HINDUSTANI MANUAI

I

. &.--C. PlllLLOTT

" Tauba tauba I

HINDUSTANI MANUAL

BY LIEUT.-COLONEL D. C. PHILLOTT, M.A., PH.D., F.A.S.B.

HINDUSTANI LECTURER, CAMBBIBOE UNIVERSITY ; LATE SECBETAKY

AND MEMBER, BOARD OF EXAMINERS, CALCUTTA • LATE FEL-

LOW, MEMBER OF THE SYNDICATE, PERSIAN LECTURER,

AND PRESIDENT OF THE BOARD OF STUDIES

IN ARABIC, PERSIAN AND URDU. OF THE

CALCUTTA UNIVERSITY; AUTHOR

OF ' HINDUSTANI STUMB-

LING-BLOCKS,' ETC. ;

Translator of the Nafhatu'LYamah. the Baz-Nama-yi Nasirl, and

the Faras-Nama-e Rangln, etc. ;

Editor of the Persian Translation of Hajl Baba and of the Qawaninu's Sayyad, etc. , etc.

s. JJ5

Third Edition.

Calcutta

PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR. 1918.

[All rights reserved].

Calcutta : Printed at the Baptist Mission Press, 41 , Lr. Circular Rd.

TO

THE THIRD PUNJAB CAVALRY, P.F.F. (NOW 23rd CAVALRY, F.F ),

THIS LITTLE BOOK 13 AFFECTIONATELY DEDICATED BY THE AUTHOR.

2004710

PREFACE.

THE success of "Hindustani Stepping-Stones " has induced the author to bring out the present Manual, which is merely a revised edition of the former work with some useful ad- ditions. The "Stepping-Stones" was intended to be read in conjunction with certain portions of Forbes' Manual. As, however, students have complained of the inconveni- ence of using two books, the present Manual has been made complete in itself; no reference to Forbes' Manual is now necessary.

In the present work no word or phrase is used that an uneducated but intelligent native of Delhi does not use ; further, no word or phrase is used that an uneducated but intelligent Muslim of the Punjab does not understand. The author, after completing the work, tested every sentence with an illiterate Punjabi bearer, from the Murree Hills, who has been in his service for more than twenty years ; and any word or phrase not readily understood, was at once erased. Still, the student that masters this little book will be possessed of a vocabulary sufficient for all practical purposes and will have acquired a wealth of idiom that will carry him through even the exercise for the "Proficiency." Special attention has been paid to the many idiomatic meanings of the com- mon everyday verbs, and in the examples given, their mean- ings are nearly, if not quite, exhausted. The student should master the shades of meaning in the various compound verbs, Lessons, 21, etc., and, in his written exercises and in his speech he should practise using these idiomatic intensives, etc., as much as possible. For instance, it is much more

vi PREFACE.

idiomatic to render " to elicit information " by bat nikal- chhorna or nikdlkar rahnd [vide Lesson, 23, (d) and (gr)], than by simple bat nikdlnd. Note too that chhat-lend is "to choose, select," but chhat-dalna " to eliminate." The work has also been based on the recurring mistakes of L.S. and H.S. candidates at the monthly examinations.

Owing to want of space, many of the meanings of the words given in the vocabularies, have not been illustrated in the examples. It is, therefore, the work of the student, with the help of the Munshi, to frame sentences illustrating the missing meanings. Paragraphs in smaller print are not necessary for Lower Standard candidates, and should not therefore be studied till the matter in larger type has been mastered.

The many editions through which Forbes' Manual has passed are a sufficient proof of its popularity. This popularity is largely due to the fact that it is printed in the Roman character. Though the Roman character with its short vowel s and capitals is, for a beginner (especially for the student that wishes to learn the colloquial only), a great advantage, it must be regarded as a go-cart, to be gradually discarded as more and more progress is made. Before the student has mastered this little book, he should be in a position to dis- card the Roman alphabet. To a beginner, it is often an aid to memory, to see a new word written both in the Roman and in the foreign character.

Lastly, the beginner should practise as much as possible aloud, but this subject is fully dealt with in the Introduction that follows.

My thanks are due to Shamsu'l 'Ulama Muhammad Yiisuf Ja'fari, Khan Bahadur, Head Mawlavi, Board of Examiners, for substantial help in the preparation of this little book.

PREFACE. Vii

My acknowledgments are also due to the various grammars and dictionaries, but specially to Forbes and Holroyd.

D. C. P. ). J

CALCUTTA, September, 1910.

NOTE TO SECOND EDITION.

The gratifying welcome accorded to this Manual has in duced me to issue this Second Edition.

LONDON, October, 1913.

NOTE TO THIRD EDITION.

At the suggestion of my pupils, the Nagari character has been added to this Edition, vide Appendix G. Three other Appendices D, E and F have also been added.

D. C. P CAMBRIDGE, 1917.

INTRODUCTION. PART I.

A PRACTICAL METHOD OF ACQUIRING A NEW LANGUAGE.

THERE are several modern schools or systems of acquiring a new language, but the best is probably that of Professor Rosen thai.

Under the old-fashioned system, the student was first taught the grammar. He learnt to decline and conjugate, and was laboriously taught rules and exceptions. He was taught the theory of language, not the language itself. He was then made to study the literature with the aid of a dictionary7, colloquial being generally ignored. After three or four years of such drudgery, not a single student, unless he had been abroad or practised talking with foreigners, was able to carry on the simplest conversation.

If waiters in Continental hotels, who talk English so fluently, be questioned, it will be found that they have acquired all their knowledge by residing in England for frequently not more than six months. Something therefore must be wrong in a system that in several years fails to teach as much as can be picked up without teaching in six months.

Now to learn a new language easily and quickly, it should first be learnt colloquially, the systematic study of grammar

X INTRODUCTION, PART I.

and literature being taken up only when a degree of col- loquial proficiency has been obtained.

The Professor's system is based upon the following facts : — For the first two years or so of its life, an infant listens. It understands a good deal that is said to it, but it does not speak. About the third year, it begins to speak. This shows that, in Nature's method, the ear is the first organ appealed to. The child, however, has to acquire new ideas as well as speech, so its progress is slow. Immigrants into America, who know no English, are at first bewildered by the many foreign sounds. That state of unpleasant mental confusion lasts for two or three weeks. By that time the ear has grown accustomed to a few of the sounds. The phrase heard oftenest, probably connected with eating and drinking and perhaps picked up in a restaurant, is instinctively imitated and a simple phrase such as "Please bring me a beef -steak and potatoes," is acquired. The learner expands this phrase and builds on it, till in a few months only, he is able to speak English fluently, often with perfect accuracy. This is what is going on every day in America, instancing also the truth that languages are learnt by sentences and not by isolated words. Now every organ has a memory. If a person cannot spell a word, he hastily writes it down and finds that the memory in his fingers is better than that in his head. In acquiring a language, more than one organ is brought into use. An actor who learns his part in the quiet of his room, repeating.it over in his own mind till he is word- perfect, finds that at rehearsal he is unable to repeat his part aloud without considerable effort. The reason is that he has learnt by eye only, and has not practised the memory in his tongue and ear.

Bearing all these points in mind: the Professor gives his

INTRODUCTION, PART I. XI

first lessons on a phonograph. The first lesson is a simple but rather long sentence. In a book, this is arranged in tabular form with an interlinear English translation. The beginner, the open page before him, turns on the machine and places the ear-cup to his ear. When the sentence has been delivered by the machine three or four times, the ear will have learnt the accent and the intonation of most of the words, while the eye will have mastered the meaning. The lesson must then be repeated aloud with the machine, and in a short time the tongue and ear will work together. The beginner has drunk in knowledge by several channels at the same time — ear, eye, tongue, and memory. Necessary gram- matical information is imparted with each sentence. After the main sentence with its correct pronunciation has been mastered with the machine, the student should take up, by means of a little book, the study of variations on the main sentence, no word or phrase that the student has not already acquired being used in the variations. He first reads the foreign exercise aloud, and then, looking only at the English side, tries to translate. No effort of memory is to be made. If a word escapes him, he must at once refresh his memory from the page. These short exercises should be repeated at least three or four times a day. " In a few days the phrases will become second nature to the learner. He will no longer think about them but in them." Study, which should not exceed 15 or 20 minutes at a stretch, must always be carried out aloud. Mere repetition imprints the sentences on the ear and memory, in much the same manner as the Morse alphabet is learnt for signalling. Olendorf well knew the value of repetition, and if his ridiculous and inconsequent sentences had not been so repugnant to the youthful mind, his popularity might never have waned.

xii INTRODUCTION, PART I.

A systematic study of the grammar, and exercises in read- ing and writing, can be taken up after the sentences been mastered.

Now as regards the vocabulary and the number of J sons on the phonograph. For Italian, there are only 24 lessons on the phonograph, i.e. there are 24 " records and the vocabulary acquired in these 24 lessons is sufficient for all practical colloquial purposes. The most necessary words are contained in the first lessons. It has been esti- mated that an ordinary English villager, from the day he is born to the day he dies, uses in speech no more than 350 words. (Of course he understands far more). Profes- sor Rosenthal estimates that the average educated man uses 4,000 words in conversation on all general subjects. Lep- sius the Egyptologist limits the necessary vocabulary to 600, while another authority fixes it at 1,500. However, be that as it may, arithmetically speaking, "with 40 words we can form 1,024,000 sentences of 20 words each." (In practice, though, most of these sentences would have to be eliminated owing to the forced and unnatural order of the words).

Now, the natives of India use a larger vocabulary than ordinary English villagers, for not only are they naturally more fluent, but Muslims and Hindus generally use different words for all common objects: for a "key" the former usually say kunji, the latter chabl.

Further, Oriental idiom and thought differ so widely from European, that it would be extremely difficult to arrange, as gramophone records, a series of long sentences (with inter- linear translation) easily intelligible to a beginner. Short sentences, however, could be satisfactorily arranged. As regards idiom, take the simple sentence, "It is a fine day."

INTRODUCTION, PAET I. xill

Now an Englishman by this means "a sunny day," and if he wants to translate this thought he must say, " The sky is cloudless." However, an Indian's idea of a fine day is a "soft day," and the phrase "fine day" calls up in his mind a vision of a drizzly day in spring, a garden, and a summer- house. To talk Hindustani, or to translate it, it is first necessary to think like a Hindustani; and such thought can only be acquired by, first constantly talking with natives and, secondly, by reading their colloquial language, the early reading lessons being written in pure colloquial language. No action is performed well till it is performed unconsciously, and no one knows a foreign language till he can think in it and talk in it unconsciously, i.e. without thinking over the translation. Continental waiters learn to do this in English in six months, and it is absurd to suppose that an Englishman with sufficient education to pass into and out of Sandhurst cannot do the same. What is required is a proper system, and proper teachers. Let the beginner, as far as possible, follow Professor Rosenthal's practical method. A Munshi, who soon tires, is not a good substitute for a gramophone, but still he is the best substitute available, and work with him can be done aloud.

A few words as regards the use 0f the text -book. The old method of preparing, say 30 lines of Virgil, was to give a boy a dictionary and an hour to prepare the task. The boy spent an hour in laboriously looking up every word in a large dictionary and as often as not in selecting the wrong meaning. (Dictionaries are for people who know something of a lan- guage ; not for beginners who cannot even talk). Next, the boy spent an hour in class with a master, a first-class scholar, in unlearning most of what he had acquired in his hour of solitary and painful labour. This is the reason that few

xiv INTRODUCTION, PART I.

grown men who have not been to the Universities, have any real acquaintance with the classics.

The modern system, and a wise system it is, is to use a translation. In an hour, instead of 30 lines, 100 lines are read, and the meaning of the author being intelligibly ex- pressed, is at once understood : nothing has to be unlearnt, and a great deal of the day's lesson sticks in the memory. However, a translation to be of any use must be good ; it must be idiomatic, not literal and bald. With a bald transla- tion, the student is unable to compare the differences in structure of the two languages, while the baldness of the translation nauseates him. Literal translations do more harm than good.

In studying the text-book, too, the easiest portions should be selected and read first. When going over the text-book for the third time, the student should keep the English open before him and read an English sentence first ; the Munshi should then read out aloud the corresponding sentence from the text-book. The advantage of this will soon be apparent.

A beginner must recollect that the minds, of illiterate people usually work slowly, and that however well he speaks, he has probably a strong foreign accent. When driving in a tam-tam, do -not suddenly turn round and ask a question from the sais. First call to him and wake him out of his reverie, and then put your question.

When I first landed in India, I remember walking on the fringe of Lucknow Cantonments with a noted oriental scholar, whose instructive conversation had been making a deep im- pression on my mind. He suddenly turned to a squatting villager and said: "Are there any black partridges about this spot ? " To me, newly landed, the question seemed a

INTRODUCTION. PART I. XV

natural one ; for I of course thought that tigers could be shot on the outskirts of cities, though for elephants it might be necessary to make a long journey of several hours. To the villager, the question seemed appalling ; it acted like a spell, for he refused even to open, or rather to shut, his mouth. Now, admitting that "the fool didn't know his own langu- age," what would be your first thought if you were suddenly stopped in Piccadilhr by a Chinaman and asked if you could direct him to the nearest grouse-moor ?

With some of the more vigorous and alert villagers of the North, extreme caution is unnecessary, but even in dealing with these it is advisable to lead gradually up to a subject, first asking the villager his name, then the name of his village, etc. Study, too, the way natives express the simplest sen- tences ; for idiom consists in using simple expressions as a native does, and not as most candidates imagine, in collecting and learning by heart out-of-the-way words or expressions such as "to become camphor" and "the parrot of my hand flew away." Why write, "These two rocks exhibit con- siderable petrological consanguinity to each other," ' when you can express the same idea by some such simple and idiomatic sentence as " These rocks are very much alike" ? The other day an engaging-looking European suddenly put his head into my railway-carriage and said : "Are you alone in here ? " His English was perfect, still I at once decided he was a foreigner, for an Englishman would probably have said "Is there only one in this carriage ? " My questioner, it turned out, hailed from America, though he had no American accent.

A native, squatting by the roadside, might be asked what

1 This sentence actually occurs in a certain Government report.

Xvi INTRODUCTION. PART I.

he was doing. He would probably reply: "I am doing nothing," and such a sentence would certainly be rendered by a H. S. candidate, Mai kuchh nahl karta hti. The native idiom, however, would be [Mai] Aise hi baitha M "I'm just seated like this."

Those interested in the modern methods of studying languages should refer to Professor Rosenthal's pamphlet, from which I have so freely borrowed.

D. C. P. CALCUTTA, ~i

September 1910. J

INTRODUCTION. PART II.

THE HINDUSTANI ALPHABET AND THE SYS- TEM OF TRANSLITERATION FOLLOWED IN THIS BOOK.

URDU, like Persian and Arabic, is written and read from right to left, and the first page of an Urdu book would usually be the last page of an English book.

i n '.

COMBINED FOBM.

MJG- Kame. j tached • form. 1	L rau» - liter- ation.		Pronunciation.
Final.	Medial.	Initial.
alif	]	a, etc.	t	1	t	this at the commence-
						ment of a word is a
						mere prop for the
						letter hamza, and has
						no sound of itself;
						after a consonant it
						serves merely to pro- long the vowel fatkah.
be	V	6	V	*	•r. '.	as in English.
pe	V	P	<«*	A	^	as in English.
te	0	t	hfi*	1	r">	a soft dental, like the t
						in the Italian words
						sotto. petto.
ta	£.	t	* I	tr J	something like the t in
						tin-tack. 'Vide' (1),
						p. xxiii.

INTRODUCTION, PAHT 11.

Name.	De- tached form.	Trans- liter- ation.	OOMBINJBD FORM.	Pronunciation.
Final.	Mfdial.	Initial
se	A S	^	A	Jl	like s in st7.
jim	£	j	t	91	*	like j in ?'az7.
die	£	ch		»	a.	like ch in church.
he	r	h	f	aR	*	a strong aspirate, some- thing like the h in huae.
khe	j- M	f	». s.	guttural, like the Scotch
		C		ch in Zoc^.
dal	* d	j*.	> ,5	soft dental.
da	3 d	3-	a 3	something like the d
					in dog ; ' vide' (1), p.
					xxiii.
zdl	^>	z	&	A i	as in zeal.
re	;	r	j	^ ;	a distinct lingual like
					the French r.
ra	3	r	J	> 3	a hard r ; 'vide' (6), p.
					xxiii.
ze	3	z	J-	J1 J	as in zeal.
zhe	J	zh	}	> J	like the z in azure.
sin	e*»	s	LT	- *.	as in sit.
shin	uS	sh	(_f	^ ^,	as in s^ttf.
sad
	O*5	s	LJ^	«a ^,	as in sit.
zad	L>	z	0^	-i ^	as in sea?.
toe	•fc	t	t	t J,	like t in iie.
zoe	j»		jf.	L •*
		. "		Ja S>	as in zeal.
'ayn ^		t	*• c	a guttural ( consonant) .
lhayn\ i	yh	e	A	£	a guttural, something like the g in the Ger-
.1					man word sagen.

INTRODUCTION, PART II.

De-	Trans -	GOMBlNtJl iOKU.
Name	t ached	liter-
	form.					r^ o uucia ion.
			Final.	Medial.	Initial.
fe	«J	/	(_ft	&	*	as in fin.
qaf	«3	q	<>	a	ji	like ck in ,<tfwc&, pro-
						nounced very gut-
						turally.
kaf	^J	k &	i: r	as in English.
gaf	J	9	Ji	i	t	hard, as in give.
lam J	I	J	i J	as in lane : often more
					dental than in Eng-
				lish.
mim /•	m \ r	-^*	/o	as in English.
nun &	n v	i	**	sometimes as in Eng-
				lish but often more
					dental ; sometimes
					nasally, vide (14), p.
				xxiii.
waw )	w,etc. y	^	3	as hi war, at the begin-
				ning of a word or
				syllable.
he »	h *	t«	A	as in hand ; vide (15), p.
				xxiii.
ye <JT	y, etc. ^	i	«.i	as in yard, at the begin-
			ning of a word or syl-
					lable.

All these letters in Arabic are consonants. There are also three short vowels: a ( _^_ ), i ( "7 ) and u ( _L ). The a and u are written (or understood) over the consonant to which they may belong, the i under; and they are pro- nounced after their consonant.1

In practice the short vowels are seldom written or printed.

xx INTRODUCTION, PART II.

Alif ( t ) at the beginning of a syllable is. practically speak- ing, merely a prop for a short vowel..

The consonants t - j ^ are weak consonants or semi-vowels, and are allied respectively to the short vowels a, u, and i. When a weak consonant is preceded by its allied short vowel, it becomes a letter of prolongation, i.e. it prolongs the short vowel, or, in other words, it ceases to be a consonant, but com- bines with its short vowel to form a long vowel. In this case it is equivalent to a long accent over a vowel in the Roman character.

Supposing it is desired to transliterate bd into the Persian character. First take the consonant v ; *nen mark it with its vowel, i.e. a ; lastly, to show that the sound of the vowel is prolonged, add the weak consonant that is allied to the vowel a, viz. alif, thus ^ ; here alif is no longer a consonant but is merely the long accent over a.

When a weak consonant is preceded by an unallied short vowel, the two form a diphthong (Hindi).

When a consonant has no vowel, it is " silent." and is pointed with a jazm, which is like a circumflex accent ( _A_ or _^_ ), i.e. speaking practically, when two consonants come together, the first is pointed with the jazm. When a consonant is doubled, it has the mark tashdtd ( * ) placed over it.

The following examples illustrate the system of transliter- ating the vowels and diphthongs. It will be noticed that whenever a Hindustani word begins with what is considered a vowel in English, the first letter is always the consonant alif :—

wt ab now, «Jf ag fire, X <j»[ is ka of its, his, *<&>[ Ikli sugar-

INTRODUCTION, PART II.

cane, «-X>l ek one, K ^ us ka of that, his, ^"f ud otter,

s

os dew, L~J| aisa such, ;y crar (or awr) and,

jj-j 6as enough, ctb 6aZ word, i- be (prep.) without, cw din day, n*!i> dm religion. ^ ^ ?^6» lady, ^ lo take ye, «^-» bed

t ^9

willow, cuJ but idol, ->J^ 6wd f. drop, *~»^> 6osa kiss, ^j bu scent (in Urdu, j> bo). <J*J bail (really bayl1) "ox," ^L ^a» "is," ^ hi (an emphatic particle), J^J baul ( or 6«t<;/) urine, j~* sau (saw*) a hundred.

The letter 'ayn (^ 8) :—

Jlic 'agZ sense, unite 'adat habit, ^JLc 't7m knowledge, «x^ 7«!

*

A/ ^

religious festival, _>w> 'wwrage, ^* 'ud aloes, w*j.c 'a*6 * defect..

o;y= 'aural6 woman, •>*? 6a'd after, t***mi'da (Ar.) stomach.

/

g>»«/o mu'jiza miracle, ^_^ s^ar' sacred law, gl-o zt7' district,

' ^

aUi shu'a' rays of the sun, fj^j rai')?' name of a month, ?yLt>

^w?w' rising of the sun.

This system of transliteration is that employed in most grammars and dictionaries. It is not, however, quite logical.

I But in the Nagari character it is bail.

* But in transliterating from the NagarT character sau would be correct.

* This consonant is represented by an inverted comma above the line. * Or 'ayb 5 Or 'atvrat.

Xxii INTRODUCTION, PART II.

For instance, v** an^ &)}* should be transliterated 'uyb and 'awrat, for ^ and 3 are consonants, except when they are letters of prolongation (i.e. equivalent to a long accent over a Roman vowel) .

According to Arab grammarians, a syllable cannot begin with a vowel. Hamzah ( ? and f ), the first letter of their alphabet, is not a vowel, vide Appendix D. No syllable in Arabic can begin with two consonants; Smith becomes Ismith. In Hindi, however, some words do begin with two or more consonants, as : stri " woman."

PRONUNCIATION.

(1) The hard letters t ( & } and th ( *«> , d ( 5 ) and dh ( 4*5 ), and r ( } } and rh ( **j ) are peculiar to Hindi. Any word containing a hard letter is therefore Hindi. So, too, are the soft compounds ph ( A$J \ th • &#> ), dh ( &*s ) and chh ( £«* ).

(2) The letter zh ( $ ) is peculiar to Persian. The letters p ( sj ). ch ( g ), and g ( ^ ) are common to Hindi and Persian.

(3) The letters s ( £• ), h ( c ), M ( £ )• s (•>'),?( u° >- z ( u« ), « ( i ), 2 ( £ ). '( £ ), and 9 or & ( i5 ). are peculiar to Arabic.

(4) Hamza ( * ), which in Arabic is in reality an additional letter with a peculiar sound of its own, is in Urdu generally the equivalent of a hyphen, as : Fd,ida 8^l» [fa-ida] :; bene- fit" ; ;a,o V^- [fa-o] "go." Vide Appendix D.

(5) When enunciating the Urdu soft sounds t, d,1 and their compounds th and dh, the tip of the tongue should touch the upper front teeth. When, however, pronouncing the corresponding hard letters, the underside of the tip of the tongue should touch the palate above the upper front teeth.

(6) When pronouncing r ( j ,3 the tip of the tongue must be turned much farther back, so that the underneath may strike the roof of the mouth.

1 In a few Persian words, £ is sometimes found, as in ^

2 These two letters are properly softer and more dental than the corresponding English letters.

3 The letter r is not found at the beginning of a word, nor is it ever doubled.

xxiv PRONUNCIATION.

Soft r 0) is a lingual as in French.

(7) £» 5, cr *, u° ?> are ™ Urdu homophones, though not so in Arabic. They are all pronounced like the a in ait.1

(8) c fc is often pronounced like » A, but should be more guttural than the h in huge.

(9) i 2, 3 z, i> ?, * z are in Urdu homophones and are pro- nounced like the z in zeal.{

(10) t is a strong palatal, but vulgarly is pronounced like

(11) a (') is a strong guttural (consonant), difficult for a European to distinguish. The Indians and the Persians pronounce it differently from each other, but neither pro- nounce it as do the Arabs.

(12) i gh. is a guttural g accompanied by a rattling. The r in the French grasseye is an approximation only.

(13) <3 <? is a strong guttural, like the ck in stuck when pro- nounced in the throat.

(14) o n as in not but more dental. In certain cases it is nasal as in the French bon (Vide Appendix F). In Urdu a final nasal n may be distinguished by the omission of its dot, as u In the Roman character nasal n is generally transliterated n or ~ . in this edition by the latter sign. Be- fore b and p, it is often pronounced ra. (There is practically no nasal n in Persian and Arabic).

(15) X h as in hand. As a final letter in Urdu and Persian (not in Arabic) * generally ' silent ' or ' imperceptible ' and is then pronounced like a, as : *il^ khanci. »AXJ banda. It is

I In reading the Qur'an, an attempt is made to give these letters their Arabic pronunciation.

* There is no silent h in Arabic. The aspirated final h of Arabic becomes a in Persian and Urdu, thus tnalikah "queen" becomes malika.

PRONUNCIATION. XXV

aspirated in such words as »t; rah "way. road," »^ shah "king," *Ji dih " village," and their contracted forms *> rah, A«» shah, »i dih. This letter is generally written in its "butterfly" form when used to aspirate the consonants b, p, t, t, j, d. d, r, k, g,} as in ^V bhi " also " : but in its ' hang- ing ' form when a separate letter, as ^. bihl " quince." This convention is not universal.

(16) y w or v. In a few Persian words, it is silent ^"de- viated ") after a £ kh, as : *tj^- khwdh " whether," ^^ khtid

"self," i-fy^- Wdrak "food." It is also used to prolong

/ the short vowel u as in y bu. Further it is made to do

duty for the Hindi vowel o.2 which is not found in the Arabic alphabet.

(17) The Hindi letter chh (in Urdu a double letter &#*.) is an aspirated ch as in the English ivatch-him pronounced without a hyphen.

(18) <j> y as in yard. It is also used to prolong the short vowel i as in ^ bi. Further it is made to do duty for the Hindi vowel e 2 ( *Z), for which there is no equivalent in the Arabic alphabet.

(19) These letters should be practised, i.e. pronounced aloud, at first under the direction of a Munshi. In a short time, not only will their pronunciation cease to be an effort to the tongue, but the ear also will learn to distinguish the

1 These strongly aspirated consonants (Hindi) are in the Nagari character single letters and not compounds as in Urdu. If the Eng- lish word up-hill be pronounced uph-ill, the sound of ^j (15) ph can be ascertained.

* There is no o or e sound in Arabic. When the Persians adopted the Arabic character, they extended the use of the consonants j and ^ to represent the sounds "unknown" to Arabs, viz. o and e. In modern Persian, however, these sounds no longer exist, their place being taken by u and I.

xxvj PRONUNCIATION.

difference in sound, and thus many spelling mistakes (which are frequently mistakes of pronunciation) will be avoided.

(20) The short vowel a is pronounced like the u in the English word " gun " ; i as in " fin " ; u as in " put " ; a as in "father": i as in "marine"; u as the doubled o in " boot " ; e as in " they " ; o as in " go." The Hindi diph- thongs ai ' and an l as the ai in " aisle " when pronounced as a diphthong and as ow in " how," but vulgarly more like o or the aw in chaw.

(21) Pronounce every syllable and every letter of each word : say sa-kib, and not saib or sdhb. Above all, do not shorten a final short vowel that should be long : say pant and kawwa, and not pant and kawwa or worse still kawa. Accent is less strong than in English and is subordinate to quantity.

(22) The same consonant doubled must always be pro- nounced twice as pat-ta m. "leaf." In Urdu, a consonant that is doubled is written once only. The mark tashdid

" strengthening," may be placed over it to indicate it is

di •"

doubled, as in lL. Say pat-thar j%^t ("stone") and not

path-ar. Vide also Appendix G.

(23) When a consonant is ' quiescent,' that is when it is not followed by a short vowel, it may have the sign ° or *

O '

placed over it. as in «X»~A> masjid " mosque."

l Note that the diphthongs are Hindi, and are represented in the Persian character by the equivalents of ay and aw. Vide also Appen- dix G

HINDUSTANI MANUAL.

INTRODUCTORY GRAMMATICAL NOTES.

I. ARTICLE.

Hindustani has no word which corresponds exactly with our definite article the : occasionally, the demonstrative pro- nouns yih "this," and wuh "that," are employed as articles. The place of our indefinite article a or an is supplied by the numeral ek "one," or by the definite pronoun ko,l "some, a certain" ; thus, ek adrm or ko,i adml "a man, some man, or a certain man."

II. SUBSTANTIVES.

(a) — Gender. — All substantives are either masculine or feminine, except a few which are of both genders. Males are masculine., and females feminine. With regard to life- less things, practice must determine their gender. As a general rule, however, all abstract nouns and names of things and irrational beings ending in » are feminine ; those in t are also feminine., if derived from Arabic roots; and those in ish, if derived from Persian verbal roots. All nouns in t and ish, not restricted as above., and all nouns in sh, are uncertain. (Paw, water, ghi, clarified butter, daht curd, hathi, elephant, mott, a pearl, and jl, mind, are mas- culine).

2 HINDUSTANI MANUAL.

(b)—Declen.non.—The various cases are expressed by means of terminations, called postpositions. These answer the same purpose as our prepositions. The following scheme shows the postpositions and their signification. One example will suffice for all substantives.

Declension of a Hindustani Noun.

Singular. Plural.

Nominative (and Ace.) mard.1 mard, men, the men.

man, the man.

Genitive mard-ka, -ke, -H, of mardd-ka, -ke, -«, ot

man.

Dative and Ace mard-ko, to mardo-ko, to etc.

man. or man.

Ablative mard-se, from or with mardo-se, from etc.

\ man.

f mard-me, in man. mardo-me, in etc.

J£ ) mard-par, on man. mardo-par, on etc. •— j *

(. mard-tak, up to man. mardo-tak. up to etc. Agent mard-ne, by man. mardo-ne, by etc.

\Vocative ay mard, 0 man. ay mardo, 0 men.

(c)— The above example with slight modifications is appli- cable to all the substantives of the language. It will be observed that the nominative singular mard remains unaltered as a root. The nominative plural is the same as the singular. The vocative plural always ends in o, having dropped the nasal n ( ~ ) of the preceding cases.

1 For pronunciation, vide Introduction Part II.

SUBSTANTIVES.

Exception 1.— Feminine nouns (even some ending in 5) are declined exactly like mard, except that they add the syllable e in the nominative plural, or a if the singular ends in ? (or u Hindi); thus, mez "a table"; nom. plural meze; bu.at bo P. "odour," pi. bH,e; roil "bread, a loaf"; nominative plural, rotiya.* In the oblique cases plural, they add 5 as in the example already given; thus, mezo Ico, to the tables, rotiyo-se, from the loaves. A few peculiarities are dealt with in Lesson 53.

Exception 2.— Masculine nouns ending in a or a, if purely Indian, and many masculines ending in the unmarked a or imperceptible h (by Hindus often written with a long a), change their final vowel into e in the oblique cases singular and nominative plural, and into 5 for the oblique cases plural. Thus, kuttd "a dog"; gen. sing, kutte-kd, -ke, -kt : voc. sing. ay kutte : nom. plur. kutte ; gen. plur. etc. kutto-ka, -ke, -ki ; voc. plur. ay kutto: baniya'1 "grain-merchant"; gen sing' baniye kd ; nom. plur. baniye'; gen plur. baniyo kd. So, banda&sl&ve; gen. sing, bande-kd, -ke, -ki: nom. plural bande ; gen. bando-kd, etc. Masculine nouns in d, not purely Hindi, but borrowed from the Arabic, Persian, or Sanskrit, are not necessarily subject to this inflection. For example, da,na P. "a sage," pita S. "a father," are not inflected; the gen. sing, is ddnd-kd, etc. ; nom. plur. ddnd ; gen. plur. dana,o kd, etc. Again dddd, paternal grandfather, may or may not be inflected as : gen. sing, ddde-kd or dadd-kd ; plur. dddo-kd or dddd,o-kd; etc. ; but the inflected form is now rarely used Vide also L. 59.

1 Note this euphonic change from I in the sing, to iya. Masculine nouns in * make no change for the nom. plur., as: moti nom. sing, and plur. ; gen. plur. motiyd ka. 2 Or baniya.

4 HINDUSTANI MANUAL.

(d) The nominative can always be used as a vocative, as : kutta "0 dog," instead of ay (or ai) kutte.

Remark. — In Hindi ta,l is sometimes substituted for ko, and talak or tori or Id for tak.

III. ADJECTIVES.

(a) — Adjectives are generally placed before their substan- tives and agree with them in gender. Adjectives ending in any letter except a, are indeclinable Bechari (f.) is an ex- ception to this rule.

(6) — The termination a is used before a masculine noun only, and in the nominative case singular (or the accusative case, if under the nominative form). The termination e is used before a substantive masculine, in any case singular, where a postposition or interjection is used or understood, or before any masculine in the plural number. Lastly, i is used always before a feminine noun. Thus, bara ghar "a large house"; bare ghar ka "of a large house"; plur bare ghar, "large houses " ; bare gharo par "on the large houses." Again, kitab "a book," being feminine, we say, bari kitab " a large book "; ban kitab me, " in a large book " ; ban kitabe " large books," etc. Adjectives purely Arabic, Persian, or Sanskrit, and ending in a, are not necessarily subject to any change or inflection.

(e) — In like manner, the genitive case of a noun or pro- noun generally precedes the word which governs it; and the use of ka, ke, or H; ra, re, or n; and na, ne, or m, in the formation of such genitives, is determined by the same rule that regulates the a. e and I of the adjective. Hence, in Hindustani, the application of all genitives, nouns

PRONOUNS. D

and pronouns, is precisely that of the declinable adjective ; thus, mard ka is used when the noun belonging to it is mascuKne. and in the nom case singular ; as. mard ka beta, mard ka ghora, etc " the man's son, horse," etc. When the word belonging to mard is masculine, but not in the nom. singular (or the sing. ace. form without ko), then ke must be used; as, mard ke bete ko, "to the man's son"; mard ke beto ko "to the man's sons." When the word be- longing to mard is feminine, in all cases H is used ; as. mard H joru "the man's wife"; mard ki beti ko "to the man's daughter " ; mard H betiyfi, '•' the man's daughters."

(d) — In English, when we use the verb 'to be' in making an assertion, we put the nominative first, then the verb, and lastly the thing asserted : as, ' my father is wise ' ; ' that man is ignorant.' In Hindustani the rule is. first the nomi- native, then the thing asserted, and last of all the verb ; thus, mera bap dJana hai " my father wise is " ; so wuh admi nd dan hai, " that man ignorant is."

IV. PRONOUNS.

(a) — The personal pronouns are thus declined : — Sing. First Person. Plur.

Nom. mat, I, ham (always m.), we.

Gen. mera, mere, men, " ham-drd, -are, -art.

D. and A. mujh-ko or mujhe, ham-ko, or -e.

Ab. mujh-se, ham-se.

Loc. mujh-me, -par, -tak. ham-me, -par, -tak.

Agt. mai-ne, ham-ne.

6 HINDUSTANI MANUAL.

Sing Second Person. Plur.

Norn. tu, turn, you.

Gen. tera, tere, ten, tum-hara. -hare, -hari.

D. and A tujh-ko or tujhe, tum-ko or, -he.

Ab tujh-se, tum-se.

LOG. tujh-me, -par, -tak, tum-me, -par, -tak.

Agt. tu-ne, tum-ne.

(b) — It will be observed that the first and second personal pronouns, 'I' and 'thou,' have a declension peculiar to themselves.

In the first place, the gen. sing, ends in ra, re, ri, and the gen. plur. in ara or hara, are or hare, an or hari instead of the ka, ke, kl of the substantives. The other cases singular are formed by adding the requisite postpositions to the oblique forms or inflections mujh and tujh ; at the same time, the dative and accus. may optionally add ko or e. The cases denoting the agent sing, are formed by adding ne to the nom., as, mal-ne and tu-ne, and not mujh-ne, etc.1

(c) — The rest of the pronouns are simple in their declen- sion ; all that is requisite is to remember the nom. and oblique form or inflection of each ; thus, yih, he, etc., inflect, is-ka. ke, -kl.

Sing. Third Person. Plur.

Nom. yih? he, she, it, or this, yih (old ye) they, these.

Gen. is-ka, -ke, -H, in-kd, ke, -kl.

Dat. is-ko or is-e. in-ko, or inhe.

1 But when a noun in apposition comes after mat and tu, they are changed into mujh and tujh, as mujh ghar'tb ne ; tujh nadan ne.

2 Properly yah and wah ; compare yaha "here" and waha "there."

PRONOUNS. ?

Sing. Third Person. Plur.

Ac. yih, is-ko, or is-e. yih. in-ko, inhe

Ab. is-se. in-se.

LOG is-me, -par, -tak, in-me, -par, -tak.

Agt. is-ne, inho-ne.

(d) — Exactly like yih are declined the four following pro- nouns. It will be sufficient here to give the nominative and inflection of each, singular and plural.

Nom ivuh,1 he, she, it, that. wuh (old we), they or

those. Inflec. us-kd, -ke, kl. etc., un-? -kd, -ke, -H

Interrogative.

Nom. kaun, who ? kaun, who ?

Inflec. kis-kd, -ke, -kl, etc., kin-kd, -ke, -H.

Relative.

Nom. jo, he who, etc., jo, they who.

Inflec. jis-kd, -ke, -H, etc., jin-kd, -ke, -In.

Correlative.

Nom. so 8 (old) that same, so (old) those same

Inflec. tis-kd, -ke -ki, etc. tin-led, -ke. -H.

(old): (old).

1 Properly yah and wah ; compare yaha "here" and waha "there.

2 Agent case, unhd ne ; and jinhd ne.

3 In Modern Urdu wuh is used.

8 HINDUSTANI MANUAL.

(e) — The following interrogative is applicable, either to the singular or plural : — Nom. kya, what ? : Inflec. kdhe-kd, -ke, -fce, of what ? etc.

In pure Urdu, however, the oblique cases of kaun are used for those of kya. The forms, kdhe-kd, and kdhe-ko, may occasionally occur, but not the others.

(/) — The word dp. self, gives, as a possessive adjective, ap-nd, -ne. -m "of or relating to self, own." The word dp is also employed when addressing respectable persons of any position in life, or speaking of a superior, in the sense of Your Honour. Your Worship, His Honour, etc. Vide L. 31.

(g) — The indefinites are ko,i, and kuchh "some, a, any." The inflection of ko,i is kisi or kisu, of which kisu is the older form. The plural is ka,i (or kaj, ek) "some, several." To these may be added har, or har-ek " every," which has no inflection. Sab "every, or all," when accompanied by its substantive, is indeclinable; but when used by itself, in an emphatic sense, it has sabho (or sab) for the oblique cases plural; as, sab log kahte hoi "all people say"; sabho ne kahd "by all it was said" ; but in modern Urdu sab ne or sabhi ne kahd is preferred. The compound jo-ko,l " whoso- ever." has a double inflection, jis-kisi-kd, -ke, -kl.

V. VERBS.

(a)— The Hindustani verb is very regular. The accent always falls on the root syllable, as : gir-nd. The infinitive or verbal noun always ends in m; as girna "to fall," also "falling" — a masculine noun subject to inflection ; as, girne kd "of falling"; girne ko "to" or "for, falling." Bv

VERBS. 9

striking off the syllable nd, we have the root of the verb, which is also the second person singular of the imperative ; as, gir "fall thou." By changing nd into td we have the present participle, as: girtd (hu.d) "falling," By leaving out the n of the infinitive we have the past participle, as : gird (hu,d) "fallen." But when either of the long vowels a or o precedes the nd ; the n is changed into y ; as land " to bring," Idyd "brought." From these three principal parts of the verb, viz. gir, girtd and gird, all the other parts are formed, either by the addition of terminations or by means of the following two auxiliary tenses : —

1st. PRESENT TENSE.

1. mat hu, I am. Jiam hat, we are.

2. tu hai, thou art, ' turn ho, you are.

3. wuh hai, he, she, or it is. wuh hai, they are.

2nd. PAST TENSE.

1. mai thd or thi,1 I was. ham the* we were.

2. tu thd or thi,1 thou wast. turn the or thl,1 you were.

3. wuh thd or thl,1 he, she wuh the or thl,1 they were.

or it was.

(6) — In the first of the tenses there is no distinction between the masculine and feminine, but in the second or past tense, the forms thd and the are masculine, and thi and thl are feminine. Tn the first person plural, the* is also used for the feminine instead of thl. It is a universal rule, that except in the Aorist and the Imperative, the verb agrees with its nominative in gender as well as in number ; thus, the

l Thl and thi feminine. * Ham is always masc,

10 HINDUSTANI MANUAL.

masculine singular is a, the feminine singular is I, the masc. plur. e, and the fern. plur. ! (contracted for iya). As a general rule, it is sufficient to add the nasal n ( ~ ) to the last word of the feminines in the plural ; as, girtl thl, not girffi thV

VI. ADVERBS.

(a)— Adverbs present little difficulty. The following are a few examples: Aj, "to-day"; kal, "yesterday"; turant. "quickly"; jhat, "instantly": yaha, "here." These are original Hindi.

(&) — Some prepositions are also adverbs : as, age " ahead " ; (but as a preposition "in front of"). [In VII it will be seen that prepositions are really substantives].

(c) — Zor se, Urdu, "by force "= ba-zor, Persian, which latter also occurs in Urdu: dur tak, "far"; ban dwdz se, "loudly." These are substantives with a preposition or postposition.

(d) — Rat din (Hindi) or shab o roz (Persian) "night and day," i.e. all the 24 hours ; roz roz (or har roz) "every day " ; zabardasti [se] " by force " ; jaldl [se] = jald " quickly." These are merely substantives.

(e)—J<M. " quickly " : dur, " far " ; wuh bard phurtlld hai, "he is very smart, active." These are simply adjectives. Vide L. 61 (c).

(/)— The adjectives aisd, waisd, Una, jitnd (uninflected), etc., are also used as adverbs qualifying verbs, as : jaisd kiyd waisd pdyd= " as he sowed, so he reaped." Sometimes they are inflected adverbially, as : aise, waise, etc.

1 For paradigm of verb vide Lesson 7.

PREPOSITIONS 11

(g) — Niz, "also"; hamesha, "always" : ahistaahisa, "slowly, silently " ; rafta rafta, " by degrees." These are real Persian adverbs.

(h) — Ittifdq-an. " b}^ chance," is an Arabic substantive in the Ar. ace. case.

(i) — Adjectives in ana. are especially adverbial : as, Sipa- hiyana "soldier-like, in a soldierly manner": shahdna, "royal; in a royal manner."

(j) — The Con j . Participle is sometimes adverbial: as, Jan bujhkar. " knowingly, on purpose"; is se barh-kar, "more than this " ; dthupke ana, " to come secretly." [Dida o ddnistaP. "on purpose."]

(k) — Other adverbs are ab kl daf'a, " this time " ; aur kahl, "some- where else" ; jaha kahl, " wherever" ; kahl no kahl, " somewhere or other"; kdbhl nahi, "never"; kabhi kabhl, "sometimes"; fab kabhi, " whenever " ; kabhi na kabhl, " at some time or other." Vide also L. 61 (c) (4).

VII. PREPOSITIONS.

(a) — Strictly speaking there are none. Their place is taken by masculine and feminine nouns followed by a postposition sometimes expressed but usually understood. Thus, ghar he age, "before the house" really stands for ghar ke age me, "in the front of the house." This explains why some prepositions are masculine and some feminine.

(6) — Prepositions may precede or follow the nouns they govern, and occasionally when they follow their noun, the postposition ke or H that precedes them is omitted, as : us pas, for uske pas. The ke is usually omitted before par, " across, the other side."

(c) — Manand, "like," if it precedes its noun, is masculine and takes ke ; if it follows, it is feminine and takes H.

12 HINDUSTANI MANUAL.

(^) — Us ke sdth or — hamrah means "in company with him," but us ke samet = " taking him along with (me)": samet is used of lifeless things, animals, children, servants, prisoners, etc. ; it cannot be applied to superiors. Sipdhl paltan ke sath (not samet} gayd. Mai naukar samet (or ke sdth) gayd. Sath and hamrah are never used for lifeless things.

(e) — A few Persian and Arabic prepositions occur. These precede their substantive, which remains in the nominative form, as : be-hukm " without an order " ; be-chdra " helpless."

Hindi nouns in a are, however, inflected, as : be-samjhe ' " without understanding (it) " ; be-thikdne " without trace."

(/) — The Hind! preposition or postposition bind, contracted bin, usually precedes (but may follow) an inflected noun as : bin samjhe1 "without understanding"; bin ddne pdm = "without food"; bin jane1 adv. "without knowing, un- willingly."

Bin is also a negative prefix, as : bin-boyd, adj. " unsown."

VIII. INTERJECTIONS.

The following are common :—Shdbdsh " well-done ! " (ad- miration); kyd khubl "how excellent!" (astonishment and denial) ; wdh wdh ! (for admiration and astonishment) : lo and lijiye (lit. " take ") = " lo ! ", " behold ! ", and, " hulloa ! " ; hai "hulloa!" (surprise); hay hay "alas!" but hai hai "what a pity!", "what a difficulty!" and also "alas!"; chhi chhi 4 " fie fie ! " ; " uff ! (expresses disgust) ; uh " I don't care ! "

here Pa8t P"*'01'?168 (inflected), used as among8t half-ca8tes; hence "the chhi chhl

LESSON 1.

13

Mard, m. Admi, m.

Insan, m. Bat, f.

Bat-chit, f. Khayal, m.1

Safed, adj. i, f.

P*Za, adj., Hindi.

Pila-pan? m., Hindi. Zard, Persian. Zardi, f., Persian.

Razi, adj. Na-rdz, adj.

LESSON 1.

Man (as opposed to woman). A human being (from Adam) ;

sometimes a servant; vulg.

husband or wife.

Man (in the sense of man- kind).

A word, talking ; matter,

affair. Conversation.

Idea, thought ; imagination (and hence mind).

White.

Whiteness ; whitewash ; also the white of an egg.

Yellow ; also pale from sick- ness, etc.

Yellowness. Yellow.

Yellowness; also the yolk (of an egg).

Pleased, satisfied ; (in Punjab also well, in good health).

Displeased, dissatisfied.

1 Vulgarly MiiyaL The short vowels, especially of Arabic words are often incorrectly pronounced in Urdu.

2 All nouns ending in pan (= English —ness) are masculine.

14 HINDUSTANI MANUAL.

Raza-mandi, f. Consent.

'A jab, adj. Strange (also as an expression

of astonishment).

Wonderful, strange, rare. Wonder, astonishment.

An atom ; a little ; please ; just.

'A jib, adj. Ta'ajjub, m. subs.

Zarra, subs., adj., and adv.

(when used as an adjective

pronounced zara). Zara-sa, adj. Su,l, f.

Gharl, f. Gora, adj.

Chauki, f. Pdya, m.

Hisab, m Wildyat, f .

Wilayati, adj.

Lambd, adj. Lamba,i, f. , adj.

A smallish quantity.

A needle : also the hand of a watch.

Watch.

Fair ; hence a British soldier

or sailor. Chair, bench ; also a police

outpost.

A leg of a chair, table, etc. ; a pillar; also leg of a slaughtered animal (used as food).

Account, reckoning.

A foreign country; hence Kabul; hence also England

English; also belonging to

Kabul. Long. Length. Short, or small.

LESSON 1.

Bal, m., used in sing, or pi. Hair.

Ma'lum, Ar., past part, (from What is known, known

15

'Urn, knowledge). Chihra, m. Khidmat, f. Khidmat-gar, m.

Iman, m.

Be-tman, adj. Be-din, adj. Diyanat, f . Diyanat-dar , adj. Bad-diyanat, adj.

(used for abstract ideas only).

Countenance.

Service.

Any personal servant ; (a- mongst Europeans) a table- servant.

Trust ; religious belief ; honesty.

(Lit. without faith), dishonest.

Without religion, irreligious.

Honesty.

Honest.

Dishonest.

Qissa, Ar., m., Kahani, H., f. Tale, story, narrative.

Ki, conj.

To,1 conj. and adv.

Nahl to, conj. Afsos, subs., m. Afsos! inter j. Pasand, adj. and subs. Na-pasandi, f.

That.

Then, in that case ; at least ; as for ; I admit ; also used as a correlative of agar and jab.

Otherwise.

Sorrow, grief.

Alas!

Approved, liked: approval.

Disapproval.

1 Often use 1 as a particle of emphasis ; there is no exact equiva- lent in English. The use of this very idiomatic particle can be learnt from the examples.

lft HINDUSTANI MANUAL.

Andesha, pi. andeshe, m. Anxiety, anxious thought.

J-Or, f. (and m.) Thought, reaction, and

sometimes = andesha.

RanjS no pi., m. Grief, sorrow, pain of mind,

displeasure.

- . Your Honour (requires a verb

in the third person plural). Kam. Work., business.

Shikayat, f Complaint, accusation ; (also

in high Urdu, ailment).

Bhari. adj. Heavy; important, serious.

Der, f. subs., and adj. Late ; lateness ; delay

Deri, f . subs, (nob good Urdu) . Lateness. Itnl der me. In the meanwhile ; while this

was going on.

Ear, pron. Every, each.

Ear ek, pron. Each one.

Risala? pi. risdle, m. Native cavalry ; a pamphlet.

Ab. Now.

Abhi. This very moment.

Larnd (kin se) . To fight (with).

And, int. To come.

Taiydr, adj. Ready, prepared.

Hdzir, adj. Present.

Sdth (sang), prep, and subs. With ; accompaniment.

' Ranj aur gharri, sing. = various kinds of affliction.

2 Most nouns ending in the silent Persian h are masculine.

LESSON 2.

17

Banda, pi. bande, m. ; (fern, bandi and bdndi).

Khudd kd banda, m.

Kuttd.

Kutti or kutyd.

Hdthi, m., Hathm, f.

Lom,n, f. (^Y. and /?gr.)

Gay.

Beta.

Betl

Qusur, m.

Na

Hu,d, m., etc.. 7tw,t, f.

Yaha, adv.

Fa/if, adv. (emphatic).

Servant ; slave ( = your hum- ble servant, with verb in 3rd. pers. sing.).

God's creature, i.e. man ; vulg. applied also to animals.

Dog.

Bitch.

Elephant.

Fox.

Cow.

Son.

Daughter.

Fault.

Not, no.

Not.

Became (past tense of hond "to be" and "to become").

Here.

In this very place.

LESSON 2.

(a) — The difference between hotd hai " is, is becoming," and hai "is, exists," is that hotd hai indicates (1) what is habi- tually happening, as : Eoz roz (or liar roz) is trup me jhagrd hotd hai " there are (always) daily quarrels in this troop " ; Garmiyo me is na,dl me pdni pdydb hotd hai '' this river is

1 The fern, is used by women, only when they speak of themselves, as : bandl ab chali=" I am now going." Vide also L. 53 (/) (2). 2

18 HINDUSTANI MANUAL.

fordable throughout the hot season " ; substitute hai and the meaning is " This river is fordable now." f Continuous action, however, without a break, is expressed by rahtd hai, as : Is nadt me pant paydb rahtd hai " this river is fordable throughout the year "] ; (2) present action, as : Abht bdrish hoti hai " it is now raining " ; (3) a general truth, as : Ghan me, do su,iyn hoti hai " watches have two hands." Hai indicates a particular thing or existence, as : Yurap ke rahne-wdle gore hote hai (not hai) " Europeans are fair " ; but mera bhd.t gord hai " my brother is fair " ; Chauki me char pd,e hote hai (not hat) " chairs have four legs " ; but is chauki me pach pd,e hat (not hote hat) "this chair has five legs"; Khudd hai "there is a God, God exists"; Wuh darakht ab tak hai "that tree still exists."

Note.— Ma'lum hai "it is known"; ma'lum hotd hai "it appears, it seems."

(b) — Thd signifies "was" at a particular moment; 7m ,5 signifies "became." The English "was" has often to be rendered by hud and not by thd ; when in English " became " can be substituted for " was," it must be translated by hu,a.

(c) — To, as an Enclitic, is not always translatable : vide note 1, page 15. Dekho to "Just look"; yih to sach hahl "now that's not true."

(d)— Is the (your) master Sahib ' hat (vulg. hai) ? at home ?

My account (or reckoning) is Hamdrd1 hisdb thtk hai, right and yours is wrong. tumhara a '

1 Sahib as a term of respect requires a plural verb.

2 In Lucknow and Delhi mera would be used. In Delhi tera for small children or menial servants ; but in Lucknow the singular tera is only used in poetry or in addressing the Deity.

That man's hair is long. He is pale.

Is your khidmatydr (table- servant) a dishonest man ?

the

LESSON 2. 19

Us mard ke bdl lambe hai. Us kd rhihra zard hai.

Kyd, tumhdrd khidmat-gdr be-vmdn (or bad-diydnat) hai*

Wildyat me yih bat nahl hai

(or hofi hai). Wuh zard bhl ' nd-rdz na hu,d.

This is not England.

He was not in the least

annoyed, put out.

This is a wonderful story, tale Yih kahdm bahut *ajib hai. I think about this a great deal. Mujhe is bdt kd bard khaydl

hai. The funny thing is that he 'Ajab to yih hai ki wuh is bdt

agreed to this (or was par rdzi hu,d.

pleased at this).

don't like this, I don't Yih bdt mujhe pasand nahl*

[hai}.

Mujhe is bdt kd bard (or bahut) andesha hai.

I don't like this, I don't

like such behaviour, or I

don't like this affair. I am very anxious (nervous)

about this matter. I am full of thought, anxiety. Mujhe ban fikr hai.

This is a very astonishing Bare ta'ajjub kl bdt hai.

thing.

I am very sorry for this. Mujhe is bdt kd bard afsos hai.

I am very sorry for him. Mujhe uske hdl par bard afsos

This is a sad affair.

Yih bare afsos ki bdt kai.

Bhl " also, even. "

Vide L. 18 (e).

20

About what is Your Honour

grieved ? He has a complaint against

you (your Honour). Of what matter (or ailment)

do you complain ? This is a serious, important

matter.

He has some business to do. What business have you here ? You have no business here.

This is the case in every regi- ment of native cavalry.

It is now finishing, being com- pleted.

He is always ready to quarrel with me at the least thing.

I will be ready directly. How is it he does not come ?

He won't recover, get well, (lit. where, or when, is he getting well?).

How could he get well (lit. when was he getting or be- coming well) ?

HINDUSTANI MANUAL.

Ap ko kis bat kd ranj hai ?

Us ko dp se shikdyat hai. Kis bdt Li shikdyat hai ?

Yih (to) bhdri bdt hai. or

yih (to) bart bdt hai. Us ko kuchh kdm hai. Yaha tumhdrd kyd ' kdm hai ? Yaha tumhdrd kuchh kdm

nahl hai. Yih har ek risdle me hold hai.

Ab tamdm hotd hai.

Wuh zara si bdt par mujh se larne ko taiydr * hotd hai.6

Mai abhi taiydr hotd hu

Yih kyd bdt hai ki uruh hdzir

nahl, hotd \ha>] ? Wuh kaha (or kab) achchhd

hotd hai ?

Wuh kab achchhd hotd thd ?

1 Note spelling and pronunciation of kya "what?", and kiya (ki ya) " he etc. did."

2 More correctly tayyar. 3 Or more forcibly ho-jata hai.

LESSON 3.

21

You are never in time.

I ( your slave) have committed a fault (lit. from your slave a fault has occurred).

I didn't succeed at all, in the least (lit. nothing at all was done by me).

You are very late, you have come verv late.

Turn kabhi waqt par hazir nahl hote [ho].

Bande ' se ek qusur hu,d.

Mujh se kuchh bhi na-hu,d.

Turn ko ane a me ban der hu,i or tumhare ane me ban der hu,i or turn ne 8 ban der laqa.t.

LESSON 3.

(a) — (1) On the degrees of comparison. — When two objects are compared, that with which the comparison is made is put hi the ablative ; but no alteration is made in the adjec- tive : thus, " this house is higher than that house," is Yih ghar us ghar se ucha hai " this house than that house is high." Sometimes, however, the adverb ziydda or aur bht "more," is used as in our own language ; as, Yih ghar us ghar se ziyada ucha hai, " this house is more lofty than that house " : aur kola " blacker " ; aur bhi kola "even blacker." For the superlative, a universal comparison is made: thus, "This house is the highest " yih ghar sab se ucha hai ; literall}7 " this

1 Or fern, bandl se. Laudl=girl, bondmaid, etc., is also used as a feminine for bandl.

2 Infinitive.

8 Ne, sign of the Agent case ; used with past tenses of transitive verbs.

22 HINDUSTANI MANUAL.

house is higher than all." Sometimes, the adjective is repeat- ed and se is inserted between ; as, achchhe se achchhd makh- mal dekhld,o " show me the best velvet."

(2) Note the following intensives : Bahut achchhd '' very good " ; bahut hi achchhd " very good indeed, exceedingly good"; nihdyat1 sard "extremely cold"; kahl bihtar " far better." Also the Persian phrase ba-darjaha bihtar " l>y (many) degrees better." Vide also L. 48 (6) (2), L. 61 (k), and last Example in L. 62.

(3) W uh sab se shauqin hai "he is the most enthusiastic of the lot " ; sab me hoshydr hai " he is the most intelligent "; us H nisbat to yih achchha hai "compared to that, this one is good."

(&)— There is no word to express " too " before an adjec- tive ;. the simple adjective is used, as : Yih ziydda hai " this is too much."

(c) — Aur is both a conjunction, and a pronominal ad- jective : in the latter sense it means " more, other, another." Auro se ivuh achchhd hai " he (or it) is better than the others." Aur to aur = "not to speak of others." (d) — Irdda, m. Intention.

Makdn, m. Place ; house.

Bhi? adv. Also ; at all, even.

Bhi bhi, adv. And also ; both.

Dorio or dono. adj. The two, both.

Hi* particle. (Used for emphasis).

1 Nihayat, subs. f. " extremity " : also used as adj. and adv. * For nlz " also," vide Lesson 57 (c) (2).

8 Sunte hi " immediately on hearing." Numerous examples of the use of hi are given in Lesson 51 (e) and (/).

LESSON 3. 23
Yihi, pron.	This very, the same
Wuht, pron.	That very, the same.
Billa, m.	Tom-cat.
BilR, f.	She-cat.
Tez, adj.	Sharp ; swift ; hot (to the
	taste, as spices, etc.).
^ezt, subs.	Sharpness; swiftness, etc.
Jo, gen. jiska ; relat. pron. ; and conj.	Who, which, that ; he who ; that which : also if. when, as.
5f*r/, adv.	Only.
Faqat, adv.	Only.
Bih-tar, Pers. comp.	Better.
Pas, H., prep, and adv.	Near.
Nazcfik, P., prep.	Near.
Jfsrcfc, f.	Chilli ; pepper.
Lai.	Red.
Gol; [subs, grofii and gola].	Round.
Got mirch, f.	Pepper-corns.
Z>aZ mirch, f.	Red chillies ; red pepper.
^an mirch, f.	Green chillies.
Garm, adj.	Hot.
Garml, f.	Heat, warmth, summer ; and
	"ulg., syphilis.
^a/?,1 adj.	Sufficient
Kifayat,1 subs.	Sufficiency ; economy.
£«.§, adj. and adv.	Enough; sufficient.

These two words are derived from the same Arabic root.

24 HINDUSTANI MANUAL.

La,iq, adj and prep. Fit, able, competent, quali-

fied.

Liyaqat,1 subs. Ability, qualification, capa-

city, merit.

Ziydda ; barhkar. * More.

Kam, adj. Less.

Kami, subs., f. Deficiency.

Dcha, adj High.

Uchaji. subs., f. Height.

'Umr, f. Age.

Barabar* adj., adv., and prep. Equal; continuously; all

along ; and vulg., opposite.

Jhuth, f subs., and adj. Falsehood ; false.

Jhuthd, adj. False; liar. [sub*, leavings of

food].

Hosh, m. Senses, proper senses.

Hoshyar. Clever, sensible ; sober (not

drunk) ; alert (of sentries). Hoshyan, f. Cleverness ; carefulness ;

soberness ; alertness.

Dil, subs. Heart, mind (lit. and fig.).

Rohm, subs. Pity, mercy.

Rahm-dil, adj. Of pitiful heart.

Sakht-dil. Hard-hearted.

Sang-dil * Stony-hearted.

1 Lu,iq and liyaqai are derived from the same Arabic root.

2 The Conjunctive Participle of barhna " to increase."

3 Lit. bar-a-bar, P., « breast to breast."

LESSON 3.

Narm-dil.

Nisbat, f., and prep.

Men nisbat (me).

Makkhan, m Shorba, m. Namak, m. Namkm, adj. Shauhar. Khdwind. Joru. BibL Bhaj. Bahin. Larka. Larkl Bhul f.

Bhulna. int (i.e. does not take ne).

Qalam, m. Qalam karna.

Bar ha, i. m. ^

Barha.l mistri, m. ) Mistn.

Lohar. Lohar mistri.

Soft-hearted

Proportion ; betrothal ; con- nection ; with reference to .

Compared to me, in com- parison with me.

Butter.

Broth' or soup.

Salt.

Salty, salted ; savoury.

Husband.

Husband, or master.

Wife.

Wife, or lady.

Brother ; chum. etc.

Sister.

Boy.

Girl.

Mistake, error.

To forget ; also to make a mistake.

Reed ; pen ; cutting of a plant. To strike off with one blow, to cut right off aslant.

Carpenter.

Carpenter, blacksmith, or mason.

Blacksmith .

Mere pas (lit. near me) Shod*, f.

Kabhi. Kabht nahl.

warn.

Wohl (emphatic).

HINDUSTANI MANUAL.

I have. [FwteL. 20 (e)].

Marriage or any celebration (in writing, "gladness"). Ever. Never. There. In that very place.

LESSON 4.

(a) — Bahut (adj., adv.), when it means "many," takes either a singular or a plural noun, as : bahut din tak. bahul mahine tak, or bahut dino tak, bahut mahino tak : but bahut mdl hai "there is much wealth" It has a plural, as: bahuto se puchhd "he asked (from) many." (6)— This butter is too little. Yih makkhan thofd hai. No, it is plenty It is sufficient. There is too little salt in the

soup.

Give (me) one more. These two are different, not

Nahl, bahut hai.

Kdfi hai, or bas hai.

Shorbe (or vulg. shurwe) me

namak kam hai. Ek aur do. Yih aur hai, aur wuh aur.

alike. This is some other man.

Yih aur admi hai.

Oh! I've come to the wrong Hai! bhulese] aur makdn pur

place (house) by mistake ! I have changed my mind [lit.

now my intention is other

(than it was)].

a-gaya. Ab merd irada. aur hai.

Bhiile se, idiomatic for bhiil *c.

LESSON 4.

I have more pens and books than your munshi has.

He has more planks than the

carpenter has This pepper (or chilli) is very

hot.

This tea is too strong. It is quite near. I too am here.

It is not at all, not in the least, hot here.

Only this one is good ; this

one alone is good. This is the same torn that was

here yesterday. His house is high, but mine is

still higher, is even higher.

Both are of equal length (lit.

both are equal in length). She is not old though she

is older than 1 am, not

younger.

Mere pas qalam aur kitdbe tumhare munshi (ke ' qalam aur kitabo ') se ziyada hat.

Us ke pas barhaj, mistri se

takhte ziyada hat. Yih mirch bahut tez hai.

Yih chd bahut tez hai. Pas (or nazdik] hi hai. Mai bhi yahd, hu.

Yaha kuchh bhi qarmi hai

Sirf yihi achchha hai.

Yihi wuh (or yih wuhi] billa hai jo kal yaha tha.

Uska makan ucha hai, lekin mera (makan us ke makan se) aur bhi ucha hai; or Uska makan ucha hai, lekin mera makan us ke makan se bin ucha hai.

Lambaj me dorio barabar hai.

Wuh ziyada 'umr kl nahl hai, go-ki mujh se ban hai chhoti

1 Here ke as qalam is masculine ; the substantives following are of different genders. Note that the second substantive only is inflected.

2g HINDUSTANI

He is a greater liar. Which is nearer Delhi or Lahore ?

The son is less sharp, clever,

than the father. He is not in his right senses

(he is mad or drunk, etc.). He is in a swoon. He came to himself. You had better go (lit. your

going is better, or is good). Compared to him I am pitiful,

soft-hearted. He has more ability, merit.

Has his marriage ever really

taken place ?

Stop!, Sufficient!, Cease! I have only one book. I have just the one book.

Nice* warm milk.

MANUAL.

W uh ziyada jhutha hai. Ydha se kaun< nazdik Itai,

Dilti ya Lahor? ; or Dilti

yaha se nazdtk* hai ifi

Lahor ? Beta bap se hoshyan me kam

hai. Wuh hash me nahi hai.

Wuh be-hosh hai.

Wuh hosh me ay a.

Tumhara jana& bihtar hai (or

achchha hai). Us H nisbat to. mal r<ilnn-<HI

hu.' Wuh us se liydqat me bafhknr

(or ziyada) hai. Us H shadt kabh* hu,i bhi

hai?

Bos karo. Mere pas sirf ek kitdb hai.

Mere pas sirf ek hi kitab hai.

Garm garm* dudTi.

1 Kaun " who, which ? " Kya could not be used.

2 Or is jagah ke pas, but not yaha ke pas.

3 Jana, infinitive used as a noun, " going."

* Note that the noun in this case is sing. The root idea in this repetition is niceness and not warmth.

LESSON 5. 29

LESSON 5.

(a) — In asking a question, Hindustani does not. like Eng- lish, invert the words ; the tone of the voice alone marks the interrogation. There are, however, a few interrogative words, such as kaun " who ? ", kya " what ? ", kaha " where ? •" , etc. the use of which cannot be mistaken. When a sentence contains no such interrogative word, kya or aya may be used at the beginning, as: Kya yih tumhara qalam hai ? " Is this your pen ? " This word kya is not necessary in speaking, as the tone of the voice indicates interrogation.

(6) — The Interrogative pronouns are both substantives and adjectives.

1 oKaun means " what ? ", as well as " who ? " and " which ? " : but kya means only " what ? " The difference between the two is that kaun is used before real nouns, while kya is used before abstract nouns and adjectives, as : Yih kaun kutta hai " what dog is this ? " ; but Yih kya bat hai ' what is this, what's all this ? " ; Puchhne me. sharm kya hai "what shame is there in asking ? " Kya khub = " how nice ! "

Note. — Yih kya chtz hai ? " what (thing) is this ? " appears to be an exception to the rule.

(e) — Note the force of kya in the sense of "rather." Admi kya ? deo hai " man you call him ? he is a devil " = admi nahl, balki deo hai "he is not a man but. nay, a devil."

(d) — Kaun and kya (as also kaha) are used in indirect as well ?is in direct questions, as : Mai janta hu ki wuh kaun hai "I know who he is/' and mai nahl janta hu ki wuh kaun hai "I don't know who he is"; mat janid hu ki wuh kaha hai (—jaha wuh hai mujhe ma'lum hai) "I know where he is."

30 HINDUSTANI .MANUAL.

Remark. — According to Platts the first example is " un- idiomatic and wrong ": according to him the governing clause in such sentences must be either directly or indirectly nega- tive. This is. I think, a mistake : vide also last examples in lesson 6.

(e)— Interrogation often expresses a strong negation, as : Mere pas rupiya kahS, hai ? "I have no money " (lit. where have I any rupees ?).

(/) — To indicate a question, kyfi, ( = " well ? ") can be sub- stituted for kya at the beginning of a sentence, and can pre- cede it Kya indicates a little surprise but kyu merely draws attention to a question: Kya wuh awega* "what! will he come?"; Kyti wuh awega ' "well, will he come?"; Kyti? kya wuh awega ' " well ? is he going to come ? "

(g) — Yih " this" and wuh "that" are, in modern Urdu, the sarao in the nominative singular and plural ; ye and we are not now used (except in Hindi).

(h)—Kaun ? (gen. sing. Who ? Which ? What ?

kiska, and gen. pi. kinka "whose ").

Kya ? indeclin. [but vide p. What ? also How ? How !

7 (e)].

Kaisal; adj. and adv.

Kalml

Kidhar ?

Kitnal ad

Kitne ?, masc. pi.

£0*1

' Or a,ega.

1 adv.	Of what kind ? ;	How ? ; How !
	Where ?
	Whither ?
ladv.	How much ?	«
I.	How many ?
	How many ?

LESSON 5.

31

Kab*

Kis waste (or -liye).

Is waste (or -liye).

KyU-kar ?

Kahe-ko » ?

Kahe-kd ?

Dana, m.

Ghana, m.

Lo<7 (gen. Zogo M), pi.

JVam, m. ; (narni, adj.)

Be-wuquf.

Khelnd, tr. and intr.

Khilond, subs. Bajna, intr. Bajdnd, tr. <?•*, m. Gana, intr.

), m. Di/er, adj.

When?

Why? Well?

For what ? Why ?

For this, therefore.

How?

For what ? Why ?

Of what ?

Grain ; vw/gr . " gram . "

"Gram/' the chick-pea.

People.

Name.

(Lit. "without sense"), fool- ish.

To play.

To play cards

Toy, plaything.

To sound, be played.

To play, make music.

Song.

To sing.

To sing a song

Heart," mind (lit. and fig.).

Brave, bold.

1 The nominative kaha = kya is used only in the Braj dialect of Hindi, and not in Hindustani.

2 Cognate accusative, as kud kudna " to jump a jump."

32

Jan, f.

Men Jan.

Jan-war, m

Zikr, m.

Tarah, f. ; gen. a prep

To rah tar ah ke or H.

HINDUSTANI MANUAL.

Life ; soul.

My life ; my dear.

Animal.

Mention.

Manner., way, like.

Of various kinds.

LESSON 6.

Kaun hai ? Mai hu. Wuh kaun log hai ? Yih kaun kitab hai? Tumhdrd kyd ndm h"i Turn kyd be-wuquf ho ! Us kd rang kyd hai ? Yih kyd hu,d ?

Who is it ? It is I.

Who are those people ?

What book is this ?

What is your name ?

How foolish you are !

What colour is it ?

What's all this, what has hap-

pened.. what's the matter ? Where (or when) can this thing Aist chtz kaha (or kab]

be obtained ? (simple ques- milegi ? *

tion) ; or such a thing can-

not be got again.1 How much grain have they Un ke pas kitnd ddna ha: ?

got? To what people do these Yih ghore kin logo ke hai ?

horses belong ?

1 If the latter meaning be intended, stress should he laid on the word kahS or kab.

2 Future tense of milna " to be obtained, etc."

LESSON 6.

What relation is he of yours ?

You (Your Honour) here and why ? How is it you are here?

Of what is this toy, play- thing, made ?

How can you ' fight with me ! or Who are you to fight with me ?

What kind of animal is this ? What is the milk like ? How big it is !

How ill he is !

However brave he may be.

Not to mention his playing (setting aside his playing), his singing is excellent.

The train must have come in a long time ago.

How could the gait of the chakor partridge compare to hers? (i.e. it could not compare).

Wuh tumhdrd kaun hold hai ? Ap yahn kaha ?

Yih khilond kdhe-kd hai ? Turn mujh se kya laroge ?

Yih kaisa jdnwar hai ? Dudh kaisa hai ?

Kaisa (or kitna, or kis-qadar) bard hai !

Wuh kaisa bimdr hai! (also = kis tarah bimdr ho saktd hai "how can he be ill ? ").

Wuh kaisa hi diler ho*

Uske bajdne kd kya zikr, uskd gdnd bhi bahut Tchub hai.

" Rel" kab kl d-ga,i hogi ?

Chakor uski chal kl tarah kya chalegd? 8

1 But with a difference in intonation : Kya, mujh se turn laroge ? " What ! do you want to fight with me ? "

2 Aorist or Pres. Subj. of hona.

3 Future, 3rd per. sing. masc. of chalna " to move, be in motion."

34 HINDUSTANI MANUAL.

I know what I have to do. Mai jdnta hU ki mujhe Toy a

kya karna chdhiye.1

Now I understand what deci- Ab mat, samjhd* ki kya jaisala sion to give. karna chdhiye.1

Black you call him ? he's a Kdld kya ? tawd hai. griddle (i.e. as black as the bottom of a griddle).

I know who the thief is. Ma'lum hai (or hu,d) ki chor

kaun hai.

I know what is in this box. Mujhe ma'lum hai ki is baks

me kya kyd* chize hat.

LESSON 7.

The following is a paradigm, or example of the conjuga- tion of the neuter or intransitive verb, girna, " to fall." It may be observed that the tenses naturally divide themselves into three groups of three tenses each.

(a) — ROOT, gir, fall thou ; Pres. Part, girtd (hu,d) falling ; Past Par. gird (hu,d) fallen; Conj. Part, gir-kar or gir-ke (rarely gir*) having fallen; Adv. Part, girte hi immediately on, or in the very act of, falling, as soon as — fell ; Noun of Agency and Future Part, girne-wdld, faller, or about to fall.

(I) Tenses of the Root. AORIST. I fall, or may fall, etc.

1 Mai gir-ft, I may or should Ham girJi, we etc. fall, were I to fall.

' Chahiye " is necessary." 2 Preterite.

3 Kya kya, ' what various (things).'

* This shortened form often indicates more haste than the full form. Vide also L. 55 (d).

LESSON 7. 35

2 Tu gir-e, thou etc. Turn gir-o, you etc.

3. Wuh gir-e, he etc. Wuh gir-e, they etc.

Note that, though in Greek the Aorist is a past tense, in Hindi and Urdu it corresponds to a Present Subjunctive. .

The FUTURE. I shall or will fall etc. is formed by adding to the Aorist, ga for the mase. and gl for the fern. sing. ; and

ge for the masc. and gl for the fern. plur.

*' •

m. f. m. f.

1. Mai gir-u-gd -gl. Ham gir-e-ge -ge.{

2. Tu gir-e-gd -gl. Turn gir-o-ge -gl.

3. Wuh gir-e-gd -gl. Wuh gir-e-ge -gl.

IMPERATIVE. Let me fall. etc. ; differing from the Aorist in the second pers. sing. only.

Sing. Plur.

1. Mai gir-u, let me fall. Ham gir-e, let us etc.

2. Tu gir, fall thou. Turn gir-o, fall ye.

3. Wuh gir-e, let him fall. Wuh gir-e, let them etc.

(2) Tenses of the Present Participle. The CONDITIONAL. Had I fallen, or I would have fallen.1 etc. m. f. m. f.

1. Mai girtd, or girtl. Ham gir-te (m. or f.) '

2. Tu girtd, or girtl. Turn gir-te, or -ft.

3. Wuh girtd, or girtl. Wuh gir-te, or -ti.

1 Ham is always masc. , except in the i 'unjab.

2 Refers to time past, present, or future, but usually for past.

36 HINDUSTANI MANUAL.

PRESENT. I fall, or am falling, etc. m, 1 m. f-

1. Mai girta hu,1 or girtt hu. Ham girte9- hat.

2. Tu girta hai. or girtt hai. Turn girte ho, or girtt ho.

3. Wuh girta hai, or girtt Wuh girte hat, or girtt hai.

hai.

IMPERFECT. I was falling or used to fall, etc. m. f. m. *•

1. Mai girtd tha, or girtt tin. Ham girte the.

2. Tu girta tha, or girtt thi. Turn girte the, or girtt ttft.

3. Wuh girta tha, or girtt thi. Wuh girte the, or girtt thi.

(3) Tenses of the Past Participle. PRETERITE or PAST TENSE. I fell, m. f. m. f.

1. Mai gira* or girt. Ham gire.

2. Tu gira or gin. Turn gire, or girl.

3. Wuh gira, or girt. Wuh gire, or gift.

PERFECT. I have fallen, m. f. m. f.

1. Mai gira hu, or girt hu. Ham gire hat.

2. Tu gira hai, or girt hai. Turn gire ho. or girt ho.

3. Wuh gira hai, or girt hai. Wuh gire hat, or girt hat.

1 An old form of the Present, still used locally, is formed by adding hu, etc., to the Aorist, as: mat giru hu, etc. ; haiya, m., and haigl, f., are sometimes used for hai.

2 Ham is always masc., except in the Punjab.

3 In verbs like mfcoZ-no, intr. " to come out, turn out," the Preterite is nikla and not nikal-a as would be expected, so too aamafhna, aamjha.

LESSON 7. 37

PLUPERFECT. I had fallen, m. f. m. f.

1. Mai giro, tha, or gin thl. Ham gire the.

2. Tu gird tha, or girl thl. Turn gire the,, or gin thl.

3. Wuh giro, tha, or girl thl. Wuh gire the, or girl thl.

(b) Additional Tenses.

1. Future Imperative 2nd pers. sing, and pi , Tu or turn qiriyo "fall" (in the future). (This form is also used as a 3rd pers. sing. Precative, for the Deity).

2. Respectful Imperative, Respectful Aorist, or Impersonal Aorist 2nd person pi., (&p) giriye please fall (now), one should fall (now). (In this form there is a slight idea of command).1

3. Future Precative 2nd or 3rd persons pi., (Ap) giriyega please fall (in the future). (In this form the e is no command).

4. Wuh girta ho he may be falling ; wuh girta hoga ho will or must be falling ; wuh girta hota had he been (or he would have been) falling, etc. (of time past or present, not of future); giro, ho he may have fallen ; giro, hoga he will or must have fallen ; agar wuh giro, hota had he fallen, etc. (of past time only).

5. In transitive verbs, tenses formed from the Past Part, require the agent case (ne).

The personal pronouns, except when emphasis is required, may be omitted, especially in those tenses in which the endings clearly indicate the number and person, such as the Future.

(c) The Negatives. These are mat, na, and nahl. The first, prohibitive only, precedes or follows the Imperatives : it is imperious and so the modern tendency is to discard it.

Instead of mat, na can precede or nahl follow the Impera- tives (or the Infinitive when the latter is used as an Impera- tive).

' In ap gir there is no command.

38 HINDUSTANI MANUAL.

Nahf alone is used with the Present Tense.

With the Aorist and the Past Conditional, nn is preferred, but nahl may be used.

(d) The next is a verb of extensive use and is conjugated precisely like the preceding : —

Hond, to Be or Become.

ROOT, ho ; Pres. Part, hotd (hu,a) ; Past Part, hu.a ; Con- junc. Part. Jio-knr or ho-ke (rarely ho ') having become : Adv. Part, hote hi immediately on becoming or happening, as soon as etc. ; Noun of Agency and Fut. Part, lione-wnJn be-er. or about to be or become.

( I ) Tenses of the Root.

AORIST. I may be or should be. etc.

1. MathU^ Ham ho.

2. Tu ho. Turn ho. 3 Wuh ho. Wuh ho.

FUTURE. I shall or will be. etc.

1. Mai hugd, or -gi. Ham hoge.

2. Tu hoga, or -gi. Turn hoge, or -gi.

3. Wuh hoga, or -gi. Wuh hoge. or -gi.

IMPERATIVE.8 Let me be, etc.

1. Maihu. Ham ho.

.2. Tu ho. Turn ho.

3. Wuh ho. Wuh ho

1 Vide also Lesson 55 (d).

2 Compare with the P»es. (Aux.) Tense, p. 9.

3 In this verb, identical with the Aorist.

LESSON 7. 39

(2) Tenses of the Present Participle. INDEFINITE. Had I been, or (would that) I had been.

1. Mai -\ 1 Ham hote

2. Tu \. hota, or hotl. 2. Turn i

yhote, or hotl.

3. Wuh J 3. Wuh

PRESENT. I am, or become etc. 1. Mai hota,-, or hotl hu. ] Ham hote hai.

2 Tu hota-, or hotl hai. 2. Turn hote- or hotl ho.

3 Wuh hota-, or hotl hai. 3. Wuh hote- or hotl hai

IMPERFECT. I was becoming, or used to become.

1. Mai ^ Hotatha, 1. Ham Hote the.

2. Tu or 2. Turn Hote the

or hotl thl. 3.

(3) '/'erase.* o/' ^//,6 /'a,s/5 Participle. PRETERITE or PAST TENSE. I was or became.

1. Mai ^Thaorhu,a, 1. Ham. Theorhu;e.

2. Tu I or 2. Twm i The or hu,e

or

3. JTwA J thi or /iw,t, 3. tf ttfe. ) Thl or AM,?

PERFECT. I have been or become.

1. Mai hu.a-, or hu,l-hu. 1. Hamhu,ehai.

2. Tw hu,a-, or hul-hai. 2. Twm /i-w,e-, or hu,l-ho.

3. VKwA hu,d-, or hu,l-hai. 3. PTw^ M,e-, or hu,l-hai.

40

HINDUSTANI MANUAL.

PLUPERFECT. I had been or become. Hu,atha, 1. Ham Hu,e the

or 2. Turn

huj th%. 3. Wuh

I Fut. Impera. Hujiyo (irregular).

2. Respect. Impera, etc., Hujiye (irregular)

3. Future Precative Hujiyega (irregular).1

Hue the.

or hu,t ih\.

(0) — Chtz, pi. chize. Ko~% (with noun in sing.), gen. fast kd; pi. ka,i.

Ka,i ek, or ka,i. Ko,i naM. Kuchh.

Yih kuchh, or Una kuchh.

Kitnd kuchh.

Ko,l chiz.

Kuchh nahi.

Ko,i koji, pi.

Ba'z-e, or ba'z, pi.

Ohar, H'., m.

LESSON 8.

Thing.

Some-one ; any one ; some ; any ; one ; a certain one •

about, nearly. Several. No-one. Something ; somewhat ; at

all ; some, a few. All this, so much. However much. Something. Nothing. A few.

A few some (persons or

things). House, home ; family.

The other additional tenses are regularly formed.

Khana, P., m.

Kdbutar-khana.

Sau, or sai.

Derh.

Bis.

Adiia, adj.

Ek do, or ek adh.

Maujud, adj.

Hazir, adj

KhvU, adj. and adv.

Ghafi* f.

Dam. m.

Ek-dam .

Ek-dam se. Be-dam. Fursat, f .

LESSON 8. 41

Compartment, case ; (alone it does not mean "house").1 Pigeon-house, dove-cot. One hundred. One and a half. Twenty. Half. One or two.

Existent ; also present ; avail- able.

Present; ready.

Empty; vacant: only.

An hour ; a watch or clock.

Originally a thatched house : now any one-storied house (of European fashion) ; also the Bengali language.

Breath, life; a moment, a breath.

At once, immediately (vulq.) ;

direct ; completely. All together. Out of breath. Leisure : opportunity.

Except in Persian constructions

! Originally there were 60 gharls in one day and night (r$t <ftn) so one ghart was about 24 minutes.

42 HINDUSTANI MANUAL.

Fursatpani. To get an opportunity.

Kabutar,m. APigeon;acock.Pigeo

Kabutan,i. Hen-pigeon.

Ma/^a,adj. Dear in price.

MaMgi, f. Scarcity of provisions, fa

Sastd, adj. CheaP-

Tta^a, m. sing. A rupee ; money.

Rupai,v\. Rupees; money.

Ray,L

(&)_(!) Koj when it means "about, a few, nearly," inflected as • Ko,ida*minitm~ea,o = dasekminitm~ed,o "com;- in about ten minutes " : grammatically this should be km to* minit me, but this latter is not the idiom. A'oJ dam me few minutes " ; kin dam (me) " some time or other.

The plural of ko,i is to,.' " several," but ba<z-e often takes its place: ba'z-e may be used with or without a noun, but kaj always requires a noun after it ; ba'z-e kahte hm IH hoi.

(2) ^o,t requires the noun and verb to be in the singular. as: ko,i din aisa a,egd ''some such day will come"; wuh ko.l ghan me mara chdhtd lial " he will die in a few hours."

3. Koj, " a certain," can also be substituted for the in- definite article ek " a. one " ; vide (e).

(c}—Kuchh is sometimes used before persons, vide l;i>i examples in lesson 9 (6). In Yih bhi kuchh ddmi liai " he too is somewhat of a man," kuchh = kisi-qadr, adv.

(^) _ Hogd, " will be." also signifies -i must be," as : WahS ek aur sher bhi hogd "there must be. will be. yet another tiger there."

LESSON 9,. 43

(e) — Ek placed after number signifies " about/' as : Sau ek ic about a hundred," but ek sau ek " one hundred and one " ; das ek "about ten" Ek also takes the place of the in- definite article in English, "a."

Ek ddh means " one or two."

LESSON 9.

(a) — In the sense of "present," hdzir is used for inferiors ; and maujud for superiors or inferiors, and also for things. Das rupiya maujud hai=" there is a sum of ten rupees in hand " ; but das rupiya hdzir hai — " I have ten rupees at your service." Hdzir for things is used only to superiors.

(6) — Is there any one ? (i.e. Ko,l hai ?

is any one in ?) Some one or other must be at Ko,l na ko,i ghar me hogd.

home.

There is no one (at home). There is nothing, or it is

nothing

There must be something in

the house. There must be something or

other.

There must be about 150

rupees in hand. There is some little salt.

Ko,i nahi hai.

Ko,l chtz nahl hai, or Kuchh

nahl hai. Ko,i chtz ghar me hogi.

Kuchh na kuchh hoga.

Ko,i derh sau rupiya ' maujua

hogd. Kuchh kuchh a namak to hai.

1 A collective noun takes a singular verb.

* Note the force of repeating the word. This matter is fully dealt nth in Lesson 48.

44 HINDUSTANI MANUAL.

There were about twenty Bis ek adml waha maujud the.

persons present.

About half a seer of milk. Ko,\ ddh ' ser dudh,

One or two horses. Bk adh ghora.

Some bungalow or other must Ko,i na ko,l bagla khaK to

be vacant. In a few hours. In a few moments. What else 1 or Of course. I have no leisure now.

hoga,

Ko,\ ghafi me? Ko,t dam me. Aur kya ?

Is waqt mujhe fur sat kahn .' Some say one thing and some Ba'z-e kuchh kahte hai. ba'z-e

another. kuchh.

This is nothing. Yih kuchh bat nahl.

It is not so. Yih bat nahl Jiai.

Some people are of one opin- Ba'zo 8 kl kuchh ray hai, 6a'»o

ion and some of another. ki kuchh.

There are a few people here. Ko,\ ko,i ddmi yaha hal. There is a little grain. Kuchh ddna hai.

What is the matter ? Nothing. Kya hai ? Kuchh natil. This is not at all good. Yih kuchh achchha nahl hai.

I have no more ; (lit. near me Mere pas aur kuchh nahl hai.

is nothing more). They have several pigeons. Unke pas ka,t (or ka,i ek)

kabutar hai. How many ? Kitne ?

1 Colloquial for adha.

* Ko,i eh ghari me = In about an hour.

PI. of ba'z.

LESSON 10.

Ever\7thing is ready.

Of those summoned, some have come and some not.

I will buy some of those bullocks.

He is suffering all this afflic- tion for your sake.

However much you exert yourself (still) your object won't be obtained.

Does such a thing ever8 happen ?

He does not get angry with his servants, when they commit (only) one or two faults.

Sab kuchh ' taiyar hai.

Jo log buld,e ga,e the, un me

se kuchh * a.e hai aur kuchh

nahl.

Un me se kuchh i bail mol- lugd.

Wuh tumhdre waste yih sab kuchh dukh uthdtd hai.

Kitnl kuchh koshish karo magar tumhdri murdd pun na hogt.

Ko,i, 3 (or katii) aisa bhl hold hai ?

Ek ddh bhul ho-jane par, wuh apne naukaro par ghussa nahl hotd.

LESSON 10.

(a) — We shall next introduce a few verbs.

Day.	Din. (m.).	Night.	Rdt(L).
City.	Shahr (m.).	A boat.	Nd,o (f.).
River.	Darya (m.).	A tree.	Darakjit (m.).
Forest.	Jangal (m.).	A road.	Rdh (f.).
A plain.	Maiddn (m.)*	Fruit.	Mewa, Phal (m.).

1 Sab ko,l=sdb log, is vulgar.

2 Kuchh here=" some," an indefinite number; but ka,l,or ka,\ several, a few."

3 Note this use of ko,l for kahl.

46

Water.

Fish.

HINDUSTANI MANUAL.

Pant (m.). MachhE (f.).

row street.

To

To come. Togo. To run. To sleep. To arrive.

Bird. Parind (any bird) (in.). Chlryd (small bird) (f .) .

Name. Ndm (m.).

People. Log (in. pi.).

Intransitive Verbs.

«;(M- To flow'

To proceed, j ^ tarA,,- ^4na. advance. J

./ana, chalnd. To retreat, fall back. Hain't.

Daurnd. To sit down. Rnithna.

Sond. To return. Phirnd.

Pahuchnd. To die. Marrid (Past P. and WM,a or wm,a).

(6) — A sentence formed by an active or transitive verb consists of three parts, — the nominative, the verb, and the object; as, "The tiger eats flesh " = *for gosht khdia Imi. Here sher is the nominative, gosht the object, and khdtd hai the verb. Generally speaking, the Hindustani arrangement is, first the nominative or agent, then the object, and lastly the verb. The nominative and object may of course be much more complex than in the foregoing sentence; thus "The tiger of the forest eats the flesh of all other animals = jangal kd sher aur sab jdnwaro kd gosht khdtd hai. In languages with regular cases, like Latin, the object is put in the accusative case, which has generally a termination different from the nominative. In English always, and in Hindustani often, the accusative is the same as the nomina- tive, and is to be determined merely by inference or pnsi-

LESSON 10.

47

tion. There are, however, in it is necessary to distinguish .the post-position ko. (c)— Bread ; a loaf. Roil (f .). Butter. Makkhan (in.).

Wine. Sharab (f.).

Tea. Oha (f.).

Any light meal. Nashta (m.) Breakfast. Hdziri (f.).

Knife. CKhuri (f ).

Fork ; spur ; thorn. Knta (m.). Cold. Thanda.

Hot. Garm.

Sweet Miiha.

Hindustani instances in which the object by the addition of

Meat. Gosht (m.).

Milk. Dudh (m.).

Rice (boiled). Shot (m.). Plate (any utensil). Bartan (m.)

Spoon. Chamcha (m.).

Sugar. flhakar (m.). Sugar-candy.

A letter. News.

Clean. Pure. Strainer. Ready

Mian (L). Chitthi (f.). Khobar (f.).

Sdfl, f . Taiydr .

Transitive Verbs.

To throw.	Phekna.	To learn (how to do	.) Slkhna.
To bring.	Land.1	To give.	Dend,
To make (prepare).	Banana .	To say, tell.	Kahnd.
To eat.	Khdnd.	To see; look.	Dekhnd.
To drink.	Find.	To hear.	Sunnd.
To make, do.	Kama.	To strike.	Mdrnd.
To place, put.	Rakhna.	To read ; study.	Parhnd.
To take away.	Le-jdna*	To write.	Likhnd.

1 Does not admit of agent case (ne), as it = le-ana, ' vide ' L. 13 (c) 2.

2 Though transitive in meaning this verb does not take ne, 'vide' L. 13 (a) and (c).

48

To call. (d)—Kahnd.

Bolna.* Utarna. intr.

Utraj, t. Utarna, tr Utarwana, caus. Pul, m.

Oari, f. (pi. gariya). Thika, m.

HINDUSTANI MANUAL.

Bulana. To take.

Lend.

To say, tell ; to command ; to

compose poetry. To utter sounds ; to speak.

To descend ; alight, dis- mount ; disembark ; halt on a journey ; put up at ; to cross over.

Descent.

To take down, etc.

To make to descend, etc.

Bridge.

Cart ; carriage.

Contract.

Thika gari. (used in Bengali Hackney-carriage.

Maza, m. Be-maaa. Phlkd, adj.

Tap, f .

Charhna, intr. Gharhdnd, caus. Charhaf, f. Tola, m.

Taste ; enjoyment.

Tasteless.

Insipid, without taste.

Fever ; vapour, steam ; exha- lations from the ground. Fever.

To climb ; to mount. To make to climb or mount. Ascent ; invasion. Male parrot.

I Though transitive in meaning bolnd, like lana, does not take nc, 'vide' L. 13(o) and (c).

LESSON 10.

4!)

Toti,1 f. (tuti, Pers.). Argara, m.

Haqq, m.

Haqqddr, subs, and adj. Mustakiqq* (kd), partic. Khandan, m.

Ta'rif, f.

Ittifaq. m. Na-ittifaqi* f. Ittifaq-an, adv. Muttafiq, Ar. partic. , f.

f.

Miknati, adj. Jf^Aa,», f. Sharatn. m. Ri'ayat, f.

In'am, m. Bakhshish, f.

Female parrot.

A hackney-carriage stand ; a riding school.

Right, due.

Rightful ; rightful owner.

Deserving of, entitled to.

Family (in the sense of line- age).

Praise ; (also, in writing; "specification").

Agreement, concord, chance.

Discord, disagreement.

By chance.

United, agreed, unanimous.

River, stream.

Labour.

Laborious, hard-working.

Sweetmeats; pudding.

Drunkaid, wine-bibber.

Privilege, consideration, favour.

Reward of any kind. Reward in money. Coolie.

1 There is also a small cage- bird called #5$ or tijti, the common Rose- Finch (Carpodacus erythrinus).

2 Derived from the Arabic root haqq : it takes the genitive.

3 Be-ittifaqi is vulgar.

4

50 HINDUSTANI MANUAL.

Blch, subs, m., and prep. Middle; midst.

Paidal, subs, and adv. Infantry : on foot.

Qdbil, prep, and adj. Fit, worthy, able.

QabiUyat (qdbiliyyat) , f. Fitness, merit.

LESSON 11.

(a) — The difference between kahnd and bolnd ' is that the former is used of articulate speech only, whereas the latter, meaning " to utter sounds," can be used of animals, as : Men tod bolti hai = "my parrot is screaming or calling out," but Men toti " Miya Mitthu*" kahtl hai = " my parrot says " Pretty Polly.'' Kahnd, to say, tell, command ; bolnd, " to speak "

(b)— Bolnd is often vulgarly used for "to tell, to say," but this is generally incorrect. It is, however, quite correct to say Bolo mat—'' keep quiet, don't utter words."

Bolnd. however, may be correctly used before direct narra- tion, as : Wuh bold ki "mai dMgd " " he said he would come (lit. he said 'I will come')," but 8d,is ko bolo ki yaha dwe (or a,e) "tell the sais to come here (lit. tell the sais that he should come here) " is vulgar ; sd.is ko yaha dne (ko) kaho (not bolo).*

(c) — The use of bolnd in such phrases as the following is colloquial :—Aj argare me ghord kuchh nahl bold " the horse did nothing, was quite quiet, to-day in the riding-school."

(d)—Charhnd in its literal sense requires par, as : Wuh

i Kahna requires ne — vide Lesson 13 (c), but bolna does not. * Miya, a term of respect, as Mr. ; Mitthii from mltha " sweet." 3 The use of 6oto in such a case is incorrect. Vide L. 26 (c) (2).

LESSON 11.

51

darakht par charhd ; but in its metaphorical sense (when a substitute for and) it requires the dative, as : Mujhe bukhdr charhd (or ayd) " I've got fever."

(e) — He speaks good Persian.

He composes good Persian

verse. This has no taste at all, it's

insipid.

Wuh achchhl Far si bolta hai. Wuh achchhl Fdrsi kahtd hai .

Is me kuchh bhi maza nahl hai, phtkd hai.

It is tasteless ; it is very taste- Be-maza hai ; bahut hi be-maza

less indeed. hai.

There is very little water in Nadi me thord pdnl hai. us

the river, can you ford it ? se paidal utar-sakoge ?

No, we must cross by the Nahl,1 pulpar seutarndhogd.'1 bridge.

1 8 have fever since yesterday ; Kal se bukhdr charhd8 hai.

ab tak nahl, utrd.

it has not left me yet.

I will make the carts cross by the bridge.

Are that family (i.e. its vari- ous branches) friendly with each other ?

By chance I caught his eye.

Gariyo ko pul par se utarwa.- ugd.

Us khdnddn me ittifdq hai ?

Ittifaq-an mert akh us se Ian, or mere uske l char akhe huM.

All are agreed or are un- Sab muttafiq hai.

anmous.

1 No for " no" is vulgar.

2 The pronoun ham ko " to us " (or turn ko, etc., as the case may be) is understood.

3 The pronoun mujh ko (or whatever the person may be ) is understood. * Probably for mere uske darmiyan; akh is feminine. (Vide p. 62,

line H).

g2 HINDUSTANI

The native officers don't pull

together. This is my right, just due.

No, it is a privilege. All are entitled to loot money.

This is an admirable, praise- worthy, creditable book.

This coolie is hard-working : he is entitled to a reward.

He is worthy of pity. He got angry.

I just ' sat on his head ' ' till he consented to do this.

Nice warm dishes (to eat).

MANUAL.

Sarddro ke bich nd-ittifdqi hai.

Yih merd haqq hai. Nahl.

ri'dyat ki bdt hai. Lut ke rupai ke sab mwtahiqq

hai. Yih kitdb ta'rif ke ld,iq hai.

Yih quli mihnati hai, in'dm

ke ld,iq hai or in^dm kd

mustahiqq hai. Wuh rahm ke qdbil hai. Us ko ghussa charhd (or di/d). Mai uski gardan par charhd

jab jdkar* yih kdm karnc

ko rdzi hu,d. Garm garm khdnd*

LESSON 12.

(a)_When the object of a transitive verb is definite or specific, the postposition ko is added, as a general rule ; for example, chhuri ld,o signifies "bring (a) knife"; but for "bring that knife," the postposition ko is usually added; thus, us chhuri ko ld,o.

l Kisl ke sir par baithna is also the idiom.

i Jab is often, as here idiomatically used for tab. Jab jakar gives the idea of unwillingness, vide also Lesson 57 (e) : " then and then only." 3 See last example in L. 4, and footnote.

LESSON 12.

53

EXAMPLES.

Put (the) water on the table. Pam mez par rakho. Take away (the) sugar Shakar (not ko) lejd,o.

Clean (make clean) this plate. Is Hasan ko sdf karo Cool the water. Pdni ko thandd karo.

(6) — Isti'mdl, m. Iftti'mdl karnd. Baratnd, H. tr. Kdm me land. Kdm denci. Wdjib. Wdjtbi, adj. Naukar, m. Naukarl, f .

Qtmat, f. ; and Qimati, adj. Lagdm, pi. lagdme, f. Be-lagdm, adj. Ghantd, pi. ghante, m. , f.

Jahdz, pi. jahaz, m. Paltan, pi. paltane, f. Pard,o. m. Balki, conj.

Use.

To use.

To use.

To use.

To be useful

Proper, fitting.

Fair, moderate.

Any servant.

Service.

Price; Costly.

Bridle.

Unruly, without bridle.

Hour ( = ghart) ; bell, gong.

Ladder : also stairs, steps.

(For stairs the pi. sirhiyU,

is generally used.) Ship.

Regiment of foot. Camping-ground, stage. Nay, rather, moreover, but.1

1 When " but" means " instead of" it must be rendered in Hindu- stani (not in Persian) by balki.

54 HINDUSTANI MANUAL.

T handd hond, intr. To become cold ; also to die.

Bat kdtnd, tr. To contradict : to interrupt.

Saiana, tr. To tease ; harass: persecute.

Phurtl, f . Smartness.

Phurfila, adj. Smart ; active.

Bhala-manus, Hindi, m. Gentleman (lit good man).

Karwa, adj. Bitter.

M iZ& karwa karna. To look surly, give sour lo. .ks

(C) .Ko.t naukar ld,o means "bring me a servant." but

naukar ko sdth ld,o means "bring the servant with you,"

implying that there is only one, or referring to one pre- viously mentioned.

If however the object is lifeless, the ko is often omitted.

as : gdn khan karo " stop the cab."

(d)— The ko of the direct object is added to (1) definite nouns ; (2) proper names ; (3) to the interrogative pronoun kaun ; (4) to personal pronouns ; (5) to persons. Us ne kaun kuttd bhej-diyd ?, but kit naukar ko bhej-diya ? ; mat ne sab bhej-diya "I sent all (the things) ; mat ne sab bhej-diye " 1 sent all (the dogs)," but mai ne sab ko or sabho ko bhej-diya " I sent all (the persons)."

Remark. — The ko is, however, occasionally omitted even after persons. In, its ne sirf fin admi qatl kiye "he killed only three of the men," the omission of the ko gives the idea of men of no inportance.

(e) — The ko is added to even indefinite nouns if its omi.-- i'>n could cause any ambiguity, as : Mai samjfid ki ek janwar ko dekhkar bliagla hai "I guessed he was running away from some wild beast" : omit the ko and janwar might be mis- taken for the subject.

LESSON 12. 55

In such sentences as, Sirkd dudh ko pharfa hai " vinegar curdles milk"; Agar ko,i sharab ko sharbat se badle "were any one to exchange wine for sherbat." the ko cannot be omitted.

(/) — (1) The ko cannot, or should not. be used in the same clause as the sign of the indirect object (dative) and of the direct object (accusa- tive). After verbs of giving and (often of) sending, ko is generally used for the dative ; and the direct object therefore often cannot take ko. Jan ko bhej do " send John " ; Mat ne ek muharrir us ke pas bhej-diya "I sent him a clerk as a servant," but with ko, "I sent him one of my clerks (with a message)."

(2) Personal and demonstrative pronouns, however, have two forms of the dative and accusative, and advantage may be taken of this fact when both a dative and an accusative occur in the same clause ; but ko will indicate the accusative, as: Usko ek sahib ne mujhe (not mujh ko) diya " A sahib gave it to me," but mujhe ghar [ko] le-gaya " he took me home"; use (dat.) us ko sdp-diya "he made him over, entrusted him, to him." Instead of .in kitabd ko turn ko parhna chahiye " you should read these books," write either, In kitabd ko tumhe parhna chahiye, or else yih kitabe tumko parhnl chahiye.

Remark. — It will be noticed in these sentences the accusative pre- cedes the dative.

(3) If however a noun and a pronoun occur as direct and indirect object, the ko may indicate either the dative or the accusative but the accusative will come first.

(g) — After the demonstrative pronouns yih and wuh, with or without a noun, the ko can optionally be inserted or omitted, except after verbs of givigg, etc., i.e. after verbs that take a dative as well as ac- cusative, as: Us ne iffuh kitab usko dedl "he gave him that book"; wuh do " give me that," but either us kitab ko us ke pas bhej-diya, or wuh kitab us ke pas (or usko) bhej-dl; yih (not isko) sunkar, " having heard this," but either yih bat or is bat ko aunkar. Isko or usko alone means " him, her, it.

(h) — It was stated in (d) that ko is used after persons. It may however be omitted after insignificant persons, as; Tamam sipahl walia bhej-diye, or tamam sipahiyd ko waha bhej-diya "he sent all the soldiers there."

56 HINDUSTANI MANUAL.

(i)— Examples of the ko of the indirect object or dative : Adht rat ko " at midnight " ; sanishar ko " on Saturday " ; Ldhor (ko) gaya "he has gone to Lahore"; das rupai ko " for ten rupees " ; kitab us ko bhej-cK " he sent him the book, he sent the book to him." It is also used with the infinitive as : Wuh jane ko taiyar hai " he is ready to go."

Remark.— The ko of the dative of ' motion to ' is generally omitted, except in the Punjab. It is occasionally inserted to avoid awkwardness, as : Led! Bdgh ja,o " drive to the Eden Gardens," but Ledl Bdgh ko tez hak-ke chalo. " drive us quickly to the Eden Gardens." If ko is omitted in the last example, the sentence becomes clumsy, vide also L. 57 (/). The ko in adverbs of time may be omitted.

(7) — Marnd with ko means either " kill " or " beat," accord- ing to the context. Without ko, for animals of size, it means "to kill" : but for insects, etc.. with or without ko, it can only mean "to kill." Jan se marna means " to kill." (k) — You now speak good Ab bahut achchht Hindustani

Hindustani ? bolte ho ?

No — only moderate, so so. Nahl, wajibi.

Tell me its right, fair, price. Iski wajibi qimat bolo.

This is in use. Yih to isti'mdl me hai.

I came down the hill in one Mai pahdr se ek ghante me

hour. utra.

Dismount (from the horse). Ghofe se uiro.

He came down the ladder Wuh sifhi se utar-dyd. (or stairs).

We, however, disembarked in Ham log to Kalkatte me jahaz Calcutta. se utre.

LESSON 13. 57

I shall put up at the hotel. Mai to hotel me utrugd. Help me to mount. Mujhe ghore par charhd-do, or

char ha, o.

It is hilly country, many ups Charhd,i utrd,i bahut hai. and downs.

[Order] : The regiment will Paltan ogle pard,o par na not halt at the next stage utregi balki ' dusre par. but at the one after

I will give it to thee. Mai usko tujhe dugd.

Let me give that (may I give Mai wuh tujhe du. that) to thee ?

LESSON 13.

(a) — Before the tenses formed from the past participle 2 of a transitive verb, the nominative of the sentence assumes the Agent case with ne. The verb then agrees in gender and number with the object, thus, " The man wrote a letter,' must be admi ne ek chitthi likhi - ' by the man a letter (was) written.' If it is necessary to render the object very defi- nite, and consequently to add ko, the verb must always be in the form of the third person singular masculine, as : " The man killed the tigers " = mard ne sherd ko mdr-ddld (masc. sing.) ; " The boy has struck the girl " larke ne larki ko mdrd hais (masc. sing.).

(b)—Bald, L Calamity.

Bald se. Hang it, I don't care.

1 Not lekin here — vide Note 1 , p. 53.

2 That is, Preterite, Perfect, and Pluperfect.

3 With this exception, the trans, verb is conjugated like the intraris.

58 HINDUSTANI MANUAL.

Ghazab, m. Wrath : also ghfizub kn = ad j

(idiomatically) terrible the devil of a. etc.

Roza, m. Any Muslim fast.

Fdqa, m. Going hungry, starving.

Pesh, prep, and adv. Before.

And, intr. To come, etc.

Kisl se (or -ke sdth) pesh and. To treat a person.

Mihrbdni, pi. mihrbdniya. f. Kindness.

Jutt, pi. jutiya, f .

But or but, pi. 6t*f, m.

Musibat, pi. musibate. f.

Qismat (no pi.), f.

Bad-qismafi, f. .Vastfe (always pi.), m. Ma'ne or raa'rw or ma'nq. tn. pi.

Sdtht, pi. -sa^t, m. TVitfc, adj. Haraj (no pi.), m. »Sftor (no pi.), m.

SAor o g^w^, or yfculshor (no

pi.), m.

Natija, pi, nofi/e, m. ^am [me] and.

Shoe ; also boot.

Any English shoe or boot.

Misfortune.

Portion ; lot ; fate. .

1 11 -fortune.

Fate ; lot, chance.

Meaning, purport.

With, in company with. him. Comrade, companion. Proper, right.

Inconvenience, interruption. Noise. Much noise.

Result, consequence. To be useful ; also to bi- k i I IP. 1 (in any noble strife).

LESSON 13. 59

Kaham. pi. kahdniyff. f. Story, tale (sp. fiction).

Boli, pi. boliyS. f. Language, dialect ; mode of

speaking ; street cry ; bid

at an auction ; cries of bird

or beast.

Dusrd. adj. Second; another: next.

Bhara, p. p. Filled, brimful.

Bhar. adj. vide (g) (below).

Piyala-bliar, adj A cupful.

Tmr-bhar, adv. For the whole of one's life.

life-long. (c) — (1) Kahna requires ne ; bolnd does not.

(2) If the second part of a compound (transitive) verb is intransitive, ne is inadmissible, thus us ne kMyd " he ate.5' but wuh khd-gayd "he ate up." Vide L. 21 (a).

(3) Some few transitive verbs do not take ne : with a few it is optional ; with a few others the use and omission of ne is a matter of new and old fashion.

(4) Formerly ne was not used with lifeless subjects : " Your coming has pleased me " dp ke dne se mat bahut khush hu,d : but now-a-days dp ke dne tie mujhe khush kiyd is used, though rather stilted. In easy colloquial ne is not often used with lifeless things.

(d) — And has various idiomatic uses besides "to come" : these are illustrated in L. 14 (a).

(e) — Lo<j. pi. (gen. logo kd). "people" is sometimes used to form a plural. Since ham is often used for the singular " I," log is sometimes added to it to indicate the plural " we." Such plurals as kutte log " dogs " are very vulgar.

60 HINDUSTANI MANUAL.

(ft — Reciprocity is expressed thus : Wuh ek dusre ko ehdhte hat "they love one another, each other." Vide p. 8 (g).

(0)— The adjective bhar is added to adjectives of weight, quantity and measure: Maqdur-bhar (not so good bhar- maqdur) "to one's utmost power or ability, as far as one can"; pet-bhar or bhar-pet, adj. and adv., "one's bellyful, also completely " ; kurti-bhar kaprd " enough cloth to make a jacket"; bas-bhar "the length of a bamboo"; bhar-pur1 "brimful"; kauri bhar "the weight of a kauri, i.e. a small quantity" ; bhar-pana ''' to be paid in full" ; bhar-pd,t subs., f., "a receipt."

(h) The proper vocative singular can be used with either singular or a plural Imperative, as : Ai lafke sun or suno "listen, boy"; but larka sun (not suno) "listen my dear boy" (affectionate).

LESSON 14.

(a) — I don't know English. Mujhe Angrezi nahl all (hat).

Your son's name cropped up Tumhdre bete kd zikr dyd thd.

in the course of conversa- or bich me dyd tha.

tion (lit. mention of your

son had come between us) .

These boots fit me well, but Yih jutiya pd,o me thik dti

they have no lasting quali- hal lekin in me kuchh jdn

ties ; shoddy. (or dam) nahi hai*

Tt was due to my ill-luck that Men bad-qismatl se yih musi-

this misfortune befell me. bat pan, or pesh 5,t.

I Pur for pura, adj. " full, complete, entire, etc."

* la me /on nahi. hai, also means " perished" or " worn out."

LESSON 14. 61

The Sahib treated us well. Sahib ham logoke sdth ban

mihrbdni se pesh d.e.1

What is the meaning of this ? Is ke kyd ma'ne hai ?

This will interfere with my Is se mere kdm me haraj hogd ? work.

What harm will there be if I Is kam me kya haraj hai ?

(or you or he) do this ?

I hope Your Honour is not in- Is shor o ghul se dp kd haraj

convenienced by this row. to natii hai ?

This will have a bad result, Is ka natija burd hoga the consequences will be bad.

This thing will be useful. Yih chiz kam a,egl.

Ten men were killed in the Das sipdhl lard, I me kam d.e. battle (or war).

They are thirsting for his Wuh us ke khun ke* pyase blood. hat.

I am not hungering for wealth Mai mal ka^ bhukha nahl. (property) .

This girl is much loved by her Yih larld apne ma bap ki * parents, is very dear to her ban pyarl hai. parents.

(b) — Idioms : —

Violent anger. Bald kd ghussa.

Terrible 3 injustice. Ghazab kl (or bald kt) & nd-

insdfi.

A dreadful famine. Bald Hi (or ghazab ki) qahtsdti.

1 Plural for respect.

2 Note these genitives.

3 In this sense ghazab, bala and qiyamat have all the same force.

62 HINDUSTANI MANUAL.

A terrible dacoity has oc- Ghazah kd ddkd hu.d.

curred. Paltry fellow ! (lit. man worth Take ' ka dflmi.

two pice ' or a half -penny) .

You paltry slave-girl (lit. that Derh rupiai ki kaniz ! cost \\ rupees).

To encounter, come face to KifH *e do chdr hand. face with, any one suddenly (lit. two eyes become four) .

We met unexpectedly. Merv\usk\ chdr akhT> ////.7.

I am ready to start (lit. my Mcrd, rikdb me. pd.~> Imi. foot is in the stirrup).

To scold at nothing (said of a Hawd se larnd. scolding person).

To bargain, haggle. Mol jol karnd*

I am keeping the fast (volun- Mai roze se hu. tary).

He is starving (fasting invol- Wuh fdge Sf tin I. untarily) .

He is mad about sport. Wuh shikar ke pichht

hai. Just do this. Zard yih kdm karo.

Follow your nose ; also = as Ndk ki sidh me (jd,o) the crow flies.

To be cautious (lit. to look Dd,e bd,e dekhnd. right and left).

1 In Calcutta however taka is a rupee.

2 Molna (used in Calcutta) and mol-lena, tr., «• to buy " ; mol, m. "purchase" : jol has no meaning In Delhi mol tol karna.

LESSON 15. 63

Come at the usual time. Ma'muli waqt par ana.1

It's an ordinary sort of horse. Ma'muli ghord hai. Indifferent topics of con versa- Idhar udhar kl bate.

tion, small talk, etc. (lit.

words of hither and thither) .

Far and wide, I have to-day Aj, dur tak. merd jawdb natil. no match.

A man named Muhammad said — .

To keep an appointment (lit. to come according to pro- mise) .

Ah, I admire your cleverness.

Pathans are the very devil. My heart was broken by grief.

Ek shakhs Muhammad nam ne a kahd ki - .

Iqrdr par ana.

an ke

Bas : tumhari Jwshyan qurbdn jdM (or jd,iye) .

Pathdn log ghazab hate hai.

Gham se merd kalejdz phat- gayd.

LESSON 15.

(a) — Saknd means ' to be able, can ' ( Potential) . and chukna* ' to have done or finished ' (Completive). When these govern another verb, the latter is not in the infinitive (as with us), but in the ROOT, which is always placed first ; the two together thus form a compound verb.

1 Infinitive used as Future Imperative.

2 Nam is in apposition to Muhammad. Also naml " named," " fa- mous."

3 Indians usually say " liver" where we say " heart." * No ne.

64

HINDUSTANI MANUAL.

EXAMPLES.

He can (or is able to) speak our language.

Are you able to read iny writ- ing ?

No one will be able to read this but yourself.

He can speak a little English.

They have done eating. Have you done writing ?

They had done reading when I arrived there.

(6) — Samajhna,'1 (does not take ne) .

Samajh, f .8 Samajh-dar . Samjhana, caus.

Nikalnd, intr. Nikalna, tr.

Wuh hamarl zaban bol-sakta

hai. Turn mera likha ' parh-sakte

ho? Siwa.e tumhdre. ko,i isko na

pafh-sakega.

Wuh kuchh kuchh (or, thorl bahut) Angrezi bol-sakta hai.

Wuh khd-chuke hai.

Turn likh-chuke ?

Jab ml waha pahucha (tab or to) wuh parh-chuke the.

To understand, consider, think.

Understanding.

Intelligent.

To cause to understand, to explain ; to comfort, con- sole ; reason with; per- suade.

To come out ; to turn out.

To turn out, expel; also to break in a horse (educate it).

. 1 Likha, subs., " writing," but likha hu,a " something written."

2 But samajh-lena requires ne. \

3 Verbal roots which are also nouns are usually feminine, as mar " beating." So too, Persian verbal roots, as amad " coming."

LESSON 15.

65

Ghalat, adj.

Ghalati, pi. ghalatiyn, f.

Hogd.

Hu,d hogd.

Bald, pi. bald,e, f. Bald se (exclamation) . Hdth, pi. hath, m. Andar, P., ^prep. and Bhitar, H.Jadv. Bdgh/i, m. Ydyhistdn. Rond, intr. Saikrd, m. Saikro ddml. Kharch, m. Kharch karnd. ' Imdrat, pi. 'imdrate, f . Pahuchnd, intr. Pahuchnd. tr. .£*', conj. (JaK, pi. gdliya, f. G55 rfewa.

iKoshish, pi. koshishe, f. ^aAno.

Wrong.

Mistake, error.

Will be, must be (w'de L 8)

(4). Will have been, must have

been.

Calamity.

Never mind, hang it !

Hand.

In, inside.

Rebel, mutineer.

Country across the border.

To weep, shed tears.

A century, or a hundred.

Hundreds of persons.

Expenditure, cost.

To spend, expend.

Any masonry building. •

To arrive.

To cause to arrive.

That.

Abuse, specially filthy abuse.

To abuse.

Endeavour, attempt, striving.

To abuse (English fashion) ; to rate.

66 HINDUSTANI MANUAL.

Mai, m. Property, goods ; in the

Punjab often 'cattle.'

Daulat(nov\.),i Riches, wealth.

Mal-dar, adj. Possessed of property.

Daulat-mand, adj. Possessed of riches.

Muftis. Poor ; also bachelor (vulg.) .

Paidd, adj. Born; apparent, evident.

Paidd hond. To be born ; to be produced ;

to be procured.

Ha (corrup. of ya&!, = here). =The French chez.

Mere h& ; tere h&-Yr. chez At my place, etc. moi, etc.

Shifa (no pi.), f. Cure (by God, not doctor).

Shifd-khdna, m. Hospital.

Bahuterd , ad j . Much .

Magar, conj. But (and in writing " per-

haps").

Chukdnd, tr. To settle (a dispute, an ac-

count) ; to pay a debt. 'Ildj, m. Treatment, cure by doctor.

LESSON 16.

(a) — Chuknd "to be finished" sometimes expresses "al- ready," as : Wuh jd-chukd hai " he has already gone."

(b) — It is usually better to insert nahl "not" between saknd and the verb-root; thus mai likh nahi saktd hU is better than mai nahl likh saktd hti ; but both are right

LESSON 16.

07

(c)-Chukna with any verb is, in the Preterite only, used ironically for the Future, as : Jl U mal ja-ckuka=" I won't go, i.e. Oh yes I've gone (ironical) ; catch me going."

Ghukna may be used in the Imperative, as : Yih kam jald kar-chuko. Should, however, the Imperative indicate time anterior to a second Otooa, chukna cannot be used, as : Pahle yih kam kar-lo (not kar-chuko) dusra kam karna, " first do this and t en that."

(d)—Sahj,b and Miya as terms of respect require a plural verb.1 Sahib, with a singular verb, often indicates a loafer, or a half-caste in European clothes, and Miya* with a singu- lar verb is in the mouth of a Hindu a contemptuous expres- sion for a Muslim.

(e)—l am unable to talk Hin- Mat Hindustani bol nahri sakta dustani.

I do not know how to talk Hindustani.

I cannot do this (either = I

won't or I can't). Do you understand ? (lit. have

you understood what I

said?).

Do you understand as I go

Mujhe Hindustani boll nahl atl hai.

Ham se yih kam nahl ho- sakta hai.

Turn samjhe (or not so correct turn ne samjha) ?

Turn samajhte ho ?

Well, hang it, let him come Bald se, usko andar ane do ;

in- bos.

How much service have you ? Tumhan kitne din kl naukarl

hail

th» subject must also be

luraT SUCh CaS6S the adj6Ctive 2 In some parts of India MiyS-ji is a title for a school-master. The meaning of miyS, varies in different districts.

08

HINDUSTANI MANUAL.

The service in this hotel (or Is hotal kd intizam achchhd

refreshment -room) is poor. nahl. The sepoy did good service Sipdhi ne Sarkdr H khidmat

for Government.

What induced you to let these •rebels stay with you ?

He didn't understand me. He did this at my persuasion.

Comfort the boy, he's crying.

I reasoned with him well, ex- plained matters, but he didn't heed me in the least.

Thousands of rupees must have been spent on this building.

He must have reached there by now.

He is sorry that this turned out to be wrong.

He loaded me with filthy abuse, called me filthy names.

He called me names (not filthy).

achchhi ki.

Turn ne. kyd samajhkar, in bdghiyo ko apne pas rahne diyd ?

Wuh hmnari bat ' nahl, samjha.

Us ne mere samjhdne se yih kdm kiyd.*

Larke ko samjhd,o, rota hai.

Mai ne usko bahut samjhdyd lekin usne ek na-mdni, or na-sunl,s (or wuh kab suntd thai).

Is ' imdrat me hazard rupai kharch hu,e hoge.

waha pahuch-gayd ki yih bat

Ab tak hogd.

Usko afsos hai ghcilat nikli.

Ume mujhe bun (or mri) * gdliya dl.

Us ne mujhe burd bhald kahd.

Not ham ko. 2 Kiya "did " ; kya " what ? "

Idiom : feminine bat understood.

From sarna to be rotten ; sar-jana to go rotten.

LESSON 17.

Dinner is over.

What can be, or will have been, done by his exer- tions ? — what is likely to have been done by his en- deavours ?

What ! from merely drinking wine has such a man of pro- perty become penniless ?

A horse like this can never have been bred in your place.

I tried all sorts of remedies but I didn't get well.

' Id is over.

When1 I have finished this business, I will let you know.

Khdnd ho-chukd.

Uskl Icoshish se kyd hu,d hogd ?

Kyd, shardb hi ke pine se aisa mdl-ddr ddmi muftis ho -gay a ?

Tumhdre ha aisa ghord kabhi pqidd nahu,d hoga.

Mai ne bahutere ' ilaj kiye magar shifd na pd,i.

'Id ho-chuki.

Jab l yih kdm kar-chukUgd (Fut.) to tumhe khabar dtiga.

Lagnd, intr.

Lagana, tr. Ghazdb, m. Shd'ir, m. Shi'r, m.

LESSON 17.

To be attached, joined, etc, to begin (and continue).

To affix, etc., etc.

Wrath.

Poet.

Poetry : also a couplet.

Fire.

1 Jab with Present Tense is temporal =" whenever" ; with Aorist or Future it means " when (conditional) " and sometimes " whenever."

70 HINDUSTANI MANUAL.
Bhukh, f.	Hunger.
Topi, pi. topiyfi, f.	Cap or hat (for head for gun.
	etc.).
Jawan, adj. and sube.	Youthful ; a youth.
Pith, pi. pithe, f.	Back.
'4gZ(nopl.),/.	Understanding, wisdom.
'Aql-mand, adj.	Wise.
PeJ, pi. peJ, m.	Stomach, belly.
4saw, adj.	Easy.
Asam, subs.	Easiness.
Nlshan, m.	A mark, sign ; banner.
Nlshana, m.	Target, butt.
Nishdni, f .	Token, memorial.
Talivar, pi. talwdri, f.	A curved sword.
Tttar, m.	Cock grey -partridge.
Tttan, f .	Hen „
Sher, m.	Tiger.
Sherm, pi. sherniyft, f .	Tigress.
Kunfi, H., pi. kunjiyd, f. )
>	Key.
Chabi, H., pi. chabiyS,, f. )
TaZa, H., pi. fa^e. ")	Lock or padlock.
QM^, A., m. )
Chhitkam, pi. chhitkaniyH , f.	Bolt.
Kasna, tr.	To pull, draw tight: t

adj. and subs.

tighten.

Tight, narrow, contracted ; worried ; in straits ; a girth.

LESSON 17.

71

Pichhe, prep. Sarakna, in.tr. 'Aish o 'ishrat, f.

'Phul, m.

Phal, m.

Mausim, m.

HUa, m. hlle, pi.

Dlwana, adj.

Diwana, subs., pi. cKwane.

Banna,1 intr.

Banana, tr.

Sawar, adj. and subs.

Ghiithi, pi. chittliiya.

Bahra, pi. bahre, adj. Jawdb, pi. jaivab, m. Jawab dena.

Aram (no pi.), m. Bhdgna, intr.

Behind.

To shift from its place. •Luxurious living ; debau- chery. Flower. Fruit ; result. Season.

Trick, wile ; false excuse. Mad. Madman, madmen.

To be made, prepared, fabri- cated ; to be feigned, made like.1

To make.

Mounted on a horse, or in any conveyance : a horse- man, trooper of Native Cavalry.

Letter, specially official (in Urdu).

Deaf. Answer.

To answer ; also to dismiss : and sometimes ' to refuse.'

Rest, quiet, ease.

To flee away, abscond (not to run).

For some idiomatic significations of banna, vide Lessons 3S and 55.

72 HINDUSTANI MANUAL.

Mafi} m. Gardener (Hindu).

Malin, pi. maline, f. Gardener's wife.

Gul, pi. gul, m. Flower; an ornamental flow-

er ; a spot on a pigeon, horse, etc. ; also the burnt part of a wick.

Gul karna. To extinguish a lamp, candle.

Gulab, pi. guldb, m. A rose ; also rose-water.

Dasta, pi. daste, m. Handle ; a pestle ; a packet ;

a quire of paper.

Gul-dasta. Nosegay.

Torna,1 tr. To break (lit. and met.).

Tutna,1 intr. To be broken.

Qasam, pi. qasame, f. An oath.

Qasam khana. To swear (Zi7. eat an oath)

Garha or gaddha, m. , pi. garhe. A pit.

Mitti, f. Earth, mould ; vulg. corpse,

' remains.'

Bharna, tr. and intr.2 To fill.

Band karna, tr. To close, stop, shut up.

Dubnd, intr. To sink ; to set (of the sun,

moon or stare) ; to be deluged ; to drown, or nearly drown ; be immersed in.

Dubona or dubana, tr. To plunge into water, duck ;

cause to drown.

1 Note the first t of torria and tutna ; soft and hard. 3 But bhar-dena and bhar-jana, tr. and intr. only.

LESSON 18.

73

Pdnl ke upar bahna, intr. ; and bahdnd, tr.

Asu bahana, tr. Haiza, m. Khara, adj. Khard karnd, tr. Kuril, pi. ; kurtiyS, f . Jharan, pi. ; jhdrane, f . Jharna, tr. (jharna, intr.).

Par jharna, tr.

Jdn-bujhkar.

Qasd-an.

To float ; to make to flow or float, or to wash away.

To shed tears.

Cholera.

Standing, erect ; halted.

To erect ; to stop from motion .

A short coat, tunic.

A duster.

To sweep, to dust ; to shake dust or water off clothes ; to brush away with the hand ; to beat a jungle for game : to shake fruit off a tree.

To moult, shed feathers.

On purpose.

LESSON 18.

(a) — The verbs lagna, intr., "to begin" (Inceptive), dend (takes we), " to grant permission " or "allow" (Permissive), and pana (no ne1), "to get permission" or "be allowed" (Acquisitive), govern the Infinitive of another verb in the inflected state, that is, -ne instead of -nd.

(b) — The Conjunctive Participle (jd-kar, jd-ke, etc., "hav- ing gone") serves to throw two or more short sentences into

1 From janria to know and bujhna to solve (a riddle).

2 Pana when it means " to find," takes ne.

74 HINDUSTANI MANUAL.

one; thus. "Go to my room, and bring me quickly my sword " mere kamre me ja-kar talwar jald ld,o. Vide also L. 26 (d).

(c) — (1) The intransitive lagria has many common idioma- tic meanings besides "to begin, etc." Most of these are illustrated below.

(2) — After an infinitive, lagna may take the place of the Subjunctive, as: Mai waha ky& jane laga, "why should I go there?"; mat waha kyS jane laga tha " why should I have gone there ? "

(d) — (1) Beginners should avoid the construction known in English as the "error of the misrelated participle," ' that is. they should see that the participle and the finite verb refer to the same grammatical subject : M ujh ko ghar jdke bukhar dya •' I got fever after reaching my house/' is quite correct Urdu, for though bukhar is the grammatical subject of the finite verb (while mujh ko is the dative case), still the logical sub- ject is "I." The beginner, however, if he copies such con- structions will make serious errors.

(2) The Conj. Participles barh-kar ''more," and khass -kar "especially" are adverbs.*

(e)— The substantive verb of a tense is often omitted in a negative sentence, as : Mai us ke (or us se) milne ko kabhi nahl jdtd [hu] " I never go to see him."

(/) — The inflected infinitive before sakna (as jane saktd for ja-sakta) is vulgar and incorrect.

(g) — His house caught fire. Uske ghar me ag lagi.

1 "The Shah spoke for three hours, when, becoming fntigued, the ministers left the darbar." It was the Shah who became fatigued, not the ministers.

2 Compare the English "notwithstanding, concerning, etc."

LESSON 18.

75

I feel hungry. Mujhe bhuk lagl hai.1

I don't like this place. Mera dil yaha nahl lagtd (hai) .

The youth has fallen in love Jawan ka, larki se, dil laga hai

(or lag-gaya hai) . Ghore ki pith lag-go,^,.

Topi us ko 'z achchhl nahl, lagti (hai).

'Aql-mand ko ko,i bat jald bun

with the girl. The horse has a sore back The hat does not suit her.

A wise man does not easily

(quickly) take offence. I made a good shot. I fell asleep.

nahl lagti (hai). Men goli nishane par thik lagi. Men akh lag-ga,i.'6

I am always thinking about Mera dil har waqt uski taraf

her.

laga-rahta hai.

When the sword struck him Jab talwar us ko (or better us

then — . ke) * lagi tab .

It will occupy only a short Faqat thofi der lagegi.

time.

I didn't get a single partridge. Ek bhi titar mere hath (me) na-

The key did not fit the lock. Chabi qufl me nahl lagi.b Why should you go there ? Turn kyu waha jane lage ?

1 Pyas " thirst." Mai bhuka pyasa hH " I am hungry and thirsty.' ' Peahab laga hai " I want to make water."

2 Us ko may mean " him" or " her" according to the context. If it is necessary to lay emphasis on the feminine, some word like larkl, or 'aurat, must be used.

3 For this form of this verb vide Lesson 23 (c).

* i.e. Uske badan me or ko—vide Lesson 20 (e) 4, etc. 6 Vulgarly chabi lagl hu*i hai—'1 it is locked."

^g HINDUSTANI MANUAL.

He rose and began to say. Wuh uth-kar kahne lagd.1 I set fire to the house (vide also Mai ne ghar me dg lagd-dl .*

first sentence).

Bolt the door (or window). Chhitkani* lagd,o. If he had not pulled the girth Agar uruh tag kaske na lagdtd,

tight, the saddle would have to zin pichhe ko sarak-jdtd.

slipped back. The Raja is a very dissolute

person. At this season the trees are in

blossom. He's a fine poet. A devil of a war took place. He is the devil to work. Try to lift this. He pretended to be mad.

Raja sahib 'aish o 'ishrat me

lage-rahte* hat. Is mausim me darakfrffi me (or

par) phul lage-rahte hoi.

Wuh ghazab ka B sha'ir hai. Ghazab ki laraj waqi' hu,i. Wuh bald kd mihnatt hai. Koshish karke isko uthd-lo. (Hlla karke) diwdna ban-gayd. Mai, wdha sawdr ho-ke gayd.

Apnd kdm jhut bol-kar nikdld hai (or nikdl-liyd hai).

Us ne has-kar kahd ki .

.1 rode there.

He has accomplished his busi

ness by lying. He laughingly said that — . The thief came silently (with Ghor chup-ke (dabe pd,o 6) dyd.

stealthy steps). ,

Kindly tell me, please tell me. Mihrbdnl kar-ke bolo (or kaho) .

Laga here equals ' began and continued.' Laga-dena ; for this form of verb vide Lesson 22 (c) 2. Not ko — vide Lesson 12 (c).

Hu,e understood after lage. Plural of respect after sahib. These two idioms bala ka—, and ghazab ka—, have either a good or bad sense. 6 Se understood after dabe pa,o.

LESSON 18.

77

He pretended to be deaf and did not answer.

Even after leaving here there is no rest to be obtained.

He escaped with just his life.

The mall made a bouquet of flowers.

He swore that .

Fill up this hole (lit. this hole, having filled earth in it, stop it).

When I got there, I found that I had come to the wrong place.

He sank, was nearly drowned, or was drowned.

He was drowned (dead). He died of cholera.

Does not a great boy like you feel ashamed (of doing such a thing) ?

After striking him repeatedly, I turned him out of the house.

Us ne, bakra ban-ke, kuchh jawdb na diyd.

Yaha se jd-kar bhi dram na- M milne kd.1

Apm jdn le-kar bhdg-gayd.

Mali ne phul tor * tor (ke) gul- dasta bandy a.

Us ne qasam khd-kar kahd ki .

Is garhe ko, mitti bhar-kar, band kar-do.

Watia jdkar mujhe ma'lum hu,d ki " bhule se aur makdn par d-gayd hu." 3

Wuh dubd.

Wuh dubke mard,

Wuh haiza karke mar-gayd.

Turn ko, itne bare ho-kar, sharm dtl ? " *

Mai ne us ko mdr-marke se nikdl-diyd.

He stood up and said that — . Us ne khare kokar kahd ki — .

1 For the signification of the Infinitive used like this, vide L. 32 (e).

2 Tor tor (Tear) : the repetition here expresses repeated action.

3 In Hindustani this is direct narration.

4 Hai understood ; vide (d) and (e).

78 HINDUSTANI MANUAL.

I stealthily tied a duster to M ai ne chhupdkar ' ek jhdran

his coat (tail). us kt kurtt se badh-di.

He secretly put the letter in Us ne chhipdkar chittht dg me

the fire. daft-

By continually quarrelling he Us ne lar lar-kar ghar bhar kt has worn out the whole nak me dam kar-diyd1- (or house. kar-rakhd) hai.

I went away just before he Wuh 8 ane bht na pay a thd ki came. mat chald-gayd ( = wuh dyd

bhi na-thd ki mat chald-gayd = wuh ane hi ko tha ki mai chala-gaya).

LESSON 19.

(a) — Ghdhnd, " to be about to do " or " to be about to finish doing," and karna* in the sense of "to make a practice of," "to be in the habit of (Frequentative)," often govern the past participle instead of the infinitive. The participle so governed is always in the form of the singular masculine in a.5 Thus—

EXAMPLES.

He is in the habit of reading Wuh har subh ko parhd-karta every morning. hai.

Also chhipakar.

Nak me dam karna (lit. " to bring the breath into the nose") an id om for " to worry, wear out " : the in transitive is nak me dam ana.

K

r-rakha signifies " has kept the house in a state of — .'

Note no ne.

Kama in this sense is intransitive. Vide also L. 20 (d).

The Past Part, of Jana in such cases is regular, i.e. jaya and not gaya; also in the passive mujh ae wahct jaya na gaya—" I could not venture to go there."

LESSON 19. 79

He is in the habit of writing W uh har roz kuchh likhd-kartd

something every day. hai.

He used always to give (make) Wuh hamesha shdgird ko yih

this injunction to the scho- tdktd kiyd-kartd thd.

lar.

I am about to finish learning Mai Hindustani zabdn slkhd Hindustani. chdhtd ~hn.

I am going to finish writing Mai yih chitthi likhd-chdhtd

this letter. A§.

(6) — The form chdhiye of the verb chahna is used imper- sonally, like the Latin " decet," and " oportet," or the French " il faut," as : chahiye ki turn jd,o, " you must or ought to go, it is necessary that you go." This form of chahna is often followed by the Aorist, as in the preceding example, but more often it is construed with the uninflected infinitive, the sub- ject being put in the dative case, as : tumko jdnd ' chahiye. It used also to govern the Past Participle of the verb, as : Adab sikha chahiye, "it is proper (or necessary) to learn good man- ners" ; 2 but this construction is at present met with only in the expression dekhd chdiye "let us see (what happens)." Vide also L. 32 (c).

(c) — Dastana.8 Glove.

Jord, H., m. ^ A pair, i.e. a couple ; a suit

Juft, P., m. 5 of clothes.

Jord khdnd. To pair.

1 Jana is the subject of chahiye.

2 Vide L. 33 (a). Chahiye is also considered ' Desiderative,' vide L. 20 (6).

3 From the Persian dost " hand" ; it ends in the Persian silent h ; vide note 2, p. 16.

HINDUSTANI MANUAL,

Jon."

Juffi karnd or juft hond. Tirath, m.

'Adat, pi. 'ddate, f. HdL m., Ar. pi. ahwal,1 m. Halat, f ; Ar. pi. hdldt, m. Dekhnd, tr. Dikhdnd, caus. Dikhaj, subs., f.

Dikkaj derui, intr. (no ne). Zamin, f.

Ghord, m. i, f.

Ta«iZ, m.

Tatwdm, f.

Kambal or kammal, m.

Ghddar, pi. chddare, f.

^aZ, adv.

M, f.

A pair (two) of horses, clubs, or dumb-bells ; of sepoys, brothers, etc. To pair. A Hindu pilgrimage, or place

of pilgrimage. Habit, custom. State, circumstances. State, circumstances To look, see. To show.

Appearance, view ; money paid for seeing any unusual sight.

To appear, seem. Land, ground ; the earth. A land-owner. Horse ; also cock of a gun.4 Mare ; also a saddle -stand, and

a clothes-horse. Pony. Pony-mare. Blanket.

Sheet (of cloth or metal). To-morrow ; yesterday. An instrument, machine.

1 Sometimes, in Urdu, used as a singular.

2 Also the Knight in chess.

LESSON 19.

81

Kal kd ghora. Ms, pi. raa,e, f. Bap, m.

Ms-bap, m., pi. Akh, f., pi. akKe. Akh and, intr. Tasma, m. Nil, m. Ntld, adj. Khasna, intr.

Km*, f.

Hasnd, intr. Chalnd. intr. Bachna, intr.

Bachdnd, tr.

Dast-khatt, m., pi. Pliisalrid, intr. Ghusnd (me), intr.

Bachcha, m. Chuhd, m. CAwAi.. f. Uthna, intr.

Uthdnd, tr.

A mechanical horse.

Mother.

Father.

Parents.

Eye ; aZso a " good eye for."

To have ophthalmia.

Strap.

Indigo.

Drak blue.

To cough

A cough.

To laugh.

To move, to come in motion.

To be saved, get off. remain over, be spared ; to avoid a threatened ill.

To save, etc., etc.

Writing, line ; also a letter.

Signature.

To slip, slide.

To enter (by force or hur- riedly) .

The young of anything.

Rat.

Mouse.

To rise up ; swell ; rise from sleep.

To raise ; to awaken ; to suffer.

82 HINDUSTANI MANUAL.

LESSON 20.

(a)— With the past tenses of chdhnd, the agentive ne may be used or omitted ; both are right. If however the subject is without life it is better to omit ne, as : Mai ne (or ma?) chdhd ki usko zara dekh-lu, but merd dil chdhd, ki usko zdra dekh-lu "I wanted to see him for a minute" ; 'aurat chdhi (or 'aurat ne chaha) ki yaha se bhdg-jd,e, or 'aurat kd dil chaha ki yahu, se bhdg-jd,e "the woman wanted to abscond."

(b)— Chdhnd may also govern the uninflected (not inflected) infinitive, but the sense is different. Chdhnd with a past participle properly signifies " about to do " or " about to finish doing " ; with an infinitive " wishes to do (desiderative)," as : Hindustani sikhd chdhta hu "I am about to finish learning Hindustani " ; Hindustani sikhnd chdhta hu "I want to learn Hindustani." These two expressions however are often in- correctly used for each other, as : yih kdm dj kiyd (or karnd) chdhiye " you must do this to-day."

(c) — Chdhna also signifies "to love, to like." as: Ma bete ko chdhti hai "the mother loves her child." Chdhat, subs, f., " love " ; chd,o " fonding." '

(d) — When karnd means "to be in the habit of," vide L. 19 (a), the agentive ne cannot be used. In the Present, Imper- fect, or Perfect Tenses, karnd indicates habitual action ; but in the Preterite Tense either habitual or continued action. The Pluperfect does not appear to be used.

Remark. — The expression wuh kiyd kiyd is not in use.

(e) — There is in Hindustani no verb " to have." (1) If the thing possessed is saleable, the preposition pas is used, as :

i For chahiye " it is necessary," vide L. 32 (c).

LESSON 20. 83

Us ke pas zamln hai "he has land" ; mere pas (or yaha) ' naukar hai is an exception.

(2) If the possession is unsaleable, the masculine inflected genitive, or the dative case, is used, as : Us ke. (or usko) ek beta hai "he has a son" (a general statement) ; bichchhu (sing.)'2 ke (or ko) Skh nahl hotl "scorpions have no eyes." Vide also L. 60 (e).

But in us kd (uninflected) ek beta hai, some word is em- phasised, as: "He has a son," or "he has one son," or "he has a son (not a daughter)."

(3) If the thing is ideal, not real, the dative only is used, as : Mujhe fursat nahl hai "I have no leisure."

(4) For limbs, etc., the proper genitive is used, and for such sentences as "she has blue eyes" the Urdu idiom is "her eyes are blue " us kl tikhe mil hai ; us kl ndk Iambi hai, "his nose is large" (in English "he has a large nose").

Remark /. — In, Ek gadhd jis ke dum na-ihl, "an ass that had no tail/' the explanation is that badan me is understood. Compare, us ke chot lagl "he was hurt, bruised, etc."; ghore ne uske Idt marl "the horse kicked him, etc., etc."

Remark II. — Mujh pas, and us pas, and turn pas, are sometimes colloquially used for mere pas, us ke pas, and tumhare pas.

(g) — When two separate nouns of different genders occur together as a semi-compound, the masculine or more worthy gender will predominate, as : rotl-makkhan, m. sing. " bread and butter"; chharrd-bdrut, m. sing, "powder and shot"; ma bap, m. pi. "parents"; hisdb-kitab, m. "accounts."

(h) — Pas also signifies "to" when the motion is towards

1 Vide L. 64 (c) (3).

* Masc. and declined like mard : the nom. pi. is also bichchhu.

84

HINDUSTANI MANUAL.

living beings or things that cannot be entered ; as : Us ddmt ke pas (not ko) jd,o "go to that man" ; ghore ke pas (not ko) jd,o "go to the horse."

Wuh is jagah ke pas hai ?

Pas hi hai.

Ydhd, se nazdtk hai.

Wuh ' likhd ki.

Yih bat ' (hamesha) hu,d ki ( = hoti-raht).

Uske pas ghord (bht) hai aur tattu bht hai.

(g)—ls it near here ?

It is quite close.

It is near here

She continued writing.

This always used to happen.

He has both a horse and a

pony.

He has both a blanket and a' Uske pd* kambal bht hai aur sheet. chddar bht hai ; or uske pas

kambal aur chddar dono hai (for lifeless things hai is better than hai). Mere pas kuchh bht nahl hai. Yih wuhi ghord hai jo kal mere pas thd.

I have nothing at all.

This is the same (that very)

horse which I had yester-

day.

He has no parents. His (or her) eyes are blue. I have a severe cough. Whose mare is this ? Whose ponies are these ?

Uske rna-bdp nahl hai. Uskt Skhe niU hat. Mujhe sakht khiisi hai. Yih ghort kiskt hai ? Yih tattu kin logo ke hai ?

This pony-mare is the khan- Yih talwdni khansdma kt hai. sdmd's.

i Vide (d).

LESSON 20.

85

Come to me to-morrow.

He has seven or eight pairs.

In the opinion of Hindus, pil- grimage is a meritorious act.

He is in the habit of taking

They don't know anything about it (lit. to them the state of this is not at all known).

Fasten the strap tight.

This pigeon belongs to that hen.

These two pigeons are a pair.

Patna is about to become a London.

He has no eyes for a horse.

He has just closed his eyes, fallen asleep.

He is on the point of falling.

Mere pas kal and.1 Uske pas sat dth jor'e hat.

Hindu, o ke nazdlk tirath jdnd pun * hai.

Usko sharab pine ki 'ddat hai ; or wuh sharab piyd kartd hai.

Unko, iskd hai, kuchh ma'lum nahl hai.

Tasma kaske badho.

Yih kabutar is kd jora (or juft) hai.

Yih dono kabutar jora hai.

Yih Patna bhl Landan hu,d chdhtd hai.

Us ko ghord pahchdnne Id akh nahl, hai = us ki nazar ach- cMw nahl hai.s

Us ki d,kh dbhi lagl hai. Wuh gird chdhid hai.

1 The infinitive can be used as a future imperative but is less im- perious. When used as a present imperative it is polite.

2 Pun, only used by Hindus, is " religious merit rewarded by Heaven " ; opposed to pap " sin " ; papl " sinner." The Muslim equi- valent for pun is sawab, and for pap is gunah.

3 Meaning of the latter depends on the context ; it may also mean " he has poor eye-sight " or " he eyes women evilly."

86

HINDUSTANI MANUAL.

LESSON 21.

(a) — Hindustani abounds in compound Intensive verbs. A verb is rendered intensive by employing its root only, and suffixing some other verb. The root of the principal verb is invariable, but the suffixed verb is fully conjugated ; thus, mdrna, to beat, becomes intensive by adding the verb dalna. whereby mar-dalna signifies " to kill downright " ; so, ddl-dena, "to throw down"; bol-uthna, "to speak out"; mar-jdnd, "to die"; kho-dend, "to lose"; tor-dend, "to break to pieces, to smash." Almost every verb may be rendered in- tensive. The ' servile ' verb of an intensive, often lays aside its primitive meaning. Vide also L. 13 (c) (2).

(b)—Zillat, L, pi. zillate. Khiffat, f. Awdz, f., pi. dwdze. Ddbnd, intr.

Ddbdrid, tr. Dabd,o, m. Rdh, pi. rdhe, f. Rdhl, m. Ham-rdh, prep. Intizdr, m.

Disgrace, baseness.

A slight, affront.

Sound, voice.

To be pressed, squashed ; be buried beneath ; restrained, kept in check ; quelled.

Press, squash, etc., etc.

Pressure, influence.

Road, way, path.

Traveller on roa,d = jdnewdld.

In company with

Watching, waiting for

Intizdr khichnd ' or Icarnd (or To wait for, expect anxiously. — me rahna).

K rdh dekhnd. To wait for, expect anxiously.

The causal is with khtchwana or karana.

LESSON 21.

87

Rah dikhdnd, caus.

Duhrana, tr. and intr.

Hafta,1 m. Nahr, pi. nahre, f . De-mdrnd, tr.a Ho-lena. intr.

Girria, intr. Parna, intr.

Gir-parnd, intr. Girdna, tr.

Tap, pi. <a>e: f. Tap mdrnd.

Ro-lend, intr. So-lend, intr.

To make a person to wait ; also to show the way.

To repeat, say a second time, repeat after ; also to double, fold in two ; (tr.) : to occur again (intr..).

Week.

Artificial canal or stream.

To dash against.

To accompany (kist ke sdth or pichhe) : sometimes to be over, finished outright ; also to pass by, see on the way.

To fall (from a known source).

To lie down, be in a lying state ; happen ; metaphori- cally to fall ; to fall (from unknown source).

To fall suddenly (inten.).

To cause to fall, knock down :

also to let fall or drop. Pawing of fore-foot.

To paw the ground with the fore-foot (of a horse).

To weep one's fill, take ones' fill of weeping.

To sleep one's fill.

1 From the Persian haft "

2 De-marna=chhor-marna and the latter ke waste.

to bequeath " ; the former requires ko

88 HINDUSTANI MANUAL.

LESSON 22.

(a)— Dem in the following idiomatic compounds does not admit of ne,1 the verbs being regarded as intransitive. Samjhdj dena, intr. To be understood.

Dikhdj dena, intr. To appear, show.

Sund,l dena, intr. To be heard.

Pakrdj dena, intr. To allow oneself to be caught.

Chal-dena* intr. To move off, clear off.

Remark. — Dena in the Imperfect tense " was giving " (and sometimes in the Present) signifies " to offer." 8 Kdm dena "to be useful," is transitive, and requires ne. Sdth dena " to accompany," is properly transitive and takes ne ; vide also p. 53 foot-note 1, Urdu of " Sepoy to Subadar."

(6) — The subjoined or 'servile' verb of an Intensive, (1) modifies or strengthens the first verb ; (2) sometimes the. meaning of both verbs is retained, in which case the first part of the compound is the shortened form of the Conjunctive Participle, as : us gSw ko dekh d,o, lit. " having seen the vil- lage return here " ; mdl us ke makdn ho-dyd hu " I have been to his house and come back."

The use of the ' servile ' verb is, to a great extent, governed by rule, as will be discovered by a study of the following.

(c) — (1) Dena and Lend. In compounds, dena usually sig- nifies doing a thing for some one else, but lend for oneself, as : Yih rupiya bat-do " divide this money amongst them " (i.e. give

1 So too with -Jena as in ho-lena.

2 Dena here is simply intensive and does not signify ' for the benefit of any one else,' vide (c).

3 In the Pret. dene logo, " he offered."

LESSON 22. 89

and divide it) ; yih rupiya bSt-lo " divide this money amongst yourselves" (i.e. take and divide it); yih khatt parh-lo "read this letter to yourself " ; yih khatt parh-do " read this letter to me." Ham apas me has-lete the "we were joking amongst ourselves" (for our own amusement), (but ham h&s-dete the "we could not help laughing)."

(2) Dena also sometimes gives the idea of "on purpose," as : Mai ne (jan-bujh kar) usko mar-diya ' (or qasd-an mara} " I hit him on purpose," but bhul se usko mara (not mar-diya).

(3) The compound in dena is also used to express a time more re- mote than the simple verb, thus : Jab mai ' the tar ' me pahucha us ke do ek minat peshtar darwaza khola-gaya tha " when I arrived at the theatre, I found that the doors had been opened just a minute or two before." but mere pahuchne se bahut pahle darwaza khol-diya-gaya tha. The two final verbs in the preceding could be interchanged, but it is better not to do so, and the same rule applies to the Active.

(4) Dena also signifies some definite time, as: Jab mai waha gaya wuh hasta tha (not has-deta tha) " when I went there he was laughing (i.e. he was laughing before I arrived)," but jab mai usko gudgudata tha wuh has-detl thl (or not so good hastl thl) " whenever I tickled her, she laughed."

(5) The Imperative do can be added to the root of any verb, and signifies " for my sake " ; it is more polite than the simple verb.

(6) Us-ne muj'he mustbat se bacha-diya "he saved me from misfor- tune." Mai girne hi ko tha M sahib ne mujhe bacha-liya 2 (rarely -diya) , or mujhe girte girte sahib ne bacha-liya " I was on the point of falling when the Sahib saved me."

If, however, a person makes a request, dena may be used, as: Mujhe bacha-do " save me (for my sake)," or bacha-lo " save- me (out of your pity)."

1 If the object were insignificant (say an insect), mar-diya would mean " killed."

2 Liya signifies for his own pity or mercy.

90 HINDUSTANI MANUAL.

(7) Lena sometimea gives the idea of unwillingness, as: M at shart.o ko qabul kar-leta hu "I unwillingly agree to the conditions," but shartfl ko qabul karta hu " I willingly agree to the conditions." Qabul karna "to agree, to acknowledge, to confess": qabul kar-lena "to agree unwillingly " : qabul kar-dena " to confess." Lad-lena " to load for oneseif," but lad-dena, tr., " to load," gives an idea of force or help.

Occasionally Una gives the idea of chukna ' to have finished,' as : pah&ch-lena intr. = pahSch-chukna = pahuch-jana. " When 7 have finished this matter I will turn my attention to something else " 706 mai yih kam kar-ltiga tab kisl duare kam kl t.araf mutawajjih huga. Sometimes it gives an idea of success.

Lena often indicates that one action is to be done before another, as : (Jab) yih kitab likh-lo (or likh-chuko) to mujhe kjiabar denu " when you have finished writing the book, tell me " : here likh-do could not be used.

Here mal-ll-jiyo signifies that the ghl has to be administered to the horse first. Were it is to be administered second, mal dijiyo would be substituted.

(d) — (1) Pa/fina, in compounds, generally signifies some suddenness, as : gir-parna "to fall suddenly" : h&s-parna " to burst out laughing" ; ro-parna "to burst out crying, fall a- weeping"; chal-parna "to start off"; phisal-parna " to slip suddenly, or accidentally " ; ghus-parna " to enter suddenly" ho-pafna " to happen suddenly " ; kud-pafna " to jump into."

(2) There are, however, some exceptions to this idea of suddenness, as: rah-parna " to remain," vide 6(1); ban porno "to be effected, managed, to get the upper hand" ; le-parna to lie down with," vide 6(2).

(3) With tutna, however, it also gives the idea of • from a height ' ; chhat tut-parl " the roof came down (on somebody)" ; daku-mujh par tulrpare • met ' : pul yak-a-yak tut-gaya " the bridge broke," but— tut- para " broke and came down (on somebody)."

LESSON 23. 91

(e) — Uthria, " to rise up," has in compounds a force similar to parna, as : jag-uthnd "to wake up suddenly; to start out of sleep " ; bol-uthna " to cry out " ; jal-uthim " to catch fire " ; ghabra-uthna "to lose one's head suddenly."

Note. — Utha-rakhnd signifies "to postpone," i.e. to "take up and put aside."

(/) — Dalna, "to throw," gives in compounds the idea of completion or vehemence, as : de-ddlnd ( = de-dena) "to give away"; marna1 "to beat or kill," but mar-dalria "to kill outright"; kha-dalna (=kha-jana^) "to eat up" kah-dalna "to speak out" ; parh-dalnE "to read through" ; dekh-dalna " to look through " ; badal-dalna ( = badal-dena — badalna) " to change " (but badal-lena " to exchange ").

LESSON 23.

(a) — (1) Baithna, "to sit," in a compound, gives the idea either of finality or suddenness, as : uth-baithna " to sit up suddenly (from a lying position)," but baith jaria "to sit down " ; kar -baithnd " to do anj^thing suddenly, or in an im- proper manner, or without forethought." Mar-baithna "to beat without cause " ; qismat ko ro-baithnd " to weep over one's lot (completeness)." Wuh bddshah ban-baitha "he be- came king by force," but wuh badsliah bankar baitha "he sat on the throne as king."

1 The passive mar arj aria always signifies "to be killed" and never " to be beaten " ; mar-khana or (plta-jana or pitna) is " to be beaten." Vide also L. 12 (/).

2 When any part of a compound verb is intransitive the whole com- pound is treated as intransitive, i.e. it does not admit of ne, as : Mai usko kha-gaya " I ate it up."

92 HINDUSTANI MANUAL.

(2) In the following, the idea of both verbs is preserved : — He went and sat down there. W uh waha jd-baithd.1

To meet and sit together. Mil l-baithnd.

Note.—Baithd hai, Perfect tense "he has sat" ; also "he is seated or he is sitting 2 " ; the Present tense baithtd hai '•' he sits every day, he is in the habit of sitting." Similarly para hai " he is lying, fallen " ; letd hai " he is lying down."

(3) Note the idiom goli sir me baithi " the bullet pierced, entered, his head."

(b) — Marna in compounds gives an idea of impropriety and folly : Yaha peshdb kyU kar-mdrd ? Mai ne pddshdh ko sidhd likh-mara. It is not interchangeable with baithnd.

(c) — (1) Jand "to go" added to the roots of verbs, express completeness or finality, as : Kha jdnd " to eat up " ; pi-jdnd "to drink up"; dub -jana "to sink down, to drown"; but dub-marnd " to die of one's own accord by drowning " ; dubke-marnd "to be accidentally drowned"; gir-jdnd "to fall down" (gir-parnd "to fall suddenly"); d-jdnd "to come, arrive (completeness)"; rah-jdnd "to be left quite behind " ; par-jdnd " to lie down, to subside (of wind, voice), to be engaged in, to be put to or to take up a work " ; plchhe. par-jdnd "to goad continually to a business"; vide also L. 28 (?'). Jdnd often indicates that the action is away from the speaker. It is the servile most commonly used with In- transitives.

(2) Kah-jana, kah-kar-jana " to say before leaving," but ko,l sha'ir kah-gaya hai " some ancient (dead) poet has said."

(3) Note the following idioms: Fula kitab mujhe de-ja,o " bring me such and such a book (and go away again) " ; this might be said to

1 Here ja and mil are Conjunctive Participles, for/5-fcar and milkar.

2 Baitha in the second case is Past Participle for baitha hu,a (hai).

LESSON 23. 93

some one in the next room. Jo kuchh Sahib turn se kahe wuh mujh se kah-jana "whatever the Sahib says to you, come and report it (and go away)" ; said to one just departing. Turn mujh se kah-ga,e the kl mal Lahor ja,uga magar ab talc yihi ho '• you told me when you left me that you were going to Lahore but you're still here." Mal is kitab ko parhta hu turn usko sun-ja,o " I will read this book ; do you listen to it from beginning to end" : in this idiom there js an idea of duration. However kar-a,o "go and do it and come back," can be said only to one present, while karke a,o " come to me after you have done it " can be said to one either present or at a distance.

(d) — With Intransitive verbs only, purpose or intention is indicated by Rahnd, as : Mai so-gayd "I fell asleep," but so- rahd " I deliberately went to sleep," vide " Stumbling Blocks," p. 37 : tumhe sharm ke mare mar-rahnd chdhiye "von ought to die (on purpose) of shame."

(2) Ho-rahna " to be accomplished (in Fut.) to be done some time or other," as : Jaldi kya hai, kam ho-rahega " what is the hurry, it will be done some time or other," but yih kam abhl abhl ho-j'a,ega (not ho-rahega) " it will be done at once" ; ho-fa,ega " it will cer- tainly be done." The Future of rahna added to an intransitive verb means " some time or other" (indefinite time).

(3) There is, however, an exception in the use of Rahna : its Perfect tense added to a root signifies present uninter- rupted continuance, and its Pluperfect, past continuance, as : Raste me jd-rahd hai "he is now going along the road; (jata hai "he is going, or goes," might signify "every day").

Raste me jd-rahd thd " he was going along the road ; (jata thd might signify either "he was going" or "he was in the habit of going "). Ka,t sal se is bat H darkhwdst kar-rahe the, but har sal is bat kl darkhwdst karte the or karte rahe the (not kar rahe the). Ho-rahd hai " is happening now " and ho-rahd thd "was happening then." Zakhmi ho-rahd thd "he was (still) wounded," but zakhrni hu,d thd "he had been wounded (but is now recovered)." Rahna, so used is not classed as a Continuative, vide L. 26 (a).

94 HINDUSTANI MANUAL.

Note.— In the Past or Preterite Tense the signification of both verbs is retained, as: Wuh waha ja-rdha "he went there and stayed"; mal us shahr ka ho-raha " I made that city my permanent dwelling, I stuck to it" ; jab se mal ne usko dekha, mal uska ho-raha "ever since I saw him I have taken his part." Ja-rahna and a-rahna also indi- cate suddenness of action.

(4) Rahnd with the Conjunctive Participle of Transitive or Intransitive verbs signifies ' to do after effort or determina- tion/ as : Akhir nikal-kar rahd " at last he managed to es- cape"; vide also chhornd, (g) ; mai usko daftar se nikal-kar rahd " I managed to get rid of him from the office."

(5) Jdtd-rahnd in all its tenses signifies " to be completely lost, and to die."

(e) — And "to come," in compounds, generally retains its proper signification, as : Darya charh-dyd hai " the river has risen up in flood"; ham dekh-d,e hai "we have seen (and come back) " ; mai khud dp ke hamrdh ho-dtd &£ " I will my- self accompany you there and back, go there and come back with you." Utarnd is "to descend, come down," and utar- dnd has much the same meaning. The action of the verb is towards, instead of away from, the speaker ; while with jdnd it is away from the speaker.

(/) — Rakhnd. — In compounds with rakhnd, the signification is often to do a thing beforehand, as : kah-rakhnd " to order or tell beforehand "; rok-rakhnd " to engage beforehand " (and also "to stop"). Sometimes the signification of both verbs is retained, as : sun-rakho " hear and keep in your memory." Us ne mujhe tang kar-rakhd hai " he has kept me in a position of discomfort." Samajh-rakhnd " to keep in mind." Mai ne ko,i bat kahne se uthd na-rakhi " I left nothing unsaid " ; (the idea is taking up a thing and putting it down only when done with — Kempson) .

LESSON 23. 95

Notice the shade of difference in meaning between Is bat ko halal kar-rakhd "he made this lawful some time ago" (i.e. having made it lawful kept it so), and Is bat ko halal kiyd " he made this lawful now."

(g) — Chhorna, added to the roots of transitive verbs, gives an idea of completion after effort, as : Mai ne is qadr mihnat ki ki imtihdn " pas " kar-chhord " I worked so hard that I got well through my examination." This is more forcible than kar-liyd. Nikdl-chhornd "to succeed in expelling." Vide also L. 26 (d).

Also karke chhorna has much the same force, as : Mai ne wuh kdm kar-c.hhord or karke chhord. The latter is more forcible. Compare with karke raha (d) (4). Example: Mai wuh kam karke raha (not kar-raha) gives the idea of " I was determined to do it and I did it."

(h) — (1) In the ordinary "declamatory negative (^ c£r*^)" the simple verb must be used, as : Usko chhor-do, but usko mat chhor o (not here chhor mat l do) ; mai ne usko kdt-ddld, but mai ne usko nahl kdtd (not nahl kdt-ddld).

(2) Exceptions are, clauses implying some expectation or exception, as : Do to sahl, mai use khd na jd-,ugd, " well give it me, I'm not going to gobble it up " : unko is bat ka bard khaydl thd ki kahl goll ki mar ke andar na d-pare " they took good care not to come within range of our rifles." Wuh mar nahl gayd "he did not die." Mai ne kdt nahl ddld, fagat chhild hai. Chhor mat do indicates an expectation.

Interrogatively, also, the negative intensives are used in the same sense, as: Kyd usne darakht ko kdt nahl11 ddld? " what, didn't he cut down the tree ? "

1 Note the position of mat, na, etc., and see next para. (2). * Note the position of the nahl.

96 HINDUSTANI MANUAL.

LESSON 24.

(a)' The mother lay down with MS, bachche ko le-pari.1

the child.

I could do nothing and that's Mujh se kuchh na-ban-pard,

all about it. bas.

He jumped into the canal. Wuh nahr me kud-pard.

My hand happened to fall * on Ittifdq-an merd hath ek chuhe

a rat. par para.

I was pawed by the pony- Tatwdnl ki tap mujh par pan .

mare.

It is raining, rain is falling.8 Pdni partd hai.

The fox was stumbling and Lomn girfi parti chall jail thi.

limping along.

Why did you let this book Turn ne yih kitdb kyu gird,i ?

drop?

As I was weak my enemy got Mai kam-zor thd, is liye dush-

the upper hand man kl * ban-pari.

It is ill to suffer such insults. Aisi zillate utharii bun hat.

' It has gone and burst.' Phat-gaya.

I suffered endless trouble (lit., Mai ne aisi taklif uthaj, ki mat

I suffered such trouble that (or na) puchhiye.

— don't ask me about it).

He lost his voice. Uski dwaz baith-ga,i (or par-

1 Vide Lesson 22, 6 (2).

2 "To fall" metaphorically.

3 .Actually falling (of rain, snow, etc.) ; perhaps the only instance of parna meaning to fall actually.

* Some such word as tfiqat (fern.), " power," is understood

LESSON 24.

97

hould anv outside influence, pressure, ba brought to bear then — .

ly hat has been squashed in. he is now weeping.

waited for him for a whole hour.

cannot control him ; (or. if inanimate) it cannot be pressed by me.

left no work T undertook till I completed it.

'his will be done some time or other (indefinite).

'his will be done some time or other within a week.

tepeat this (oath, etc.) after

le has had a relapse.

'11 come here again some day.

^-morrow is a holiday, so do the work of to-morrow to- day.

!ee me on your way to office.

Agar bdhar se ko,i dabd,o paf- jd,e to—.

Men topi dab-ga,i. Wuh ro-rahi liai.

Mai ghante bliar talc uske inti- zdr me rdhd.

Wuh mujh se dabtd nahl,.

Jis kdm me mai par-gayd (or lag-gayd or lag-raha) uslco kar-chhord '

Yih kam ho-rahega.

Yih kam hafte ke andar andar !L ho-rahega.

Jaise jiiseham kahtc, ja.e turn bJii kahte ja.o; or men in bato ko jo abhl bolta hn duhrd.o.

Us H bimari duhra-ga,i. Mai phir yahS, d-rahUjd.

Kal ta'lil hai. is liye kal kd kdm dj kar-rakho.

Daftar jdte waqt mere pds se ho-lend.

1 Compare uthn rnkhnri ; vide. Lesson T3 (f). a Andnr andar less than, not more ; emphasis

7

98 HINDUSTANI MANUAL.

What was to happen, has hap- Jo h ina tha ivuk ho-liya.

pened and is finished. I got all I wanted, my heart's Mere dil K arzu nikal-ga,i.

desire was completed.

To accompany. Kul ke safh (or /Jichhe) ho-lena.

(&)_ Note the following methods of forming feminines :— (i) Brahman, m. "a Brahman," Brahmam, f. "a Brah- man woman"; ahir, m., ahiri, f. "cowherd" (a caste) ; kanjnr, m. (a caste, a kind of Gypsy), kan- jari,t. " a kanjar's wife, a prostitute." etc. ; Pathan, m., Palhani, f. (ii) Ghora "horse," ghofl "mare"; billa, m., billi. \.

"cat."

(iii) Sunar, m. "goldsmith," sunaran (and sundrm) gold- smith's wife"; kumhar, ra., kumharan (and kiun- Mrm), f. "potter."

(iv) Utt m. "camel," Ulni. f. ; sher, m. "tiger," sherm, f. " tigress " ; mulld, m. T., " a schoolmaster, a learned man," mullani ''a mulla's wife."

(v) Mali, m., malin, f. "gardener" (Hindu) ; dhohl. m.. dhobin, f . " washerman " (a caste) ; kujra^ m.. k-Ujfi, f. " greengrocer and fruiterer " (a caste) ; qam,i ' (or qasa i). m., gasd,in. f . " butcher " ; dulha, m., " bride- groom," dulhan, f. "bride"; hathi, m. halhni, f. "elephant."

(vi) Mamti, m. "maternal uncle," milmarii (for mamarii*) f. ; tattu, m. "pony," latwani, f. "pony mare."

1 Kujre-qafu',i=:" low people."

2 Antepenultimatea usually short: vide L. 53 (ft), foot-note.

LESSON 25. 99

(vii) Baniya, in. "grain-merchant" (a caste), baniyayan or baniya,in. f. ( uJt>i> ) f. ; na.t, m. " barber," na.in, f.

(viii) Khatri. m. (a caste), Khatrani, f. ; mih-tar. m. "a sweeper," mihtar-am,1 f. "a sweepsr's wife."

(c) — Others are: — .Ka/<*. m., ra»», f . ; bh-ij. m., bahan or bahin,f.', nii/cik (vulg. n^ ,ik) " a guide, a corporal," n&yak'i, nayik-i (and ria,ika.. ni^ki), f ; MI?M m. " maternal unole," khala. f. ; fte^, m. (T.), begam, f. (a Mughul title) ; Khi,n,, m., Khvnam, f. (a title); ssi, m. "bull, stallion," gr5,e or ^5,0, f. "cow."

(rf) — 2Var s^er or slier-e'1 nar "male tiger," mcida sher or xhe.r-e1 mada "female tiger."

LESSON 25.

Apnd, etc., poss. pron. One's own.

Apne. pi. One's own people.

Kahna, tr. To say.

Kahlana, intr. and caus. To be called ; also to cause to

say.

Bairhna, intr. To increase, to grow ; to ad-

vance ; to surpass.

Age barhna, intr. To advance.

Murna, intr. To turn to one side.

Morna, tr. To turn over, fold back.

1 Here the Sanskrit suffix -aril is added to a Persian word. * This -e is the Persian izafat; ' vide ' L. 61 (g).

100

M uh morna.

Batti, f. AT (no pi.), f- Sulgana, tr. Dhahna,1 intr.

Dhana, tr.

Letwi, intr. Kahla-bhejnt, tr.

Likh-bhejni, tr.

MOgt&hejna, tr. Buld-bhejnT,, tr.

HINDUSTANI MANUAL.

Ldfcn, f.

Qcufim, adj.

Khlss. adj.

Khimyat, pi. k±assiyale, f.

Khlss-kar, adv.

To turn the face aside, to refuse to obey, avoid do- ing.

Wick, (and hence) light. Cover, protection. To kindle, set alight. To fall down (of buildings) ; to be pulled down.

To pull or knock down build- ings.

To lie down.

To ssnd an oral message, send word.

To send word in writing, write

word.

To send for things. To send for persons.

To ask for through a psrson (by letter or orally).

Wood ; a stick.

Ancient.

Special, particular, private.

Th3 nature, characteristic, pe- culiar quality.

Especially.

1 In Ihe Punjab " to fall down" generally.

2 Vide Caus. verbs, Lesson 44.

'Amm, adj. 'Awamm Bazar ke log Ghazal, pi. ghazale, f.

LESSON 25. 101

Common, general, vulgar.

Common people.

Qd'ida, pi. qa'ide, m. Qawa'id, Ar., pi., m. and f.

Parwarish, f.

Love-song or ode (formerly always short).

A rule, regulation ; propriety ; custom ; clastur ; regularity.

Rules, regulations-, etc.. masc pi. : parade of troops, f. sing. ; grammar, f. sing.

Cherishing, rearing ; main taining ; patronage.

Chal (from chalria) , pi. chale, /. Motion ; gait ; procedure ;

conduct, behaviour, trick.

Chal-chalan, m. and f. Bad-chalan, adj. Nek-chalan, adj. Nek-chalnl, f. Pyara, H., adj. j

Character.

Ill -behaved, of bad character

Of good character.

Good character.

'Aziz, A., adj. and subs. Apne pas se.

Ap se, or dp se dp. Apa* me.

Dear, beloved ; a relative ju- nior in years.

Out of one's own pocket ; or from himself, myself, your- self, etc., etc.

Of my (your, -their, etc., etc.) own accord.

Amongst ourselves, your selves, themselves.

102 HINDUSTANI MANUAL.

LESSON 26.

(a) — (i) Jana (Progressive) and Rating (Continuative) suf- fixed to a present participle express progression or continu- ance, as : Wuh har roz aehchhd hold jdid hai1 " he is getting better every day " ; wuh kahtd-gayd aur mat likhtd-gayd " he kept on saying, or dictating, and I kept on writing what he said (progressive)," but wuh kahtd-rahd* aur mal likhtd rahd " he went on saying it, while I went on with my writing (con- tinuative)," (i.e. there was no connection between the two acts). Merd gala baithd-jdtd hai " I am losing my voice rapidly," but baithtd-jdtd hai "I am losing it by degrees."

Jdnd and Rahria cannot be used interchangeably.

(2) Jdtd-rahnd, however, in all its tenses signifies "to bo completely lost," a curious idiom that according to Kempson originates in the idea of going on till the vanishing point is reached : Akhir wuh men nazar se jdid-rahd " at last he dis- appeared from view." Vide L. 23 (d) (3).

Remark. — The Imperfect and Preterite tenses, however, may mean either "was being lost," or "was in the habit of going" ; and also "was lost" or "used to go."

(3) Rah-jSna preceded by a Present Participle gives the idea of in- effectiveness, as: Larka rota hi rah-gaya aur ma ueko chhor-kar chall ga,l " the child kept on crying to be taken, but its mother left it be hind."

(&)—(!) when kahnd, or kah-dend, or kah-ddlnd,s signifies " to tell or relate," it requires se with the object : when " to command," or "call, name," ko, as: Us se kalio ki ten ma mar-ga,l "tell him his mother is dead"; sard qissa mm ne

' A good example of a Progressive verb. * Or holta-raha "he went on talking." 3 Kah-dalna " to tell without reserve."

LESSON 27. 103

us se kah-diyd " I told him the whole story " ; but us ko (not us se) waha jane kaho "tell him (i.e. order him) to go there." Am ko Angrezi me kyd kahte hoi ? " what is a mango called in English?" Wuh mujhko Shaiidn kahtd hai "he calls me a devil."

(2) With bolna, se only is used. Mai turn se nahl boltd "I'm not addressing you " or " I don't want to talk to you." Bolna with ko in the sense of "to order " is vulgar.

(c) — One form of the Conjunctive Participle [vide L. 18 (b)] is identical with the root ; this form is still occasionally used, more in speaking than \rriting,' as: Mai ne subh sawere uth, muh hath flho, ndshtd kar, aprii rah li. In compounds such as mil-baithna "to sit together," where both verbs retain their original significations [vide L. 22 6 (2)], the first part of the compound is the Conjunctive Participle ; mil-kar baithnd can be substituted for mil-baithna : this latter is not an inten- sive. Other examples are. A-pahuchnd, jd-pahuchnd, kar- dikhana, phar-khana, bhag-nikalna. Rakh-chhornd is "to keep by for future use," but rakh-kar chhornd is "to place after effort"; vide L. 23 (g).

LESSON 27.

(a) — On the possessive adjectivial pronoun Apnd.

When the Nominative or Agent is followed in the same clause by a possessive pronoun belonging to itself, such posses- sive is rendered by apnd, -ne, -m, never by the possessive mera, mere, men, etc. Examples : —

I read my book. Mai apnl kitdb parhtd hu.

Thou readest thy book. Tu apnl kitdb parhtd hai.

1 Indicates haste : 'vide' Stumbling- Blocks.

104 HINDUSTANI MANUAL.

He reads his (own) book. Wuh apm kitab parhln 1m i.

She reads her (own) book. Wuh apm kilab parhti hai.

We have seen our father. Ham ne a/we bap ko dekha hai.

Have you written your letter ? Turn ne apm chitthl likJn ? The goldsmith and carpenter Sundr aur barha,i apne shahr

went to their (own) city. (me) gaye.

The women feed their (own) 'Aurate apne bachcho ko palti

children. hai.

N.B. — If. in the above examples, the words 'his,' 'her/ 'their,' refer not to the nominative, but to somebody else, then they must be expressed by is-ka or us-ka, etc.

(2) A pna refers to (1) the grammatical subject. (2) the logi- cal subject. (3) the speaker, as : (1) Wuh apm kit'ib pirhta hai "he is reading his ' book " ; (2) usko apm 'izzat ka khayal hai "he has a regard for his own honour " = wuh apm ' 'izzat ka khayal rakhta hai; (3) or (2), apna (or mera) dil nah'i chahta ki waha ja,u "I don't want to go there." (4) Afma also means "own " as : Yih uskt apm kitab hai " it's his own book, not some one else's" ; apne pas se "out of my own pocket. etc.'"2

Remarks. — Of the three accusatives (1) apne dp ko, (2) apnt ta,l and (3) apne ko, Xos. (1) and (3) are in commoner use, in modern Urdu.

(6) — Apa, a form of up, is only used in the following phrases: — ape me hona " to be in one's proper senses" ; ape me ana ; ape se buhir hona ; ape se guzarnfi. Mai ape aya (for mat ap tit/5) is vulgar.

(c) — My book is lost. Men kilab jali raht.

My book was lost. Men kitab jad-rahl tin.

' Wuh us ki kitab parhta hai "he is reading his, i.e. another per- son's, book."

9 Vide also Lesson 27.

LESSON 27.

105

She keeps on advancing (going away from us) and keeps on looking behind the while.

Light every other lamp.

What is this called in Hindu- stani ?

Tell them (order them) to give me my book.

Inform them that their brother has come (unexpectedly).

Tell him to go.

I want to say something to you.

He is getting well (progres- sively) .

I ordered him to burn wood.

The house fell down suddenly. The city is being pulled down I lay down.

I remained lying down. Ancient writers have written (some time ago).

W uh age ko barhti-fifi hai aur murkar dekhti-jdtl hai.

Ek batti dr ek batti sulgdte jd,o (Bombay idiom), or Ek batti chhorkar har ek dusri batti jaldte jd,o.

Yih Hindustani me kyd kahldid hai ? or, Is ko Hindustani nie kyd kahte hai ?

Unko kaho ki meri kitdbde-de.

Un se kaho, " tuinhdrd bha,i ayd hai." '

Use jane ko kaho (not bolo). Mai turn se kuchh bolna chahta hu.

Wuh achchha hotd jata hai.

Mai ne lakri jaldne ko kah-i

tha.

Makan dhah-pard. Shahr dhah rahd hai. Mai let-rahd, or mal let-gayd. Mai letd-rahd. Qadlrn likhne-wdle is tarah

likh-ga,e hai.

' Or simply aya, if he were expected. Direct narration.

106 HINDUSTANI MANUAL.

I composed this ghazal of my Mai ne yih ghazal kah-li.

own accord.

I composed this ghizal at some Mai ne, yih ghazal kah-di.

one's request.

His own mother (i.e. not his Us Id apni ma mar-ga.i.

sauteli mil) is dead.

Why should I do it — I don't KyU karti ; apna (or merd) rlil

want to ? nahl chdhtd ?

We must maintain our own Apno ki panvarish zarnr hai.

people.

Every one has his own fashion. Har ek ki apni apni civil dhdl

method. hai.

Every one values his own Apni jdn sab ko pynri fiai. life.

He thinks of his own benefit Us ko apne hi fd,id.e ka, khayal

only. hai.

T cannot quit my nature, habit. Apni 'ddat (mujh se) Icrk nahl

ki-jdti.{

I came here of my own accord. Mai apne dp yaha dyd.

What, do you look on this as Kyd, yih chiz apni samaifil<

your own property ? ho?

Kindly send some one to ask Sdhib sc puchhwd-mSgd ,iye ki

the Sahib when he will go Aqre kab jd,ege* to Agra.

The water keeps flowing away. Pdni bahtd jdtd liai. .

i Ki-jatl hai "is being done"; present tense, passive voice. Vide Lesson 47.

* Indirect narration.

LESSON 28.

107

LESSON 28. Use of the suffix sa, se, .«*.

(a) — Sd, se: or si (according to gender and number) added to a substantive, or to the oblique form of personal pronouns, converts these into adjectives denoting similitude or resem- blance, as : from haiwan, a beast, comes haiwdn-sd. like a beast, beastly ; kutta-sa dog-like. (6) — Milnd, intr. (takes dat. To find, to be found ; obtain-

ind abl. of person).

Milana. tr.

SuraL pi. surate, f.

Is surat se. Is surat me. Khub-surat, adj. Bad-surat. adj. BaeK, L UstacL m.

m-sd, H. Yak-sa. P.

ed ; to meet with, to happen on ; to resemble ; be mixed ; to join ; be connected ; har- monize with (tune) : to tally with, etc.1

To mix ; introduce ; unite ; compare ; check with a list, etc., etc.

Face ; form ; appearance: manner ; case.

In this way.

In this case.

Of fine appearance, beautiful.

Of bad appearance, ugly.

Evil, vice.

Any teacher ; also a past- master, one skilled in any art.

All the same ; exactly alike ; uniform ; identical, no dif- ference.

Vide also L. 28 (t).

108 HINDUSTANI MANUAL

Kaifiyat, pi. kaifiyate, f.

Clialan, m. (from chalna).

Top, pi. tope, f Pahar, m. Do-pahar* f. Tisra pahar? m Jgc/i parlal karnd. Hundi or hundawt, f.

Nasikat, pi. nasihate, f A;, pi. salake, f.

The "howness,"1 nature, state, condition ; report ; remarks (in " column of re- marks"); view, any sight to be seen.

Invoice; certificate of des- patch; despatch; forward- ing a case or prisoner.

Gun, cannon.

A watch, i e. 3 hours.

Midday.

Afternoon.

To examine accounts.

Bill of exchange ; vulg. a cheque

Admoniton.

Advice; (in pi. = ad vice on various subjects).

Soon.

Quickness.

Like a soldier, soldier -like.

Jald, adv. Jcddi. f., subs. Sipahi-sd, or sipahl-ka sa.

(c) — But sa, etc., added to adjectives of size or quantity, signifies " very," as : Bahut-sa " very much " ; zard 6i Inl i><tr " at a very little matter, a trifle." Added to other adjectives it usually signifies " somewhat," as : Kdld-sd " somewhat black, blackish, black-looking " ; b&kd-sd " somewhat, rather, foppish." 8

1 Ar.kaif "how?"

* Do-pahar and st-pahar are feminine, but tisra pahar is masculine. 8 There are in fact two suffixes «o with different derivations : vide "Hindustani Stumbling Blocks," V, 7, supplement.

LESSON 28 109

(d) — When sd. se, si is added to Tcaun " who ? ", kaun is not (but sd is) inflected, as: Yih kaun-se ghofe kd zin hai "of what horse is this the saddle ? " Kaun sd as compared with kaun indicates surprise or negation, or refers to a number.

(e) — Ko,i-sd means " any at random, any one you like, etc." ; rnujhe ko,l,-si pinsil do " give me any pencil " ; koji si naukarl bht mujhe mile to mat karugd, "no matter what work it is, I will do it willingly."

(/) — Sd is also added to a noun in the genitive,1 as : Gtdar kutte kd sd (or kuttd sd) ek jdnwar hai " a jackal is an animal resembling a dog." This genitive construction is to be pre- ferred with nouns.

(g) — Instead of yih-sd and wuh-sd "like this" and "like that," aisd and waisd are used.* Mujh-8d (or colloquially merd-ffd) "like me"; tujh-sd (or colloquially terd-sd) "like thee " ; but ham-sd or hamdrd-sd, tum-sd or tumhdrd-sd " like us," "like you." Us kd sd (not us sd) "like him." Mujh ghjanb-sd " like poor me " ; us jaqtr sd " like that faqlr."

(h) — The forms mujh ka, lujh ka, ham ka, turn ka, which may be styled true genitive forms, are used when an adjective i? in apposition, as: mujh kam-iakjit ke nas-'jd me '• in the fate of me the unfortunate."

(i) — Milnd with se means " to pay a visit " " to make ac- quaintance or to say good-b}7e," but with ko " to happen on," as: raste me ek ddmi mujh ko mild "I met a man on the road (by accident) " ; merd khoy'd hu,d rupiya mujh ko mild " 1 got back my lost money " : mujh ko in'dm mild, " I got a reward " ; but wuh mujh se milne ko dyd liai " he has come to see me."

1 There are in fact two suffixes sa with different derivations ; vide " Hindustani Stumbling Blocks," V, 7, supplement. * buuiJaxly kama is for kia-aa.

HO

HINDUSTANI MANUAL.

(7) — Note the following idioms with parna : — pichhe pnrn? " to run after, importune, pester" ; pale parna " to f.ill into the clutches of" ; mura parna " to be undone " ; pl<ai'> parna " to be hanged " ; mujh par mar parl " I was beaten " ; jan ke lale parna " to be m danger."

LESSON 29.

What particular house is this Yih kaun sd makdn hai ? (several having been men- tioned) ?

To what set of horses do these Yih kaun-se ghoro ke zin hai ': saddles belong (i.e. the rid- ing, or the dak horses, etc.) ?

There is none as expert as I Mujh-sd, i* shahr me, ko,i us- am in this city. tad nahl.

He is skilled in this. Is kdm me barf ustdd hai.

He resembles his brother in Surat me apne bhd,i se milta appearance. hai.

Give me a smallish quantity Thofa-sd wilayatl pani (mujhe) of soda-water. do.

Pour slowly (said as the ser- Thord thord pdni dhdlo. vant commences to pour).

He looked like a sepoy. Us k% ' sipdhi ki si surat th%.

He looks like a sepoy, or he is Wuh sipdhi-sd ddml hai ; wnJt

like a sepoy in qualities. sipdhi led AO ddml hai.

We'll all eat it in company Sab milkar khd,ege.

together.

I compared my watch with to- Aj do-pahar H lop se apnt day's midday gun. ghafi mildf.

Kl as furat in feminine

LESSON 29.

Ill

What do nine, and eighteen, and twenty-seven, added together, make ?

I have put my mare to the Government stallion.

Don't let these horses smell each other (put their noses together) .

God grant my brother may soon come to see me (and then go away) ; but [ — that I may find him soon].

Please arrange a meeting be- tween him and the L G.

Mix some water with this milk.

Mix the water and the milk together.

Adding a hundred of rupees out of my own pocket I will send you a bill for five- hundred altogether.

This person's appearance tal- lies with the description on the forwarding letter.

Both closely resemble each other.

Nau, aur aitharah, aur satta.i* milke kai ' hole hai ?

Mat ne apm ghon sarkan sand

se, mtta,i. In ghoro ko nak mat milane do.

Khuda kare mera bha,l jald mujh se mil-ja,e [but jald mujh ko mil-ja.e}.

Ap Lat Sahib se, inhe * milwa-

de. '

Dudh me, thora pant mila.o. Dudh aur pani ko mild,o.

Sau, mat apne pas se milakar, pure pans sau H hundaivi turn ko bhejta hu.*

Is shakhs H surat chalan ki kaifiyat se, milli hai.

Dono kl ek-si surat hai, or unki surate milli hai (or miltl jultl hai).b

1 Kai,p\., " how many ?" a Plural for respect. 3 Pun for pack " five."

* Present tense to indicate immediate future.

5 Julna has no meaning ; the jingling phrase gives the idea of reci procity.

112

HINDUSTANI MANUAL.

Are there any flowers and fruit in that garden ?

A smallish number.

He is a somewhat elderly per- son.

I gave him a lot of good ad- vice (admonition), but he paid no heed.

My advice to you is not to do this.'

Come, bt us consult together.

What book do you want ? } Give me anv one of them. )

Us bagh me kuchh phul phrtl

liai ?

Kuchh thofe se hoi. Wuh kuchh buiiha $a admi

hai. Mai ne bahut si nasikat ki,

lekin us ne ek na-sum ' (or

mam). Men saVih yih hai ki turn yih

kam ni-karo. A,o apas me, is bat ke bare me

salah kare.

Kaun kilab magte * ho ? Ko,t st do.

(a) — Bachna. intr.

Bach-rahjia.

Kist chlz se bacha s-rahna.

Bacha-rahna.

Bach-nikalna.

LESSON 30.

To save oneself, be saved ; be spared ; to be left over ; to recover, survive ; to avoid, shrink from.

To be or remain over ; to sur- vive.

On one's guard against, avoid.

To remain safe.

To get clean away, escape in safety.

) But understood.

2 Vulgar. Properly

3 Past participle, i.e.

" are you asking for ? " bacha (hu.a) rahna.

LESSON 30.

118

Bachat, f. Najat paria, tr.

Natii to; warna, conj.

Go; agarchi ; harchand, conj.

Samne, prep, and adv.

Amne samne, adv.

Amria samna, or samna, subs.

Bad-nam, adj. Bad-narm, f., subs.

Dar-ban, m. Khush, adj.

Khush-bu ', pi. khush-bu,e, f. Khush-bu-dar, adj. KhusJn, pi. khushiyS, f. f, f.

, f .

Chori-karna, churana, tr. jA;/ie churana.

Akhe bacharia.

Savings in money.

To obtain salvation ; to be saved from danger.

Otherwise, if not.

Although.

In front of.

Right opposite each other.

Coming face to face with, con fronting.

Of ill -repute ; defamed.

Ill-repute; disgrace: defama- tion.

Door-keeper.

Pleased, happy ; (in com- pounds " good, pleasant ").

Scent.

Of sweet smell.

Rejoicing ; happiness.

Company, society, inter- course ; sexual intercourse (of humans only).

Thief.

Theft.

To steal.

To avoid seeing another ; to connive at.

To avoid being seen by another.

Khush-bu was formerly an adjective and khush-bu,l a noun.

114 HINDUSTANI MANUAL.

(b) — The Present Participle of a verb, prefixed to Rahn/i, signifies " to do continually " and is equivalent to karnd with the past participle, Lesson 20 (d) thus : —

(1) Wuh rofi-rahtl hai "she weeps off and on" ; some-

times = roya karti hai. '

(2) Wuh kal se roti-raht hai " she has been weeping off

and, on since yesterday."

(3) Wuh kal, din bhar, roti-rahi "she wept (remained

weeping) all yesterday off and on," Lesson 23 (d) (3) ; but wuh ro-rahl hai " she is now weeping." '

(4) Jab tak mai waha thd wuh bardbar rold-rahd (thd) =

roya kiyd " whilst, as long as, 1 was there, he con- tinued weeping " ; definite, time fixed ; but : —

(5) Wuh ro-rahd thd "he was weeping. continually " ; no

definite time.

(c) — (1) The first person is more worthy than the second, and the second than the third ; thus in English " You and I,'' but in Hindustani " 1 and you." When, too. the subject con- sists of two or more parsons, the verb will agree with the first person rather than with the second and with the second rather than with the third.

(2) This rule is, however, modified by regard for euphony ; wuh aur turn is ko karoge " you and he will do this " ; not turn aur wuh karoge, as the second person plural verb sounds awk- ward close to wuh. Similarly, ham turn jd,ege, " I and you will go," and not mai turn jd,ege. "I and ha will go" re- quires a plural verb, and according to the rule it must agree with the first person ; but mai aur wuh d,ege sounds awk- ward ; write therefore mai aur wuh dono ddml d,ege.

1 But ro,e jati hai she weeps continuously, without a break. Vide also L. 64.

LESSON 31. 115

LESSON 31. Use of Ap.

(a) — The word Ap literally denotes self, and it is so em- ployed with any of the personal pronouns ; as, mai dp jd,Ugd, " I wijl go myself." It may also bs used in the same sense without the personal pronoun ; as : dp jd,egd. " he himself will go," ap d,ege, " we will come ourselves."

The word ap, however, is frequently employed in a very different sense, like our terms "you sir," "your honour,'' "your worship," " his honour," " his worship." etc., and the verb, in such cases, is in the third person plural. The words sahib, " master, monsieur," and kuzur, and jandb-i 'all '• your honour," are used in a similar manner when a person is ad- dressing, or speaking of, his superior in rank ; or as a mere matter of politeness, by strangers of respectability.

(6) — Ap as an honorific requires the third person plural. In Delhi City, however, they incorrectly use the second person plural in