inl

Wi

iin

All

39317109 S,13VHOIW ‘LS 4O

ISH3AINN

"Digitized me the MOR \ in 2008 with fundir 1 Fou

THE LOEB CLASSICAL LIBRARY

FOUNDED BY JAMES LOEB, LL.D.

EDITED BY

{T. E. PAGE, c.u., LITT.D. +E. CAPPS, pPuH.p., LL.D. +W. H. D. ROUSE, tirt.p. L. A. POST, u.n.p. E. H. WARMINGTON, s.a., F.B.HIST.SOC.

LUCIAN V

oatrrn R00

LUCIAN

WITH AN ENGLISH TRANSLATION BY A. M. HARMON

OF YALE UNIVERSITY

IN EIGHT VOLUMES Vv

LONDON

WILLIAM HEINEMANN LTD

CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS

HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS MOMLXII

Re =~. te

WOTTAIBAERT HAM, MOMMA,

; Vraay ime ated

rl Lh i a i al at ite tt en

KOBLON sf

ITE MVVAMAAIIN M, aVTEAHDARAM Od sia 2eAit YTWEAHRIAD Ge Printed in Great Britain

CONTENTS

LIST OF LUCIAN’S WORKS PREFATORY NOTE chad ey. EEE RAIS THE PASSING OF PEREGRINUS (Peregrinus)

THE RUNAWAYS (Fugitivi)

TOXARIS, OR FRIENDSHIP (T'oxaris vel amicilia) .

THE DANCE (Saltalio)

LEXIPHANES (Leviphanes) . . .

THE EUNUCH (Hunuchus) . . . « - ASTROLOGY (Astrologia). . . -

THE MISTAKEN CRITIC (Pseudologista) .

THE PARLIAMENT OF THE GODS (Deorum concilium)

THE TYRANNICIDE (J'yrannicida) DISOWNED (Abdicatus)

INDEX

(ostantoty Dario Sy

LIST OF LUCIAN’S WORKS

SHOWING THEIR DIVISION INTO VOLUMES IN THIS EDITION

VoLumeE I

Phalaris I and IJ—Hippias or the Bath—Dionysus— Heracles—Amber or The Swans—The Fly—Nigrinus— Demonax—The Hall—My Native Land—Octogenarians—A True Story I and II—Slander—The Consonants at Law—The Carousal or The Lapiths.

VotumeE II The Downward Journey or The Tyrant—Zeus Catechized —Zeus Rants—The Dream or The Cock—Prometheus—* Icaromenippus or The Sky-man—Timon or The Misanthrope —Charon or The Inspector—Philosophies for Sale.

VotumeE III The Dead Come to Life or The Fisherman—The Double Indictment or Trials by Jury—On Sacrifices—The Ignorant Book Collector—The Dream or Lucian’s Career—The Parasite —The Lover of Lies—The Judgement of the Goddesses—On Salaried Posts in Great Houses.

VoLumE IV

Anacharsis or Athletics—Menippus or The Descent into Hades—On Funerals—A Professor of Public Speaking— Alexander the False Prophet—Essays in Portraiture—Essays in Portraiture Defended—The Goddess of Surrye.

vii

LIST OF LUCIAN’S WORKS

VoLumME V

The Passing of Peregrinus—The Runaways—Toxaris or Friendship—The Dance—Lexiphanes—The Eunuch—Astro- logy—The Mistaken Critic—The Parliament of the Gods— The Tyrannicide—Disowned.

‘Votume VI Historia—Dipsades—Saturnalia— Herodotus—Zeuxis—Pro Lapsu—A pologia—Harmonides—Hesiodus—Scytha—Hermo- /

timus—Prometheus Es—Navigium.

VotumE VII

Dialogues of the Dead—Dialogues of the Sea-Gods— Dialogues of the Gods (exe. Deorum Judicium ef. Vol. IlI)— Dialogues of the Courtesans.

VoLtumeE VIII

Soloecista—Lucius, or the Ass—Amores—Haleyon—Demos- thenes— Podagra— Ocypus—Cyniscus— dC) Chari- demus—Nero,

viii

NOTE

In the constitution of this volume Peregrinus, Fugitivi, and Toxaris, which in Vat. 90 (1) follow Abdicatus, are placed before Saltatio ; i.e. at the begin- ning of the volume instead of the end. Amores, which in that MS. follows Astrologia, is omitted here for inclusion in Volume VII, and Pro Imaginibus, which follows Amores, has already been published in Volume IV, following Imagines.

In editing the Greek Text, rotographs of I’ and N have been used throughout, except for the Pere- grinus, now lacking in N. Rotographs of U, P, and Z, have been used for the pieces contained in those MSS.: for Astrology, Z; for The Parliament of the Gods, P and Z (but Z has only the prephisma); for The Tyrannicide and Disowned, U and Z.

askip sishaees

re

a ee

4 * Setar ail

:

_assdiognnel nk basy 1h 4 Lig : Earle pild tr aud noad } ub rth *

gis

Brea ¥ % esalaergatos ot “pest ofS 163. tqooxs , aes a here I . to edqstgoioll ~ ate seat i benisinos e4osig | —

ae ct ws ye es

2% ide ol = ge ee ee -

ro

THE WORKS OF LUCIAN

THE PASSING OF PEREGRINUS

An account of the life and death of a Cynic philosopher who for a time in his early life went over to Christianity, practising it to the point of imprisonment under a very tolerant administration, and after returning to Cynicism became in his old age so enamoured of Indic ideas and pre- cedents that he cremated himself at Olympia, just after the games of A.D. 165, even as Calanus had done at Susa in the presence of Alexander the Great and as Zarmarus had done at Athens, after initiation into the mysteries, in the presence of Augustus.

Writing soon after the event, of which he was a witness, Lucian makes his main theme the story of what went on at Olympia. The earlier life of Peregrinus is portrayed incident- ally in a speech attributed by Lucian to someone whose name he did not know, but clearly made by Lucian himself (p. 8, n. 2). =

Lucian believes himself to be exposing a sham, whose zeal was not at all for truth but only for applause and renown. Many notable modern critics, including Zeller, Bernays, Croiset, and Wilamowitz, dissent from his interpretation, discerning in the man an earnest seeker after truth; for to them thirst for glory is not an adequate explanation of his final act. This point of view hardly embodies sufficient recognition of the driving force of that motive with Greeks, and particularly Greeks of the second century (Nock, Con- version, p. 201). Greek writers recognised it as a possible explanation of the behaviour of Calanus and of Zarmarus. In this case, Lucian not only knew the man but knew others who knew him: for instance, Demonax. Assuredly, the interpretation that he gives is not his alone. Perhaps it is not so far wrong after all. Certainly there are authentic features in it, like the attempt of Proteus to get back the inheritance he had previously renounced and bestowed upon his native city, which make it impossible to see in him the ‘earnest and steadfast man” that Aulus Gellius thought him.

I

MEPI THE MEPEPPINOY TEAEYTHS.

Aovxtavos Kpovin ed mparreu.

1 ‘O xaxodaipwv Ilepeypivos, 7) ws adros Exatpev dvonalwy éavrov, IIpwreds, atro 87 exeivo To. Tod ‘Opnpixod IIpwréws énabev> amavra yap Sofys evexa yevopevos Kal pupias tpomas Tpamopevos, Ta TeAevTAia Tatra Kal Top eyeveTo* TocoUTW apa T@ Epwrt THs Sdéns elyeTo. Kal viv exeivos amnvOpdaxwrai aor 6 BéATLaTos KaTa TOV ’"EpmedoxAda, map’ dcov 6 pev Kav diadabety erre-

This piece is wanting in N and several other MSS. because it was in the Index Librorum Prohibitorum. Tt has been edited separately by Lionello Levi, with the readings of

eight MSS., chief of which are I’, X (Pal. 73), and M (Par. 2964),

1 The greeting here employed (its sense might perhaps be more adequately rendered by ‘‘ Good issues to all your doings”’) marks Cronius as a Platonist. Lucian himself (Lapsus, 4) ascribes its origin to Plato, and he employs it ia addressing the philosopher Nigrinus (I, p. 98). A Platonist named Cronius is more than once mentioned by Porphyry, but to identify the two would contribute next to nothing to our knowledge of either.

2 Cf. Aulus Gellius, XII, 11: philosophum nomine Pere- grinum, cui postea cognomentum Proteus factum est, virum gravem et constantem, etc. Lucian calls him Peregrinus Proteus in Demonaz, 21 (I, p. 156), but simply Proteus the Cynic in adv. Indoct., 14 (III, p. 192), and he is Proteus to

2

THE PASSING OF PEREGRINUS

Best wishes from Lucian to Cronius.?

Unlucky Peregrinus, or, as he delighted to style himself, Proteus,” has done exactly what Proteus in Homer did.3 After turning into everything for the sake of notoriety and achieving any number of transformations, here at last he has turned into fire; so great, it seems, was the love of notoriety that possece him. And now your genial friend has got

imself carbonified after the fashion of Empedocles, except that the latter at least tried to escape

the Philostrati (cf. Vit. Soph. II, 1, 33 and for the elder Philostratus the title of his lost work Proteus the Cynic ; or, the Sophist), to Tatian (Orat. ad Graecos, 25), and to Athena- goras (Legat. de Christian., 26). The name Peregrinus is used in Aulus Gellius, VITI, 3, Ammianus Marcellinus, X XIX, 1, 39, Tertullian ad Mariyres, 4, and Eusebius, Chron., Vol. II, p- 170, Schéne. From the passage in Gellius cited above we can infer only that he did not hear the sobriquet Proteus when he wasin Athens. The manner of its employment by Lucian is sufficient evidence that it did not originate with Lucian, or after the death of Peregrinus. It was probably applied to him towards the close of his career. That it bears a sense very like what Lucian attributes to it is clear from Maximus of Tyre, VIII, 1. In § 27 Lucian professes to have heard that he wanted to change it to Phoenix after his decision to immolate himself.

3 The transformations of the sea-god in his effort to escape from Menelaus, who wanted to consult him, are told in the Odyssey, IV, 454-459.

3

THE WORKS OF LUCIAN

pdbn euBadrdv éavrdv eis tods Kparhpas, 6 Sé

yevvddas odtos, tiv TodvavOpwrotatny TeV ‘EMAnvixdy mavnyipewr typhoas, mupav drt peylornv vicas evenydnoev ent tocovTwy pap- TUpwv, Kal Adyous twas trép TovTov eimwv

‘ ‘ 7 ? \ ~ ¢ ~ ~ mpos tovs “KAAnvas od mpo todMA@yv jyep@v tod TOALHPATOS.

2 IloAAa rtoivey doxd por opav oe yeAdvra

emt TH Kopulyn Tod yepovtos, uGAAov Sé Kat axovw Bo@vros ofd ce eixds Body, “"Q ris dBeArepias, n”“ ~ / a“ > ~ + “a / @ Tis So€oKxomias, @—’ tav ddAwy a Héyew elwOapev mept adtdv. oad pev odv mdéppw radra kal paKp@ aopadéorepov, éya dé mapa 76 Dp ado Kal €rt mpdtepov ev TOAAG TAHOE TaV aKpoarav elmov adrd, eviwy pev dyfopévwv, door ebad- palov tiv amdvovav Tod yepovtos: hoav dé TwWes a A 2 ‘ > / a ? a > 2\7 a“ ol Kal avrou eyeAwy em atdt@. aAX’ ddrjtyou Seiv bro tHv Kuvkdv ey cor dveordobnv womep 6 ’"Axraiwy b1d Tov KuvOv 7 6 dvefids adTod 6 IlevOeds t76 TOv Mawaddwv.

3 ‘H 6€ aéca tod mpdyparos SiacKkevi) todd Hv. Tov pev trontny oloba olds re Hv Kal HAlka > , , 7 A , e A ‘ /, eTpaywder ap ddrov tov Biov, imép tov YodokAda kat tov Aicyvdov. éyw dé emet taxvoTa eis THY *Hdw aduxouny, 81a Tod yupvaciov aviv) émjKovov

lon \ ~ lod apa Kuvixod twos peydAn Kal tpayela TH dwt ta, ovvyn tatra Kal eK Tplodou THY apeTry emPowpevov Kal damacw danagatAds Aowdopov- pevov. elta KatéAnfev atdr@ 7 Bo es Tov

1 dvusy Sommerbrodt.: adrav MSS.

2 “Up” means to Olympia (ef. § 31).

THE PASSING OF PEREGRINUS

observation when he threw himself into the crater,! while this gentleman waited for that one of the Greek. festivals which draws the greatest crowds, heaped up a very large pyre, and leaped into it before all those witnesses; he even addressed the Greeks on the subject not many, days before his venture. x *

I think I can see you Gaughin heartily at the old man’s drivelling iaksey indeed TF heas you give tongue as you naturally would: “ Oh, the stupidity! Oh, the vainglory! Oh ’’—everything else that we are in the habit of saying about it all. Well, you are doing this at a distance and with far greater security, but I said it right by the fire and even earlier in a great crowd of listeners, angering some of them—as many as admired the old man’s fool-hardiness; but there were others beside myself who laughed at him. However, I narrowly missed getting torn limb from limb for you by the Cynics just as Actaeon was by his dogs or his cousin Pentheus by the Maenads.

The complete mise en scéne of the affair was as follows. You know, of course, what the playwright was like and what spectacular performances he presented his whole life long, outdoing Sophocles and Aeschylus. As for my part in it, as soon as I came to Elis, in going up? by way of the gymnasium I overheard a Cynic bawling out the usual street- corner invocations to Virtue in a loud, harsh voice, and .abusing -everyone without exception. Then his harangue wound up with Proteus, and to the best

1 Of Aetna; it was said that the manner of his death remained unknown until the mountain cast up one of his golden sandals.

5

THE WORKS OF LUCIAN

Ipwréa, cal as adv olds re & mevpdoopat aoe ava exeiva azoprvnuovedoa ws é€déyero. od &é yuuwprets dnAad7}, toAAaKts adrots mapacras Bodaw. 4 Hpwrea yap tts,” edn, * Kevodokov ToAUa ~ ‘ ‘ 4 " Aéyew, & vi Kal je Kal worapol Kal OdAarra ‘ ~ € 4, / ‘ J , kat matp@e “HpdxdAets—IIpwréa tov ev Lupia Selevra, tov TH matpid. dvévta mevrakioyiha Tadavra, Tov amo THs “Pwyatwy modrews €xBAn- evra, tov tot “HXtov émonpdtepov, tov adT@ a ‘ ~ > ‘ 7 > > > avraywricacba, 7H “OdAvyriw Suvapevov; GAA e A ‘ > , ~ , 4 « , ott Sua aupds eEdyew Tod Biov Svéyvwxev éavrov, els Kevodokiav Twes TobTo avadépovew; od yap ‘H N\A a 2 A > \ ‘ A / pakdAjs ovTws; od yap “AoKxAnmos kat Atovucos Kepavv@; od yap ta TeAevtaia *EpmedoxdAjs els TOUS KpaThpas;” i 5 ‘Os 6€ raéra eltey 6 Ocayévns—robro yap 6 KeKpayd@s exeivos éxadetro—npopnv Twa TeV ~ _¢ trapeotwTtww, “Ti BovAerat To wept Tob TUpds, H Tk ‘H An \ "Ee § AF \ \ ul ,. 3? pakAijs Kat “EymedoxAjs mpos tov Upwréa.” ¢ Po @e > > PSF « , ¢ 4 0 d€, “ Od« els paxpav,” edn, “ kadoe éavrov ¢ ‘ > , a> O2 Punic {ain een 6 IIpwreds *Odvpriacw. lds," ednv, “7 / > ~ of Twos évexa;”” elra 6 pev emetparo A¢yew, eda , ee , ” pps > ” Sa de 6 Kunxds, dare aynavov jv adAov, axovew. ~ ~ * enjKovov obv Ta AoiTa exavtAobvTos avTod Kai

1 The cases of Dionysus and Asclepius were not quite parallel. Zeus could not have Asclepius raising the dead, and so transferred his activities to a higher sphere by means of the thunderbolt. It was Semele, the mother of Dionysus, whom his other bolt carbonised; but as it certainly effected, even if only incidentally, the translation of Dionysus, and as one of the epigrams in the Anthology (XVI, 185) similarly links Dionysus with Heracles as having achieved immortality by fire, it is hard to seo why so many editors have pruned

6

‘4 KALASL

THE PASSING) OF PEREGRINUS

of my.ability I shall try to quote for you the very words he said. You will find the style familiar, of course, as you have often stood near them while they were ranting. 7

“Does anyone dare,” he said, “to call Proteus vainglorious, O Earth, O sun, O rivers, O sea, O Heracles, god of our fathers!—Proteus, who was . imprisoned in Syria, who renounced five thousand talents in favour of his native land, who was banished from the: city of Rome, who is more conspicuous than the sun, who is able to rival Olympian’ Zeus himself? Because he has resolyed to depart from life by way of fire, are there people who attribute this to vainglory? Why, did not Heracles do so? Did not Asclepius and Dionysus,! by grace..of the thunderbolt ?,. Did not Empedocles-end by. leaping into the crater? ”’

When Theagenes 2—for that was the bawler’s © name—said that, I asked a bystander, “* What is the meaning of his talk about fire, and what have Heracles and Empedocles to do with Proteus?” “ Before long,” he replied, “‘ Proteus is going to burn himself up at the Olympic festival.” “ How,” said I, “ and why?” Then he undertook to tell me, but the Cynic was bawling, so that it was impossible to hear anyone else. I listened, therefore, while he flooded

the exuberance of Theagenes by excising mention of Dionysus from his remarks. Cf. Parl. of the Gods, 6 (p. 425).

~ -2-We learn elsewhere in this piece that Theagenes lived in Patras and had property worth fifteen talents, obtained by lending money. Bernays (Lucian und die Kymker, pp. 13-18) is very likely. right in thinking this to be the man whose death in Rome is described by Galen (Meth. Med., 13, 15: X, 909 Kiihn), but. he makes rather. too much of that passage as an endorsement of Theagenes.

7

THE WORKS. OF LUCIAN

4 ¢€ A ‘ ‘ Oavpaords tivas trepBords SreEdvros Kata Tob IIpwréws: tov pev yap Liww7éa 7) Tov 88doKadov

> ~ > bg, Bde LAA > , 7 A avtod “Avricbévn odd€ mapaBdAdew jéiov at7a, > > ? \ ‘ / > / > 4 A ‘ La adn’ obd€ Tov LwKparyn adrov, exdder 5€ tov Ata Sik A a / ” 2 ~ emt THv apiAdav. etra peévror dofev adT@ toous mws gvddéar attovs, Kal ovUTw KaTémave TOV

~ > 6 Adyov: “ Avo yap Tatra,” édn, “6 Bios dpiora

, > / A / ‘ > Snpvoupyjpata eJedoato, tov Aia tov *OAvpmtov

‘ \ a ~ kat Ilpwréa: Adora: S€ Kal rexyvirat, Tod pev Medias, tod Sé 7) ddots. adda viv €€ avOpamuv eis Geods TO dyadua TobTo olyjoeTat, dyovjeevov emt tod mupds, ophavods nuads Katadumdv.” Tatra Edv TOAAD iSpOru dieEcAOwv eddxpve pdra yedoiws Kai tas tpixas €riAdeTo, brodetddopevos pn mavu €Axew* Kal tédos amijyov abrov Avlovra petaéd tov Kuvixdv twes trapapvbovpevor.

7 Mera 8€ todrov ddAos edOds avaBaiver, od / a \ a > \ nd > : meptuseivas Siadvbjvat ro ARVs aAAa én” aifo- pévots Tois mporépois tepetois emréyet TOV OTTOVOMY.

‘ \ \ ~ 254 es ely 4 \ -~\.

Kal TO fev mp@Tov emt Tord eyeha Kat SHAos Fv vetobev adto dpav: elra jnpgato bdé mws* “ Emel 6 Katdpatos Qeayévys téAos Tay puapwratwy avtod. Adywy 7a. ‘Hpaxdreitrov Sdxpva émouj- gato, €yw KaTa TO evavtiov ano Tod Anpoxpirov

s\ ” ”»> ‘ 50 > /r, eS A , ye\wros dpfopa.” Kat adlis éeyéAa ent mod, woTe Kal wua@v Tovs oAAods emi TO SpoLov

1 Diogenes.

2 Evidently the Cynic had spoken from a high place (perhaps the portico of the gymnasium) to which the new speaker now ascends. What Lucian has previously said (§ 2), together with his failure here to say a word about the identity

8

THE PASSING OF PEREGRINUS

us with the rest of his bilge-water and got off a lot of amazing hyperbole about Proteus, for, not deigning to compare him with the man of Sinope, or his teacher Antisthenes, or even with Socrates himself, he summoned Zeus to the lists. Then, however, he decided to keep them about equal, and thus concluded his speech: ‘‘ These are the two noblest masterpieces that the world has seen—the Olympian Zeus, and Proteus; of the one, the creator and artist was Phidias, of the other, Nature. But now this holy image is about to depart from among men to gods, borne on the wings of fire, leaving us bereft.” After completing this discourse with \_ - copious perspiration, he shed tears in a highly / ridiculous way and tore his hair, taking care not to pull very hard; and at length he was led away, sobbing as he went, by some of the Cynics, who ~ strove to comfort him.

After him, another man went up at once,? not per- mitting the throng to disperse, but pouring a libation on the previous sacrificial offerings while they were still ablaze. At first he laughed long time, and ©,’ obviously did it from the heart. Then he began somewhat after this fashion: ‘‘ Since that accursed Theagenes terminated his pestilential remarks with the tears of Heraclitus, I, on the contrary, shall begin with the laughter of Democritus.” And again he went on laughing a long time, so that he or personality of the author of these remarks, puts it beyond doubt that the “other man” is Lucian himself, and that he expects his readers to draw this inference. The device is so transparent that its intent can be regarded only as artistic. It is employed also in The Eunuch, 10 (p. 341). Somewhat

similar is his borrowing a Prologue from Menander to speak for him in The Mistaken Critic (p. 379).

9

8

9

10

THE WORKS OF LUCIAN

éreomdoato. elra é€muotpepas éavtov, “"H ri yap dMo,” €dn, “‘ & avdpes, xp7) motetv axovovras pev ovTw yeAoiwv prjoewy, op@vras} 8€ avdpas’ yépovras Sofaptov KaTanTvoToU évera Hovovouxt kuBiaravras ev TO peo ; ws be etdeinre oldv tt TO dyalud €oTt TO KavOnodpevov, dov- care pov ef apyns mrapaguddtavros Ra yvespny atrob Kat tov Biov émtnpjoartos: Evia. b€ Tapa. TOV tmodtav avtTob emvvfavopny Kat ols avayKn HV axpiBas eloevat aUTOV.

To yap Tijs dvcews TobTO dopa Kat Snpwovp- ynya, 6 Tob TloAvKAetrou Kava, emel els avdpas: teAciv jpéato, ev "Appevia poyedwy adovs pada moAAas mAnyas €AaBev Kal téAos Kata TOD Téyous aAdpevos Sredvye, padavids rv muynv BeBvopevos. elra pletpaxidv Tu _Gpaiov diadbetpas TpiaxtAtcov efwvijoaro rapa. TOV yovewy Too Tra50s, TevaTiV OvTwv, [12 emt TOV dppooriy dra Ojjvau ths Acias.

= Tadra cal Ta. TovadTa éacew pot SoKa- anAdos yap €Tt amAactos Hv Kal ovdera evredes ayaAa. mtv Sedqmsor'ipynro. a de TOV Tarépa. edpacev kat mdvy axodoat agé.ov: Kairou madvres

tote, Kat aKynKoaTe ws amemee TOV yepovTa,

> > , > ‘ ¢€ \ ¢ , ” ww ovK avacxysuevos attov tmep é€jKovTa €TH 7 ynpavra. elta ened) 7do mpadypa SeBeBonro, duyjv é€avtod Katadicdoas émAavato dAdote

GAAnv apeiBur.

a yeaa! 1 dxovovtas .. . dp@vras T': dxovovra.. . épavra XMF.

1 The proportions of the statue of a naked youth carry arrying a spear (the Doryphorus), made by Polyclitus, were analy:

to

THE PASSING OF PEREGRINUS

drew most of us into doing likewise. Then, changing countenance, he said, ‘‘ Pray, what else, gentlemen, are we to do when we hear utterances so ridiculous, and see old men all but standing on their heads in public for the sake of a little despicable notoriety ? That you may know what manner of thing is this ‘holy image’ which is about to be burned up, give me. your ears, for I have observed his character and kept an eye on his career from the beginning, and have ascertained various particulars from his fellow-citizens and people who cannot have helped knowing him thoroughly.

“This creation and masterpiece of nature, this Polyclitan canon, as soon as he came of age, was taken in adultery in Armenia and got a sound thrashing, but finally jumped down from the roof and made his escape, with a radish stopping his vent. Then he corrupted a handsome boy, and by paying three thousand drachmas to the boy’s parents, who were poor, bought himself off from being brought before the governor of the province of Asia.

“ All this and the like of it I propose to pass over ; for he was still unshapen clay, and our ‘holy image” had not yet been consummated for us. What he did to his father, however, is very well worth hearing; but you all know it—you have heard how he strangled the aged man, unable to tolerate his living beyond sixty years. ‘Then, when the affair had been noised abroad, he con- demned himself to exile and roamed about, going to one country after another.

by the sculptor himself in a book called the Canon, and universally accepted as canonical for the male figure.

It

11

12

THE WORKS OF LUCIAN

je "Oremep Kat tiv Oavpaoriv codiay radv Xpuoriavdy efeuabler, mept THY IaAaorivny Tots lepedow Kat ypappareiow adrav Evyyevopevos. kal ti yap; év Bpayxet maidas avTovs dmeédnve, [mpogijrns Kat + Oacdpyns Kal Evvaywyeds Kal mdvTa povos adTos wv, Kal TOV BiBrwow Tas pev e€y- yetTo kal dueod det, odds St aoros Kal ovveypadgev, Kal ws Gedv adrov éxetvoe ndobvyTo * Kal vopobérn €xp@vrTo Kal mpoordtnv eéneypadovro, eta ® yobv éxeivov ov* ért a€Bovar, Tov avbpwmov Tov ev tH IlaAaorivy avackodomobevta, OTe Kawi ravrnv > Tederhy elofyev és & Tov Biov.

f Tore 87) Kal ovran bbeis emt TOUT@ 6 I pe- Teds evérregev eis 76 Seopwripiov, Sep Kat avTo o¥ puxpov adT@ afiwpa mepieroinaev mpds tov €&4s Biov Kal tiv Teparetay Kal do€oKomiay dv é€pav ériyyavev. eel oe obv ededero, ot Xproravol ovpdopav Trovotrevor TO mpayy.a. mara exivouy efapmdcat TELpC [LEVOL adrov. elt’, emrel Tobro Hv advvarov, n ye dAAn Bepameta Taco ob Tapepyws dANd ovv omovdy éylyvero: kat ewlev pev evOvds iv opav mapa 7 Seopwrnplp TeEpt- pevovra ypaova _Xmpas Twas Kal mravdia opgavd, of dé ev réAer adta@v Kal cuvexdevdov evdov per avTob Suadfetpavres tovs Seopodviaxas. ela Setmva moukira eigexopilero Kat Adyor tepot adraiy é€yovro, kat o BéAtioTos Ilepeypivos— ert yap totro ékaXetro—Kawos LwKparyns t7’ abtav wvopdlero.

1 kal MF: not in rx.

2 7d0dvr0 Cobet, Fritzsche : hyotvro MSS. 8 emeypddovro, pera Cobet: exéypadpov: tov péyav MSS.

I2

THE PASSING OF PEREGRINUS

“It was then that he learned the wondrous lore | of the Christians, by associating with their priests and scribes in Palestine. And—how else could it be ?—in a trice he made them all look like children ; for he was prophet, cult-leader, head of the syna- gogue, and everything, all by himself. He inter- preted and explained some of their books and even composed many, and they revered him as a god, made use of him as a lawgiver, and set him down as a protector, next after that other, to be sure, whom 4 they still worship, the man who was crucified in Palestine because he introduced this new cult into the world.

“Then at length Proteus was apprehended for this and thrown into prison, which itself gave him no little reputation as an asset for his future career and the charlatanism and notoriety-seeking that he was enamoured of. Well, when he had been imprisoned, the Christians, regarding the incident as a calamity, left nothing undone in the effort to rescue him. Then, as this was impossible, every other form of attention was shown him, not in any casual way but with assiduity ; and from the very break of day aged widows and orphan children could be seen. waiting near the prison, while their officials even slept inside with him after bribing the guards. Then elaborate meals were brought in, and sacred books of theirs were read aloud, and excellent Peregrinus—for he still went by that name—was called by them ‘ the new Socrates.’

1 The sense of the unemended text here is “ protector ; that great man, to be'sure, they still worship,” etc.

4 6y Harmon; not in MSS, 5 raira IX, § émi IX.

13

THE) WORKS OF LUCIAN |

13 ‘§ Kat: pay Kak) caév ev "Acacia adAcwv €orw t * , ~ lal , / > ‘ @v HKov Twes, TOV Xproriav@v ate\AdvTwv a70 Tob Kowod, Bon Ojoovres Kal ouvayopevaovres Kat mapapvInodpevor Tov avdpa. apnyavov dé tt TO. Tdyos €mlOeikvuvTat, €melddv TL ToOLOUTOV yevntat Synpoowv ev Bpayet yap adedodar /, \ \ ‘ ~ / ‘ / mavrwv. Kat 87 Kal TO Tlepeypivy mOAAa TOTE Kev Xphpara map abrav emt mpopdoet TOV deapiav, Kal mpoaodov ov [uuKpay TAUTHY errouy- oaTo.* memeikact yap avToUs of KakoOoaluwoves TO eae 3907 ” A , ‘ ign} prev OAov abdvarot ececOar Kat Biwcecbat Tov aet xpdvov, map’ 6 Kai Katag¢povotow tod Pavarov kal ¢ , ¢ ‘ > / ¢ /, uw . Exovtes adtovs émdiddaow ot moAXol. | émevta Se ¢ , ¢ a yy > ‘ > A 6 Hojberys 6 mp@tos Eeeraev adrovs ws adeAdot mavres elev dMAj Aw, emrevoav dag: mapaBavres feods ev. Tovs ‘EMnpuxods dzapriswvrar, Tov dé, dveakoAomiopevoy éxeivov. coduoriy ‘adrov 4 mpooKvv@ow Kat KaTa Tovs €xetvou ) vopoUs Bucdow. Karadpovodow ody amdvrwy ef tons kat Kowa Hyobvrat, avev Twos dx piBods mlaTews Ta Towatra mapadeédpevor. Hv Tolvuv mapeAOn tis eis adtovs yons. Kat. texvitns. .avOpwros Kal mpdypacw xpjcla. Sduvdpevos, adtixa pada adAovotos ev Bpaxet eyévero idiasrats avOpwimrous “eyyaver. 14 °° IIAjp add’ 6 Tepeypivos adetOn tao tod tore a , * > \ , ’ wal Tis Lupias apxovros, avdpos gidocodia xaipovtos, 1 «ax Jacobitz; Dindorf: cat MSS.

2 éxovjoaro X®? (Faber): é€zowjoayvro X?, cett. 3 qgirov X, Sommerbrodt: adrav IM.

14

THE PASSING OF PEREGRINUS

_ “Indeed, people came-even from the cities in Asia, sent by the Christians at. their common expense, to succour and defend and encourage the hero. They show incredible speed whenever any such public action is taken; for in no time they lavish their all: So it was then in the case of Peregrinus ; muchmoney came to him from them by reason of his imprison- ment, and he procured not a little revenue from it. The poor wretches have convinced. themselves, first and foremost, that they are going to be immortal and live for all time, in consequence of which they despise death and even willingly give themselves into custody, most of them. Furthermore, their first lawgiver? persuaded them that they are all brothers of one another after they have transgressed once for all by denying the Greek gods and by worshipping that crucified sophist himself and. living under his laws. Therefore they despise all things indiscriminately and consider them common property, receiving such doctrines traditionally without any . definite evidence. So if any charlatan and trickster, able to profit by occasions, comes among them, he quickly acquires sudden wealth by imposing upon simple folk. j

‘“ However, Peregrinus was freed by the then governor of Syria, a man who was fond of philo- sophy.2. Aware of his recklessness and that he

1 From the wording of this sentence the allusion is so obviously to Christ himself that one is at a loss to: under- stand why Paul, let alone Moses, should have been suggested. For the doctrine of brotherly love cf. Matt. 23, 8: mavres 5¢ tpeis adeAdoi are.

2 The Roman governor of the province of Syria is meant. Identification is impossible because the date of the imprison- ment of Peregrinus cannot be fixed,

15

15

THE WORKS OF LUCIAN

a ‘ A > /, > lol * i / > Os ovveis THY amdvotay adbtot Kai rr Sear n > a e , > Av tA > | ge dv amolavetv ws Sdfav ent tovtw dmoXimot, 24a e 294 a , ¢€ sol agykev adrov ovde ths KoAdcews dvroAaBwv my e 4 > \ > ld > ‘ afvov. 6 dé eis iv olkelay emaveAOdw Karadap- Bdver 76 wept toh matpyov dovov ere dAreypaivoy kal modAovs tods éeravatewopevous TiY KaTHyo- piav. Siujpracto 6€ ta mAciota Tay KTHUdTwY Tapa Tv amoonuav avtod Kal provor wmeAci- TovTo ot dypot daov eis mevTeKaidexa TdAavTa. Hv yap 7) 7aoa oveia tpidkovrd mov TtaAdvrwy atia qv 6 yépwy Katédumev, ody womep 6 mayyeAotos , , Ocayéevns Edeye mevraxiayiAiwy: tosov’rov yap ovde 9 aca THv Iapiardy rods mévte ody adTH Tas yeitvidoas mapadaBotoa mpablein av adrots ‘ ~ “a avOpdrrots Kal Booxjpaow kal rH ow mapa- OKEUy).

*°AX’ ext ve 7 Karnyopia kal TO eyicdnpa beppov i, Kal ewKet ovdK els pax pay emavacricen abai rs abr@, kal i pddvora d 6 Sfjpos abTOs HyavaKrel, xXpyaTov, ws éefacav oi iddvres, yeépovta mevOodvtEs

~ ‘ e ovtws daocBais amolwddta. 6 S€ godds odTos IIpwreds mpos dmavta tatta oxéfacbe olov 1 >? ~ \o¢ ‘ id / ‘ efedpev Kal O7ws Tov Kivduvov Siédvyev. mrapeAPav yap eis THV exkAnoiay t&v Ilapravayv—exopa dé

>? / ‘ / 70n Kal tpiBwra mvapov humelyeTo Kal mypav > 7 \ \.¢ mapypTyto Kat To EvAov ev TH xeupl HY, Kal OAws ~ “~ > ‘ pdda tpayik@s €oxevacto—rovodros obv éemidaveis a a , a ¢ U avrois adeivar edn tH odciay hv 6 pakapitns

16

THE PASSING OF PEREGRINUS

would gladly die in order that he might leave behind him a reputation for it, he freed him, not consider- ing him worthy even of the usual chastisement.} Upon returning to his home, he found that the matter of his father’s murder was still at fever heat and that there were many who were for pressing the charge against him. Most of his possessions had been carried off during his absence, and only his farms remained, amounting to fifteen talents; for the entire property which the old man left had been worth perhaps thirty talents, not five thousand as that utterly ridiculous Theagenes asserted. Even the entire city of Parium,? taking along with it the five that are its neighbours, would not fetch that much, including the men, the cattle, and all the rest of their belongings.

“ However, the charge and complaint was. still aglow, and it was probable that before long somebody would appear against him; above all, the people themselves were enraged, mourning over a good old man (as he was called by those who had seen him) so impiously slain. But observe what a plan our clever Proteus discovered to cope with all this, and how he escaped the danger. Coming before the assembly of the Parians—he wore his hair long by now, dressed in a dirty mantle, had a wallet slung at his side, the staff was in his hand, and in general he was very histrionic in his get-up—manifesting himself to them in this guise, he said that he relinquished to the

1 “The usual chastisement’’ (Allinson’s phrase) was scourging.

2 A small (but not really so contemptible) Greek town on the Hellespont, site of a Roman colony since Augustus. See Sir W. Leaf, Strabo on the Troad, pp. 80-85.

{7

THE WORKS OF LUCIAN

marTp are katéAurev Snpootay elvae maoav. Tobro Ws TKovEEV 6 dijpos, mrevntes dvOpwrrot Kat pos Stavopids KEXYVOTES, dvéxpayov ev0ds Eva pirdcodpov, eva pirdrarpy, eva. Atoyévous Kal Kparnros Cndwryy. ot de éyOpol eredipwvro, Kav. €L Tis emlyelpyociey peuvncbar Tod dovou, AiGots «dvOds eBaMero,

16 “Egjet otv 70 Sevrepov TAavnoopevos, b ixava €pdd.o. tous Xpioriavovs exw, ug’ cy Sopudopov- Bevos ev atacw adbdvois hv. Kal xpovov jLeVv Twa ovtws €BdaKeTo" elra Tapavopjoas TL Kal és exetvous—ahOn _ydp TU, as olpar, eobiwy tay daroppijrewv avo is—ovKere TpoovejLevenv avrov drro- povpevos €k maduwedias dmaurety q@eto Seiv mapa THs ToAEews Ta KTHMWATA, Kal ypapparetov emidovds

ngiov Tatra Kopicacbar KedevoavTos Baorréews. He Ths Toews avrimpecBevoaperns ovdev émpa- xOn, arn’ €jupevewv exeAcvoOn ofs dmak dieyvw pndevos KaTavayKacavTos.

17 “ Tpit pirn €mt TovTOLS dmrodn puta els Alyumrov Tapa tov “AyaldBovdov, tvamep THY Savpaoriy Coxnow Sunoxetro, Evpopevos pev Tis Kepadijs TO. Huon, XplopLevos dé 7nA@ TO mpocwzor, ev TOAAG S¢ Tav wEepicotwTwv, Shum. avadpAdv. To

1 The phrase is F. D. Allinson’s.

2 In Acts 15, 29 the apostles and the elder brethren pre- scribe abstaining ‘‘ from sacrifices offered to idols, and from blood, and from things strangled’’ («i30Ad8ura Kat aipa Kai avira). Probably what Lucian has in mind is pagan sacri- ficial meats. This may be just a guess, from the way he puts it; but if so, it is highly plausible on account of the

18

THE PASSING OF PEREGRINUS

state all the property which had been left him by his father of blessed memory. When the people, poor folk agape for largesses,! heard that, they lifted their voices forthwith: ‘ The one and only philosopher! The one and only patriot! The one and only rival of Diogenes and Crates!’ His enemies were muzzled, and anyone who tried to mention the murder was at once pelted with stones.

“He left home, then, for the second time, to roam about, possessing an ample source of funds in the Christians, through whose ministrations he lived in unalloyed prosperity. For a time he battened him- self thus; but then, after he had transgressed in some way even against them—he was seen, I think, eating some of the food that is forbidden them ?— they no longer accepted him, and so, being at a loss; he thought he must sing a palinode and demand his possessions back from his city. Submitting a peti- tion, he expected to recover them by order of the Emperor. Then, as the city sent representatives to oppose the claim, he achieved nothing, but. was directed to abide by what he had once for all deter- mined, under no compulsion from anyone.

“Thereafter he went away a third time, to Egypt, to visit Agathobulus,? where he took that wonderful course of training in asceticism, shaving one half of his head, daubing his face with mud, and demon- strating what they call‘ indifference” by erecting his

notorious indifference of the Cynics towards what they ate. Peregrinus may have signalised his relapse to Cynicism by sampling a “ dinner of Hecate’’ at the cross-roads.

3 In Demonaz, 3, Lucian alludes to Agathobulus as one of those with whom Demonax had studied. The teacher of Peregrinus was therefore reputable as well as famous.

£9

THE WORKS OF LUCIAN

aidotov Kal to adiddopov! 87 Toito KaAovpevov emderkvipevos, celta maiwy Kal mardpevos vapOynKt els tas muyas Kal dAdAa modAa veavKwrepa Bavparorotdy.

18 ’ExeiOev dé ovrw TapecKevacpevos ent *Ira- Nias? éxdevoev Kal atroBas Tis vew@s edO0s €Aot- Sopeiro mao, Kal pahora TO Baorret, TpaoTaTov avTov kal TpEpaoraroy | cids, wate achadrds éroAua. exeivw yap, ws eikds, OAtyov épedev tav Pracdnuwav Kat od« ng tov Thy 3 purocogiay drrodudpevov TWO, KoAdlew emi piace Kat pddvora TEXYTY Twa. TO AowWopetoFas TETTOLNILEVOV. ToUTw S€ Kal amo. ToUTwY Ta. Tis d0€ns nvédvero, Tapa. yobv tots Wusrats, Kal mepipretTos Tv emt TH dmovoia, PEXpL 67) 6 Ty modw emuTeTpapLevos aivnp codes dmérepuper avrov dperpeos evrpupavra TO Tpaypart, elev [7 detobae Ty adAw TovovTou giroaddov. mA ara Kai Tobro KAewov avrod Kal dud ordparos ay dmacw, 6 diAdcogos Sia THY Tmappnotav kal TH dyav eAcuBeptay efehabeis, Kat mpoorAavve Karta TobTo TO Movowviep Kal Aiave Kal “Exerirep kal et tus dANos ev meprordoe ro.avTy eyeveTo.

19 Ovrw 8 em THY ‘EMdda eav apt ev *Hielors eAowdopetzo, apt. de Tovs “EMnvas ezrevOev dvrdpacbav omrAa ‘Pepators, aprt de avOpa, mawela Kal abu pare Tpovxovra., dvdTe kal év rots dAXots <3 emoinoev tiv “EMdda Kal

ddvdbBopov MSS.: corrected in ed. Flor. (1496). 2 "Iradias TX: "IraAlav MP, edd. 8 sav XF: rov PM.

20

THE PASSING OF PEREGRINUS

yard amid a thronging mob of bystanders,! besides giving and taking blows on the back-sides with a stalk of fennel, and playing the mountebank even more audaciously in many other ways.

* From there, thus equipped, he set sail for Italy and immediately after disembarking he fell to abusing everyone, and in particular the Emperor,? knowing him to be mild and gentle, so that he was safe in making bold. The Emperor, as one would expect, cared little for his libels and did not think fit to punish for mere words a man who only used philosophy as a cloak, and above all, a man who had made a pro- fession of abusiveness. But in our friend’s case, even from this his reputation grew, among simple folk any- how, and he was a cynosure for his recklessness, until finally the city prefest a Wise man, packed him off for immoderate indulgence in the thing, saying that the city had no need of any such philosopher. However, this too made for his renown, and he was on every- body’s lips as the philosopher who had been banished for his frankness and excessive freedom, so that in this respect he approached Musonius, Dio, Epictetus, and anyone else who has been in a similar predicament.

“Coming at last to Greece under these cireum- stances, at one moment he abused the Eleans, at another he counselled the Greeks to take up arms against the Romans,? and at another he libelled a man outstanding in literary attainments and _ position because he had been a benefactor to Greece in many

1 The allusion is to that variety of “ indifferent’’ action (i.e. neither good nor bad) ascribed to Diogenes himself by Dio Chrysostom VI, 16-20 (pp. 203-204 R).

2 Antoninus Pius,

5 The life of Antoninus Pius (Script. Hist. Aug.), § 5, notes suppression of a rebellion in Achaia.

21

THE WORKS OF LUCIAN’

vdap emiyyayev oh ‘Odupria Kal emavoe GnoVAnerovs TOUS movpyupiords, KaK@s Hepes ws KatalnAvvavra, rods “EAAnvas, déov Tods beards TeV "Orvpertev dtakaprepety Subdvras Kat ‘vp Ata ye Kai Sasi nely moAAovs | adrav opoopev TOV voowv, at Téws dia TO a: 708 xwplov €v mod TO Baylies emreTroAalov. Kal tadra eAeye mivwv Tod abrod bdaros. Dus: "Qs dé Brose katéAevoay adrov emriBpajsdpres

amavtTes, TOTE BY, emt. tov Aia Kara guy cay, 6

20 yervatos evpero pr) amobaveiv, és 8¢ TH é€ijs

>Odvpmidda waver Tia did Fo er@v ovv- eis tay Sia pécou ehupeyKe mpos TOUS. Laas €7ravov UTSp TOO TO vowp éemayaydvTos amodoyiav brép THs TOTE duyiis. ty =i “Hoy dé apedodpevos b¢" ardvrwv Kal payee Spots, mepiprAeTTos wv—ewAa yap ay dmavrTa Kat ovdev ETL Kawoupyeiy eduvato ef’ oTw exmdojger! Tovs evTvyxdvovtas Kai Oavyalew Kal ‘apos abrov droBrérew moje, odmep e& apyis Spysdy Twa €pwra epav etdyxavev—ro Tedevtaiov TodTo ToApnpa €BovActoato mepi THs mupas, Kat divdwxKe Adyov és rods "EAnvas edOds an’ ’Odvprriov Trav éumpoabev ws és rTovmov Kavowv é€avTdov. Kal viv avta Taira Oavparomoret, ws pacr, Bobpov

1 éxndAnge MF, edd.: éxmdjgeve TX. 22

THE PASSING OF PEREGRINUS

ways, and particularly because he had brought water to Olympia and prevented the visitors to the festival from dying of thirst, maintaining that he was making the Greeks effeminate, for the spectators of the Olympic games ought to, endure their thirst—yes, by Heaven, and even to lose their lives, no doubt, many of them, through the frequent distempers which formerly ran riot in the vast crowd on account of the dryness of the place!! And he said this while he drank that same water!

When they almost killed him with stones, mobbing him with one accord, he managed to escape death at the moment by fleeing to Zeus for sanctuary (stout fellow !), and afterwards, at the next Olympiad, he gave the Greeks a speech which he had composed during the four years that had intervened, praising the man who had brought in the water and defending himself for running away at that time.

“ At last he was disregarded by all and no longer so admired; for all his stuff was stale and he could not turn out any further novelty with which to surprise those who came in his way and make them marvel and stare at him—a thing for which he had a fierce craving from the first. So he devised. this ultimate venture of the pyre, and spread a report among the Greeks immediately. after the last Olympic games that he would burn himself up at the next festival. And now, they say, he is playing the mountebank over that very thing, digging a pit,

1 The man was the famous Herodes Atticus. For the aqueduct built by him at Olympia see Frazer’s Pausanias, Vol. IV, pp. 72 ff. Philostratus (Vit. Soph. LU, 1, 33) records that Herodes was often berated by Proteus, to whom on one occasion he hinted that it might at least be done in Greek.

23; VOL. V. B

THE WORKS OF LUCIAN

Optrrev Kal Edha ouyKopilav Kat Sewnp bed nv Kaprepiav dmisxvovpevos.

“-?Eypyv 8€, ofpat, paAvora pev Tre puLevelw 1a Odvarov Kal [7 Spamereveww €x Tod Biou- et i de Kal mavTis Siéyvward ot i dmadddrrecbar, pny trupt pnde Tots aro THs Tpaywolas Tovrous xphovar, GAN’ érepdv Twa. Oavarou TpOTFOV, puptoov over, éAdpevov } ameAbciv. <i S5€ Kal TO mop as ‘HpdicAevov Tl dondlerat, ri Sx more odxt Kata ovyny, édAdpevos dpos evdevdpov ev exelvw €avTov. evérpynaev povos, eva Twa olov Mcayevn todrov Diroxryrny mapa- AaBwv; 6 dé év ’Odvuria ris tavnytpews wAnbod- ons pdvov odK emt oKyVis dmrrijoe éavrov, obK avda£tos ov, pa TOV “Hpakdéa, el ye xpi) Kal Tovs matpadotas Kal Tovs adéous Sixas bg TOV ToApnpaTwr. Kat KaTd TOUTO mavy ope Spav

> \ a > avrd couev, dv exphy mada és Tov Too Pardpidos Tadpov €umrecdvra THY agiav dmoreTiKevaL, aa.

pn amag xavdvra mpos tHv. prdya ev dxapet 1 €hevOepov T.

1 Thanks to Paul Graindor, the date of the Olympiads mentioned in connection with Peregrinus can now be deter- mined. He has deduced from the apparent ages of the children. represented in the exedra erected by Herodes on the com- pletion of his aqueduct that this took place in a.p. 153 (Hérode Atticus et Sa Famille, pp. 87-88). His deduction finds support in the text of Lucian as soon as we recognise that Lucian is talking about four different Olympiads, not three. The first is that on which Peregrinus criticised the aqueduct, which will be the year of its completion, 4.p. 153. At the neat (ri é€fs, A.D. 157) he withdrew his criticism. The Olympiad just after which he announced his intention of cremating himself need not and cannot be identical with

24

THE PASSING: OF PEREGRINUS

collecting logs, and promising really awesome forti- tude.t

** What he should have done, I think, was first and foremost to await death and not to cut.and run from life ; but if he had determined to be off at all costs, not to use fire or any of these devices out of tragedy, but to choose for his departure some other form of death out of the myriads that there are. If, however, he is partial to fire as something connected with Heracles, why in the world did he not quietly select a well- wooded mountain and cremate himself upon it in solitude, taking along only one person such as Theagenes here for his Philoctetes??. On the con- trary, itis in Olympia, at the height of the festival, all but in the theatre, that he plans to roast himself— not undeservedly, by Heracles, if it is right for parricides and for atheists to suffer for their hardi- nesses. And from that point of view he seems to be getting about it very late in the day; he ought long ago to have been flung into the bull of Phalaris 4 to pay the fitting penalty instead of opening his mouth to the flames once for all and expiring in a trice. For

the one of A.D. 157; it is called by the speaker the. last, or previous (riv €umpoober), and the text clearly implies a lapse of time. It must therefore be the one of a.p. 161. Then comes the fourth, on which the cremation took place, dated by. Eusebius in 4.p. 165.

2 Philoctetes had helped Heracles to cremate himself on Mt. Oeta by kindling the pyre for him. —

* As the cremation actually took place at. Harpina, two miles away from Olympia, and on the day after the festival closed, it may be that religious scruples (cf. § 26) caused Peregrinus to modify an original plan which involved its taking place at Olympia itself while the festival was in

progress. ‘See Phalaris I, 11-12 (Vol. I, pp. 17 ff.). 25

THE WORKS OF LUCIAN

reOvavar. kal yap ad Kal rode of modXol por A€yovow, ws ovdeis ofvrepos aos Bavarou Tpomos Tob Sua mupos* avoiéar yap Set pdvov to oTopa kal avrika teOvdvat.

22 tom To ) bevrou Aaja € emvoetTal, Olat, ws oevdy, ev tep@ Xeple | Katdpevos avOpwros, evOa pandé Oamrew 6 Bovov Tous aAdAous arofvycKovtas. dicovere dé, olpar, ws kat maAat Dedwv Tes evdofos yeve- Ga, € émret Kar’ aAAov TpOmov ovK elxev € emuTvxety TovTov, evempnae Tis. "Egeoias “Aprémidos TOV veosy. TOLOBTOV Tt Kal avros emwvoet, ToaodTos épws THs doéns evrer ner | avT@:

23. ists Katroe dnolv ott barép Tov avOpwmwv eta dpa, ws SiddFevev adrods Bavdrov Katadpoveiv Kat eykaprepeiv Tots dewots. eye be 7deas ‘av €potpny ovK ékeivov aA’ bpas, et Kal rods Kakovpyous BovAoobe av palntas adrob yevéobat Ths Kapteplas tavTns Kal Katadpoveiv Oavatov Kal Kavoews Kal Tv ToLovTwy Seydtwrv. aAd ovx av ¢€d old’ ort Bovdnbeinre. mas ody oO IIpwreds totro Staxpwet Kal tods pev xpnarovs wpedjoer, tovs 5€ movnpods od ptAoKwdvvoréepous Kal ToAunpoTepous dmopavet;

24 * Kairou Suvarov eoTw € és TobTO povous dravr7}~ ocabau Tovs mpos TO wpeAuiov dpopévovs TO mpay|c.. bpds 5’ ovv adlis epyjopar, Sef aol? av bpe@v Tovs’ mraidas CnAwras Tob TowovTou yeve- o0at; ovK adv eimoure. Kal ti rodro Hpopny,

1 Herostratus, in 356 3B.c. The Ephesians sought to defeat his object by forbidding anyone for all time to mention his name (Valerius Maximus, VIII, 14, 5). The prohibition,

26

THE PASSING OF PEREGRINUS

people tell me that no other form of death is quicker than that by fire; you have only to open your mouth, and die forthwith.

“The spectacle is being planned, I suppose, as something awe-inspiring—a fellow getting burnt up in a holy place where it is impious even to bury the others who die. But you have heard, no doubt, that long ago a man who wished to become famous burned the temple of Ephesian Artemis, not being able to attain that end in any other way.! He himself has something similar in mind, so great is the craving for fame that has penetrated him to the’core.

“He alleges, however, that he is doing it for the sake of his fellow men, that he may teach them to despise death and endure what is fearsome. For my part, I should like to ask, not him but you, whether you would wish malefactors to become his disciples in this fortitude of his, and to despise death and burning and similar terrors. No, you would not, I am very sure. How, then, is Proteus to draw dis- tinctions in this matter, and to benefit the good without making the bad more adventurous and daring ?

“ Nevertheless, suppose it possible that only those will present themselves at this affair who will see it to their advantage. Once more I shall question you: would you desire your children to become imitators of such aman? You will not say so. But why did I ask that question, when even of his disciples them-

which very likely was accompanied by a curse, was far from ineffective, for nearly all ancient authors who mention the story, including Cicero and Plutarch, omit the name just as Lucian does.

27

THE WORKS OF LUCIAN

7 il 7 A ~ fa] ~ > ~ r fe dmov pnd’ abrav tis trav pabytr&v adbrod Cnrd- cevev av; Tov yoov! Ocayévn tobro jidAvora aitid- ” o »” ~ a > ‘ > o 7 gato av Tis, ott TAAAa CnrADv ravdpos ody Emerat ~ 8 Py aA ‘ 8 4, A 4 "H r & T@ Sidackddrw Kat ovvodever mapa tov “Hpakdéa, @ > ws dnow, amLovTt, Suvdpevos ev Bpaxet mrav- evdaipev yevéoBat ovveutrecwy emi Kedadny? és TO TUp. “ Qvd yap. ev 7p Kal Batpe Kal Tpipwve é fidos, ava taira pev aofpadq Kai padia «al A ” ” ‘ / \ \ \ / \ mavtTos av ein, TO TéAos Sé Kal TO KedaAasov. xp2) ~ ‘ ~ fydroby Kal. mupav. ovvOdvta . Kopu@v avKivwy ws évt pddota yAwpav evaromuyjvar Ta KaTrva@: ‘ ~ ‘ > \ > / ¢c / \ > TO TOp yap avTo ov pwovov “HpaxAdous kat ’AoKAn- ~ > A \ ~ ¢ / ‘ > / mod, adda Kal tdv lepoovAwy Kai avdpoddver, ots opav €oTw é€x Katadikns adTo maoyovras. wore duewvov To ba Tob Kamvod- idiov yap Kal tudv av povwv yévorro. lol A 25. “”Adws te 6 pev “HpaxdAts, eimep apa Kai €roAunoev TL ToLobro, b70 vooou avro edpacer, b70 TOD Kevravpeiou alpatos, ws pnow 7 Tpayepdia. KateoOudpevos: otros be Tivos airtas eveev euparrAc pepe €autov <is TO mp; vi AC, dmws TY kapreplay embetenr ar kabatep, of Boaypaves: exeivois. yap avrov >. néiou. Ocayévns eixalew, a \ wonep ovK evov Kal ev “Ivdois elvat twas pwpods ‘ / > 7 Ld > b n” Kal Kevoddgouvs avOpwmovs. duws 8 obv Kay a > ~ €xeivous pupeicOw: exeivor yap ovK €umnddow > 4 ~ ¢ > / apne , és TO mip, ws *Ovnaixpitos ° Arefavdpov KU- > > Bepyyrys Bev KdAavov Kadpevov dnow, aA

€7T€LOaV vHowor, mAnaiov TapaoTavTes akivntot

1 yotv Bekker: ody MSS. 28

THE PASSING OF PEREGRINUS

selves not one would imitate him? | In fact, the thing for which one might blame Theagenes most of all is that although he copies the man in everything else, he does not follow his.teacher and take the road with him, now that he is off, as he says, to join Heracles; why, he has the opportunity to attain absolute felicity instanter by plunging headlong into the fire with him!

“Emulation is not a matter of wallet, staff, and mantle; all this is safe and easy and within anyone’s power. One should emulate the consummation and culmination, build a pyre of fig-wood logs as green as can be, and stifle one’s selfin the smoke of them. Fire itself belongs not only to Heracles and Asclepius, but to doers of sacrilege and murder, who can be _ seen enduring it by judicial sentence. Therefore it is better to employ smoke, which would be peculiar and belong only to you and your like.

“ Besides, if Heracles really did venture any such act, he did it because he was ailing, because the blood of the Centaur, as the tragedy tells us, was preying upon him; but for what reason does this man throw himself bodily into the fire? Oh, yes! to demon- strate his fortitude, like the Brahmans, for Theagenes thought fit to compare him with them, just as if there could not be fools and notoriety-seekers even among the Indians. Well, then, let him at least imitate them. They do not leap into the fire (so Onesicritus says, Alexander’s navigator, who saw Calanus burning), but when they have. built. their pyre, they stand close beside it motionless and en-

3 éml xedadijs MSS.: corrected by Jacobitz. 3 adrov >, Faber: é€avrov rOXMF.

THE WORKS OF LUCIAN

dvéxovTat TapoTrTdi}Levol, ely’ émPBdvres Kata oyna Kalovrat, 00d’ daov dAtyov evepepavres: % wis KaTakAicews.

“* Odtos 5é ri péya ef eumecdv rebvn€erat ovvaprracbeis bd TOO Tupos; ovK am eArridos py avarrndjoacbar avrov Kal yeiprexrov, él H, Orrep gaci, pnxavicerat Babeiay yeveobar Kal

26 év Bobpw thy mupav. eto. 8° of Kai peraBareobar - dacw avTov Kat twa dveipata dunyetobar, ws tov Atos ovK €@vTos peavey tepov. xwplov. adda Dappetra TOUTOU ‘ye EveKa* eyw yap Svopocaipny av 7 pay plere. Tov Jedv dyavarcryoEw, vel

epeypivos Kak@s * amroPdvot.. od pv ovd€ pddvov avT@ €7 avaddva ot yap cuvdvTes KUvES Trapop- pOdow Kat ovvwhodcw és 76 mop Kal drexkdovor

‘ , > A > pe we > ry THY yrapnv, odK edvres dodethuay* dv et dvo quyxaraqwiaes * €paréoot els T7V Tropa, TodTO

dvov yapuev av 4 epydoairo.

27 “”Hkovov Sé ws oddé Ipwreds ert Karetoba déiot, dAAa Doivnxa petwrdpacev éavtdv, ott Kat doing, TO “[vduxov Opveov, émtBaivew mupas A€yerat ToppwTara) ynpws mpopeBnkws. aAAd Kal i Noyorovet Ka xpyopous twas dueEevow madaovds 57, Ws xpewy ein® daipova vukrodvAaka yeveobar avtov, Kal dfAds €ore Bwudv 75, émOvpav Kat xpvoots davacriacobar €Arilwv.

1 éxrpéfavres Faber, accepted by Jacobitz, Bekker, Din- dorf, Fritzsche. But cf. Fugit. 7; also Schmid, Aétictsmus, I, 393, citing Hist. Conser. 15, Pseudol., 7,14. The genitive depends on oAlyov.

* peraBddrcoBat x?, F3, edd., mistaking the meaning. 3 xaxa@s MSS. (except Kaxds x1): Kaxos Kax@s Fritzsche.

3°

THE PASSING OF PEREGRINUS

dure being toasted; then, mounting upon it, they cremate themselves decorously, without the slightest alteration of the position in which they are lying.

“In this man’s case, what great thing will it be if he tumbles in and dies in the sudden grip of the fire? It is not beyond expectation that he will jump out half consumed, unless, as they say, he is going to see to it that the pyre is deep down in a pit. There are people who say that he has even changed his mind, and is telling certain dreams, to the effect that Zeus does not permit pollution of a holy place.t But let him be assured on that score; I would take my oath to it that no one of the gods would be angry if Peregrinus should die a rogue’s death. Moreover, it isnot easy for him to withdraw now; for his Cynic associates are urging him on and pushing him into the fire and inflaming his resolution; they will not let him shirk it. If he should pull a couple of them into the fire along with him when he jumps in, that would be the only nice thing about his performance.

“ [ have heard that he no longer deigns to be called Proteus but has changed his name to Phoenix, because the phoenix, the Indian bird, is said to mount a pyre when it is very far advanced in age. Indeed, he even manufactures myths and repeats certain oracles, ancient, of course, to the purport that he is to become a guardian spirit of the night; it is plain, too, that he already covets altars and expects to be imaged in gold.

1 See above, p. 25, and n. 3.

4 Gy Jacobitz: épyacera: X, perhaps right. 5 ein Bekker: elva: MSS.

3I1

THE WORKS OF LUCIAN

28 “Kai pa Ata oddév dmeixds €v moAdois Tots dvoijrots edpeOnccobai twas Tods Kal TerapTratwy dmmnArdxba 8° adbrod dycovras Kal viKTwp evreruynkevar 7H Saipou tH vucropvAakt. of Katdparot S€ odrot pabyral abrod Kal xpnorhpvov, olua, Kal ddvrov emt rH mupd pnxavioorrat, Sidte Kat Ilpwreds éxetvos 6 Atds, 0 mpomatwp

Tob dvématos, pavTiKos jv. paptupoyar be 7

pay Kat tepéas adtod dmodex$jceobar paortywv i) KavTynpiwy 7 Tivos Tovavrns Teparoupyias, hy wat vy Ala tedeTiv Twa én’ att ovorjceoOa vuxréptov Kal Sadovyxiav ent rH mupa. éj

29 * @cayérns S€ Evayyos, ws pol Tis THV éraipwv dahyyerev, Kat LiBvdAdav €dyn mpoeipyevac rept ToUTw' Kal Ta Eryn yap areuvnmovever"

?AAN dadtav Ipwreds Kurixdv dy’ dpiotos aTravTwv

Zyvos éprySovmov téevos Kata Tip avaxavoas

és dddya mndijoas €AOn és paxpov “OdvpTrov,

8} tore amdvtas oud@s, of apovpns Kapzrov

yt ye p p edovow,

vuKtiméAoy TYyLav KéeAopPaL Hpwa peyLoTov

v4 e , » We aad Ae atvvOpovoy ‘“Hdatorw kat “HpaxAqi avaxte.

30.“ Tatra pev Deayevns LPdAAns d«nkogvat ¢noiv. éyd 5é Baxidos abt@ xpnoyov vmep

1 Athenagoras reports that Parium, where Peregrinus was born, cherished a statue of him from which oracles were derived (Leg. de Christ., 26).

32

THE PASSING OF PEREGRINUS

_“ By Zeus, it*would be nothing unnatural if, among all the dolts that there are, some should be found to assert that they were relieved of quartan fevers by him, and that in the dark they had encountered the guardian spirit of the night! Then too these accursed disciples of his will make an oracular shrine, I suppose, with a holy of holies, at the site of the pyre, because the famous Proteus, son of Zeus, the progenitor of his name, was given to soothsaying.’_ I pledge my word, too, that priests of his will be appointed, with whips or branding-irons or some such flummy-diddle, or even that a nocturnal mystery will be got up in his honour, including a torch festival at the site of the

re. ate Theagenes, as I have been told by one of. my friends, recently said that the Sibyl had made a prediction about all this; in fact, he quoted the verses from memory :

But when the time shall come that Proteus, noblest

of Cynics,

Kindleth fire in the precinct of Zeus, our Lord of the Thunder,

Leapeth into the flame, and cometh to: lofty Olympus,

Then do I bid all alike who eat the re of the ploughland

Honour to pay unto him that walketh abroad in the night-time,

Greatest of spirits, thronéd with Heracles and Hephaestus.

“That is what Theagenes alleges he heard from the Sibyl. But I will quote him one of the oracles of

33

THE WORKS OF LUCIAN —

rovTwv ep@* gnaw dé 6 Baki dirw, opodpa ed éeiTav, iB

"AW érdtav Kuvixos modvdvepos: és pAdya moAXnv bis

andion Soéns db’ epute Ovpov dpweis,

51) Tore ToVs GAAoUs KUvadAdreKas, Ot ol €rrovrat,

ppetoOar xpi) méTpov azrotxopevoto AJKOLO.

és 8€ Ke SetAds ev getyn pevos “Hdaicroto,

Adecow Badrgew robrov raya mavras “Axatods,

ws pn wvxypos eav Ocpunyopeew emxeipy __

xpvo® cagduevos mnpynv pada moAdAd daveilaw,

ev kaAdais drparow éxwv tpis mévre taAavTa.

gh Jee a »” = , . l4 ri buiv Soxet, avdpes; dpa davdAdtepos xpynapord- yos 6 Baxis ths LuBvAAns elvan; wate wpa Tois Oavpacrois TovTos OpiAntais Tod pwréws mept- oxotety évba éavtovs efaepwcovew: TotTo yap Thy Kadow Kadobaw.”

31 Tadr’ eimdvros aveBonoay of mepieorm@res amrav- tes, “"H8y KareoOwoav afvor trod mupds.” kai e \ / ~ ce / > > ”

6 pev katéBn yedAadv, “ Néoropa 8 odk €Aabev

> 4 393 ‘ / > > ¢ ” : -~ ~

iayy,” tov Ocayéevn, GAN ws Teovoev Tis Bo7js, ‘

hixev ev0ds Kal avaBas exexpdyer Kat pupia Kaka

1 Lucian gives the Cynic a Roland for his Oliver. Bacis was a title rather than a name, and in early Greece prophets who bore it were little less numerous than the Sibyls. Naturally it was a convenient tag for a spurious oracle, whether composed with fraudulent intention or, as often in Aristophanes, for fun.

2 Below (§ 33), Proteus spcaks of being “‘ commingled with the ether.”

34

THE PASSING OF PEREGRINUS

Bacis dealing with these matters. Bacis expresses himself as follows, with a very excellent moral :

Nay, when the time shall come that a Cynic with names that are many Leaps into roaring flame, soul-stirred by a passion for glory; Then it is meet. that the others, the jackals that follow his footsteps, Mimic the latter end of the wolf that has’ taken departure. . But if a dastard among them shall shun the might of Hephaestus, Let him be pelted with stones forthwith by all the Achaeans, Learning, the frigid fool, to abjure ‘all: fiery ~ speeches, He that has laden his wallet with gold by the taking of usance ; Thrice five talents he owns in the lovely city of Patras.

What do you think, gentlemen? That Bacis is a worse soothsayer than the Sibyl? It is high time,

then, for these wondrous followers of Proteus to,’ .

look about for a place in which to aerify themselves —for that is the name they give to'cremation.” ? When he had said these words, all the bystanders shouted: “‘ Let them be burned right now; they deserve the flames! ’” And the man got down again laughing; but “Nestor failed not to mark the din:”’? I mean. .Theagenes. When he heard the shouting he came at once, took the platform, and fell to

® Iliad, XIV, 1.

We

35

32

33

THE WORKS OF LUCIAN |

SveEjer mepl rod KatraBeByxdros" od yap olda darts é€xetvos 6 BéAtucTos exadetro. eydy Be adels adrov Siappyyvipevoy amyjew disdpevos. TOUS dOAntds: 75 yap ot ‘EAAavodixau €A€yovro elvat ev 7@ [AcOpio.

Taira pév cor ta ev "HAde. eet Be es TH ’"Odupriav dduxdpcla, peatos Fv 6 dmuabddopos Tav Katnyopovvtww Ipwréws 7) emawodvrwy THY mpoaipesw avrtod, ware Kal eis xetpas adap ANOov ot wodoi, dypc 8) mapeAOdv adros 6 Ilpwreds pupiw 7 mAjOer mapamepTdpevos KaTo- mu TOD TV KNpUKwY ayavos Adyous Twas SLEE HAD EV mept éavrod, Tov Biov Te ws €Biw Kai Tods Kwdv- vous ods éxwdtvevoev Sunyovpevos Kal Goa mpay- pearra gidoaopias évexa dréuewev, Ta pev ovv cipnueva, TOAAA Hv, ey Sé oAtywy. yKovca v0 atAyBous Trav TEpleoTaTeny elra poBn bets Ty) ouvrpipeinv ev rogavTn TUpBy, emet Kat modAovs TovTO TaCXoVTAs €wpwr, dirfjABov papa xalpew dpacas Oavariavre codiath Tov €meTaduov éavtob mp0 rehevrijs SveEvovre. oF

IlAnv 76° yet roaotrov enqkovon: édn yap BovAccbat xpve@ Bia xpvanv Kopwrvyv emBetvas: xpivar yap Tov ‘HpaxActws BeBrwxdra ‘HparAetes amobavetvy Kal dvapexOjvac TO aidépr. “ Kai AdedAjoa,” &dyn, “ BodrAopar rods avOpartous

1 +d ye Gronovius: 7rére MSS.

36

THE PASSING OF PEREGRINUS

ranting and telling countless malicious tales about the man who had just got down—I do not know what that excellent gentleman’s name was. For my part, I left him splitting his lungs and went off to see the athletes, as the Hellanodicae were said to be already in the Plethrium.t

Well, there you have what happened at Elis; and when we reached Olympia, the rear chamber ? was full of people criticising Proteus or praising his purpose, so that most of them even came to blows. Finally, Proteus himself appeared, escorted by a countless multitude, after the contest of the heralds, and had somewhat to say about himself, telling of the life that he had led and the risks that he had run, and of all the troubles that he had endured for philosophy’s sake. His speech was protracted, though I heard but little on account. of the number of bystanders. Afterwards, fearing to be crushed in such a throng, because I saw this happening to many, I went away, bidding a long farewell to the sophist enamoured of death who was pronouncing his own funeral oration before his demise.

This much, however, I overheard; he said that he wanted to put a tip of gold on a golden bow; for one who had lived as Heracles should die like Heracles and be commingled with the ether. ‘* And I wish,” said he, “ to benefit mankind by showing them the

1 According to Pausanias (VI, 23, 2), a place in the Gym- nasium of Elis where the officials of the games (Hellanodicae) determined by lot the matching of the athletes.

2 Of the temple of Zeus; as it was open at the end, it formed a sort of portico.. Cf. Runaways, 7; Herodotus, 1.

$ Pandarus the Trojan (Iliad, IV, 111) put a tip of gold on the bow he had fashioned of horn. The golden bow (fi) of Peregrinus is his life (Bi).

37

THE WORKS OF LUCIAN

SeiEas adrois dv xpi TpdTov Oavarov Karadpoveiy* mavras ovv det pow Tous dvOparrous Dironryras yeveoba.” of pev odv avonrorepat TOV avopdtrev €ddxpvov Kal é€Bowy Zeslov tots "EMnow,” ot de dvdpwdeorepor ekeKpdyecay a Tere a dedoypeva,” odd dv 6 mpeoBurns ob , HeTpios eJopuBnOn eAmrivey mavras é coon avTod Kal By mponceabar TO Tuplt, GAA. diovra, 51) Kabe- few ev T@ Biw. 70 de * TéAce? 7a SBoypeva. ” mavu dddunrov av7@ mpootecov wypiav ere waMov € emoinoey, KaiTot HON veKpLKa@s aay Xpordy exovrt, Kal vi) Ata Kai drorpépew, ware Katé- mavoe TOV Adyov.

34 “Eye dé, eixdlets, olwar, TOs eyeNiov 0888 yap éAceiv aftov Hv obrw Svcépwra THs Sdéns avOpwrov bre amavTas door Th avril Tlow 7 eAav- vovrat. Tapemepmrero S€ duws tro moAA@VY Kal évehopeito Ths 8déns dmoBAemaw € és TO mAnbos Tov Davpalovrey, ouK eidws 0 re} abAvos 6 ore kal tots emt TOV oraupov dmayouevors H vd Tob Snpiov EXOLEVOUS TOME mAclous €TovTat.

35 Kat dy 74 pev "OA TéAos elyev, kdd\ora ‘Odvpmte yevopeva. dv eye eldov, TeTpaxts

. 7190 ©, opav. éyw dé—od yap hv evrophaar Ox} MaATOS. dpa 2 modMav efrdvray—aKewv UrreAeuTrouny. i dé dei dvaBadropevos vUKTA TO TeAeutaiov mpoetpr}~ Kel embdetEaobar Thy kabow" Kat pe TOV eTalpwv TOs mapaAaBdvros TEpi pécas vUKTas efavacras daryjetv ev00 Tis “Apmivns, ev0a yt 1) Tupa. orddvot mavrTes ovToL elkoow amo THs "OAvpTias Kata TOV

1 +6 S€ réXex Fritzsche: 76 57) reActy MSS. (62 X?). 38

THE PASSING OF PEREGRINUS

way in which one should despise death; wherefore all men ought to play Philoctetes to me.” The more witless among the people began to shed tears and call out: “‘ Preserve your life for the Greeks! ” but the more virile part bawled “Carry out your purpose! ” by which the old man was immoderately upset, because he hoped that all would cling to him and not give him over to the fire, but retain him in life—against his will. naturally! That “ Carry out your purpose” assailing him quite unexpectedly caused him to turn still paler, although his colour was already deathly, and even to tremble slightly, so that he brought his'speech to an end,

You can imagine, I expect;how I laughed); for it was not fitting to pity a man so desperately in love with, glory beyond all others who are driven by. the same Fury. Anyhow, he was being escorted by crowds and getting his fill of glory as he gazed at the number of his admirers, not knowing, poor wretch, that men on their way to the cross or in the grip of the executioner have many more at their heels.

Soon the Olympic games were ended, the most splendid Olympics that I have seen, though it was then the fourth time that I had been a spectator. As it was not easy to secure a carriage, since many were leaving at the same time, I lingered on against my will, and Peregrinus kept making postponements, but at last had announced a night on which he would stage his cremation; so, as one of my friends had invited me to go along, I arose at midnight and took the road to Harpina, where the pyre was. This is quite twenty furlongs from Olympia as one goes past

2 Gua MF: dAXa TX. 39

36

37

THE WORKS OF LUCIAN

inadSpopov dmdvrwy mpds ew. Kal émel TaXLOTA EpicoucBe; KkaraAapBavopev mupav vevnopevny év Bobpe * ooov és dpyviav To BdBos. Oddes qoav ta moAAd Kal mrapeBeBvoro TOV dpuydvew, ws avadbein Tdxlora. kal eed) 1) oedryn averehAev—eden yap KaKeivny Dedoacbax 70 KaA- Avarov Todo Epyov—mpdevow éxetvos eoKxevac- Hevos €s Tov det TPOTIOV, Kal ov adre ra TéAn Tov KUvOY, Kal pddvoTa 6 yevvddas 6 ex Iatpav, dada €xwv, ob pairos SevTepaywvoris: €dad0- ddpet dé Kal 6 IIpwrevs. Kal mpooedOdvres dAAos dAax obey avipav 7d. 7p péyvotov! are amo Sddwy kal ppvydvev. 6 dé—Kat poe mdve 75 mpdceye TOV _votv—arobéwevos: TV mpav Kat TO TpiBosvrov kat 70 “HpakaActov é exetvo porradov, earn ev d06vn p pumraon axprBas. elra. 7} TEL ABaver- TOV, WS em BaAou em TO mp, Kal dvadovtos Twos émeBahev Te Kal elev € és Thy peonBpiav- daroBé- mwv—Kat yap kal tobdr adbro® mpos THY Tpayedtav a % <02)uBpta—* Aaipoves peyTp@oe Kal maTp@ot, defaobe _He evpevets,” TadTa, elT@v emnonaev és 70 mip, ob pny Ewpard Es adda TSPHEORS bo THs proyos ToAAhs 7) TPHEVTS..

Adis 6p®& yeXOvrd oe, @& Kare Kpdne, riy a Bd8pe Fritzsche : Babe MSS.

2 zotr’ adro Harmon: todro 76 TX!MF: rodro tév x? (fritzsche).. Cf. below, c. 39.

1 C. R. Lanman (in Allinson, Lucian: Selected Writings, p- 200) thus explains the mystic allusion to the South: “It is to be noted that Yama—the first man who died and found out for all men the pathway ‘to a distant home, a dwelling. place secure ’—conducts souls to the ‘ Blessed Fathers’ in

40

THE PASSING OF PEREGRINUS

the hippodrome towards the east.. As soon as we arrived, we found a pyre built in a pit about six fect deep. It was composed mostly of torchwood, and the interstices filled with brush, that it might take fire quickly. When the moon was rising—for she too had to witness this glorious deed—he came forward, dressed in his usual fashion, and with him the leaders of the Cynics; in particular, the gentle- man from Patras, with a torch—no bad understudy. Proteus too was bearing a torch. Men, approaching from this side and that, kindled the fire into a very great flame, since it came from torchwood and brush. Peregrinus—and give me your close attention now !— laying aside the wallet, the cloak, and that. notable Heracles-club, stood there in a shirt that was downright filthy. _Then he requested incense to throw on the fire; when someone had proffered it, he threw it on, and. gazing towards the south—even the south, too, had to do with the show 1—he said: “ Spirits of my mother and my father, receive. me with favour.” With that he leaped into the fire; he was not visible, however, but was encompassed by the flames, which had risen to a great height.

Once more I see you laughing, Cronius, my the south, the region of the Manes. See Atharvaveda 18, 3, 13; 4, 40, 2. So the monthly offerings (¢raddhas) to the Manes are performed in such a way that they end in the south (Manu’s Laws, 3,214), The invoking of the Saiyoves is in accord with Hindu thought; e.g. the liturge in Hiran- yakegin’s Grhya-sitra, 2, 10° (see F.’Max Miiller’s Sacred Books of the East, XXX, p. 226), after inviting the Manes, sprinkles water towards the south, saying: ‘ Divine waters, send us Agni.” The vexpdyyedo. and veprepodpopo in 41 may be an echo of Yama’s messengers that has reached Lucian.

See Atharvaveda 18, 2, 27 and H. ©. Warren’s Buddhism in Translations, pp. 225-262.’

41

THE WORKS OF LUCIAN —

KaTaorpogny Tob Spduaros. eye dé TOvSs pntpdovs pev Saipovas emiBou)pevov pa tov A’ od ofddpa Arion: Ste S€ Kal TOUS TarTp@ous emexadeaaTo, avapwnobets TOV mept Tod dovov cipnLeveny ovde KaTéxew novvanv TOV yehura.. ot Kuvurot Se TEPLOTAVTES THY TUpPaV ouK eddxpvoy per, owmh de evedeikvuvto Adan Twa, ets TO TUp oparres, axpe 52). dmomvuyets én adrois, ff “Ariopev,” pnp, “ @ paravou od yap 750.70 Géapa comrrnevov yépovra. opav _xvions avaripmAapevous movnpas. 7 Trepipevere gor” dv ypageds tis émeAD@v azret= don buds otovs rods €v TO Seopewrnpien ératpous 7 LwxKpdret mapaypddovow ; % éxeivor pev o Hyavarrovy kal éAoopobvTd por, evtoi 8 Kal émt Tas Baxrnpias Héav. elra, ered) reine Evvaprdoas Twas euBadetv is TO Top, ws av Emrowro 7@ SdackdrAw, enatoavro Kal eipyyny Hyov.

38 ‘Eye be emravecy rroucida, a i} Sept mpos €avTov evevdour, TO jddsogor olov Ti. €or dvadoytCopevos, Ws povos odTOs 6 Epws aduKTos Kal Tois mdvy Oavpacrois elvat Soxodow, ov dmrws éxeivy Tavopt Kal Tana epmdicros Kal dmovevon Levers AsBroncore Kal ovK dvagios Tob

39 mupds. elra evervyxavoy ® moMots dmvobow ws fedoawro Kal. avrot @ovTo yap ert karahy- peoBac Cavra avrov. Kal yap Kal T0de TH mpore- pata Sve5e50T0 Os mpos avioxovra, TOV iPvov dorracdjevos, WoTrEep GHEE Kal TOvSs ii sacclni: dao. troveiv, emPyoerar® THs Tupas. » ameaTpe

1 zouxidAa & , Fritzsche: zorxiAws TXMF. 42

THE PASSING OF PEREGRINUS

urbane friend, at the dénouement of the play. For my own part, when he called upon the guardian spirits of his mother, I did not criticise him ve strongly, but when he invoked those of his father as well, I recalled the tales that had been told about his murder, and I could not control my laughter. The Cynics stood about thé pyre, not weeping, to be sure, but silently evincing a certain amount of grief as they gazed into the fire, until my gorge rose at them, and I said: “‘ Let us go away, you simpletons. It is not an agreeable spectacle to look at an old man who has been roasted, getting our nostrils filled with a villainous reek. Or are you waiting for a painter to come and picture you as the companions of Socrates in prison are portrayed beside him? ’’ They. were indignant and reviled me, and several even took to their sticks. Then, when I threatened to.gather up a few of them and throw them into the fire, so that they might follow their master, they checked them- selves and kept the peace.

As I. returned, I was thinking busily, my friend, reflecting what a strange thing love. of. glory. is; how this. passion alone is unescapable even by. those who are considered wholly admirable, let alone that man who in other respects had led a life that was insane and reckless, and not undeserving of the fire. Then I encountered many people coming out to see the show themselves, for they expected to find him still alive. You see, on the day before it had been given out that he would greet the rising sun, as, in fact, they say the Brahmans do, before mounting the pyre.

2 evervyxavov XMF: érdyxvavoy I, 3 em Pnoerar TX: éemiByjoecar M.

43

THE WORKS OF LUCIAN

8’ odv Tods toAdods adrav réywv 7dn TereAE€oBar TO €pyov, ols 7) Kat Tobr’ adtd} meproTovdacTov hv, Kav avrov deity tov témov Kat TL Aeibavov KaradapBdvery Too mupos.

"Eva 84, @ éraipe, pupla mpdypara elyov amaow dinyovpevos Kal dvaxpivovow Kal ducptBas exrruvOavojevors. él bev obv ouut Twa yapievra, Yura av womep col Ta mpaxbevra Sinyouunv, ™pos be tovs PBAdkas Kai Tmpos THY dcpoacw KEeXnVvoTas éTpaywoovv TL map €uavTod, ws erred) avndbn pev 7 mupd, éevéBadrev dé dépwv éautov 6 IIpwreds, cevopot mpdtepov peyadov yevonevov adv puKnOu@ ris ys, yoy avamrd- pevos ek péans THs dAoyos olyouro €s TOv odpavorv avOpwmoti? peyardn TH Pwr Aéywv

“ €Xrov yav, Baivw 8° és “OdvpTrov.” eke (vou [Lev obv ereOnmrecav Kat mpocextvour bmo- ppirrovres Kal dvépwov pe mOTEpov mpos ew 7 mpos Svapas eveybein 6 yy eyw 8é TO émeABov dre kpwduny adrois.

40 *AredBaw de és THY maviyyupy eméorny Twt ToAd avOpt Kal v7) TOV A? a€torriorw To mpoawrrov emi TH Trwywr Kal TH AowwrH oEepvernti, Ta TE dAra Sinyoupevw epi trod Ipwrews Kal ws peta TO KavOjvar Dedoato adbrov ev AceuvKH eoOFAre | pukpov eumpooberv, Kat viv amoXtmo. mepimarobvta | pavdpov ev TH éemTapwrw aTOG KoTiVw TE EOTELMpME- |

1 yodr’ adro X?: radra PX'MF. 2 dvOpwmorlt Harmon: avOpwaiv, MSS.

1 At the death of Plato and of Augustus it was an eagle; in the case of Polycarp, a dove.

44

THE’ PASSING OF PEREGRINUS

Well, I turned back most of them by saying the deed had been done already, those to whom it was not in itself highly desirable to see the actual spot, anyhow, and gather up some relic of the fire.

In that business, I assure you, my friend, I had no end of trouble, telling the story to all while they asked questions and sought exact information. Whenever I noticed a man of taste, I would tell him the facts without embellishment, as I have to you; but for the benefit of the dullards, agog to listen, I would thicken the plot a bit on my own account, saying that when the pyre was kindled and Proteus flung himself bodily in, a great earthquake first took place, accompanied by a bellowing of the ground, and then a vulture, flying up out of the midst of the flames, went off to Heaven,} saying, in human speech, with a loud voice :

“‘T am through with the earth ; to Olympus I fare.”

They were wonder-struck and blessed themselves with a shudder, and asked me whether the vulture sped eastwards or westwards ; I made them whatever reply occurred to me.

On my return to the festival, I came upon a grey- haired man whose face, I assure you, inspired con- fidence in addition to his beard and his general air of consequence, telling all about Proteus, and how, since his cremation, he had beheld him in white raiment a little while ago, and had just now left him walking about cheerfully in the Portico of the Seven Voices,? wearing a garland of wild olive.. Then on

2 This was a portico on the east side of the Altis which

had a sevenfold echo (Pausan., V, 21, 17; Pliny, XXXVI, 100).

45

41

THE WORKS OF LUCIAN —

= a iisy

vov. elr” emt maou mpooeOyne TOV yond; Svopivd-

Hevos 7 pny adros ewpakeyat avamTapevoy ék

THs tmupas, ov. éyw pucpoy cumpoobey adja

mérecOa KatayeAa@vra Tay avojntwy Kai BAakika@v

TOV TpoTroV. iy >

Evvde. 70 Aowrov ofa eixos én’ adt@ yevy- aeobar, motas ad ov Hedirras emurriieoay ty én Tov Térov, Twas d€ TértTeyas OvK emdcecbar,? tivas 6€ Kopwvas ovK emlarraequan Kabdmep ent tov ‘Howddou tadov, Kal Ta ToLadra, ¢ikovas pev yap mapa te “Hiciwv adbtav mapa te trav dAAwy “EXjvev, ofs Kat éreoradKévat edeyev,® avrika pidda olda moAAds avaornoopevas. dact

\ / ‘ a > la , > 5€ mdcats axedov tats evddEous moAcow emotoAds 5 t Ue RS Sy. 4 \ Fe dy ony tarreprpat adTov, SiabrjKkas Tivas Kal Tapaivecets Kal vdpiobs Kal twas ent rovTw mpeopeyras Tov éTalpwv Exe ropa cer, vexpayydlovs kal VepTepodpopous mpocayopevoas.

Todro rédos Tob KaKodaipovos Ipwréws eyé- veto, avdpds, ws Bpaxet Adyw srepidaBetv, mpds > la \ iD) 7 > r / > \ r) & aAjfevav pev odderamore amoBArebavros, emt Sd&H

a ~ ~ > dé Kal 7T@ mapa tav TodAAdv €raivw dravra elmovtos del Kal mpdfavtos, ws Kal eis wip

1 émarjocobar MF: emarioacbat rx.

2 éndccoba Wyttenbach : : émayeoOar TXM.

® Zeyov du Soul, eddyero Fritzsche ; but €Aeyer is right, Proteus presumably said it in his speech. Cf. €xetpordvager

46

THE PASSING OF PEREGRINUS

top of it all he put the vulture, swearing that he himself had seen it flying up out of the pyre, when I myself had just previously let it fly to ridicule. fools and dullards.

Imagine what is likely to happen in his honour hereafter, how many bees will not settle on the place, what cicadas will not sing upon it, what crows will not fly to it, as they did to the tomb of Hesiod} and so forth! As to statues, I know that many will be set up right soon by the Eleans themselves and also by the other Greeks, to whom he said he had sent letters. The story is that he despatched missives to almost all the famous cities—testamentary dispositions, so to. speak, and exhortations and prescriptions—and he appointed a number. of ambassadors for this purpose from among his com- rades, styling them “ messengers from the dead” and ‘“‘ underworld couriers.” 2

So ended that poor wretch Proteus, a man who (to put it briefly) never fixed his gaze on the verities, but always did and said everything with a view to glory and the praise of the multitude, even to the

1 See Pausanias (IX, 38, 3): when Orchomenus was afflicted by a plague, the Delphic priestess told its people that their only salvation was to bring there from Naupactus the bones of Hesiod, and that a crow would show them the tomb, Her words were borne out by the event.

2 In the letters of Ignatius he recommends to the Church of Smyrna the election of a special messenger, styled “ambas- sador of God’’ (@compecBevrys: ad Smyrn., 11) or “ courier of God ’’ (Geodpépos : ad Polyc., 7), to be sent to Syria. The verbal coincidence is notable (cf. Lightfoot), and seems to

indicate a knowledge of these letters, but on the part of Peregrinus, not Lucian.

. . . mpooayopetcas below. What he then said was later expanded by others (¢ac/).

47

THE WORKS OF LUCIAN

dA€obar, dre pndé amoAavew Tav eraivwy Ewer avatcOnros attadv ‘yevopevos. cl 43 “Ev ér cou mpoodinynodpevos mavoopat, ws éxyns éml odd yeAdv. exeiva pev yap maXat 72. > 4 a 4 > \ ’ olaba, ed00s dkovcas pov 6re yKwv amo Lupias Sinyovpnv? as amd Tpwddos ovprdevoayu adt@ Kat THY Te GAAnY THY ev TO TAM tpudyy Kal TO pelpak.ov TO wpatov 6 emeuce Kuvilew ws Exor TWA Kat adros “AAkiPiddnv, Kal ws emel Tapax- Oeinuev ? ris vuKTos ev péow TH Alyaiw® yvodou KataBdavros Kal Koya mappeyeles eyetpavtos éxwKve peta Tav yuvakdrv o Oavpaatos Kat 44 Qavdrov Kpetrtwv elvar Soxdv.. dAAa puuKpov mpOo

tis TedevTAs, mpd evvéa oxeddv tov Hpep@y, mAeiov, oluat, trod ixavod eudayov nec Te

~ \ Schysbal a 4 . Tis vuKros Kal éddAw mupeT@ pdda adodp@. taira dé pou AAdEavdpos 6 tarpos Senyjoaro pera= KAnGels cis emiokoryocey adrév. Edn odv KaTa- NaBeiy adrov yapal KvAidpevov Kal tov ddoypov od dépovta Kal yvxpov aitobvra mavu épwTiKa@s, éavrov Sé pn Sovvar. Katto. eimety Edn mpos avrov ws «t mavtws Yavdtov SéoiTo, Kew avrov émt. tas Ovpas adrouatrov, wate Kadds €xew éxeoOar pndév tod mupds Sedpevov: tov 8 ad

, cc? > ? ¢ / v 5 c vi Las ddvat, “AX ody cpolws evdo£os oO TporTos yevoit av, maou Kowds wr.”

1 Sinyovpny I: Sunyounevov MF. . Levi cites X (his Pl) both for the same reading as I, and for jxov .. . dipyorpévov.

2 énel rapaxdeinpuer Meiser: éxcrapaxSeinuev TX: émerapax- Bein pev MF. ra

3 Alyaiw M?: dydv MIFIX. The conjecture, if it is one, is right. Things are always happening in ‘‘ mid-Aegean ” with Lucian (Dial. Mar. 8, 2; 10, 1). Mras rightly sets

48

THE PASSING OF PEREGRINUS

extent of leaping into fire, when he was sure not to enjoy the praise because he could not hear it.

I shall add one thing more to my story before I stop, in order that. you may be able to have a good laugh. For of course you have long known that other tale of mine, as you heard it from me at once, when on my return from Syria I recounted how I sailed from the Troad in his company, and about his self-in- dulgence on the voyage, and the handsome boy whom he had persuaded to turn Cynic that he too might have an Alcibiades, and how, when we were disturbed during the night in mid-Aegean by a tempest that descended and raised an enormous sea, this wondrous person who was thought to be superior to death fell to wailing along with the women! Well, ashort time before his end, about nine days, it may be, having eaten more than enough, I suppose, he was sick during the night and was taken with a very violent fever. This was told me by Alexander the physician, who had been called in to see him. He said that he found him rolling on the ground, unable to stand the burning, pleading very passionately for a drink of cold water, but that he would not give it to him. Moreover, he told him, he said, that Death, if he absolutely wanted him, had come to his door spontaneously, so that it would be well to go along, without asking any favour from the fire; and Proteus replied: “ But that way would not be so notable, being common to all men.”’

aside Levi’s interpretation of dyad as meaning luita d'amore, but his own defence of it as meaning “discrimen’’ does not properly reckon with the context. The archetype had a peculiar pointed w, frequently confused with a: and », and these with it.

. 49

THE WORKS OF LUCIAN |

45 Tatra pev 6 "Adefavdpos. eye Sé 00d’ abrdg 7™po TOMY jhpepOv eldov adrov eyKexplopevor, ws dmodaxpicete T@ Spiypret Pappa. opas; ov mavu Tods duBvwrodvras 6 Ataxos i XeTaL. Gpovov ws et Tis mt oraupov dvaBr- ceobau pec TO &v TH SaxtdrAw mpoonraropa Oeparrevor. ti gow Soxet 6 Anpdxpiros,, ei Tadra elde; Kat agiav yeAdoa 4 dv emt t@ avSpt; KatTot 7 obev exe exetvos Tocobroy dear j ov & obv, @ pirorns, vera real avros, Kat Hea omdtav Tov dAAwy axotys. Javpalovtwy | adTov. |

5°

THE PASSING OF PEREGRINUS

That is Alexander’s story. And I myself not many days previously saw him smeared with ointment in order that the sharp salve might relieve his vision by making him shed tears. Do you get the idea? Aeacus is reluctant to receive people with weak eyes! It is as if a man about to go up to the cross should nurse the bruise on his finger. What do you think Democritus would have done, had he seen this? Would not he have laughed at the man as roundly as he deserved? And yet, where could he have got that much laughter? Well, my friend, youmay have yourtaugh also, particularly when you-hear-the rest of them admiring him.

x

51

ee ew

&

bk otlt 29737 DOR 2oxs assy ditiw slaosd arignatish duade een, oft ot Gu eK 3h a wo ; Ws, vec ¢

orn “4 4 2 4 4 4

THE RUNAWAYS

A comic dialogue in three scenes attacking sham philo- sophers: Peregrinus, the rabble of low fellows masquerading as Cynics, and one of them whom he dubs “ Cantharus"’ (Scarabee), describing him as settled at Philippopolis in Thrace in the company of two other runaway slaves and the errant wife of a former host of his.

This is assuredly an outgrowth of the hot dispute about the character and motives of Peregrinus which broke out even before he leaped into the flames and for months after- wards must have raged wherever Greek was spoken. Lucian, deeply involved in it from the first, finds the ic advocates of their new saint so obnoxious that he wishes to make a direct attack on them. He wants to bring in Peregrinus, but must do it with care, not only to avoid cutting into the field of his Peregrinus (by now either out or certainly in preparation), but above all to prevent Cantharus and his fellows from escaping the direct issue. His solution is clever. We gather that the death of their holy man, far from being regarded in Heaven as the proper Heraclean ending of a Heraclean life, is a stench in the nostrils of Zeus, who knows no more than Apollo what it is all about. Nobody so much as calls Proteus a philosopher, and Philosophy was not even there when it happened. He is clearly linked with the false philosophers of whom she complains; but only by innuendo, and indignation finds nothing solid to lay hold of.

The dialogue is constructed with unusual attention to the dramatic effects of suspense and surprise. © Philosophy’s vigorous flailing of the Cynic pack is delayed with obvious purpose, and the devastating onslaught on Cantharus is masked to the last possible moment. In handling the search for him, however, Lucian’s technique is not quite perfect, since he lets, us think at first that it has no definite objective. Also, towards the end the lines themselves do not always make it clear who speaks them—a matter in which Lucian is generally very resourceful (A: R. Bellinger, Yale Classical Studies, I [1928], pp. 3-40). Either he was hasty or he had not yet attained his later facility.

The dialogue was written late in 165 or early in a.p. 166, almost certainly in Philippopolis.

53

APATIETAI isa - ATIOAAQN rr i.

"AAD OF, Tabrd paoww, mdrep, ws aupadou Ts. dépwv adrov eis To mip Karévavre "Odvprriev, 75 mpeoBorns avOpuros, ovK dyevins Bavparomouds Td. ToLadra,; 7 LedAjnvyn. yap jhuiv, Sunyetro, aun

éwpakévas Kavopevoy A€yovoa.

ZETS 4

Kai mdvy adnbA, & “Amodov> ds pa more yevécBar adderev. a”

ATIOAAQN

Otirw xpnotos 6 yépwr tv Kai avdévos ev Tupi amoAwAevat ; ites ZEY rt boss

Kai Tobro plev tows: GAN’ eyed moAAny ip andiav Hépynpar avacxopevos TOTE v0 Kvi Is Tovnpas, olav elds drropepecbar Orr wpevey dvOpurretey owpatwr.. € yoov pa eis THY. Apa= Biav ds etyov edOds amav dydunr, does Aew

i The Olympic games were timed to come at the full of the moon, and the cremation took place at moon-rise (Peregr., 36). 2 By dividing Apollo’s question and emphasising the negative in the second part, the translation seeks to reproduce the ambiguity of Zeus’s reply, which in the Greek is sufficiently

54

THE RUNAWAYS

APOLLO . .

Is the report true, father, that someone threw himself bodily into the fire; in the very face of the Olympic festivities, quite an elderly: man, not a bad hand at such hocus-pocus? Selene told me, saying that she herself had seen him: burning.

ZEUS

“Yes, quite true, Apollo. If only it had never happened! APOLLO

Was the old man so good? Was he not worthy of

a death by fire? ZEUS

Yes, that he was, very likely.2 But my point is that I remember having had to put up with a great deal of annoyance at the time on account of a horrid stench such as you might expect to arise from roasting human bodies. In fact, if I had not at once gone straight to Araby, I should have come to a sad end,

subtle to have misled more than one scholar into the notion that Zeus (and therefore Lucian) is praising Peregrinus. Nothing could be farther from his (or Lucian’s) real thought, that the fellow deserved death. The ambiguity is of course deliberate, to foil and annoy ‘“‘Scarabee”’ and his sort; cf. below, § 7.

55

VOL. V. Cc

THE WORKS OF LUCIAN

” > > , ~ “A ‘ @ > av, «d toh, dromia rob Kamvod: Kal duws ev ‘ ~

TocavTn «dwoia Kal adbovia trav dpwydrwr Kat ev ABavwr@ trapmdorAAw por; al pives émAa- Béc8or ror Kat dropabciv 7Ocdov tiv KndAida > , ~ > ~ > ‘ ‘ ~ x\7 /, exewnv Tis oops, aAAd Kai viv dAliyou Séw vavTiay vropvnobels adrijs.

ATIOAAQN Té 8€ Bovdduevos, & Zed, rowdra eipyaorat €avtdv; 7) Ti Td dyabdv, daavOpaxwhfivar éu- meaovTa eis THY TUpav;

ZETS Todro pev odk dv, ® mat, POdvois Kat *Ep- medokAet mpd adrod éykaddv, ds és Tovs KpaTi- pas jAato Kai adros ev LikedXia.

ATIOAAQN Medayxoriav twa Sewiv Aéyeis. drap odrds ye Tiva mote dpa THY aitiay éoxe THs emBupias;

ZET=

Adrod oor Adyov épa dv éde~e pds THY TaVvy- yupw, amodoyovpevos mpdos avtovs tmép Ths tereurijs. €¢n ydp, €l ye peuvnwar—adda tis avTn omovd} mpoceior TeTapaypevyn Kat Sa- Kpvovoa, mv adiKoupern eouxvia; paddAov Se Diroc0¢ia eoriv, kal robvoud ye rodpov emBodrar oxeTAtdlovoa. Ti, & Ovyarep, daxpveis; 7) Ti amrOAL- motoa tov Biov éAjAvOas; dpa py of idiMrat adOis émBeBovrevcaci co ws TO mpdcbev, dre 56

THE RUNAWAYS

you may depend on it, from the awfulness of the reek. Even as it was, amid all that fragrance and abundance of sweet scents, with frankincense in profusion, my nostrils hardly consented to forget and unlearn the taint of that odour; why, even now I almost retch at the memory of it!

APOLLO —

What was his idea, Zeus, in doing that to himself, or what was the good of his getting incinerated by jumping into the blazing pyre?

ZEUS

Well, that criticism, my boy, you had better address first to Empedocles, who himself sprung into that crater in Sicily.

APOLLO

A terrible case of melancholia, that! But this man—what reason in the world did he have for wanting to do it?

ZEUS

I will repeat for you a speech of his own, which he delivered to the assembled pilgrims, defending him- self before them for putting an end to himself. He said, if my memory serves me—But who is this woman coming up in haste, excited and tearful, like someone suffering great wrongs? Stay, it is Philo- sophy, and she is calling upon me by name, in bitter- ness of spirit. Why the tears, my daughter? Why have you left the world and come here? Surely it cannot be that the common sort have once again combined against you as before, when they put

57

THE WORKS OF LUCIAN

Tov DwKparny améxrewav v7 “Avdrov | karnyopy- Oévra, elra pevyers 81a Toro adrovs;: *} SIAOZOSIA Sai pat Oddev tovobror, & mdrep, GAN exetvou. ev, 0 oAvs Accs, exjvouv Kat dud Tysfs Hyov, aidov- pevoe Kal Davpalovrés pe Kal povovouxt mpooKku- voovres, ei Ka pn apddpa. fuvieoay. ov A€ ot dé—7as av elrroue; s—ot Eurbeus Kal 1 gidoe ddoxovtes elvar Kal Tobvoma Tobpov brodudpevor, exetvol pe Ta Sewdrata <ipydcavto.

ZETS / Oi dirdcodot éemPBovdAjy twa emiPeBovdetkaat go; #IAOZOPIA Odvdsapas, @® mdtep, ol ye Sone pot Kal avrot. ZET=

II pos tive obv 7dixnoat, el pyre Tovs Buirtas unre Tovs dirocddovs airra ; [5

#IAOSOFIA

Evoty twes, @ Led, ev peraxptey | Tv Te Toa Kat TOV prrocogotyrwv, TO pev oxfjpa Kat Préupa Kat Bddiopa Auiv Sprovoe Kat KaTa TA avTa. €or aA peévou dgvodat yoov tn euol rdrrecbau kal TOUVOLA TO TyueTEpov emypagovrat, pabyrat Kat OuiAyntral Kal Ovac@rar jpadv elvar Aé€yovres:

58

THE RUNAWAYS

Socrates to death through a charge brought by Anytus, and that yon are fleeing from them for that reason?

PHILOSOPHY

Nothing of the sort, father. On the contrary, they—the multitude—spoke well of me and held me in honour, respecting, admiring, and all but worship- ping me, even if they did not much understand what I said. But the others—how shall I style them?— those who say they are my familiars and friends and creep under the cloak of my name, they are the people who have done me the direst possible injuries.

ZEUS Have the philosophers made a plot against you?

PHILOSOPHY

By no means, father. Why, they themselves have been wronged in common with me!

ZEUS

At whose ‘hands, then, have you been wronged, if you have no fault to find either with the common sort or with the philosophers ?

PHILOSOPHY

There are some, Zeus, who occupy a middle ential between. the multitude. and the philosophers... In deportment, glance, and gait they are like us, and similarly dressed; as a matter of fact, they want to be enlisted under my command and they enroll them- selves under my name, saying that they are my pupils, disciples, and devotees. Nevertheless, their

59

THE WORKS OF LUCIAN

6 Bios S€ mrappiapos abtayv, dpabias Kal Opdcous Kal doehyetas dvdmdews, UBpis od puKpa Kal hudv. bro tovTwy, @ TaTep, nouKnevn Té= gevya.. ZEY

Aewa. ratra, & Ovyatep. aAda Ti pédvora

HoUKHKaGl GE; . $IAOZOSIA

Zkdret, @ matep, <i puKpda. ov yap Karey tov Btov dducias Kat Tapavopias JLeoTov dire dyra.Bia. Kal vpBpee fvvovra. Kal Tapar7opevoy bn avTav, kareAenoas 70 avOpurtrecov bd TH ayvoig eAavvopevov €, eye Karérepipas, evTetAdpevos €7TyLE~ An Oijvan ws TAUTALWTO pev adixodvres. aAArjAous Kat Bralopevor Kai pov Tots Onpiors Bwbvres, avaBrdpavres S€ mpos TV Gdn Gevav elpnvuxcbtepov Evpmodurevowro. edns yoov pos pe Karaméumrey, = “A pev m™paTTrovow ol i avOpw7ot Kai @s SudewTat bd THS dwabias, 7) Odyarep, Kat avr!) opdas- eye S€é (Ae yap adrovs) oe, iy poovnv idoacdat av To yeyvopeva olpat, mpoxpivas €€ amdvrwv Hav méprw iacopevnv.’

ZET=

Ola TOAAG Kal tadra . elmeby ToTe. avd be To pera. Tabra 79 Aéye, 6 Omrws ev dmedeLavrd oe KaranTapevny TO mp@rov, arwa Se vov tr avra&v zézovbas.

1 The expression is unusual, and possibly wrong. Various

conjectures are. ToAAG Kat Tovadra, 70AAG Tobira, and (Capps) d\Aa moAAd Kat rare. Perhaps zoAAd xar’ adra (i.e. Ta

yuyvopeva’ ? 60

THE RUNAWAYS

abominable way of living, full of ignorance, impu- dence, and wantonness, is no trifling outrage against me. Itis they, father, who have inflicted the wrongs that have made me flee.

ZEUS

This is a sad state of affairs, daughter. But in just what way have they wronged you?

PHILOSOPHY

See for yourself, father, whether the wrongs are trifling. When you observed that the life of man was full of wrongdoing and transgression because stupidity and high-handedness were ingrained in it, and disturbed it, you pitied humanity, harried as it was by ignorance, and therefore sent me down, enjoinin me to see to it that they should stop wronging eac other, doing violence, and living like beasts; that they should instead fix their eyes on the verities and manage their society more peaceably. Anyhow, you said to me in sending me down: “ What men do and how they are affected by stupidity, daughter, you see for yourself. I pity them, and so, as I think that you alone might be able to cure what is going on, I have selected you from among us all and send you to effect the cure.”

ZEUS

I know I said a great deal at the time, including all this. But go on and tell me what followed, how they received you when you flew down for the first time and what has befallen you now at their hands.

61

THE WORKS OF LUCIAN

PIAOZOSIA ty *Hiéa pév, & warep, odk emt rods "E\qvas: evdus, adn’ Srrep eddKet [4ou xaremdbrepov Too épyou elvar, 76 BapBdpovs adevew Kal Siddoxew, TOovTO mparrov nétovv épydcacba.* Td “EAAqvucdy dé elwv as paora dmoPadeobar oldv re! Kat TaXLOTO, ds ye Opn, evdeEdpmevov TOV xaduvov Kat brayOn- adopevov TH buy. Cppnjoaca Sé eis "Ivdods Td m™p@Tov, L6vos péytorov Tav ev TH Biw, ob xaAeTas éreoa KataBdvras amd T&v eAcddvTwy Epot ouvetvar, woTe Kal yevos OXov, of Bpaxpaves, Tots Nexpaiors. Kal ‘Ofv8paxais Gpopov, odrot mdyres bm éwot tatTovrat. Kal Roboiy Te? Kata. Ta hpiv Soxobvra, Tysmpevor mpos THY TEpoiKwy, dmdvrwv, Kal anobvnoKxovor mapddokdv twa Tod Oavarov rpdzrov.

ZET= \ BY ; > , Re EE ae Tods yupvocogiatas Aéyets. akovw yodv Ta ~ \ te dAAa repli adtav Kat dri emt mupay peyiorny dvaBdvres avéxovrar Kaidpevot, obd€év’ ToD OX7- an a 6 4) > , 3 > > » patos 4 THs Kabedpas evrpéerovtes.® Gd’ od ~ ~ ‘ > . péya todro: évayyos yodv Kat *Odvpmiaow >

TO Spowv éyd elSov yevopevov, eikds Sé Kal oe

mapeivat Katopévov TOTE TOD yepovTos.

1 ofdy re after droBadéoda Mras: after yadwdv MSS. 2 re Fritzsche: ye MSS. 3 exrpémovres N, edd.; but cf. Peregr., 25.

62

THE RUNAWAYS

PHILOSOPHY

When I sped off, father, I did not head for the Greeks straightway, but as it seemed to me the more difficult. part of my task, to educate and instruct the foreigners, I decided to do that first ; the Greek world I let be, as possible to subject very easily and likely (I thought so, anyhow) to take the bridle and submit to the harness very soon. Making for the Indians to begin with, the most numerous population in the world, I had no difficulty about persuading them to come down off their elephants and associate with me. Consequently, a whole tribe, the Brahmans, who border upon the Nechraei and the Oxydracae,! are all enlisted under my command and not only live in accordance with my tenets, honoured by all their neighbours, but die a marvellous kind of death.

ZEUS

You mean the gymnosophists.2 Anyhow, I am told, among other things about them, that they ascend a very lofty pyre and endure cremation with- out any change in their outward appearance or their sitting position. But that is nothing much. Just now, for example, at Olympia Isaw the same sort of thing done, and very likely you too were there at the time when the old man was burned.

1 The Nechraei are not mentioned elsewhere, unless, as Fritzsche suggests, they are the Nereae of Pliny (Nat. Hist., VI, 76). The Oxydracae made themselves famous by their resolute opposition to the invasion of Alexander; they lived in the Punjab.

* A generic name given by the Greeks to the holy men of India who lived naked.

% Apparently a correction of Peregrinus, where (p. 30) the position is spoken of as “ lying.”

63

THE WORKS OF LUCIAN

PIAOSOSIA Ovdsé avidOov, & matep, eis *OdAvpriav Ser Tov KaTOparov exetvev ods é¢nv, dt mroAXods abtav édpwv dmiovras, ws AowWopHoavro ois EvveAnAvOoat Kat Bos Tov drrcBddopov eumdnow- ow bAakrobyres, wate ovdé eldov exetvov S7rws améGavev.

8 Mera 8 otv! rots Bpaypyavas eis Aibwo- miav evd0Us, elra els _Atyurrov KareBny, Kal Svyyevopevy Tots lepedow Kat mpopyras av- TOv kal ta Oeta maevoaoa és BaBuddva dmfjpa XaXdalovs Kal pudyouvs puycovea, elra eis UxvOiav éexeidev, elra eis Opaxny, evOa por Evpodmrds te Kat "Opdeds ovveyeveobnv, ods Kat mpoamoarethaca és. tiv ‘EdAdéda, Tov prev as TeA€cevev avrous, TOV Edpodrov—epepadjxcer yap 7a Qcia map’ nudv dmavra—rov dé ws emddwv mpoopiBalor Th Hovourh, Kata m7ddas «dOvs gimopmy.

9 Kat ro pev. T™p@Tov evOds eMoicav ovte mavu jomacavto ot “EXAnves ovre GAws amékAcvoav: Kat dArLlyov dé mpocopAotea Entra éx THY aTravTwY €raipovs kat palynras mpoonyayounv, Kal aAdov e€ Ldpov Kal dAdov e€ ’Edécouv Kai "ABdSnpdbev aAdov, dAlyous mavrdmracw.

10 Me@ ods 1d codiordv ¢dbdov ovdK old’ Smws

, ” ~ > A > / poor mapevedveto, ovre Cndobv rapa és Balos 1 § odv Jacobitz: yody MSS.

. The word is chosen because specially appropriate to Cynic dogs.”

2 The seven were the Seven Sages, who as listed by Plato in the Protagoras (343 a) were Thales of Miletus, Pittacus of

64

THE RUNAWAYS

PHILOSOPHY

I did not even go to Olympia, father, for fear of those detestable fellows whom I spoke of, since I saw many of them taking their way there in order to upbraid the assembled pilgrims and fill the back room of the temple with the noise of their howling.t Consequently, I did not see how he died.

But to resume—after the Brahmans I went direct to Ethiopia, and then down to Egypt; and after associating with their priests and prophets and instructing them in religion, I departed for Babylon, to initiate Chaldeans and Magi; then from there to Scythia, and then to Thrace, where I conversed with Eumolpus and Orpheus, whom I sent in advance to Greece, one of them, Eumolpus, to give them the mysteries, as he had learned all about religion from me, and the other to win them over by the witchery of his music. Then I followed at once on their heels.

Just at first, on my arrival, the Greeks neither welcomed me very warmly nor shut the door in my face outright. But gradually, as I associated with them, I attached to myself seven companions and pupils from among them all; then another from Samos, another from Ephesus, and one more from Abdera—only a few in all.?

After them, the Sophist tribe somehow or other fastened themselves to my skirts. They were neither profoundly interested in my teaching nor

Mytilene, Bias of Priene, Solon of Athens, Cleobulus of Lindos, Myson of Chenae, and Chilon of Sparta; but Periander of Corinth was often included instead of Myson. The threo whom Philosophy acquired later were Pythagoras of Samos, Heraclitus of Ephesus, and Democritus of Abdera.

65

1]

THE WORKS OF LUCIAN

ore Kopudh amaGdov, adn’ ofov 76 “InmoKxevradpwv , 4 0 , ‘ ‘ 1 > cA arc yévos, ovvOerév te Kat puxrov) ev peop a- Covelas Kal $eroGopias TAGS OHEUM, ovre TH dyvoia téAcov, mpocexyopevoy ovTe TULas arevéot. tots od¢0adpois Kxafopadv dvvdpevov, add’ otov Anpa@vres bd Too apPrvdrrew daoades Ti eat Sy ‘ € ow ” ” \ 27 eo ajuvdpov judv eidwrov 4 oKiay eviote iddvres dv ot 5€ wovto axpiP@s mdvra KaTavevonKevat. oe > > ral € > A > , ‘ - Thy dev map adrois 1 dxpetos éxeivn Kal aepirry) , roe > No” > atk: aaa ; cogia Kal, ws adrol wovro, ampdapaxos avepAe- TAD VE yeTo, at Kopufai Kab aropot Kal aToTOL amoKpiaels A , A 7 > rh ; Kat SdvodEodo. Kat AaBvpwhdders K€pwryoets. efra Kipkwopevoe kal Chey KOpevos m™pos TOV yb ee Tov éua@v nyavaktouv Kal ouvicravto ém adrovs, Kat TéAos Suxaornpiots Ca De Kal mapedi5ooav muopevous TOO Kwveiov. éxpiv pev odv lows TOTE duyetvy ed0ds Kal pnKkéert avéxecBar Thy cvvov- / f > ~ ~ oe / ‘ t I ciay avtav: viv de ’Avriobévyns pe Kat Avoyevns \ X ‘ , ‘ , a Kai peta puxpov Kpdryns Kat Méumaos obros éretoav oAlyov soov émyerphoar TAs povis, € , ” > \ ba ~ > , vO re! ws unmote whedov: ov yap av Tocabra éreTrovbew UaTEpoV.

ZET=

12 Ovdderw por Aéyeis, & & Dirogodia, tiva jSieyom,

GAAa ayavakteis povov.

1 wixtoa N: puKpov TB. evi 66

THE RUNAWAYS

altogether at variance, but like the Hippocentaur breed, something composite and mixed, astray in the interspace between quackery and philosophy, neither completely addicted to ignorance nor yet able to keep me envisioned with an intent gaze; being purblind, as it were, through their dim-sightedness they merely glimpsed at times an indistinct, dim presentment or shadow of me, yet thought they. had discerned every- thing with accuracy. So there flared up among them that useless and superfluous “ wisdom ” of theirs, in their own opinion invincible—those clever, baffling, absurd replies and perplexing, mazy queries. Then, on being checked and shown up by my comrades, they were indignant and combined against them, at length, bringing them before courts and handing them over to drink the hemlock. I ought perhaps at that time to have fled incontinently, no longer putting up with their company; but Antisthenes and Diogenes, and presently Crates and Menippus, you know,! persuaded me to mete them out an additional modicum of delay. O that I had not done so! for I should not have undergone such sufferings later. ; ZEUS

You have not yet told me what wrongs have been done you, Philosophy; you merely vent your indignation.

1 “This” Menippus, not because Lucian thinks of him as attending Philosophy in her return to Heaven, or. still less because a is carelessly adapting something by Menippus in which that was the case (Helm), but simply because when Lucian wrote these words Menippus enjoyed among the reading public a high degree of popularity, to.which by this time Lucian himself had contributed significantly,

67

THE WORKS OF LUCIAN

$IAOZOPIA

Kai pi dkove, & Zed, HAika éoriv. ptapov yap tt pdAov avOpdmwv Kal ds Td TOAD SovArKOV Kat Onrixdv, od Evyyevopevov juiv ex taldwr tm’ daoyodias: edovAevev yap 7 eUnrevev H aAAas Twas Téxvas olas eiKds TOs ToOLOUTOUS éuavOaver, oKuTevew TeKkTalvew 7 Tept mAvvods Eexew } épia gaivew, ws evepya etn tals yuvaiv Kal evpjpuTa Kal KaTdyotTo evpapOs omeTe H KpoKny exeivat otpéporey 7 pitov KAwlorev, ToLatra Trowvv ev aot! pedera@vtes ovd€ Ovoma TO HpéeTepov yocoav. emet Se eis avdpas TeAety nptavro Kal Kareidov THv ais@, don mapa TeV moAA@v é€orw Tots éralpois tots epois, Kal’ ws dvéxovtat of avOpwmot tiv Tappyoiay adbradv Kat aipovow Oeparrevdpevor Kat ovpBovAedvovor met- Diveui Kal eéemitysmvrwy dromTHocover, Tatra mdvra Tupayvida od piKpav yyodvTo elvat. 13 To peév 8) pavOdvew ooa TH TovavTn mpoatpecer mpoaghopa pbaxpov Hv, waAAov Se Kops advvatov, at texvar dé yAloypa, Kal odv Tov@ Kal pdyts ixava mapéxew edvvavto. éviows 5é Kat 4 SovAcia Bapd Kai (womep otv eotw) dddpyntov édpaivero. eSofe 81) oxomovpevois thy dvoTdrny ayKupay, qv tepay of vavTAdAdpevot pacw, Kabiévar, Kal ent tiv BeAtiorny amdovovay opunoavres, Ett TE Kat ToAuay Kal apabiay Kal davascxuvtiav mpoo- mapaxadéaavres, aimep adtois pdAvora ovvaywvi- fovrat, Kat Aodopias Kawas* éexpeAeTHoarTes,

1 zaio. N: waou. TMELXBC, 2 xawas I’: kevas N: twas BC. Cf. Icarom., 30.

68

THE RUNAWAYS

PHILOSOPHY

But do listen, Zeus, and hear how great they are. There is an abominable class of men, for the most part slaves and hirelings, who had nothing to do with me in childhood for lack of leisure, since they were performing the work of slaves or hirelings or learning such trades as you would expect their like to learn—cobbling, building, busying themselves with fuller’s tubs, or carding wool to make it easy for the women to work, easy to wind, and easy to draw off when they twist a yarn or spin a thread. Well, while they were following such occupations in youth, they did not even know my name. But when they began to be reckoned as adults and noticed how much respect my companions have from the multitude and how men tolerate their plain-speaking, delight in their minis- trations, hearken to their advice, and cower under their censure, they considered all this to be a suzerainty of no mean order.

Now to learn all that is requisite for such a calling would have been a long task, say rather an impossible one. Their trades, however, were petty, laborious, and barely able to supply them with just enough. To some, moreover, servitude seemed grievous and (as indeed it is) intolerable. It seemed best to them, therefore, as they reflected upon the matter, to let go their last anchor, which men that sail the seas call the “‘sacred”’ one; so, resorting to good old Des- peration, inviting the support, too, of Hardihood, Stupidity, and Shamelessness, who are their principal partisans, and committing to memory novel terms of abuse, in order to have them at hand and at their

1 Nowadays known as the “ sheet”’ anchor.

69

THE WORKS OF LUCIAN

ws TMpoxerpor elev Kal diva. or Ope, ravras povas EvpBodras . €xovres—opas droite ™pos prrocodiay eddduaj ;—oxnparilovow Kat peraxoopodow av= Tods ed para eikdtws Kal mpos ee, oldv rt dpéAee 6 Alow7ds dyno. mrovjoat TOV ev TH Kopy ovov, 6s AEeovriv mrepiBadpevos kal Tpaxo Oy KU pLEVOS HEétov dew Kal avros elvan: Kat mov Twes kal joav t tows of muoTevovTes avT@.

14 Ta Ss Tperepa mavu pdora, ws olafa, Kal és poipenow Tpoxerpa—ra. mpogavii A€yw—Kat ov TOoAARs. Tis mpayparetas det TpuBciveov mrepiBade- ofa, Kat mijpay eEaptjcacba. Kat EvAov ev TH xerpt. €xew Kat Boar, paMov , d¢ oyKdobar n dAaxreiv, Kal AowWopetabau dmacw: | Tv dopdAcvav yap adtois Tob pndev emi TovTw mabedy 7) 2) ™pos TO oxXnLa. aidws mapegew epedrev. 1 eAevepia 6 Tpoxetpos dkovtos To Seomdrov, kav € Bowdouro dmdyew, maraxOncopevou | TO oho. Kal Ta GA- pura. obkér’ ddtya ovde ws mp0 Tod pata ry, to 8€ drbov op tapixos 4 Ovpov, aa, Kpéa mavrodamd Kat olvos olos qdvoros, Kal vatov Tap: drou dv eBeAwar: dacporoyodar yap emupot- TOVTES ], WS avTot dacw, amo Keipouay Th Tp0- Bara, Sabcew TE moods olovrTat * q aidot rod oXnHaTOS 7 d€et Tob Ta) dxotgas KaK@s.

15 Kat yap ad kaxeivo. édpwr, olua, ws e& toov KaTagTHGOVTaL Tots opbas procogotow, oddé Tus 6 Succiocwv Kat Svaxpway | TO. Towbra, eoran, jv povov 7a ew Fh ouoa. dapxnv yap odde Tov

1 od NI, edd.: 7 F?3A. 2 ofov re TM.

7O

THE RUNAWAYS

tongue’s end, with these as their only countersigns (you perceive what a rare equipment it is for philo- sophy), they very plausibly transform themselves in looks and apparel to counterfeit my very self, doing, I vow, the same sort of thing that. Aesop says the jackass in Cyme did, who put on a lion skin and began to bray harshly, claiming to be a lion himself; and no doubt there were actually some who believed him! . |

What characterises us is very easily attainable, as you know, and open to imitation—I mean what mects the eye. It does not require much ceremony to don a short cloak, sling on a wallet, carry a staff in one’s hand, and shout—say rather, bray, or howl, and slang everyone. Assurance of not suffering for it was bound to be afforded them by the usual respect for the cloth. Freedom is in prospect, against the will of their master, who, even if he should care to assert possession by force, would get beaten with the staff.. Bread, too, is no longer scanty or, as before, limited to bannocks of barley ; and what goes with it is not salt fish or thyme but meat of all sorts and wine of the sweetest, and money from whomsoever they will; for they collect tribute, going from house to house, or, as they themselves. express it, they ‘‘ shear the sheep ’’; and they expect many to give, either out of respect for their cloth or for fear of their abusive langiiage.

Moreover, they discerned, I assume, the further advantage that they would be on an equal footing with true philosophers, and that there: would be nobody who could pass judgment and draw distinc- tions in such matters, if only the externals were similar. For, to begin with, they do not even

71

THE WORKS OF LUCIAN

éAeyxov S€xovrar, nv €pyntai tis odTwat koopiws Kal KaTa Bpaxs, GAN «v6ds Bodow xal én Thy dxporodw TH éavrav dvagpedyouat, TI Aowopiav, Kat TpOxXEypov TO Evhov. Kal py pev TO épya lnrijs, ot i Aoyou TroAXot, nv Sé€ do TOV Adywv Kpivew €éAns, Tov Biov aévotor oKoreiv.

16 Tovyapotv eumrenAnorat mdoa 7oXds THS Towatrns padvoupyias, Kat pddiora trav Avoyéery Kat “Avti- obevn Kal Kpdryra _ emypapopevey Kal dO TO Kuvi TATTOMEVUWY, ol TO pev XPHTYLOY omdaov eveort TH poe Tay. Kuvav, olov 70 pudaxrixor ]) olkoupikoy % diAodéomoTov 7) pyTnpovucor, oddapdis elirdxaow, dAaseny be Kal Auyvetav Kal dpmayny Kal adpodiova ouxya Kat KoAakeiav Kal TO catvew TOV ddovra Kat mept tpamélas exe, Taira, dcpiBais exreTMOVI}KAOW.

17 “Oper Tow pera _peKpov ola éora. of yap €x TOV Epyacrnpioy dmavres dvarrndjcavres € €pty- lous Tas TEXVAS €daovow drav opGat odds pev, movodvtTas Kal Kdpvovras ewber € és éomépay emiKe= Kugoras Tots Epyots, poyis dmolévras ex THs Towadrns probapvias, a apyous S¢ Kal yonras, dvbpe- mous ev anacw adbovois Brobvras, airodvras pev TUPAVVLKDS, AapBdvovras dé Tpoxetpws, ayav- aKtobvras d€, ef py) AdBorev, | ovK €mawobdvtas dé, ovo: el AdBotev. tadra, 6 én Kpdvov Bios Soxet abrots Kat drexvids TO ped adTo és Ta oTOpata €apeiv éxc Tob ovpavod.

18 Kai #rrov dy Sewov TO Tpaypa Hv, <i TOLOUTOL

ovres pndev els Huds GdAo e&vBpilov- of dé, wdda

72

THE RUNAWAYS

tolerate investigation if you question them ever so temperately..and concisely; at once they begin shouting and take refuge in their peculiar citadel, abusiveness and a ready staff. _ Also, if you ask about their works, their words are copious, and if you wish to judge them by their words, they want you to consider their lives. /

Consequently, every city is filled with such up- starts, particularly with those who enter the names of Diogenes, Antisthenes, and Crates as their patrons and enlist in the army ofthe dog. Those fellows have not in any way imitated the good that there is in the nature of dogs, as, for instance, guarding property, keeping at home, loving their masters, or remember- ing kindnesses, but. their barking, gluttony, thievish- ness, excessive interest in females, truckling, fawning upon people who. give them things, and hanging about tables—all this they have copied with painful accuracy.

You shall see what will happen presently. All the men in the workshops will spring to their feet and leave their trades deserted when they see that by toiling and moiling from morning till night, doubled over their tasks, they merely eke out a bare existence from such wage-earning, while idle frauds live in unlimited plenty, asking for things in a lordly way, getting them without effort, acting indignant if they do not, and bestowing no praise even if they do. It seems to them that this is ‘life in the age of Cronus,’ and really that sheer honey is distilling into their mouths from the sky !

The thing would not be so dreadful if they offended against us only by being what they are. But although outwardly and in public they appear very

73

THE WORKS OF LUCIAN

cepvol Kat oxvOpwrol Tra céw Kal ra Sypdora pawdpevor, iv taLdds wpatov 7) yuvatkos AdBwrrat Kadjs 4 eAtiowow,! cwwndv afvov ofa rototow. vor S¢ Kal E€vwy trav oderépwv yuvatkas amd- youot potxedaovres Kata Tov "Tua exeivor veavi- akov, Ws diAocodotey 81) Kal atra: elra Kowds abras dmac. tots Evvotc. mpobeuevor TlAdtwvds tt Sdypa olovrat mroiv, ovK eiddTes Omws 6 lepos éxeivos &iov Kowas Hyeto0a. Tas yuvaiKas. 19 & pev yap €v rots cupmocios SpHow Kat a pebv- okovTat, paKpov dv ein A€yew. Kal radra Trovodat m@s ole. KaTnyopobvres avTol peOns.Kal pouxeias Kat Awyveias Kal dirapyupias: odbder. yodv ovTws evpois av? dAdo ahAw évavriov as tods Adyous avrav Kal Ta épya. olov codakeiay puceiv dacw, KoAaketas evexa Tov Tvabwvidny 7 ‘Tov Lirpov- Biav brepBarécbar Suvdyevor. adnBevew rods’ GA- Aovs mpotpémovres, ovk av odode KUWHadt TIP yAOTTav pn pera ToD Kal WeséeitiGen BbbteibtS. qoovn, macaw é€xOpov t@ Adyw Kal 6 *Emixoupos mroA€uwos, epyw dé Sia Tadrny dnavTa mparrovaw. 70.8 d€vyoAov Kat puKpaitiov Kal mpos opyiv pao bare i. BpediAuua 7a veoyva: yeAwra

pddiov taep ta. Bp ya? ¥ yoov ob piKpov mapéxouar Tots Fewpevots, omdrav bd Ths Tuxovons airias émléon péev adrois 2 1 Fritzsche reads kal Ajcew eAnlowow. But Lucian is

‘thinking of incidents like that in his Symp., 15 (I, p. 426). 2 ay Bélin; not in MSS. fl

1 There is here an allusion to “Scarabee”’; see below, § 30. 2 Paris, 8 Plato, Republ., V, 459 x.

74

THE RUNAWAYS

reverend and stern, if they get a handsome boy or a pretty woman in their clutches or hope to, it is best to veil their conduct in silence. Some even carry off the wives of their hosts,! to seduce them after the pattern of that young Trojan,’ pretending that the'women are going to become philosophers ; then they tender them, as common property, to all their associates and think they are carrying out a tenet of Plato’s,3 when they do not know on what terms that holy man thought it right for women to be so regarded. What they do at drinking-parties, how intoxicated they become, would make a long story. And while they do all this. you cannot imagine how they berate drunkenness and adultery and lewdness and covetousness. Indeed you could not find any two things so opposed to each other as their words and their deeds. For instance, they claim to hate toadying, when as far as that goes they are able to outdo Gnathonides or Struthias;4 and although they exhort everyone else to tell the truth, they themselves cannot so much as. move their tongues except in alie. To all of them pleasure is nominally an odious thing and Epicurus a foeman; but in practice they do everything for the sake of it. In irascibility, pettishness, and proneness to anger they are beyond young children ; indeed, they give no little amusement to onlookers when their blood boils up in

4 Gluttonous parasites of the New Comedy. Struthias, whose name is evidently connected with the iness of the Kc ndat figures in the Toady (Colax) of Menander. The play in which Gnathonides appeared is unknown, but Gnatho («Jowl’’) is mentioned by Plutarch to exemplify a typical

arasite (Symp., VII, 6, 2), and in utilising part of the Toady for his Eenuchus Terence changed the name of the chief réle from Struthias to Gnatho.

15

THE WORKS OF LUCIAN

xoAyn, meAdvot S¢ thy xporavy BrAerwvra, irapov

‘ , / , 3 “~ ad ¢ Tt Kat trapddopov Sedopkdtes, Kal adpod, uadAov de lod, weorov avtots 7 TO oTopa.

20 My ov ye Kei tUyoIs, STE 6 puwapos exeivos.

21

exxetrat BopBopos, ‘‘ Xpvoiov pev 7 apyvptov, ‘Hpdxdes, ovde Kexrhobon dguas* oBohos _ixavds, ds 6éppous mpuaiuny: ToTov yap 7 Kp } mora- pos tape.” Kat per dArtyov airodow ovK oBohods ovoe Spaxpas dAlyas, dAAa mdAovrous ddous, Ware Tis EumOpos TodoUTOY ad Tod dopToV eutroAjceey av doov Tovrois didogodgia és yxpy- patiopov ovvredet; lr’ erewdav ixav@s avAdé- Ewvrat Kal émoiriowvrat, amoppiibavres exeivo TO SvoTnvov TpiBwriov aypods éviore Kal cobras TaV padOaxadv enpiavro Kat maidas Kopyras Kal ouvoikias Odas, paxpa xalpew dpdoavtes TH apa TH Kpdrnros Kat Tr tpiBwu 7@ >Avticbd- vous Kal T@ 7ri0w 7H Aroyévovs.

Oi iidrat S€ radra opdvres Karamriovow 70n dptAocogias Kal admavras elvat tovovrous olovrat Kaye THS SiwdacKaAlas aiti@vtar, wore moAXAod 745n xpdovov advvarov pou yeyevnra Kav éva Twa mpocayayécba adrav, adda TO THs IInveAdrns éxeivo mdcxw* domdcov yap 8) ey eEudryvw, toiro ev axapet adfis davadverat. 7 *"Auabla Sé Kai 4 "ASixia émuyeAdow, dpdca ave€épyaorov nuiv 7d épyov Kal avivuTov TOV TovoY.

1 GdiiGN: aéiav PMHXBO. 76

THE RUNAWAYS

them for some trivial reason, so that they look livid in colour, with a reckless, insane stare, and foam (or rather, venom) fills their mouths.

And ‘‘ may you never chance to be there ’’} when that vile filth of theirs is exuded! ‘As to gold or silver, Heracles! I do not want even to ownit. An obol is enough, so that I can buy lupines, for a spring or a stream will supply me with drink.” Then after a little they demand, not obols nor a few drachmas, but whole fortunes. What shipman could make as much from his cargoes as philosophy contributes to these fellows in the way of gain? And then, when they have levied tribute and stocked them- selves up to their heart’s content, throwing off that. ill-conditioned philosopher’s cloak, they buy farms every now and then, and luxurious cloth- ing, and long-haired pages, and whole apartment- houses, bidding a long farewell to the wallet of Crates, the mantle of Antisthenes, and the jar of Diogenes.

The unschooled, seeing all this, now spit scorn- fully at philosophy, thinking that all of us are like this and blaming me for my teachings, so that for a long time now it has been impossible for me to win over a single one of them. I am in the same fix as Penelope,? for truly all that I weave is instantly unravelled again; and Stupidity and Wrongdoing laugh in my face to see that I cannot bring my work to completion and my toil to an end.

1 The words are those of Circe to Odysseus, alluding to Charybdis (Odyssey, XII, 106).

2 The story of Penelope’s web is told several times in the Odyssey ; Il, 93-110; XIX, 138-156; XXIV, 129-146.

71

THE WORKS OF LUCIAN

Ot eee ZETS ‘ peor 22 Ola, & Geo, wérovOev piv 4 Dirocodia mpos Tv KaTapdTwy éKkelywv. wWoTe wpa oKoTeEiv 6 Tt Kat mpaxréov 7) 6rws abrods pereAcvotéov. 6 pev yap Kepavvos dmdyer pud aAny_ Kal 6 Bavaros taxus. Sotho ATIOAAQN "Eye oot) & mdrep, droOjoopa puc® yap Kat avros 75n Tods dAalovas apovcous dvras, brep tav Movody dyavaxr@v. Kepavvod ev yap 7 Ths ons deévds ovdapas exetvor Gévot, tov “Epuhy S¢ abroxpdropa, «i Soxet, THs KoAd- sews Katarepspov én’ auvrovs, ds dre 8) epi Adyous exwv Kal adbros tayroTa elcetrar Tovs Te opbas dirocodfobtrras kal tovs pH. €lra tods pev emawéceTar, Ws TO «lds, of Sé KoAadbycovrat Orws apy éxeivy Tapa Tov Katpov SoKi.

ZETS 23. Eb Aédyers, & “AzodAdov. ddAda Kal ov, B c / 9 \ \ , > Vv v HpdkAes, dua Kat. rv Ditocodiav adriy éyovres amre ws taxvora eis tov Biov. tpioxardeKarov yotv dlAov olov rodrov ov opixpov éxreAécew, nv exkoyys papa odtw Kal avaioyuvta Onpia.

,HPAKAHS Kai pnv dpewov iv, & marep, Thy Kdmpov exxabdpar adlis tiv Adyéov % rovrous oupadd- keoOat. driwpev 8 Sys. 1 gor Fritzsche: ro: MSS, 78

THE RUNAWAYS

ZEUS

~ Ye gods! what treatment our dear Philosophy has

had from those scoundrels! It is high time, then, to see what is to be done and how they are to be punished. Well, the thunderbolt despatches at a single blow, and the death is a swift one:

APOLLO _

I will offer you a suggestion, father, for I myself have come to detest the knaves; the Muses mean nothing to them, so I am indignant on behalf of the Nine. Those fellows are by no means worthy of a thunderbolt or of that right hand of yours. Send Hermes down to get after them, if you think best, with unlimited powers in the matter of their punish- ment. Ashe himself is interested in argumentation, he will very soon know those who are genuine students of philosophy and those who are not. Then he will commend the former, naturally, and the latter will be punished as he sees fit in the circumstances.

ZEUS

A good idea, Apollo. But you go too, Heracles; take along Philosophy herself and all be off, as quickly as you can, to the world. Bear in mind that you will be doing a thirteenth labour of no mean order if you exterminate such pestilential, shameless beasts.

HERACLES

On my word, father, I should have preferred to clean out the muck of Augeas once more, rather than to get involved with these creatures. Let us be off, however.

79

THE WORKS OF LUCIAN

PIAOZOSIA "Axovoa pev, akoAovOnréov Sé€ Kata ta 8d- favta T@ Trarpl. EPMHS 24 Kariwpev, ws Kav odrjiyous abr&v émtpibwpev yuEpov. toiav dé xpn tpamécba, @ WDiAoGo- gia; od yap olofa sdmov ciciv. % mpodndov id > ae /, ore ev TH “EAAaSi; #IAOZOSIA | Ovdapads, 4 mavy oArtyor, dcor dopbds dido- ~ > € ~ = \ 9 \ > ~ sogodow, @® ‘Eph. obrow d€ oddev *Arrixiis ‘ / > > \ ‘ nv mevias déovrat, add’ évba odds xpucds 7 apyupos opurreTat, eet mov Cnryréor ciow Hpiv.

EPMH2 Odkodbv «Od. ris Opaxns amréov.

HPAKAH2 Ed A€yers, Kal hyjoopat ye bpiv Tis 600. olda yap Ta Opaxdv dravra, avyvakis emeAdodv. Kai pou rivSe On Tparrdbpeba.. EPMH% Tlotav réyets ; HPAKAH2 25 ‘Opare, & ‘Epu Kai Dirocodia, Svo pev opn peyote. Kal Kdd\vora, opav dmdvrey (Alpuods €oTw TO petlov, v) KaravTuKpd de ‘Podda)

mediov dé bromemrapevov mdapdopov, amo Tay / mpoTddwv éxarépwr evOds apfdpevov, Kal Twas

80

THE RUNAWAYS

PHILOSOPHY

I do not want to go with you, but I must, in accordance with father’s orders.

HERMES

Let us be going down, so that we may exterminate at least a few of them to-day. What direction should we take, Philosophy? You know where they are. In Greece, no doubt?

PHILOSOPHY

Not by any means, or only a few, those who are genuine students of philosophy, Hermes. These others have no use for Attic poverty; we must look for them in some quarter where much gold or silver is mined.

HERMES

Then we must make straight for Thrace.

HERACLES

Quite right, and indeed I will show you the way, as I know the whole of Thrace from repeated visits. So, if you please, let us now take this direction.

HERMES What direction do you mean?

HERACLES

Do you see two ranges, Hermes and Philosophy, the highest and most beautiful of all mountains (the higher is Haemus, the one opposite is Rhodope), and a plain of great fertility outspread beneath them, beginning at the very foothills of each? Also,

81

THE WORKS OF LUCIAN

Addous Tpets mdvu Kadovds dveornkdras, ovK dpoppous Thy tpaxvTnTa, olov dxporoAes Todas Tijs brokemerns moAews. Kal 4 mods yap On paiverat. EPMH=S Ny A’, "HpdxaAes, peylory Kat KadXlorn atacav" moppwev yoor dmroNdprret TO KdAXos: Kat Tes Kal Torap.os _péyworos mapapelBerar, mdvu ev xp@ patwv adrijs. HPAKAH= "EBpos pev odros, 7) Sé¢ adds epyov Didinrov exeivov. Kal nets 75H TMpooyevor Kat barove pedow! wore emPaivwpyev ayalh Tdyn. EPMH2

26 Odrw yweobw. ti 8 obv xp moveiv, 7) meds ® Ta Onpia e€uxvevréov;

HPAKAH2 Todro bey gov 789 € épyov, @ “Epa: gps yap el, wore ovx av p0dvois KnpUtTTwr. EPMH2 Odvdev todro yxaXezov, aNd. Ta ye ovopuata ovK emiorapat avrav. ad ody, PDdooodia, Adve oveTwas ovopactéov, Kal Ta onpeta mpoceTt. PIAOZOPIA

Ovse adrn pev olda TO oahes olrwes dvojid- Covrac bua tO 42) Evyyeyevjobai more avrots* and 8 obv rijs emBupias fv Exovor mepl Ta KTH

1 Jjrovédedor edd.: émuvepeAor MSS, 27 w@s Bekker: o6mws MSS. 82

|THE RUNAWAYS

three very beautiful eminences standing up, not so rough as to be shapeless?) They look like multiple citadels belonging to the city beneath them. _ For the city, too, is now in sight.

HERMES

Yes, by Zeus, Heracles, the greatest and loveliest

of all cities! In fact, its beauty is radiant from afar. And also, a very large river flows past it, coming quite close to it.

HERACLES

That is the Hebrus, and the city was built by the famous Philip.1 We are now close to earth and the clouds are above us, so let us make a landing, with the blessing of Heaven.

HERMES Very well. But what is to be done now? How are we to track the beasts out ? HERACLES That is up to you, Hermes; you are a crier, so be quick and do your office. HERMES

Nothing hard about that, but I do not know their names. Tell me, Philosophy, what I am to call them, and their marks of identification as well.

PHILOSOPHY I myself do not know for certain what they are called, because of my not having had anything to do with them ever. But to judge from the craving for 1 Philippopolis. 83

THE WORKS OF LUCIAN

para, obk dv audprois mpockaldv Kryjowvas 7

Kryoinmovus 9 Krnouxdéas 4} Ederjpovas 4 Todv-

KT7)TOUS. ad EPMH2

27. Ed Aéyetrs. GAAa tives ob70i ciow 7 Ti mepi-

oKotobew Kat adtot; wadAov Sé Kai mpociacw Kai

Tt Kal epéabar OéAovow.

ANHP *Ap’ adv éxorre Huiv, @ avdpes, eimeiv, 7) av, ® BeAtiorn, et Twas TpEts yontas dua «idee Kat Twa ywvaika ev xp@ Kexappevny cis 70 Aaxwy- KOV, Gppevwmny Kal KouLon avdpuKnv;

PIAOZOFIA a \ ¢ / ~ llamat, ra apérepa obrow Cytovow.

ANHP Ilds ra tyérepa; Spamérar yap éxetvor dmav- Tes. acts 8é iv yuvaika pddioTa peériev

Hvoparodioperny mpos adtav.

EPMH2

KiceoBe 8)1 Kal’ 6 1 Kal Cyrobpev adrous. TO vov d€ dua KnpUTTWpeEV.

Ki tis eldev? avdpamodov IladAayouxdoy trav amo Liuvwans BapBapwr, dvojia tovodrov ofov azo KTNULATWV, UTw@Xpov, €v xyp@ Kovplay, ev yevelw Babe?, whpav eEnupévov Kai tpiBddvvov dumeyd-

1 $7 Gesner: 5¢ MSS. * dev Fritzsche: not in MSS.

84

THE RUNAWAYS

riches which they have, you will not make any mistake if you call them Richman or Richmews or Richrenown or Goodrich or Richards.

HERMES

_ Right you are.—But who are these people and why are they too looking about them? However, they are coming up and want to ask a question.

HUSBAND

Could you tell us, gentlemen, or you, kind lady, whether you have seen three rogues together, and a woman with her hair closely clipped in the Spartan style, boyish-looking and quite masculine?

PHILOSOPHY

Aha! They are looking for our quarry !

HUSBAND

How yours? Those fellows are all fugitive slaves, and for my part I am particularly in search of the woman, whom they have kidnapped..

HERMES

You will soon find out why we are in. search of them. But at present let us make a joint proclama- tion.

«If anyone has seen a Paphlagonian slave, one of those barbarians from Sinope, with a name of the kind that has ‘rich’ in it, sallow, close-cropped} wearing a long beard, with a wallet slung from his shoulder and a short cloak about him, quick-

1 As a Cynic, the man should wear his hair long; but we are informed that he has Stoic leanings ($31).

85

THE WORKS OF LUCIAN

pevov, dpyitov, dpovoov, Tpaxvpwvoy, ree

pnview emt pyt@ adrov.

AESTIOTHS A

28 “Avépovov, @1 obros, & Kypurrets* os exelvy ye dvopia. iy map épol KdvOapos, Kat expo. Se Kat TO yevevov eriMero Kal TEXYNY THY eunv tmiorato- dmréKetpev yap ev TO yadetep Kabr- plevos O7dg0v TrepiTTOV Tots imatiots THY KpoKYOwY erravOe?.

ae

PIAOZOSIA

2\\4 ’Exeivos airds eoTw, oO olxerns 6 ods, Gra viv dirocddw €orxev axpiBas éeavtoy émuyvaibas.?

Leach

AESIOTHS A "Q. ris: toAuns, 6. KdvOapos.. didogodet, n- atv, hpdv dé obdels Adyos.® AEXIIOTHS B > ! ¢ 2 , , phe ck: ApédAee dmavtas dvevpjoouev: . Evvinow yap, ws pynow, avrn. EPMHS

29 Tis 8 odros dANos 6 mpooiwy €oTw, @ ‘Hpdiches, 6 Kadds, 6 Tv KOdpay; HPAKAH2 ’"Opdeds ear, ovpmAous ent THs ‘Apyods € duds, \ 7toros Kehevorav amdvrwv" impos yoov © Th wony adrod HKLoTa éxdpwopev EperrovTes. xaipe, 1 adrov. || avéuoroy, & Harmon: avrovduw. || vod MSS, 2 émvyvaras T?X*HBA: émiypdyas TX1N.

3 In £ the double point (:) indicating a change of ae follows ¢yaiv, not Aoyos. Pots

86

THE RUNAWAYS

tempered, uneducated, harsh-voiced, and abusive, / let him give information for the stipulated reward.” /

FIRST SLAVE-OWNER

Your proclamation does not tally, man! His name when I had him was Scarabee; furthermore, he wore his hair long, kept his chin hairless, and knew my trade. It was his business to sit in my fuller’s shop and shear off the excessive nap that makes cloaks fuzzy.

PHILOSOPHY

That is the very man, your slave; but now he looks like a philosopher, for he has given himself a thorough dry-cleaning.

FIRST SLAVE-OWNER (to Second and Third)

The impudence of him! Scarabee is setting up for a philosopher, she says, and we do not enter into his speculations at all!

SECOND SLAVE-OWNER

Never mind, we shall find them all, for this woman knows them, by what she ‘says.

HERMES bi @

Who is this other person coming up, Heracles, the handsome man with the lyre?

HERACLES se

It is Orpheus, my shipmate on the Argo, the most tuneful of all chanteymen. Indeed, as we rowed to his singing, we hardly grew tired at all. 87

VOL, V. D

THE WORKS OF LUCIAN

® dptoré Kat povouwrare *"Opded~ ode emdé- Anoa yap mov ‘Hpakdéovs. | fal

OPSETS Ni Kal pets ye, & Dirooodia kat “Hpdudees kal “Eppa. dAAd, Ka.Lpos _drrodiwSovat Ta pnvuTpa, as Pees Tove v caddrs 6 ov ht olda.

EPMH& Odxobv Setfov, ® mat Kaddorns, 0a « éoriv: xpvotov yap ovdev, Sa den codes wv. .

io!

OPSET= Ed dis. eyo be Ty pev olxlay Seta’ av

bpiy vba, oixel, abrov dé ovK ay, os pny KaK@s dovouse mpos avrod: puapos yap. <is tins phe Bie Kat pdvov TodTO eKpLeueAernKeV.

EPMH=

Actfov pdvov. boy OPSEYS

Atrn, mAnatov. eyes Sé azretpe Spiv Icirolae

° ws und Wore adrov.

30

PIAOZOSIA "Enioxes. od yuvaikds €or. Pwr) JesepSobiine 7 TOY ‘Opmpov; _ EPMH UN} Ata: ddr’ dxodowpev 6. rt xat réyer. 88

“/\ THE RUNAWAYS. —

Good-day to you, Orpheus, best of men and first of musicians. Surely you have not forgotten Heracles.

ORPHEUS

A very good-day to you also, Philosophy, Heracles, and Hermes. But the time has come, to pay: your reward, since I am very well acquainted with the man for whom you are looking. -

HERMES

Then phe us where he is, son of Calliope, Sees you have no need of gold, I take it, being a wise man.

_ CORPHEUS You are right. I will show you the house where he lives, but not the man himself, so as not to be slanged by him. He is excessively foul-mouthed; that is the only thing he has thoroughly mastered.

Jee HERMES Only show us. _. ORPHEUS:

Here it is, close by. I am going away fons your neighbourhood, so that I may not even see him.

PHILOSOPHY Hold! Is not that the voice of a woman, reciting something of Homer’s? a :

HERMES Yes, surely; but let. us hear what she is saying.

89

THE WORKS OF LUCIAN

ryNut b-hiven "ExOpds yap pow Ketvos ops *Aidao ei Os xpuaov pirdet pev evi dpeciv, aAdo Sé eizp.

EPMH2 Odxodv Tov KavOapdv cor puonréov.

PS ES DS

r'YNH Eewoddcov? Kaka pefev, & Kev gtdAdTHTA Tapacx7. iT ANHP

Ilepit €uotd roiro 1o €mos, od thy yuvatka @xeTo amdywv didtt adrov dredeEdunv.

T'YNH 1 OivoBapés, Kuvds dupar’ exwv, Kpadiny 8 eAdgpovo, ovre mor ev modem evapiOpuos ovr’ evi Bovdf, Ocpoir’ dxpropvbe, KaKGv mavapiote Kooy pa, arap od Kara Kdopov, epilénevat poiee Actaw. - .

AEXIIOTHE A a ~ , 3 \ Eixérws T@ xarapdrw * ra €77.

7 Spaneris (N) edd. prior to Bekker.

* prontéov: fewvoddxor I, thus giving (by the double sta)

fevoddxov . . . mapdcxy to the Wife. Other MSS. and all

previous editions give these words to Hermes, reading pion- Téov és fervoddxov. Ey

3 +@ karapérw Harmon: roo karaparov MSS8.0 0

ge

THE RUNAWAYS | WOMAN

Hateful to me that man, no less than the portals of Hades,

Who in his heart loves gold, and yet maintains that he does not.

HERMES Then you must needs hate Scarabee!

WOMAN

Ever his host he abuseth, if anyone showeth him kindness.?

HUSBAND

That verse refers to me, for he went off with my wife because I took him in.

WOMAN

Heavy with wine, dog-eyed, with the timid heart ot a roe-deer,

Never of any account in the fray or in giving of counsel,

Loose-mouthed fool, Thersites, of evil jackdaws the foremost

Idle strife with kings to promote in no spirit: of order ! 8

FIRST SLAVE-OWNER The verses just fit the scoundrel!

1 Jliad, Ix, 312 Jie i hei XIV, 156) and 313, which reads 6s x’ Erepov pev Kevyn evi dpeoiv, aMo 88 ef

P Sritee liad, III, 354, with a slight change, fe for pea.

8] liad, I, 225 ; II, 202, 246 (the close is Lucian’s: Homer has Avyvs wep cov. dyopnris), and 214.

gt

THE WORKS OF LUCIAN

r'tNH _ TIpoode KUwv, omev 88 Aéwv, péoon dé

Xivatpa | Sewer aromvelovoa tpirov. Kuvos sip A ppt.

ANHP Olpor, yivat, doa rérovbas bd KUVeY TOCOUTWr. gaat 8° adr Kal Kveiv an’ abrav.

EPMH

Odppet, KepBepdv Twa. téferat got 7 Tnpvd- yyy, ws Exou 6 ‘Hpaxdjjs ovTos aibus Tovov. _ ada Kal mpotacw, wore oddev Set KomTew THY Ovpav.

AESTIOTHS A

"Exw oe, 2) Kadv8ape. viv ounnGs; pep” wpev aTwd oot y mpa. Zyer, Oéppovs t tows 3 aprov tpidos.2 od wa A’, adda savy xpvolmn!

HPAKAH2 oui M7) Bavpdons Kuvixds yap &¢ackev efvar td mpdobev emt tis “EdAddos, évradla Se Xpvotrr- mrevos axpiBds éoriv.8 § rovyapodv Knedotge | ovK

1 dypwov Fritzsche: ayplov MSS. _* [has double points after xe and pe but the fact that 7 Oavudoys is addressed to one person favours running the speech on rather than (e.g.) giving 9éppous ct ek Tpbpos to AESTIOTHS B.

® Double point in Pr.

Q2

THE RUNAWAYS

WOMAN

Dog in the fore-parts, aye, and a lion behind; in the middle a she-goat,

Shedding the terrible reek of the third dog’s furious onslaught !?

HUSBAND

Dear me, wife! how outrageously you aie been treated by all those dogs! It is even said that they have lined her.

HERMES

No fear, you will soon have her bringing into the world a Cerberus or a Geryon, to make more work for Heracles here.2—But they are coming out, so there is no need to knock at the door.

FIRST SLAVE-OWNER

I’ve got you, Scarabee! Now you have nothing to say, have you? Come, let us see what your wallet has in it, lupines, no doubt, or a crust of bread. No, by Zeus! A purse of gold!

HERACLES

Don’t be surprised! Formerly, in Greece, he claimed to be a Cynic, but here he reveals himself in his true colours as a Chrysippean.° Therefore you

1 liad, VI, 181 and 182 with liberal alterations. The original is: ITpdofe Aéwv, omBev 5€ Spdxwv, péoon 5€ xipatpa dewvov dromvelovoa mupds pévos aifopevoro. ~ .# The progeny of three Cynics is expected to have three heads, like the dog Cerberus, whom Heracles, as his eleventh labour, brought up from Hades, or three bodies, like Geran, whose cattle Heracles lifted as his tenth labour.

93

THE WORKS OF LUCIAN

> A > \ ” , ‘ > ‘ - els paxpav avrov deur KpepnoeTat yap amo Tov Twywvos OUTW juaApos wY. i fae vot AESIOTHE B > 32 Xd 8d, & Kaxé, od Anxvbiwv obpos Spamérys

, Ba > \ > ” an lon £r tuyxavers1; od pev ody adAos. @ TOO yéAwTos.

’ > bal , ‘ f

elra ti odk av yevoiro; Kai Anxv0iwv drdoco¢get.

EPMH2 ‘O , ‘ e > , ec a > tpitos 5€ obros adéamroTos bpiv eaTw;

AESMOTHS I OdSapds, aA 6 Seomorns eyw Eexav adinut avrov atroAwdA€vat.

EPMH3 “Ort tl; AEZPOTHE oe as “Or Sewds trav stmocdbpwv eotiv. TO SF évoua Mupomvovy atrov éxadodpev.

EPMH2 byt ‘Hpddrets adekixaxe, axoveis; Emerra mIpa Kat Baxtpov.—kal adtos andAaBe tiv yuvaika av. 1 ruyydvers TM: rvyydvers wv I, cett., edd. Cf. Plato, Gorg., 502 B and Rep. 369B, cited by Goodwin, G.M.T., § 902, and references in F, Karsten, de Ellipseos Usu Luc.

(1889), p. 36, including from Lucian Hun., 2, Abd., 15, Vit: Auct., 19; cf. also below, Hun., 8. ’

94

THE RUNAWAYS

shall soon see him a Cleanthes, for he is going to be hung up by the beard because he is such a villain.?

SECOND SLAVE-OWNER

And you, scoundrel! are you not Pomander, who ran away from me? Nobody else! O how you make me laugh! After that, what cannot happen? Even Pomander a philosopher!

HERMES This third fellow—has he no master among you?

THIRD SLAVE-OWNER

Yes, I am his master, but even so, I gladly consign him to perdition !

Why?

HERMES

THIRD SLAVE-OWNER

Because he is a fearful sort of rotter. The name we used to call him was Stinkadore.

HERMES

Heracles, deliver us! do you hear that? And then wallet and staff! Here, you! (to HUSBAND) Take away your wife, yourself!

1 Lucian is playing on names here. When Scarabee was a Cynic, he had gone to the “ dogs.”’ Now, as a devotee of gold, he can only be styled a Chrysippean; ergo a Stoic. It may be that Lucian is japing at something in the history of Cleanthes with his talk about beards and hanging, but there is no evidence except a late scholium on Longaevi, 19, which says that Cleanthes died of starvation or strangulation. Anyhow, hanging Scarabee up by the beard will ne make a “ Famous Posy ’”’ of him.

95

THE WORKS OF LUCIAN

ANHP ; fs Mydapds. odk av drroAdBouw BiBAiov pou

TOV TaAaadv Kvotcar.

c EPMHS Ids BiBrLov; ANHP "Eorw tt, & dyad, Tpixdpavos BiBAlov.

EPMH2 Oddév dromov, eet kat TpipdAns.#

PIAOSOPIA Lov, & ‘Epyh, ducalew ro peta TovTO.

EPMH2 , 4 a , / o A , Otdrw pot Soxet, radrny pév, wa pndev répas \ / / w % ‘ pnde modAvKédadrov. réxn, otxec@ar mapa Tov ” > , > A ¢€ / \ uA \ , dvdpa dmiow és tiv ‘EAAdda, Tw dvo S€ TovTwW Spareticokw mapadobervte roiv Seonmdraw pava- vew & mp0 Tod, Tov pev amomAdvew Tas puTmaas tov d0ovav, rov AnkvOiwva, tov Mupdmvovy, 6é adlis daxeioba trav. ipatiwy. Ta. Sreppwyora, ” ‘ paddyn ye mpotepov pacrtuywlévre.* Emeuta. Kal 1 MSS. add 6 (not in N) rdv cwpxdv els, which I excise as

a patent gloss, and a mistaken one. 2 paorrywhevre De Jong: paotvyw0évra MSS.

1 The book called Three-Headed was an attack on Athens, Sparta, and Thebes, attributed to Theopompus (ef. below, p. 409) but probably written by Anaximenes.

2 The Triphales of Aristophanes, supposed to have been a scurrilous satire on Alcibiades.

96

THE RUNAWAYS

HUSBAND

Never in the world! I don’t care to take her away with an old book under her apron.

HERMES Book? What do you mean?

HUSBAND My dear fellow, there is a book called Tricipitine.!

HERMES

Nothing surprising in that, as there is one called Triphallic.?

PHILOSOPHY It is for you, Hermes, to give judgement now.

HERMES

This is my decision. As for the woman, to insure against her bringing into the world anything por- tentous or many-headed, she shall go back to Greece to live with her husband. This pair of runaway slaves shall be turned over to their masters and continue to learn their former trades; Pomander to wash dirty linen, Stinkadore once again to mend torn cloaks; but first they shall both be beaten with mallows.? Finally, this fellow (to scaRaBEE)

8 This meant a good caning, for the mallow that is meant is the kind that according to Theophrastus “‘ grows tall and becomes tree-like’’ and ‘becomes as great as a spear, and men accordingly use it as a walking-stick” (Lavatera arborea; see Sir A. Hort’s Theophrastus, Enquiry into Plants (L.C.L.), Vol. I, p. 25, and Vol. II, p. 463). But probably its prescription by Lucian in this and other similar cases is due in part at least to the implication of “softness” in the name.

97

THE WORKS OF LUCIAN

Todrov mrapadobjva Tots mirrwrats, ws amdAotto mapariAdopevos Ta .mpPOta, puTwon mmpoceTe Kal yuvaucela TH witty; elra és TOV Alpov: avaxBevra: yupvov emi THs xudvos pévewy oupmemodiopevov TW 100€. ¥.

KAN@APOS

“~ ~ ~ > “ , Dei TWVY KAKWV, OTOTOL, nanmamadé.

AESMOTHS A Ti rodro mapevribns Trav. tpayixav aov* d.a- Adywv; . aad’. axodovber mapa Tovs. mTTwras non, Gmodvadpevds ‘ye mpoTepov Tv AEovTHvy Ws yowobijs dvos wr. “ govT': od other MSS. ov is right; the “dialogues ” of Cantliarus are his’ diatribes,”» saat be oad §

THE RUNAWAYS

shall be turned over to the pitch-plasterers, so that he may be murdered by haying his hair pulled out, and with filthy, nasty pitch, besides; then he shall be taken to the summit of Haemus and left standing there naked in the snow with his feet tied together.

SCARABEE

Ah, woe is me! Oh,oh! Alackaday!

FIRST SLAVE-OWNER

Why are you lugging in that quotation out of those melodramatic discourses of yours? Come along with me to the pitch-plasterers now; but first strip off that lion skin, that you may be known for the ass that you are.

se a _aamAMAOR webs ttn th Tilo of

Seek ARS THT HR as “_ 4 we a rant |

an

ee ?

’ ec + at bes aay aet" ia eight the: Caritas ate ie het ered,” ”; ’ ca NS c= . ig

TOXARIS, OR FRIENDSHIP

A conversation between Toxaris, a Scythian, and Mnesippus, a Greek, on the subject of friendship. Toxaris explains that the memory of Orestes and Pylades is honoured in Scythia despite the havoc they wrought there because the Scythians regard them as models of loyal friendship, which they hold in the highest esteem. The Greeks, he thinks, are better now- adays at praising than at practising it. To settle the question of superiority, Mnesippus tells five stories of Greek loyalty, and Toxaris five of Scythian: all are declared on oath to be authentic and recent happenings. The outcome, however, can only be a draw because no umpire has been appointed, and the two swear friendship with each other.

The stories, then, are the thing, and the dialogue is just a framing-tale in which to display them. Its time is present. Toxaris, therefore, has nothing bet the name in common with the Toxaris whom Lucian in his Scythian (Vol. VI) represents to have come to Athens before Anacharsis and to have received worship there after death as the Hero-Physician. Yet this Toxaris too has visited Athens and lived long among the Greeks. The dialogue takes place somewhere in Hellas, but the scene is not definitely fixed. The manner of the allusion to Athens in § 21 seems to exclude that city. Tho diction of the piece suggests a relatively early date. It may have been written about A.p. 163 in Asia.

The oaths of Toxaris and Mnesippus attest Lucian’s mastery of the stock devices of a story-teller rather than the authenticity of his tales. Most of his stories, both Scythian and Greek, are probable: enough to be founded on fact. Several are notably romantic, and were probably either made up by Lucian. or borrowed from current romances, in which the hero usually had a friend as well as a sweetheart (cf. A. Calderini, Caritone di Afrodisia, pp. 104-106). In the matter of Scythia his dependence on literary sources has been indicated by Rostovtzeff (Skythien und der Bosporus, pp. 96-99), who has pointed out that his background is realistic and plausible in its general effect, but inaccurate in historical and geographic details, and argues that he drew extensively upon Greek novels with a Scythian plot.

IoI

1

TOZAPIZ H- @IAIA

MNH2ITNTNIOS

Ti ns, & Toé€éapr ; i Overe ’Opéorn Kat Tiny dpets ot UKvbar Kai Oeovs elvar TeMOTEVKGE avrovs ;

” rMys

TOEAPIZ

Ovopev, & Mvyjourme, Ovowev, od pv bcos ye oldpevor elvar, dAAd dvdpas ayabovs.

MNHSINMIOS

gile Nojios Sé duty Kal avdpaow dye hots anobavodar OWew.womep Oeois ; ‘m0. ott

TOEAPIS

Od pdvov, aAd Kal €oprats Kal mavnyspeow TiLa@pev adtouvs.

MNH=INMOz

Ti Onpepevor Tap’ abitav; od yap 8 er edpeveia Overe adrois, vexpois ye ovaw. 102

» TOXARIS, OR FRIENDSHIP

MNESIPPUS

What about it, Toxaris?, Do you, Scythians sacrifice to Orestes and Pylades, and have you come to believe that they are gods?

TOXARIS

We sacrifice, Mnesippus, we sacrifice; not, how- ever, because we think them gods, but good men.!

MNESIPPUS

Is it your custom to sacrifice to good men when they are dead, as if they were gods?

TOXARIS

Not only that, but we honour them with festivals and pilgrimages.

MNESIPPUS

What do you crave from them? For surely it is not to Nh their grace that you sacrifice to them, in view of the fact that they are dead.

1 The existence of a cult of Orestes and Pylades in Scythia is not otherwise attested, and is credible only in a limited sense, as a local development of Greek hero-worship; see below, on the Oresteum, § 6,

103

‘

THE WORKS OF LUCIAN

TOEAPIZ Od a A ” > 4 € 4 ct a B xetpov pev lows, «f Kal ot vexpol iv edpeveis elev: od pv aGAAa mpos? rods Cartas duewov olducla mpdgew peuvnpevor TOV aplorwv, Kal Tin@pev amroavevras, yyyovpeba yap ovtTws av itv 7oAAOds Gpoious abrots eeAfjoat yeveoOa. MNHZINMO

°"AAAa Tatra pev dps yryvdoxere. *Opeornv d¢ Kat IIvAddnv rivos pddwota Oavuacayres ico8€ous éemoijcacbe, Kai Tatra éenjAvdas dpiv évras Kal 76 péycorov moAeptous ; of ye, emer o¢ds vavayia mepimecovras ot TOTe UKVOat ovA-

/ > A e anT-6 / 4 AaBovres amhyov ws TH “Apréuid. Karafvaortes, emBeuevor® Tots SeopodvAaks Kal THs pPpoupas emukparnoavres tov te Baotdda Krelvovot Kal

\ 4 / > \ ‘ A ” tiv tépevav mapadaBovres, aAAa Kat tHv “Apre- puv avtny amocvAncavtes @yxovTO azromAéovTes, KaTayeAdoavres Tov Kowod TOV Ukv0dv. wore > A ~ lod ‘ 4 9 FW m yey ei Sua TadrTa Tate TOs avdpas, oOvK av POdvorTE

1 GMa. cat apds N.

1 Both here and below in § 6 Lucian omits as self-understood

the point that Orestes discovers the priestess to be his sister Iphigenia, previously thought to have perished at Aulis under the sacrificial knife,

2 In the point that this version of the story makes the Greeks escape by overpowering the Scythians and killing Thoas, their king, it differs significantly both from. Euripides in the Iphigenia among the Taurians and from Sophocles in_ the Chryses, in which Thoas was killed, to be sure, but only after they had somehow got away and he had overtaken them at *“*Sminthe,” whose ruler, Chryses, turning out to be the son of Agamemnon and Chryseis, and so the half-brother of Orestes and Iphigenia, aids them to kill their pursuer.

Elsewhere in extant ancient literature the Lucianic version

104

TOXARIS, OR FRIENDSHIP

TOXARIS

Well, we should be none the worse off, perhaps, if even the dead should be gracious to us. However, we think it will be better for the living if we do not forget men of high achievement, and we honour them after death because we consider that in this way we can get many to wish to become like them,

MNESIPPUS

In that matter, to be sure, your judgement is sound. But as regards Orestes and Pylades, on just what ground did you so admire them, that you have put them on a parity with the gods, and that too when they were trespassers upon your soil and— what is most significant—enemies ? Why, when the Seythians of that day seized them after their ship- wreck and dragged them off intending to: sacrifice them to Artemis, they set upon the keepers of their prison, overpowered the watch, and not only slew the king but carried off the priestess,! nay even kid- napped Artemis herself, and then went sailing away, after having made a mock of the Scythian commonwealth.? So if that is why you honour those

is found only in Servius and in accounts derived from him (Serv. in Aen., II, 216; of. [Hyginus], 261, and Mythogr. Vat., II, 202). It may have been the accepted version of the cult of Diana at Aricia (Preller, Robert), but cannot be of. Latin origin. It is surely the early version, effaced in the literary tradition by the influence of Euripides, but perpetuated (as early myths often were) in art through a painting by some famous Hellenistic master, later reflected not only in Graeco- Roman sarcophagus-reliefs but in the murals of some Graeco- Scythian Oresteum (§ 6). Lucian’s knowledge of it may safely be ascribed to an allusion to those murals in the literary source from which he derives the curious mixture of fact and fiction in § 6.

105

THE WORKS OF LUCIAN.

‘ e / > a > , ‘ > moAAods dpotous abrois e€epyacduevor. Kal Tobv- Ted0ev adtoi 4dn mpos Ta mada \cKomelte, et

an ” c¢ «A \ >? ‘ / > id my Kadds éxer duiv ToAAods és tiv UKvbiav’Opéoras Kat IIvAddas Karaipew. ewoi pév yap doKetre Taxiora ay otrws aoeBeis adrot kat decor yevéoOar, tav meptroitav Oedv tov adbrov’ Tpdmov tpi ex THs xwpas arrokevwhévrwy. efr’, ofuat,’ avrt tav Oedv andvtwy tods én eéaywyh abtav jKovras avdpas éxberdcete Kal lepoatdois tudv ovaw + Odaere ws Oeots. , pee Ei yap iy avtit TovTwy ?Opéorny Kat IvAadyy ite, add’ cine, ti GAdo,? & Tétapr, dyabov TLMLATE, elmé, TL 0,” &. Toféapt, ayalov buds eipydcavto av’ drov, wdAav.od Deods elvas Suxaw<aavres adrovs, viv to. éumadw. Oicavres a e a adrois Qeovs vevopixare, Kat tepeiois oAtyou Seiv ToTe yevopevots tepeta viv mpoodyere ; ~yeAota yap dv tadra ddgeve Kal drevavtia Tots maAat,

TOBAPIZ ( us

Kat radra, ev, & Mvyjourne,. yervaia tov avdpav é€xeivwy & KaréAcéas. 76 yap. dvo dvras ovTw péya ToAunua ToAwhoa Kal Tocodrov amo Ths abt@v amdpavtas éxmAedoat és Tov Ilovrov dmetpatov é7t trois “ENnow. dvra, mAnv povwv tav ent ris “Apyods és tiv Kodyisa oTpaTevodvTwy, pi) KaramAayevras pte Tovs pvdous tods ex” adr@ 3 unre rv mpoonyoptay KaTa= Setoavras dru d£evos exadetro, ola, olwar, aypiwv

1 ofo.v T'NB: not in M(C)A. a ® eimé, ri dAAo Schmieder: eimep 7. GAAo MSS. walis 5 én’ abr@ Seager: ev atr@ MSS. - .

106

TOXARIS, OR FRIENDSHIP

heroes, you will very soon produce many like them! Draw the conclusion for yourselves in the light of what happened of old whether it is desirable for you that many an Orestes and Pylades should descend upon Scythia, To me it seems that very soon, under those conditions, you would become irreligious your- selves, yes, godless, after the remainder of your gods had been similarly shipped out of the country to foreign parts. And then, I suppose, in place of the whole company of gods, you will deify the men who came to obtain them for export and will sacrifice to the robbers of your temples as gods!

If that is not why you honour Orestes and Pylades, do tell me, Toxaris, what other benefit have they done you to bring it about that although formerly you deemed them anything but gods, now, on the contrary, you have made them pass for gods by sacrificing to them, and you now bring victims to men who at that time very nearly became victims ? This conduct, you know, might be thought ridiculous and inconsistent with that of former times.

TOXARIS

As a matter of fact, Mnesippus, even these actions that you have described evince nobility in those men. That two should dare so bold a deed; that they should sail so far from their own country as to cruise out into the Pontus (still unexplored by any of the Greeks except the force that fared upon the Argo to Colchis) undismayed either by the fables regarding it or by its name through any terror inspired by the fact that it was called “ Inhos- pitable ’’ (I suppose because savage peoples dwelt

107

THE WORKS OF LUCIAN

€Ovav mepiovxovvTwv, Kat erred) édlwoar, ovTws dvBpetcos xpjoacbat TO Tmpaypate Kal pn) dyari- oat él Suagevgovrar 1 udvor, ddA, TLLWpPNOApLevovs tov Baoiréa THs UBpews Kat Ty "Apreuw davada-

Bovras dnomhedoa, 7@s taira ov Oavpacra kat Oeias Twos Tyshs déva Tropa. mdvrov o7rdc0t dperiy emravovaw ; drap od raira hpets "Opéarn Kat IIvAddn éevddvtes pwow avtois xpopeba.

MNH3IIIM0z as Aéyous av 79 é TL TO oe pvov Kat Qetov dAdo e€erpydoavro’ rel daov ext TO TAD? Kat Tih dmodnuia moods av aot Bevorépous éxetvaw drodetEauyu, TOUS eumdpous, Kal pddvora TOUS Doirkas atrdv, od« eis Tov ILévrov odde aypt ths Mataitid0s Kai rod 0 Boorépov povov €omAdovras, GAAA mavTaxod THs ‘EMnvurijs kal BapBapurjs Badarrns vavTiMouevovs: dmacay yap odrot aKryy Kal mdvra atyrahor, ws ctetv, dtepeuvnodpevot Kal? EKaoTov €TOS oxpe TOU }eToTTUspov eis THY adrav emaviaaw. ovs Kara Tov avtov Adyov Deods vopute, Kal Tada KamipAous Kal TapiyoTTw@Aas

el TUXOL, TODS TOAAOVS adTdV dvTas. ibe Ee

r TOEZAPIS

“Axove 84, @ Bavpdore, Kat oKdrret Kal? Ooov Typets ot BapBapor edyvinpoveorepov bay ttepl TOV a Vannes avdp@v KpWwopev, el ye ev vApyet prev

t Muxyjvars odde tadov evdokov éorw et:

1 SragevEovra: M, edd.: d.apvddgovrar other MSS.” 2 énl rH TAD Fritzsche ;. év 7@ 7A® MSS. vig

108

TOXARIS, OR FRIENDSHIP

all about it);+ that after their capture they faced the situation so courageously, and were not content simply to make their escape but punished the king for his insolence and took Artemis with them when they sailed away—why is not all this admirable and worthy of divine honour in some sort from all who praise manhood? Yet that is not what we see in Orestes and Pylades, to treat them as heroes.

MNESIPPUS

Please go on and say what else they did that is imposing and godlike ; since as far as concerns their voyage and their foreign travel I could point you many who are more godlike than they—the merchant traders, and particularly the Phoenicians among them, who not only sail into the Pontus or as far as Lake Maeotis and the Cimmerian Bosporus,? but cruise everywhere in Greek and foreign waters; for these fellows comb every single shore and every strand, you may say, each year before returning late in the autumn to their own country. Onthesame principle, you should account them gods, even though most of them are pedlars and, it may be, fishmongers!

TOXARIS Listen then, you amazing fellow, and learn how much more generously than you Greeks we bar- barians judge good men. In Argos and Mycenae there is not even a respectable tomb of Orestes or 1 According to Apollodorus (Strabo, VII, 298-299) the Pontus was at first called Azeinos (*‘ Inhospitable ”) because of its storminess and the ferocity of the tribes that surrounded it; later, after the Ionian settlements on its coast, it was called Luxeinos (‘‘ Hospitable”’). Pindar knows both names (Pyth., TV, 203; Nem. IV, 49). 2 The Sea of Azov and the Straits of Kertsch. 109

THE WORKS OF LUCIAN

*Opéorov 7 IlvAddou, Tap Hpiv Be Kal veas dmodéberkra adrots cpa apporepors, dorrep elds v, €Taipots YE, ovat, Kal Pvoiat mpoodyovrat Kal n boy TLULN daca, Kwdver te obdev Gre E€vor Hoav adda pH UKvbar ayabovds KeKpiqvar Kat bro LKvoav av dptorev DepamevecBar.! od yap eferalopev obev ot kahot Kal ayabot clow, ovde plovodpev el py pido ovres dyaba elpyd- gavTo, emawvoodvres dé a Eexpatar, oixeious avrods ama TOv épywv trovovpeba.

‘2 O dé x) pddvora KkatamAayevres tev avSpeav exeivwv _emawodpev TooTs e€oTw, oti Hiv edofay piror odto. 87) apioro. amavrwy yeyevnobae Kal tots dAAous vopobérau KATAOTHVAL ws xen Tots pidrous dmdons TuxNS kowwveiv2 Kal a ye per” aMijAwy 7) 7, dmeép aAArj Ac ézabov avaypaibavres. of mpdyovor Huav. emi _oriAns XaAxijs avéBeoayv eis 70 ’Opéoreiov, Kal vouov éroimoavro mpatoy

* kal bd Zxvdav rév apicrew BepareveoGat inserted ——

Geist ; after dadons r¥yns Kowwveiv (end of § 5) in MSS. a See n. 1.

1 Nothing could be more natural than for some Graeco- Scythian city in South Russia (Crimea?) to have had an Oresteum like this, with a set of murals commemorating the exploits of Orestes and Pylades. Indeed, the existence of the paintings is practically guaranteed by two considerations : they represent a version of the story of Orestes among the Taurians that is not known to us prior to Lucian exce : in art; and that version, involving as it does his killing of king, is not likely to have been preferred to the Ruripidestt by Lucian for his present purpose, if the paintings were imag- inary. Here there seems to be a core of fact which Lucian can have derived only from some previous writer; and we may perhaps also safely believe that the deified heroes obtained sufficient prestige among the native part of the population of

TrIo

TOXARIS, OR FRIENDSHIP

Pylades.to be seen, but among us a temple has been assigned them, to both together, as was reasonable since they were comrades, and sacrifices are offered them, and all sorts of honours besides: The fact that they were not Scythians but foreigners is no hindrance to their having been accounted good men and their being cherished by the foremost Scythians ; for we do not enquire what country proper men come from, nor do we bear a grudge if men who are not friendly have done noble deeds; we commend what they have accomplished and count them our own in virtue of their achievements.

What especially impressed us in these men and gains our commendation is this: it seemed to us that as friends they, surely, had proved themselves the best in the world, and had established precedents for everyone else in regard to the way in which friends should share all their fortunes. All that they went through in each other’s company or for each other’s sake our ancestors inscribed on a tablet of bronze which they set up in the Oresteum ;? and they made it the law that the first study and lesson for

the city and its environs to gain them a Scythian name (Korakoi: §7 end). Compare the Herodotean tale (IV, 103) of the worship of ps Sat among the Taurians. This kernel of fact, however, has been enveloped in a hull of fiction by transporting the sanctuary to a mythical Scythian capital without a name and making it the focus of a great national cult of friendship—a happy conceit in view of the custom of swearing ‘‘ blood-brotherhood ” (§ 37), but sheer fiction none the less, It is perhaps possible that Lucian. drew the fact from some Hellenistic historian and supplied the fiction himself; but it is more likely that he found both already com- bined in his source, and connected with one or more of the tales of Scythian friendship that he puts into the mouth of Toxaris (cf. especially p. 173, n. 2).

Itt

THE WORKS OF LUCIAN)

tobto pdOypa Kal maidevpa tots maol tots oderépors elvan THY oTHAnv Tavrnv Kal Ta “én” avris Pevsner Svapynpovedoar. OGrrov yoov ToUvopL av 1 ExaoTOS adrav émAdborro Tob TmaTpos 7) Tas ‘Opéorov kat IIvAddov mpagers dyvorjoetev.

"AMG. Kat ev 7@ mrepiBoAw TOD ved Ta avra 6réca % a77An Sydot ypagais ino t&v maAaav etkaopeva, detxvuTat, TAEwY ‘Opéarns a, cpa TO diy, elra. ev Tots Kpnvots Siadlapetons , adt@* rhs. vews ouverAnppevos Kal mpos’ T1Vv Ovatay TaOpe>. OKEVAGLEVOS, Kal U) ‘Ipuyevera ey) KaTdapxeTau ait@v. Karavtixpd. dé. emt Tob €répov Totxov non eKdeduKws ta Seopa yéyparrat Kal povedav tov @davta Kat moAAovs aAdAovs tov LkvbGv, Kal téAos amomAdovres, Exovtes THY "Iduyevevay Kal tiv Oedv. ot UKvOa de dAAws emAapBavovrar Tob oKddovs 78n mA€ovtos, exKpepLavvipievor Tov mm daAtcov Kat erravaBaivewy TEtpapevou ely’ ovbev dvdoavres ot _ hey avr@v Tpavpariat, ot de Kat déeu TOUTOU, GTTOVYOVTAL POS TV yay. évOa 81 Kal pedrXvora ior Tis dy omroany Umeép aAAnAwY evvotay emedeikvuvTo, év TH mpos Tovs UKvbas ovpTrAoK,. memroinkev yap } pagers éxdrEpov dpedodvra per Tav Kal? éavtov modepiwv, au- vopevov be Tovs émupepopevous Oarépw Kal mpo éxcelvou amavray metpdjrevoy Tots Tofevpaow Kal Trap’ ovdev Te pevov el amo0aveirar awoas TOV didov kal THY én exeivov pepopevnv whee mpoaprrdacas TO éauTod oeopart.

Try 8) TooaUrny edvouay abrav Kat ri ev tots Sewots Kowwviay Kal Td morov Kal puAérarpov 1 rovvop’ dv Stallbaum: rodvoya MSS.

112

TOXARIS, OR FRIENDSHIP

their children should be this tablet and the memoris. ing of all that had been written upon it. In point of fact, every one of them would sooner forget the name of his own father than fail to know the achieve- ments of Orestes and Pylades.

But in the temple close, too, the very same matters that are set forth on the tablet are to be seen repre- sented in paintings by the ancients; Orestes voyag- ing with his friend, and then, after his ship had been destroyed on the rocks, his arrest and preparation for the sacrifice; Iphigenia is already consecrating them. Opposite this, on the other wall, he is depicted as just out of his fetters, slaying Thoas and many more of the Scythians. Finally, they are sailing off, with Iphigenia and the goddess; the Scythians meanwhile. are vainly laying hold of the ship, which is already under. way, hanging to the rudders and trying to get aboard; then, unable to accomplish anything, they swim back to land, some of them because they are wounded, others for fear of that. It is just there that one may see how much good-will they displayed in each other’s interest; I mean, in the engagement with the Scythians. For the artist has portrayed each of them paying no heed to the foemen opposite himself, but encoun- tering those who are assailing the other, trying to meet their missiles in his stead, and counting it nothing to die if he saves his friend and intercepts with his own body the stroke that is being directed at the other.

That great good-will of theirs, that common front amid those perils, that faithfulness and comradely

2 abrdv NB.

113

THE WORKS OF LUCIAN

Kat to dAnbes Kai BéBarov rod mpds’ aAdjAovs Epwros, ovk avOpimwa ratra @HOnpev etvar, GAA Twos yuwpns BeAtiovos 7 Kata Tods moAAOvS tovtous avOpwrovs, of péxpt pev Kat’ ovdpov 6 mAobs ein rots dpido.s,) ayavaxrodow €t ph em tons Kowwricovow Tdv ndéwv, et S€ Te Kal pKcpov 7 avrinvevoerev ® adtots, olyovTat povous Tois KW- Sdvows amoAurdvres. Kal yap otv Kal Tdd€ Omws eidfjs, oddev. LKvda. dirias. wetlov olovrar elvar, ovdé €orw €d dtw av tis UKVOns pGdov cepvd- vaito 7} éml TH ovptrovijca pid@ avdpl Kat Kowwvri- ca Tov Sewadv, womep oddev dveidos petlov map” jpiv Tod mpoddrnv diAlas yeyevijobar Soxeiv. Sid tadra "Opéornv Kai I[vAddnv Tiy@pev, api- atTous yevopevous Ta Ukvddv ayaba Kai ev didia Steveyxdvras, 6 mpa@tov hpcts amdvrwv Oavpdlo- pev, Kal rovvoya emi rtovrtos adrav €Oéuela Kopdkous * xaAetabar todro 5é éorw ev Th Herepa dwt womep av et Tis A€yor “ didvor Saipoves.””

MNH2IMIMI0Z

°Q. Té€apt, od pdvov dpa togevew ayabot Foav

‘ 4 Y ‘ A » > , i

UKvbar Kal 7a modcpiKa tev GdAAwv apewwous;

Ga Kal phow elmeiy dmdvrwy mBavatarot.

> ‘ ~ , ” 7 ” oh

€uol yotv téws ddAws yeyvdioKovtt 78n Kai

air® Sixaca roveiy SoKxeire odtws "Opéorny Kat

TlvAdSnv exbevdoavres. edeAnBers S€ pe, @ yev- >

A ‘ A > ‘ ” 4, an ~ vate, Kal ypadeds ayalos wv. mavu yotv evapyas

1 Previous editions throw rots ¢fAous with what follows, by setting the comma before it. 2 Text NB: other MSS. repeat 7 after puxpdv.

114

TOXARIS, OR FRIENDSHIP

love, that genuineness and solidity of their affection for one another were not, we thought, of this world, but marked a spirit too noble for these men about us of the common sort, who, as long as the course of their friends is with the wind, take it ill if they do not give them an equal share in all their delights, but if even a slight breath sets against them, they bear away, entirely abandoning them to their perils. For I would have you know this also—Scythians think that there is nothing greater than friendship, and there is not anything upon which a Scythian will pride himself more than on aiding a friend and sharing his dangers, just as there is no greater dis- grace among us than to bear the name of having played false to friendship. That is why we honour Orestes and Pylades, because they practised best what Scythians hold good, and excelled in friend- ship, an achievement which we admire before all things else; in token whereof we have given them the name of Korakoi to go by, which in our language is as much as to say “ guiding spirits of friendship.”

MNESIPPUS

Toxaris, it has turned out that Seythians are not only good archers and better than all others in war- fare, but the most convincing of all peoples at making speeches. Anyhow, I, who formerly had a different opinion, now myself think you do right in thus deifying Orestes and Pylades. And I had failed, my accom- plished friend, to grasp the fact that you are also a good painter. Very animated indeed was the sketch

® dvrmvedcccey N.; dvrimvedoes A dvtimvevon BM and I, in an erasure; I must have written -e. * Kovdxovs C*A? (v over p, x over x).

115

THE WORKS OF LUCIAN

emedereas mp Tas ev T@ Opeorei eixovas Kal THY sbaxny TOV dvdpav Kat Ta. brrép ado tpavpata. mAjnv addr’ ovdK @ HOnv av ovrw TOTE meponououa rey elvat pidiav € ev UKvGats- dre yap df évous * Kat dypious: dvtas avrovs €xpa jev det ouveivat Kal dpyy Kat Oupd, didrlay de nde ™pos TOUS olKkevordrous erravatpetobae, TEKLAtpomevos Tois te aGAdos a mept avta@v akovowev Kat OTe xateabiovor tovs matépas amobavervtas.

TOERAPIS

Ei pev Kat ra dAdo. types Tov ‘EMijvev wal Suxardrepor ra mpos TODS: yovéas Kal doudbrepot eopev, ovk ay ev T® trapdvre piroriyunbeinv mpos aé. OTe dé ot i pidot of i? UKevOar ToNd TLOTOTEpOL TOV ‘EMivev pide etoly Kal Ort TrAciwy diAlas Aéyos Trap” Hpetv 7 Trap dpiv, padiov emdetEat- Kal mpos Jedy trav “EMgjveoy iy) mpos axOndova pov dcovons Wy elu Te @v Katavevonka troAdv 7407y xpdvov bpiy ovyywopevos.

‘Yyeis, yap joe Soxetre tous ev mept pAlas Adyous Gpewov ddAwv a dv cirrety dvvacbar, Tapya, dé adThs ov jovov od Kar’ agiav TOV Adyew expederay, GAN’ amoxpn bpiy emraweoa TE avray Kat detEar iprlkov ayabov éorw: év dé Tais Xpetaus mpoddovres Tovs Adyous Spamerevere | ovK old oTrws eK péow rev Epywv. kal Onérav bpiv of Tpay@~ Sot tas tovadras dpiAlas emt THv oxnviy davaPiBa-

1 agévous du Soul: £évovs MSS. 2 of Bekker: not in MSS.

116

TOXARIS, OR FRIENDSHIP

that you drew for us of the pictures in the Oresteum, of the fighting of your heroes, and the wounds that each bore for the other. However, I should not have expected friendship to be so highly cherished among the Scythians, for as they are inhospitable and uncivilised I thought that they always were well acquainted with hatred, anger, and bad humour but did not enter into friendship even with their closest kin, judging by all that we hear about them, and especially the report that they eat’ their dead fathers! 1. TOXARIS

Whether we are in general not only more just than the Greeks towards our parents but more reverential is a question which I would rather not debate with you at present. But that Scythian friends are far more faithful than Greek friends and that friendship matters more with us than with you is easily demonstrated; and in the name of your Gods of Greece, do not listen to me with displeasure if I mention one of the observations which I have made after having lived with your people for a long time now.

. It seems to me that you Greeks can indeed say all that is to be said about friendship better than others, but not only fail to practise its works in a manner that befits your words,—no, you are content to have praised it and shown what a very good thing it is, but in its times of need you play traitor to your words about it and beat a hasty retreat, some- how or other, out of the press of deeds. And when- ever your tragedians put friendships of this kind on

1 Alluded to also in Funerals, 21 (IV, p. 126). Cf. Hero- dotus, IV, 26 (of the Issedones), and I, 216 (of the Massagetae).

117

THE. WORKS OF LUCIAN

oavres Seuxvdwow érrauvetre Kat emuxporetre Kat KuBuvevovow avrois daep dr Aco ot moAAol Kat emBdaxpuere, avrot dé ovdey a€tov émraivou treép tav dirwy Trapexeabar Tohuare, | a.\n’” hid TOU pidos Sen Beis TUXN, adTixa, pda Gomep 4. ovetpara otxovrat buiv, exTod@v dmonrdyevay, at moAAal €xetvas Tpayedian, Tots Kevots TOUTOLS kal kw gots mpoaenTEtore eoucdras buds amoduroicat, a Sunppeva. * TO oT Opa. Kat Trappeyedes kexnvora, ovde TO opucporarov pbeyyerar. tpeis be éu- maAdw: dow yap 8 Acitopea € ev Tots mept diAias Adyots, tocodrov €v Tots Epyous oiris, apirisaiel pev.

10. Et. 8 ody? Soxet, ovTw vv mouaper. tovs pev maAavovs pidous arpepeiv edowpev, el. Twas: 7] jpeis 7 dpeis thy mddar KarapiO ety © EXOMED, evel KaTa Ye Tobro mheovexrot tre dv, mo\ovs Kal dfvomiorous pdpropas Tovs ToiMrTas mapExopievot TH "AxiAdews Kat TlarpdiAou piriav Kal Thy Onogws Kal TTetpi8ou Kat Tey ddAwy ératpetav ev KadXiorois Erect Kal [erpows paxppdobvras” ddiyous d€ Twas mpoxerprodpevor Tov Kal?” pas avirovs Kal Ta epya avrav Sinynodpevor, eye yey Ta UKvbucd, ov. de 7d. ‘EMnvucd, OmrOTEPOS av ev. TovTots Kpart Kal dyretvous Tapdoxnrae Tous dirovs, auTos. TE VEVLKTKDS €orat Kat Thy adTod avaknpvéet, xddAvorov ayava Kat. oepvor TATOV aywricdpevos. | Ws eywye moAd Hdvov dv

a Senppeva Coraés: Sinpnuéva MSS. 2 §° ody Dindorf : _yoov SS. 3 ‘EAAnviKd, Kal dadrepos MSS. Bekker’s excision of xai

118

TOXARIS, OR FRIENDSHIP

the stage and exhibit them to you, you bestow praise and applause, yes, even tears upon them, most of you, when they face danger for each other’s sake; yet you yourselves dare not come out with any praiseworthy deed for the sake of your friends. On the contrary, if a friend happens to stand in need of anything, those many tragic histories take wing and vanish from your path on the instant, like dreams, and leave you looking like those empty, silent masks which, for all their open mouths, widely agape, do not utter-even the slightest sound. We are your,opposites; for we have as much the better of, you. in. practising friendship as we fall short of you in talking about it.

If you like, then, let us do this; let us leave the friends of former times to rest in peace, whomso- ever, I mean, of the ancients either we or you are able to enumerate; for there, to be sure, you would outdo us by citing many trustworthy witnesses, _ your poets, who have rehearsed in the most beautiful of epic lines and lyric verses the friendship of Achilles and Patroclus and the comradeship of Theseus, Peirithous, and all the rest. Instead, let us take up just a few of our own) contemporaries iand ‘recount their deeds, I for the Scythian side, you for the Greek; then whichever of us wins in this by bring- ing out better. examples of friendship shall. not only be adjudged victor himself but shall: be allowed to name his country in the proclamation, inasmuch as he will have taken part in a right glorious and noble contest. For my own part, I think I would

gives the sentence a proper conclusion. To read Sinyyocspeba above (B*N) necessitates excising Kal before 7a épya. 1I9 VOL. V. .

THE WORKS OF LUCIAN

flow Soxd povopayayv Hrrnbets arrorpn Oia TH defidv, Omrep yrs Ukvbujs emeripioy’ €or, 7 Yelpwr adAov Kara pidiay kexptobar, ‘Kat “Tadra “EXyvos, UKVOns adtos wv. AR 9a : ) xe vos

MNHzInM0z isTige9 otk nO)

11 "Eorw per, & Toéapt, od dathoe TO. epyor. dvd pi olw ool TOAE[MLOTH povopay faa, Tau. evoToxous kal TeOnypevous TapecKkevacpevy TODS Adyous. od pay dyevvs » ye ovTws Karampodovs év Bpaxet: TO ‘EMquexov & dav drroxwpyaopal oo Kal yap av ein mavBewwov bad Svoiv pev exetvow ATrnOHAvas TooovTous Tov UKvlav rrdcovs ‘ot Te pd0ou dyAovar Kat at dperepat mraAavat ypadat, as puKp@ mpoobev rai) peda, eCetpayponoas, “EA Anvas be mavras, trooatrTa evn Kat Tocavras: Tones, €puLAY 070 Goo ahédvat. et yap TooTO ,

yevoiro, od Thy defiav womep pets aAAd. ry.

yAdrray amorpnAijvas xaAdy, mOTepov. dé chpi- ofa. xp) TOV Spey, net, rav prduccoy, TOUTUY. mpagewr, 7 ondow dy Tus mAetous exn éyews,

TogoUTH eUTOpwTEpos av Bneey pos tes vikny 3

f 3! a

TOZAPIS ; :

Ossaide, GAN’ dpiobw pay. ev TO aioe adrav 70 Kpdros, aX” el dyretvous Kal ToMesTEpat patvowro ai gat Tay €pcoy toa TOV diptO pov oudal, Kapa | tepa OnAoy Ort epydoovrat pot Tpavpata” Kat Aarrov evddow mpos Tas TAnyds.

1 ar7ns Bekker :, ris MSS, iit gorvig 2 ra tpatpara N. won 120

Loy

TOXARIS, OR FRIENDSHIP

much rather be defeated in single combat and have my. tight hand, cut off, which is the penalty for, defeat in Scythia, than to be pronounced inferior to anyone else in the matter of friendship, and above all to a Greek, when I am myself a Scythian. 5 an MNESIPPUS of - It is no mean‘undertaking, Toxaris, to engage in single combat. with 1a» man-at-arms like yourself, equipped with very accurate and well-sharpened shafts of speech. Nevertheless, I shall not so ignobly betray ofa sudden the whole Greek, cause as to yield you, the’ field... It would be’ shocking if; when they two defeated as many Scythians as are indicated by the stories and by those ancient paint- ings in your country which you described with such histrionic expressiveness a little while ago, all the Greeks, including so many peoples and so many cities, should lose by default'to you alone. If that, should take place, it would be fitting, for me to be.docked, not, of my right hand, as your people are, but of my tongue. But, ought we .to set our- selves a limit to the number of these: exploits of friendship, or should we .hold that’ the more of them aman can tell, the better off he is as regards the victory? ths fais Lee TOXARIS

By, no means;, let us prescribe that the. victory does not in this case reside with the greater numbers, No, if yours turn out to be better and more telling than mine, though equal.in number, they will obviously inflict more serious wounds upon. me..and I shall suecumb to your blows more quickly:

T2I

THE WORKS OF LUCIAN

MNHSInnOS : t -repthhere, clayey

Ed Adyeis, Kal Wwplodiron® orrdoau ixavat. mevTE: éwovye Soxodow Exarépa.4 ;

t. TOBAPIZ [9

Kapot Soxe?. TpoTepos de Aéye, a €m0}10- odpevos 7 pay adn OA épety: GdAws yap dva~ mAarrew.? 7a. rowaira ov mave xaAemor kab 6 éXeyyos adavis. <i de dpudce.as, oux Govov. amorety. ; ite “bSaq ape MNH3INMOZ ©) Toe "Opovpebe, el Tt Kal dpkov dety voptes tis: S€ cou TOV jperépwv Deady dp’ ikavos’; 6 @idwos 5 -

TOEAPIZ | bts ale Kai pdra: eye de Tov emtxwpvov dpodpal cot ev T@ euavTod Adyw. '

paigs

i i i Gaia?

| MNEZIMTO2;<| . onl -hlnodas 2 aeio

12 9 "lorw tolvey 6 Leds 6 Didios, oe pny omdéoa av

déyw mpos oé 7) adrés €iSds 7) map’ dAAwy omdaor

oldv te ae bu dc prBelas exrrvvOavojievos epety,

pndev map’ EsavtTod emitpaywoady. Kal mpwrny

ye Go. THY “Ayabordéovs. kat Aewiov pidiav

Sunyjoopat, doidipov € €v Tots "Twou yevopevny. ot “AyabloxAjs yap obdros 6 5 Ldpuos ov apo To

eyévero, dpioros ev mpos piAtav, ws defer, TA dAAa, b€ obdev dwetvev Lapiwv radv mod

€s TO yevos ove €s THY aAAnv Teplovotlay. ate ia

1 éxarépw N: éxarépws 'MBC. - iu ni 2 évamddrreiy Harmon? dy mparreiv MSs. @ shina ba in aj mAdrrew edd. coos (Toast

122

TOXARIS, OR FRIENDSHIP

MNESIPPUS

You are right, so let us settle how many will do. Five, I should think, for each.

TOXARIS

I think so too; and you may speak first, after taking oath that you will assuredly tell the truth. Merely to make up such tales is not at all hard, and there is no obvious means of disproof. But if you should take your oath, it would not be right to disbelieve you.

MNESIPPUS

We shall do so, if you really think an oath is at all essential. But which of our gods will satisfy you? Zeus Philios?

TOXARIS

Yes indeed; and I will take the oath of my own country for you when I myself speak. ;

MNESIPPUS

Well then, as Zeus Philios is my witness, I solemnly swear that whatever I shall tell you I will say either from my own knowledge or from information obtained of others with all the accuracy that was. possible, without contributing any dramaturgy on my own part. And the first friendship of which I shall give you an account is that of Agathocles and Deinias, which has become far-famed among the Ionians,

Agathocles of Samos, to whom I refer, lived not long ago, and was peerless in friendship, as he proved, but otherwise not at all superior to the general run of Samians either in family or in means.

123

THE WORKS OF LUCIAN ©

S€ 7G Avowvos! "Edecias dpidos ex maidwy Fv. ce. \ / > 4 ” > ¢€ la ‘ 6 5¢ Aewias é€mAovrer apa eis daepBodjy, Kal oe b OR , a” AY , », - womrep elKos vedrrAouToV évTa, TOAAOds Kat aAdouS' elye mepit éavrdv, ixavods ev ovpmuetv Kal mpos € A a , 4 a Ld > , ndovnv avveivat, drrias dé 7A€toTov dcov arod¢ovTas. Téws pev oby ev tovrois Kal 6 * Ayabokdijs ~ ‘ ” e€ntaleto, Kal ovvnv Kat ovvérwev adbrois od “a aA , mavu xaipwr TH Towtryn SvatpiBA, Kal 6 Aewias ovdev atrov evtidtepov elyey TOY KoAdKwv. teAeuTatov dé Kal mpocéKpove TA TOAAA emiTyLOv, ‘ ~ ; Kal poptikds eddKer droptpvyicKkwy del THY TmpO- yovwy Kat dvddrrew tapayyéhAwy a peta moA- Adv Kapdtwv 6 TaTip adt@ Krnodpevos KaréAurev, wate dia Taira ovde emt Tos Kwpous amiyev ert atrov, adAd povos per exeivwy exwpate, AavOdvew meipapevos. tov. *AyaboxAéa. 13 Kai 8% more bo tHv Koddkwv éxeivwv 6 dbAvos avameWerar ws epdn abrod XapixAeva Anudva- lo , KTOS yuv"n, avdpos emupavods Kal mpwrov *Edeotwv Ta TodTiuKd: Kal Yypappareid te cicedoita Tapa THS yuvaiKes av’T@ Kal orédavou jpupd- \ ~ , > 5 , ‘ a” parrot Kal pHAd tia amodednypeva Kal adda émdoa at pactporol él trois véows pnyavavrar,® KaTa pLKpov avdrois emiTexvidpevar Tos epwras Kat avadréyovoar TO mp@tov epacbai vopilorras (emaywydratov yap TodTd ye, Kal padora tots kadots elvat olopévois), adypt av AdOwoww eis Ta Sixtva eumecdvres. ¢ / be > a , 4 H XapixAaa d€ Hv aoretov péev te yvvatov, 1 Avowvos A: Avolwvos TNB. In § 15 all but N read Avowwvos.

® rois véows é€mepnydvwrra (C)A, But cf. emt rovrw yeun- xavjoba, Dial. Mer., 4, 2.

124

TOXARIS, OR FRIENDSHIP

He and Deinias, the son of Lyson, of Ephesus, were friends from their boyhood. But Deinias turned out to be enormously rich; and as was natural in one whose wealth was new, he had many others about him who were well enough as boon companions and agreeable associates, but as far as could be from friends. at yee

Well, for a time Agathocles was put to the test among them, associating with them and drinking with them, though he took little pleasure in that kind of pastime; and Deinias held him in no higher esteem than his toadies. But at length Agathocles began to give offence by rebuking him frequently, and came to be considered a nuisance by reminding him always of his ancestors and admonishing him to keep what his father had acquired with much labour and left to him, Consequently Deinias no longer even took him along when he caroused. about the town, but used to go alone with those others, trying to escape the eye of Agathocles,

In course of time those flatterers persuaded the poor fellow that Charicleia was in love with him. She was the wife of Demonax, a distinguished man, foremost among the Ephesians in public affairs. Notes from the woman kept coming into his house ; also, half-faded wreaths, apples with a piece bitten out, and every other contrivance with which go- betweens lay siege to young men, gradually work- ing up their love-affairs for them and inflaming them at the start with the thought that they are adored (for this is extremely seductive, especially to those who think themselves handsome), until they fall unawares into the net.

Charicleia was a dainty piece of femininity, but

125

THE WORKS OF LUCIAN

ératpuKov be extomrws Kat Tob TpooTuxsvTos del, Kal el wave en ° Aten eGedrjoevé Tus? Kal €t i mpooidou tts povov, evOds eméveve, Kal déos ovdev Hv pn am avreizrou Xapixreca. dew) de kal Ta dMAa., Kat ® TexXviris Trap" ra BovAc Ta&v éraup@v emoma- cacba. €pacriy kal appiBodov ere dvta_ dAov vroroujoacbat al evexopevov 79 emiretvas Kal TpogeKKaioa dpre peev opy ij» apre dé Koaxeia, Kat pera uuK pov Urrepo ia Kat TO m™pos €TEpov. amrokAivew Soxeiv, Kal oAn OUvEeKEKpOTNTO dmavra- xobev 7 a) yen Kal T7oAAG wnyavypara TOPS TESASTE KaTa. TOV épaorav.

14. Tadrnv obv TOTE ot Aewiov kéaxes nape: AapBdvovow én to petpaxiov, Kab Ta. TrOAAG drrexwppdovy, ovvenbobvres avrov els Tov épwra THs Xapuxdcias. 7 dé mo\ovs 700 véous exTpaxn~ Aicaca Kal puplous épwras troKxpwapevyn Kal olxous modutaddvrovs dvarpepaca, mrouciNov Tt Kal TmoAvyipvaorov Kaxdv, mapadaBoboa eis TOS xetpas dmdoicov Kal daretpov TOV Tovodraw pnxavy- paTwv veaviaKov ovK avhikev ek TOV ovxev, d.AAd. Tmeplexovga mavraxobev Kat Suametpaca., ore 7799 mavrdmacw expatet, avTn TE dmaAero 70 Tis dypas Kat T@ Kakodaivove Acwia pupiwy KaK@v airta eyévero.

To pev yap mparov eds € exeiva én aubrov Kabier

Ta ypappareta, ouvexas * mepTopevn Thy éBpay, ws edaKpvoe Kal éemnypinvnce Kat TéAos as

1 wih mn T1B*: py} wot TY? (ov in erasure) BIN; uy 7 C, ven Cf. Lexiph., 11. 2 Kal ENB: not in A.

126

TOXARIS, OR FRIENDSHIP

outrageously meretricious, giving herself to anyone who happened to meet her, even if he should want her at very little cost; if you but looked at her, she nodded at once, and there was no fear that Charicleia might perhaps be reluctant. She was clever too, in every way, and an artist comparable with any courtesan you please at alluring a lover, bringing him into complete subjection when he was still of two minds, and when at last he was in her toils working him up and fanning his flame, now by anger, now by flattery, soon by scorn and by pretending to have an inclination for someone else. She was every bit of her thoroughly sophisticated, that. woman, and plentifully, armed with siege-engines to train upon her lovers.

This, then, was the ally whom Deinias’ toadies at that time enlisted against the boy, and they con- stantly played up to her lead, unitedly thrusting him into the affair with Charicleia. And she, who already had given many young fellows a bad fall, who, times without number, had played at being in love, who had ruined vast estates, versatile and thoroughly practised mischief-maker that she was— once she got into her clutches a simple youngster who had no experience of such enginery, she would not let him out of her talons but encompassed him all round about and pierced him through and through, until, when at last she had him wholly in her power, she not only lost her own life through her quarry but caused poor Deinias misfortunes without end.

From the very first she kept baiting him with those notes, sending her maid continually, making out that she had cried, that she had lain awake,

3 guvexds N: xai avyexds T, vulg.

127

15

THE WORKS OF LUCIAN

dmdyter éavrny 1) abXria bd Tob Epwros, ews 51) 6 pardptos breton Kards elvat Kal rats "Edeotwy yovatt mrepimd0nT0s, Kal TOV. ournvexOn TroANa ixetevbeis. TO evrebbev 707 paov, ws TO etkds, aAdoeabar ewedrev u70 yuvarkos Kahis xa mpos Hooviay TE opiArjoa emoraperns Kal ev Kaip@ SaKpioat Kal b weragy Tov Adywv eAcewas b Sroareva- far Kal dmuavros 70 AaBeoba Kal __claeABovre mpoodpapety Kal KaddwmibecBau ws, av padvera dpécete, Kal Tov Kal doa Kal KBapioar. f

Ois dmacte Kata Tob Acwiov exéxpytor pei ézel _yavero mompas éxovra wat dudBpo ov 79) TD Epwre ral Ta.KEpOv yeyevnpevov, ado emt ToU~ Tous emrevoet Kal Tov abAvov dmesAAve- Kbew Te yap ef avrob okymreral —tKavov dé Kal TobTo Braxa € Epaorny mpocexmuphoat—Kat obKért édotra ™pos avrov, purdrreobat bard Tavopos A€yovea TETUOMEVOV TOV epwra.

‘O o ovKETL olds TE ay pepew TO mparyyia, oude nvelxeTo HI) opav avray, a.AAd, eddxpue pay Tovs KoAaKkas eloemepurev Kal Tobvopa THs Xapi- KAetas émeBodro kat Tv €ikova tmrepiBarwv ad- Ths—ememoinro dé Aifov. AceuvKoG—-exwKve, iat Tédos KaraBaddy éavTov els rovdados exvdidero Kal Avrra hv axpiBns 70 mpaypa. Ta pev yap d@pa od KaTa pia kat orepdvous: dvredidoro airf, aia ovvouriat dAat Kal aypot kai bepa- mawat Kat eoOires edavOeis Kat Ypvaer dmdgov eOeAjoere.! Pr

2 @edjoce A: €OeAjoe. TNBM. one:

128

TOXARIS, OR FRIENDSHIP

and at last that she would hang herself, for love, poor girl, until the blessed simpleton became. con- vinced that he was handsome and adored by the women of Ephesus, and of course made a rendezvous after many entreaties. After that, naturally, it was bound to be an easy matter for him to be cap- tured by a beautiful woman, who knew how to please him with her company, to weep on occasion, to sigh piteously in the midst of her conversation, to lay hold of him when he was at last going away, to run up to him when he came in, to adorn herself in the way that would best please him, and of course to sing and to strum the lyre.

All this she had brought into play against Deinias ; and then, when she discerned that he was in a bad way, having by that time become thoroughly per- meated with love and pliable, she employed another artifice to complete the poor boy’s undoing. She pre- tended to be with child by him (this too is an effective way to fire a sluggish lover); moreover, she dis- continued her visits to him, saying that she was kept in by her husband, who had found out about their affair.

Deinias was now unable to bear the situation and could not endure not seeing her. He wept, he sent his toadies, he called upon the name of Charicleia, he embraced her statue (having had one of marble made for him), he wailed; at last he flung himself on the ground and rolled about, and his condition was absolute insanity. Naturally, the gifts which he exchanged for hers were not on a par with apples and wreaths, but whole apartment-houses, farms, and serving-women, gay clothing, and all the gold that she wanted.

129

16

17

THE WORKS OF LUCIAN

Kat ri ydp; ev Bpayet 6 Avowvos olkos, dvopacroratos TOV év “lwvia yevdmevos, € se 70n Kal eferenevarto. elra, ws on a s iy, dmohuroboa avrov adAXov twa Kpira veaviokov Tov dmoxpdouwv eOypa Kal pereBawev en exetvov Kal npa 707 avrod, Kaeivos emlorevey. |

"Apedovpevos ouv é Acwias oby dd THS Xapi- KAeias povov GAA, Kal dd Tay Kodiceny (kaKetvou yap emt TOV Kpjjra 7190 TOV €pebpuevov peteAne AvOecayr ) €pxerat Tapa TOV “Ayaboxdéa. , Kau maNae <iddr0. ws €xou _Tovnpas Ta mpdyyara adr@, Kal aidovpevos TO mp@rov dps Sunyetro TavTa—TOVv epwra, TI dmropiay, Thy drreporsiay THs yuvatkds, TOV dvrepaoriy TOV Kpijra, Kal Tédos as od Bidcerat 447) odxt ouveny TH Xape= Kreia.. 6 6€ a axarpov elvat vopicas €v TOUTW aTOLY=" jrovevew 7 Aewia Side ov mpoatero pdvov avrov TOV dow GAXd. Tods KohaKas: avroo ) mpoeri- pa TOTE, NV povov elyev TATppay oixtay ev Ldap dmeumoAjoas HKev adT@ THY TYLnY Kopilwr, Tpia TdaAavra..

AaBav 8é 6 Aewias odk adavns <dOds HV Xapucdreia Kadds Tobey adOus yeyernpevos, “Kat. avbus i) aBpa Kat Ta ypappareta,. Kal peeps ote pt) mood xpdvov apixero, Kal of KoAaKes auvefeov émuxadAapnodopevor, _Opavres edcbduprov ere évra Tov Aewiav. ws 8€ _bméaxero néew map’ adriy Kat ike mept mp@rov Umvev al evdov WV, 6 Anpava€, 6 THs _Xapucdetas aviip, etre dMws aicOopevos etre Kal amd ovvOyjuaTos } rijs yovaikos

1 guvOjparos B: cvvOduaros T: auvOixns N. 130

TOXARIS, OR FRIENDSHIP

Why make a long story. of it?..In a trice the estate of Lyson, which had been the most famous in lonia, was completely pumped out and exhausted. And then, when at last he was drained dry, she left him, pursued another gilded youth from Crete, and went over to him; now she loved him, and he put faith in it. |

Neglected not only by Charicleia but by the toadies, for they too had now gone over to the Cretan whom she loved, Deinias sought out Agatho- cles, who had long known that things were going badly with him. Though overcome with shame at first,, nevertheless he told the whole story—his passion, his. desperate straits, the woman’s dis- regard, the Cretan rival—and in conclusion . said that. he..would not..remain alive if he could. not have. Charicleia. . Agathocles. thought. it, unseason- able at. that moment to remind Deinias that he used never to be glad to see him, and him only, of all his friends, but used always to give preference. to his toadies in those days. So he sold all that he had, the house that he had inherited in Samos, and came back bringing him the price, three talents.

When Deinias received this, it was at once patent to Charicleia that in some way he had once more become handsome. “Again the maid, and the notes, and reproof because he had not come for a long while ; and the.toadies came running up to dangle a line for him, seeing that Deinias was still good for a meal. . But when he had promised to come to her, had actually come, in the early hours. of the. night, and was inside, the house,. Demonax, the husband of Charicleia, whether through accidental detection of him or through arrangement with his wife—both

131,

THE ‘WORKS OF LUCIAN”

(dude yap A€éyeTar)' €rravacras Gore | “eK Ne v rE adevov amoKkNetew éxcéhevev Kat ovAdap=" Bavew TOV. Acwiay, mop Kat pdoriyas: dmeidGy | Eidos ws emt potxov omacdpevos. | 5H}, ht A ‘0 dé ouvdav ob kax@v WV, poxrov Twa mat vy KElpLevov apmacas adrdv TE daroKretver Toy po VaKTO, mar dgas eis. TOV KpoTagoy, Kat Ty Me {| KAewav, ov pea mnyn TOUT AY, GAAG Kat TO OX D moAAdKs Kal T@ Sider Tod Anpdvarros orepov. ; ot 8 oikérat Tews pev. éoTiKeaav ddwvor, TH Tapas. ddgw Too \mtpayparos éxmrem yy pevos celta eta pobpevor ovMap Paver, ws kat ‘avrois., € pera Tod figousyi€ €xe vou pev éfevyov, 6 ‘Aewiag 88. def épxerau® tTHAuKoBrov ‘€pyov elpyacpevos.. bigga1 Kat’ ‘70 préxpt Tis’ €w ‘mapa Te AyaBorret: SvérprBev, dvadoyrlopevot TO. renpayidva Kal mept TOV bc\Novrewy o 7 dmroBroerar | ‘oKorrobvres** Ewlev Sé of orparnyol maphoav—yon yap TO 7, rd SeBeBiyro al Te haporres Baty oa ft 38” avrov efapvov ovra Lay uxt ‘mepovevnévas, dnd- youge Tapa TOV apHoorny os Tppoce oT, *Agiay. TOTE, 6 de Baowe?t. 7d peydrg. dvamépmes avrov" Kal eT 00 TOAD kareneugin 6 6 Aculas. cis, Tv vapor, vijcou, Tov. Kuxaddwy, €v 'TAvTN assert els Gel, TET OLY EvOS b7r0 Baovréws. yl 1% 2 es 18 « ‘O- be "Ayaboxhijs Kal» Tae pep ow. kat ouvamhpev eis Hy *TraXiav Kab: ouveraAber eis ro" dikacrrpiov _Hovos Tov dirwy Kal’ mpos . oddev" evedénoev. emret S€ 700), Epeviyer ' 6 Aewwias, odde Tore dreNel On 700 éraipov, karadicdoas’ be abros abrod SiézpiBev ‘ev Pudpw ‘Kat ovvedger 1 Saebepyerar NB: bmepxerat re, Pejyeras Me br 132

TOXARIS, OR FRIENDSHIP

stories are told—springing out upon him as if from ambush, gave orders to lock the outer door and to seize Deinias, threatening, him with burning and scourging and coming at him with drawn sword, as an adulterer.

Perceiving what a calamitous situation he was in, Deinias seized a bar that lay near and killed not only Demonax himself, striking him on the temple, but also Charicleia, not with one blow in her case, but by striking her first with the bar again and again and afterwards with the sword of Demonax. The servants stood speechless in the meantime, dazed by the suddenness of the thing; then they tried to seize him, but when he made at them too with the sword, they fled, and Deinias made good his escape in spite of his monstrous deed.

The time that remained until dawn he spent with Agathocles in going over all that had happened and considering what would come of it in future. At dawn the magistrates appeared, for by then the thing had been noised abroad; they arrested Deinias, who himself did not deny that» he’ had committed the murders, and brought him before the governor who then administered Asia. He sent him to the Emperor, and before long Deinias was committed to the island of Gyaros, one ‘of | the Cyclades, condemned by the Emperor to live there in perpetual exile. : ads

Agathocles alone of all his friends kept with him, sailed with him to Italy, went to the trial with him, and failed him in nothing. Moreover, when at length Deinias went into exile, he did not desert his comrade even then, but of his own accord sentenced himself to live in Gyaros and share his exile; and

133

THE WORKS OF LUCIAN

abr®, Kal erred) mavrdmacw nmopouv TOY avary= Kalwy, mapadovs € éavrov Tots Toppupedat ovykare~ dveTo Kat TO yivdLevov ex ToUTOU Grropepwv érpede TOV Aewtav" Kal voonoavrd Te ‘én pqKiorov éOepdmevae Kal dmolavovtos ovKere erraveDety eis THY EavuToo beAnoev, aWW’ abrod év tH vie éuewev alcyvvopevos Kal teOvedra dmoAurety TOV dirov.

Tore Got L£pyov gidou “EAMnvos ov po ee A yevdpevov: ern yap ovK olda el mévre Sy Svedy}-_ Avbev af’ ob “AyaboxAjs ev Tudpw ssathadai

a

| TOZAPIZ - Kat. «ide ye, & Mvjourne, avapotos av tatta EXeyes, Wa Kal amorety dy. edvvauny .adrois: ovTw LKvbiKov Twa pidov. Tov “Ayabonrea: ToUTOV Supyjow. ahiyv od} bédva, uy Twa, Kal fas Gpovov elmys avT@. 9 i MNH Z1T1010 iif eat Bo 19 | “Axove toivuy Kai dddov, & Togape, Ev0ducov! TOV XadAkidéa. dinyetro dé po qept avrod LepwaAos» 6 _vavicAnpos 3 Meyapucds, eTopoadpEvos ay pay. adros éwpaxevar TO Epyov. TAciv: pev yap edn e€ “Iradias “AGivate mept dvow T1Actddos avAXo- > yueatous TWAS avOptirrous Koplow, ev 8€ tovrois elvar tov Evvducoy Kad per’ adrod’ Adpwva, » Xadxidéa Kat TOOTOP, ératpov abrod- AcKees iS be elvat, TOV pLev Evddducov € Ep PuryLevov kal ip aig TOV de Adpova UrrwxXpov ea dobevixor, apt €k vogov paKpds, ws €OdKEl, GVLOTALEVOY.

.1 od Bekker: ody Be Not in other MSS. amid 134

TOXARIS, OR FRIENDSHIP

when they were completely in want of necessities, he joined the purple-fishers, dived with them, brought home what he earned by this, and so supported Deinias. Besides, when the latter fell ill, he took care of him for a very long time, and when he died, did not care to return again to his own country, but remained there in the island, ashamed to desert his friend even after his death.

There you have the deed of a Greek friend which took place not long ago; I hardly think five years have passed since Agathocles died in Gyaros.

TOXARIS

I do wish, Mnesippus, you, had told this story without taking an oath, so that I might have. been able to disbelieve it,.for this Agathocles whom you have described is very much of a Scythian friend. However, I have no fear that you will be able to name any other like him.

MNESIPPUS

Listen then, Toxaris, to. the tale of another, Euthydicus of Chalcis. It was repeated to me by Simylus, the sea-captain of Megara, who took his solemn oath that he himself had seen the deed. He said that he was making a voyage from Italy to Athens at about the séason of the setting of the Pleiades, carrying a miscellaneous’ collection of passengers, among whom was Euthydicus, and with him Damon, also of Chalcis, his comrade. They were of the same age, but Euthydicus was vigorous and strong, while Damon was pale and sickly, just convalescing, it seemed, from a prolonged illness.

135

THE WORKS OF LUCIAN’

WA. \ Ss , > A 8 : ~ Axpte prev ody LikeAias ebrvyds SuatAcbodu Edy 6 Liwwdros oGs* eset S¢ Tov opO wor Svamepd~" > 2 ” : a? / ” re {

gavres ev adt@ 7d TH “loviw Endeov, xeyiava Héytorov émumeceiv adbrots. kat Ta “pev TONG tt dy 7s éyot, Tpixvjiias Twas Kal oTpoBiAous kat xardlas Kai dda doa yeydvos Kakd ; émel Se non ofds Kara tiv LaKvvOov elvar amd prs. é Dik ri THs. Kepaias méovras,, ért kal o7metpas Twas 2 , ¢€ \ cr Suis st nt Bian EmLavpopevous, ws TO podov emdéyeobar Tas ~ yi : ' , ) opus, mepi. wéoas vixras olov ev. rocovrw addy, vautidcavta Tov Aduwva euetv éxxexuddra 1 és tH OdAacoav: elra, oluat, THs vedss Brardrepov és 6 exexdder pepos emuxABeions Kal Tob Pigs i

icy

‘ , ¢ x € , a s KGL LOYls €QAUTOV UTTEPENOVTG. TOV KAvdwvos. HOH

THY cundopay. trav avdpay, pn dvvacba § KeydAw 7@ mvedpart €havvopevous... zAiy éxetvd. ye | Tornaal, peAdous. TE yap modAods adeivas. adrots kal Ov KovTdv. Twas, ds émt..rodtwr artovaj- | fawro, el. Tur atra@v aepitdyouev, Kal réAos Kal TH anoBabpav abriy od. puKpav odcar. [hit OS at Harmon: ¢£ éyxexudora I, éyxexuddra other _

® rév d0Avov: only N has the article. 136

TOXARIS, OR FRIENDSHIP

As far as Sicily they had made a fortunate passage, said Simylus; but..when.they had run through the straits and in. due.time were sailing in the Adriatic itself, a great tempest fell upon them. .Why repeat the many details of his story—huge seas, cyclones, hail, and all the other evils of a storm? But when they were at last abreast of Zacynthos,! sailing with the yard bare, and also dragging hawsers in their wake to check the fury of their driving, towards midnight Damon became seasick, as was natural in weather so rough, and began to’ vomit, leaning out- board. Then, I suppose because the ship was hove down with greater force towards the side over which he was leaning and the high sea contributed a send, he fell overboard head-first ; and the poor fellow was not even without, his clothes, so as to have been able to swim more easily. So he began.at once to call for help, choking and barely able to keep, himself above the water.

When Euthydicus, who happened to be undressed and in his bunk, heard him, he flung himself into the sea, got to. Damon, who was already giving out (all this was visible at a long distance because the moon was shining) and helped him by swimming beside him and bearing him up. The rest of them, he. said, wanted to aid the men and deplored their misfortune, but could not do it because the wind that drove them was toostrong; however, they did at least something, for they threw them a number of pieces of cork and some spars, on which they might swim if they chanced upon any of them, and finally even the gang plank, which ‘was not small: »' ;

_1 Zante.

137

21

THE WORKS OF LUCIAN

*Evvoyoov' roivuv’ mpos’ Oedv Jvrwo, av tts anv emiderey emdetfairo edvolas BeBaorépay mpos avdpa pirov ey vortl exmreodyra es aéAayos” odrws aypuapevoy 7) Kowavjoas “Tod avr 3 Kat pow en opbaduay AaBe TH enavacracw rv KULaTWV, TOV yYoV ToD Bdaros (emucdwpevon,, TOV adpov mrepileovra, THY vuKra. Kal Thy dndyrwow eita drromyuyopevov € exe tyov Kat boys dvaxiTrovra. Kat Tas xelpas Opéyovra. TO éraipy, tov. 8é. emimNo@vTa ends Kal oUvYEovT a Kat 8eded7a ap, mpoamohn Tau avTod.o ) Adpuny. ovTw yap dv pdbous ds odk ayer} cot: Kal TobTov: gidov TOV y Ed uSuxcavs Seiraiaeiaahe bus goinasheew onl

; TOBAPIS-i).3d bisedsexe fat Sd

‘Tiérepov de anddovro, @ Murjoumme, « ot a8pesy Uh Tis abrots ex smapaddoyou oun pia 2 eyevero 9! ws eywye ov petpliws dédorka brrép adr. onl

¥ Mis MNHZIMITIOX Aye

Odppet, 773) Tgape, éowbyoay, > Kal’ ere kab: viv etow "AOiynow dpuhoo procogodyres. 6 wer yap Lypedros! TAOTO ‘jeove. elye Aéyew a a more € Tijs VUKTOS, TOV peeve exmrrovra, Tov be ememndavra} Kal VnXOHEvOUs. és doov ev vurrt Kablopay edvvaro. 7a de ad tovrov ot dui Tov Ev0vdiKov avrou, Suyyodvrar. TO _ ev yap, mparov geMois riot Tepimecovras dvexew emt TovTw Eavrovs ral, drow), eo@au, TOVUPAS, Batepov dé TP droBa- Opay. ¢ ‘i ovTas 7199 T™pos. €w mpoori)}Sacbat Té_aUTH,