernor of Massachusetts, and in 1884 the People's party candidate for President. He died in Washington, D. C., Jan. 11, 1893. Farewell Address in New Orleans.-As before stated, General Butler was super- seded by General Banks in December, 1862. The latter assumed command of the army and Department of the Gulf on the 16th, and the same day General Butler issued the following address: BUTLER of the land-own('r against the laborer; empire the sun ever shone upon-return that it was a struggle for the retention to your aIJegiallce. There is but one thing of power in the hands of the few against that stands in the way. There is but one the many; and I found no conclusion to thing that this hour stands betwcen you it save in the subjugation of the few and and the governmcnt, and that is slavery. the disenthrahllcnt of the many. I there- The institution, cursed of God, which has fore felt no hesitation in taking the sub- taken its last refuge here, in His provi- !'tance of the wealthy, who had caused the dence will be rooted out as the tarcs from war, to fced the innocent poor, who had the wheat, although the wheat be torn up sull"ered by the war. And I shall now leave with it. I have givcn much thought to you with the proud consciousness that I this subject. I came among you, by teach- carry with me the blessings of the humble ings, by habit of mind, by political posi- and loyal under the roof of the cottage tion, by social affinity, inclincd to j"lIstain and in the cabin of the slave, and so am your domestic laws, if hy possibility tlwy quite content to incur the sneers of the might be with safety to the Union. salon or the curses of the rich. I found Months of experience and of obt;crvation )'ou trembling at the terrors of servile have forced the conviction that the cxist- insurrection. All danger of this I have ence of slavery is incompatible with the prevented by so treating the slave that safety either of yourselves or of the he had no cause to rebel. I found the Union. As the system has gradually grown dungeon, the chain, and the lash your only to its present huge dimcnsions, it were bcst means of enforcing obedience in your ser- if it could be gradually removed, but it vants. I leave them peaceful, laborious, is better, far bettcr, that it should be controlled by the laws of kindness and taken out at once than that it should justice. I have demonstrated that the longer vitiate the social, political, and pestilence can be kept from. your borders. family relations of your country. I am I have added a million of dollars to your speaking with no philanthropic views a;; wealth in the form of new land from regards the slave, but simply of the cffeeì the battue of the Mississippi. I have of slavery on the master. See for your- cleansed and improved your streets, ca- selves. Look around you and say whetlH'r nals, and public squares, and opened new this saddening, deadening influence 1m" avenues to unoccupied land. I have given not all but destroyed the vcry fralYlework )'ou freedom of elections, greater than you of your society. I am speaking the fare- ha\'e ever enjoyed before. I have causcd well words of one who has shown his justice to be administered so impartially dcvotion to his country at the periJ of that your own advocates have unanimous- his life and fortune, who in these words Iy complimented the judges of my appoint- can have neither hope nor interest, save ment. You have scen, therefore, the benefit the good of those whom he addresses; and of the laws and justice of the government let me here repeat, with all the solemnity against which you have rebclled. '''hy, of an appeal to Heaven to bear me wit- then, will ,you not all return to your al- ness, that such are the views forced upon If-,::!Îance to that government-not with me by experience. Come, then, to the UIl- Ii P service, but with the heart! I con- conditional support of the government. jure )'ou, if you desire to see renewed Take into your own hands )'our own in- prosperity, giving business to your streets stitutions; remodpl thcm according to thp and wharves-if you hope to see your city laws of nations and of God, and thus at- become again the mart of the "'estern tain that grcat prof>perity assured to you world, fed by its rivers for more than by geographical position, only a portion 3,000 miles, draining the commer e of a of which was heretofore yours. country greater than the mind of man Butler, nE JA nN FRA;\,KLI , lawyer; hath ever conceived-return to your al- horn in Kinderhook Landing, X. Y., Dec, legiance. If you desire to leave to your Ii, 1795: studied law with \fartin Yan children the inheritance you reccived of Duren in Hudson, and subspql1ent1y II(' your fathers-a stable con.,titutional gov- camc his partner. In 1825 he was ap- ernment-if you desire that they should pointcd one of the three commissioners to in the future be a portion of the greatcst rf>\'is(' the Statutes of Kew York; in IH3:1- 4!1f1 BUTLER :38 was Attorney - General of the enited in the battle of Churubusco, Aug. 22, States; and in 1836-37 was acting Secre- 1847. tary of 'Var. In 1837 he became Professor Butler, RICHARD, miJitary officer; born of Law in the University of the City of in Ireland; came to America before 1760; New York. He was the author of Outlincs was a Jieutenant-colonel in the Pennsyl- of the Oonstitutional History of "K ew vania line in the Continental army, and York. He died in Paris, France, Kov. 8, also of .Morgan's rifle corps in 1777. But- 1838. ler served throughout the war; was agent :Butler, JOHN, Tory leader; born in for Indian affairs in Ohio in 1787; and Connecticut; was in official communica- was with St. Clair in his e pedition tion with the Johnsons in the .Mohawk against the Indians. late in 1791, com- Valley before the Revolutionary 'Var, and manding the right wing of his army, with was colonel of a militia regiment in Try- the mnk of major-genpml. In that ex- on county, K. Y. In 1776 he organized ppdition he was killed by Indians in a a band of motley marauders-white men battle in Ohio, Kov. 4, 17!)}. and Indians, the former painted and be- Butler, THOMAS, military officer; born having like savages. He was in command in PennsJTlvania in 1734; was in almost of them in the battle of ORISKANY (q. v.), every important battle in the Middle :mtl of 1,100 men who desolated the- ::;tates during the Revolution. At Brandy- Wyoming Valley in July, 1778. He fought wine and at l\Ionmouth he received the ::;ullivan in the Indian country in cen- thanks of his commanders (Washington tral New York in 1779, and accompanied and Wayne) for skill and bravery. In fo;ir John Johnson in his raid on the 1791 he commanded a battalion under St. Schoharie amI Mohawk settlements in Clair, and was twice wounded at the de- 1780. He died in Niagara in 1794. His feat of that leader, where llÌs brother son, WAJ.1'ER, was killed during the Richard was killed. He died in Kew war. Orleans, Sept. 7, 1805. Butler, .MATTHEW CALBRAITH, military Butler, \VILLIAM, military officer; born officer; born in Greenville, S. C., .March 8, in Prince William county, Va., in 1759; ] 8:W; educated at the South Carolina graduated at the South Carolina College College; admitted to the bar in 18;)7; in 1779; entered the Revolutionary army joined the Confederate army as Captain the same year; served under Pulaski, in June, 1861, reaching the rank of major- Pickens, and Lee; organized a regiment of general. At the battle of Brandy Rtation mounte.d rangers; rmw to the rank of he lost hioS right leg. He was a enited brigadier - geneml; memher of Congre "', States Senator, ]877-95; major-general of 180]-]3. lie died in Columbia, S. C., volunteers in the war against Spain, 18m ; Koy. 15, 1821. and a commissioner to superintend the Butler, \VILLIA::\f ORLANDO, military olli- evacuation of Cuba. eer; born in .Je!;<;amine county, Ky., in Butler, PIERCE, statesman; born in Ire- 17!)1; graduatpd at Tran ylvania Univer- land, July 11, 1744. He entered the Brit- sity in 1812; in the War of 1812 he took ish army in 1761; resigned before the part in the enga ements of Raisin River, Revolution, and settled in Charleston, l)em;acola, and :K ew Orleans; major-gen- S. C.; member of Congress, 1787, and of {:ral during- the Mexican War, distingui8h- the Federal Constitutional Convention, ing himself at Monterey; succeeùed Gm- where he supported the" Virginia" plan; eral Scott in the command of the army in ünited States Senator, 1789-f)6 and 1802- Icxico; candidate fOl" Vice-President in 4. He died in Philadelphia, Feb. 15, 1822. IS48 on the ticket with General Cas8. He Butler, PIERCE MASON, military officer; died in Carrollton, Ky., \ug. 6, 1880. born in Edgefield, S. C., April II, 1798; Butler, ZEBULON, military officer; born entered the Cnited States army in 1819; in Lyme, Conn., in 1731; served in the resigned, 1829; served in the Seminole French and Indian War and in the expe- War; governor of South Carolina, 1838; dition to Havana in 17G2, when he became re-entered the army in IS4ü as colonel of a captain. He settled in the Wyoming the Palmetto Regiment, whieh he led with Valley, Pa., in 17G!l, and was there when great gallantry at Cerro Gordo; killed the valley was invaded by Tories and Ind. 497 BUTTERFIELD-BYRD jor-general for "gallant and meritorious service," and was for some J'ears head of the sub-treasury in New York City. He died in Cold Spring, X. Y., July 17, 1901. Butterworth, nE JAl\nN, statesman; born in \Varren county, 0., Oct. 22, 1822; educated at Ohio Pniversity; member of Congress, 1879--83; 18S-t-!lO commissioner of patents, 188::J and 18!)7. He died in Thomasville, Ga., Jan. 1ß, 1898. Butts, ISAAC, journalist; born in \Vash- ington, N. Y., Jan. 11, 18lG; edited the Rochester Advertiser, 1845-49, and the Rochester Union, 18,}7-(;4; originated the doctrine of " qua tter Hovereignty," or "Popular Sovereignty"-that the people of each Territory should decide the ques- tion of slavery for themselns. lIe died in Rochester, N. Y., Nov. 20, 1874. Byrd, WILLIAM, colonial official; born in Westover, Va., .March W, lß74. In- heriting a large fortune, and acquiring a good educat.ion, he became a leader in the promotion of science and literature in Yirginia, and was made a fellow of the Royal Society of London. Long receiver- general of the revenue in Virginia, he was also three times made agent of that colony in England, and was for thirty - seven years a member, and finally president, of the King's council of the colony. He was one of the commissioners, in 1728, for running the boundary - line between came brigadier-general of volunteers soon Virginia and Korth Carolina, He made after the breaking out of the Civil \Val', notes of his operations and the incidents and took part in campaigns under Gen- thereof, which form a part of the lrcst- ends McClellan, Burnside, Hooker, and over Manuscripts, published by Edmund Pope. He was Hooker's chief-of-staff at Ruffin in 18.H. In 1733 he laid out the the battle of Lookout Iountain. At the cities of Richmond and Petersburg, Va. close of the war he was brevetted ma- He died Aug. 26, 1744. 4!JS ians under Co!. John Butler in 1778. In defence of the inhabitants he commanded the feeble force there, but was unable to prevent the massacre that took place. The next ear he accompanied Sullivan in his expedition into the Indian country in central Xe\V York, and sened during the remainder of the war. He died in Wilkt'sharre. Pa., July 28, 1795. Butterfield, DANIEL, military officer; born in Ltica, N. Y., Oct. 31, 1831 ; graduated at Lnion College in 1849; be- DA:\IBL BUTn:RFIBI.D. E 174 .L91 1905 v.1 SMC Lossing. Benson John. Harper's encyclopadia of United States history from 4 47083523