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Ar the commencement of the year 1844, Sir William H. Gregory, then Governor of Ceylon, having had his attention called by Dr. Thwaites, the Director of the Botanical Garden at Peradeniya, to the accuracy and beauty of the botanical drawings made by his native draftsman, Mr. W. de Alwis, permission was given, on the suggestion of Dr. Thwaites, that this draftsman might be engaged in copying from nature the Lepidopterous Insects of the Island, in which subject Dr. Thwaites took oreat interest, Under his supervision these drawings were made, from specimens chiefly collected by him. Mr. Geo. de Alwis, brother of Mr. W., also having shown much talent, Sir Wm. Gregory employed him at his own expense in copying the drawings already made and in preparing fresh ones, and it is from these copies, which were lent for the purpose by Sir Wm. Gregory, as well as from natural specimens, that the figures on the plates of this work are taken.
This series of drawings of the Lepidopterous Insects of Ceylon—representing about 350 species, of which about 250 are figured in their various stages of larva, pupa, and imago—was placed in the Author’s hands, together with the collection of specimens formed by Sir Wm. Gregory, for the purpose of being arranged and named.
This collection of drawings was subsequently exhibited at a Meeting of the Entomological Society of London, held March 6th, 1878, and was considered to be such a valuable contribution to Hastern Hntomology that the following resolution was proposed by the President in the chair and passed, viz.: ‘It was hoped that an application to the Ceylon Government for their publication would be successful.”
A proposal was therefore drawn up by the Author and submitted for the approval of Sir Wm. Gregory, and, in the event of the publication of these drawings being undertaken by the Colonial Government, tendered his services
gratuitously in editmg the work and preparing descriptions of the various species
iv PREFACE.
represented, at the same time offering to incorporate with them additional materials, with the view of thus forming as complete a history of the Lepidopterous Fauna of Ceylon as was at present possible.
This proposal to publish was forwarded by the Secretary of State for the Colonies, after consultation with Sir Joseph Hooker, to the present Governor of Ceylon, Sir James Longden. It was warmly taken up by him, and a vote for the publication was submitted to the Legislative Council, which was unanimously approved. The Secretary of State for the Colonies, Sir M. Hicks-Beach, gave his sanction to the vote, and the work was placed in the hands of Messrs. L. Reeve and Co. for publication.
In addition to the drawings above referred to, and the materials in his own collections, consisting of a considerable number of species obtained at various periods in Ceylon, the Author is much indebted to Mr. F. M. Mackwood, of Colombo, . Captain H. Wade-Dalton, 57th Regt., and Captain F. J. Hutchison, for having most kindly placed their collections in his hands for examination, and contributmg many rare and unique specimens for description and delineation, as well as for the numerous interesting notes on the habits, localities, &c., of the species herein described. To these gentlemen, and especially to Dr. Thwaites and Sir Wm. H.
Gregory, grateful thanks are due from all students of Entomology.
F. MOORE.
CONTENTS OF VOL. I.
RHOPALOCERA.
FAMILY NYMPHALIDA
Subfamily Hurrama
os SATYRINE e NyYMPHALINE 5 ACRHINE
FAMILY LEMONIIDA Subfamily LisyrHaine .
= ERYCININE FAMILY LYCANIDA FAMILY PAPILIONIDA
Subfamily Prmrin=
$ PAPILIONINA
FAMILY HESPERIIDA
Vv
DESCRIPTION OF PLATES.
Y Prati 1. Fig. 1. Nectaria Jasonia 2. Tirumala septentrionis 3. Tirumala Limniace .
¥ PLATE 2. Fig. 1. Radena exprompta . 2, 2a. Parantica Ceylonica .
4 PuateE 3. Fig. 1, a, 6. Salatura Chrysippus
/ PuatE 4, Fig. 1, la. Chittira fumata 2, 2a. Salatura Genutia
Y Pate 5. Fig. 1. Isamia sinhala 2, 2a. Macroplea Elisa
’ Prate 6. Fig. 1. Narmada montana . 2, 2a. Huplea asela
4 Puate 7. Fig. 1, la. Lethe neelgherriensis 2,2 a, 6. Lethe Daretis
/ Prats 8. Fig. 1, 1 a, 6. Lethe Drypetes 2, 2 a, 6. Hanipha sihala
Y PraTE 9. Fig. 1, la. Haniphe Dynsate
2, 2a, b,c. Melanitis Tambra
¥ Praty 10. Fig. 1, 1 a, 6. Melanitis Leda 2, 2 a, 6. Melanitis Ismene .
PAGE
15
14
‘Prats 11. Fig. 1, 1a. Orsotriena Mandata . 2, 2a. Calysisme Blasius 3, 3a. Calysisme Drusia 4, 4a, 6. Calysisme Mineus
‘Prats 12. Fig. 1, la. Calysisme Perseus 2, 2a. Nissanga Patnia 3, 3a. Ypthima Singala 4, 4a. Ypthima Thora . 5, 5a. Ypthima Ceylonica
¥ Prats 13. Fig. 1, 1 a, 6. Elyminias fraterna 2, 2a. Elymnias Singhala
v Prats 14. Fig. 1, 1 a, 6, ec. Rohana Camiba 2, 2a, 6. Eulepis Samatha .
¥ Prats 15. Fig. 1. Charaxes Fabius 2. Haridra Psaphon 3. Haridra Serendiba .
’ Prate 16. Fig. 1, 1 a, 6. Euthalia Lubentina 2, 2a. Euthalia Garuda
v Prats 17, Fig. 1, la. Dophla Evelina 2,2 a, 6. Kuthalia Vasanta .
¥PxatE 18. Fig. 1, 1 a, 6. Discophora lepida a
PAGE
x DESCRIPTION OF PLATES.
¢< Prats 19.
Fig. 1, 1 a, 6. Doleschallia Bisaltide
¢ Puate 20. Fig. 1. Kallima Philarchus 2, 2a. Kallima Mackwoodi .
« PLATE 21. Fig. 1, 1 a, 6. Precis Iphita 2. Precis Laomedia 3, 3a. Junonia Lemonias
4 Pate 22. Fig. 1, 1 a, 6. Junonia Orithya . 2. Junonia Asterie : 3, 3a. Junonia Ainone
{ PLATE 23. Fig. 1, 1 a, 6. Ergolis taprobana 2, 2a. Ergolis minorata
3, 3a. Byblia Ilythia .
( Prats 24. Fig. 1, la. Parthenos cyaneus
¢ PLATE 25. Fig. 1, la. Moduza Calidasa 2, 2a. Vanessa Haronica
4 PLATE 26. Fig. 1, 1 a, 4, c. Cynthia Asela .
~ PLATE 27. Fig. 1, la. Pyrameis Cardui 2. Pyrameis Indica : 3, 3 a, 6. Cethosia Nietneri .
< Pate 28. Fig. 1, 1 a, 6. Neptis Varmona . 2, 2 a, b. Neptis Jumba 3, 3a. Rahinda sinuata 4, 4a. Neptis disrupta
< PLATE 29.
Fig, i, 1 a, 4, ce. Apatura Misippus
« PuatE 30. Fig 1, 1d. Apatura Bolina . la. Apatura Jacintha .
* Puate 31. Fig. 1, la. Atella Phalanta 2, 2a, b. Acidalia Niphe
PAGE
38
37 37
Pirate 32.
Fig. 1. Cupha placida 2, 2a. Cirrochroa Thais 3, 3 a, 6. Cirrochroa cognata 4, 4a. Cirrochroa Lanka
£ PratE 33.
Fig. 1, 1 a, 6. Telchinia Viole 2, 2a. Libythea Rama. 3, 3 a, 6. Abisara prunosa
¢ PuatE 34.
1 a, 6. Spalgis Epius
2a. Curetis Thetys .
3 a, 6. Megisba Thwaitesi Pithecops Dharma . Cyaniris Akasa ; ‘
, 6a. Cyaniris lavendularis, 7. Cyaniris lavendularis, 2 .
Fig. 1, ’ a
1 2 2 4 5 6
€ Prats 35.
Fig. 1, la. Cyaniris Singalensis . 2a. Cyaniris Lanka.
3. Chilades Varunana .
4, 4a. Chilades Putli .
5, 5a. Zizera pygmea .
6, 6a. Zizera Karsandra
7, Ta. Zizera indica
8, 8a. Lycenesthes lycenaria
* Pirate 36.
1. Azanus Crameri
2. Castalius Rosimon .
3. Tarucus Theophrastus
4. Tarucus Plinius F 5, 5a. Castalius Ethion ns 6
7
Fig.
6a. Castalius hamatus . Everes Parrhasius 8, 8a. Jamides Bochus 9, 9 a, 6. Lampides coruscans
< PuatE 37. Fig. 1, 1 a, 6. Catochrysops Pandava .
2, 2a. Catochrysops Strabo . 3, 3 a, 6, c. Nacaduba prominens . 4, 4a. Nacaduba macrophthalma .
¥ Prats 38.
Fig. 1, 1 a, 6. Nacaduba Viola 2, 2a. Nacaduba Ardates 3, 3a, b. Lampides Adhanus 4, 4a. Lampides Elpis
DESCRIPTION OF PLATES.
« PraTE 39. Fig. 1, 1 a, 4. Talicada Nyseus 2, 2a. Horaga ciniata . 3, 3a. Catapecilma elegans . 4, 4a. Deudorix Epijarbas 5. Deudorix Lankana .
< Prats 40. Fig. 1, la. Virachola Perse. 2, 2a, 6. Iraota Mecenas 3, 3a. Rapala lazulina. 4, 4 a, 6. Zesius chrysomallus
¥ Prats 41. Fig. 1, 1 a, 6, ¢. Aphnezus lazularia 2,2 a, 6. Aphneus fusca 3, 3 a, 6. Aphneus schistacea
« Prats 42, Fig. 1 la. Rathinda Amor . 2, 2a, 6. Tajuria Longinus . 3, 3 a, 6. Bindahara Phocides 4, 4a, 6. Loxura arcuata
« Prats 43. Fig. 1, la. Amblypodia Darana . 2. Amblypodia Naradoides . 3, 3 a, b, c. Nilasera Pirama
, Prats 44. Fig. 1, la. Surendra discalis 2, 2 a, b, c. Nilasera Amantes
v Prats 45. Fig. 1, 1 a, 4, ce. Terias Hecabe 2,2 a, 6. Terias simulata 3, 3 a, 6. Terias hecabeoides 4, Terias citrina .
- Prats 46. Fig. 1, 1 a, 6. Terias rotundalis . 2, 2a, 6. Terias uniformis 3, 3a. Terias Drona 4, 4a. Terias Cingala . 5, 5a. Terias Rama
6, 6a. Nychitona Xiphia
¢ PuaTE 47. Fig. 1, 1 a, 6. Catopsilia Tea 2, 2a. Catopsilia Pyranthe . 3, 3a. Catopsilia Catilla
PAGE
97 99 98 103 103
104 102 105 100
107 106 106
99 109 112 lil
114 114 116
118 115
118 119 119 Ig)
120 120 120 120
' Prater 48. Fig. 1, 1 a, 6. Catopsilia Crocale . 2, 2a. Catopsilia Gnoma 3, 3a. Catopsilia Chryseis
« Prats 49, Fig. 1, 1 a, 6. Hebomoia Glaucippe 2, 2a. Idmais modesta 3, 3a. Idmais tripuncta 4. Callosune Eucharis . 5. Callosune limbata
¢ Prats 50. Fig. 1, la. Ixias Pirenassa . 2, 2a. Ixias cingalensis 3, 3 a, b. Catophaga Neombo
4, 4a. Catophaga Lankapura, ¢ . - Puate 5).
Fig. 1, la. Catophaga Lankapura, ? 2, 2 a, 6. Catophaga Galene 3. Catophaga venusta . 0 4, 4a, 6. Hiposcrita Narendra
Fig. 1, 1 a, 0, c. Appias taprobana 2, 2a. Appias vacans 3, 3a. Appias Libythea Fig. 1, 1 a, 6. Huphina Phryne . , 2a. Huphina Remba , 3a, 6. Belenois taprobana
7 Prate 54. Fig. 1, 1 a, 6. Delias Eucharis 2. Prioneris Sita. , 3, 3a. Nepheronia fraterna . v Pate 55. Fig. 1, 1 a, 6. Ornithoptera Darsius + PuatE 56. Fig. 1. Chilasa Clytioides 2, 2 a, 6. Chilasa Lankeswara
, PLATE 57. Fig. 1, 1 a, 6. Chilasa dissimilis . 2, 2 a, 6. Menelaides Ceylonica
, PLate 58. Fig. 1. Menelaides Jophon 2. Menelaides Hector . 3. Charus Helenus
PAGE
125 126 131 133
135 132 132 134
135 135 134
136 137 137
140 141 139
155
154 154
153 151
152 152 149
Xi
PLATE
DESCRIPTION OF PLATES.
59.
Fig. 1, La, 4,c. Laertias Romulus
( PLATE Fig
« PLATE Fig
« PLATE
Fig.
y PLATE
Fig.
¥ PLATE
Fig.
« PLATE
Fig.
« PLATE
Fig.
5
60. 1, 1 a, 6. Iliades Parinda
61.
1. Harimala montanus
2, 2 a, 6. Orpheides Erithonius 3. Zetides Doson
62. 1, 1 a, 6. Dalchina Teredon . 2. Pathysa Nomius
63. 1, la. Pathysa Antiphates . 2, 2a. Zetides Agamemnon .
3. Zetides Telephus
64.
1, 1 a, 6. Choaspes Benjamini 2, 2 a, 6. Ismene Cdipodea . 3, 3 a, 6. Matapa subfasciata
65.
1, 1 a, 6. Parata Chromus 2,2 a, 6. Parata Alexis 3, 3a. Bibasis Sena
4, 4a, 6. Hasora Badra
66. 1, la. Matapa Aria
2,2 a, . Badamia exclamationis .
3, 3a. Gangara Thyrsis
PAGE
150
148
146 14:7 145
143 142
142 145 144
159 158 164,
161 161 160 159
164 157 165
« PLATE 67. Fig. 1. Abaratha Ransonneti 2, 2a. Tapena Thwaitesi 3,3 a, 6. Plesioneura Alysos 4, 4a. Plesioneura spilothyrus 5, 5a. Hyarotis adrastus 6. Coladenia Tissa
« PLaTE 68. Fig. 1, la. Tagiades distans 2. Tagiades atticus 3, 8a. Udaspes Folus . 4, 4a, Tagiades minuta 5, 5a. Sarangesa albicilia 6. Hantana infernus
« Pate 69. Fig. 1, 1a. Baracus vittatus 2, 2a. Baoris Kumara . 3,3 a, 6. Parnara Narooa 4, 4a. Baoris seriata
« Puate 70. Fig. 1, la. Chapra Mathias 2, 2a. Parnara Bada 3, 3a, 6. Parnara Cingala . 4, 4a, Halpe brunnea . 5. Taractocera mevius
« Prats 71.
Fig. 1, la. Ampittia Maro . 2. Halpe decorata 3, 3a. Padraona Goloides 4, 4a. Telicota bambuse 5, 5a. Padraona mesioides . 6. Hesperia galba 7. Gomalia albofasciata
PAGE
182 181 178 179 174 180
175 175 177 176 176 179
162 166 167 166
169 167 167 174 172
172 173 171 170 171 183 183
THE LEPIDOPTERA OF CEYLON.
Section RHOPALOCERA. Family NYMPHALIDZ.
Front legs imperfect in both sexes; in the female wanting the tarsal claws; in the male the fore tarsi quite rudimentary, consisting of one or two spineless joints. Pupa suspended freely by the tail.
Subfamily EUPLCHIN &.* Danaine, auctorum.
Forewing with the submedian vein doubie at its origin. Larva smooth, with fleshy processes.
**The number of Ceylonese species in this Subfamily is not very considerable, though some of them, especially of the genus Huplea, are extremely numerous in individuals. These are, moreover, strikingly interesting on account of their mode of flight and gregarious habit. On a fine sunny day, when calm or nearly so, amazing numbers of one or more species of Huplea may often be observed wending their way in one direction, as if floating upon the air a few feet from the ground, with an apparently sluggish movement of their wings, though really making rapid progress. Resembling an army in scattered open column, they move on instinctively, regularly and simultaneously, as if animated by a true migratory impulse. They naturally suggest a most interesting inquiry as to whence these immense numbers come and whither they are tending, whether their course is a straight-ahead one, or is following a horizontal circular direction of greater or less diameter. These insects when thus moving in company show an unwillingness to be diverted from their course, and when attracted by a favourite plant in flower, it is only for a few minutes that they remain upon it, and after regaling themselves, soon start off to resume their journey with their fellow-travellers, moving again amongst them as before and bound
* Linneus’ name of Danaus having been adopted in a generic sense by Esper in 1777 (Die Schmett. i. p. 53), and also by Panzer in 1801 (Faun. Ins. Germ. Hefte 73-84, p. 11), for species of Pierinzx, its use—as applied by Latreille in 1509, cannot be retained in this group of butterflies. The subfamily name ‘“ Danaine ” consequently becomes obsolete, and, as no other is available, Eupleine is here proposed.
VOL. I. B
4 THE LEPIDOPTERA OF CEYLON.
for the same destination. It is curious to observe that butterflies of a totally different kind, when they happen to come within the range of one of these moving columns, are, for a period, carried away apparently by the same impulse and fly in company with it, but are soon seen to be moving off independently as at first. Reverting to the Hupleas, these insects, when stopping for a short time to refresh themselves upon an attractive flower, are with little difficulty captured by the hand; and then simulate death for a few seconds, soon flying away. They are so tenacious of life as to be able to bear considerable pressure between the finger and thumb without being killed; they exsert at the time a peculiar long silky anal appendage of a bright yellow colour, which is almost immediately retracted into its sheath. Birds and other insectivorous animals do not appear to be partial to these butterflies as food; they are probably unpalatable to them owing to their possessing a peculiar odour.
«The larvee I have most frequently found feeding upon leaves of the species of Fig and Dogbane. The suspended chrysalids are brilliantly metallic in colouring. Hestia Jasonia, the finest Ceylonese species of the group, affects the glades of woods and is notable for its graceful flight, rismg and descending almost like a gossamer in the air, and well deserving the name of “ the Sylph,” which is commonly given to it.” (Note by Dr. Thwaites.)
Genus NECTARIA.
Wectaria, Dalmann, in Billb. Enum. Ins. p. 76 (1820). Hestia (part), Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 15 (1816). Doubleday.
Wings semidiaphanous, large: forewing lengthened, triangular, costa slightly arched, apex quite convex, exterior margin very oblique, waved, posterior margin short, shghtly concave in middle; costal vein extending to half its length, subcostal with first branch emitted at some distance before end of the cell and anastomosed to costal near its end, second branch from near end of the cell, third and fourth at equal distances beyond, the fourth terminating above, and the fifth below the apex; cell long; upper discocellular inwardly oblique and slightly angled near subcostal, lower outwardly convex, first radial from angle of the upper and second from near upper end of lower discocellular; three median branches wide apart, submedian very recurved: hindwing lengthened, oval, costal margin curved, apex convex and more or less prolonged, exterior margin slightly waved, anal angle convex; costal vein short, with a basal forked spur; subcostal branches wide apart, first very short; discocellulars bent outward at their middle, the radial emitted from the angle; median branches wide apart, submedian and internal vein shghtly recurved. Body long, slender; palpi porrect, pilose above and beneath, tip pointed ; legs long, slender; antennz slender.
EUPL@INZ. 3
NECTARIA JASONIA (Prare 1, Fre. 1). Hestia Jasonia, Westwood, Cabinet of Oriental Entomology, p. 87, pl. 42, fig. 1 (1848).
Male and female. Semihyaline, fuliginous-white, veins black: upperside, fore- wing with a black basal costal border, an oblique irregular broad band across middle of the cell, a short streak on middle of the costa, a streak through the discocellular veins, a large spot between the base of the two lower median veins, a crutch-shaped mark extending to the base above the submedian vein, a discal series of seven angulated-oval spots, a submarginal series of duplex spots terminating in a thickened streak at end of each vein, and a marginal row of spots: bindwing with a black round spot in middle of the cell, two small spots below it, a discal series of eight angulated-oval spots two of which are between the costal and subcostal veins, a sub- marginal series of duplex spots terminating in a thickened streak at end of each vein, and a marginal row of spots. Head and thorax spotted with white, thorax above, palpi and femora beneath streaked with white, abdomen black above, white beneath. Underside of both fore and hindwings marked as above. Some specimens are darker coloured than that above described, being blackish-fuliginous ; others, again, have a slight ferruginous tint pervading the wings.
Expanse 4? to 5? inches.
Larva unknown.
This beautiful butterfly is called by Europeans in Ceylon, according to a state- ment in Tennent’s “ Natural History of Ceylon,” p. 426, “by the various names of Floater, Spectre, and Silver-paper Fly, as indicative of its graceful flight. It is found only in the deep shade of the damp forest, usually frequenting the vicinity of pools of water and cascades, about which it sails heedless of the spray, the moisture of which may even be beneficial in preserving the elasticity of its thin and delicate wings, that bend and undulate in the act of flight.”
“In the forests and especially about waterfalls in the western, central, and southern provinces this butterfly may be found all the year. It has a very slow floating flight, often poising nearly motionless, and is very easily caught ”’ (Hutchison).
Genus RADENA.
Forewing moderately long, triangular ; first subcostal branch emitted at about one-third before end of the cell and anastomosed to the costal in the middle, second branch emitted before end of the cell: hindwing broad, somewhat triangular; costal margin long, nearly straight, abdominal margin long; costal vein very convex from the base and then extending straight along edge of the margin; cell broad, long ; subcostal and median branches yery wide apart. No scent-pouchin male. Antenne
B 2
4 THE LEPIDOPTERA OF CEYLON.
longer than in allied genera, and with a more gradually thickened and blunt club. Larva (R. Juventa) with two pair of fleshy filaments. Type, R. similis, Linn.
RADENA EXPROMPTA (Prater 2, Fic. 1). Danais exprompta, Butler, Entomologist’s Monthly Mag. xi. p. 164 (1874).
Male and female. Upperside blackish-brown, abdominal margin pale brown : forewing with a pale blue narrow discoidal streak and a large sinuous quadrate spot beyond it, a slender costal streak, two streaks below the cell and a slender basal streak on hind margin, two large discal spots, three small upper spots, and five subapical spots the upper three of which are slender, a submarginal regular series of seven small spots, and a marginal row of minute spots: hindwing with pale blue broad basal streaks, large discal spots, an irregular submarginal and marginal row of small spots; no scent-pouch in male. Head, thorax, and palpi white spotted, femora beneath streaked with white; abdomen brown above, paler beneath. Underside: forewing dark brown: hindwing umber-brown; markings as above but paler.
Hxpanse 2? to 3 inches.
“* Common in Kottawa forest, but have not seen it elsewhere” ( Wade).
Genus TIRUMALA. Danais (part), Godart, Ene. Méth. ix. p. 10, 172.
Forewing broad, triangular; first branch of subcostal emitted at one-fifth before end of the cell and free from the costal, second branch from end of the cell; hind- wing broadly oval, exterior margin very convex; costal vein slightly curved ; cell short, anteriorly oblique ; second subcostal branch starting from nearer the first, and upper median nearer the middle branch, than in Radena. Male with an open scent- pouch between fhe lower median and submedian veins, the pendant sac of which is prominent on the underside. Antenne shorter than in Radena, the club shorter and tip more pointed. Larva with two pair of fleshy filaments.
Type, T. Limniace, Cram.
TIRUMALA LIMNIACAE (Prats 1, Fie. 3).
Papilio Limniace, Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. pl. 59, f. D, E (1779). Danais Limniace, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 191. Papilio similis (part), Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. p. 58. Danais leopardus, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1866, p. 52. Male and female. Upperside brownish-black ; forewing with a greenish-white discoidal streak and constricted spot beyond, a lengthened spot and a lower streak beneath the cell which are sometimes confluent and also with the lower discal spot,
HUPLG@IN A. 5
three discal spots above which are three or five narrow spots obliquely from the costa, a submarginal irregular series of small spots and a marginal row of smaller spots: hindwing with basal narrow duplex streaks between the veins, a discal series of spots and lower slender streaks, an irregular submarginal and marginal series of small spots. Male with a prominent scent-pouch between the lower median and submedian veins. Head, thorax, and palpi white spotted, a dorsal streak on thorax and femora beneath white; abdomen brown above, ochreous and white beneath. Underside golden-brown, basal area of forewing blackish; markings as above; protruding pouch black edged.
Expanse 22 to 32 inches.
Larva yellowish-white or yellowish-green, with a pair of long fleshy filaments on third and a short pair on twelfth segment, the filaments black and greenish-white, longitudinally lined with black points; each segment with transverse black bars, one on each thicker which bifurcates near the lateral line, a narrower bar at anterior edge and two also narrower at posterior part of the segment; lateral band yellow; head and feet rmged with black. Pupa green, somewhat cylindrical, constricted below the thorax, with golden scattered dots and beaded ring. Feeds on Asclepias.
‘Taken at Colombo in open or partially cultivated ground. Most common from October to December, occasionally at other times. Flight slow and heavy; often seen in crowds on low shrubs in company with 7’. septentrionis” (Hutchison). Kandy (Wade).
TIRUMALA SEPTENTRIONIS (Prare 1, Fie. 2). Danais septentrionis, Butler, Entomologist’s Monthly Mag. xi. p. 163 (1874).
Male and female. Upperside brownish-black; markings of both wings similar to those in D. Liminiace. but the streaks more slender and the spots smaller. Male with a similar scent-pouch situated in the same position. Discal area of hindwing beneath suffused with black. ba
Expanse 2? to 32 inches.
“Taken at Colombo and occasionally near Newera Eliya im open or partially
cultivated ground. Most common from October to December. Slow heavy flight. Often found in crowds on low shrubs in company with 7. Limniace”’ (Hutchison).
Genus SALATURA. Euplea (part), Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 15. Danais (part), Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 10, 172. Forewing lengthened, triangular, costa slightly arched, apex more or less rounded, exterior margin waved, oblique, slightly convex in the middle, posterior margin slightly recurved, costal vein extending to two-thirds the length, first sub-
6 THE LEPIDOPTERA OF CEYLON.
costal branch emitted before end of the cell, second at end of the cell, third and fourth at equal distance from its end; cell long; upper discocellular bent inward and angled at its upper and lower end, lower outwardly oblique; radials from angles of upper discocellular ; median branches widely separated, submedian slightly recurved : hindwing broadly oval, exterior margin rounded, slightly sinuous, costal vein short, curved upward, and emitting a short basal spur, first subcostal emitted before end of the cell and curving upward before the apex, second slightly bent at end of the cell ; discocellulars very oblique, upper shortest and slightly concave, radial from their middle; second median branch near end of the cell, lower bent near its base, submedian nearly straight, internal recurved. Male with an open scent-pouch between lower median and submedian veins. Body long, palpi pilose, middle and hind legs slender.
Larva with three pair of fleshy filaments.
Type, S. Genutia, Cram.
SALATURA GENUTIA (Prater 4, Fie. 2, 2a).
Papilio Genutia, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iii. pl. 206, f. C, D (1780). Danais Genutia, Distaut, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1877, p. 98. Papilio Plexippus (part), Fabricius, Spee. Ins. p. 55.
Danais Plexippus (part), Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 186.
Male and female. Upperside dark fuliginous-brown: forewing with a fulvous-red broad discoidal streak and discal spaces between the median and submedian veins to the base of hind margin, a series of small white costal spots beyond the cell, a subapical transverse series of large spots, a short submarginal row, and a marginal row of small spots: hindwing with fulvous-red between all the veins from base to the submargin, a submarginal and marginal row of small white spots. Male with a small scent-pouch situated near the lower median vein between it and the submedian vein. Head, thorax, and palpi white spotted, thorax above and femora beneath streaked with white; abdomen red with lateral white spots. Underside marked as above; forewing with a dusky ferruginous patch beyond the subapical white spots ; hindwing with paler fulvous markings and white borders to all the veins.
Expanse 34 inches.
Larva cylindrical, black, with a pair of black fieshy filaments on third, sixth, and twelfth segments, the first pair longest; each segment with one interrupted white streak along its anterior edge succeeded by three white transverse spots, followed by two transversely elongated yellow spots, the posterior edge of the segment having two parallel interrupted white streaks ; lateral band yellow crossed at the middle of
each segment by a black line; abdominal line black; head and feet black ringed with white.
EUPLGINE. 7
Pupa somewhat cylindrical, posterior end hemispherical, anterior ending in two sight prominences; bright green, with a dorsal ring of silvery dots, and a few scattered golden dots.
SALATURA CHRYSIPPUS (Prater 3, Fie. la, 0).
Papilio chrysippus, Linneus, Syst. Nat. i. 2, p. 767 (1767); Cramer, Pap. Exot. ii. pl. 118, f. B, C. Danais chrysippus, Godart, Ene, Méth. ix. p. 187; Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i. pl. 4, f. 7, 7a.
Male and female. Upperside: forewing with the costal margin and apical area to posterior angle brownish-black, the basal area including the veins fulvous-red, two very small white spots on middle of the costa, one beyond the cell, one above the disc, two on the submargin, an incomplete marginal row and two or three before the apex, and an oblique subapical series of larger spots: hindwing with a black narrow sinuous marginal band and row of very small white spots, the inner area fulvous-red, three small black spots at end of the cell. Male with a black quadrate scent- pouch situated close to the lower median vein between it and the submedian. Head, thorax, and palpi white spotted, thorax above and femora beneath white streaked ; abdomen red above, white beneath. Underside as above, the fulvous colour being paler and brighter, the white spots more prominent, those at end of the cell white bordered, and the pouch mark in male white centred.
Expanse 2% to 3 inches.
Larva cylindrical, with a pair of black fleshy filaments on third, sixth, and twelfth segments, the filaments crimson at the base; pale bluish-grey with transverse dorsal black streaks and chrome-yellow bands ; lateral band chrome-vellow ; head and legs black striped with blue-grey. Pupa somewhat cylindrical, semitransparent, pinkish- white or green, a raised golden spot on each eye, and a few golden spots scattered on the surface, a black tubercular ridge and a dorsal row of golden dots along fourth segment of abdomen. Feeds on Calotropis gigantea and Asclepias cwrasavica.
Genus PARANTICA.
Forewing long, narrow, hind margin lengthened ; first subcostal branch emitted at one-fourth before end of the cell and touching the costal near its end, second emitted immediately before end of the cell; cell long, narrow: hindwing somewhat elongated, exterior margin very convex, abdominal margin short, costal vein arched from base and thence extending along edge of the margin; cell very long and narrow. Male with two spatular-shaped scent-pouches, one (the largest) beimg on the lower median vein, the other (about one-fourth its size) on the submedian vein, near their end, each being visible on the underside by the slender swelling of these veins at that
8 THE LEPIDOPTERA OF CEYLON.
part. Antenna with lengthened slender tip. Larva with two pair of fleshy filaments. Type, P. Aglea, Cram.
PARANTICA CEYLONICA (Prate 2, Fie. 2, 2a), Danais Ceylonica, Felder, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. xii. p. 479 (1862).
Male and female. Upperside dark fuliginous-brown: forewing with a bluish- white narrow discoidal streak above which are two parallel contiguous slender lines, two lengthened streaks below the céll, five discal spots, two upper slender streaks and three costal spots, a submarginal row of small mostly cordate spots, and a mareinal row of more or less indistinct smaller spots; hindwing with broad bluish-white basal streaks, regular series of discal quadrate spots, the two lower of which have a contiguous or continuous outer spot, an irregular submarginal and marginal row of small spots; two scent-pouches in male, a large one on lower median vein and a small one on submedian vein. Head, thorax, and palpi white spotted, a dorsal streak on thorax and femora beneath white ; abdomen brown above, white beneath. Underside brown, markings clearer: forewing with the discoidal streaks more distinct ; above the cell is a slender line, and the upper discal spot and the streak are concave externally : hindwing with a black pouch-area in male.
Expanse 3 to 34 inches.
Larva cylindrical, reddish-purple, two black fleshy filaments on third and two on twelfth segment; two dorsal rows of round chrome-yellow spots, and a lateral row of broken chrome-yellow spots, with intervening white dots on each segment; head and legs black, white spotted. Pupa green, much constricted below the thorax, with blue and golden scattered dots and black raised dots on upper segments. Feeds on Cryptolepis, &e.
“Found everywhere all the year in open or partially cultivated places, but not often in forest. Flight slow and heavy. Perhaps the commonest insect in Ceylon” (Hutchison).
Genus CHITTIRA.
Forewing somewhat short and broad; costal margin much arched, hind margin long: hindwing broadly oval, very convex externally. Venation similar to Caduga. Male with two scent-pouches, one spatular shaped on the submedian, accompanied by the dilated or swollen vein, the other being the internal vein dilated but without any adjacent spatular patch. Antennz with a tolerably thick club.
Type, C. fumata, Butler.
EUPL@IN&. 9
CHITTIRA FUMATA (Prater 4, Fre. 1, 1a).
Danais fumata, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1866, p. 58. Danais Taprobana, Felder, Reise Novara, Lep. ii. p. 849, pl. 42, f. 4 (1867).
Male and female. Upperside rich brown, palest on the abdominal margin: forewing with a greenish-white narrow discoidal streak, a broad lengthened triangular streak below the cell, three discal spots above it, the upper one very minute, a submarginal oblique series of five spots, the second, third, and fourth being elongated, and a marginal row of six small spots: hindwing with a broad discoidal streak, a small streak and two minute spots beyond it, a submarginal apical series of three small spots, three in the male, and five in the female, the female having also a lower marginal row of minute spots, two linear-shaped scent-pouches in the male, one situated on the lower submedian vein, the other on the internal vein. Thorax, head, and palpi, spotted with white, femora beneath streaked with white; abdomen brown above, grey beneath. Underside paler brown, markings as above, exterior border of hindwing grey speckled, pouch area in male and discal area in both sexes darker brown.
Expanse 2# to 33 inches.
“Found all the year; scarce in February and March. Hills 3000 to 6000 feet, in forest and often in coffee-plantations. Common at Newera Eliya and several miles round. Flight slow and heavy” (Hutchison).
Genus MACROPLCEA. Macroplea, Butler, Journal of the Linn. Soc. Zool. xiv. p. 292 (1878).
Wings very large and broad: forewing in male elongated, quadrate, apex acuminate, exterior margin oblique, convex at the angle, posterior margin very convex in the middle and extremely oblique thence to the base: hindwing triangular, with a large oval pale upper-discoidal patch, the costa long, apex somewhat angular, exterior margin regularly convex.
MACROPLEA ELISA (Puiate 5, Fic. 2, 2a).
Euplea Elisa, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1866, p. 270. Macroplea Elisa, Butler, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. xiv. p. 293 (1878).
Male and female. Upperside golden-brown. Male: forewing dusky-brown
- along posterior border ; a small brownish-white spot at lower end of the cell, a linear
discal series of three spots, a recurved submarginal and marginal row of spots.
hindwing dusky-brown on exterior border, anterior border ochreous-white, a large
ochreous space within middle of the cell, five small discal ochreous-white spots, an
anterior submarginal and marginal row of small white spots. Female: upperside VOL. I. o
id THE LEPIDOPTERA OF CEYLON.
uniformly paler, all the spots on both wings are ochreous and less prominent : under- side duller coloured, the spots on both wings white and more prominent, the discal series extending from the costal to the abdominal border, and the two marginal rows extending to anal angle; posterior border of forewing broadly ochreous-white. Head, front of thorax, and palpi black, spotted with white, legs black, thorax above dark brown with dorsal white streak; abdomen dark brown.
Expanse, ¢ 44, 2 4 inches. .
Larva * purple-brown, with two black-tipped red fleshy filaments on second, two on third, and two on twelfth segments, each segment with transverse black streaks ; lateral line purple, head and legs black. Pupa thick, broad, purple-grey, fasciated with golden-yellow, abdominal segments black beaded. Feeds on —— ?
“Taken on low ground at Colombe among hedges round native gardens at any time, but not very common. Of slow, heavy flight; settles on leaves and easily caught” (Hutchison).
“Commonly found at Galle among cocoanut-trees and low bushes” ( Wade).
Genus ISAMIA:
Wings large, broad : forewing in male elongated, somewhat quadrate, apex shghtly acuminate, exterior margin oblique, waved, posterior margin convex, with a large sericeous streak between the lower median and submedian veins: hindwing triangular, costa long, convex, exterior margin convex, waved, a moderate-sized pale upper-discoidal patch.
Type, 1. superba, Herbst.
ISAMIA SINHALA (Prare 5, Fié. 1 4). Euplea Sinhala, Moore, Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist. 1877, p. 45.
Male. Upperside dark velvety olive-brown, external margins paler: forewing with a short broad oval seri¢eous streak between the lower median and submedian veins, a submarginal row of small ochreous-white spots and marginal lower row of minute spots: hindwing with a broad flesh-coloured discoidal patch ; costal border broadly cimereous, a submarginal series of oval ochreous-white spots and marginal series of small round spots. Underside paler olive-brown throughout: forewing with hind margin broadly cinereous, the sexual mark dusky; a curved discal series of whitish spots near the cell; both wings with a submarginal and marginal series of spots as above. Body black, thorax, head, palpi and forelegs white spotted.
* Figured on’ Plate iv. Catal. Lep. Mus. E:L.C. i. from drawings by E. L. Layard, as the larva of E. Prothoé.
EUPLG@IN A. 11
Expanse 3 inches. Taken at Galle and Kandy by Captain Wade.
Genus EUPLQSA.
Euplea (part), Fabricius, Tl. Mag. vi. p. 280 (1807). Euplea, Boisd., Doubleday, Butler, Felder. Crastia (part), Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 16 (1816).
Forewing elongated, triangular ; costa slightly arched, apex rounded, exterior margin oblique, slightly waved and concave in the middle, posterior margin almost straight in both sexes; male with a sericeous streak between the lower median and Submedian veins; costal vein extending to nearly two-thirds the length; first subcostal branch emitted before end of the cell, second from extreme end, third about one-third beyond, fourth and fifth at one-third from apex; upper discocellular shortest, inwardly oblique, angled outward close to the subcostal and emitting a short spur from its lower end within the cell, lower discocellular outwardly oblique and angled outward close to its upper end, the radials from their upper angles ; median branches from angles wide apart, submedian slightly recurved, looped at its base: hindwing short, bluntly oval, costa slightly arched in middle; costal vein short, curved near the base, with a short basal forked spur; first subcostal branch emitted from angle before end of the cell; discocellulars outwardly oblique, upper shortest, concave, lower slightly convex, the radial from their middle; median branches from angles widely apart; submedian straight, internal curved at its base. Body long, slender; antennz slender; legs squamous, tibia and tarsi spinous beneath; palpi short, pilose.
EUPLG@A ASELA (Pirate 6, Fic. 2, 2a).
Euplea Asela, Moore, Annals of Nat. Hist. 1877, p. 45.
Male and female. Upperside dark velvety olive-brown, broadly paler externally : forewing with a submarginal and less distinct lower marginal row of small brownish- white spots, the former series curving to the costa before the apex; male with a single short slender sericeous streak between the lower median and submedian veins: hindwing with a submarginal row of brownish-white oval spots, and a marginal row of smaller round spots. Underside paler, both rows of marginal spots clearer ; both wings with a small spot at end of the cell, and a contiguous discal curved series of spots. Body blackish, thorax, head, palpi, front legs, and abdomen beneath white spotted, middle and hind legs beneath white streaked.
Expanse 37 to 34 inches.
Larva cylindrical, purple-white, or dove-colour, with a pair of curled red fleshy filaments on three of the anterior segments and a pair on the twelfth segment; each
c 2
12 THE LEPIDOPTERA OF CEYLON.
segment transversely oarred with narrow white lines, lateral band pinkish-white with black and red dots; abdominal line black; head and legs black, streaked with white. Pupa golden-yellow, constricted below the thorax, streaked and banded with brown, dorsal segments black spotted. Feeds on Neriwm oleander, &c.
“Found everywhere, in the plains and up to 6000 feet, in forest or open ground. At Colombo it occurs from October to January; elsewhere all the year. Flight slow, heavy. Often comes into the house in numbers, sometimes settling on one’s clothes ” (Hutchison). EUPL@A FRAUENFELDI.
Euplaa Frauenfeldi, Felder, Verh. Zool. Bot. Gese. 1862, p. 479, ¢ ; Reise Novara Lep. ii. pl. 41, f. 4. Huplea Esperi, Feld. Verh. Zool. Bot. Gese. 1862, p. 482 9.
Male. Upperside blackish purple-brown: forewing blue glossed, a very small white costal spot above end of the cell, a spot between first upper and second median yeins, a submarginal series of spots curving from apex, and a lower marginal series of smaller spots, a slender short sericeous streak below the lower median vein: hindwing unmarked, except that it indistinctly shows a submarginal and marginal series of pale brown spots. Underside dark olive-brown: forewing with a bluish costal spot, a spot at lower end of the cell, a spot between the upper and second median veins, and a larger elongated white spot below it, the sexual streak and posterior margin being brownish-white, submarginal and marginal spots as above: hindwing with a minute bluish spot at end of the cell and a contiguous discal series of spots, a marginal series of small white spots and a submarginal anal series of three or four spots. Body black, head, thorax, palpi, and abdomen beneath white spotted, legs black.
Expanse 4 inches.
Taken at Trincomalee, on the N.H. side of the island.
EUPLEA SCHERZERI. Euplea Scherzeri, Felder, Verh. Zool. Bot. Gesc. 1862, p. 479; Reise Novara Lep. ii. p. 339.
Male. Upperside purplish olive-brown, darkest on basal area: forewing with a minute white subapical spot, and a lengthened sericeous streak between lower median and submedian veins: hindwing with a subapical series of three small very indistinct pale brown spots. Underside paler: forewing with a bluish-white small costal spot, one at lower end of the cell, two beyond, and an elongated lower spot, three or four submarginal spots below the apex: hindwing with a small bluish-white spot at lower end of the cell, a contiguous discal series, three upper submarginal spots and a marginal lower series of spots. Body black, thorax, head, palpi, and abdomen beneath white spotted, lees black.
Expanse-3} inches.
SATYRINA. 13
Genus NARMADA.
Forewing elongated, triangular, costa slightly arched, apex somewhat acute, exterior margin oblique, posterior margin in male slightly convex, with two sericeous streaks between the median and submedian veins: hindwing triangular.
Type, N. coreoides, Moore.
NARMADA MONTANA (Pirate 6, Fic. 1¢).
Euplea montana, Felder, Reise Novara Lep. ii. p. 330 (1867), ¢. Euplea Lankana, Moore, Annals and Mag. Nat. Hist. 1877, p. 44, ¢. Stictoplea Lankana, Butler, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. xiv. p. 302.
Male and female. Upperside dark velvety olive-brown, paler externally: fore- wing with a submarginal and marginal row of very small indistinct ochreous-white spots; male with two elongated sericeous streaks between the lower median and submedian veins: hindwing with a submarginal and marginal row of ochreous-white spots, the former oval from the anal angle and duplex anteriorly, the latter smaller and round. Underside paler, marginal white spots as above, those on forewing more prominent, both wings with a small white spot at end of the cell, and a contiguous discal curved series beyond. Body blackish, thorax, head, palpi, and abdomen beneath white spotted, forelegs white streaked beneath.
Expanse 3 to 33 inches.
Captured at Rambodde, Galle, and Kandy.
Subfamily SATYRIN AE.
Palpi generally compressed and fringed with long hair scales. Larva without spines, generally pubescent, head more or less bifid, tail bifid.
«The butterflies of this subfamily are rather inactive, and fly near the ground amongst grass and close to the margins of woods. Their movements, however, are more lively in the early morning and evening during their amatory gambols. The males of some of the species have a pair of curious pencils of hair which each he within a fold of the upper wing, and which are capable of being spread out radiately during the insect’s flight.” (Note by Dr. Thwaites.)
14 THE LEPIDOPTERA OF CEYLON.
Genus MELANITIS.
Melanitis, Fabricius, Illiger’s Mag. vi. p. 282 (1807). Hipio, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 56 (1816). Cyllo, Boisduval, Voy. Astr. Lep. p. 140 (18382).
Wings short, broad; forewing triangular; costa very convex, exterior margin more or less angled below the apex, oblique and waved hindward ; posterior margin nearly straight; first and second subcostal branches emitted before end of the cell, third at half distance beyond, fourth and fifth at one-third from apex; upper disco- cellular twice angled near subcostal, lower obliquely concave; radials from the angles; median branches wide apart; submedian recurved: hindwing, costa slightly arched, exterior margin sinuous and produced at end of upper median into a blunt angle; abdominal margin long; costal vein curved, extending to apex, with a short basal spur; subcostal bent close to costal near its base; cell broad; discocellulars bent outward at their middle; radial from the angle ; upper median from end of the cell, second from near its end; submedian extending to posterior angle; internal short. Body short; palpi porrect, pilose beneath, legs slender, squamose ; antennz slender.
MELANITIS ISMENE (Prare 10, Fic. 2 a, 6). Papilio Ismene, Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. pl. 26, f. A, B (1775).
Male and female. Upperside dark olive-brown, exterior border slightly grey speckled : forewing with apical area dark maroon-brown, a subapical large black spot bordered above and inwardly by fulvous-red and centred with two small prominent white spots: hindwing with four submarginal more or less obsolete very small black-bordered white spots. Underside very variable, being either grey, ochreous, ferruginous, maroon, or dusky brown, covered with numerous short more or less confluent black strigze : forewing with two subbasal and a discal transverse darker fascia, the outer broadest and most prominent, two subapical and two smaller apical white spots: hindwing with a subbasal, discal, and a submarginal transverse darker fascia, the discal being most prominent, a submarginal row of small white spots. Female brighter coloured on the upper and underside, the strige not so dense, and the transverse fascize less prominent. Body brown, palpi greyish, legs brown above ochreous-grey beneath.
Expanse 2? to 3 inches.
Larva elongated, thickened in the middle, pubescent, head large, surmounted by two short pubescent red processes, last segment also with two processes; pale green with longitudinal rows of whitish dots; dorsal and lateral line darker green; head
SATYRINAL. 15
bluish, face striped with white and black. Pupa green, cylindrical, head and thorax obliquely flattened. Feeds on Graminee. Found in the same districts as M. Leda.
MELANITIS LEDA (Prarr 10, Fre. 1 a, 3). Papilio Leda, Linneus, Syst. Nat. i. 2, p. 773 (1767); Drury, Exot. Ins. i. pl 15, f. 5,6 (1778) ; Cramer, Pap. Exot. iii. pl. 196, f. C, D.
Male and female. Upperside brown: forewing with a subapical blackish spot centred by two small white spots and slightly bordered inwardly with fulvous : hindwing with two subanal black spots centred with white, the outer spot minute. Underside greyish-ochreous, uniformly covered with delicate dark strige: forewing with three very indistinct slender transverse fascize, and four small apical marginal ocelli: hindwing with an indistinct slender discal fascia and six submarginal distinct ocelli. Female. Upperside: both the subapical spots and the subanal are larger, the latter series generally four in number: Underside as in male, the ocelli more prominent. Body and legs brown.
Expanse, ¢ 2#, 9 3 inches.
** Found at all times in the western and central provinces, in grassy places ; both in the plains and hills up to 2000 feet: Flies at dawn and dusk of the evening, rarely by day. Settles down in grass” (Hutchison).
MELANITIS TAMBRA (Prater 9, Fic. 2 a, b, ©).
Male. Upperside dark dusky olive-brown: forewing ferruginous-brown at the apex, with a subapical small white spot (in some an indistinct lower spot), and an indistinct black contiguous spot: hindwing without markings. Underside dusky- ferruginous or purple-ferruginous, veins speckled with pale ochreous, basal area densely covered’ with dark purple-ferruginous strigz forming three confluent irregular fascie on the forewing, but are more uniformly disposed on the hindwing which has a narrow discal fascia only: forewing with a pale triangular costal space before the apex and four small ochreous brown-ringed spots, the penultimate spot with a contiguous inner white spot, posterior margin broadly dull sap-brown: hindwing with a pale ochreous space and a contiguous dusky spot within end of the cell; disc transversely washed with greyish-purple, a submarginal row of small ochreous brown-ringed spots. Female. Upperside ferruginous olive-brown: forewing with a subapical dusky-black patch extending paler across end of the cell to costal vein, and suffusedly bordered externally and across the apex with paler ferruginous, and centred with two white spots; the lowest spot small or obsolete: hindwing with three
16 THE LEPIDOPTERA OF CEYLON.
or four lower submarginal small white spots. Underside ferruginous; strige, transverse fasciz, and outer border dark ferruginous, subapical spots on forewing and submarginal spots on hindwing with double rings and whitish centre, the penultimate subapical spot with a contiguous inner larger whitish spot. Body brown, legs ferruginous.
Expanse, $ 24, § 2# inches.
Larva elongated, thickened in the middle; head with two long pubescent red processes; last segment also with two processes; green with longitudinal and transverse darker lines; face striped with red. Pupa green, head and thorax flattened.
“Found in the western and central provinces. Plains and up to 3000 feet. June to September. Habits same as M. Leda” (Hutchison).
Genus LETHE.
Lethe, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 56 (1816). Debis, Doubleday and Westwood, Gen. Diurnal Lep. p. 358 (1851).
Wings short; broad: forewings triangular, costa arched, apex convex, exterior margin oblique, waved, posterior margin long, straight; first and second subcostal branches emitted close to end of the cell, third at one-half beyond, fourth and fifth at one-third from the apex; upper discocellular shortest, bent outward and inward close to subcostal, lower slender recurved outward ; upper radial from outward angle, lower from their middle angle; cell broad; median branches equidistant and wide apart; submedian nearly straight: hindwing, costa short, convex at base, exterior margin sinuous, prolonged into a blunt tail at end of upper median, abdominal margin long; costal vein curved and extending to apex, with a short curved basal spur; subcostal bent close to costal near its base, first branch curved towards its end; discocellulars oblique, concave, lower slender; radial from their middle; cell broad; two upper median branches from end of the cell; submedian extending to posterior angle; internal vein short. Body short, thorax robust; palpi porrect, slender, pilose beneath ; lees rather short, squamose; antennz slender.
LETHE NEELGHERRIENSIS (Pirate 7, Fic. 1, 1a).
Cyllo Neelgherriensis, Guérin, Delessert’s Voyage dans Inde, pt. 2, p. 74, pl. 21, f. 1, la (1848).
Debis Neelgherriensis, Hewitson, Exot. Butt. iii. p. 75, Deb. pl. 2, f. 6,9.
Upperside dull dark olive-brown. Male: forewing with two apical small ochreous-white spots, a subapical larger spot, and a less distinct spot between the second and third median veins, between these the ocelli of the underside are indis- tinctly visible, a marginal double indistinct dusky lunular line: hindwing with two
SATYRIN AZ, 17
apical not very prominent black pale-bordered spots, and a marginal dusky pale- bordered double lunular line. Underside paler: forewing with three transverse — discoidal wavy purple-grey bands, the middle band crossing the wing, an oblique subapical ochreous-white band, an upper submarginal row of six purple-bordered ocelli, the first and second slender and incompletely formed, a marginal purple- bordered ne: hindwing with three transverse basal purple-grey wavy bands, a brown band outwardly angled between the subcostal and median vein, a submarginal series of six ocelli in three purple-bordered encircled divisions, the upper or single ocellus large with a distinct white pupil and minute dots, the next of three irregular shaped ocelli minutely dotted with white, the fifth of regular form, the sixth with double black centre, and both white dotted, a marginal purple-bordered lunular line. Female. Upperside: forewing with two apical prominent spots and three oblique transverse discal spots: hindwing with apical spots larger and more prominent. Underside as in male, except that on the forewing the oblique subapical band is more irregular and extends to posterior angle, and the lower ocellus is absent. Cilia alternated with white. Body dark brown, palpi at sides, and legs beneath white streaked. Expanse, ¢ 24, ¢22 inches.
‘Found in the neighbourhood of coffee-plantations south of Newera Eliya, at about 3000 feet elevation. It appeared plentiful, except from January to March” (Hutchison).
Taken also at Kandy and Dickoya by Captain Wade.
LETHE DRYPETES (Prare 8, Fic. 1a, 0).
Debis Drypetes, Hewitson, Exotic Butterflies, iii. Deb. pl. 2, f. 11, 12 (1863), 9. Debis embolima, Butler, Entom, Monthly Mag. iii. p. 77 (1866), ¢.
Male. Upperside dark olive-brown: forewing without markings: hindwing with three submarginal very indistinct small black spots. Underside dark brown ; both wings with a transverse subbasal wavy dark-bordered purple line: forewing ' with an oblique transverse discal purple band, a submarginal curved row of five small purple-bordered ocelli, the upper one indistinct, a marginal narrow pale wavy line: hindwing with a transverse discal medially-angled purple-bordered dark brown line, a submarginal row of five purple-bordered ocelli, the first or upper one and the fifth only regularly formed, the others oval and numerously white speckled, a marginal distinct lunular purple line. Cilia brownish-ochreous. Female. Upperside fer- ruginous olive-brown, externally dusky-brown: forewing with two prominent sub- apical ochreous-white spots, an oblique transverse discal macular band extending to lower median vein, submarginal small indistinct black spots: hindwing with four
VOL. I. D
18 THE LEPIDOPTERA OF CEYLON.
upper submarginal ochreous-yellow outer bordered black spots, the second spot large and extending to the pale-bordered marginal line, the first bemg a minute apical dot with broad yellow outer border. Underside paler, markings as in male, except that on the forewing the oblique discal band is purplish-white, the lower submarginal ocellus is absent, and the ocelli on both wings are bordered with purplish-white. Body dark olive-brown ; palpi at sides, and legs beneath grey streaked.
Expanse, ¢ 275, ¢ 2:5 inches.
“Taken in the hills of the central. province at 3000 feet and slightly above, at all times. Very local; found in several spots of limited extent” (Hutchison).
LETHE DARETIS (Prate 7, Fic. 2 a, 5). Debis Daretis, Hewitson, Exotic Butterflies, iii. p. 75, Deb. pl. 2, f. 7, 8 (1863), ¢.
Male. Upperside dark olive-brown: forewing with a very small ochreous costal spot above end of the cell, and two small less distinct spots before the apex: hindwing with a submarginal row of five small indistinct black slightly pale- bordered spots. Underside dark brown, with a medial and subbasal transverse sinuous purple-grey band on both wings: forewing with an oblique discal transverse pale ochreous irregular lunular band, five small black purple-bordered submarginal ocelli, and marginal lunular purple line: hindwing with six distinct well-formed purple-bordered submarginal ocelli, and marginal lunular purple line. Female. Upperside ferruginous olive-brown: forewing with two prominent ochreous-yellow subapical spots, transverse discal macular band extending to the submedian vein, and four or five small indistinct black submarginal spots: hindwing with a submarginal row of five well-defined oval ochreous-yellow bordered black spots, an upper marginal narrow lunular yellow line. Underside as in male, markings more prominent, oblique discal band on forewing broader. Cilia alternated with white. Body dark brown, palpi at sides and legs beneath grey streaked.
Expanse, ¢ 2,45, 2 2x5 inches.
‘Found all the year round, but most plentiful in the spring in the hills of the central province at about 5000 to 6000 feet elevation, in grass-land or close to
forests. Rather shy; flight rapid, often settling down in grass or on open road” (Hutchison).
Genus HANIPHA.
Wings similar in form and venation to Lethe, but the forewing comparatively shorter and of less breadth, and the hindwing longer. Male with a conspicuous lengthened tuft of short hairs transversely covering a sericeous patch of compact
SATYRIN AG. 19
raised scales between the lower median and submedian veins; lower median vein much curved. Type, H. Sihala.
HANIPHA SIHALA (Prat 8, Fia. 2 a,b). Lethe Sthala, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872, p. 555.
Male. Upperside dark olive-brown: forewing with two very indistinct or obsolete dusky-white apical spots, and a longitudinal tuft of long blackish-brown hairs between lower median and submedian vein: hindwing with a submarginal series of indistinct black spots. Underside, basal area dark brown, apical area pale brown, being divided on the forewing by an oblique discal chalybeate-purple streak, and on the hindwing by a discal medially-angled dark brown line; a submarginal series of four very indistinct ocelli on forewing formed bya central black dot and two chalybeate rings ; a submarginal series of six larger ocelli on hindwing formed by a black spot with a single white central dot and fulvous outer ring, each being encircled by purple border; both wings with a dark brown purple-bordered subbasal transverse line. Female. Upperside brown, basal area paler: forewing with a broad oblique discal white band and a terminal spot near posterior angle; a small white apical spot and two indistinct streaks below it; an indistinct series of blackish submarginal spots: hindwing with a submarginal series of five black spots, the middle spot very small, the upper spots with broad irregular whitish-brown borders, the two lower with pale brown rings and a white central dot. Underside brown at base, outer borders paler; forewing with oblique band as above and five submarginal spots: hindwing as in male: subbasal transverse line purple-bordered, and the irregular medial line with whitish-brown outer border.
Expanse, 3 24, 2 24 inches.
‘Rare and very local. Observed only in two places in forest land near Newera Ehya. Habits similar to Lethe Drypetes”’ (Hutchison).
The female of this species is much like L. Dynsate, but it differs in having a narrower oblique discal band and more defined subapical white and black spots on the forewing, and the hindwing has paler interspaces between the outer series of spots. The underside also differs in the forewing having five submarginal ringlet spots instead of four, and the hindwing has all the spots smaller, the costal spot and the second anal being one-third less in size.
20 THE LEPIDOPTERA OF CEYLON.
HANIPHA DYNSATE (Prater 9, Fic. 1, lag). Debis Dynsate, Hewitson, Exotic Butterflies, iii. p. 76, Deb. pl. 2, f. 9, 10 (1863), 9.
Female. Upperside ferruginous-brown: forewing dark brown externally, with a broad oblique discal white band and a terminal spot, two very small subapical white spots, the lower black-bordered: hindwing with two large pale-bordered blackish subapical confluent spots, a very small lower spot and two larger uniform oval spots, a dark discal pale-bordered angled band, and outer marginal black lines. Underside chestnut-brown : forewing with broad white oblique transverse band, three upper submarginal brown-ringed black spots bordered with purple, and a less distinct spot above them on the costa: hindwing with pale-bordered angled discal band and six submarginal purple-bordered ocelli the first and fifth largest; both wings with a purple-bordered marginal line and a subbasal purple-bordered brown sinuous line. (Male: unknown.)
Expanse, ¢ 24 inches.
Genus CALYSISME.
Mycalesis (part), Hubner; Doubleday.
Wings short, broad: forewing with the costa arched at the base, apex acute in male, less so in female, exterior margin oblique, curved, posterior angle acute ; costal, median, and submedian veins swollen at the base; second subcostal branch emitted immediately before end of the cell; discocellulars very concave, radials from two angles in upper near subcostal; cell broad: hindwing oval, costa arched at base, exterior margin convex, dentate, first subcostal branch emitted before end of the cell, discocellulars slightly concave, radial from their middle, two upper median branches from end of the cell. Male with an erectile tuft of fine hairs springing from base of subcostal vein. Body slender, palpi porrect, slender, finely pilose beneath, legs slender, squamose.
CALYSISME DRUSIA (Pirate 11, Fic. 3, 38a ¢). Papilio Drusia, Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. pl. 84, f. C, D (1775), 9.
Upperside brown, marginal lines pale ochreous-brown: forewing with a large prominent ocellus: hindwing in female with one or two subanal ocelli. Underside pale ochreous-brown, with a broad discal band crossing both wings and marginal lines greyish-white: forewing with a small upper and large lower ocellus, each separately encircled by a-greyish-white line, in some specimens each ocellus has two
SATYRINAL. 21
additional minute ocelli attached to them one on each side above and below, and encompassed by the greyish line: hindwing with seven ocelli, the second, third, and seventh, the smallest, all encircled by one greyish-white band.
Hxpanse 1® to 22 inches.
Taken by Captain Wade in bamboo-thickets in the Kottawah Forest.
CALYSISME BLASIUS (Purare 11, Fic. 2, 2a¢).
Papilio Blasius, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. Suppl-p. 426 (1798). Mycalesis Blasius, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1867, p. 720, f.4; 7d. Catal. Fabr. Lep. Brit. Mus. p. 34.
Male and female. Upperside dark brown glossed with olive-brown: forewing with or without a discal small white-pupilled black spot: underside dark uniform vinous-brown, with a narrow purple-white discal band crossing both wings, and two marginal lunular lines: forewing with four ocelli, the three upper ones small, all encircled by a single purple band, some specimens having a small lower fifth ocellus, which is also encompassed within the single purple band: hindwing with seven ocelli, the second and third upper and the seventh the smallest, all beg encircled by a single purple band.
Expanse 1} to 1? inch.
‘Found at all times in the western and central provinces; plains and up to 2000 feet, on grassy land. Flight short and slow, along edges of forest- oe and grass land, settling on tufts of grass” (Hutchison).
CALYSISME PERSEUS (Prare 12, Fic. 1, lad).
Papilio Perseus, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 488 (1775), 9. Mycalesis Perseus, Butler, Proc. Zoo]. Soc. 1867, p. 719, f. 2; zd. Catal. Fabr. Lep. Brit. Mus. p: 38.
Male and female. Upperside brown: forewing with a transverse discal indis- tinct darker line, a single ocellus near posterior angle varying in size from a small white-pupilled black spot to a large spot with yellowish outer ring: hindwing with one minute white-pupilled black spot in male and two in female. Underside varying greyish-brown, basal half darkest with indistinct darker striz; a transverse discal line with pale dentate marks, one on each vein; a subbasal indistinct similar marked line: forewing with four minute white-pupilled black spots, the two medial spots sometimes obsolete : hindwing with a submarginal row of seven small white-pupilled ocelli with yellow outer rings, the second, third, and fourth either minute or
22 THE LEPIDOPTERA OF CEYLON.
obsolete, the others sometimes blind; a marginal row of minute indistinct black dots. Expanse, ¢ 1$, 9 2 inches.
CALYSISME MINEUS (Prater 11, Fie. 4, a, d).
Papilio Mineus, Linneus, Syst. Nat. i. 2, p. 768 (1767); Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 488. Mycalesis Mineus, Butler, Catal, Fabr. Lep. Brit. Mus. p. 34; Catal. Satyr. B. M. p. 185.
Male and female. Upperside brown, transverse discal band of underside slightly visible ; marginal and lunular submarginal line yellowish : forewing with a medium- sized ocellus distinctly pupilled with white and yellow ringed: hindwing with a minute subanal ocellus. Underside greyish or fuliginous-brown, both wings with a prominent broad yellowish-white transverse discal band, and yellowish outer marginal lines: forewing with two ocelli, the lowest large, each encircled by a separate pale purple band ; in some specimens the lower ocellus has a smaller one attached beneath it and which is also enclosed by the same purple band: hindwing with seven ocelli, the upper second, third, and the last smallest, all encircled by one purple band.
Expanse 1+ to 1 inches.
Taken at Kandy by Captain Wade.
Genus ORSOTRIZAENA.
Orsotriena, Wallengren, Kon. Vet. Akad. Férh. xv. p. 79 (1858). Mycalesis (part), Hubner.
Forewing comparatively shorter than in Calysisme, exterior margin less oblique, the apex and posterior angle convex, costal vein only, in both sexes, swollen; male with a tuft of fine hairs exserted from a glandular pouch above the base of sub- median vein; discocellulars less concave: hindwing less arched at the base, anal angle more convex, first subcostal branch emitted immediately before end of the cell, middle median branch emitted before lower end of the cell; no erectile tuft of hairs at base of the cell, these being replaced by a slight tuft of more delicate and recum- bent hair above and below the median vein.
ORSOTRIZNA MANDATA (Prare 11, Fie. 1, la),
Mycalesis Mandata, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. East India Company, i. p. 233 (1857). Mycalesis Gamaliba, Butler, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 1867, pl. 2, f. 3.
Male and female. Upperside brown, with transverse band of the underside distinctly visible. Underside with a discal transverse broad white band: forewing
SATYEINZ. 23
with two small ocelli: hindwing with three prominent ocelli, the upper one being small, and all encircled by a silvery band. Body brown, palpi with a lateral white line.
Expanse, ¢ 14, 2 1Z inches.
“ Frequents open ground at edges of forests. Found im the plas and up to about 3000 feet. Western and central provinces, from May to September. Fheht slow and for short distances; settles down among long grass and easily captured ~ (Hutchison).
Genus NISSANGA.
Forewing short, somewhat narrow, costa arched at base, apez acute, exterior margin short, curved, posterior angle acute, second subcostal branch emitted at end of the cell; hindwing short, costa convex at base and thence oblique to apex, exterior margin oblique, slightly curved, anal angle convex, first subcostal branch emitted immediately before end of the cell, discoceliulars erect and equal in length, two upper median branches on a foot-stalk some distance beyond end of the cell. Male with an erectile tuft of fine hairs springing from base of the cell and covermg a small glandular patch at fork of the subcostal branches.
WISSANGA PATNIA (Prare 12. Fic. 2, 2a). Mycalesis Patnia, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. East India Company, i p. 232 (1857).
Male and female. Upperside blackish ochreous-brown, a marginal double yellow line on both wings: forewing with a subapical longitudinally-narrow white spot, a large lower black spot (or upper half of an ocellus) pupilled with white and broadly bordered on the upper half with pale ochreous-yellow, a broad medial ochreous streak from thence to base of wing: hindwing with the discal area suffused with ochreous, and in the male with two minute discal ocelli. Underside ochreous-yellow, marginal lines bright yellow: forewing with an elongated subapical white spot and large prominent lower ocellus, the lower portion of which is suffused with black; five transverse lines commencing from the base, and circle round the subapical spot and lower ocellus ochreous-red; a silvery band across the middle of the wing and another round the upper spot and lower ocellus: hindwing with a subapical and two subanal white spots distantly encircled by a black line and then by a red lme, each agam enclosed by a silvery band; a subbasal silvery band and two red lines. Body brown, palpi at the side and legs beneath greyish. .
Expanse, 4 12, ¢ 14 inches.
“Very common, and easy to capture. Taken at Galle and Kandy” (Capt. Wade).
24 THE LEPIDOPTERA OF CEYLON.
Genus YPTHIMA.
Ypthima, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett, p. 63 (1816).
Wings small, broad: forewing triangular; costa arched, apex rounded, exterior margin slightly convex, posterior margin straight ; costal vein short, much swollen at base ; first subcostal branch emitted before end of the cell, second at one-third, third at one-half, fourth and fifth at two-thirds beyond; upper discocellular angled close to subcostal, concave below, lower concave, radials from the upper and middle angles; median vein slightly swollen at the base, middle branch from near end of the cell: hindwing broadly oval; costal vein curved towards the base ; first subcostal branch emitted before end of the cell; discocellulars oblique, concave, radial from angle of their middle; middle median branch from near end of the cell; submedian and internal veins slightly recurved. Body small, slender; palpi long, slender, first and second joints pilose beneath, third joint long; legs and antenne slender.
YPTHIMA SINGALA (Pate 12, Fic. 3, 3a). Yphthima Singala, Felder, Verh. Zool. Bot. Gese. 1868, p. 283.
Male. Upperside brown: hindwing with one, sometimes two small indistinct subanal spots encircled with yellow. Underside cinereous, numerously covered with short brown strigee: forewing with transverse indistinct brown discal and marginal band, and a prominent bipupilled ocellus : hindwing with six small well-formed ocelli disposed in regular linear order, the first upper being very minute. Female. Upperside : forewing with a subapical bipupilled ocellus: hindwing with three small subanal ocelli. Underside as in male.
Hxpanse, ¢ 13%, ¢ lip inch.
“Rare. A few specimens only taken in long grass on borders of coffee- plantations at Buselowe, 3000 feet elevation’ (Hutchison).
YPTHIMA THORA (Prater 12, Fic. 4, 4a).
Male. Upperside brown: forewing with a prominent subapical bipupilled ocellus: hindwing with a small indistinct subanal ocellus. Underside cinereous, numerously covered with short delicate brown strige: forewing with a very indistinct discal and marginal band, ocellus prominent: hindwing with five very minute ocelli, disposed in linear order.
Expanse, ¢ 1; inch,
SATYRIN AS.
ho On
YPTHIMA CEYLONICA (Prats 12, Fie. 5, 5a).
Yphthima Ceylonica, Hewitson, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1865, p. 288, pl. 18, f. 14, 15.
Male and female. Upperside brown: forewing with a large apical bipupilled ocellus : hindwing white on the exterior half, with two central submarginal ocelli and a third smaller imperfect ocellus at anal angle, a brown sinuous marginal line and an even outer line. Underside cinereous-white, sparsely covered with delicate brown strigee, which are less numerous on the hindwing: forewing with the ocellus more elongated than above and brown bordered : hindwing with one apical and three lower ocelli.
Expanse, ¢ 145%, % 1a inch.
Very common at Galle and Colombo among grass and weeds by the roadside. Fhght short, constantly settling down on leaves or in grass” (Hutchison).
Genus ELYMNIAS. Elymnias, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 37 (1816) ; Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871, p.519.
Wings short, broad; forewing triangular; costal margin very convex, apex acute, exterior margin slightly oblique and sinuous, posterior margin slightly convex ; male with a patch of thickened adpressed scales above submedian vein; costal vein much swollen at its base, extending to middle of the costa; subcostal arched near base, first and second branches emitted before end of the cell, third trifid; cell broad, short; discocellulars oblique, upper angled, lower concave; upper radial from lower angle; upper and middle median branches emitted from lower end of the cell; submedian bent near the base: hindwing subtriangular, anterior margin very convex, exterior margin convex, sinuous, angled or caudate in middle ; costal vem short looped at its base and emitting a spur upward; first subcostal emitted at half length of the cell, second from end of cell and extending to apex; cell short and broad ; upper discocellular erect, lower concave, radial from their angle; two upper median branches from end of the cell. Body slender; palpi long, slender, pilose above ; legs slender, squamose; antenne very slender.
ELYMNIAS FRATERNA (Ptare 13, Fic. 1 a, 5). Elymnias fraterna, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871, p. 520, pl. 42, f. 3, 6.
Male. Upperside dark purple-brown: forewing with exterior margin slightly fulvous; an oblique subapical indistinct blue maculated fascia: hindwing with a broad fulvous marginal band having paler centres between the veins. Underside dark purplish-ferruginous, a triangular apical space and outer borders broadly
VOL. I. E
26 THE LEPIDOPTERA OF CEYLON.
covered with numerous grey-brown strigz, the basal areas also with more regularly disposed strige, a distinct bluish-white spot on anterior border of hindwing. Female. Blackish purple-brown: forewing with basal and discal areas fulvous, a subapical oblique purple-white fascia and three lower marginal spots: hindwing with the basal and discal area fulvous, branches of median vein and abdominal area orey speckled, a marginal row of four bluish-white spots. Underside as in male, but paler, the basal area slightly fulvous, and the striga on borders more prominent.
Expanse, ¢ 23, ¢ 3 inches.
Larva elongated, slightly thickened in middle, pubescent, head small, yellow, surmounted by two pink pubescent processes, last segment also with two processes ; green, with three lateral yellow lines, the upper line ornamented with chrome-yellow spots and the fifth to eighth segments with a red or blue spot. Pupa green, with longitudinal yellow streaks bordered by red streaks or spots; head and thorax flattened, with three short tubercles. Feeds on Palmacee.
Occurs at Galle, and also about Kandy. (Wade.)
ELYMNIAS SINGHALA (Ptare 13, Fie. 2, 2a).
Elymnias Singhala, Moore, Proce. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 568, 2 .
Male. Upperside dark purple-brown : forewing with a marginal macular-band formed of pale greenish-grey quadrate patches, a few ochreous strigze on the costal margin: hindwing with a broad marginal band of pale greenish-ochreous longitudi- nally-confluent strige. Underside: basal areas purple-brown, outer areas pinkish- grey, covered with numerous black strigze, most dense on basal areas and along extreme outer margins; an indistinct purple-white apical spot and a submarginal row of black dots on hindwing. Female brighter coloured, the marginal bands more prominent.
Expanse 3 to 3% inches.
Occurs at Kandy. (Wade.)
Subfamily NYMPHALINZ.
Front legs atrophied in both sexes; lower discocellular veinlet—at least of the hindwing—more or less atrophied. Larva smooth, with the head or tail bifid; or covered with branched spines. Pupa suspended freely by the tail.
“The strength and firm texture of the wings of the butterflies of this subfamily
NYMPHALINZ. 27
enable them to keep up an unceasing activity during the bright hours of the day. They seem to delight in displaying their exquisite beauty to the sun, coquetting with him untiringly while his face shines ardently upon them. Their flight, though so powerful, is not observed to sustain these charming insects in one uniform direction, like the Huplea’s, but serves rather to enable them, when rambling in their frolic, to make wide sweeps within no very extensive area; the larger species, like gorgeous moving flowers brightening up the green fohlage of the trees and, with the birds, giving animation to the otherwise still life of the rich, varied vegetation of Ceylon. Some species of these butterflies, like the Junonias, prefer to display their bright expanded wings upon the sunny ground, whilst others, like Neptis, fly gaily about the low flowering shrubs. Many kinds, like Diadema, &c., when at play, return again and again at certain intervals of time to the same or to nearly contiguous spots, and thus give the collector renewed opportunities of capture.” (Note by Dr. Thwaites.)
Genus ROHANA. Apatura, Sect. II. Felder, Neues Lep. p. 36 (1861).
Wings short ; forewing triangular; first subcostal branch emitted near end of the cell, second at a short distance beyond the cell, third and fourth at equal distances; discocellular short, angled close to subcostal, upper radial from the angle and lower radial from its end; cell open; lower median branch emitted from opposite discocellular, the two upper at some distance beyond ; submedian straight : hindwing triangular; costal vein curved upward, extending to apex, with a short basal curved spur; subcostals and radial contiguous at base but divergent; cell open; lower median branch emitted at a short distance from base of the two upper, submedian and inner vein recurved. Body short, thorax stout, palpi porrect, pointed, flat beneath, squamose, legs short, squamose, antenne slender.
Type, R. Parysatis.
ROHANA CAMIBA (Prate 14, Fic. 1 a, 4, c).
Male. Upperside dark purple-black : forewing with a subapical linear series of three minute white spots. Ciliz white streaked. Underside greyish purple-brown, costal area beyond the cell on forewing and exterior border of both wings chestnut- red; a black-lined chestnut-red mark and two inner small spots within both cells, and a small spot below the cell on forewing; a slender black zigzag inner-discal line, followed by a suffused black fascia and a submarginal row of purple-grey rings crossing both wings, the latter ending at the apex in a more prominent continuous grey streak, and the inner line bordered externally by purple-white spots which are ; E 2
28 THE LEPIDOPTERA OF CEYLON.
less distinct on the hindwing; the three transverse subapical small white spots distinct and followed by two other very minute spots, and then a black spot, all visible on the blackish fascia; a subanal black spot pupilled with white and circled with chestnut-red on hindwing. Female. Upperside ferruginous, darkest basally ; markings as in male but of a ferrugimous-brown colour, the transverse discal white spots and subanal ocellus distinct. Underside paler, markings less distinct, except the white spots on forewing which are also purple bordered.
Expanse, ¢ ly, ? 1; inch.
Larva smooth, head smail and surmounted by two black spined-processes projecting in front, last segment with two green naked processes; pale yellowish- green with a dark green dorsal and two lateral bands; face black streaked. Pupa green, with a pointed angle on middle of thorax and on basal segment of abdomen ; head attenuated, with two points. Feeds on Celtis lycodoxylon.
*“Common on forest ground in the hills about 5000 feet near Newera Hliya. Frequently seen basking on the road” (Hutchison).
This species is closely allied to R. Parisatis, of which a large series of both are under examination, but differs in its slightly more acute angle below the apex of forewing in both sexes, and a more prolonged anal angle in male, the male also haying three white spots on upperside of forewing, one only being present in A. Parisatis.
Genus CHARAXES.
Charaxes, Ochs. Schmett. Eur. iv. p. 18 (1816).
Forewing triangular, costa arched, apex narrow; exterior margin oblique, uneven, concave in the middle, posterior margin straight; first and second subcostal branches emitted before end of the cell, third immediately beyond the end and extending to the apex, fourth and fifth at one-third beyond; upper discocellular short, angled, lower slender and curved, radials from angles of the upper; median branches wide apart, upper curved; submedian curved at the base: hindwing triangular ; costa very convex at the base, exterior margin nearly straight, sinuous, with a slender tail at end of upper and lower median veins, abdominal margin long; costal vein much curved, extending to the apex, with a short bent basal spur, subcostals and radial equidistant from costal vein, cell closed by a slender disco- cellular vein, two upper median branches from end of the cell, submedian and internal veins wide apart, internal short. Body short, thorax robust, palpi porrect, pointed at apex, flat beneath, squamose, legs squamose, antenn stout.
NYMPHALINA:. 29
CHARAXES FABIUS (Prare 15, Fie. 1).
Papilio Fabius, Fabricius, Spec. Ins. ii. p. 12 (1781). Charaxes Fabius, Butler, Catal. Fabr. Lep. Brit. Mus. p. 52. Papilio Solon, Fabr. Ent. Syst. iii. i. p. 69 (1798).
Male and female. Upperside blackish olive-brown: forewing with two subbasal small yellow spots, and a transverse discal recurved series of seven, or eight spots, the three lowest widest, a marginal row of minute spots: hindwing with a transverse medial irregular yellow band, a submarginal row of small lunules and a marginal row of small geminate spots, those at anal angle greenish. Underside lilac-grey, dullest at base and purple-tinted externally ; both wings with white discal markings as in upperside, bordered with a black inner line, and basal irregular black streaks : forewing with a submarginal row of black-bordered ochreous-yellow spots, and a marginal row of indistinct purple-white spaces: hindwing with a discal irregular row of black-bordered yellow lunules, each surmounted by an inner purple-white and a black lunule; a marginal row of ochreous-yellow lunules, each surmounted by an indented black line bordered above and beneath with purple-white.
Expanse, ¢ 2%, ¢ 32 inches.
Captured at Dambool and Kandy. Not very common. (Wade.)
Genus EULEPIS. Eulepis, Dalm. in Billb. Enum. Ins. p. 80 (1820).
Wings similar in form to Charazes ; veins of forewing also similar ; hindwing with the second subcostal branch and radial nearer the first branch; cell open; upper and middle median branches further from lower branches, internal vein longer.
EULEPIS SAMATHA (Prare 14, Fic. 2 a, 6).
Charaxes Samatha, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 881.
Male and female. Upperside dark blackish-brown, suffused with olive-brown basally, a broad medial discal pale sulphur-green band crossing both wings: forewing with a small subapical spot and a single or obsolete apical minute spot: hindwing with a submarginal row of small white spots, and a marginal indistinct row of fulvous lunules. Underside pinkish olive-brown, discal band and subapical spots as above, nacreous, and bordered inwardly by a black line: forewing with an outer discal row of black lunules on a purple fascia, and basal white-bordered black streaks and two small spots: hindwing with an outer discal row of deep crimson lunules
30 THE LEPIDOPTERA OF CEYLON.
bordered with purple and black; a basal white-bordered black line, a submarginal row of purple-white lunular spots bordered outwardly by black and ochreous.
Expanse 23 inches.
Larva elongated, thickened in the middle, dark green; head large, wide, flattened, surmounted by four spinous processes ; last segment with two short naked points ; the segments with an oblique yellowish-white stripe most prominent on the seventh, ninth, and eleventh, beneath these a lateral series of small white spots. Pupa cylindrical, back and thorax convex, head truncated, pointed in front; green, streaked with white. Feeds on Cesalpinia.
“Taken at Colombo and Kandy. Males most frequently found perched high up on acacia-trees. Flight quick and strong. Common” (Wade).
Genus HARIDRA.
Similar in form and venation to Charazes ; hindwing more convex externally, costal margin shorter, costal vein more curved; a short tail only from end of the upper median vein.
HARIDRA PSAPHON (Prare 15, Fic. 2). Charaxes Psaphon, Westwood, Cabinet of Oriental Entom. p. 438, pl. 21, f. 1, 2 (1848), ¢.
Male. Upperside fulvous-red: forewing with the outer half purple-black, a discocellular red-lined black mark, and some indistinct black discoidal streaks : hindwing with a very broad apical submarginal black band attenuated and broken hindward and ending in two small white-bordered anal spots, a short curved black streak from the costa. Underside fulvous-brown, washed with purple-grey, crossed by three basal and two discal zigzag black lines with pale borders: forewing with a submarginal blackish macular fascia, and hindwing with a lunular fascia and marginal row of small black pointed white anchor-shaped marks.
Female unknown.
Expanse, ¢ 32 inches.
“Taken near Trincomalee in August, fluttering over the ground on the edge of forest jungle” (Hutchison). Also found at Kandy. (Wade.)
HARIDRA SERENDIBA (Prat 15, Fie. 3, ¢ ).
Female. Upperside deep fulvous-red : forewing with a broad transverse medial discal purple-white band, showing some dusky sinuous streaks of the underside, and
NYMPHALINA. 31
bordered inwardly by black streaks, the outer border to external margin being brown-black with a slight fulvous lunular posterior inner streak: hindwing with a short medial discal purple-white band bordered inwardly by a narrow black streak ; a submarginal black macular band, broad and entire apically, thence attenuated and broken into smaller spots to anal angle and surmounted by a small white central streak one between each vein. Underside fulvous-brown, darkest basally and externally and washed with purple-grey ; the disc transversely fulvous-white, or very pale fulvous, base with transverse irregular zigzag black lines, a short line beyond the cell and a sinuous line across the disc, a submarginal irregular dusky lunular fascia on forewing, and hindwing with a row of small black-pointed anchor-shaped white marks. Hxpanse 3? inches.
Taken in the forest at Kottawa, and at Kandy, by Captain Wade.
Genus EUTHALIA.
Euthalia, Hubner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 41 (1816). Aconthea, Horsfield, Catal. Lep. East India Company (1829), pl. 8, f. 6. Adolias, Boisduval, Spec. Gen. des Lep. i. pl. 3, f. 2 (1836) ; Westwood, Gen. D. Lep. p. 289.
Forewing triangular, costa arched, apex somewhat pointed, exterior margin uneven, slightly concave in the middle, posterior margin straight, first subcostal branch emitted at nearly one-half before end of the cell, second near its end, third at one-fourth beyond and extending to apex, fourth and fifth at three-fourths beyond and terminating below the apex; discocellular short, very obliquely imward, and slightly angled near its upper and lower end, the radials from its angles; cell open, narrow; median branches wide apart, the two upper opposite the discocellular ; submedian straight, hindwing triangular, costa arched, exterior margin scalloped, convex, anal angle pointed in male; costal vein curved, extending to apex, with a short curved basal spur; first subcostal branch and radial equidistant from costal, cell open; median, submedian, and internal veins wide apart. Body short, robust, palpi porrect, pointed at apex, pilose above, flattened and squamose beneath, legs squamose, antennz long.
EUTHALIA LUBENTINA (Purare 16, Fie. | a, 6).
Papilio Lubentina, Cramer, Pap. Exot. ii. p. 92, pl. 155, f. C, D (1779), ¢ ; Donovan, Ins. of China, pl. 36, f. E.
Male and female. Upperside dark greenish-brown, paler and enescent exter- nally: forewing with short black transverse discoidal streaks and two dull scarlet
32 THE LEPIDOPTERA OF CEYLON.
interspaces, a black spot below the cell, three white spots beyond the cell, and a recurved discal series, a submarginal indistinct black lunular fascia: hindwing with costal border purple washed, a black. discocellular mark, a submarginal row of black-bordered scarlet spots, and a marginal row of black spots, the three apical and anal spots being bordered externally with scarlet. Underside: forewing greenish purple-brown, suffused with ochreous-brown apically, markings more prominent than above: hindwing ochreous-brown, greenish-brown anally, the scarlet spots very prominent and with scarcely any black border, the costal margin, two discoidal black-bordered spots, and two above them, are also scarlet. Female. Forewing with a medial transverse outwardly-oblique irregular macular greenish-white band, and three small subapical spots, a dull scarlet discoidal mark: hindwing marked as in male. Underside: forewing greyish-purple at base, apex ochreous-brown, posterior angle greenish-grey, macular white band and spots as above, two scarlet- streaked black discoidal marks and two basal spots: hindwing ochreous-grey, greenish-grey anally, scarlet markings as in male but less distinct, and the posterior submarginal spots nearly obsolete.
Expanse, ¢ 25, 2 3 inches.
Larva green, with ten pair of long green laterally projecting very delicate branched spines, each pair tipped with crimson; a large dorsal purple spot centred with white on back of the fourth, sixth, seventh, and ninth to twelfth segments ; head spotted with black. Pupa short, green, keeled along the back and broadly triangular across the middle; a pale line along the keel and across the middle, a red lateral line and thoracic spots. Feeds on Loranthus.
Occurs in the same districts as D. Hvelina, and has similar habits, the flight being quicker and stronger ” (Hutchison).
EUTHALIA GARUDA (Prater 16, Fie. 2, 2a).
Adolias Garuda, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. East India Company, i. p. 186 (1857); Trans. Ent. Soe. 1859, p. 64, pl. 3, f.2, 4 2.
Male. Upperside dark olive-brown, basal area dusky: forewing with three black-lined discoidal marks and streak below the cell, a series of three, or five, transverse upper discal white dentate spots, two smaller spots on costal margin before the apex, a submarginal suffused dusky fascia: hindwing suffused with pink on anterior border, a discal curved dentate dusky band, two black-lined discoidal marks, a submarginal row of small black spots. Underside light greyish-brown, greyest at the base and apex, marked as above but less distinct. Female paler olive-brown, generally suffused with ochreous, markings as in male, except that
NYMPHALIN AE. 33
the white discal spots on forewing are much larger. Underside paler than in male.
Expanse, ¢ 23, @ 2% inches.
Larva green, with ten pair of long laterally-projecting very delicate branched green spines; a pale dorsal line with blue and white spots, head red spotted. Pupa green, thick, keeled along the back, broadly triangular across the middle; abdominal end short, tubercular at tip, thoracic end long ending in two tubercular points; a band across the triangular back, some thoracic spots, and the tubercular points yellow ; a lateral row of black dots on abdomen.
EUTHALIA VASANTA (Prats 17, Fic. 2 a, b). Adolias Vasanta, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soe. 1859, p. 78, pl. 7, f. 2, 9.
Male. Upperside blackish purple-brown: forewing with the discal area transversely glossed with greenish-brown and sinuously bordered with black, dis- coidal black-lined marks and streaks below the cell: hindwing with anal area greenish glossed, discoidal black-lined marks, a discal curved black sinuous band, and marginal row of small black spots. Underside ochreous-grey, brownish externally, markings as above, less distinct. Female. Upperside olive-brown : forewing with an outwardly oblique discal macular white band; other markings and underside as in male, but paler.
Hxpanse, ¢ 23, @ 2% inches.
Larva dark green, with ten pair of long paler green laterally-projecting branched spines; a whitish dorsal line and a lateral row of yellow dots, the segments crossed by a purple line. Pupa short, green, keeled along the back, broadly triangular across the middle; a lateral band, a band across the triangular back, and thoracic black- bordered spots yellow ; a lateral abdominal row of black dots. Feeds on Mangifera, &e.
“Common at Colombo, about mango and cashew-trees. Flight rapid. Settles on the leaves and on the ground” (Hutchison). Plentiful at Galle and Kandy. (Wade.)
Genus DOPHLA. Adolias, sect. V. Felder, Neues Lep. p. 35 (1861).
Forewing triangular, costa much arched, apex truncate, exterior margin more or less even, angular below the apex and very concave in the middle, posterior margin long, straight ; first subcostal branch emitted at one-third before end of the cell,
VOL. I. E
34 THE LEPIDOPTERA OF CEYLON.
second near its end, third at one-fourth beyond and extending to apex, fourth and fifth at three-fourths beyond; upper discocellular short inwardly oblique, waved, lower discocellular outwardly oblique and slightly concave, upper radial from close to subcostal, lower radial from near end of upper discocellular ; upper median branch from end of the cell, middle branch from immediately below its end, submedian slightly recurved : hindwing bluntly oval, costa slightly arched in male, straight in female, exterior margin very convex, more or less even; cell closed by a slender oblique discocellular vein, other veins as in Huthalia. Body robust.
DOPHLA EVELINA (Prater 17, Fie. 1, 1a). Papilio Evelina, Stoll, Suppl. Cramer’s Pap. Exot. pl. 28, f. 2, 2b (1791), ¢.
Male and female. Upperside xnescent sap-green ; both wings with a transverse discal dusky lunular fascia, and a less distinct marginal fascia: forewing with two discoidal black-lmed marks, the upper part of the inner one centred with vermillion : hindwing with one black-lined mark. Underside greenish-grey, with dull sap-green transverse discal and a confluent double marginal fascia: forewing with discoidal marks as above: hindwing with two discoidal marks, and two rings above them, both of which and the inner discoidal are centred with vermillion.
Expanse, ¢ 3, 2 4 inches.
“Occurs in the eastern and western provinces in low country forests in June. Flight rapid, along forest-paths, settling in thick parts of trees and sometimes on the ground. Shy ” (Hutchison).
Rather common in the Kottawa forest, but difficult to capture. ( Wade.)
Genus SYMPHADRA.
Symphedra, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 39 (1816); Westwood, Diurnal Lep. p. 294. Adolias, Sect. x. Felder, Neues Lep. p. 35 (1861).
Wings short: forewing triangular, costa slightly arched, exterior margin short slightly scalloped, posterior margin straight; first and second subcostal branches emitted before end of the cell, third at one-fifth beyond, fourth and fifth at two-thirds beyond ; discocellular very short convexly angular, the radials from the angles; cell open, short, broad; lower median branch opposite discocellular, the two upper at some distance beyond, submedian straight: hindwing broadly oval, exterior margin very convex, scalloped, abdominal margin short; veins similar to Huthalia. Body
small, palpi porrect, somewhat pilose, legs squamose, antenne of moderate length, stout.
NYMPHALINA.
oo Or
SYMPHADRA NAIS. Papilio Nais, Forster, Nove Spee. Ins. Cent. i. p. 78 (1771). Papilio Thyelia, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii, i. p- 142 (1798); Donovan, Ins. of India, pl. 81, f. 8. Symphedra Thyelia, Doubleday and Hewits., Gen. of D. Lep. pl. 42, f. 6; Butler, Catal. Fabr. Lep. Brit. Mus. p. 87.
Male and female. Upperside fulyous-red : forewing with a broad black disco- cellular spot, a contiguous discal spot, an oblique subapical streak, and a transverse submarginal and marginal narrow lunular band, the two joined by streaks on the veins : hindwing with a large black medial costal spot, a submarginal row of small round spots, and broad marginal band, the black slightly ascending the veins. Cilia alternated with white. Underside brownish-ochreous ; forewing with the discal area bright ochreous, two discoidal black ringlet-marks bordered between by white, a black contiguous discal spot, an oblique short subapical white macular band bordered inwardly with dark brown, followed by lower submarginal black lunules: hindwing with transverse medial discal band, which is sometimes broken or consisting only of a costal and lower spots; two small discoidal red-centred spots, and a submarginal row of small black spots.
Expanse, ¢ 2%, ¢ 24 inches.
Larva dark green, with ten pair of long green laterally-projecting very delicate branched spines; a dorsal row of dark blue-bordered red spots. Pupa green, thick, keeled along the back, broadly triangular across the middle, a black-bordered pale band across the triangular back and some thoracic spots.
Genus DISCOPHORA. Discophora, Boisduval, Spéc. Gén. Lep. i. pl. 12, f. 3 (1836) ; Westwood, Gen. D. Lep. p. 829 (1851).
Wings short, broad; forewing triangular; costa arched, apex acute, exterior margin slightly oblique and straight, posterior margin straight; costal vein extending to near the apex ; first and second subcostal branches contiguous and emitted near end of the cell, first anastomed with costal at two-thirds its length, second trifurcate near the apex; radials from upper end of the cell, the upper much curved; disco- cellulars bent inward at their middle, the lower oblique; cell broad; median veins wide apart and at equal distances; submedian curved at its base: hindwing convex externally in male, in female more or less sinuous and with a slight angle at apex and in middle of posterior margin ; abdominal margin long ; costal vein much curved its entire length, terminating at the apex and with a short curved basal spur; two subcostal branches and radial at equal distances apart; cell open in both sexes; upper median branch much curved; submedian and internal veins near the margin,
F 2
36 THE LEPIDOPTERA OF CEYLON.
internal short. Males with a prominent round glandular patch of raised scales at the angles of median branches. Body robust, short, palpi long, ascending, slender, apex pointed, squamose beneath, pilose above; legs squamose, antennz long.
DISCOPHORA LEPIDA (Prare 18, Fie. 1 a, 0). Enispe lepida, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. East India Company, i. p. 213 (1857), 9.
Male. Upperside purple-brown: forewing with a small subapical outwardly oblique transverse bluish-purple white macular-band, and some very indistinct contiguous lower submarginal spots : hindwing with a distinct black oval discocellular spot : underside ochreous-brown, numerously covered with dark brown strige, with a darker brown discoidal spot, sinuous subbasal transverse line and broader medial discal indistinct fascia, and outer marginal sinuous grey-bordered lines: hindwing with a large upper discal and a lower subanal pale-bordered ocellus. Female paler purple-brown : forewing with a broad transverse discal purple-white macular-band, an inner discal series of three small spots, and a submarginal row of purplish-ochreous spots: hindwing with three discal rows of irregular lunular ochreous spots, and a marginal line. Underside pale ochreous, indistinctly covered with numerous slender brown strigee ; other markings as in male, but less distinct.
Hxpanse, ¢ 33, @ 4 inches.
Taken in forest land near Galle in July. Very rare. (Hutchison.)
Genus KALLIMA. Kallima, Westwood, Gen. Diurnal Lep. p. 324 (1850).
Wings very broad, short; forewing triangular; costa very convex, apex produced to a point ; exterior margin long convexly angular hindward ; posterior margin long, slightly concave in middle; first and second subcostal branches emitted before end of the cell, third at one-fourth beyond and extending to apex, fourth forked at one-fourth from the apex; cell short, broad; upper discocellular shortest, concave and angled close to subcostal, lower concave, upper radial from angle near subcostal, lower radial from their middle; median branches wide apart, the two upper from end of the cell, upper much arched; submedian slightly recurved: hindwing lengthened and produced into a narrow tail; costa slightly convex at the base, apex acute, exterior margin convex in middle, abdominal margin very long, concave from anal angle to tip of the tail; costal vein much arched from the base and extending to apical angle, emitting a short forked basal spur ; first subcostal branch emitted before end of the cell; discocellulars outwardly oblique, both concave; radial from
NYMPHALIN A. 37
their middle; cell short; two upper median branches from end of the cell; submedian extending to tip of tail; internal vein terminating at anal angle. Body short, robust, palpi large, porrect, pointed at apex, flattened beneath, squamose ; legs squamose ; antenne long.
KALLIMA PHILARCHUS (Prare 20, Fie. 1, ¢).
Amathusia Philarchus, Westwood, Cabinet of Criental Entom. p. 56, pl. 27, f. 4 (1848), ¢. rallima Philarchus, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1879, p. 15.
Male. Upperside deep dusky steel-blue; forewing with a slightly paler blue oblique transverse band with inner black discocellular interrupted border; apical area blue-black with a white spot near the angle; two minute scarcely discernible hyaline discal spots: hindwing tinged with brownish dusky-blue along the borders. Underside purple ochreous-brown, indistinctly black speckled, with a dark brown narrow band crossing both wings from apex to end of the tail: forewing with the minute discal hyaline spots bordered with black speckles, a series of small black spots near the apex : hindwing with an indistinct oblique discal row of very ill-defined greyish ocelli.
Expanse 3© inches,
A very rare butterfly. Taken at Kandy. (Wade.)
KALLIMA MACKWOODI (Prare 20, Fic. 2, 2a).
(allima Mackwoodi, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1879, p. 14.
Male. Upperside pale indigo-blue: forewing with a broad paler blue oblique transverse discal band, which is outwardly bordered by a black sinuous line and inwardly by interrupted discocellular streaks terminating on lower median vein, apical area blue-black, with a small white spot near the angle, two prominent hyaline discal spots, the lower spot large: hindwing tinged with brown along the anterior and exterior borders, a black lunular submarginal line and indistinct discal spots. Underside greenish ochreous-brown, black speckled, crossed by three indistinct darker oblique purple fascize, with a prominent dark brown narrow transverse band crossing both wings from apex to end of the tail: forewing with a series of small black points above the hyaline spots: hindwing with a row of ill-defined and indistinet ocelli on the medial fascia. Female paler above, the oblique band nearly white, with two prominent hyaline discal spots.
Expanse, ¢ 3}, 2 34 inches.
38 THE LEPIDOPTERA OF CEYLON.
Genus DOLESCHALLIA. Doleschallia, Felder, Neues Lep. p. 14 (1861).
Wings short, broad, triangular ; costa very convex, apical angle acute, exterior margin angled outward near the apex, concave below the angle and convex hindward ; first and second subcostal branches emitted before end of the cell, third at nearly one-half beyond, fourth forked at one-third from the apex; discocellulars short, angled outward at their middle and extending only to one-third across the cell, the cell being broad and open; radials from the middle and lower end of discocellulars ; median branches wide apart, upper branch much curved; submedian nearly straight : hindwing produced hindward to a short broad tail, costa very convex at the base, apex acute, exterior margin slightly convex, abdominal margin deeply concave below the anal angle; costal vein arched, extending to apex, and with a short basal forked spur; first and second subcostal branches at equal distances from the base, radial recurving from angle of lower subcostal; cell open, upper median branch arched; submedian extending to tip of tail; internal vein short. Body short, robust; palpi large, porrect, flattened beneath, apex pointed, squamose; legs squamose; antennze
long.
DOLESCHALLIA BISALTIDE (Pirate 19, Fie. 1 a, 0).
Papilio Bisaltide, Cramer, Pap. Exot. ii. pl. 102, f. C, D. (1779). Doleschallia Bisaltide, Felder, Neues Lep. p. 14.
Male. Upperside deep fulvous: forewing with a very oblique black band from middle of costa joining a marginal band which expands broadly at the apex, three minute white spots obliquely before the apical angle: hindwing dusky fulyous on anterior margin, with a more or less distinct small black upper and lower discal spot and two wavy marginal lines: underside dark fulvous-brown or dark olive-brown, obliquely fasciated with purple: forewing with two more or less prominent black- bordered white discoidal streaks and a lower spot, a red-lned discocellular mark, a transverse discal sinuous black line, a submarginal series of white spots, the two lower spots ringed with purple, the upper terminating in a white costal streak, a marginal dark brown lunular line: hindwing with a black-bordered white discoidal spot and another spot above the cell, a transverse discal straight black line, a distinct upper and lower discal ocellus, marginal black line indistinct and generally termi- nating in a blue caudal streak, abdominal margin black speckled. Female. Upperside slightly paler on forewing. Underside duller fulvous-brown or olive-brown, basal white marks obsolete, other markings as in male, but less distinct.
Expanse, ¢ 24, 2 8 inches.
NYMPHALIN 43. 39
Larva long, somewhat slender, purple-black, with a dorsal and lateral series of short delicate branched blue spines; a central lateral row of white spots. Pupa slender, head produced into two points, constricted behind the thorax ; pale reddish- purple, numerously dotted with black. Feeds on Acanthads.
“Taken in February and August in low country forest-paths in the Hastern Province” (Hutchison).
Genus PRECIS.
Precis, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 33 (1816); Felder, Neues Lep. p. 13. Junonia, sect. 2, Precis, Doubleday, Gen. D. Lep. p. 209.
Wings short, broad: forewing triangular, costa much arched, exterior margin waved, truncated at the apex and excavated in the middle, posterior margin nearly straight; costal vein short; first and second subcostal branches short, emitted close to end of the cell; third trifurcate, emitted at nearly half length beyond the cell, fourth and fifth at three-fourths beyond; upper discocellular angled close to the subcostal, concave below, lower discocellular very slender, obliquely recurved; radials from the angle and end of the upper; cell short, broad ; two upper median branches from angle at end of the cell, lower widely separated: hindwing bluntly-oval, exterior margin very convex, waved and prolonged into a very short tail at anal angle, abdominal margin long, concave above anal angle; costal vein with a short basal spur, much arched from the base and extending to the apex, base of subcostal very short, two subcostal branches and radial very long; cell open; two upper median branches short and emitted from opposite one-fourth distance beyond base of radial, lower median opposite its base; submedian extending to anal angle, internal vem short. Body short, palpi projecting in front, second jomt long, third short and pointed, pilose above; legs slender ; antennz slender, club stout.
PRECIS IPHITA (Prater 21, Fie. 1 a, bd).
Papilio I[phita, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iii. pl. 209, f. C, D. (1779). Precis Iphita, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i. p. 1438. Junonia Iphita, Butler, Catal. Fabr. Lep. B. M. p. 76.
Precis intermedia, Felder, Reise Novara Lep. iii. p. 402 (1867).
Male and female. Upperside dark olive-brown; both wings with the basal half darker brown, the divisional border across the dise being darkest, outwardly-angular from the costa of forewing and slightly waved on the hindwing; a dark outer discal fascia traversed on the forewing by one or two (or more) indistinct ocellated spots, and on the hindwing by a series of distinct ochreous-ringed ocelli; a submarginal
40 THE LEPIDOPTERA OF CEYLON.
and marginal lunular dark line; cilia white streaked. Underside darker brown, the
basal area crossed by three indistinct chalybeate-grey fascize, a discal divisional pale-
bordered line which is sinuous on the forewing and straight on the hindwing ; ocelli
less distinct than above; submarginal and marginal lunular line with pale borders. Hxpanse 2; inches.
Taken at Kandy. ( Wade.)
Larva cylindrical, dark brown, with dorsal and lateral rows of short delicate branched spines. Pupa short, with tubercular points on dorsal segments, thorax broad.
PRECIS LAOMEDIA (Prats 21, Fre. 2).
Papilio Laomedia, Linneus, Syst. Nat. i. 2, p. 772 (1767); Drury, Ill. Exot. Ent. pl. 5, f 3; Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. pl. 8, f F, G; Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 494. Junonia Laomedia, Butler, Catal. abr. Lep. B. M. p. 77.
Male and female pale purple-grey: forewing with two black sinuous marks across the cell, a transverse discal deeply-sinuous line, two marginal and a cilial lunular line; a medial discal series of six various-sized white-circled ocelli and apical white dentate marks, the ocelli with more or less transversely particoloured (red and black) centres and mostly blind: hindwing with a less deeply sinuous black discal line, two marginal and a cilial lunular line, a discocellular mark, and a medial discal row of five similar ocelli. Underside ochreous-white, crossed by narrow brown sinuous basal, discal, and less distinct marginal lines ; two ocelli prominent on each - wing.
HExpanse 23 inches.
Occurs at Kandy and Galle. (Wade.)
Genus JUNONIA.
Junonia, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 34, (1816) ; Doubleday, Gen. D. Lep. p. 206.
Scarcely differs from Precis ; it is similar in outline, except that in some species the hindwing is angled at the middle of the exterior margin; the yenation is the same, excepting that the lower discocellular yein is quite obsolete in both wings.
NYMPHALIN 4s. Al
JUNONIA LEMONIAS (Pare 21, Fic. 3, 8a, g Q). Papilio Lemonias, Linneus, Mus. Ulr. p. 277 (1764); Syst. Nat. i. 2, p. 770 (1767); Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. p. 90. Junonia Lemonias, Butler, Catal. Fabr. Lep. B. M. p. 74. Papilio Aonis, Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. pl. 35, f. D—F; Sulzer, Gesch. Ins. pl. 16, f. 7.
Male and female. Upperside greyish olive-brown: forewing with two sinuous black-lined marks and two contiguous ochreous- -yellow marks within the cell; two series of blackish-bordered ochreous-yellow transverse discal spots saclogus an indistinct brown upper and a larger prominent lower red ocellus; a marginal and cilial ochreous-yellow lunular line: hindwing with a large apical red ocellus enclosing a minute indistinct upper and lower spot; an indistinct black discocellular mark ; two marginal black lunular lines with pale ochreous-yellow borders. Underside yellowish-ochreous; crossed by basal and discal dusky fascize and marginal lunular lines, the fasciz on basal area sinuous, that crossing the dise of the hindwing nearly straight and bordering a row of pale-bordered black points; a blind lower ocellus on forewing.
Hxpanse, ¢ 22, ¢ 22,
Larva cylindrical, smoky black, with a pale dorsal band and paler lateral lower shade; each segment with eight small branched spines.
“Occurs in the Hastern and Western Provinces, in low country forests and cultivated ground. Found occasionally, at uncertain intervals, at Colombo, more common on road to Trincomalie. Flight quick; settles on the ground ” (Hutchison).
“ A low country insect, more numerous in the interior than near the sea coast” (Mackwood).
** Taken at Kandy” (Wade).
JUNONIA ORITHYA (PrateE 22, Fic. 1 a, 0).
Papilio Orithya, Linneus, Syst. Nat. i. 2, p. 770 (1767); Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. pl. 19, f. C, D, 9, pl. 82, f. E, F, @; iv. pl. 290, f. A, B, ¢; Donovan, Ins. China, pl. 37, f. 1, 9.
Junonia Orithya, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 34; Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. 1, p. 141, pl. 5, f. 5, 5 @; Butler, Caial. Fabr. Lep. B. M. p. 73.
Junonia Ocyale, Hubner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 34.
Male. Upperside: forewing dark blue-black from base to the disc, outer area fuliginous-black; a purple-tinted ochreous-white short oblique subapical band, and two transverse submarginal narrow lunular fasciz; on the inner fascia are two small red-ringed ocelli, below which the posterior angle is tinged with blue; costal edge ochreous-white: hindwing blue, suffused with purple; a black basal angular patch
VOL. I. a
42 THE LEPIDOPTERA OF CEYLON.
curving across the cell towards the anal angle, and merging into brown on the abdominal margin ; two ocelli near the outer margin, the lower red and ringed with black, the upper almost black and blind ; two pale-bordered marginal lines.
Female differs in the hindwing having the basal half entirely black, both the ocelli being large and of a bright red. Underside dull ochreous: forewing with three transverse basal ochreous-red bands bordered with black; a discal sinuous black fascia and pale outer lunular fasciz; ocelli less distinct: hindwing with narrow brown transverse sinuous lines and a brownish discal fascia; ocelli very pale and indistinct.
Hxpanse, g 13, 2 2 inches.
Larva dark purple-brown, each segment with short branched spines, two lateral rows of small yellow spots. Pupa ochreous, speckled and lined with dark brown. Feeds on Acanthads.
“Found at all times in the Western and Central Provinces, both in the plains and up to 3000 feet in cultivated and open waste ground. Flight rather quick; settles on the ground and seems partial to hot, dusty, and sandy spots ” (Hutchison).
** Occurs everywhere, but plentiful only from 2000 to 4000 feet; its favourite resort being the Patenas, and particularly on the pathways or bare places in them” (Machwood).
“Taken at Kandy and Galle” (Wade).
JUNONIA NONE (Prate 22, Fig. 3,8 a, ¢ 9).
Papilio Gnone, Linneus, Syst. Nat. i. 2, p. 770 (1767); Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. pl. 85, f. A, B, C; Donovan, Ins. China, pl. 38, f. 1; Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. p 90.
Junonia Ginone, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 834; Butler, Catal. Fabr. Lep. B. M. p. 72.
Papilio Hierta, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. v. p. 424 (1798).
Male. Upperside black: forewing with a broad medial ochreous patch, extending from the base to beyond the disc, and thence narrowed and bent downward; two short paler ochreous streaks before the apex: hindwing black, with a large broad. subanal ochreous patch, and a large distinct blue subbasal spot.
Female. Upperside dark ochreous-brown, with the ochreous patch paler, shortened basally, and crossed by two black lines on middle of the cell, and a broader discocellular band; a black upper ocellus and a larger lower discal ocellus : hindwing with a very small upper and lower discal ocellus, and two marginal lunular ochreous lines. Underside: forewing pale ochreous-brown; medial patch paler ochreous and suffused outwardly; crossed by black discoidal lines; two black discal spots:
NYMPHALIN 4i. 43
hindwing with basal half greyish-ochreous; discal area pale ochreous ; crossed with brown lunular lines, a medial fascia, and discal row of small brown spots. Expanse 2 inches.
“A scarce, low country insect’? (Mackwood). Also taken at “Kandy and Dambool. Scarce” (Wade).
JUNONJA ASTERIE (Prare 22, Fic. 2). Papilio Asterie, Linneus, Syst. Nat. i. 2, p. 769 (1767); Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. pl. 58, f. D, E; Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. p. 89. Alcyoneis Asterie, Hubner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 35. Junonia Asterie, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. 1, p. 142, pl. 5, f. 6, 6 a; Butler, Catal, Fabr. Lep. B. M. p. 72. Junonia Nicobariensis et Javana, Felder, Verh. Zool. Bot. Gesch. xii. pp. 482, 487 (1862).
Male and female. Upperside pale ferruginous: forewing with the costal and exterior borders reddish-brown; two black waved narrow lines across middle of the cell, two wider confluent lines at its end, a curved streak beyond, and a subapical streak containing two indistinct small ocelli; a prominent lower discal ocellus: hindwing with a large very prominent upper discal bipupilled ocellus, and a very indistinct small lower ocellus; both wings with two brown marginal lunular lines. Underside pale reddish-ochreous ; forewing with black basal sinuous lines, a pale- bordered discal line, distinct ocelli, and marginal lines: hindwing with a subbasal black line, a straight pale-bordered discal line, a duplex upper discal ocellus, a single lower ocellus, and marginal waved lines.
Expanse 27 inches.
“Found in the Plains of the Western Provinces, in open and waste land among shrubs. Habits like those of J. Orithya, but quicker in flight and more shy” (Hutchison).
“ Found all the year round. Plains, and up to 4000 feet; very abundant about September to November” (Machiwood).
“Taken at Galle and Kandy; sits on roads and paths basking in the sun”
(Wade).
Genus ERGOLIS. Ergolis, Boisduval, Spéc. Gén. Lep. 1, t. 4, f. 4 (1836). Ariadne, Horsfield, Dese. Catal. Lep. E. I. C. pl. 6 (1829).
Wings short; forewing elongated; costa much arched at the base, apex acute, exterior margin more or less sinuous and angled obliquely outward below the apex, G 2
44 THE LEPIDOPTERA OF CEYLON.
and at equal distance above posterior end, posterior margin long; cell short, broad ; costal vein dilated at its base; first and second subcostal branches short, slender, first emitted at some distance before end of the cell, second from immediately above end of the cell, third from its end, trifid, the fourth. branch starting from one-half its length, and fifth from one-half below the fourth; upper discocellular short, angled outward close to subcostal and concave below the angle, upper radial from the angle and lower from the end, lower discocellular very slender, long, slightly concave at its end; two upper median branches from end of the cell, lower from opposite first subcostal: hindwing broad, costal margin short, exterior margin very convex, more or less sinuous; costal vein with a short curved basal spur, widely apart from the subcostal; first subcostal emitted before end of the cell; upper discocellular short, outwardly concave, radial from its end, lower discocellular obliquely recurved ; two upper median branches from end of the cell, lower branch from opposite first subcostal. Body moderate; legs slender; palpi porrect, finely pilose, second joint very long and extending half its length beyond the head, third joint half its length and somewhat cylindrical; antennee, with a slender club. Type, H. Ariadne.
ERGOLIS MINORATA (Prate 23, Fic. 2, 2a).
Male and female. Upperside dark ferruginous; both wings with two short black waved lines across base of the cell, a subbasal line, a discocellular line, a medial line, two discal lines, and a marginal line; a small white costal spot before the apex in both sexes. Underside dark purple-brown, with the black lines less distinct, and with four purple-grey intervening spaces; apical spot distinct.
Expanse, ¢ 1, 2 17 inch.
** Found in low country, and hilis up to 4000. Less common than H. Taprobana. May to June in greatest number” (Mackwood). “ Kandy” (Wade).
ERGOLIS TAPROBANA (Prarz 23, Fic. 1 a, b, g 9). Ergolis Taprobana, Westwood, Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 410, pl. 68, f. 4 (1851). Male and female. Upperside dark ferruginous; both wings crossed by four or ~ five basal black sinuous lines, a discocellular double-line, two medial, two discal, and a marginal line, the discal interspaced with indistinct black-speckled spots ; the lines obsolete on costal border of hindwing; a small white costal spot near the apex of female. Underside dark purple-brown, palest on outer borders ; transverse sinuous lines indistinct in male, but very distinct and with four intervening spaces suffused with chalybeate grey in the female. Expanse, ¢ 12, ¢ 23 inches.
NYMPHALINZ. 45
** Widely distributed in low country and hills up to 6000 feet, both in forest and cultivated lands. Found all the year in the hills, variable and not so common in the plains. Flight slow, skimming, but shy, and not easy to capture”’ (Hutchison).
‘Common all the year round in low country and up to 4000 feet” (Mackwood).-
Genus BYBLIA.
Byblia, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmeit. p. 28 (1816). Hypanis, Boisduval, Faun. Mad. p. 55 (1853) ; Westwood, Gen. D. Lep. p. 410 (1851).
Wings: short: forewing elongate-triangulate, costa arched at base, apex not acute, exterior margin wayed, oblique and slightly convex, posterior margin short; costal vein dilated at the base; first subcostal branch short, emitted near to end of the cell, second immediately above end of the cell, third from its end, fourth and fifth at equal distance apart from base of third; cell short; upper discocellular bent very close to subcostal and concave below the angle, the radials from its angle and end; lower discocellular very slender, slightly oblique; upper median branch from end of the cell, second emitted before its end, lower from opposite first subcostal: hindwing bluntly conical; costal margin long, exterior margin waved ; cell triangular. Veins similar to those in Ergolis. Body slender; palpi porrect, pilose beneath, slender, second joint projecting much beyond front of head, third joint long and cylindrical; legs slender; antennz slender, with a well-formed flat club.
BYBLIA ILITHYIA (Prate 23, Fie. 3, 3a). Papilio Ilithyia, Drury, Ill. Exot. Ins. ii. pl. 17, f. 1, 2 (1778); Cramer, Pap. Exot. iii. pl. 213, f. A, B, pl. 214, f. C, D.
Byblia Ilithya, Hibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 28.
Papilio Polinice, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv. pl. 375, f. G, H (1782).
Hypanis Polinice, Boisduval, Spéc. Gén. Lep. i. pl. 9, f. 6.
Male. Upperside bright ferruginous, with black costal and exterior marginal borders; three short streaks crossing the cell of forewing, a discocellular lobular streak joined beneath to an irregular band extending across base of the hindwing, and followed by a lower row of small spots; a submarginal band, broken below the costa of forewing, extending to the anal angle, and from which runs a longitudinal line along each vein to the outer border.
Female with the black basal markings narrower and more confluent, with suffused dusky basal interspaces, the submarginal band broader and to which is joined an inner row of lunules, the outer spaces being macular. Cilia alternated with white. Underside paler, forewing marked as above; borders of the costal streaks and a row
46 THE LEPIDOPTERA OF CEYLON.
of spots before the apex pale yellow: hindwing with a basal and medial transverse yellow band, lined externally by a black line and internally by a row of black spots, an intervening black spot, a submarginal black band spotted with white and bordered outwardly by large yellow spots; a white marginal lunular line.
Expanse, ¢ 1%, ¢ 2 inches.
A very rare butterfly ; a drawing sent to the author from Colombo by Mr. F. M. Mackwood.
Genus PARTHENOS.
Parthenos, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 88 (1816). Minetra, Boisduval, Voy. Astrolabe, Lep. p. 126 (1832); Westwood, Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 265.
Wings large, broad: forewing triangular; costal margin very slightly curved, apex rounded ; exterior margin oblique, waved; posterior margin short, angle convex ; costal vein extending two-thirds of the costa; first subcostal branch emitted before one-half length of the cell, second near the end, third at half length beyond the cell and curved upward and running close along second for some distance, fourth and fifth on a short foot-stalk starting from near base of third; cell long, narrow; upper discocellular short, bent inward immediately below subcostal and then straight below the angle, lower discocellular concave, directed inward, radials from angle and end of the upper; upper median branch bent convexly upward beyond the cell and then extending parallel with lower branches, middle branch emitted before end of the cell, lower branch at a considerable distance before its end; submedian recurved near its base: hindwing short, very broad, somewhat quadrate; exterior margin waved, produced outward beyond the middle; costal vein extending to the apex, with a bifid spur near its base ; first subcostal branch emitted at nearly one-half before end of the cell, second bent at end of the cell; upper and lower discocellulars oblique, each concave, radial from their middle; two upper median branches from end of the cell, upper bent convexly near its base, lower from one-third before end of the cell; submedian curved near the base; internal straight, short. Body stout, abdomen short; palpi ascending, pilose beneath and above at top of second joint; second joint very long, extending to a level with vertex, third joint very short, poited; legs slender, long; antenne long, gradually thickened towards the tip.
PARTHENOS CYANEUS (Prare 24, Fie. 1, la). Parthenos Cyaneus, Moore, Annals of Nat. Hist. 1877, p. 46.
Male and female. Upperside greyish-blue: forewing with a discal transverse oblique interrupted series of large irregular-shaped black-bordered bluish-white
NYMPHALINA. A7
spots and two similar streaks within end of the cell, the costal border and its interspaces, two straight longitudinal basal streaks, and two outer marginal bands being black: hindwing with three black transverse basal macular bands, duplex longitudinal streaks between the veins, and two marginal lunular bands ; two costal bluish-white lunular spots. Cilia alternately white. Body with black transverse bands. Underside greenish-grey, discal area darkest; the large discal spots and discoidal streaks paler, with indistinct black borders; submarginal lunular line and marginal macular band, and streaks between the veins, blackish.
Expanse, ¢ 4, 9 4% inches.
Larva cylindrical, pale purplish-brown, darker beneath, with dark brown longitudinal dorsal lines and transverse white spotted lines; head and anal segment spined, other segments slightly hairy, third to twelfth segments armed with branched spines which are longest on third, fourth, eleventh, and twelfth segments. Feeds on Modecca. Pupa pale purplish-brown, somewhat fusiform, head pointed and cleft.
“Occurs everywhere. Plains and up to 6000 feet, in forest land, I believe all the year round. A slow flier, rather shy. Sits on large leaves with wings spread ” (Hutchison).
“Very swift of flight, and difficult to capture”? (Mackwood).
“Galle; Kandy. Common” (Wade).
Genus MODUZA.
Limenitis (part), Auctorum,
Forewing triangular; costa arched, apex produced, exterior margin oblique, scalloped, convex anteriorly ; costal vein extending two-thirds of wing; first sub- costal emitted at nearly one-half before end of the cell, second at equal distance between it and end of the cell, third at a little more than one-third from the cell, fourth and fifth at three-fourths beyond; upper discocellular curved very obliquely outward and bent near subcostal, lower very slender and slightly convex, the radials from angle and end of upper discocellular ; cell long; middle median branch emitted at some distance before end of the cell and opposite to its upper end, lower median at more than half distance before lower end; submedian straight: hindwing broad, anterior margin short, exterior margin deeply scalloped, convex ; costal vein extending to apex, with a lengthened outward-curved basal spur, its base being opposite to subcostal; first subcostal branch at half length before end of the cell, radial at equal distance from the subcostal; cell open; lower median branch emitted from opposite base of radial, two upper medians at some distance beyond; submedian and internal vein slightly curved. Body stout, short; palpi porrect, second joint long, projecting
48 THE LEPIDOPTERA OF CEYLON.
half its length in front of head, third joint very short and pointed, very slightly pilose beneath at upper end; legs slender; antennz with a lengthened slender club. Type, M. Procris.
MODUZA CALIDASA (Prats 25, Fie. 1, 1a). Limenitis Calidasa, Moore, Annals of Nat. Hist. 1858, p. 48; Butler, zd. 1866, p. 285.
Male and female. Upperside dark rufous-brown, basal area suffused with olive- brown; forewing with a discal transverse series of bluish-white irregular-shaped spots, which continue in a band across the hindwing; both wings with basal black streaks, and two submarginal series of black lunules interspaced with dull red; marginal black lunular lines bordered with pale brown. Underside: basal area bluish-grey, outer area pale greyish-purple; discal macular band as above; sub- marginal spots, apical interspaces, and basal streaks, prominently black and red bordered ; marginal lines distinct.
Hxpanse, ¢ 24, ¢ 27 inches.
Larva pale greenish-yellow or reddish, head spined, the segments armed with short spiny tubercles, and a longer dorsal divergent pair on third and fourth segments. Feeds on Cinchona, Mussenda, &e. Pupa reddish-purple-brown, wing cases dilated ; head bifid, twisted and bent outward at the tips.
*‘ Found in the Western, Central, and Southern Provinces. Plains and hills up to 4000 feet, in forest land, from May to September and probably also at other times. Has a floating, not very rapid flight; shy; settles with wings spread on leaves” (Hutchison).
“Fairly numerous from February to April from 2000 feet and upwards. Found also at other times ” (Mackwood).
“Taken at Kandy” (Wade).
Genus VANESSA. Vanessa, Fabricius, Illiger’s Mag. vi. p. 281 (1807).
Wings short, broad ; forewing triangular; costa arched towards the apex, exterior margin oblique, scalloped, angulated outward below the apex and slightly above the posterior angle; costal vein extending to nearly two-thirds the wing; first subcostal branch emitted at one-fifth before end of the cell, second close to end, third at one- third beyond, fourth and fifth at nearly two-thirds beyond ; upper discocellular short, bent outward close to subcostal and deeply concave below, lower slender, obliquely straight ; radials from angle and end of upper discocellular; cell long, broad und
NYMPHALIN A. 49
obliquely truncate at its end; middle median branch emitted at some distance before end of the cell, lower at about half its length: hindwing somewhat quadrangular ; apex convex, exterior margin scalloped and angulated at end of upper median vein ; costal vein extending to apex, with a short inwardly-bent basal spur; cell fusiform; first subcostal branch emitted at one-fourth from its base; discocellulars outwardly recurved, upper shortest, lower slender, radial from end of upper ; two upper median branches from end of the cell, lower from opposite second subcostal; submedian vein much curved; internal vein short, recurved. Body robust; palpi porrect, pilose; second joint long, projecting half its length beyond front of the head, third joint short, pointed; legs slender; antenne long, with stout rounded club. [V. Io. |
VANESSA HARONICA (Prare 25, Fic. 2, 2a). Vanessa Haronica, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1879, p. 187.
Male and female. Upperside deep blue-black, basal area suffused with dark sap-green; a broad greyish-blue band crossing the dise of both wings, the band continuous from the costa to the anal angle, and with a sinuous outer border; a small grey-blue lunule before the apex of forewing; a submarginal row of smail blue spots, and narrow marginal line on hindwing. Underside with the basal and marginal area densely studded with black strigze, mterspersed with grey, green, and ochreous streaks; basal area bordered across the disc by a sinuous purple-black line, the disc beyond and the apex of forewing broadly clouded with ochreous; a yellow dentate spot at end of each cell.
Hxpanse, ¢ 23, 2 3 inches.
Larva light red, spotted with black, the segments divided by black and purple lines, armed with eight longitudinal rows of delicate branched spines anal segment slightly humped. Feeds on Smilar. Pupa reddish-brown, abdominal segments tubercular, thorax angular, head produced and bifid.
“ Found in hilly country from 2000 to 6000 feet. Very common on pathways or roads bordered by jungle. Occurs all the year round. Larva feeds on Wild Yam” (Mackwood).
“Taken in the Kottawa forest, Galle; also at Kandy” (Wade).
Genus PYRAMEIS. Pyrameis, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 83 (1816); Doubleday, Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 202. Ammiralis, Renrie, Consp. p. 10 (1882). Forewing triangular ; costa slightly arched, exterior margin oblique, scalloped, slightly angular below the apex, posterior margin straight; costal vein extending to VOL. I. Ht
50 THE LEPIDOPTERA OF CEYLON.
two-thirds the margin, first and second subcostal branches emitted at equal distances close to end of the cell, third at nearly one-half length beyond, fourth and fifth at two-thirds beyond ; upper discocellular short, recurved outward, lower discocellular long, slender, recurved obliquely outward, radials from near subcostal and end of upper discocellular ; cell broad; middle median emitted at one-fifth before end of the cell, lower at one-half its length; submedian slightly recurved at base: hindwing short, triangular, exterior margin convex, scalloped, abdominal margin long; costal vein extending to apex, basal spur bent abruptly outward, emitted at a short distance above base of subcostal; first subcostal branch emitted at two-thirds from its base; upper discocellular convexly oblique, lower slender, very oblique, radial from end of upper; cell broad; two upper median branches from end of the cell, lower at one- third before its end and opposite second subcostal; submedian curved, internal recurved from the base. Body stout, abdomen short; palpi porrect, finely pilose, second joint long, projecting half its length beyond the head, third joint short, pointed; forelegs densely clothed with long lateral hairs, middle and hind legs slender; antennze long, with a short thick club.
PYRAMEYS INDICA (Prare 27, Fie. 2). Papilio Indica, Herbst, Naturs. Schmett. vii. pl. 180, f. 1, 2 (1794). Hamadryas decora Calliroé, Hibner, Samml. Exot. Schmett. (1806—16). Pyrameis Calliroé, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 33 (1816).
Upperside: forewing black, with a broad medial oblique irregular red band, the lower portion of which is traversed by three irregular-shaped black spots ; basal area and posterior margin golden-brown ; an oblique subapical series of white quadrate spots and an outer series of small dentate spots: hindwing golden-brown, with a marginal red band, bordered by black spots and traversed by a row of black spots _ and outer lunular line.
Expanse 23 inches.
“‘ Rarely seen under 4000 feet elevation. Settles on pathways or open ground. Very swift of flight. Larva feeds on Nettle—Urtica Neilgherriensis”’ (Mackwood).
‘“‘ Found at all times in forest land, Central Provinces, 3000 to 6000 feet. Darts about rapidly and settles on the ground. Commonest at the highest elevation” (Hutchison).
PYRAMEIS CARDUI (Puiate 27, Fie. 1, 1a).
Papilio Cardui, Linnzus, Faun. Suec. p. 276 (1761), Syst. Nat. i. 2, p. 774 (1767); Esper, Schmett. i. 1, pl. 10, f. 3; Fabricius, Ent. Syst. p. 104; Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. i. f. 78, 74.
Pyrameis Cardui, Butler, Catal. Fabr. Lep. B. M. p. 77.
Papilio Carduelis, Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. pl. 26, f. C, D (1775).
Upperside: ochreous-red ; forewing with the basal area ochreous-brown; an
NYMPHALINA. 51
oblique irregular-shaped angular band, the apical area and exterior border black ; before the apex is a short white oblique band and a curved series of four spots; a pale marginal line; interspace at end of cell whitish in the female: hindwing with the basal area, a confluent discal fascia, and the costal border ochreous-brown ; a transverse discal row of five black spots, each spot with slightly pale outer ring, a submarginal row of lunular spots, and a marginal row of larger spots.
Expanse, ¢ 24, 9 23 inches.
Larva blackish-brown, with a longitudinal pale interrupted line on each side; the segments armed with short branched spines. Feeds on Artemisia. Pupa tuberculate, head bluntly cleft, pale ochreous or brown, more or less spotted with yellow.
‘Found everywhere, but more plentiful in the higher districts” (Mackwood).
Genus CETHOSIA.
Cethosia, Fabricius, Illiger’s Mag. vi. p. 280 (1807); Doubleday, Gen. D. Lep. p. 150. Alazonia, Hubner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 46 (1816).
Forewing triangular; costa arched, apex convex, exterior margin oblique, sinuous; costal vein extending two-thirds of the margin; first subcostal branch emitted immediately before end of the cell, second at one-third beyond, third at one- half, fourth and fifth at nearly two-thirds beyond the cell; upper discocellular shortest, bent inward contiguous to subcostal and thence deeply concave below, lower slightly concave; cell broad, truncate at the end; two upper median branches from end of the cell, lower at more than one-third before its end, upper much curved from its base; submedian recurved: hindwing broad; exterior margin convex, deeply sinuous; costal vein extending to apex, basal spur curved outward and emitted at some distance above base of subcostal; first subcostal branch emitted at one-fourth before end of the cell; discocellulars curved obliquely outward, radial from their middle; two upper median branches from end of the cell, lower from opposite second subcostal; submedian straight, internal recurved at its base. Body moderately stout; palpi porrect, finely pilose, second joint projecting one-third beyond the head, third joint short, pointed; legs slender; antennz with a slender club.
CETHOSIA NIETNERI (Prate 27, Fic. 3 a, b). Cethosia Nietneri, Felder, Reise Novara, Lep. iii. p. 380, pl. 48, f. 5, 6 (1867).
Male. Upperside blue-black; forewing with the lower basal area ochreous merging to ochreous-white ; some pale streaks across the cell; a bluish-white streak H 2
52 THE LEPIDOPTERA OF CEYLON.
beyond the cell bordered above and below by a blue line, a transverse discal series of narrow conical-lunate marks, a linear row of spots, and a marginal row of narrow sinuous marks ; some black streaks on lower basal area: hindwing with the posterior basal area bluish-white; some black discoidal streaks interspaced with ochreous ; an upper discal row of black diffused spots and an outer row of larger oval spots followed by a submarginal row of white lunules and a marginal row of slender white sinuous marks. Cilia white. Female duller coloured, the white markings dull greyish-blue, no ochreous on the basal area, the forewing with broad black streaks between the lower median and submedian veins. Body ochreous, thorax bluish-grey. Underside pale greenish-grey, merging to bluish-grey across the disc, bordered by a submarginal ochreous band, and a black marginal band with white sinuous marks and centre streak: forewing with black discoidal streaks, lower discal spots, transverse discal series of large conical white-bordered spots, followed by a row of white-bordered black lunular spots: hindwing with black basal streaks, large conical discal spots bordered outward by a row of white-bordered spots.
Expanse, ¢ 34, ¢ 35 inches.
Larva cylindrical, purple-black, with red medial transverse bands, the sixth and eighth segments with a yellow band; head armed with two long stout spimous processes, the segments with two dorsal and two lateral rows of long slender finely- branched spines. Feeds on Modecca. Pupa ochreous-white, clouded with brown, abdominal segments tubercular, wing cases dilated and exfoliated beneath, head with
two pointed processes.
“Occurs in the lower lands, but more numerous in the hilly districts. Commoner
some years than others” (Mackwood). “Taken at Galle and Kandy” (Wade).
Genus CYNTHIA.
Cynthia, Wabricius, Illiger’s Mag. vi. p. 281 (1807); Doubleday, Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 212 (1849). Anartia (part), Hubner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 33 (1816).
Wings large, broad: forewing triangular; costa much curved towards the end, apex faleated; exterior margin oblique, concave below the apex, sinuous; posterior margin short; costal vein extending to two-thirds the margin: first subcostal branch emitted immediately before end of the cell, second at an equal distance from beyond its end, third at one-half beyond the cell, fourth and fifth close to base of third; cell long, narrow, its upper end extending to half of the wing; upper discocellular bent outward close to subcostal and then curved inward, lower long, curving very obliquely inward, radials from angle and end of upper; middle median branch emitted before
NYMPHALIN ZA. 53
end of the cell, lower at one-half of lower length of the cell; submedian recurved : hindwing short, very broad, somewhat quadrate; exterior margin waved, angled and produced to a point at end of upper median branch; costal vein with a bifid spur near its base; first subcostal emitted at half length of upper part of the cell, the radial curving from below second subcostal; cell open; two upper median branches emitted at more than half distance beyond upper end of the cell; submedian vein shghtly recurved, internal short. Body stout, abdomen short; palpi ascending, pilose, second joint long, extending to level of vertex, third jomt short, pointed; antenne long, with a short club; legs slender.
CYNTHIA ASELA (Prater 26, Fic. 1 a, 4, c). Cynthia Asela, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872, p. 558.
Male. Upperside bright ochreous-yellow, darkest on basal area and marginal border ; forewing with a black medial transverse interrupted line, discoidal streaks, two streaks below the cell, two marginal sinuous lines, and a submarginal row of more or less obsolete lunate spots, the upper spot being pale centred ; an indistinct darker ochreous zigzag fascia across the disc: hindwing with a black medial trans- verse line, an inner discal zigzag ochreous fascia bordering an outer series of spots, the one between the subcostal veins and another between the lower median veins being ocellated, the others indistinct and formed of black speckles; two marginal sinuous lines. Female dark blue-grey, brightest on hindwing, outer borders brown: forewing with a transverse discal band of broad bluish-white lunules traversed exteriorly by a sinuous line; an outer row of blackish spots and two submarginal sinuous lines: hindwing with transverse medial narrow black line outwardly bordered at the costal end by a short broad whitish sinuous-margined band; two large prominent discal ocelli with greenish inner ring; two marginal black sinuous lines.
Expanse, ¢ 34, 2 4 inches.
Larva pale yellow, reddish-brown beneath ; segments brown streaked, spiracles black; head spinous, armed with two long curved thick spinous-tubercles, the segments armed with a dorsal and two lateral rows of long slightly branched spines, the dorsal and upper lateral row arising from a red round tumid spot. Pupa pale reddish-brown, truncated at both ends; head thick, with two short points, thorax conically pointed at top; anterior abdominal segments produced thickly outward into a point hindward and forward into two lengthened processes, middle segments with a short dorsal tubercle, the two anal segments with longer basally-thickened processes.
* Found everywhere, both in the Plains and up to 6000 feet in forest lands all
54 THE LEPIDOPTERA OF CEYLON.
the year; most plentiful from May to October. Flight slow, very tame; a dozen at a time will alight on the ground close to you” (Hutchison).
Genus NEPTIS.
Neptis, Fabricius, Iliger’s Mag. vi. p, 282 (1807). Acca (part), Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 44 (1816). Philonoma, Billberg, Enum. Ins. p. 78 (1820).
Forewing elongate; costa much arched from the base; exterior margin short, obliquely convex, waved; posterior margin long; costal vein extending to half length of the margin; first and second subcostal branches very short, first emitted near end of the cell, second from its end, third at one-half beyond, fourth and fifth at two-thirds beyond; upper discocellular very short, bent outwards in its middle, the radials from its angle and end; cell open, broad; lower median branch from opposite discocellular, two upper median branches from some distance beyond; submedian recurved in the middle: hindwing short, anterior margin very convex in the middle, exterior margin convex, scalloped; costal vein extending to two-thirds of the margin, with a short straight basal spur, which is bent inward at tip and thrown off opposite to base of subcostal; first subcostal branch emitted very near to costal, the radial starting from the second at an equal distance beyond; cell open, broad; lower median from opposite base of radial; two upper median branches at equal distance from lower and base of cell; submedian straight, internal vein recurved. Body slender; palpi ascending, very finely pilose, second and third joints of about equal length, third joint slender and very pointed; legs slender; antennz slender, with a gradually formed club [N. aceris ].
NEPTIS VARMONA (Prare 28, Fic. 1 a, b). Nepiis Varmona, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1872, p. 561.
Male and female. Upperside black: forewing with a white longitudinal streak within the cell, a lengthened triangular spot beyond it, a discal transverse curved series of seven oval spots, and a submarginal row of small lunate spots; a very indistinct pale waved line between the discal series and another along the outer margin; the discoidal streak slightly black speckled near its thickest end: hindwing with a white broad recurved medial transverse band and a discal linear series of six quadrate spots ; a pale linear indistinct line intervening across the disc, and another along the outer margin. Underside ferruginous; with white markings more prominent than above and all black bordered; the hindwing having a: short white streak on base of costa and another below it.
Expanse, 6 13, ¢ 2} inches.
ee ee
NYMPHALINA. 55
Larva pale green, with an oblique lateral pink fascia from top of anal segment ; head armed with two short conical points, third and fifth and anal segment with a dorsal pair of short fleshy setose spines and two longer divergent spines on fourth segment. Feeds on Leguminose. Pupa short, pale reddish-brown, wing cases dilated laterally, head bluntly cleft.
“Widely distributed, occurring in the Hills and Plains, both in forest and cultivated land all the year. Flight slow, floating, alights on bushes with wings generally if not always open”’ (Hutchison).
** Found everywhere, and below 3000 feet in great abundance nearly all the year” (Mackwood).
NEPTIS DISRUPTA (Piate 28, Fic. 4, 4a). Neptis disrupta, Moore, Annals of Nat. Hist. 1877, p. 339.
Upperside black: forewing with white discoidal streak and triangular terminal spot; three spots from middle of posterior margin and a fourth smaller spot beyond the discoidal triangular spot; between this series and a submarginal series of some- what conical spots is a discal series of very indistinct pale dusky oblique spots; an indistinct marginal narrow pale dusky line: hindwing with a white transverse discal macular band, a quadrate spot on abdominal margin near the base, and two parallel- spots and streaks on anterior margin ; an outer marginal linear row of white streaks. Underside dull ferruginous, with black bordered white markings as above, and black confluent spots across the disc of both wings.
Expanse, ¢ 2} inches.
A very rare species. A single specimen is in the collection of Mr. F. M. Mackwood at Colombo, which was taken at Ambegamoa, in the Central Province.
NEPTIS JUMBA (Prarte 28, Fie. 2 a, 5).
Neptis Jumba, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i. p. 167, pl. 4a, f. 5 (1857); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1858, p. 7. ;
Male. Upperside fuliginous black: forewing with a white longitudinal streak within the cell, which is slightly notched near its end, a broad triangular spot beyond it, a discal transverse curved series of six small oval spots which are disposed in an upper, medial, and lower series of two each; three submarginal pale lunular lines, the middle line whitish: hindwing with a white medial transverse macular band, and two submarginal pale lunular lines. Female paler; markings more prominent and bluish-white, the submarginal pale lines on forewing more distinct, and the inner
56 THE LEPIDOPTERA OF CEYLON.
lunular line on hindwing white. Underside dull ferruginous; white markings more prominent and broader, with black intervening streaks between the veins; on the hindwing is a white basal streak and a rayed broad fascia below it; between the medial band and submarginal lunules is a row of distinct black spots terminated anteriorly by a white sinuous streak.
Expanse, ¢ 24, 9 2? inches.
Larva pale brownish-purple, anal segments below dark purple-brown spotted with green, and bordering an oblique line extending laterally from anal spines obliquely to base of spines on fourth segments; anterior and anal segments narrowed, the middle segments thickened laterally; head armed with two short points, two long divergent fleshy spiny tubercles on fourth segment, two short dorsal fleshy tubercles on third, fifth, and sixth segments. Feeds on Byttneriacew, &c. Pupa pale brownish-ochreous, head with two short points, thorax angulated. :
“ Found in the Western and Central Provinces; plains and up to 4000 feet, in forest land, at all times, but chiefly during the S.W. Monsoon. Flight slow, heavy ; settles with wings open; easily captured” (Hutchison).
“Occurs everywhere: joins in the up-country flights, February and March in fair numbers”? (Mackwood).
Genus RAHINDA.
Differs from Neptis (Aceris group) in the wings being comparatively narrower, the forewing more pointed at the apex, having the second subcostal branch emitted at some distance beyond end of the cell, and the hindwing having the costal and subcostal veins more curved, the median branches nearer at their base, the short straight basal costal spur slightly furcate.
Type, R. Hordonia, [Stoll Suppl. Cram. pl. 33. f. 4].*
-RAHINDA SINUATA (Prare 28, Fic. 3, 32). Neptis Sinuata, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1879, p. 136.
Male and female. Upperside black: forewing with a bright ochreous irregular- bordered elongated broad streak from base to middle of the disc, beyond which is a transverse interrupted broad sinuous band, which is continued across the hind-
* I have not adopted Mr. Scudder’s suggestion that this species “‘may be taken as the type” of Hibner’s Pantoporia. Hubner’s first cited species under that genus belongs to his earlier Colenis, his second species (Nefte) pertains to one of the separable groups forming Westwood’s genus Athyma, and therefore takes precedence of the third cited species (Hordonia) as typically representing Pantoporia.
NYMPHALING. 57
wing; a narrow marginal waved line: hindwing also with a submarginal ochreous band, narrowest in the male. Underside pale ochreous, blotched with dark brown strigz, except on the basal streak of forewing and transverse band of both wings.
Expanse, ¢ 15, ¢ 12 inches.
“Principally a low country insect, difficult to capture perfect as it always frequents the vicinity of thick thorny Acacias. Found at all times, but mostly in March and April” (Mackwood).
“Western and Central Provinces; commonest in the Plains, but found up to 5000 feet, in forest land, at all times. Shy, flutters about bushes, alighting on the leaves with wings opened” (Hutchison).
Genus APATURA.
Apatura, Fabricius, Illiger’s Mag. vi. p. 280 (1807). Hypolimnas et Esoptria, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 45 (1816). Diadema, Boisduval, Voy. Astrolabe, Lep. p. 135 (1832).
Forewing broad, triangular, costa much arched, apex convex, exterior margin shghtly oblique and concave below the middle, waved; costal vein extending more than half length of the margin; first and second subcostal branches emitted at equal distances close to end of the cell, third at one-third beyond it, fourth and fifth at two-thirds beyond its end; cell very broad, truncate at the end, less than half length of the wing; upper discocellular short, bent outward close to subcostal and then curved inward, lower slender and slightly curving outward, radials from angle and end of upper discocellular ; middle median emitted at a short distance before end of the cell, lower at half length of the cell; submedian nearly straight: hindwing broad, exterior margin very convex, waved ; costal vein extending to the apex, with a short outwardly-curved basal spur thrown off at some distance above base of the subcostal ; first subcostal emitted at one-fourth before end of the cell; upper discocellular short, curved outward, lower long and curved obliquely outward, radial from their middle ; two upper median branches emitted from end of the cell, lower from opposite second subcostal; submedian vein slightly curved, internal deeply curved at the base. Body moderately stout, abdomen short; palpi porrect, second joimt long, projecting half its length beyond the head, squamose beneath, second joint slightly pilose at upper and inner end, third joint short, poimted; legs slender ; antennes somewhat short, with a well-formed short club.
VOL. f. IT
58 THE LEPIDOPTERA OF CEYLON.
APATURA BOLINA (Prats 30, Fic. 1 ¢, 10, larva).
Papilio Bolina, Linnzus, Mus. Ulr. p. 295 (1764); Syst. Nat. i. p. 781 (1767); Clerck, Icones, pl. 21, f. 2. Diadema Bolina, Butler, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1869, p. 278.
Male. Blackish violet-brown: forewing with a glossy blue-bordered white oblique subapical vein-divided patch, and a submarginal recurved row of minute white spots terminating on the costa in a large vein-divided spot: hindwing with a large medial discal glossy blue-bordered white patch, a discal row of five or six minute white spots, and in some specimens a pale brown or ochreous-white marginal band having a sinuous inner border, and an outer marginal lunular line. Female dark olive-brown: forewing with a few blue speckles along base of costa; a submarginal row of pale ochreous-white, and an incomplete outer row of lunate spots: hindwing with an ochreous-white marginal macular band bordered within by a row of small round spots; an outer marginal line of broken lunules. Underside of both sexes paler; male with a prominent bluish-white subapical oblique band, a submarginal row of spots and two marginal incomplete narrow lunular bands; some speckled- white spots along upper side of the cell: hindwing with a broad medial transverse bluish-white band, two lunate spots at anal angle, a discal row of spots, an inner marginal band, and an outer marginal lunular line, the inner marginal band sometimes brownish-grey. Female with marginal band as on upperside, a very indistinct oblique subapical fascia on forewing, and a transverse similar band on hindwing.
Expanse, 4 23, ¢ 34 inches.
Larva purple-brown, head armed with two long erect branched spines, the segments with a dorsal row of three (two only on the anterior and posterior segments) long branched red spines, and three lateral rows of spines. Pupa thick, purple-brown, blotched with black; abdominal segments with stout pointed dorsal tubercles ; head obtuse, pointed in front, thorax angular at top.
“‘ Very common from seaboard up to 6000 feet early in the year, haunting deep cuttings through fern and brushwood lands. They are to be found in thousands and in smaller numbers all the year round. Males twice as numerous as females” (Mackwood).
“Has a quick darting flight; settles on the ground; rather shy” (Hutchison).
APATURA JACINTHA (Prater 30, Fic. 1a ¢).
Papilio Jacintha, Drury, Tlust. Exot. Ent. ii. pl. 21, f. 1, 2 (1778), 9; Donovan, Ins. China, pl. 33, f. 1 (1798); Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. 1, p. 183. Papilio Avia, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. 1, p. 111 (1798), 9.
Male and female. Of larger size than A. Bolina, but similarly marked; the
NYMPHALIN Ai. 59
apcal patch on forewing of male showing either a smaller white or entirely blue centre with larger glossy-blue border; the discal patch on the hindwing is also blue centred. The female has the submarginal row of spots smaller on the forewing, and also a dark blue oblique subapical fascia. Underside of both sexes alike, both having a pale fascia indicated obliquely before the apex and another across the hindwing.
Expanse, $ 34, 2? 3? inches.
This may probably be a seasonal variety of A. Bolina.
APATURA MISIPPUS (Prarte 29, Fic. 1 a, 3, c).
Papilio Misippus, Linnzus, Mus. Ulr. p. 264 (1764); Syst. Nat. i. 2, p. 767 (1767).
Diadema Misippus, Butler, Catal. Fabr. Lep. B. M. p. 97; Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1869, p. 278. Papilio Diocippus, Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. pl. 28, f. B, C (1775), 2.
Papilio Bolina, Drury, Illust. Exot. Ent. i. pl. 14, f. 1, 2, ¢ ; Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. pl. 65, f. E, F, ¢. Papilio Inaria, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iii. pl. 214, f. A, B (Dimorphic 9).
Male. Upperside blackish violet-brown: forewing with a large oval purple- white upper discal oblique patch and a small spot near the apex: hindwing with a large circular similar-coloured patch in middle of the dise. Female red: forewing with the costal border and apical area to posterior angle blackish violet-brown ; an oblique macular purple-white subapical band and a sthall spot near the apex; a marginal double row of broken white lunules: hindwing with a black costal spot and marginal band, the latter traversed by a row of broken white lunules. Underside. Male: ferruginous-brown, discoidal area of forewing red: forewing with prominent white oblique band, apical spot, and black-bordered discoidal spots: hindwing with a broad medial transverse white band marked by a black costal streak; a similar streak bordering its inner costal end, another at base of costal vein; a black lunular streak also crossing anal end of the band; a marginal row of small white spots, and both wings with a marginal double series of white lunules. Female paler ferruginous than upperside, the apex of forewing also ferruginous, the discoidal white spots distinct : hindwing with a narrow black costal streak and another at end of the ceil.
Dimorphic female (Fig. 1,6]. This differs from ordinary female in the absence of the black ground colour, and the oblique white band, these parts being of the same ferruginous colour as the other parts of the wing.
Expanse, ¢ 3, 2 3} inches.
Larva purple-brown, numerously covered with minute white spots, cylindrical, thickest towards the middle; head armed with two erect rugose spines, the segments
I 2
60 THE LEPIDOPTERA OF CEYLON.
with three dorsal rows of branched pale spines and three lateral rows of shorter spines. Feeds on Abutilon, Abelmoschus, &c. Pupa purple-brown, thick, abdominal segments tubercular, head obtusely pointed, thorax convex.
“Found at all altitudes. In the low country during September they are particularly numerous; this and the following month appears to be the chief time of appearance ” (Mackwood).
Genus ACIDALIA.
Acidalia, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 31 (1816). Argynnis (part), Doubleday.
Forewing triangular; costa much arched, apex rounded,: exterior margin oblique, sinuous, convex below the apex; costal vein extending two-thirds of the margin ; first and second subcostal branches emitted before end of the cell, third at nearly one-half beyond, fourth and fifth at two-thirds beyond; upper discocellular shortest, deeply concave, lower slightly concave, upper radial from end of the cell in a line with the subcostal, lower from middle of discocellulars; middle median branch emitted at nearly one-third before end of the cell, lower from two-thirds before its end; submedian recurved: hindwing short, broad; costal margin very convexly angular at the base; costal vein much arched from the base, the basal spur curved outward ; first subcostal branch emitted at nearly one-half distance before end of the cell; discocellulars of equal length, upper curved very obliquely outward, lower slightly curved ; two upper median branches from end of the cell, lower from one- third before its end; submedian and internal vein slightly recurved at the base. Body robust; palpi ascending, finely pilose, second joint long, extending to top of the head, third joint short, pointed and naked; legs slender; antenne with a short spatular club. Sexes dissimilar.
Type, A. Niphe.
ACIDALIA NIPHE (Prare 381, Fie. 2 a, 0).
Papilio Niphe, Linneus, Syst. Nat. i. ii. p. 785 (1767); Drury, Illust. Exot. Ent. i. pl. 6, f. 1; Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. pl. 14, f. B—E.
Papilio Hyperbius, Johanssen, Ameen. Acad. vi. p. 408 (1764).
Papilio Argyrius, Sparrman, Ameen, Acad. vii. p. 502 (1768).
Papilio Argynnis, Drury, Ilust. Exot. Ent. i. pl. 6, f. 2 (1778).
Argynnis Tephnia, Godart, Ene. Meth. ix. p. 262 (1819).
Male. Upperside bright dark ochreous ; forewing with black discoidal marks, a
NYMPHALINZ, 61
transverse discal zigzag series of six large spots, two submarginal rows of slightly smaller spots and a marginal dentate line: hindwing with slender black discoidal marks and transverse discal spots, a submarginal inner row of small spots and outer row of broad conical spots bordered towards anal angle by a blue line; a marginal dentate line bordered by a blue line. Female brownish-ochreous on basal area; markings broader; apical area of forewing with blue-black interspaces and obliquely crossed by a white band, the spots also bordered by blue. Underside: forewing red on basal area, pale ochreous and greenish at apex; male with two apical series of white spots; female as above ; other markings as on upperside: hindwing greenish ochreous-brown, crossed by three black zigzag lines and a submarginal line broadly bordered by silvery-white; a discal row of spots centred with silvery- white. Hxpanse, ¢ 23, 9 23 inches.
“ Found in the hills from 2000 to 6000 feet, in the neighbourhood of waste grass- lands and swamps. Larva feeds on Wild Violet” (Mackwood).
Genus ATELLA.
Atella, Doubleday, Gen. Diurnal Lep. p. 165, pl. 22 (1847). Phalanta, Horsfield, Desc. Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. pl. 7, f. 5 (1829).
Forewing triangular; costa arched, apex. rounded, exterior margin oblique, slightly waved; costal vein extending two-thirds the margin; first subcostal branch emitted immediately before end of the cell, second at some distance beyond the end, third at one-third beyond, fourth and fifth at three-fourths beyond ; upper discocellular bent contiguous to subcostal and thence concave below, lower slightly concave; radials from angle and end of upper discocellular; upper median branch emitted immediately before end of the cell, lower at nearly one-half before its end; cell broad, truncate at the end: hindwing short, broad; anterior margin somewhat straight, exterior margin waved, slightly angular in the middle; costal vein extending to apex, basal spur curved outward and emitted at some distance above the base of subcostal; first subcostal emitted at one-third from end of the cell; discocellulars of equal length, obliquely concave, radial from their middle; two upper median branches from end of the cell, lower from opposite second subcostal; submedian vein straight, internal recurved. Body moderate; palpi ascending, finely pilose, second joint long, projecting to top of the head, third joint very slender and finely pointed; legs slender; antenne with a spatular club. .
62 THE LEPIDOPTERA OF CEYLON.
ATELLA PHALANTA (Prare 31, Fie. 1, 1a).
Papilio Phalanta, Drury, Ilust. Exot. Ent, i. pl. 21, fig. 1, 2 (1778).
Atella Phalanta, Doubleday and Westw. Gen. D. Lep. p. 167; Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i. p. 152, pl. 5, f. 7.
Papilio Columbina, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iii. pl. 238, f. A, B; iv. pl. 337, f. D, E (1782).
Phalanta Columbina, Horsfield, Dese. Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. (1828), pl. 7, f. 5.
Male. Upperside bright yellowish-ochreous : forewing with two black transverse short sinuous marks within the cell, a similar darker mark at its end, a streak from the costa beyond and followed beneath by an oblique series of four spots, a discal transverse interrupted similar line and a row of round spots, a submarginal confluent double sinuous line and marginal triangular spots: hindwing with an indistinct slender black lunule within the cell, two at its end, a transverse discal interrupted lunular line, a discal row of oval spots, two slender submarginal sinuous lines, and marginal triangular spots. Female differs only in the markings being slightly larger, and the discal lunular line haying a pale macular outer border. Underside very pale ochreous, suffused externally with purple; indistinctly marked as upperside.
Hxpanse, ¢ 2, ¢ 24 inches.
Larva purple-brown; head armed with two delicate branched spines, each segment with two dorsal rows of similar spines and two lateral rows of shorter spines. Feeds on Flacourtia, Saliz, &c. Pupa pale green, tubercular along the back.
‘Generally common, but chiefly in low country” (Mackwood).
“Plentiful at Colombo, in gardens during the 8.W. Monsoon, and again towards the end of the year. Flies quickly and alights on bushes” (Hutchison).
“Taken at Kandy” (Wade).
Genus CIRROCHROA. Cirrochroa, Doubleday, Gen. Diurnal Lep. p. 157, pl. 21, f. 2 (1847).
Wings ample, short: forewing triangular, costa arched, apex slightly truncate or convex; exterior margin oblique, slightly concave below the apex, uneven; costal vein extending to half length of the margin; first subcostal branch emitted at some distance before end of the cell, second close to its end, third at half length beyond the cell, fourth and fifth at one-fifth from the third; discocellulars inclined obliquely inward, upper slightly bent near to subcostal and very deeply concave below, lower slightly oblique, radials from angle and end of the upper; cell short, very broad; two upper median branches emitted at a short-distance beyond end of the cell, lower
NYMPHALIN 4. 63
median at one-third before its end; submedian recurved: hindwing broad; apex shghtly angular, exterior margin waved, convex hindward, abdominal margin long; costal vein extending to apex, basal spur short, slightly curved; first subcostal branch emitted at nearly half length of the cell; cell open; median branches wide apart, lower emitted opposite to base of radial; submedian curved; internal short, much curved at the base. Body somewhat slender; palpi ascending, finely pilose ; second joint reaching to top of the head, third joint short, slender, almost cylindrical; legs slender; antennz with a gradually formed slender club.
Type, C. Aoris.
CIRROCHROA THAIS (Pirate 32, Fic. 2, 2a). Papilio Thais, Fabricius, Mant. Ins. p. 64 (1787); Ent. Syst. ili. p. 149 (1798). Cirrochroa Thais, Butler, Catal. Fabr. Lep. B. M. p. 116; Moore, Proe. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1872, p. 557. Male and female. Upperside pale ferruginous, glossed with green at the base: forewing with a prominent medial transverse black line, which is oblique and zigzag in front of the cell and lunular hindward; exterior margin broadly ferrugimous-black and traversed by a ferruginous sinuous line; a dusky streak lining the discocellular vein: hindwing with a large quadrate white spot on anterior margin, from which proceeds a medial transverse black lunular line; a discal row of six small black spots, two submarginal lunular lines and a third outer line. Underside pale olive- brown in male, ferruginous-brown in the female ; with a transverse medial irregularly dentated purple-white glossy band on both wings, the outer margin of the band being straight and the dentations disappearing towards anal angle of hindwing; a transverse row of black spots on hindwing smaller than on the upperside; marginal lunular lines indistinct and suffused with glaucous-purple. Expanse, ¢ 22, ¢ 24 inches.
«Taken at Galle and Kandy” (Wade).
CIRROCHROA LANKA (Prate 32, Fie. 4, 4a). Cirrochroa Lanka, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1872, p. 557.
Male. Upperside bright ferruginous : forewing with a medial transverse black line, which is oblique in front of the cell and nearly obsolete hindward ; a marginal black band traversed by an inner row of ferruginous dentate lunules: hindwing with the quadrate white spot on the anterior margin large, the medial transverse line from it faintly defined; the discal row of black spots, inner submarginal line indistinct, outer Innular line and marginal line prominent. Underside dull ferruginous, some-
64 VHE LEPIDOPTERA OF CEYLON.
what fulvous at the base, glossed with purple-grey; a transverse medial broad straight purple-white band; indistinct lunules on outer margin of wings with purple-grey borders; discal black spots on hindwing prominent.
Hxpanse 25 inches.
«Western, Central, and Southern Provinces; plains and up to 6000 feet, in forests; flight moderately rapid, settles on the ground and on bushes. Hasily captured” (Hutchison).
CIRROCHROA COGNATA (PuiareE 382, Fra. 3, a, 5).
Upperside differs from C. Thais in the forewing being shorter, the apex broader and not faleated; medial sinuous line indistinct, the marginal black band narrower and traversed by a row of dentate spots: hindwing with a small white costal spot ; the discal transverse markings similar but the outer marginal line blacker. Under- side dark ferruginous, the medial transverse band narrower, less defined, and in some specimens nearly obsolete.
Expanse 2 to 23 inches.
Larva pale purplish-brown, yellowish beneath; head yellow, spotted in front with biack; with two dorsal rows of long delicate branched spines and two lateral rows of shorter spmes, a similar spine projecting on each side of the head from second segment. Pupa pale bluish-purple, spotted with black, with lengthened dorsal tubercles and two longer tubercular processes projecting from front of thorax; head cleft.
** A low country insect, found chiefly in the interior’ (Mackwood).
Genus CUPHA.
Cupha, Billberg, Enum. Ins. p. 79 (1820). Messaras, Doubleday, Gen. Diurnal Lep. p. 163 (1848).
Wings short, broad: forewing with the costa much arched from the base, apex somewhat pointed, exterior margin slightly oblique and waved in the middle; costal vein extending to half length of the margin; first and second branches of subcostal very short, first emitted at end of the cell, second at one-sixth beyond end of the cell, third at one-third from its end, fourth and fifth at two-thirds beyond; upper discocellular bent close to the subcostal and deeply concave below, lower very slender and slightly concave, radials from angle and end of the upper; cell very short and broad ; two upper median branches emitted at some distance beyond end of the cell, lower at one-third before its end; submedian nearly straight: hindwing broadly oval,
ACRAINE. ae
exterior margin very convex, waved; costal vein extending to apex, basal spur curved outward; first subcostal branch emitted at one-third before end of the cell; cell open; median branches wide apart; submedian and internal veins straight. Body short, somewhat slender; palpi ascending, finely pilose; second joint long, extending half its length beyond the head, third joint short, slender, pointed; legs slender; antennze with a gradually formed club.
Type, C. Erymanthis.
CUPHA PLACIDA-(PrLate 32, Fie. 1).
Male and female. Upperside dark yellowish-ochreous, darkest and tinged with olive on basal areas: forewing with a black apical band haying a waved curved inner border extending from middle of the costa to posterior angle; a transverse narrow black zigzag line dividing the basal and discal areas; two lunate marks within the cell and three spots on lower discal area: hindwing with a transverse subbasal black zigzag line, a discal whitish-bordered macular band and outer row of small oval spots, two submarginal lunular darker lines and an outer marginal line. Underside pale ochreous, with very pale markings, as above, the discal band composed of white lunules and traversing both wings.
Expanse, ¢ 1,4, ¢ 14, inches.
«A low country insect. Found sometimes in the hilly districts. Numerous only about April and May (Mackwood). “ Galle and Kandy” (Wade).
Subfamily ACR AXIN A.
Lower discocellular vein of hindwing perfect. Palpi thick and scantily clothed with hair. Abdomen of female furnished with a corneous plate or pouch. Larva studded with branched spines.
Genus TELCHINIA. Telchinia, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 27 (1816); Doubleday, Gen. Diurnal Lep. p. 142.
Forewing narrow, triangular; anterior margin slightly arched towards the end, apex scarcely rounded; exterior margin oblique, slightly convex; posterior margin short; costal vein extending two-thirds the margin; first subcostal branch emitted at a short distance before end of the cell, second, third, and fourth at about equal
VOL. I. K
66 THE LEPIDOPTERA OF CEYLON.
distances apart beyond end of the cell; cell long; discocellulars very oblique, upper bent near subcostal, concave below, lower straight, radials from the angle and end of upper discocellular; middle median branch emitted at a short distance before end of the cell, lower at one-half length of the cell; submedian slightly recurved: hindwing small, short, broadly ovate; costal margin straight, exterior margin convex; costal vein extending to apex, basal spur shghtly bent outward at its end; first subcostal branch emitted at four-fifths from the base; cell long; discocellulars very oblique, upper concave, lower straight, radial from their middle; middle median branch emitted at a short distance before end of the cell, lower branch from more than one- half length of the cell; submedian and internal vein slightly recurved. Body slender, abdomen long, last segment of female furnished with a corneous appendage ; palpi ascending, stout, finely pilose, second joint projecting slightly beyond the head, third jomt very short ; legs slender, anterior tarsi of male clothed with short spiny scales, fore tarsi of female armed with a pair of spines on each joint; antenne abruptly clavate.
TELCHINIA VIOLA (Piate 33, Fic. 1 a, 0)
Papilio Viole, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 460 (1775); Ent. Syst. iii. p. 164. Telchinia Viole, Doubleday, Gen. D. Lep. p. 142; Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i. p. 185, pl. 5, im I, de,
Papilio Cephea, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iii. pl. 298, f. D, E (1782).
Telchinia Cephea, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 27. f
Male. Upperside ochreous-red: forewing with a small black spot and an oblique streak within the cell, a large discocellular streak, an upper discal oblique series of four small spots, a single spot below these, and another between the median and submedian veins; costal margin black speckled, exterior margin and up the veins for a short distance, black: hindwing with a small black spot at end of the cell, another on the costal border, and a black marginal band traversed by a row of pale yellow spots. Female paler, with the markings and marginal band broader, the hindwing also having two black spots in the cell, two on the discocellular vein, and a curved discal series beyond. Underside. Male glossy red; black spots and marginal border of forewing as above, the latter bordered inwardly with yellowish- white: hindwing with a basal cluster of five black-ringed white spots, two costal black spots, three discoidal and a discal outer series of smaller spots; the marginal band with larger yellowish-white spots and inner border. Female duller coloured: hindwing pale yellowish-ochreous, marked as above, the hindwing having also a basal cluster of ochreous-white black-ringed spots, and the marginal band with larger spots.
Expanse, ¢ 2, % 24 inches.
LIBY THAIN ZZ. 67
Larva pale purple-brown; the segments armed with six rows of lengthened branched-spines. Feeds on Cucurbitacee. Pupa reddish-white, streaked with black, the abdominal streaks spotted with red.
* Found senoelly in the plains and up to about 4000 tech. It is about all through the year” (Mackwood). “Common at Kandy” (Wade).
Family LEMONIIDZ. Erycinide, Swainson, Phil. Mag. 1827, p. 187; Westwood, Gen. D. Lep. p. 415.
Front legs in male rudimentary, female with six perfect legs.
Subfamily LIBYTH AINA.
Palpi very long, contiguous throughout their length. Pupa suspended freely by the tail.
Genus LIBYTHEA.
Libythea, Fabricius, Iliger’s Mag. vi. p. 284 (1807); Westwood and Doubleday, Gen. of Dramnell Lep. p. 412.
Hecaerge, Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iv. p. 32 (1816); Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 100.
Chilea, Billberg, Enum. Ins. p. 79 (1820).
Forewing with the costal margin arched, apex acute, exterior margin strongly angulated below the apex, oblique and slightly waved to lower angle, posterior margin short; costal vein extending to half length of the margin; first and second subcostal branches short, first emitted at about one-third before end of the cell, second at half distance between it and the end, third and fourth at a third distance each beyond, fourth terminating at the apex; discocellulars concave, upper bent close to subcostal, radial from its angle, lower radial from their middle and terminating at the angle below the apex; middle median branch emitted at some distance before lower end of the cell, lower branch from beyond one-third before its end; submedian recurved : hindwing short, lobed at the base and convex in the middle, apex oblique, exterior margin scalloped, abdominal margin long. Body moderately robust, thorax woolly, head tufted in front; palpi much elongated, porrect, thickly pilose, closely united, second joint long, oval, third joint of equal length, slender; legs somewhat
K 2
68 THE LEPIDOPTERA OF CEYLON.
short and stout, fore tarsi of female furnished with claws and their appendages as in tarsi of hind legs; antennee with a gradually-thickened obtuse club.
LIBYTHEA RAMA (Prater 33, Fie. 2, 2a). Libythea Rama, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1872, p. 556.
Upperside dark brown: forewing with an ochreous narrow streak extending along lower part of the cell and joined to a broader discal streak beyond, an upper and lower subapical geminated spot: hindwing with a transverse, medial discal, narrow straight ochreous streak. Underside pale brown, apical border of forewing and the hindwing transversely fasciated with purple-grey, and speckled with dark brown ; discoidal streak on forewing broader and dull pale yellow, the apical spots whitish.
Expanse 2 inches.
“Central Provinces; hills 4000 to 6000 feet, in forest lands during S.W. Monsoon, May to October. Darts about and settles on the ground. Shy and not very easy to capture” (Hutchison).
“ Plentiful about 3500 feet and up weras: on the roads and banks of same in vicinity of jungle” (Mackwood).
“ Kandy and Dickoya” (Wade).
Subfamily ERYCININ 4.
Pupa recumbent on a leaf or other object, and secured by the tail and a girdle across the middle.
Genus ABISARA. Abisara, Felder, Wien. Entom. Monats. iv. p. 396 (1860).
Forewing triangular ; costal margin arched, apex slightly pointed, exterior margin oblique, straight; costal vem extending nearly two-thirds the margin; first and second subcostal branches very short, emitted near together close before end of the cell, third at one-fourth beyond, fourth and fifth at one-half beyond, third and fourth terminating on costa before reaching the apex; cell very broad; discocellulars of equal length, concave, upper radial from end of the cell, lower from middle of discocellulars ; middle median branch emitted at a short distance before end of the cell, lower at half length of the cell; submedian slightly recurved: hindwing short, broad, costal margin very convex at the base and thence oblique; exterior margin bluntly angled at end of the median vein, abdominal margin long; costal vein very short, with a basal outwardly curved spur; subcostal branches emitted beyond end of
LYC/ENID AS, 69
the cell; cell long, narrow ; upper discocellular long, very oblique, lower less oblique, straight, of equal length; middle median branch emitted before end of the cell, lower at some distance and opposite to half length of upper discocellular; submedian straight, mternal vein recurved. Body small; palpi small, porrect, not projecting beyond the eyes, slender, pilose, second joint very long, third joint short, pointed ; legs slender ; antennz with a well-formed spatulate club.
ABISARA PRUNOSA (Puiate 33, Fie. 3a, 0, g, @).
Abisara Prunosa, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond. 1879, p. 137.
Male. Upperside deep brownish-purple, with slightly paler transverse discal fasciz : hindwing with two subapical and two smaller subanal pale-bordered conical black spots margined outwardly by a delicate white line, and two intervening pale conical marks. Female duller coloured, the discal fascize and a marginal line paler, and more distinct; conical spots on the hindwing prominent. Underside paler, similar in tint and markings to upper side of female.
Expanse 14 to 1? inch.
Larva light green ; vermiform, with numerous dorsal and lateral short fine hairs. Pupa light green, dorsally black spotted, hairy. Feeds on Ardisia.
** Western and Central Provinces, in forest land, nearly ali the year; common. Has a rapid darting flight; settles on the underside of leaves with wings open” (Hutchison).
* Plentiful amongst the undergrowth of open jungle, or by roadsides. Low country and up to about 4000 feet (Mackwood).
“Galle and Kandy” (Wade).
Family LYCANIDZ.
Six perfect legs in female, four in male, the anterior tarsi wanting one or both of the tarsal claws, but densely spimed beneath. Pupa suspended by the tail and a girdle across the middle.
“These are perfect gems of beauty, mostly of small size, and including, probably, the smallest known butterflies. Their colours are most commonly azure-blue, purple, or copper. They enliven by their numbers and perpetual movements the hedges and flower-gardens of Ceylon. The different kinds are very numerous, though to a careless observer many quite distinct species appear alike, and it requires close inspection to distinguish them from one another. The larve are of small size, and
70 THE LEPIDOPTERA OF CEYLON.
feed upon the very tender young leaves of the plants they prefer; they are more or less gregarious when in their early stage of growth.
“Tt is difficult to realize that the larvee of some species of these lovely Lyczenide, such as Amblypodia, &c., are carnivorous or even cannibal in their habits, and do not hesitate to eat their own brethren of the same brood, when any of the latter are commencing their change into the mactive chrysalis state, with their consequent inability to protect themselves from their voracious kindred, who devour them with avidity. Nature, however, finds a protection for these said helpless individuals, in the instinct of a species of ant (Hormica smaragdina,* Fabr.), which, finding a substance most palatable to it, secreted naturally from a glandular defined spot upon the bodies of these helpless larvz, takes possession of them as ‘ cows,’ surrounding each separate one and the leaf on which it had been feeding with a few silken strands of its web, protecting them jealously, and attacking most fiercely any living thing intruding upon them.” (Note by Dr. Thwaites.)
Genus SPALGIS. Spalgis, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond. 1879, p. 137.
Wings small, exterior margins even. Male: forewing triangular, costa scarcely arched at the base, apex somewhat acute, exterior margin oblique, almost straight, posterior margin rather long; costal vein at some distance from the margin, extending to half its length; first and second subcostal branches short, first emitted at nearly one-half before end of the cell, second at one-fourth before the end, third at one-third beyond the cell, fourth terminating at the apex, fifth (or upper radial) from end of the cell; discocellulars slender, almost straight, the radial from their middle; cell long, extending fully to half the wing; middle median branch emitted at a short distance before end of the cell, lower at one-half before its end; submedian straight: hindwing ovate, short ; costal vein very convex from the base, extending to the apex, first subcostal branch emitted at one-fourth before end of the cell; discocellulars very slender, the radial from their middle ; two upper median branches from end of the cell, lower at half distance before the end ; submedian vein straight, internal recurved. Female: forewing less triangular, exterior margin convex, posterior margin long; hindwing convex externally. Body slender, abdomen long; palpi long, slender, clothed with very short hairy scales, second joint projecting half its length beyond the head, third joint half its length; legs short, femora delicately pilose beneath, fore tarsi of male minutely spinous at the side; antennez short, with a thickened club.
* « This ant forms its tough silken nest by spinning together with its own web several young growing terminal branches of trees; and in this nest are found a few bright green females of the ant and numerous examples of its red working neuters.” (Dr. Thwaites.)
LYCANID As, au
SPALGIS EPIUS (Prare 34, Fig. 1, la, $ 9, 18, larva).
Lucia Epius, Westwood, Genera of Diurnal Lepidoptera, p. 502, pl. 76, fig. 5, 2 (1852). Spalgis Epius, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soe. London, 1879, p. 137.
Male. Upperside violet-brown: forewing with a white quadrate spot from end of the cell. Underside greyish-white, with indistinct pale brown oval basal marks and several outer transverse interrupted zigzag lines, Female paler: forewing with a broader diffused white discal space, and a blackish discocellular Iunular mark. Cilia whitish. Underside whiter; markings bolder. Antenne reddish, with black and white basal articulations; legs banded with brown.
Expanse, ¢ 4, ¢ 1 inch.
Larva pale green, the segments armed with elongated divergent pointed processes. Pupa small, dilated in the middle. Feeds on Huphorbiacee.
Central Provinces; about flower-gardens, at 3000 feet elevation, during February. Very local” (Hutchison). ;
“Kandy. Kottawa forest, Galle. Wery common and easy to capture. Likes shady places and high jungle” (Wade).
Genus MEGISBA.
Allied to Pithecops. Differs in the triangular form of the forewing; first subcostal branch emitted at nearly one-half length before end of the cell, second at one-third before its end, third at one-eighth, the fourth at one-half beyond and terminating before the apex; discocellulars very slender; middle median branch emitted immediately before end of the cell, lower at one-half before its end; sub- median straight: hindwing convex at the apex, oblique towards anal angle, abdominal margin long; first subcostal branch emitted at one-fifth betore end of the cell; two upper median branches from a short distance beyond end of the cell. Abdomen long, reaching to anal angle; antenne with a shorter spatular club.
MEGISBA THWAITESI (Prare 34, Fic. 3, 3a, 6, ¢ 9 and larva).
Male and female. Upperside dark violet-brown: forewing with an oblique lower discal white-speckled patch. Cilia whitish. Underside bluish-white: forewing with four blackish spots on middle of costal border, one within the cell, a brown discocellular streak, an outer discal transverse curved series of five brown streaks, a marginal row of blackish spots bordered inwardly by a narrow sinuous line and outwardly by a linear marginal line: hindwing with three black subbasal transverse spots, one on middle of abdominal margin and a larger one on costal border near the apex; a narrow brown discocellular streak and a discal series of irregular-shaped spots; a marginal row of blackish spots bordered within by a sinuous line and outwardly by a
72 THE LEPIDOPTERA OF CEYLON,
linear marginal line, the third spot from anal angle large and blackest. Palpi black above; legs with prominent black bands ; antennz black with white annular bands. Expanse, ¢ 3, ? 1 inch. Larva light green, vermiform, middle segments swollen. Pupa thick, blunt at the ends. Feeds on Sapindacee.
“Kandy. Very common and easy to capture” (Wade).
Genus PITHECOPS. Pithecops, Horsfield, Catal. Lep. Mus. East India Company, p. 66 (1828).
Wings small, very broad: forewing elliptical; much arched from the base, exterior margin convex, posterior margin of equal length with anterior; costal vein extending to less than half length of the margin; subcostal branches very short, first branch emitted at one-half before end of the cell, second at one-third before its end, third at one-sixth before its end, fourth at one-half beyond the cell and terminating on costa before the apex, fifth from end of the cell; discocellulars very slender, upper shghtly longest, nearly straight ; cell long, broad; middle median branch emitted at one-sixth before end of the cell, lower at nearly one-half before its end; submedian straight: hindwing oval; exterior margin very convex ; costal vein arched at base, extending to apex; first subcostal branch emitted at one-fourth before end of the cell; discocellulars very slender, upper curved outward, lower curved inward; cell broad ; two upper median branches emitted from end of the cell, lower at one-third before its end, submedian and internal vein straight. Body slender; palpi porrect, slender, clothed with short lax scales, second joint laterally compressed, long, projecting half its length beyond the head, third jot about half its length, longest in the female, slightly clavate at tip in the male and cylindrical in the female; legs slender, fore tarsi composed of five joints, laterally spined, and in the male with a terminal bifid claw and in the female with a blunt claw; antenne with a well-formed lengthened spatular club.
PITHECOPS DHARMA (Pare 34, Fie. 4).
Male. Upperside vinous-brown: forewing with the middle of the discal area shghtly white speckled, costal edge white streaked: hindwing with the outer upper area broadly white; a marginal row of brown oval spots, each encircled by a white border; cilia white. Female more intense brown, the discal white-speckled patch on forewing more distinct: hindwing entirely brown. Underside bluish-white: forewing with brown streaks on edge of costa, a brown curved streak at end of the cell, an outer discal transverse curved row of six short waved streaks, and a marginal row of narrow spots, bordered within by a slender line and outwardly by the marginal line:
LYCAt:NIDAG. 73
hindwing with three transverse subbasal black spots, another on middle of abdominal margin, and a larger one on costal margin near the apex; a brown discocellular streak, a discal zigzag series of six narrow brown streaks, and a marginal row of small blackish spots bordered inwardly by a narrow brown line and outwardly by the marginal line. Markings most prominent in the female. Body brown, white beneath ; palpi black above; legs with black bands; antenne black, with white annulations. Expanse, 6 £, @ 1 inch.
““Hastern Province; in beds of dry rivers in forest land. Taken in August on road to Trincomalee in damp places in beds of streams in abundance” (Hutchison). “ Kandy ” (Wade).
Genus CURETIS. Curetis, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 102 (1816). Phedna, Horsfield, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. p. 123 (1829). Anops, Boisduval, Spec. Gén. Lép. pl. 7, C (1836); Westwood, Gen. D. Lep. p. 473.
Wings broad: forewing triangular ; costa much arched at the base; apical and posterior angles pointed, more or less acute; exterior margin slightly oblique; posterior margin long; costal vein short, extendimg to half length of the margin; first subcostal branch emitted at half length before end of the cell, second at one- fourth before its end, third and fourth at half length beyond, fifth (or upper radial) at a short distance before end of the cell; discocellulars very slender, of nearly equal length, slightly concave, radial from their middle; cell large, extending to more than half length of the wing; middle median branch emitted before end of the cell, lower at one-third before its end; submedian straight: hindwing short, bluntly oval, anterior margin very convex, apex rounded, exterior margin convexly oblique (or more or less angular in the middle and acute at anal angle), abdominal margin long; costal yeim very convex from the base, extending to apex; first subcostal branch emitted at one-fourth befere end of the cell; discocellulars very slender, slightly concave, radial from their middle; cell broad, long; two upper median branches emitted from end of the cell, lower at one-third before its end; submedian vein straight, internal long, recurved. Body moderately stout; abdomen short; palpi porrect, clothed with fine adpressed scales, second joint long, projecting nearly half its length beyond the head, third joint slender, flattened, about one-fourth length of the second in the male and one-half in the female; eyes hairy; legs short, thick, clothed with adpressed scales, fore tarsi of male composed of a single joint, with an obtuse claw at the tip and lateral spines beneath, fore tarsi of female composed of five joints, with twe minute claws at tip; antennez short, gradually thickening into a long club.
VOL. I. ; L
74 THE LEPIDOPTERA OF CEYLON.
CURETIS THETYS (Prare 34, Fic. 2, 2a, ¢ 9). Papilio Thetys, Drury, Ill. Exot. Ent. ii. pl. 9, f. 8, 4 (1773), 9; Cramer, Pap. Exot. iii. pl. 238, f. D, ¢- Papilio Asopus, Fabricius, Spec. Ins. ii. p. 125 (1781), 9. Papilio Phedrus, Fabricius, Spec. Ins. ii. p. 125 (1781), 3. Anops Phadrus et 4sopus, Butler, Catal. Fabrician Lep. B. M. p. 160. _ ! Papilio Cinyra, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iii. pl. 238, f. C (1782), ¢. Phedra terricola, Horsfield, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. p. 124 (1829).
Male. Upperside glossy cupreous-red: forewing with a narrow black costal and exterior marginal band, the inner border of which is jagged on the veins and acute at the apex: hindwing with a black costal border and very narrow marginal band ; abdominal border cupreous-brown. Body cupreous-brown, thorax and head tinged with olive-brown. Underside glossy-white, with a very faintly indicated dusky lunular transverse discal fascia, and a marginal row of more distinct black speckles. Female. Upperside dark brown: forewing with a broad white medial discal patch : hindwing with a narrow white irregular curved upper discal band. Cilia white. Underside as in male. Legs with red band above; palpi black above; antennze black, tipped with red.
Expanse 1£ inch.
“ Hastern Province between Kandy and Trincomalee in forest land. Taken in August whilst settling on the ground” (Hutchison). “Kandy. Rather scarce” (Wade).
Genus CYANIRIS. Cyaniris, Dalman, Vetensk. Acad. Handl. xxxvii. 63, 94 (1816).
Forewing elongated, triangular; exterior margin slightly oblique and convex, posterior margin long; costal vein extending to half length of the margm; first subcostal branch emitted at nearly one-half before end of the cell, free from costal ; second at one-third, the third at about one-eighth before end of the cell, fourth at one- half from the third and terminating at the apex, fifth from end of the cell; discocellulars slightly concave, radial from their middle; cell long, somewhat narrow, extending to more than half the wing; middle median branch emitted about one-seventh before end of the cell, lower at nearly one-half before the end; submedian slightly recurved : hindwing oval, apex very convex; costal vein curved at the base, extending to apex; first subcostal emitted at one-fourth before end of the cell; upper discocellular shortest, outwardly oblique, lower straight, erect, radial from their middle; cell rather short; middle median branch emitted from immediately before end of the cell, lower at one-third before the end; submedian and internal veins straight. Body
LYCAINIDAL. 75
slender, short; palpi porrect; second joint pilose beneath, projecting half beyond the head, third joimt slender and about half its length, naked; legs slender, femora slightly pilose beneath; antenne with a lengthened spatular club.
Type, C. Argiolus.
CYANIRIS AKASA (Prats 34, Fie. 5, ¢). Polyommatus Akasa, Horsfield, Catal. Lep. Mus. East India Company, p. 67, pl. 1, fig. 1, 1a, ¢ (1828).
Male. Upperside white: forewing with the base, costal and exterior border to near posterior angle broadly dusky-brown, and a very faintly indicated slender discocellular streak : hindwing with the base of costal border brown, base of abdominal border brewnish-grey, a delicate brown outer marginal line and a row of very small indistinct spots. Female: forewing with the brown marginal band diffused along the posterior border, where it is slightly glossed with blue, the white dise also being blue- glossed : hindwing with the brown costal band and exterior marginal line and spots more distinct, the abdominal border also more distinctly glossed with blue. Underside white : forewing with a slender blackish discocellular streak, a curved discal series of five (or six) waved short linear streaks, and a marginal row of indistinct small spots : hindwing with three subbasal black spots, and a discal curved series of irregular- shaped spots. Legs with black bands ; palpi black above and black fringed beneath.
Expanse, $ Iss, 2° 14% inch.
CYANIRIS LAVENDULARIS (Prare 34, Fie. 6, 6a, 7, $ 9). Polyommatus lavendularis, Moore, Annals of Nat. Hist. 1877, p. 341.
Male. Upperside dark lavender-blue, with an extremely narrow black outer marginal border. Female paler, and of a purple lavender-blue: forewing with the base of the costa and an outer band black : hindwing with black anterior border and marginal row of prominent pale-bordered black spots. Cilia white, with inner black border. Underside greyish-white: forewing with dusky-black streak at end of the cell, a discal series of oblique spots, and marginal row of small spots enclosed by a dentated line : hindwing with three black subbasal spots, some specimens with a smaller spot at base of subcostal and another at base of lower median vein, a curved series of seven discal spots, and a margmal row of spots enclosed by a dentate line.
Expanse, ¢ 15, 2 14% mech.
Allied to P. Puspa, Horsf. ; differs from Java specimens above in its uniform colour and narrower black borders.
« Eastern Province. Forests and Plains. Taken in August” (Hutchison). Ty
THE LEPIDOPTERA OF CEYLON.
= for)
CYANIRIS SINGALENSIS (Prater 35, Fre. 1, 1a).
Lycena Singalensis, Felder, Verh. Zool. Bot. Gesch. 1868, p. 282; Moore, Annals of Nat. Hist. 1877, p. 342.
Male. Upperside light blue. Cilia white, with blackish inner line. Underside white: forewing with a dusky black streak at end of the cell, a submarginal series of five shghtly smuous spots, a spot near the costa, and a marginal row of small spots enclosed by an inner row of sinuous lunules: hindwing with three darker subbasal spots, a spot on costa beyond middle, a spot withm and a slender streak at end of the cell, a discal curved series of five irregular-shaped spots, a curved streak above anal angle, and marginal row of small angled spots enclosed by simuous lunules. Tibiz and tarsi black streaked above. Female with the anterior and exterior borders pale brown, the border on hindwing with a row of pale blue sinuous marks.
Expanse, ¢ 15%, 2 1,5 inch.
*Oceurs at Kandy” (Wade).
CYANIRIS LANKA (Puiare 35, Fie. 2, 2a)-
Polyommatus Lanka, Moore, Annals of Nat. Hist. 1877, p. 342.
Male. Upperside very dark lavender-blue. Cilia white, with blackish inner line. Underside white; forewing with a grey-brown streak at end of the cell, 2 submarginal transverse linear row of four linear spots, a spot near the costa, and a marginal row of dentate spots: hindwing with two equidistant grey-brown spots on anterior border, a spot within and a slender streak at end of the cell, a discal curved series of five spots, two lunate marks on abdominal border, and an outer marginal row of dentate spots. Tibize and tarsi with black bands; palpi black above.
Expanse 1,%; inch.
“Central Province. Hills, 3000 to 6000 feet, in forest land; at all times. Gregarious. Settles by hundreds in damp spots on the roads” (Hutehison). “ Kandy” (Wade).
Genus CHILADES.
Forewing elongated, triangular in the female; costal vein extending to nearly half length of the margin ; first subcostal branch free from costal but running along its end, emitted beyond one-half before end of the cell, second at one-third, the third
LYCAINIDA. 77
at one-sixth, fourth at one-half from third and terminating before the apex, fifth from end of the cell; discocellulars slightly oblique, nearly straight, radial from their middle; cell long, extending to more than half the wing; middle median emitted at one-sixth before end of the cell, lower beyond one-half before the end; submedian straight: hindwing oval; exterior margin very convex; no tail; costal vein arched at base, extending to apex; first subcostal emitted at one-third before end of the cell; upper discocellular oblique, lower erect, radial from their middle; cell short, broad ; two upper median branches emitted from end of the cell, lower at one-half before the end; submedian and internal veins straight. Body small, short; palpi slender, porrect, second joint long, projecting two-thirds beyond the head, attenuated at its tip, clothed with long adpressed scales, third jot very long, naked; legs slender; antennee with a stout grooved club. Type, C. Laius.
CHILADES VARUNANA (Prare 35, Fic. 3). Polyommatus Varunana, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1865, p. 772, pl. 41, fig. 6.
Male. Upperside pale purple-blue; exterior margins with a slight pale brown border: hindwing with two or three ill-defined pale-bordered black marginal spots from anal angle. Underside hlac-grey: forewing with a brown, white-bordered spot closing the cell, a transverse row of blackish, white-bordered discal spots, and a double row of marginal white-bordered lunules: hindwing with three transverse subbasal, white-bordered black round spots, and a fourth on the middle of the costa; a pale brown streak closing the cell; a discal series of dark brown spots, a submarginal row of brown lunules, and a marginal series of blackish triangular spots, all bordered with white. Palpi and legs above black, beneath white. Female. Upperside brown: forewing with a lower basal blue patch, and a narrow black spot closing the cell: hindwing with the black marginal spots more defined and white bordered.
Expanse 1% inch.
“Colombo. In cinnamon gardens. Not a common insect. Flutters about near the ground and settles upon it” (Hutchison). “Taken at Kandy ” (Wade).
CHILADES PUTLI (Pirate 33, Fie. 4, 4a). Lycena Putli, Kollar Hiigel’s Reise, Kashmir, iv. 2, p. 422 (1844).
Male. Upperside violet-brown: hindwing with indistinct marginal pale-bordered black spots. Cilia cinereous-white. Underside cinereous-brown: forewing with a
78 THE LEPIDOPTERA OF CEYLON.
white-bordered brown discocellular spot, a transverse discal and a submarginal row of similar spots: hindwing with a white-bordered black costal spot, four transverse subbasal spots and one near base of abdominal margin; a white-bordered brown discocellular spot and a transverse discal row of similar spots, a marginal row of six prominent black conical spots speckled with metallic-green, the outer one at each end less distinct, each bordered by ochreous-yellow and above by a double white lunular line. Female. Upperside similar, the marginal spots on hindwing slightly bordered with ochreous ; markings of underside more distinct. Expanse, ¢ 7, 2° 7 Inch.
“Kandy and Trincomalee. Found in grass. Rare” (Wade).
Genus ZIZERA.
Wings small: forewing elongated, triangular; costal vein extending to half length of the wing; first subcostal branch emitted at one-half length before end of the cell and slightly touching the costal near its end, second at one-third, the third at one-sixth, fourth from half of third and terminating before the apex, fifth from end of cell; cell long, broadest in the middle; discocellulars slightly oblique im the middle, radial from the centre; middle median branch emitted at one-sixth and lower at one-half before end of the cell; submedian slightly recurved: hindwing short, oval; costal vein arched at the base, extending to apex; first subcostal at one-fourth before end of the cell; upper discocellular shortest, oblique, lower erect, radial from their middle; cell short, broad; two upper median veins from end of the cell; submedian straight; internal vein recurved at base; no tail. Body slender, abdomen long; palpi very long, porrect, second joint projecting more than half its length beyond front of the head, laxly pilose beneath, third joint long, slender, half length of the second, naked; legs slender; antennze with a stout broad spatular club.
Type, Z. Alsus.
ZIZERA KARSANDRA (Prater 35, Fie. 6, 6a). Polyommatus Karsandra, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1865, p. 505, pl. 31, fig. 7.
Male. Upperside dull blue; exterior border of both wings brown. Cilia brownish-cinereous. Female uniform purple-brown. | Underside brownish-grey ; exterior margin defined by a brown line: forewing with a white-bordered black spot within the cell, a discocellular streak, a costal spot above it, a transverse discal row of six spots, and a marginal row of white-bordered pale brown lunules : hindwing with a subbasal linear series of four white-bordered black spots, and a discal curved
LYCZNID A. 79
series of eight spots ; a pale-bordered brown discocellular streak, a marginal row of white-bordered brown spots, and a submarginal row of similar bordered lunules. Expanse, ¢ 48, ¢ 1 inch.
“Colombo; in gardens and grassy land. Almost always abundant. Hovers round weeds and plants, and constantly settling on the ground ” (Hutchison).
ZIZERA INDICA (Prare 35, Fie. 7, 7a). Lycena indica, Murray, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1874, p- 525, pl. 10) £ 2, 3.
Male. Upperside paler blue than Z. Karsandra; the marginal brown band somewhat narrower. Female purple-brown; the basal area of both wings suffused with blue; the hindwing with a submarginal indistinct series of blue lunules. Underside similar marked to Z. Karsandra, but the forewing has no spot within the cell, and the spot above the discocellular streak is also absent.
Expanse, 3 +43, 2 + inch.
ZIZERA PYGMAA (Prater 365, Fia. 5, 5a). Lycena pygmea, Suellin, Tijdschrift voor Ent. xix. p. 153, pl. 7, f. 3 (1876).
Male. Upperside lavender-blue: forewing with an indistinct broad brownish outer marginal band: hindwing with a brown marginal line. Cilia white, with brown inner line. Female pale violet-brown. Underside pale grey: forewing with a series of nine pale-bordered black spots curving from base of subcostal vein towards the apex and then across the disc, the fifth or upper discal spot lunate ; two marginal rows of pale-bordered brown lunules: hindwing with a series of nine pale-bordered black spets, the first spot disposed at the base of costal vein, two on the costal border, the others curving across the disc; two small spots also on the abdominal margin, one also below and another within the cell; a marginal row of brown lunular spots enclosed by an inner lunular line. Both wings with a brown discocellular lunule. Palpi black above; legs with black streaks.
Expanse, ¢ 35, 2 7 inch.
Found in the same localities, and has the same habits as Z. Karsandra.
Genus AZANUS.
Forewing elongated, triangular, costa almost straight, apex acute; exterior margin oblique and slightly concave; posterior margin short, angle acute; costal vein curved in its middle and slightly bent before reaching the costa; first subcostal
80 THE LEPIDOPTERA OF CEYLON.
branch emitted at one-third before end of the cell, anastomosed to the costal for a short distance near its end, second at one-sixth, third and fifth at end of the cell, fourth at one-half beyond and terminating at the apex; discocellulars very slender, radial from their middle; cell long; middle median branch emitted before end of the cell, lower at one-third before its end; submedian straight: hindwing small, short; apex convex, anal angle acute, abdominal margin short; costal vein much curved at the base, extending to the apex; first subcostal branch emitted at one-fourth before end of the cell; discocellulars very slender, radial from their middle; cell somewhat short, broad; two upper median branches emitted from end of the cell, lower at one-half before its end; submedian and internal vein straight; no tail. Thorax robust, woolly, abdomen short ; palpi porrect; second joint long, laxly pilose beneath,
extending half its length beyond the head, third joint slender, squamose, half length ~
of second ; legs slender, tarsi five jomted and finely spined beneath; antenne with a prominent spatular club. Type, A. Ubaldus.
AZANUS CRAMERI (Prats 36, Fic. 1).
Male. Upperside pale purple-blue, exterior margin defined by a slender black line. Cilia white. Female pale violet-brown, the basal areas pale violet-blue; fore- wing with a whitish-bordered brown discocellular spot: hindwing with a marginal row of indistinct pale-bordered blackish spots. Underside pale brownish-grey, outer marginal line black: forewing with a brown basal streak below the costal vein, a white-bordered blackish spot within the cell and a less distinct spot below it, a discocellular pale-bordered brown streak, a transverse subapical white-bordered brown band broken at its lower end, a marginal row of brown pale-bordered spots and an inner white submarginal lunular line: hindwing with a white-bordered black clavate basal streak, three subbasal spots, two spots on middle of abdominal margin, a costal spot, and an outer marginal row of spots, the two from anal angle speckled with metallic green; a curved discocellular and a discal pale-bordered brown eatenulated band. Palpi above black; legs with black tarsal bands.
Expanse + inch.
“Colombo. In cinnamon gardens. Loeal. Rare” (Hutchison). ‘““Hambantotte. June, among bushes. Common” (IWVade).
This is a comparatively broader insect than A. Ubaldus (Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv. pl. 390, f. L, M), the forewing is also less acuminate at the apex, and the underside has additional spots towards the base.
LYCANIDA. 81
Genus TARUCUS.
Forewing triangular; costa very slightly arched at base, apex slightly acute, exterior margin oblique and slightly convex, posterior margin straight; costal vein short, not extending to half length of the margin; first subcostal branch short, emitted at one-half before end of the cell, anastomosed to costal near its end, second at one-third, and third at one-sixth before end of the cell, fourth at one-half from third and terminating at apex, fifth from end of cell; discocellulars slightly waved, radial from their middle; cell long, broad; middle median branch emitted at one-fifth before end of the cell, lower at more than half before the end; submedian straight: hindwing bluntly oval; exterior margin convex, anal angle acute ; with a slender tail from end of lower median vein ; costal vein much arched at the base, extending to apex ; first subcostal emitted at one-half before end of the cell; discocellulars inwardly oblique, radial from their middle; cell short, broad; middle median branch emitted immediately before end of the cell, lower at one-half before the end; submedian straight, internal recurved. Body slender; palpi porrect, second joint projecting about one-third beyond the head, clothed with long lax scales, third joint slender, naked; legs slender ; antennze with a very long slender grooved club.
Type, 'T. Theophrastus.
TARUCUS THEOPHRASTUS (Pirate 36, Fic. 3).
Hesperia Theophrastus, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. p. 281 (1793). Lampides Theophrastus, Butler, Catal. Fabrician Lep. Brit. Mus. p. 164. Lycena Theophrastus, Horsf. Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. p. 73; Trimen, Lep. Afr. Austr. ii. p. 241.
Male. Upperside lavender-blue, costal edge and exterior margins narrowly lined with black: forewing with an indistinct black discocellular spot, and hindwing with a less distinct subanal spot; tail black, tipped with white. Ciha white, with mner black border. Female, with blue basal and white discal areas, the discal areas black spotted, the outer borders black and traversed by a more or less distinct row of slender white lunular marks which are single on the forewing and double and broadest on the hindwing. Underside greyish-white : forewing with a black straight streak below the costal vein, an oblique subbasal streak, two transverse discal streaks, three subapical spots, and two marginal rows of quadrate spots: hindwing with a transverse basal and subbasal black streak, irregularly disposed discal spots, a submarginal broken row of lJunular spots, and a marginal row of slightly larger rounded spots, the outer series speckled with metallic green scales.
Expanse 1 inch.
Note.—The markings on the underside of this species are wider and more VOL. I. M
82 THE LEPIDOPTERA OF CEYLON.
broken up than in the allied N. Indian form (7. Nara), and the female is more prominently white marked on the upperside.
‘“‘ Found in strips of high jungle fringing the Yalle River. Plentiful in this one spot in July” (Wade).
TARUCUS PLINIUS (Prare 36, Fie. 4).
Hesperia Plinius, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. p. 284 (1793); Donovan, Ins. Ind. pl. 41, f. 1. Lycena Plinius, Horsfield, Catal. Lep. Mus. East India Company, p. 72.
Male. Upperside purple violet-blue. Female fuliginous-brown, basal areas glossed with cobalt blue, discal area of forewing with a series of whitish quadrate spots : hindwing with indistinct whitish discal spots and a more prominent submarginal and marginal lunular band, the latter enclosing indistinct blackish spots. Underside brown : forewing with a white basal angled mark, a subbasal curved line, four waved oblique discal outwardly-confluent lines, and two marginal lunular lines: hindwing with a white basal costal streak, a subbasal straight streak, two medial waved lines, and two discal contorted lines, a submarginal row of broad lunules, and a marginal row of conical marks, the two from anal angle black with metallic-green speckles and bordered with ochreous.
Expanse 1 inch.
“Captured near Kandy, about 2000 to 2500 feet. Flies about hedges by roadside in January. Scarce” (Hutchison). “ Kandy, and Hambantotte in June” ( Wade).
Genus CASTALIUS. Castalius, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 70 (1816).
Forewing triangular; costa arched at the base, apex pointed, exterior margin oblique and slightly convex ; costal vein extending to a little over half leneth of the margin; first subcostal branch very short, anastomosed to costal for a short distance near its end, emitted at nearly one-half before end of the cell; second at a very short distance before base of first; third at one-eighth before end of the cell, fourth at one-half beyond the cell, fifth from end of the cell; discocellulars slightly oblique and recurved, radial from their middle; cell extendmg to more than half length of the wing; middle median branch emitted at one-eighth before end of the cell, lower at one-half before its end; submedian nearly straight: hindwing bluntly oval, exterior margin convex anteriorly, slightly angled and with a delicate tail at end of lower median vein; costal vein arched at base and extending to apex; first subcostal . emitted at one-fourth before end of the cell; discocellulars recurved, radial from
LYCANID Ai. 83
their middle; cell short, broad; two upper median branches from end of the cell, lower at one-third before its end; submedian vein straight, internal recurved. Body small, abdomen short; palpi porrect, long, second joint compressed, clothed with compact hairy-scales, projecting half its length beyond the head, third joint slender, naked, more than half length of second; legs slender; antennz with a blunt spatular club.
Type, C. Rosimon.
CASTALIUS ROSIMON (Prare 36, Fic. 2).
Papilio Rosimon, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 523 (1778).
Castalius Rosimon, Butler, Catal. Fabrician Lep. B. M. p. 162.
Lycena Rosimon, Horsfield, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. p. 71.
Papilio Maimon, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 5384 (1775).
Papilio Clyton, Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. pl. 67, fig. F, G (1779), 6.
Papilio Coridon, Cramer, id. iv. pl. 340, fig. C—E (1782), 9.
Castalius Naxus, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 70 (1816). __ Male and female. Upperside white, basal area scattered over with silvery blue or greenish scales: forewing in male with a blackish-brown costal and outer marginal band, a large discocellular spot, and an outer discal irregular series of five spots, and a less distinct lower basal oblique spot: hindwing with a blackish-brown costal and broad outer marginal band, the latter traversed by a row of slender white more or less complete conical rings; tail black tipped with white. Cilia alternated with white. Female with broader black marginal bands and spots. Underside white: forewing with a black straight basal band, an oblique lower subbasal streak, a short discocellular streak, an outer discal series of five spots, and a marginal double row of small spots: hindwing with two basal transverse black streaks, a subbasal dispersed series of nine spots, a discal row and two marginal rows of smaller spots, the three anal spots on the outer row speckled with metallic-green scales. Body above black; thorax bluish, side and front of head white; palpi above and bands on tarsi black.
Expanse 1 to 1] inch.
“Colombo. Plains and borders of cultivated ground; at all times. Slow
flight; settles among grass and on the ground; easily captured ” (Hutchison). “Galle and Kandy. Very common”? (Wade).
CASTALIUS ETHION (Prats 36, Fic. 5, 5a).
Lycena Ethion, Doubleday and Hewitson Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 490, pl. 76, fig. 8 (1852); Hewitson, Exot. Butt. V. Lye. pl. 1, f. 5 (1876).
Male. Upperside dark violet-black : forewing with a broad bluish-white medial mM 2
84 THE LEPIDOPTERA OF CEYLON.
discal transverse band, which is angled outward at its anterior end, the discal area outside the band suffused with blue. Female fuliginous-brown, with a similar white discal band, but not glossed with blue. ‘Tail black. Underside bluish-white : forewing with two black basal oblique bands, an upper and lower discal short band with an intervening small spot, and two marginal rows of small spots: hindwing with two short black basal bands, three outer discal spots, and two marginal rows of smaller spots, the two spots from anal angle speckled with metallic-green scales; palpi black above ; legs black with white bands. Expanse 1] inch.
“Galle and Kandy. Very common” (Wade).
CASTALIUS DECIDIA. Lycena Decidia, Hewitson, Exotic Butt. V. Lyc. pl. i. f. 4 (1876).
Upperside violet-black, with a broad white medial transverse band, which is angled inward towards the costa and hooked outward below the apex. Underside with narrow black markings on forewing and yery attenuated streaks on the hindwing.
Expanse 12 inch.
“Western and Central Provinces. Plains and Hills up to 4000 feet. Common in low country forests from June to October. Flits about the tops of shrubs and low trees, settling among the leaves” (Hutchison).
CASTALIUS HAMATUS (Prats 36, Fie. 6, 6a).
Male. Upperside dark violet-black; both wings with a narrow white medial discal transverse band, which is attenuated and hooked outward at its anterior end below the costa, the band on both wings is also crossed by black veins, and thickly black speckled on the hindwing; cilia white alternated with black. Female with the white band broader and more acutely hooked. Underside white: forewing with a broad black subbasal band curving inward from the costa, an oblique short subapical and a lower discal band, a marginal lunular band which is dilated at both ends and projected inward from the middle: hindwing with a black basal curved band, a small contiguous spot on abdominal margin, a large upper and lower irregular discal spot, and a smaller intervening spot, a marginal row of lunules. Palpi black above ; legs black with white bands.
Expanse 1} inch.
“Galle and Kandy. Very common” (Wade).
LYCANIDA. 85
Genus EVERES.
Everes, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 69 (1816).
Forewing elongate, triangular ; costa slightly arched at the base, apex rounded, exterior margin slightly oblique and convex, posterior margin long; costal vein short, bent slightly upward before reaching the costa, and not extending to half length of the margin; first subcostal branch ascending and anastomosed to costal near its end, second at one-third before end of the cell, third at one-sixth before its end, fourth from one-half length of the third and terminating at the apex, fifth from end of the cell; discocellulars slightly oblique, radial from their middle; the middle median emitted at one-sixth before end of the cell, lower at one-half before its end ; submedian slightly recurved: hindwing oval; with a slender tail from end of lower median vein; costal vein extending to near apex, arched at the base; upper discocellular oblique, lower erect, radial from their middle; cell short; middle median branch emitted before end of the cell, lower at one-half before its end; submedian and internal veins straight. Body small, short; palpi slender, porrect, second joint pointed at its end and clothed with longish scales at its base beneath, third joint long, slender; legs slender ; antennz with a slender grooved club.
Type, H. Amyntas Fab.
EVERES PARRHASIUS (Prater 36, Fic. 7).
Hesperia Parrhasius, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. i. p. 289 (1798). Lycena Parrhasius, Horsfield, Catal. Lep. Mus. East India Company, p. 86.
Male. Upperside deep violet-blue, with a narrow brown outer marginal band, the band on the hindwing with black spots slightly bordered with white. Female violet-brown, the lower basal and discal areas more or less greyish-blue: hindwing with a marginal row of white-bordered black spots, the two spots between the median veins bordered with a red inner lunule. Underside greyish-white: forewing with a white-bordered dusky-brown discocellular lunule, an outer discal lunular line, and two marginal lunular lines: hindwing with three black subbasal and an apical spot, a white-bordered dusky-brown discocellular lunule, a discal row of lunules, and a marginal lunular line, the latter enclosing two large subanal black spots bordered with ochreous.
Expanse, ¢ 1, ? 14 inch.
“Colombo. In open and cultivated land” (Hutchison). “Galle and Kandy. Very common” (Wade).
86 THE LEPIDOPTERA OF CEYLON.
Genus JAMIDES.
Jamides, Hubner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 71 (1816).
Forewing elongate, triangular; costa slightly arched at base, apex very acute, exterior margin slightly oblique and convex, posterior margin long; costal vein bent upward near its end to the costa, extending to half length of the margin; first subcostal branch short, emitted at nearly one-half before end of the cell and slightly touching the costal at its angle, second branch at one-third before end of the cell, third close to the end, fourth at nearly one-half from third and terminatig at the apex, fifth from end of the cell; discocellulars shghtly waved, radial from their middle; cell broad, long, extending to more than half the wing; middle median branch emitted at one-sixth before end of the cell, lower at nearly one-half before the end; submedian straight: hindwing short, triangular, with a slender tail from end of lower median vein; costal vein arched and extending to apex; discocellulars slightly oblique, radial from their middle; cell short, broad; middle median branch emitted before end of the cell, lower at nearly one-half before the end; submedian straight, internal recurved. Body slender, short; palpi porrect, second joint projecting half length beyond the head, clothed with adpressed scales, third joint naked, slender, about half length of second; legs slender; antennze with a thick club.
JAMIDES BOCHUS (Pirate 36, Fie. 8, 8a, ¢ 9).
Papilio Bochus, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv. pl. 391, fig. C, D (1782), ¢.
Jamides Bochus, Hibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 71 (1816).
Hesperia Democritus, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. ili. p. 285 (1793), ¢.
Hesperia Plato, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. p. 288 (1793), @.
Lampides Plato, Butler, Catal. Fabrician Lep. B. M. p. 166, pl. 2, fig. 3, ¢. Lycena Nila, Horsfield, Catalogue Lep. Mus. East India Company, p. 78 (1829), ¢.
Male. Upperside: forewing jet-black, lower basal and discal area glittering steel-blue: hindwing glittering steel-blue, with a black marginal line and indistinet anal spots; abdominal margin jet-black. Cilia black. Female dark fuliginous-brown, the lower basal and discal area of both wings unglossed cobalt-blue ; marginal spots on himdwing bordered with blue. Underside greyish fuliginous-brown: forewing with two faintly-indicated slender white discocellular streaks, two transverse discal broken lines, two submarginal lunular lines, and a marginal line: hindwing with two subbasal and two discal broken white lines, two submarginal sinuous lines, and a marginal line; a prominent red-bordered subanal black spot and a slight anal streak, both speckled with metallic-blue scales.
Hxpanse 14 inch.
LYCA NIDA. 87
“Western and Central Provinces. Plains and Hills up to 4000 feet. Has a quick flight, darting from point to point among hedges on the roadside, and settling on the leaves” (Hutchison).
“Galle and Kandy. Common” (Wade).
Genus LYC/X.NESTHES. Lycenesthes, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1865,