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PRINCIPAL TREE REGIONS OF NORTH AMERICA
A North Eastern B North Western AB North Eastern & North Western
C South Eastern D Tropical Florida f Texas-Mexican Boundary
F Rocky Mountains ( Oregon & California New Mexico & Arizona Mexican Boundary
MANUAL OF THE TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
(EXCLUSIVE OF MEXICO)
BY CHARLES SPRAGUE SARGENT
Director of the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University Author of The Silva of North America
WITH SEVEN HUNDRED AND EIGHTY-THREE ILLUSTRATIONS BY CHARLES EDWARD FAXON AND MARY W. GILL
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BOSTON AND NEW YORE HOUGHTON MIFFLIN COMPANY The Riverside Press Cambridge
COPYRIGHT, I905 AND 1922, BY CHARLES SPRAGUE SARGENT COPYRIGHT, 1933, BY CHARLES S. SARGENT
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
The Riverside Press CAMBRIDGE . MASSACHUSETTS PRINTED IN THE U.S.A.
TO M. R. S. THE WISE AND KIND FRIEND OF THIRTY YEARS THIS BOOK IS DEDICATED WITH GRATITUDE AND AFFECTION
PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION
Wu studies of the trees of North America (exclusive of Mexico) which have been carried on by the agents and correspondents of the Arboretum in the sixteen years since the publi- cation of the Manual of the Trees of North America have increased the knowledge of the subject and made necessary a new edition of this Manual. The explorations of these sixteen years have added eighty-nine species of trees and many recently distinguished varieties of formerly imperfectly understood species to the silva of the United States, and made available much additional information in regard to the geographical distribution of American trees. Further studies have made the reduction of seven species of the first edi- tion to varieties of other species seem desirable; and two species, Amelanchier obovalis and Cercocarpus parvifolius, which were formerly considered trees, but are more properly shrubs, are omitted. The genus Anamomis is now united with Eugenia; and the Arizona Pinus strobiformis Sarg. (not Engelm.) is now referred to Pinus flexilis James.
Representatives of four Families and sixteen Genera which did not appear in the first edition are described in the new edition in which will be found an account of seven hundred and seventeen species of trees in one hundred and eighty-five genera, illustrated by seven hundred and eighty-three figures, or one hundred and forty-one figures in addition to those which appeared in the first edition.
An International Congress of Botanists which assembled in Vienna in 1905, and again in Brussels in 1910, adopted rules of nomenclature which the world, with a few American ex- ceptions, has now generally adopted. The names used in this new Manual are based on
_the rules of this International Congress. These are the names used by the largest number of the students of plants, and it is unfortunate that the confusion in the names of American trees must continue as long as the Department of Agriculture, including the Forest Service of the United States, uses another and now generally unrecognized system.
The new illustrations in this edition are partly from drawings made by Charles Edward Faxon, who died before his work was finished; it was continued by the skillful pencil of Mary W. Gill, of Washington, to whom I am grateful for her intelligent codperation.
It is impossible to name here all the men and women who have in the last sixteen years contributed to this account of American trees, and I will now only mention Mr. T. G. Har- bison and Mr. E. J. Palmer, who as agents of the Arboretum have studied for years the trees of the Southeastern States and of the Missouri-Texas region, Professor R. 5. Cocks, of Tulane University, who has explored carefully and critically the forests of Louisiana, and Miss Alice Eastwood, head of the Botanical Department of the California Academy of Sciences, who has made special journeys in Alaska and New Mexico in the interest of this Manual. Mr. Alfred Rehder, Curator of the Herbarium of the Arboretum, has added to the knowledge of our trees in several Southern journeys; and to him I am specially indebted for assistance and advice in the preparation of the keys to the different groups of plants found in this volume.
This new edition of the Manual contains the results of forty-four years of my continuous study of the trees of North America carried on in every part of the United States and in many foreign countries. If these studies in any way serve to increase the knowl-
edge and the love of trees I shall feel that these years have not been misspent. ; C. S. SarGent.
ArNoLD ARBORETUM September, 1921
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PREFACE
In this volume I have tried to bring into convenient form for the use of students the in- formation concerning the trees of North America which has been gathered at the Arnold Arboretum during the last thirty years and has been largely elaborated in my Silva of North America.
The indigenous trees of no other region of equal extent are, perhaps, so well known as those that grow naturally ia North America. There is, however, still much to be learned about them. In the southern states, one of the most remarkable extratropical regions in the world in the richness of its arborescent flora, several species are stil] imperfectly known, while it is not improbable that a few may have escaped entirely the notice of botanists; and in the northern states are several forms of Cratzegus which, in the absence of sufficient in- formation, it has been found impracticable to include in this volume. Little is known as yet of the silvicultural value and requirements of North American trees, or of the diseases that affect them; and one of the objects of this volume is to stimulate further investigation of their characters and needs.
The arrangement of families and genera adopted in this volume is that of Engler & Prantl’s Die Natiirlichen Pflanzenfamilien, in which the procession is from a simpler to a ‘more complex structure. The nomenclature is that of The Silva of North America. De- scriptions of a few species of Crataegus are now first published, and investigations made since the publication of the last volume of The Silva of North America, in December, 1902, have necessitated the introduction of a few additional trees described by other authors, and occasional changes of names.
An analytical key to the families, based on the arrangement and character of the leaves, will lead the reader first to the family to which any tree belongs; a conspectus of the genera, embodying the important and easily discovered contrasting characters of each genus and following the description of each family represented by more than one genus, will lead him to the genus he is trying to determine; and a similar conspectus of the species, following the description of the genus, will finally bring him to the species for which he is looking. Fur- ther to facilitate the determination, one or more letters, attached to the name of the species in the conspectus following the description of the genus, indicate in which of the eight re- gions into which the country is divided according to the prevailing character of the arbores- cent vegetation that species grows (see map forming frontispiece of the volume). For example, the northeastern part of the country, including the high Appalachian Mountains in the southern states which have chiefly a northern flora, is represented by (A), and a per- son wishing to learn the name of a Pine-tree or of an Oak in that region need occupy him- self only with those species which in the conspectus of the genus Quercus or Pinus are followed by the letter (A), while a person wishing to determine an Oak or a Pine-tree in Oregon or California may pass over all species which are not followed by (G), the letter which represents the Pacific coast region south of the state of Washington.
The sign of degrees (°) is used in this work to represent feet, and the sign of minutes (’) inches. /
The illustrations which accompany each species and important variety are one half the size of nature, except in the case of a few of the large Pine cones, the flowers of some of the
vill PREFACE)
Magnolias, and the leaves and flower-clusters of the Palms. These are represented as less than half the size of nature in order to make the illustrations of uniform size. These illus- trations are from drawings by Mr. Faxon, in which he has shown his usual skill and experi- ence asa botanical draftsman in bringing out the most important characters of each species, and in them will be found the chief value of this Manual. For aid in its preparation I am indebted to him and to my other associates, Mr. Alfred Rehder and Mr. George R. Shaw, who have helped me in compiling the most difficult of the keys. C. S. SarcEnt. ARNOLD ARBORETUM, JAMAICA PLAIN, Mass. January, 1905.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Map or Nort America (exclusive of Mexico) showing the eight regions into which the country is divided according to the pre-
vailing character of the trees Frontispiece SyYNoOPsIs OF THE Faminies oF PLants described in this work xl AnatyticaL Kry to THE GENERA OF PuaANts described in this work, based chiefly on the character of their leaves xvl Manvuat or TREES Gymnosperme 1 Angiospermze 96 Monocotyledones 96 Dicotyledones ' 118 Apetalee 118 Petalatez 342 Polypetale 342 Gamopetalee 790
GLOSSARY OF TECHNICAL TERMS 893 INDEX 899
SYNOPSIS OF THE FAMILIES OF PLANTS DESCRIBED IN THIS BOOK
Class II GYMNOSPERMZ.
Resinous trees; stems formed of bark, wood, or pith, and increasing in diameter by the annual addition of a layer of wood inside the bark; flowers unisexual; stamens numerous; ovules and seeds 2 or many, borne on the face of a scale, not inclosed in an ovary; embryo with 2 or more cotyledons; leaves straight-veined, without stipules.
I. Pinaceez (p.1). Flowers usually moneecious; ovules 2 or several; fruit a woody cone (in Juniperus berry-like); cotyledons 2 or many; leaves needle-shaped, linear or scale-like, per- sistent (deciduous in Larix and Taxodium).
Il. Taxacez (p.90). Flowers dicecious, axillary, solitary; ovules 1; fruit surrounded by or inclosed in the enlarged fleshy aril-like disk of the flower; cotyledons 2; leaves linear, alternate, persistent. 1
Class II. ANGIOSPERMA.
Carpels or pistils consisting of a closed cavity containing the ovules and becoming the fruit.
Division I MONOCOTYLEDONES.
Stems with woody fibres distributed irregularly through them, but without pith or annual layers of growth; parts of the flower in 3’s; ovary superior, 3-celled; embryo with a single cotyledon; leaves parallel-veined, persistent, without stipules.
III. Palme (p. 96). Ovule solitary; fruit baccate or drupaceous, 1 or rarely 2 or 3-seeded; leaves alternate, pinnate, flabellate or orbicular, persistent. IV. Liliacez (p. 110). Ovules numerous in each cell; fruit 3-celled, capsular or baccate;
leaves linear-lanceolate.
Division Il. DICOTYLEDONES.
Stems formed of bark, wood, and pith, and increasing by the addition of an annual layer of wood inside the bark; parts of the flower mostly in 4’s or 5’s; embryo with a pair of opposite cotyledons; leaves netted-veined.
Suspivision 1. AprtTau#. Flowers without a corolla and sometimes without a calyx.
Section 1. Flowers in unisexual aments (female flowers of Juglans and Quercus solitary or in spikes); ovary inferior (superior in Leitnertacew) when a calyx is present.
V. Salicacez (p. 119). Flowers dicecious, without a calyx. Fruit a 2-4-valved capsule. Leaves simple, alternate, with stipules, deciduous.
VI. Myricacee (p. 163). Flowers moncecious or dicecious; fruit a dry drupe, covered with waxy exudations; leaves simple, alternate, resinous-punctate, persistent.
VII. Leitneriacee (p. 167). Flowers dicecious, the staminate without a calyx; ovary superior; fruit a compressed oblong drupe; leaves alternate, simple, without stipules, decidu- ous. /
VIII. Juglandacee (p. 168). Flowers monecious; fruit a nut inclosed in an indehiscent (Juglans) or 4-valved (Carya) fleshy or woody shell; leaves alternate, unequally pinnate without stipules, deciduous,
xli SYNOPSIS OF THE FAMILIES
IX. Betulacez (p. 200). Flowers moncecious; fruit a nut at the base of an open leaf-like involucre (Carpinus), in a sack-like involucre (Ostrya), in the axil of a scale of an ament (Betula), or of a woody strobile (Alnus); leaves alternate, simple, with stipules, deciduous.
X. Fagacee (p. 227). Flowers moneecious; fruit a nut more or less inclosed in a woody often spiny involucre; leaves alternate, simple, with stipules, deciduous (im some species of Quercus and in Castanopsis and Lithocarpus persistent).
Section 2. Flowers unisexual (perfect in Ulmus); calyx regular, the stamens as many as its lobes and opposite them; ovary superior, 1-celled; seed 1.
XI. Ulmacee (p. 308). Fruit a compressed winged samara (Ulmus), a drupe (Celtis and Trema), or nut-like (Planera), leaves simple, alternate, with stipules, deciduous (persistent in Trema).
XII. Moracee (p. 328). Flowers in ament-like spikes or heads; fruit drupaceous, inclosed in the thickened calyx and united into a compound fruit, oblong and succulent (Morus), large, dry and globose (Toxylon), or immersed in the fleshy receptacle of the flower (Ficus) ; leaves simple, alternate, with stipules, deciduous (persistent in Ficus).
Section 3. Flowers usually perfect; ovary superior or partly inferior, 1-4celled; leaves simple, persistent in the North American species.
XIII. Olacacee (p. 336). Calyx and corolla 4—6-lobed; ovary 1—4-celled; fruit a drupe more or less inclosed in the enlarged disk of the flower; leaves alternate or fascicled, without stipules.
XIV. Polygonacee (p. 338). Calyx 5-lobed; ovary 1-celled; fruit a nutlet inclosed in the thickened calyx; leaves alternate, their stipules sheathing the stems.
XV. Nyctaginacee (p. 340). Calyx 5-lobed; ovary 1-celled; fruit a nutlet inclosed in the thickened calyx; leaves alternate or opposite, without stipules.
Suppivision 2. Prrauats. Flowers with both calyx and corolla (without a corolla in Lauracee, in Liquidambar in Hamamelidacee, in Cercocarpus in Rosacee, in Huphor- biacee, in some species of Acer, in Reynosia, Condalia, and Krugiodendron in Rham- nacee, in Fremontia in. Sterculiacee, in Chytraculia in Myrtacew, in Conocarpus in Combretacee and in some species of Fraxinus in Oleacee).
Section 1. PouyprraLs. Corolla of separate petals.
A. Ovary superior (partly inferior in Hamamelidacee; inferior in Malus, Sorbus, Heteromeles, Crategus, and Amelanchier in Rosacec).
XVI. Magnoliacez (p. 342). Flowers perfect; sepals and petals in 3 or 4 rows of 3 each; fruit cone-like, composed of numerous cohering carpels; leaves simple, alternate, their stipules inclosing the leaf-buds, deciduous or rarely persistent.
XVII. Annonacee(p.353). Flowers perfect; sepals 3; petals 6 in 2 series; fruit a pulpy berry developed from 1 or from the union of several carpels; leaves simple, alternate, without stip- ules, deciduous or persistent.
XVIII. Lauracee (p. 356). Flowers perfect or unisexual; corolla 0; fruit a 1-seeded drupe or berry; leaves simple, alternate, punctate, without stipules, persistent (deciduous in Sassa- fras).
XIX. Capparidacee (p. 365). Flowers perfect; sepals and petals 4; fruit baccate, elon- gated, dehiscent; leaves alternate, simple, without stipules, persistent. '
XX. Hamamelidacee (p. 366). Flowers perfect or unisexual; sepals and petals 5 (corolla 0 in Liquidambar) ; ovary partly inferior; fruit a 2-celled woody capsule opening at the summit; leaves simple, alternate, with stipules, deciduous.
XXI. Platanacee (p. 371). Flowers moncecious, in dense unisexual capitate heads; fruit an akene; leaves simple, alternate, with stipules, deciduous.
XXII. Rosacee (p. 376). Fléwers perfect; sepals and petals 5 (petals 0 in Cercocarpus); ovary inferior in Malus, Sorbus, Heteromeles, Crategus, and Amelanchier; fruit a drupe (Prunus and Chrysobalanus), a capsule (Vauquelinia and Lyonothamnus), an akene (Cowania and Cercocarpus), or a pome (Malus, Sorbus, Heteromeles, Crataegus, and Amelanchier) ; leaves simple or pinnately compound, alternate (opposite in Lyonothamnus), with stipules, decidu- ous or persistent.
XXIII. Leguminose (p. 585). Flowers perfect, regular or irregular; fruit a legume; leaves compound, or simple (Dalea), alternate, with stipules, deciduous or persistent.
SYNOPSIS OF THE FAMILIES X11
XXIV. Zygophyllaceze (p. 630). Flowers perfect; calyx 5-lobed; petals 5; fruit capsular, becoming fleshy; leaves opposite, pinnate, with stipules, persistent.
XXV. Malpighiacee(p.631). Flowers usually perfect rarely dimorphous; calyx 5-lobed: petals 5, unguiculate; fruit a drupe or samara; leaves opposite, simple, entire, persistent: often with stipules.
XXVI. Rutacee (p. 633). Flowers unisexual or perfect; fruit a capsule (Xanthoxylum), a samara (Ptelea), of indehiscent winged 1-seeded carpels (Helietta), or a drupe (Amyris); leaves alternate or opposite, compound, glandular-punctate, without stipules, persistent or rarely deciduous (0 in Canotia).
XXVII. Simaroubacez (p. 641). Flowers dicecious, calyx 5-lobed; petals 5; fruit drupas ceous (Simarouba), baccate (Picramnia), a samara (Alvaradoa); leaves alternate, equally pinnate, without stipules, persistent.
XXVIII. Burseracee (p. 645). Flowers perfect; calyx 4 or 5-parted; petals 5; fruit a drupe; leaves alternate, compound, without stipules, deciduous.
XXIX. Meliaceze (p. 648). Flowers perfect; calyx 5-lobed; petals 5; fruit a 5-celled de- hiscent capsule; leaves alternate, equally pinnate, without stipules, persistent.
XXX. Euphorbiacez (p. 649). Flowers perfect; calyx 4—6-parted (Drypetes), 3-lobed (Hippomane), or 0 (Gymnanthes) ; petals 0; fruit a drupe (Drypetes and Hippomane), or a 3-lobed capsule (Gymnanthes).
XXXT. Anacardiacee (p. 655). Flowers usually unisexual, dicecious or polygamo-dice- cious (Pistacia without a calyx, and without a corolla in the North American species); fruit a dry drupe; leaves simple or compound, alternate, without stipules, deciduous (persistent in Pistacia and in one species of Rhus).
XXXII. Cyrillacee (p. 665). Flowers perfect; calyx 5-8-lobed; petals 5-8; fruit an indehiscent capsule; leaves alternate, without stipules, persistent (more or less deciduous in Cyrilla).
XXXII. Aquifoliacee (p. 668). Flowers polygamo-diecious; calyx 4 or 5-lobed; petals 5; fruit a drupe, with 4-8 1-seeded nutlets; leaves alternate, simple, with stipules, persistent or deciduous.
XXXIV. Celastracez (p. 674). Flowers perfect, polygamous or dicecious; calyx 4 or 5-lobed; petals 4 or 5; fruit a drupe, or a capsule (Evonymus); leaves simple, opposite or al- ternate, with or without stipules, persistent (deciduous in Evonymus).
XXXY. Aceracee (p. 681). Flowers dicecious or moneeciously polygamous; calyx usually 5-parted; petals usually 5, or 0; fruit of 2 long-winged samara joined at the base; leaves oppo- site, simple or rarely pinnate, without or rarely with stipules, deciduous.
XXXVI. Hippocastanacee (p. 702). Flowers perfect, irregular; calyx 5-lobed; petals 4 or 5, unequal; fruit a 3-celled 3-valved capsule; leaves opposite, digitately compound, long- petiolate, without stipules, deciduous.
XXXVII. Sapindacee (p. 711). Flowers polygamous; calyx 4 or 5-lobed; corolla of 4 or 5 petals; fruit a berry (Sapindus and Exothea), a drupe (Hypelate), or a 3-valved capsule (Ungnadia) ; leaves alternate, compound, without stipules, persistent, or deciduous (Ungna- dia).
XXXVIII. Rhamnacee (p. 718). Flowers usually perfect; calyx 4 or 5-lobed; petals 4 or 5 (0 in Reynosia, Condalia, and Krugiodendron); fruit drupaceous; leaves simple, alternate (mostly opposite in Reynosia and Krugiodendron), with stipules, persistent (deciduous in some species of Rhamnus). :
XXXIX. Tiliaceze (p. 732). Flowers perfect; sepals and petals 5; fruit a nut-like berry; leaves simple, alternate, mostly oblique at base, with stipules, deciduous.
XL. Sterculiacee (p. 749). Flowers perfect; calyx 5-lobed; petals 0; fruit a 4 or 5-valved dehiscent capsule; leaves simple, alternate, with stipules, persistent.
XLI. Theacee (p. 750). Flowers perfect; sepals and petals 5; fruit a 5-celled woody de- hiscent capsule, loculicidally dehiscent; leaves simple, alternate, without stipules, persistent or deciduous.
XLII. Canellacee (p. 753). Flowers perfect; sepals 3; petals 5; filaments united into a tube; fruit a berry; leaves simple, alternate, without stipules, persistent.
XLII. Keberliniacee (p. 754). Flowers perfect; sepals and petals 4, minute; leaves bract-like, alternate, without stipules, caducous.
XLIV. Caricacee (p. 755). Flowers unisexual or perfect; calyx 5-lobed; petals 5; fruit baccate; leaves palmately lobed or digitate, alternate, without stipules, persistent.
xiv SYNOPSIS OF THE FAMILIES
B. Ovary inferior (partly inferior in Rhizophora).
XLV. Cactacee (p. 757). Flowers perfect; petals and sepals numerous; fruit a berry; leaves usually wanting.
XLVI. Rhizophoracee (p. 763). Flowers perfect; calyx 4-parted; petals 4; ovary partly inferior; fruit a 1-cetled 1-seeded berry perforated at apex by the germinating embryo; leaves simple, opposite, entire, with stipules, persistent.
XLVII. Combretacez (p. 764). Flowers perfect or polygamous ; calyx 5-lobed; petals 5 (0 in Conocarpus) ; fruit. drupaceous; leaves simple, alternate or opposite, without stipules, persistent.
XLVIII. Myrtacee (p. 768). Flowers perfect; calyx usually 4-lobed, or reduced to a single body forming a deciduous lid to the flower (Chytraculia) ; petals usually 4 (0 in Chytra- _ culia); fruit a berry; leaves simple, opposite, pellucid-punctate, without stipules, persistent.
XLIX. Melastomacee (p.776). Flowers perfect; calyx and corolla 4 or 5-lobed; stamens as many or twice as many as the lobes of the corolla; fruit capsular or baccate, inclosed in the tube of the calyx; leaves opposite, rarely verticillate, 3-9-nerved, without stipules.
L. Araliaceze (p. 777). Flowers perfect or polygamous; sepals and petals usually 5; fruit a drupe; leaves twice pinnate, alternate, with stipules, deciduous.
LI. Nyssacez (p. 779). Flowers dicecious, polygamous, dicecious or perfect; calyx 5- toothed or lobed; petals 5 or more, imbricate in the bud, or 0; stamens as many or twice as many as the petals; fruit drupaceous (Nyssa), usually 1-celled and 1-seeded; leaves alternate, deciduous, without stipules.
LII. Cornacee (p. 784). Flowers perfect or polygamo-dicecious; calyx 4 or 5-toothed ; petals 4 or 5; fruit a fleshy drupe; leaves simple, opposite (alternate in one species of Cornus), without stipules, deciduous.
Section 2. GAMoPETAL&. Corolla of united petals (divided in Elliottia in Erica-
cee, 0 in some species of Fraxinus in Oleacee). A. OvARY SUPERIOR (inferior in Vaccinium in Ericacee, partly inferior in Symplo-
cacee and Styracacee).
LIIl. Ericacez (p. 790). Flowers perfect; calyx and corolla 5-lobed (in Elliottia corolla of 4 petals); (ovary inferior in Vaccinium) ; fruit capsular, drupaceous or baccate; leaves simple, alternate, without stipules, persistent (deciduous in Elliottia and Oxydendrum).
LIV. Theophrastacee (p. 804). Flowers perfect, with staminodia; sepals and petals 5; stamens 5; fruit a berry; leaves simple, opposite or alternate, entire, without stipules.
LV. Myrsinacee (p. 805). Flowers perfect; calyx and corolla 5-lobed; stamens 5; fruit a drupe; leaves simple, alternate, entire, without stipules, persistent.
LVI. Sapotaceze (p. 808). Flowers perfect; calyx 5-lobed; corolla 5-lobed (6-lobed in Mi- musops), often with as many or twice as many internal appendages borne on its throat; fruit a berry; leaves simple, alternate, without stipules, persistent (deciduous in some species of Bumelia).
LVII. Ebenacez (p. 820). Flowers perfect, dicecious, or polygamous; calyx and corolla 4-lobed; fruit a 1 or several-seeded berry; leaves simple, alternate, entire, without stipules, deciduous.
LVIII. Styracacee (p. 824). Flowers perfect; calyx 4 or 5-toothed; corolla 4 or 5-lobed or divided nearly to the base, or rarely 6 or 7-lobed; ovary superior or partly superior; fruit a drupe; leaves simple, alternate, without stipules, deciduous; pubescence mostly scurfy or stellate.
LIX. Symplocacee (p. 830). Flowers perfect; calyx and corolla 5-lobed; ovary inferior or partly inferior; fruit a drupe; leaves simple, alternate, without stipules, deciduous; pu- bescence simple. int
LX. Oleacee (p.832). Flowers perfect or polygamo-diccious; calyx 4-lobed (0 in some species of Fraxinus) ; corolla 2-6-parted (0 in some species of Frazinus) ; fruit a winged samara (Fraxinus) or a fleshy drupe (Forestiera, Chionanthus and Osmanthus); leaves pinnate (Fraxinus) or simple, opposite, without stipules, deciduous (persistent in Osmanthus).
LXI. Borraginacee (p.858). Flowers perfect or polygamous; calyx and corolla 5-lobed; fruit a drupe; leaves simple, alternate, scabrous-pubescent, without stipules, persistent or tardily deciduous.
LXII. Verbenacee (p. 864). Flowers perfect; calyx 5-lobed; corolla 4 or 5-lobed; fruit a, drupe or a 1-seeded capsule; leaves simple, opposite, without stipules, persistent.
SYNOPSIS OF THE FAMILIES XV
LXIII. Solanaces (p. 867). Flowers perfect; calyx campanulate, usually 5-lobed; corolla usually 5-lobed; fruit baccate, surrounded at base by the enlarged calyx; leaves alternate, rarely opposite, without stipules.
LXIV. Bignoniacee (p. 868). Flowers perfect; calyx bilabiate; corolla bilabiate, 5-lobed; fruit a woody capsule (Catalpa and Chilopsis) or a berry (Enallagma) ; leaves simple, opposite (sometimes alternate in Chilopsis), without stipules, deciduous (persistent in Enallagma).
B. Ovary inferior (partly superior in Sambucus in Caprifoliacee).
LXV. Rubiacez (p. 875). Flowers perfect; calyx and corolla 4 or 5-lobed; fruit a capsule (Exostema and Pinckneya), a drupe (Guettarda), or nut-like (Cephalanthus) ; leaves simple op- posite, or in verticils of 3 (Cephalanthus), with stipules, persistent (deciduous in Pinckneya and Cephalanthus).
LXVI. Caprifoliacee (p. 882). Flowers perfect; calyx and corolla 5-lobed; fruit a drupe; leaves unequally pinnate (Sambucus) or simple (Viburnum), opposite, without stipules, +ecid- uous in North American species.
ANALYTICAL KEY
TO THE GENERA OF PLANTS INCLUDED IN THIS BOOK, BASED CHIEFLY ON THE CHARACTER OF THE LEAVES
I. Leaves parallel-veined, alternate, persistent, clustered at the end of the stem or branches. Monocotyledones. Stem simple; leaves stalked. Leaves fan-shaped. Leaf stalks unarmed.
Rachis short; leaves usually silvery white below.
Leaves 2°-4° in diameter (green below in No. 2), their segments undivided at apex. Thrinax (p. 96).
Leaves 18’-24’ in diameter, their segments divided at apex. Coccothrinax (p. 100).
Rachis elongated; leaves green below, their segments divided at apex.
Sabal (p. 101). Leaf stalks armed with marginal teeth or spines.
Leaf stalks furnished irregularly with broad thin large and small, straight or hooked spines confluent into a thin bright orange-colored cartilaginous margin; leaves longer than wide, divided nearly to the middle into segments parted at apex and separating on the margins into thin fibres. Washingtonia (p. 104).
Leaf stalks furnished with stout or slender flattened teeth; leaves suborbicular, divided to the middle or nearly to the base into segments parted at apex; seg- ments of the blade not separating on the margin into thin fibres.
Accelorraphe (p. 105). Leaves pinnate. Leaves 10°-12° in length, their pinne 23°-3° long and often 14° wide, deep green. Roystonea (p. 107). Leaves 5°-6° long, their pinnz 18’ long and 1’ wide, dark yellow-green above, pale and
glaucous below. Pseudopheenix (p. 109). Stem simple or branched; leaves sessile, lanceolate, long- and usually sharp-pointed at apex. Yucca (p. 110).
II. Leaves 1-nerved, needle-shaped, linear or scale-like, persistent (deciduous in Larix and Taxodium). Gymnosperme.
1. Leaves PERSISTENT.
a Leaves fascicled, needle-shaped, in 1—-5-leafed clusters enclosed at base in a membrana- ceous sheath. Pinus (p. 2). aa Leaves scattered, usually linear. b Leaves linear, often obtuse or emarginate. Base of the leaves persistent on the branches. Leaves sessile, 4-sided, or flattened and stomatiferous above. Picea (p. 34). Leaves stalked, flattened and stomatiferous below, or angular, often appear-
ing 2-ranked. Tsuga (p. 42). Base of the leaves’ not persistent on the branches; leaves often appearing 2-ranked. e Leaves stalked, flattened, stomatiferous below; winter-buds pointed, not resinous. Pseudotsuga (p. 47).
Leaves sessile, flattened and often grooved on the upper side, or quadrangular, rarely stomatiferous above, on upper fertile branches often crowded; winter-buds obtuse, resinous (except in No. 9). Abies (p. 50).
bb Leaves linear-lanceolate, rigid, acuminate, spirally disposed, appearing 2-ranked by a twist in the petiole.
ANALYTICAL KEY TO THE GENERA xvii
Leaves abruptly contracted at base, long-pointed, with pale bands of stomata
on the lower surface on each side of the midveins; fruit drupelike. . Torreya (p. 91). Leaves gradually narrowed at base, short-pointed, paler, and without distinct bands of stomata on the lower surface; fruit berry-like. Taxus (p. 93). bbb Leaves ovate-lanceolate and scale-like, spreading in 2 ranks or linear on the same tree, acute, compressed, keeled on the back and closely appressed or spreading at apex. Sequoia (p. 61). aaa Leaves opposite or whorled, usually scale-like. Internodes distinctly longer than broad; branchlets flattened, of nearly equal color on both sides; leaves eglandular. Libocedrus (p. 65).
Internodes about as long as broad, often pale below, usually glandular. Branchlets flattened.
Branchlets in one plane, much flattened, +4,’-}’ broad. Thuja (p. 67). Branchlets slightly flattened, 34,’—;);’ broad. Chamecyparis (p. 75). Branchlets terete or 4-angled.
Branchlets more or less in one plane; fruit a cone. Cupressus (p. 69). Branchlets not in one plane; fruit a berry (leaves needle-shaped, in whorls of 3 in
No. 1). Juniperus (p. 78).
2. Leaves DEcrpvovus.
Leaves in many-leafed clusters on short lateral spurs. Larix (p. 31). Leaves spreading in 2 ranks. Taxodium (p. 63).
III. Leaves netted-veined, rarely scale-like or wanting. Dicotyledones. A. LEAVES OPPOSITE. (B, see p. xxi). 1. Leaves SIMPLE. (2, see p. xx).
* Leaves persistent. a Leaves with stipules. b Leaves entire or occasionally slightly crenate or serrate. c Leaves emarginate at apex, very short-stalked, 13/-2/ long. Leaves obovate, gradually narrowed into the petiole. Gyminda (p. 678). Leaves oval to oblong, rounded or broad-cuneate (rarely alternate). Branchlets densely velutinous. Krugiodendron (p. 721). Branchlets slightly puberulous at first, soon glabrous. Reynosia (p. 720). cc Leaves not emarginate at apex.
Leaves obtuse, rarely acutish or abruptly short-pointed. Leaves elliptic, 33/—5’ long. Rhizophora (p. 763). Leaves obovate, usually rounded at apex, 2’—2’ long.
Byrsonima (p. 632). Leaves acute to acuminate. Leaves oblong-ovate to lanceolate; branchlets glabrous. Exostema (p. 877). Leaves broad-elliptic to oblong-elliptic; branchlets villose.
Guettarda (p. 879). bb Leaves serrate (often pinnate). Lyonothamnus (p. 378). aa Leaves without stipules.
Petioles biglandular; leaves obtuse or emarginate, 14’-24’ long.
‘ Laguncularia (p. 767). Petioles without glands. Leaves furnished below with small dark glands, slightly aromatie; petioles short. Leaves oblong to oblong-ovate and acuminate or elliptic and bluntly short- pointed. ; Calyptranthes (p. 769). Leaves ovate, obovate or elliptic. Eugenia (p. 770). Leaves without glands.
XVili ANALYTICAL KEY TO THE GENERA
Leaves green and glabrous below. ‘ Leaves obtuse or emarginate at apex (rarely alternate), 1-14’ long. Torrubia (p. 341). Leaves acute, acuminate, or sometimes rounded or emarginate, 3’—5’ long. Leaves distinctly veined. Citharexylon (p. 864). Leaves obscurely veined. Osmanthus (p. 856). Leaves hoary tomentulose or scurfy below. Leaves strongly 3-nerved, acuminate, densely scurfy pelow. Tetrazygia (p. 776). Leaves penniveined, rounded or acute at apex, hoary tomentulose below. Avicennia (p. 865).
*k Leaves deciduous. a Leaves without lobes. b Leaves serrate. Winter-buds with several opposite outer scales. Leaves puberulous below, closely and finely serrate; axillary buds solitary. Evonymus (p. 675). Leaves glabrous below, remotely crenate-serrulate; axillary buds several, superposed. Forestiera (p. 853). Winter-buds enclosed in 2 large opposite scales. Viburnum (p. 886). bb Leaves entire. c Leaves without stipules. Leaves suborbicular or elliptic to oblong. Leaves rounded or acutish at apex, 1’—2’ long, occasionally 3-foliolate, glabrous; branchlets quadrangular. Fraxinus anomala (p. 837). Leaves acuminate or acute at apex, 3’-4’ long. Leaf-scars connected by a transverse line, with 3 bundle-traces; branch-
lets slender, appressed-pubescent. Cornus (p. 785). Leaf-scars not connected, with 1 bundle-trace; branchlets stout, villose, puberulous or glabrous. Chionanthus (p. 855).
Leaves broad-ovate, cordate, acuminate, 5’-12’ long, on long petioles. Catalpa (p. 870). Leaves linear to linear-lanceolate, short-stalked or sessile (sometimes alter- nate). Chilopsis (p. 869).
cc Leaves with persistent stipules, entire.
. Leaves oval or ovate; winter-buds resinous, the terminal up to 4’ in length. Pinckneya (p. 876). Leaves ovate to lanceolate; winter-buds minute. Cephalanthus (p. 878). aa Leaves palmately lobed. Acer (p. 681).
2. LEAVES COMPOUND.
a Leaves persistent, with stipules.
Leaves equally pinnate; leaflets entire. Guaiacum (p. 630). Leaves unequally pinnately parted into 3-8 linear-lanceolate segments (sometimes entire). Lyonothamuus (p. 378). Leaves trifoliate. Leaflets stalked. Ampyris (p. 640). Leaflets sessile. Helietta (p. 637).
aa Leaves deciduous. Leaves unequally pinnate or trifoliate. Leaflets crenate-serrate oréntire, the veins arching within the margins; stipules wanting; winter-buds with several opposite scales. Fraxinus (p. 833). Leaflets sharply or incisely serrate, the primary veins extending to the teeth. Leaflets 3-7, incisely serrate; stipules present; winter-buds with 1 pair of obtuse
outer scales. Acer Negundo (p. 699). Leaflets 5-9, sharply serrate; stipules present; winter-buds with many opposite acute scales; pith thick. Sambucus (p. 882).
Leaves digitate, with 5-7, sharply serrate leaflets; terminal buds large. sculus (p. 702).
ANALYTICAL KEY TO THE GENERA x1x
B. LEAVES ALTERNATE. 1. Leaves SIMPLE. (2, see p. xxvi). * Leaves persistent. (** see p. xxiv).
a Leaves deeply 3—5-lobed, 3’/—3’ long, with linear lobes, hoary tomentose below. Cowania (p..549). aa Leaves palmately lobed. Leaves stellate-pubescent, about 13’ in diameter, with stipules. Fremontia (p. 749). Leaves glabrous, 1°-2° in diameter, without stipules. Carica (p. 755). aaa Leaves not lobed or pinnately lobed. b Branches spinescent. Leaves clustered at the end of the branches, at least 2’—3’ long. Bucida (p. 765). Leaves fascicled on lateral branchlets, obtuse or emarginate, pale and glabrous beneath. Bumelia angustifolia (p. 816). Leaves scattered. Leaves generally obovate, mucronate, not more than 3/-1’ long, glabrous and green or brownish tomentulose beneath. Condalia (p. 719). Leaves elliptic-ovate to oblong, obtuse or emarginate, glabrous, 1—2 cm. long. Ximenia (p. 337). bb Branches not spinescent. c Leaves serrate, or lobed (in some species of Quercus). (cc, see p. xxii.) d Juice watery. (dd, see p. xxii.) e Stipules present. (ee, see p. xxii.) f Primary veins extending straight to the teeth. Leaves and branchlets glabrous or pubescent to tomentose with fascicled hairs. Leaves fulvous-tomentose beneath, repand-dentate, 3/—5’
long. Lithocarpus (p. 236). Leaves glabrous or grayish to whitish tomentose beneath, entire, lobed or dentate. Quercus sp. 21-34 (p. 268).
Leaves and branchlets coated with simpled silky or woolly hairs at least while young, not more than 23’ long. Cercocarpus (p. 550). ff Primary veins arching and united within the margin.. Leaves 3-nerved from the base. Ceanothus (p. 726). Leaves not 3-nerved. Leaves acute. Leaves sinuately dentate, with few spiny teeth (rarely en- tire), glabrous. Ilex opaca (p. 669). Leaves serrate. Leaves tomentose below; branchlets tomentose. Leaves narrow-lanceolate, glabrous and smooth above. Vauquelinia (p. 377). Leaves ovate, cordate, scabrate above. Trema (p. 327). Leaves glabrous below. Heteromeles (p. 392). Leaves entire, very rarely toothed. Leaves elliptic, glabrous. Prunus caroliniana (p. 579). Leaves oblanceolate, pubescent beneath when young. Ilex Cassine (p. 670). Leaves obtuse, sometimes mucronate. Leaves spinose-serrate, glabrous. Leaves broad-ovate to suborbicular or elliptic; branch- lets dark red-brown, spinescent. Rhamnus crocea (p. 723). + Leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate; branchlets yellow or orange-colored, not spinescent. Prunus ilicifolia (p. 581)- Leaves crenate (often entire), oval to oblong. Ilex vomitoria (p. 671).
ANALYTICAL KEY TO THE GENERA
ee Stipules wanting. ( Leaves resinous-dotted, aromatic, 14’-4’ long. Myrica (p. 163). Leaves not resinous-dotted, crenately serrate, 4’—6’ long. Leaves dark green, glabrous below. Gordonia Lasianthus (p. 751). Leaves yellowish green, pubescent below, sometimes nearly entire. . Symplocos (p. 831). dd Juice milky. Petioles 24’—4’ long; leaves broad-ovate. Hippomane (p. 652). Petioles about +’ long; leaves elliptic to oblong-lanceolate. Gymnanthes (p. 654). cc Leaves entire (rarely sparingly toothed on vigorous branchlets). d Stipules present. e Stipules connate, at least at first. Stipules persistent, forming a sheath surrounding the branch above the node; leaves obtuse. Coccolobis (p. 338). Stipules deciduous, enveloping the unfolded leaf. Leaves ferrugineous-tomentose beneath. Magnolia grandiflora (p. 345). Leaves glabrous beneath, with milky juice. Ficus (p. 333). ee Stipules free. f Juice milky; leaves oval to oblong, 3’—5’ long. Drypetes (p. 650). ff Juice watery. g Leaves obtuse or emarginate at apex. Leaves with ferrugineous scales beneath, their petioles slender. Capparis (p. 365). Leaves without ferrugineous scales. Leaves soft-pubescent on both sides. Colubrina cubensis (p. 730). Leaves glabrous at least at maturity. Leaves rarely 2’-3’ long, standing on the branch at
acute angles. Chrysobalanus (p. 583). Leaves rarely more than 1’ long, spreading (sometimes 3-nerved). Ceanothus spinosus (p. 728).
gg Leaves acute or acutish. Petioles with 2 glands. Conocarpus (p. 766).
Petioles without glands. Leaves and branchlets more or less pubescent, at least while young. Leaves fascicled except on vigorous branchlets. - Cercocarpus (p. 550). Leaves not fascicled. Winter-buds minute, with few pointed scales. Leaves rounded or nearly rounded at base. Colubrina sp. 1, 3 (p. 729). Leaves broad-cuneate at base. Ilex Cassine (p. 670). Winter-buds conspicuous, with numerous scales. Leaves usually lanceolate, entire, covered below with yellow scales. Castanopsis (p. 234). Leaves oblong or oblong-obovate, repand-dentate, fibrous tomentose below. Lithocarpus (p. 236). Leaves and branchlets glabrous. _Leaf-scar with 1 bundle-trace. Ilex Krugiana (p. 672). * Leaf-scar with 3 bundle-traces. Cherry Laurels. Prunus sp. 19-22 (p. 579). da Stipules wanting. e Leaves aromatic when bruised.
Leaves resinous-dotted. Myrica (p. 163). Leaves not resinous-dotted. Leaves obtuse, obovate, glabrous. Canella (p. 753).
Leaves acute.
ANALYTICAL KEY TO THE GENERA xxl
Leaves mostly rounded at the narrowed base, ovate to ob- long, acute, glabrous. Annona (p. 354). Leaves fnore or less cuneate at base, elliptic to lanceolate, usually acuminate. Leaves abruptly long-acuminate, glabrous, the margin un- dulate; branchlets red-brown. Misanteca (p. 364). Leaves gradually acuminate or nearly acute. Leaves strongly reticulate beneath. Branchlets glabrous, light. grayish brown; leaves gla- brous, light green beneath. Ocotea (p. 359). Branchlets pubescent while young, greenish or yellow- ish; leaves pale beneath, pubescent while young. Umbellularia (p. 360). Leaves not or slightly reticulate, glaucous, glabrous or pubescent beneath. Persea (p. 356). ee Leaves not aromatic. f Leaves acute or acutish. Leaves obovate, gradually narrowed into short petioles. Leaves 2’—23’ long. Scheefferia (p. 679). Leaves at least 6’—8’ long. Enallagma (p. 873). Leaves elliptic to oblong or ovate. Leaves rough or pubescent above, pubescent below, subcor- date to cuneate at base. Leaves stellate-pubescent. Solanum (p. 867). Leaves scabrous above. Petiole 4 ’—3’ long; leaves oval or oblong, 11/—4’ long. Ehretia (p. 862). Petiole 1’-14’ long; leaves ovate to oblong-ovate, 3’—7’ long. Cordia (p. 858). Leaves smooth above. Winter-buds scaly. Leaves covered below with ferrugineous or pale scales, 1/-3’ long. Lyonia (p. 797). Leaves glabrous or nearly so below. Leaves ovate-lanceolate or obovate-lanceolate, 4/—12’ long, usually clustered at end of branchlet, veinlets below obscure. Rhododendron (p. 792). ‘Leaves elliptic or oval to oblong or lanceolate. Leaves light yellowish green below and without dis- tinctly visible veins or veinlets, entire, 3’/—4’ long. Kalmia (p. 794). Leaves pale below and more or less distinctly reticu- late, occasionally serrate or denticulate, 1/—5/ long; bark of branches red. Arbutus (p. 799). Winter-buds naked. Leaves pubescent below when unfolding. Mature leaves nearly glabrous below. Leaves oblong-lanceolate to narrow-obovate. Dipholis (p. 810). Leaves oval. Sideroxylum (p. 809). Mature leaves covered below with brilliant copper- colored pubescence.
Leaves glabrous below. Chrysophyllum (p. 817). Leaves marked by minute black dots, ovate to oblong-lanceolate. Ardisia (p. 806).
Leaves lepidote, oblong-obovate. Rapanea (p. 807). ff Leaves obtuse or emarginate at apex. g Leaves rounded or cordate at base, emarginate, their petioles slender. Leaves reniform to broad-ovate, cordate; juice watery. Cercis (p. 603),
xxii ANALYTICAL KEY TO THE GENDRA
Leaves elliptic to oblong, rounded at base; juice milky or viscid.
Leaves emarginate; petioles slender, rufous-tomentulose.
Mimusops (p. 819).
Leaves obtuse at apex; petioles stout, grayish-tomentu-
lose or glabrous. Rhus integrifolia (p. 664). gg Leaves cuneate at base. Petioles slender, 3’ long. Beureria (p. 861).
Petioles short and stout. Leaves coriaceous, with thick revolute margins (some- times opposite). Jacquinia (p. 804). Leaves subcoriaceous, slightly revolute. Leaves reticulate-veined beneath.
Leaves oval to obovate or oblong-oval, more or less pubescent while young. Vaccinium (p. 802).
Leaves oblong to oblong-obovate, glabrous.
Cyrilla (p. 666). Leaves obscurely veined beneath, glabrous.
Leaves oblong-lanceolate, narrowed toward the emarginate apex, decurrent rearly to base of petiole. Cliftonia (p. 667).
Leaves rounded at apex, distinctly petioled.
Maytenus (p. 676). ** Leaves deciduous.
{ Leaves conspicuous. (ff, see p. xxvi.)
a Leaves entire, sometimes 3 or 4-lobed. (aa, see p. xxv). 6 Stipules present. Juice milky. Maclura (p. 331). Juice watery. Stipules connate, enveloping the young leaves, their scars encircling the branchlet. Leaves acute or acuminate, entire; winter-buds pointed, nearly terete. Magnolia (p. 342). Leaves truncate, sinuately 4-lobed; winter-buds obtuse, compressed. Liriodendron (p. 351). Stipules distinct. Branches spinescent; leaves glandular, caducous (crenately serrate on vigor-
ous shoots). Dalea (p. 621). Branches not spinescent; leayes without glands. Winter-buds with a single pair of connate scales. Salix (p. 138).
Winter-buds with several pairs of imbricate scales. Branchlets without a terminal bud; leaves 3-nerved. Celtis (p. 318). Branchlets with a terminal bud, leaves penniveined. Quercus sp. 17-20 (p. 262). 6b Stipules wanting. c Branchlets bright green and lustrous for the first 2 or 3 years; leaves some- times 3-lobed, aromatic. Sassafras (p. 362). cc Branchlets brown or gray. d Leaves acute or acuminate. Leaves 10’-12’ long, obovate-oblong, acuminate, glabrous, emitting a disagreeable odor. Asimina (p. 353). Leaves smaller. Petioles very slender, 1’—2’ long; leaves elliptic, acuminate. Cornus alternifolia (p. 789). Petioles short. Branchlets with a terminal bud. Leaf-scars about as long as broad; branchlets without lenticels, light reddish brown. Elliottia (p. 791). Leaf-scars crescent-shaped, broader than long, with 3 distinct bundle-traces.
ANALYTICAL KEY TO THE GENERA xxiii
Leaves pubescent on both sides, rugulose above; petioles 1/—2' ' long, like the young branchlet densely pubescent. . Leitneria (p. 167). Leaves glabrous and smooth above, glabrous or pubescent be- low; petioles and branchlets usually glabrous or nearly so at maturity. Nyssa (p. 779). Branchlets without a terminal bud. Pubescence consisting of simple hairs or wanting. Leaves 4’—6’ long, pubescent beneath while young; branchlet light brown or gray. Diospyros virginiana (p. 821). Leaves 1}/-3’ long, glabrous; branches light yellowish gray. Schepfia (p. 336) Pubescence stellate; leaves obovate or elliptic, 23/-5’ long, pu- bescent below. Styrax (p. 829). dd Leaves obtuse or acute. Branchlets not spinescent. Leaves glabrous at maturity, their petioles slender. Cotinus (p. 657). Leaves pubescent below at maturity; their petioles short and thick. Diospyros texana (p. 823). Branchlets spinescent; leaves often fascicled on lateral branchlets. Bumelia (p. 812). aa Leaves serrate or pinnately lobed. 6 Stipules present. (6b, see p. xxvi.) ce Winter-buds naked. Leaves oblique at base, the upper side rounded or subcordate, obovate, coarsely toothed. Hamamelis (p. 368). Leaves equal at base, cuneate, finely serrate or crenate. Rhamnus sp. 2, 3 (p. 724, 725). ce Winter-buds with a single pair of connate scales. Primary veins arching and uniting within the margins; leaves simply serrate
or crenate, sometimes entire. Salix (p. 138). Primary veins extending to the teeth, leaves doubly serrate, often slightly lobed. Alnus (p. 220).
ccc Winter-buds with several pairs of imbricate scales.
d Terminal buds wanting; branchlets prolonged by an upper axillary bud. Juice milky; leaves usually ovate, often lobed. Morus (p. 328). Juice watery; leaves not lobed.
Leaves distinctly oblique at base. Leaves with numerous prominent lateral veins. Leaves generally broad-ovate, simply serrate, stellate-pubescent at least while young, rarely glabrous. Tilia (p. 732). Leaves never broad-ovate, usually doubly serrate, more or less pubescent with simple hairs, at least while young. Winter-buds ovoid, usually acute, 4 to nearly as long as peti- oles; leaves 1/-7’ long, doubly serrate. Ulmus (p. 309). Winter-buds subglobose, minute; leaves 2’-23’ long, crenate- serrate. Planera (p. 316). Leaves 3 or 4-nerved from the base. Celtis (p. 318). Leaves slightly or not at all oblique at base. Leaves 3-nerved from the base, glandular-crenate or glandular- serrate. Ceanothus (p. 726). Leaves not or obscurely 3-nerved at base, usually doubly serrate. Leaves blue-green; petioles }’/—2/ long; bark smooth, gray-brown. Carpinus (p. 201). Leaves yellow-green. Bark rough, furrowed; petioles }/—1’ long; leaves not resinous-
glandular. Ostrya (p. 202). Bark flaky or cherry-tree like; petioles }/-1’ long; leaves often resinous-glandular while young. Betula (p. 205).
dd Terminal buds present. Primary veins arching and uniting within the margin (extending to the
margin in the lobed leaves of Malus).
XXIV ANALYTICAL KEY TO THE GENERA
Winter-buds resinous; leaves crenate, usually truncate at base; peti-
oles slender. Populus (p. 119). Winter-buds not resinous.
Leaf-scars with 3 bundle-traces. Leaves involute in bud, often lobed on vigorous shoots; winter- buds obtuse, short, pubescent. Malus (p. 379). Leaves conduplicate (or in some species of Prunus convolute), never lobed; winter-buds acute. Winter-buds elongated; branches never spinescent. Amelanchier (p. 393). Winter-buds not elongated, ovoid; branches sometimes spi- nescent. Prunus (p. 555). Leaf-scars with 1 bundle-trace; leaves simply serrate. ; Ilex sp. 5-6 (p. 673). Primary veins extending to the teeth or to the lobes.
Leaves lobed. Quercus sp. 1-16, 35-50 (pp. 241, 283). Leaves serrate-toothed.
Winter-buds with numerous scales. Leaves lustrous beneath, remotely serrate or denticulate; winter-
buds elongated, acuminate. Fagus (p. 228). Leaves pale beneath, coarsely dentate or serrate; winter-buds acute. Chestnut Oaks. Quercus sp. 51—54 (p. 303). Winter-buds with 2 pairs of scales. Castanea (p. 230).
Leaves doubly or simply serrate, or lobed, with serrate lobes; branches often furnished with spines. Leaves involute in the bud; branchlets often ending in blunt spines. Malus (p. 379). Leaves conduplicate in the bud; branches usually armed with sharp- pointed single or branched axillary spines. Crategus (p. 397). 6b Stipules wanting. c Leaves not lobed. Leaves subcoriaceous, oblong, sometimes nearly entire, glabrous.
Symplocos (p. 831). Leaves thin.
Leaves oblong-obovate, acute, pubescent beneath.
Gordonia alatamaha (p. 752). Leaves oblong or lanceolate, acuminate, glabrous or puberulous while
young, turning scarlet in the autumn. Oxydendrum (p. 796). Leaves ovate to elliptic, stellate-pubescent or glabrous, turning yellow in the autumn. Halesia (p. 824).
cc Leaves palmately lobed. Stipules large, foliaceous, united; branchlets without a terminal bud. Platanus (p. 371). Stipules small, free, caducous; branchlets with a terminal bud. Liquidambar (p. 367).
+t Leaves inconspicuous or wanting; branches spiny or prickly.
Branches or stems succulent, armed with numerous prickles. Branches and stems columnar, ribbed, continuous; leaves 0. Cereus (p. 757). Branches jointed, tuberculate; leaves scale-like. Opuntia (p. 759). Branches rigid, spinescent. Leaves minute, narrow-obovate. : Branchlets bright green. Keberlinia (p. 754). Branchlets red-brown. Dalea (p. 621). Leaves scale-like, caducous. Canotia (p. 677).
2. LEAVES COMPOUND. * Leaves 8-foliolate, without stipules.
Leaves persistent; leaflets obovate, entire, sessile. Hypelate (p. 716). Leaves deciduous.
ANALYTICAL KEY TO THE GENERA XXV
Leaflets deltoid to hastate, entire, rounded at apex; branches prickly.
Erythrina (p. 627). Leaflets ovate to oblong, acuminate, strongly scented and bitter; branches unarmed.
Ptelea (p. 639). ** Leaves twice pinnate; stipules present.
a Leaves unequally twice pinnate, 2°-4° long, deciduous; leaflets serrate, 2’—-3’ in length; branches and stem armed with scattered prickles. Aralia (p. 778). za Leaves equally twice pinnate, usually smaller; branches unarmed or armed with stipu- lar or axillary spines (in Parkinsonia often apparently simply pinnate). b Leaflets crenate; leaves simply or twice-pinnate on the same plant, deciduous, usually armed with simple or branched axillary spines. Gleditsia (p. 607). bb Leaflets entire. Leaflets 2-23’ long; leaves deciduous; branchlets stout, unarmed. Gymnocladus (p. 605). Leaflets smaller; leaves usually persistent; branchlets slender. Branches armed with prickles or spines. Leaves with 2 or rarely 4 pinne. Branches armed with axillary spines or spiny rachises. Pinnz with 4-8 leaflets; branches with short axillary spines. Cercidium (p. 613). Pinnz with 8-60 leaflets; branches armed with spiny rachises or rigid
branchlets terminating in stout spines. Parkinsonia (p. 611). Branches armed with stipular prickles; leaves persistent. Pinnz with many oblong to linear leaflets. Prosopis (p. 599).
Pinne with 1 pair of orbicular to broad-oblong leaflets.
Pithecolobium unguis-cati (p. 586). Leaves with 6, or more, rarely 4, pinne. Prickles usually spreading, often recurved. Acacia (p. 591). Prickles usually more or less ascending, straight. Pithecolobium (p. 586). Branches unarmed. Branchlets and petioles glabrous; leaves with 2-5 pair of pinnz, each with 40-80 leaflets. Lysiloma (p. 589). Branchlets and petioles pubescent while young; leaves with 5-17 pair of many-foliolate pinne, or pinnze 2—4 and each with 8-16 leaflets.
Leucena (p. 596).
**kk Leaves simply pinnate.
a Leaves equally pinnate. Stipules wanting. Leaflets 2-4, generally oblong-obovate. Exothea (p. 714). Leaflets 6-12. Leaflets obtuse, usually oblong-obovate. Leaflets 8-12, 2’-3’ long, pale below; leaves occasionally opposite. Simarouba (p. 642). Leaflets 6-8, 1’-14’ long, green below. Xanthoxylum coriaceum (p. 637). Leaflets 6-8, acuminate. Swietenia (p. 648). Stipules present. Branches armed with infra-stipular spines in pairs; leaflets 10-15, usually oblong-
obovate, 4’—2’ long, persistent. Olneya (p. 626). Branches unarmed; leaflets 20-46, ovals #/-2’ long. Eysenhardtia (p. 620).
aa Leaves unequally pinnate. 6 Stipules present. Leaflets sharply serrate; leaves deciduous; winter-buds resinous. Sorbus (p. 390). Leaflets entire or crenately serrate. Leaves deciduous: Leaflets 7-11, 3’-43’ long; branches unarmed. Leaflets usually alternate, thin and glabrous at maturity. Cladrastis (p. 618).
XXxvi ANALYTICAL KEY TO THE GENERA
Leaflets opposite, coriaceous, pubescent beneath at least along the veins. . Ichthyomethia (p. 628). Leaflets 9-21, 1-2 cm. long. Branches usually with stipular prickles, sometimes viscid. Robinia (p. 622). Branches unarmed, not viscid; leaflets 13-19, elliptic. Sophora affinis (p. 617). Leaves persistent. Leaflets 7-9, oblong-elliptic, 1/-24’ long; branches unarmed. Sophora secundiflora (p. 616). Leaflets 10-15; branches prickly. Olneya (p. 626). bb Stipules wanting. d Leaves persistent. Leaflets long-stalked (sometimes nearly sessile in Xanthoxylum flavum). Leaflets oblong-ovate, cuneate at base. Leaflets acuminate, glabrous. Picramnia (p. 643). Leaflets obtuse, tomentose when unfolding. Xanthoxylum flavum (p. 636). Leaflets broad-ovate, usually rounded or subcordate at base. P Metopium (p. 658). Leaflets sessile or nearly so. Petiole and rachis winged. Leaflets crenate, obovate, about 4’ long; branches prickly. Xanthoxylum Fagara (p. 634). Leaflets entire. Leaflets oblong, usually acute, 3’—4’ long. Sapindus saponaria (p. 712). Leaflets spathulate, rounded at apex, not more than 2’ long. Pistacia (p. 656). Petiole and rachis not winged. Leaflets 7-19, acuminate, 2’-5’ long. Sapindus marginatus (p. 713).
Leaflets 21-41, obtuse, 3/—2’ long. Alvaradoa (p. 644). Gd Leaves deciduous. Leaflets long-stalked, 3-7, entire, acute. Bursera (p. 645).
Leaflets sessile or nearly so. Branches prickly; leaflets crenate. Xanthoxylum clava-Herculis (p. 635). Branches unarmed. Juice milky or viscid; leaflets serrate or entire; rachis sometimes winged. Rhus species 1-3 (p. 660). Juice watery. Rachis without wings. Leaflets entire, acuminate, 7-9. Sapindus Drummondii (p. 714). Leaflets serrate or crenate. Winter-buds large; leaflets 5-23, aromatic.
Winter-buds naked. Juglans (p. 169). Winter-buds covered with scales. Carya (p. 176). Winter-buds minute, globose, scaly; leaflets 5-7, ovate, not aromatic. Ungnadia (p. 717).
Rachis winged; leaflets 10-20, entire, rounded at apex, not more than }#’ long. Bursera microphylla (p. 647).
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
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TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
(Excuusive or Mexico)
Crass 1. GYMNOSPERM.
Ovutzs and seeds borne on the face of a scale, not inclosed in an ovary; resinous trees, with stems increasing in diameter by the annual addition of a layer of wood inside the bark.
I. PINACEA.
Trees, with narrow or scale-like generally persistent clustered or alternate leaves and usually scaly buds. Flowers appearing in early spring, mostly surrounded at the base by an involucre of the more or less enlarged scales of the buds, unisexual, moncecious (diecious in Juniperus), the male consisting of numerous 2-celled anthers, the female of scales bearing on their inner face 2 or several ovules, and becoming at maturity a woody cone or rarely a berry. Seeds with or without wings; seed-coat of 2 layers; embryo axile in copious albumen; cotyledons 2 or several. Of the twenty-nine genera scattered over the surface of the globe, but most abundant in northern temperate regions, thirteen occur in North America.
CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN GENERA.
Scales of the female flowers numerous; spirally arranged in the axils of persistent bracts; ovules 2, inverted; seeds borne directly on the scales, attached at the base in shallow depressions on the inner side of the scales, falling from them at maturity and usually carrying away a scarious terminal wing; leaves fascicled or scattered (deciduous in Lariz), ABIETINES.
Fruit maturing in two or rarely in three seasons; leaves fascicled, needle-shaped in axillary 1-5-leaved clusters, inclosed at the base in a membranaceous sheath; cone- scales thick and woody, much longer than their bracts. 1. Pinus
Fruit maturing in one season.
Leaves in many-leaved clusters on short spur-like branchlets, deciduous; cone-scales thin, usually shorter than their bracts. 2. Larix. Leaves scattered, linear. Cones pendulous, the scales persistent on the axis. Branchlets roughened by the persistent leaf-bases; leaves deciduous in drying; bracts shorter than the cone-scales. Leaves sessile, 4-sided, or flattened and stomatiferous above. 3. Picea. Leaves stalked, flattened and stomatiferaus below, or angular. 4. Tsuga. Branchlets not roughened by leaf-bases; leaves stalked, flattened; not decidu- ous in drying; bracts of the cone 2-lobed, aristate, longer than the scales. 5. Pseudotsuga. Cones erect, their scales deciduous from the axis, longer or shorter than the bracts; leaves sessile, flat or 4-sided. 6. Abies.
Scales of the female flowers without bracts; ovules and seeds borne on the face of minute scales adnate to the base of the flower-scales, enlarging and forming the scales of the cone. Seeds with a narrow marginal wing (wingless in Juniperas),
} 3.63 A.
2 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
Scales of the female flowers numerous, spirally arranged, forming a woody cone; ovules erect, 2 or many under each scale; leaves linear, alternate, often of 2 forms (decidu- ous in Taxodium). Taxopia.
Ovules and seeds numerous under each scale. 7, Sequoia. Ovules and seeds 2 under each scale; leaves mostly spreading in2ranks. 8. Taxodium,
Scales of the female flower few, decussate, forming a small cone, or rarely a berry; ovules 2 or many under each scale; leaves decussate or in 3 ranks, often of 2 forms, usually scale-like, mostly adnate to the branch, the earliest free and subulate. CUPRESSINES.
Fruit a cone; leaves scale-like. Cones oblong, their scales oblong, imbricated or valvate; seeds 2 under each scale, maturing the first year. Scales of the cone 6, the middle ones only fertile; seeds unequally 2-winged. \ 9. Libocedrus. Scales of the cone 8-12; seeds equally 2-winged. 10. Thuja. Cones subglobose, the scales peltate, maturing in one or two years; seeds few or many under each scale. Fruit maturing in two seasons; seeds many under each scale; branchlets terete or 4-winged. 11. Cupressus. Fruit maturing in one season; seeds 2 under each scale; branchlets flattened. 12. Chameecyparis. Fruit a berry formed by the coalition of the scales of the flower; ovules in pairs o solitary; flowers dicecious; leaves decussate or in 3’s, subulate or scale-like, often of 2 forms. 13. Juniperus.
1. PINUS Duham. Pine.
Trees or rarely shrubs, with deeply furrowed and sometimes laminate or with thin and scaly bark, hard or often soft heartwood often conspicuously marked by dark bands of summer cells impregnated with resin, pale nearly white sapwood, and large branch: buds formed during summer and composed of minute buds in the axils of bud-scales, becoming the bracts of the spring shoot. Leaves needle-shaped, clustered, the clusters borne on deciduous spurs in the axils of scale-like primary leaves, inclosed in the bud by numerous scales lengthening and forming a more or less persistent sheath at the base of each cluster. Male flowers clustered at the base of leafy growing shoots of the year, each flower surrounded at the base by an involucre of 3-6 scalelike bracts, composed of numerous sessile anthers, imbricated in many ranks and surmounted by crest-like nearly orbicular connectives; the female subterminal or lateral, their scales in the axils of non-accrescent bracts. Fruit a woody cone maturing at the end of the second or rarely of the third season, composed of the hardened and woody scales of the flower more or less thickened on the exposed surface (the apophysis), with the ends of the growth of the pre- vious year appearing as terminal or dorsal brown protuberances or scars (the umbo). Seeds usually obovoid, shorter or longer than their wings or rarely wingless; outer seed-coat crustaceous or thick, hard, and bony, the inner membranaceous; cotyledons 3-18, usually much shorter than the inferior radicle.
Pinus is widely distributed through the northern hemisphere from the Arctic Circle to the West Indies, the mountains of Central America, the Canary Islands, northern Africa, the Philippine Islands, and Sumatra. About sixty-six species are recognized. Of exotic species the so-called Scotth Pine, Pinus sylvestris L., of Europe and Asia, the Swiss Stone Pine, Pinus cembra L., and the Austrian Pine and other forms of Pinus nigra Arnold, from central and southern Europe, are often planted in the northeastern states and Pinus Pinaster Ait., of the coast region of western France and the Mediterranean Basin is successfully cultivated in central and southern California. Pinus is the classical name of the Pine-tree.
The North American species can be conveniently grouped in two sections, Soft Pines and Pitch Pines.
PINACEAS 3
SOFT PINES.
Wood soft, close-grained, light-colored, the sapwood thin and nearly white; sheaths of the leaf-clusters deciduous; leaves with one fibro-vascular bundle. Leaves in 5-leaved clusters.
Cones long-stalked, elongated, cylindric bright green at maturity, becoming light yellow-brown, their scales thin, with terminal unarmed umbos; seeds shorter than their wings. Wuiter Pinss.
Leaves without conspicuous white lines on the back. Leaves slender, flexible; cones 4’-8’ long. 1. P. Strobus (A). Leaves stout, more rigid; cones 5’-11’ long. 2. P. monticola (B, G). Leaves with conspicuous white lines on the back; cones 12’—18’ long. 3. P. Lambertiana (G). Cones short-stalked, green or purple at maturity, their scales thick. Cones cylindric or subglobose, their scales with terminal umbos; leaves 2’ long or less. Stone Prvzs. 3 Cones 3’-10’ long, their scales opening at maturity; seeds with wings. 4. P. flexilis (F, H), Cones 3/—3’ long, their scales remaining closed at maturity; seeds wingless. 5. P. albicaulis (B, F, G). Cones ovoid-oblong, their scales with dorsal umbos armed with slender prickles; seeds shorter than their wings; leaves in crowded clusters, incurved, less than 2’ long. Foxrtat Pines. Cones armed with minute incurved prickles. 6. P. Balfouriana (G). Cones armed with long slender prickles. 7. P. aristata (F, G). Leaves in 1—4-leaved clusters; cones globose, green at maturity, becoming light brown, their scales few, concave, much thickened, only the middle scales seed-bearing; seeds large and edible, their wings rudimentary; leaves 2’ or less, often incurved. Not Prinses. 8. P. cembroides (C, F, G, H).
1. Pinus Strobus L. White Pine.
Leaves soft bluish green, whitened on the ventral side by 3-5 bands of stomata, 3-5’ long, mostly turning yellow and falling in September in their second season, or persistent until the following June. Flowers: male yellow; female bright pink, with purple scale margins. Fruit fully grown in July of the second season, 4’-8’ long, opening and dis- charging its seeds in September; seeds narrowed at the ends, 3’ long, red-brown mottled with black, about one fourth as long as their wings.
A tree, while young with slender horizontal or slightly ascending branches in regular whorls usually of 5 branches; at maturity often 100°, occasionally 220° high, with a tall straight stem 3°-4° or rarely 6? in diameter, when crowded in the forest with short branches forming a narrow head, or rising above its forest companions with long lateral branches sweeping upward in graceful curves, the upper branches ascending and forming a broad open irregular head, and slender branchlets coated at first with rusty tomentum, soon glabrous, and orange-brown in their first winter. Bark on young stems and branches thin, smooth, green tinged with red, lustrous during the summer, becoming 1/-2’ thick on old trunks and deeply divided by shallow fissures into broad connected ridges covered with small closely appressed purplish scales. Wood light, not strong, straight-grained, easily worked, light brown often slightly tinged with red; largely manufactured into lumber, shingles, and laths, used in construction, for cabinet-making, the interior finish of buildings, woodenware, matches, and the masts of vessels.
Distribution. Newfoundland to Manitoba, southward through the northern states to Pennsylvania, northern and eastern (Belmont County) Ohio, central Indiana, valley of the Rocky River near Oregon, Ogle County, Illinois, and central and southeastern Iowa, and along the Appalachian Mounteins to eastern Kentucky and Tennessee and northern
A TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
Georgia; forming nearly pure forests on sandy drift soils, or more often in small groves scattered in forests of deciduous-leaved trees’ on fertile well-drained soil, also on the banks
of streams, or on river flats, or rarely in swamps.
Fig. 1
Largely planted as an ornament of parks and gardens in the eastern states, and in many European countries, where it grows with vigor and rapidity; occasionally used in forest planting in the United States.
2. Pinus monticola D. Den. White Pine.
Leaves blue-green, glaucous, whitened by 2-6 rows of ventral and often by dorsal stomata, mostly persistent 3 or 4 years. Flowers: male yellow; female pale purple. Fruit
Fig. 2
5’-11’ long, shedding its seeds late in the summer or in early autumn; seeds narrowed at the ends, 3’ long, pale red-brown mottled with black, about one third as long as their wings.
PINACE® 5
A tree, often 100° or occasionally 150° high, with a trunk frequently 4°-5° or rarely 7°-8° in diameter, slender spreading slightly pendulous branches clothing young stems to the ground and in old age forming a narrow open often unsymmetrical pyramidal head, and stout tough branchlets clothed at first with rusty pubescence, dark orange-brown and puberulous in their first and dark red-purple and glabrous in their second season. Bark of young stems and branches thin, smooth, light gray, becoming on old trees 3’—12’ thick and divided into small nearly square plates by deep longitudinal and cross fissures, and covered by small closely appressed purple scales. Wood light, soft, not strong, close, straight-grained, light brown or red; sometimes manufactured into lumber, used in con- struction and the interior finish of buildings.
Distribution. Scattered through mountain forests from the basin of the Columbia River in British Columbia to Vancouver Island; on the mountains of northern Washing- ton to the western slopes of the Rocky Mountains of northern Montana; on the coast ranges of Washington and Oregon; and on the Cascade and Sierra Nevada ranges south- ward to the Kern River valley, California; most abundant and of its greatest value in northern Idaho on the bottom-lands of streams tributary to Lake Pend Oreille; reach- ing the sea-level on the southern shores of the Straits of Fuca and elevations of 10,000° on the California Sierras.
Often planted as an ornamental tree in Europe, and occasionally in the eastern United States where it grows more vigorously than any other Pine-tree of western America.
3. Pinus Lambertiana Dougl. Sugar Pine.
Leaves stout, rigid, 33’—4’ long, marked on the two faces by 2-6 rows of stomata; de- ciduous during their second and third years. Flowers: male light yellow; female pale green. Fruit fully grown in August and opening in October, 11/-18’ or rarely 21’ long; seeds }’—3’ long, dark chestnut-brown or nearly black, and half the length of their firm dark brown obtuse wings broadest below the middle and 3’ wide.
A tree, in early life with remote regular whorls of slender branches often clothing the stem to the ground and forming an open narrow pyramid; at maturity 200°-220° high,
Fig. 3
with a trunk 6°-8° or occasionally 12° in diameter, a flat-topped crown frequently 60° or 70° across of comparatively slender branches sweeping outward and downward in grace- ful curves, and stout branchlets coated at first with pale or rufous pubescence, dark orange-brown during their first winter, becoming dark purple-brown. Bark on young stems and branches thin, smooth, dark green, becoming on old trunks 2’—3’ thick and deeply and irregularly divided into long’ thick plate-like ridges covered with large loose rich purple-brown or cinnamon-red scales. Wood light, soft, straight-grained, light red-brown;
6 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
largely manufactured into lumber and used for the interior finish of buildings, woodwork, and shingles. A sweet sugar-like substance exudes from wounds made in the heartwood.
Distribution. Mountain slopes and the sides of ravines and cafions; western Oregon from the valley of the north branch of the Santiam River southward on the Cascade and coast ranges; California along the northern and coast ranges to Sonoma County; along the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada, where it grows to its greatest size at elevations between 3000° and 7000°; reappearing on the Santa Lucia Mountains of the coast ranges; and on the high mountains in the southwestern part of the state from Santa Barbara County southward usually at elevations of 5000°-7000° above the sea; and on the San Pedro MArtir Mountains in Lower California.
Occasionally planted as an ornamental tree in western Europe and in the eastern states, the Sugar Pine has grown slowly in cultivation and shows little promise of attaining the large size and great beauty which distinguish it in its native forests.
4. Pinus flexilis James. Rocky Mountain White Pine. Pinus strobiformis Sarg., not Engelm.
Leaves stout, rigid, dark green, marked on all sides by 1-4 rows of stomata, 14/3’ long, deciduous in their fifth and sixth years. Flowers: male reddish; female clustered, bright red-purple. Fruit subcylindric, horizontal or slightly declining, green or rarely purple at maturity, 3’-10’ long, with narrow and more or less reflexed scales opening at maturity; seeds compressed, 3’—3’ long, dark red-brown mottled with black, with a thick shell pro- duced into a narrow margin, their wings about js’ wide, generally persistent on the scale after the seed falis.
A tree, usually 40°-50°, occasionally 80° high, with a short trunk 2°-5° in diameter, stout long-persistent branches ultimately forming a low wide round-topped head, and stout branchlets orange-green and covered at first with soft fine pubescence, usually soon glabrous and darker colored; at high elevations often a low spreading shrub. Bark of young stems and branches thin, smooth, light gray or silvery white, becoming on old trunks 1’—2’ thick, dark brown or nearly black, and divided by deep fissures into broad ridges broken into
Fig. 4 nearly square plates covered by small
closely appressed scales. Wood light,
soft, close-grained, pale clear yellow, turning red with exposure; occasionally manufactured into lumber.
Distribution. Eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains from Alberta to western Texas and westward on mountain ranges at elevations of 5000° to 12,000° to Montana, and south- ern California, reaching the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada at the head of King’s River near the summit of San Gorgonio Mountain and in Snow Cajion, San Bernardino Range; usually scattered singly of in small groves; forming open forests on the eastern foot- hills of the Rocky Mountains of Montana and on the ranges of central Nevada; attaining its largest size on those of northern New Mexico and Arizona.
5. Pinus albicaulis Engelm. White Pine.
Leaves stout, rigid, slightly incurved, dark green, marked by 1-3 rows of dorsal stomata, clustered at the ends of the branches, 1}’-24’ long, persistent for from five to eight years. Flowers opening in July, scarlet. Fruit ripening in August, oval or subglobose, hort
PINACE® re
zontal, sessile, dark purple, 14’-3’ long, with scales thickened, acute, often armed with stou* pointed umbos, remaining closed at maturity; seeds wingless, acute, subcylindric or flat- tened on one side, }/—}’ long, }’ thick with a thick dark chestnut-brown hard shell.
A tree, usually 20°-30° or rarely 60° high, generally with a short trunk 2°-4° in diameter. stout very flexible branches, finally often standing nearly erect and forming an open very irregular broad head, and stout dark red-brown or orange-colored branchlets puberulous for two years or sometimes glabrous; at high elevations often a low shrub, with wide-spread- ing nearly prostrate stems. Bark thin, except near the base of old trunks and broken by narrow fissures into thin narrow brown or creamy white plate-like scales. Wood light, soft, close-grained, brittle, light brown. The large sweet seeds are gathered and Fig. 5 eaten by Indians.
Distribution. Alpine slopes and exposed ridges between 5000° and 12,000° elevation, forming the timber-line on many mountain ranges from latitude 53° north in the Rocky Mountains and British Columbia, southward to the Wind River and Salt River Ranges, Wyoming, the mountains of eastern Washington and Oregon, the Cascade Range, the mountains of northern California and the Sierra Nevada to Mt. Whitney.
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6. Pinus Balfouriana Balf. Foxtail Pine.
Leaves stout, rigid, dark green and lustrous on the back, pale and marked on the ventral faces by numerous rows of sto- mata, 1’-13’ long, persistent for ten or twelve years. Flowers: male dark orange-red; female dark purple. Fruit 33’-5’ long, with scales armed with minute incurved prickles, dark purple, turning after opening dark red or mahogany color; seeds full and rounded at the apex, compressed at the base, pale, conspicuously mottled with dark purple, 3’ long, their wings narrowed and oblique at the apex, about 1’ long and }’ wide. A tree, usually 30°-40° or rarely y 90° high, with a trunk generally Fig. 6 1°-2° or rarely 5° in diameter, short stout branches forming an open irregular pyramidal picturesque head, and long rigid more or less spreading puber- ulous, soon glabrous, dark orange-brown ultimately dark gray-brown or nearly black branchlets, clothed only at the extremities with the long dense brush-like masses of foliage. Bark thin, smooth, and milky white on the stems and branches of young trees, becoming on old trees sometimes #’ thick, dark red-brown, deeply divided into broad flat ridges;
8 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
broken into nearly square plates separating on the surface into small closely appressed scales. Wood light, soft and brittle, pale reddish brown.
Distribution. California, on rocky slopes and ridges, forming scattered groves on Scott Mountain, Siskiyou County, at elevations of 5000°-6000°; on the mountains at the head of the Sacramento River; on Mt. Yolo Bally in the northern Coast Range, and on the southern Sierra Nevada up to elevations of 11,500°, growing here to its largest size and forming an extensive open forest on the Whitney Plateau east of the cafion of Kern River, and at the highest elevations often a low shrub, with wide-spreading prostrate stems.
7. Pinus aristata Engelm. Foxtail Pine. Hickory Pine.
Leaves stout or slender, dark green, lustrous on the back, marked by numerous rows of stomata on the ventral faces, 1/-14’ long, often deciduous at the end of ten or twelve years or persistent four or five years longer. Flowers male dark orange-red; female dark purple. Fruit 3’-32’ long, with scales armed with slender incurved brittle prick- les nearly 2?’ long, dark purple-brown on the exposed parts, the remainder dull red, opening and scattering their seeds about the Ist of October; seeds nearly oval, compressed, light brown mottled with black, +’ long, their wings broadest at the middle, about 4’ long and ?’ wide.
A bushy tree, occasionally 40°-50° high, with a short trunk 2°-3° in diameter, short stout branches in regular whorls while young, in old age growing very irregularly, the upper erect and much longer than the usually pendulous lower branches, and stout light orange-colored,
Fig. 7 glabrous, or at first puberulous, ulti-
mately dark gray-brown or nearly black
branchlets clothed at the ends with long compact brush-like tufts of foliage. Bark
thin, smooth, milky white on the stems and branches of young trees, becoming on old
trees 3/—3’ thick, red-brown, and irregularly divided into flat connected ridges separating
on the surface into small closely appressed scales. Wood light, soft, not strong, light red; occasionally used for the timbers of mines and for fuel.
Distribution. Rocky or gravelly slopes at the upper limit of tree growth and rarely below 8,000° above the sea from the outer range of the Rocky Mountains of Colorado to those of southern Utah, central and southern Nevada, southeastern California, and the San Francisco peaks of northern Arizona.
8. Pinus cembroides Zucc. Nut Pine. Pifion.
Leaves in 2 or 3-leaved clusters, slender, much incurved, dark green, sometimes marked by rows of stomata on the 3 faces, 1’—2’ long, deciduous irregularly during their third and fourth years. Flowers: male in short crowded clusters, yellow; female dark red. Fruit subglobose, 1/-2’ broad; seeds subcylindric or obscurely triangular, more or less com- pressed at the pointed apex, full and rounded at base, nearly black on the lower side and dark chestnut-brown on the upper, 3#’—}’ long, the margin of their outer coat adnate to the cone-scale.
A bushy tree, with a short trunk rarely more than a foot in diameter and a broad round- topped head, usually 15°-20° high, stout spreading branches, and slender dark orange- colored branchlets covered at first with matted pale deciduous hairs, dark brown and some- times nearly black at the end of five or six years; in sheltered cafions on the mountains of Arizona and in Lower California occasionally 50° or 60° tall. Bark about 3’ thick, irregu-
PINACEZE 9
larly divided by remote shallow fissures and separated on the surface into numerous large thin light red-brown scales. Wood light, soft, close-grained, pale clear yellow. The large oily seeds are an important article of food in northern Mexico, and are sold in large quantities in Mexican towns. Distribution. Mountain ranges of cen- tral and southern Arizona, usually only above elevations of 6500°, often covering their upper slopes with open forests; inan isolated station on the Edwards Plateau on uplands and in cafions at the head- waters of the Frio and Nueces Rivers, Edwards and Kerr Counties, Texas; on the Sierra de Laguna, Lower California, and on many of the mountain ranges of Fig. 8 northern Mexico; passing into the follow- ing varieties differing only in the number of the leaves in the leaf-clusters, and in their
thickness.
Pinus cembroides var. Parryana Voss. Nut Pine. Pifion. Pinus quadrifolia Sudw.
Leaves in 1-5 usually 4-leaved clusters, stout, incurved, pale glaucous green, marked on the three surfaces by numerous rows of stomata, 1}’-14/ long, irregularly deciduous, mostly falling in their third year.
A tree, 30°-40° high, with a short trunk occasionally 18’ in diameter, and thick spread- ing branches forming a compact regu- lar pyramidal or in old age a low round-topped irregular head, and stout branchlets coated at first with soft pubescence, and light orange-brown. Bark 3’—}’ thick, dark brown tinged with red, and divided by shallow fis- sures into broad flat connected ridges covered by thick closely appressed plate-like scales. Wood light, soft, close-grained, pale brown or yellow. The seeds form an important article of food for the Indians of Lower Cali- fornia.
Distribution. Arid mesas and low mountain slopes of Lower California southward to the foothills of the San Pedro Martir Mountains, extending northward across the boundary of California to the desert slopes of the Santa Rosa Mountains, Riverside County, where it is common at elevations of 5000° above the sea-level.
Pinus cembroides var. edulis Voss. Nut Pine. Pifion. Pinus edulis Engelm. Leaves in 2 or rarely in 3-leaved clusters, stout, semiterete or triangular, rigid, incurved, dark-green, marked by numerous rows of stomata, $/-13’ long, deciduous during the third or not until the fourth or fifth year, dropping irregularly and sometimes persistent for eight
or nine years. ; A tree often 40°-50° high with a tall trunk occasionally 2° in diameter and short erect
10 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
branches forming a narrow head, or frequently with a short divided trunk and a low round-topped head of spreading branches, and thick branchlets orange color during their first and second years, finally becoming light gray or dark brown sometimes tinged with red. Bark }/—{’ thick and irregularly divided into con- nected ridges covered by small closely appressed light brown scales tinged with red or orange color. Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, pale brown; largely employed for fuel and fencing, and as charcoal used in smelting; in western Texas occa- sionally sawed into lumber. The seeds form an important article of food among Indians and Mexicans, and are sold in the markets of Colo- rado and New Mexico.
Distribution. Eastern foothills of the outer ranges of the Rocky Mountains, from northern Colorado (Owl Cafion, Larimer County); to the extreme western part of Oklahoma (near Ken- ton, Cimmaron County, G. W. Stevens) and to western Texas, westward to eastern Utah, southwestern Wyoming, and to northern and central Arizona; over the mountains of northern Mexico, and on the San Pedro Martir Mountains, Lower California; often forming extensive open forests at the eastern base of the Rocky Mountains, on the Colorado plateau, and on many mountain ranges of northern and central Arizona up to elevations of 7000° above the sea.
Fig. 10
Pinus cembroides var. monophylla Voss. Nut Pine. Pifion. Pinus monophylla Torr.
Leaves in 1 or 2-leaved clusters, rigid, incurved, pale glaucous green, marked by 18-20 rows of stomata, usually about 13’ long, sometimes deciduous during their fourth and fifth seasons, but frequently persistent until their twelfth year.
A tree usually 15°-20°, occasionally 40°-50° high, with a short trunk rarely more than a foot in diameter and often divided near the ground into several spreading stems, short thick branches forming while the tree is young a broad rather compact pyramid, and in old age often pendulous and forming a low round-topped often picturesque head, and stout light orange- colored ultimately dark brown branch- lets. Bark about 2’ thick and divided by deep irregular fissures into narrow connected flat ridges broken on the sur- face into thin closely appressed light or dark brown scales tinged with red or orange color. Wood light, soft, weak, and brittle; largely used for fuel, and charcoal used in smelting. The seeds supply an important article of food to the Indians of Nevada and California.
Distribution. Dry gravelly slopes and mesas from the western base of the Wasatch Mountains of Utah, westward over the mountain ranges of Nevada to the eastern slopes of the southern Sierra Nevada, and to their western slope at the head-waters of the Tuo- lumne, Kings and Kern Rivers, and southward to northern Arizona and to the mountains
PINACEA 11
of southern California where it is common on the San Bernadino and San Jacinto Moun- tains between altitudes of 3500° and 7000°, and on the Sierra del Pinal, Lower California; often forming extensive open forests at elevations between 5000° and 7000°.
PITCH PINES.
Wood usually heavy, coarse-grained, generally dark-colored, with pale often thick sap- wood; cones green at maturity (sometimes purple in 10 and 21) becoming various shades of brown; cone-scales more or less thickened, mostly armed; seeds shorter than their wings (except in 17 and 28); leaves with 2 fibro-vascular bundles.
Sheaths of the leaf-clusters deciduous; cones 3/-2’ long, maturing in the third year, leaves in 3-leaved clusters, slender, 23’—4’ long. 9. P. leiophylla (H). Sheaths of the leaf-clusters persistent. Leaves in 3-leaved clusters (3 and 5-leaved in 10, 3-2 leaved in 12).
Cones subterminal, usually deciduous above the basal scales persistent on the branch. Buds brown; leaves in 2—5-leaved clusters. 10. P. ponderosa (B,F,G,H). Buds white. 11. P. palustris (C).
Cones lateral.
Cones symmetrical, their outer scales not excessively developed. Leaves in 2 and 3-leaved clusters, 8’-12’ long; cones short-stalked. 12. P. caribaea (C). Leaves in 3-leaved clusters; cones sessile. Cones oblong-conic, prickles stout; leaves 6’-9’ long. 13. P. taeda (A, C). Cones ovoid, prickles slender; leaves 3’—5’ long. 14. P. rigida (A, C). Cones unsymmetrical by the excessive development of the scales on the outer side. Cones 5’—6’ long, their scales not prolonged into stout, straight or curved spines. Prickles of the cone-scales minute. 15. P. radiata (G). Prickles of the cone-scales stout. 16. P. attenuata (G). Cones 6-14’ long, their scales prolonged into stout, straight or curved spines; leaves long and stout. Cones oblong-ovoid; seeds longer than their wings. 17. P. Sabiniana (G). Cones oblong-conic; seeds shorter than their wings. 18. P. Coulteri (G). Leaves in 2-leaved clusters (2 and 3-leaved in 23). Cones subterminal. Cones symmetrical, 2’—23’ long, their scales unarmed; leaves 5’-6’ long. 19. P. resinosa (A). Cones unsymmetrical by the greater development of the scales on the outer side, armed with slender prickles; leaves 1’-4’ long. 20. P. contorta (B, F, G). Cones lateral. Cones about 2’ long. Cone-scales very unevenly developed and mostly unarmed; cones incurved; leaves less than 2’ long. 21. P. Banksiana (A). Cone-scales evenly developed, armed with weak or deciduous prickles; leaves up to 4’ in length. Bark of the branches and upper trunk smooth. 22. P. glabra (C). Bark of the branches and upper trunk roughened. 23. P. echinata (A, C). Cones about 3’ long, armed with persistent spines. Cone-scales armed with slender or stout prickles. Cone-scales evenly developed, their prickles slender, acuminate, from a broad base; leaves 3’ long or less. Cones opening at maturity. 24. P. virginiana (A, C). Cones often remaining closed for many years. 25. P. clausa (C). Cone-scales unevenly developed and armed with stout prickles; cones 2’-3}! long, remaining closed; leaves 4’—6’ long. 26. P. muricata.
12 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
Cone-scales armed with very stout hooked spines; cones 23’-3’ long; opening
in the autumn or remaining closed for two or three years; leaves 2’ long or less.
27. P. pungens.
Leaves in 5-leaved clusters; cones 4’—6’ long, unsymmetrical, their scales thick; seeds longer than their wings; leaves stout, 9’-13’ long. 28. P. Torreyana (G).
9. Pinus leiophylla Schlecht. and Cham. Yellow Pine. Pinus chihuahuana Engelm.
Leaves slender, pale glaucous green, marked by 6-8 rows of conspicuous stomata on each of the 3 sides, 23’—4’ long, irregularly deciduous from their fourth season, their sheaths deciduous. Flowers: male yellow; female yellow-green. Fruit ovoid, horizon- tal or slightly declining, long- stalked, 14/-2’ long, becoming light chestnut-brown and lus- trous, maturing at the end of the third season, with scales only slightly thickened, their ultimately pale umbos armed with recurved deciduous prickles; seeds oval, rounded above and pointed below, about % long, with a thin dark brown shell, their wings ?’ long and broadest near the middle.
A tree, rarely more than 40°-50° high, with a tall trunk sometimes 2° in diameter, stout slightly as- : cending branches forming a nar-
Fig. 12 row open pyramidal or round-
topped. head of thin pale foliage,
and slender bright orange-brown branchlets, soon becoming dull red-brown. Bark of
old trunks 3/-14/ thick, dark reddish brown or sometimes nearly black, and deeply
divided into broad flat ridges covered with thin closely appressed scales. Wood light,
soft, not strong but durable, light orange color, with thick much lighter colored sapwood. Often forming coppice by the growth of shoots from the stump of cut trees.
Distribution. Mountain ranges of southern New Mexico and Arizona, usually at eleva- tions between 6000° and 7000°; not common; more abundant on the Sierra Madre of north- ern Mexico and on several of the short ranges of Chihuahua and Sonora, and of a larger size in Mexico than in the United States.
10. Pinus ponderosa Laws. Yellow Pine. Bull Pine.
Leaves tufted at the ends of naked branches, in 2 or in 2 and 3-leaved clusters, stout, dark yellow-green, marked by numerous rows of stomata on the 3 faces, 5’-11’ long, mostly deciduous during their third season. Flowers: male yellow; female clustered or in pairs, dark red. Fruit ellipsoidal, horizontal or slightly declining, nearly sessile or short-stalked, 3’-6’ long, often clustered, bright green or purple when fully grown, becoming light reddish brown, with narrow scales myth thickened at the apex and armed with slender prickles, mostly falling soon after opening and discharging their seeds, generally leaving the lower scales attached to the peduncle; seeds ovoid, acute, compressed at the apex, full and rounded below, 7’ long, with a thin dark purple often mottled shell, their wings usually broadest below the middle, gradually narrowed at the oblique apex, 1’-17’ long, about 1’ wide.
A tree, sometimes 150°-230° high, with a massive stem 5°-8° in diameter, short thick many-forked often pendulous branches generally turned upward at the ends and forming
PINACE® 13
a regular spire-like head, or in arid regions a broader often round-topped head surmount- ing a short trunk, and stout orange-colored branchlets frequently becoming nearly black at the end of two or three years. Bark for 80-100 years broken into rounded ridges covered with small closely appressed scales, dark brown, nearly black or light cinnamon-red, on older trees becoming 2’—4! thick and deeply and irregularly divided in- to plates sometimes 4°-5° long and 12’—18’ wide, and separating into thick bright cinnamon-red scales. Wood hard, strong, com- paratively fine-grained, light red, with nearly white sapwood sometimes composed of more than 200 layers of annual growth; largely manufactured into lumber used for all sorts of construction, for railway-ties, fencing, and fuel.
Distribution. Mountain slopes, dry valleys, and high mesas from northwestern Ne- braska and western Texas to the shores of the Pacific Ocean, and from southern British Columbia to Lower California and northern Mexico; extremely variable in different parts of the country in size, in the length and thickness of the leaves, size of the cones, and in the color of the bark. The form of the Rocky Mountains (var. scopulorum, Engelm.), ranging from Nebraska to Texas, and over the mountain ranges of Wyoming, eastern Montana and Colorado, and to northern New Mexico and Arizona, where it forms on the Colorado plateau with the species the most extensive Pine forests of the continent, has nearly black furrowed bark, rigid leaves in clusters of 2 or 3 and 3’—-6’ long, and smaller cones, with thin scales armed with slender prickles hooked backward. More distinct is
Pinus ponderosa var. Jeffreyi Vasey. This tree forms great forests about the sources of the Pitt River in northern California,
14 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
along the eastern slopes of the central and southern Sierra Nevada, growing often on the most exposed and driest ridges, and in southern California on the San Bernardino and San Jacinto ranges up to elevations of 7000° above the sea, on the Cuyamaca Moun- tains, and in Lower California on the Sierra del Pinal and the San Pedro Martir Moun- tains.
A tree, 100° to nearly 200° high, with a tall massive trunk 4°-6° in diameter, covered with bright cinnamon-red bark deeply divided into large irregular plates, stiffer and more elastic leaves 4’-9’ long and persistent on the glaucous stouter branchlets for six to nine years, yellow-green staminate flowers, short-stalked usually purple cones 5’-15’ long, their scales armed with stouter or slender prickles usually hooked backward, and seeds often nearly 3’ long with larger wings.
Occasionally planted as an ornamental tree in eastern Europe, especially the variety Jeffreyt, which is occasionally successfully cultivated in the eastern states.
Pinus ponderosa var. arizonica Shaw. Yellow Pine. Pinus arizonica Engelm.
Leaves tufted at the ends of the branches, in 3-5-leaved clusters, stout, rigid, dark green, stomatiferous on their 3 faces, 5’-7’ long, deciduous during their third season. Fruit ovoid, horizontal, 2’-23’ long, becoming light red-brown, with thin scales much thickened at the apex and armed with slender recurved spines; seeds full and rounded below, slightly com- pressed towards the apex, 3’ long, with a thick shell, their wings broadest above the mid- dle, about 3’ long and 1’ wide.
A tree, 80°-100° high, with a tall straight massive trunk 3°—4° in diameter, thick spread- ing branches forming a regular open round-topped or narrow pyramidal head, and_ stout branchlets orange-brown and pruinose when they first appear, becoming dark gray-brown. Bark on young trunks dark
‘ brown or almost black and deeply furrowed, becoming ‘on old trees 14/-2’ thick and divided into large unequally shaped plates separating on the surface into thin closely appressed light cinnamon-red scales. Wood light, soft, not strong, rather brittle, light red or often yellow, with thick lighter yellow or white sapwood; in Arizona occasionally manufactured into coarse lumber.
Distribution. High cool slopes on the sides of cafions of the mountain ranges of southern Arizona at elevations between 6000° and 8000°, sometimes forming nearly pure forests; more abundant and of its largest sizeon the mountains of Sonora and Chihuahua.
11. Pinus palustris Mill. Long-leaved Pine. Southern Pine.
Leaves in crowded clusters, forming dense tufts at the ends of the branches, slender, flexible, pendulous, dark green, 8’-18’ long, deciduous at the end of their second year. Flowers in very early spring before the appearance of the new leaves, male in short dense clusters, dark rose-purple; female just below the apex of the lengthening shoot in pairs or in clusters of 3 or 4, dark purple. Fruit cylindric-ovoid, slightly curved, nearly sessile, hori- zontal or pendant, 6’-10’ long, with thin flat scales rounded at apex and armed with small
PINACED 15
reflexed prickles, becoming dull brown; in falling leaving a few of the basal scales attached to the stem; seeds almost triangular, full and rounded on the sides, prominently ridged about 2 long, with a thin pale shell marked with dark blotches on the upper side, and aga near the middle, gradually narrowed to a very oblique apex, about 1%’ long and is’ wide.
A tree, 100°-120° high, with a tall straight slightly tapering trunk usually 2°-24° or occasionally 3° in diameter, stout slightly branched gnarled and twisted limbs covered with thin dark scaly bark and forming an open elongated and usually very irregular head one third to one half the length of the tree, thick orange-brown branchlets, and acute winter-buds covered by elongated silvery white lustrous scales divided into long spreading filaments forming a cobweb-like network over the bud. Bark of the trunk 3/-#’ thick, light orange-brown, separating on the surface into large closely appressed papery scales.
Wood heavy, exceedingly hard, strong, tough, coarse-grained, durable, light red to orange color, with very thin nearly white sapwood; largely used as “southern pine” or “Georgia pine” for masts and spars, bridges, viaducts, railway-ties, fencing, flooring, the interior finish of buildings, the construction of railway-cars, and for fuel and charcoal. A large part of the naval stores of the world is produced from this tree, which is exceedingly rich in resinous secretions.
Distribution. Generally confined to a belt of late tertiary sands and gravels stretching along the coast of the Atlantic and Gulf states and rarely more than 125 miles wide, from southeastern Virginia to the shores of Indian River and the valley of the Caloosahatchee River, Florida, and along the Gulf coast to the uplands east of the Mississippi River, ex- tending northward in Alabama to the southern foothills of the Appalachian Mountains and to central and western Mississippi (Hinds and Adams Counties) ranging inland in Georgia to the neighborhood of Cartersville and Rome, and ascending to altitudes of 1900 feet on the Blue Ridge in Alabama; and west of the Mississippi River to the valley of the Trinity River, Texas, and through eastern Texas and western Louisiana nearly to the northern
borders of this state.
12. Pinus caribea Morelet. Slash Pine. Swamp Pine. Pinus Elliottii Engelm. Pinus heterophylla Sudw.
Leaves stout, in crowded 2 and 3-leaved clusters, dark green and lustrous, marked by numerous bands of stomata on each face, 8’ -12’ long, deciduous at the end of their second season. Flowers in January and February before the appearance of the new leaves, male in short crowded clusters, dark purple; female lateral on long peduncles, pink. Fruit ovoid
16 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
or ovoid-conic, reflexed during its first year, pendant, 2’-6’ long, with thin flexible flat scales armed with minute incurved or recurved prickles, becoming dark rich lustrous brown; seeds almost triangular, full and rounded on the sides, 14’/-1}’ long, with a thin brittle dark gray shell mottled with black, and dark brown wings 2’-1’ long, 3’ wide, their thick- ened bases encircling the seeds and often covering a large part of their lower surface.
A tree, often 100° high, with a tall tapering trunk 24°-3° in diameter, heavy horizontal branches forming a handsome round-topped head, and stout orange-colored ultimately dark branchlets. Bark {/-13’ thick, and separating freely on the surface into large thin scales. Wood heavy, exceedingly hard, very strong, durable, coarse-grained, rich dark orange color, with thick nearly white sapwood; manufactured into lumber and used for construction, and railway-ties. Naval stores are largely produced from this tree.
Fig. 17 “a,
Distribution. Coast region of South Carolina southward over the coast plain to the keys of southern Florida and along the Gulf coast to eastern Louisiana (Saint Tammany, Washington, southern Tangipahoa and eastern Livingston Parishes); common on the Ba- hamas, on the Isle of Pines, and on the lowlands of Honduras and eastern Guatemala: in the coast region of the southern states gradually replacing the Long-leaved Pine, Pinus palustris, Mill.
13. Pinus teeda L. Loblolly Pine. Old Field Pine.
Leaves slender, stiff, slightly twisted, pale green and somewhat glaucous, 6’-9’ long, marked by 10-12 rows of large stomata on each face, deciduous during their third year. Flowers opening from the middle of March to the first of May; male crowded in short spikes, yellow; female lateral below the apex of the growing shoot, solitary or clustered, short-stalked, yellow. Fruit oblong-conic to ovoid-cylindric, nearly sessile, 2/6’ long, be- coming light reddish brown, with thin scales rounded at the apex and armed with short stout straight or reflexed prickles, opening irregularly and discharging their seeds during the autumn and winter, and usually persistent on the branches for another year; seeds rhomboidal, full and rounded, 2’ ‘long, with a thin dark brown rough shell blotched with black, and produced into broad thin lateral margins, encircled to the base by the narrow border of their thin pale brown lustrous wing broadest above the middle, 1’ long, about 4’ wide.
A tree, generally 80°-100° high, with a tall straight trunk usually about 2° but occa- sionally 5° in diameter, short thick much divided branches, the lower spreading, the upper ascending and forming a compact round-topped head, and comparatively slender glabrous branchlets frown tinged with yellow during their first season and gradually growing
PINACEAS 17 darker in their second year. Bark of the trunk #’-19’ thick, bright red-brown, and irreg- ularly divided by shallow fissures into broad flat ridges covered with large thin closely appressed scales. Wood weak, brittle, coarse-grained, not durable, light brown, with orange-colored or often nearly white sapwood, often composing nearly half the trunk; large- ly manufactured into lumber, used for con- struction and the inte- rior finish of buildings.
Distribution. Cape May, New _ Jersey through southern Del- aware and _ eastern Maryland and south- ward to near Palatka, Putnam County, in eastern Florida, and in western Florida to the neighborhood of San Fig. 18 Antonio, Pasco Coun- ty, westward to middle North Carolina and through South Carolina and Georgia and the eastern Gulf states to the Mississippi River, extending into southern Tennessee and north- eastern Mississippi; in Georgia and Alabama sometimes ascending to altitudes of 1500 feet; west of the Mississippi River from southern Arkansas and the southwestern part of Okla- homa through western Louisiana to the shores of the Gulf of Mexico, and through eastern Texas to the valley of the Colorado River; on the Atlantic coast often springing up on lands exhausted by agriculture; west of the Mississippi River one of the most important timber-trees, frequently growing in nearly pure forests on rolling uplands.
14. Pinus rigida Mill. Pitch Pine.
Leaves stout, rigid, dark yellow-green, marked on the 3 faces by many rows of stomata, 3’—5’ long, standing stiffly and at right angles with the branch, deciduous during their second year. Flowers: male in short crowded spikes, yellow or rarely purple; female oftenclustered and raised on short stout stems, light green more or less tinged with rose color. Fruit ovoid, acute at apex, nearly sessile, often clus- tered, 1’—33’ long, becoming light brown, with thin flat scales armed with recurved rigid prickles, often remaining on the branches for ten or twelve years; seeds nearly tri- angular, full and rounded on the sides, 7’ long, with a thin dark brown mottled roughened shell and wings broadest below the middle, gradually narrowed to the very oblique apex, ?’ long, }/ wide.
A tree, 50°-60° or rarely 100° high, with a short trunk occasion-
18 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
ally 3° in diameter, thick contorted often pendulous, branches covered with thick much roughened bark, forming a round-topped thick head, often irregular and picturesque, and stout bright green branchlets becoming dull orange color during their first winter and dark gray-brown at the end of four or five years; often fruitful when only a few feet high. Bark of young stems thin and broken into plate-like dark red-brown scales, becoming on old trunks 3/14’ thick, deeply and irregularly fissured, and divided into broad flat connected ridges separating on the surface into thick dark red-brown scales often tinged with purple. Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, coarse-grained, very durable, light brown or red, with thick yellow or often white sap-wood; largely used for fuel and in the manufacture of charcoal; occasionally sawed into lumber.
Distribution. Sandy plains and dry gravelly uplands, or less frequently in cold deep swamps; island of Mt. Desert, Maine, to the northern shores of Lake Ontario, and south- ward to southern Delaware and southern Ohio (Scioto County) and along the Appalachian Mountains to northern Georgia and to their western foothills in West Virginia, Kentucky, and Tennessee; very abundant in the coast region south of Massachusetts; sometimes forming pure forests in New Jersey and Pennsylvania.
Pinus rigida var. serotina Loud. Pond Pine. Marsh Pine. Pinus serotina Michx.
Leaves in clusters of 3 or occasionally of 4, slender, flexuose, dark yellow-green, 6’-8’ long, marked by numerous rows of stomata on the 8 faces, deciduous during their third and fourth years. Flowers: male in crowded spikes, dark orange color; female clustered or in pairs on stout stems. Fruit subglobose to ovoid, full and rounded or pointed at apex, subsessile or short-stalked,hor- izontal or slightly declining, 2-2’ long, with thin nearly flat scales armed with slender incurved mostly deciduous prickles, becoming light yel- low-brown at maturity, often remaining closed for one or two years and after opening long- persistent on the branches; seeds nearly triangular, often ridged below, full and rounded at the sides, }#’ long, with a thin nearly black roughened shell produced into a wide border, the wings broadest at the middle, gradually narrowed at the ends, 2’ long, +’ wide.
A tree, usually 40°-50° or occasionally 70°-80’ high, with a short trunk sometimes 3° but generally not more than 2° in diameter, stout often contorted branches more or less pendulous at the extremities, forming an open round-topped head, and slender branchlets dark green when they first appear, becoming dark orange color during their first winter and dark brown or often nearly'black at the end of four or five years. Bark of the trunk 3/-4’ thick, dark red-brown and irregularly divided by narrow shallow fissures into small plates separating on the surface into thin closely appressed scales. Wood very resinous, heavy, soft, brittle, coarse-grained, dark orange color, with thick pale yellow sapwood; occasionally manufactured into lumber.
Distribution. Low wet flats or sandy or peaty swamps; near Cape May, New Jersey, and southeastern Virginia southward near the coast to northern Florida (near Kissimmee, Osceola County) and central Alabama.
PINACE 19
15. Pinus radiata D. Don. Monterey Pine.
Leaves in 3, rarely in 2-leaved clusters, slender, bright rich green, 4’-6’ long, mostly de- ciduous during their third season. Flowers: male in dense spikes, yellow; female clustered, dark purple. Fruit ovoid, pointed at apex, very oblique at base, short-stalked, reflexed, 3’-7’ long, becoming deep chestnut-brown and lustrous, with scales much thickened and mamumnillate toward the base on the outer side of the cone, thinner on the inner side and at its apex, and armed with minute thickened incurved or straight prickles, long-per- sistent and often remaining closed on the branches for many years; seeds ellipsoidal, com- pressed, {’ long, with a thin brittle rough nearly black shell, their wings light brown, longi- tudinally striped, broadest above the middle, gradually narrowed and oblique at apex, 1’ long, 2’ wide.
A tree, usually 40°-60° rarely 100°-115° high, with a tall trunk usually 1°-2° but occa- sionally 44° in diameter, spreading branches forming a regular narrow open round-topped head, and slender branchlets light or dark orange color, at first often covered with a glau- cous bloom, ultimately dark red-brown. Bark of the trunk 134’-2’ thick, dark red-brown, and deeply divided into broad flat ridges broken on the surface into thick appressed plate-like scales. Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, close-grained; occasionally used as fuel.
Distribution. In a narrow belt a few miles wide on the California coast from Pescadero to the shores of San Simeon . Bay; in San Luis Obispo County Fig. 21 near the village of Cambria; on the islands of Santa Rosa and Santa Cruz of the Santa Barbara group; and on Guada- loupe Island off the coast of Lower California; most abundant and of its largest size on Point Pinos south of the Bay of Monterey, California.
Largely planted for the decoration of parks in western and southern Europe, occasionally planted in the southeastern states and in Mexico, Australia, New Zealand, and other re- gions with temperate climates, and more generally in the coast region of the Pacific states from Vancouver Island southward than any other Pine-tree.
16. Pinus attenuata Lemm. Knob-cone Pine.
Leaves slender, firm and rigid, pale yellow or bluish green, marked by numerous rows of stomata on their 3 faces, 3’-7’, usually 4’-5’ long. Flowers: male orange-brown; female fascicled, often with several fascicles on the shoot of the year. Fruit elongated, conic, pointed, very oblique at base by the greater development of the scales on the outer side, whorled, short-stalked, strongly reflexed and incurved, 3’—6’ long, becoming light yellow- brown, with thin flat scales rounded at apex, those on the outer side being enlarged inte prominent transversely flattened knobs armed with thick flattened incurved spines, those on the inner side of the cone slightly thickened and armed with minute recurved prickles, persistent on the stems and branches for thirty or forty years, sometimes becoming com- pletely imbedded in the bark of, old trunks, and usually not opening until the death of the tree; seeds ellipsoidal, compressed, acute at apex, 4’ long, with a thin oblique shell, their wings broadest at the middle, gradually narrowed to the ends, 14’ long, 3’ wide.
A tree, usually about 20° high, with a trunk a foot in diameter, and often fruitful when
20 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
only 4° or 5° tall; occasionally growing to the height of 80°-100°, with a trunk 24° thick, and frequently divided above the middle into two ascending stems, slender branches ar- ranged in regular whorls while the tree is young, and in old age forming a narrow round-topped strag- gling head of sparse thin foliage, and slender dark orange- brown branchlets growing darker dur- ing their second sea- son. Bark of young stems and branches thin, smocth, pale brown, becoming at Fig. 22 the base of old trunks 4/-3 thick and dark brown often tinged with purple, slightly and irregularly divided by shallow fissures and broken into large loose scales. Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, coarse-grained, light brown, with thick sapwood sometimes slightly tinged with red.
Distribution. Dry mountain slopes from the valley of the Mackenzie River in Oregon over the mountains of southwestern Oregon, where it is most abundant and grows to its largest size, often forming pure forests over large areas, southward along the western slopes of the Cascade Mountains; in California on the northern cross ranges, the coast ranges from Trinity to Sonoma Counties, the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada to Mariposa County, and over the southern coast ranges from Santa Cruz to the dry arid southern slopes of the San Bernardino Mountains, where it forms a belt between City and East Twin Creeks at an altitude of 3500° above the sea.
17. Pinus Sabiniana Dougl. Digger Pine. Bull Pine.
Leaves stout, flexible, pendant, pale blue-green, marked on each face with numerous rows of pale stomata, 8’-12’ long, deciduous usually in their third and fourth years. Flow- ers: male yellow; fe- male on stout pedun- cles, dark purple. Fruit oblong-ovoid, full and rounded at base, point- ed, becoming light red- dish brown, 6’-10/ long, long-stalked, pendu- lous, the scales nar- rowed into a stout in- curved sharp hook, strongly reflexed to- ward the base of the cone and armed with spur-like incurved spines; seeds full and rounded below, somewhat compressed toward the apex, 2’ long, 3’ wide, dark brown or nearly black, with a thick hard shell, encircled by their wings much
PINACE 21
thickened on the inner rim, obliquely rounded at the broad apex and about 3 length of nuts.
A tree, usually 40°-50° but occasionally 80° high, with a trunk 3°-4° in diameter, divided generally 15°-20° above the ground into 8 or 4 thick secondary stems, clothed with short crooked branches pendant below and ascending toward the summit of the tree, and forming an open round-topped head remarkable for the sparseness of its foliage, and stout pale glaucous branchlets, becoming dark brown or nearly black during their second season. Bark of the trunk 14/-2’ thick, dark brown slightly tinged with red or nearly black and deeply and irregularly divided into thick connected ridges covered with small closely ap- pressed scales. Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, brittle, light brown or red with thick nearly white sapwood. Abietine, a nearly colorless aromatic liquid with the odor of oil of oranges, is obtained by distilling the resinous juices. The large sweet slightly resinous seeds formed an important article of food for the Indians of California.
Distribution. Scattered singly or in small groups over the dry foothills of western Cali- fornia, ranging from 500° up to 4000° above the sea-level and from the southern slopes of the northern cross ranges to the Tehachapi Mountains and the Sierra de la Liebre; most abundant and attaining its largest size on the eastern foothills of the Sierra Nevada near the centre of the state at elevations of about 2000°; here often the most conspicuous feature of the vegetation.
18. Pinus Coulteri D. Don. Pitch Pine.
Leaves tufted at the ends of the branches, stout, rigid, dark blue-green, marked by numerous bands of stomata on the 3 faces, 6’-12’ long, deciduous during their third and
fourth seasons. Flowers: male yellow; female dark reddish brown. Fruit oblong-conic, short-stalked and pendant, 10’-14’ long, becoming light yellow-brown, with thick broad scales terminating in a broad, flat, incurved, hooked claw 3’-12’ long, gradually opening in the autumn and often persistent on the branches for several years; seeds ellipsoidal, com- pressed, 3’ long, #’/-3’ wide, dark chestnut-brown, with a thick shell, inclosed by their wings, broadest above the middle, oblique at apex, nearly 1’ longer than the seed, about 3’ wide.
A tree, 40°-90° high, with a trunk 1°-24° in diameter, thick branches covered with dark scaly bark, long and mostly pendulous below, short and ascending above, and forming a loose unsymmetrical often picturesque head, and very stout branchlets dark orange-brown at first, becoming sometimes nearly black at the end of three or four years. Bark of the
22 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
trunk 1}’-2’ thick, dark brown or nearly black and deeply divided into broad rounded connected ridges covered with thin closely appressed stales. Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, coarse-grained, light red, with thick nearly white sapwood; occasionally used for fuel. The seeds were formerly gathered in large quantities and eaten by the Indians of southern California.
Distribution. Scattered singly or in small groves through coniferous forests on the dry slopes and ridges of the coast ranges of California at elevations of 3000°-6000° above the sea, from Mount Diablo and the Santa Lucia Mountains to the San Bernardino and Cuya- maca Mountains; and on the Sierra del Pinal, Lower California; most abundant on the San Bernardino and San Jacinto ranges at elevations of about 5000°.
19. Pinus resinosa Ait. Red Pine. Norway Pine.
Leaves slender, soft and flexible, dark green and lustrous, 5’-6’ long, obscurely marked on the ventral faces by bands of minute stomata, deciduous during their fourth and fifth seasons. Flowers: male in dense spikes, dark purple; female terminal, short-stalked, scarlet. Fruit ovoid-conic, subsessile, 2’/-2}’ long, with thin slightly concave scales, un-
Fig. 25
armed, becoming light chestnut-brown and lustrous at maturity; shedding their seeds early in the autumn and mostly persistent on the branches until the following summer; seeds oval, compressed, 3’ long, with a thin dark chestnut-brown more or less mottled shell and wings broadest below the middle, oblique at apex, 2’ long, 4/-1’ broad.
A tree, usually 70°-80° or occasionally 120° high, with a tall straight trunk 2°-3° or rarely 5° in diameter, thick spreading more or less pendulous branches clothing the young stems to the ground and forming a broad irregular pyramid, and in old age an open round- topped picturesque head, and stout branchlets at first orange color, finally becoming light reddish brown. Bark of the trunk {/-1}’ thick and slightly divided by shallow fissures into broad flat ridges covered by thin loose light red-brown scales. Wood light, hard, very close-grained, pale red, with thin yellow often nearly white sapwood; largely used in the construction of bridges and buildings, for piles, masts, and spars. The bark is occasion- ally used for tanning leather. ”
Distribution. Light sandy loam or dry rocky ridges, usually forming groves rarely more than a few hundred acres im extent and scattered through forests of other Pines and deciduous-leaved trees; occasionally on sandy flats forming pure forests; Nova Scotia to Lake St. John, westward through Quebec and central Ontario to the valley of the Winni- peg River, and southward to eastern Massachusetts, the mountains of northern Penn- sylvania, and to central and southwestern (Port Huron) Michigan, Wisconsin, and Min- nesota, most abundant, and growing to its largest size in the northern parts of these states; rare and local in eastern Massachusetts and southward.
PINACEA 93
Often planted for the decoration of parks, and the most desirable as an ornamental tree of the Pitch Pines which flourish in the northern states.
20. Pinus contorta Loud. Scrub Pine.
Leaves dark green, slender, 1/-1}’ long, marked by 6-10 rows of stomata on each face, mostly persistent 4-6 years. Flowers orange-red: male in short crowded spikes; female clustered or in pairs on stout stalks. Fruit ovoid to subcylindric, usually very oblique at base, horizontal or declining, often clustered, 3/-2’ long, with thin slightly concave scales armed with long slender more or less recurved often deciduous prickles, and toward the base of the cone especially on the upper side developed into thick mammillate knobs, becoming light yellow-brown and lustrous, sometimes opening and losing their seeds as soon as ripe, or remaining closed on the branches and preserving the vitality of their seeds for many years; seeds oblique at apex, acute below, about }’ long, with a thin brittle dark red-brown shell mottled with black and wings widest above the base, gradually tap- ering toward the oblique apex, 3’ long.
A tree, sometimes fertile when only a few inches high, usually 15°-20° or occasionally 30° tall, with a short trunk rarely more than 18’ in diameter, comparatively thick branches forming a round-topped com- pact and symmetrical or an open picturesque head, and stout branchlets light orange color when they first appear, finally becoming dark red- brown or occasionally almost black. Bark of the trunk 4/-1’ thick, deeply and irreg- ularly divided by vertical and cross fissures into small oblong plates covered with closely appressed dark red- brown scales tinged with purple or orange color. Wood light, hard, strong although brittle, coarse-grained, light brown tinged with red, with thick nearly white sapwood; occasionally used for fuel.
Distribution. Coast of Alaska, usually in sphagnum-covered bogs southward in the immediate neighborhood of the coast to the valley of the Albion River, Mendocino County, California; south of the northern boundary of the United States generally inhabiting sand dunes and barrens or occasionally near the shores of Puget Sound the margins of tide pools and deep wet swamps; spreading inland and ascending the coast ranges and western slopes of the Cascade Mountains, where it is not common and where it gradually changes its habit and appearance, the thick deeply furrowed bark of the coast form being found only near the ground, while the bark higher on the stems is thin, light-colored, and inclined to separate into scales, and the leaves are often longer and broader. This is
Pinus contorta var. latifolia S. Wats. Lodge-pole Pine. Pinus contorta var. Murrayana Engelm.
Leaves yellow-green, usually about 2’ long, although varying from 1’-3’ in length and from 74’ to nearly 2/ in width. Fruit occasionally opening as soon as ripe but usually re- maining closed and preserving the vitality of the seeds sometimes for twenty years.
A tree, usually 70°-80° but often 150° high, with a trunk generally 2°-3° but occasionally
°_g° in diameter, slender much-forked branches frequently persistent nearly to the base of the stem, light orange-colored during their early years, somewhat pendulous below, ascending near the top of the tree, and forming a narrow pyramidal spire-topped head.
24 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
Bark of the trunk rarely more than 2’ thick, close and firm, light orange-brown and covered by small thin loosely appressed scales. Wood light, soft, not strong, close, straight-grained and easily worked, not durable, light yellow or nearly white, with thin lighter colored sap- wood ; occasionally manufactured into lumber; also used for railway- ties, mine-timbers, and for fuel. Distribution. Common on the Yukon hills in the valley of the Yukon River; on the interior pla- teau of northern British Columbia and eastward to the eastern foot- hills of the Rocky Mountains, covering with dense forests great areas in the basin of the Columbia River; forming forests on both slopes of the Rocky Mountains of Montana; on the Yellowstone pla- : teau at elevations of 7000°-8000°; Fig. 27 common on the mountains of Wy- oming, and extending southward to southern Colorado; the most abundant coniferous tree of the northern Rocky Moun- tain region; common on the ranges of eastern Washington and Oregon, on the mountains of northern California, and southward along the Sierra Nevada, where it attains its greatest size and beauty in alpine forests at elevations between 8000° and 9500°; in southern California the principal tree at elevations between 7000° and 10,000° on the high peaks of the San Bernardino and San Jacinto Mountains; on the upper slopes of the San Pedro Martir Mountains, Lower California.
21. Pinus Banksiana Lamb. Gray Pine. Jack Pine. Pinus divaricata Du Mont de Cours.
Leaves in remote clusters, stout, flat or slightly concave on the inner face, at first light yellow-green, soon becoming dark green, $/-1}’ long, gradually and irregularly deciduous in their second or third year. Flowers: male in short crowded clusters, yellow; female
a S
Nea i. Whe AGN
AZZ
2 SN i, ZZ S34
Fig. 28
clustered, dark purple, often with 2 clusters produced on the same shoot. Fruit oblong- conic, acute, oblique at base, sessile, usually erect and strongly incurved, 14/-2’ long, dull purple or green when fully grown, becoming light yellow and lustrous, with thin stiff
PINACEAS 25
scales often irregularly developed, and armed with minute incurved often deciduous prickles; seeds nearly triangular, full and rounded on the sides, zy’ long, with an almost black roughened shell and wings broadest at the middle, full and rounded at apex, 4/ long, 3 wide.
A tree, frequently 70° high, with a straight trunk sometimes free of branches for 20°-30° and rarely exceeding 2° in diameter, long spreading branches forming an open symmetrical head, and slender tough flexible pale yellow-green branchlets turning dark purple during their first winter and darker the following year; often not more than 20°-30° tall, with a stem 10’-12’ in diameter; generally fruiting when only a few years old; sometimes shrubby with several low slender stems. Bark of the trunk thin, dark brown slightly tinged with red, very irregularly divided into narrow rounded connected ridges separating on the sur- face into small thick closely appressed scales. Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, clear pale brown or rarely orange color, with thick nearly white sapwood; used for fuel and occasionally for railway-ties and posts; occasionally manufactured into lumber.
Distribution. From Nova Scotia to the valley of the Athabasca River and down the Mackenzie to about latitude 65° north, ranging southward to the coast of Maine, northern New Hampshire and Vermont, the Island of Nantucket (Wauwinet, J. W. Harshberger), northern New York, the shores of Saginaw Bay, Michigan, the southern shores of Lake Michigan in Illinois, the valley of the Wisconsin River, Wisconsin, and central and southeastern Minnesota (with isolated groves in Root River valley, near Rushford, Fill- more County); abundant in central Michigan, covering tracts of barren lands; common and of large size in the region north of Lake Superior; most abundant and of its greatest size west of Lake Winnipeg and north of the Saskatchewan, here often spreading over great areas of sandy sterile soil.
22. Pinus glabra Walt. Spruce Pine. Cedar Pine.
Leaves soft, slender, dark green, 14’-3’ long, marked by numerous rows of stomata, deciduous at the end of their second and in the spring of their third year. Flowers: male in short crowded clusters, yellow; female raised on slender slightly ascending peduncles. Fruit single or in clusters of 2 or 3, reflexed on short stout stalks, sub- globose to oblong-ovoid, 3/9’ long, becoming red- dish brown and rather lus- trous, with thin slightly concave scales armed with minute straight or incurved usually deciduous prickles; seeds nearly triangular, full and rounded on the sides, 2 long, with a thin dark gray shell mottled with black and wings broadest below the middle, 2’ long, +’ wide.
A tree, usually 80°-100° or occasionally 120° high, with a trunk 2°-22° or rarely 33° in diameter, comparatively small horizontal branches, and slender flexible branchlets at first light red more or less tinged with purple, ultimately dark reddish brown. Bark of young trees and upper trunks smooth pale gray becoming on old stems 4’—7’ thick, slightly and irregularly divided by shallow fissures into flat connected ridges. Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, close-grained, light brown, with thick nearly white sapwood; occasionally used for fuel and rarely manufactured into lumber.
26 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
Distribution. Valley of the lower Santee River, South Carolina to middle and north- western Florida; banks of the Alabama River, Dallas County, Alabama; east central Mississippi, and sandy banks of streams in southeastern Louisiana; usually growing singly or in small groves; attaining its largest size and often occupying areas of considerable extent in northwestern Florida.
23. Pinus echinata Mill. Yellow Pine. Short-leaved Pine.
Leaves in clusters of 2 and of 3, slender, flexible, dark blue-green, 3’—5’ long, beginning to fall at the end of their second season and dropping irregularly until their fifth year. Flowers: male in short crowded clusters, pale purple; female in clusters of 2 or 3 on stout ascending stems, pale rose color. Fruit ovoid to oblong-conic, subsessile and nearly horizontal or short-stalked and pendant, generally clustered, 14’-23’ long, becoming dull brown, with thin scales nearly flat below and rounded at the apex, armed with short straight or somewhat recurved frequently deciduous prickles; seeds nearly triangular, full and rounded on the sides, about 3s’ long, with a thin pale brown hard shell conspicuously mottled with black, their wings broadest near the middle, 4’ long, 3’ wide.
Wi yf
Fig. 30
A tree, usually 80°-100° occasionally 120° high, with a tall slightly tapering trunk 3°-4° in diameter, a short pyramidal truncate head of comparatively slender branches, and stout brittle pale green or violet-colored branchlets covered at first with a glaucous bloom, be- coming dark red-brown tinged with purple before the end of the first season, their bark be- ginning in the third year to separate into large scales. Bark of the trunk 3/1’ thick and broken into large irregularly shaped plates covered with small closely appressed light cinnamon-red scales. Wood very variable in quality, and in the thickness of the nearly white sapwood, heavy, hard, strong and usually coarse-grained, orange-colored or yellow- brown; largely manufactured into lumber.
Distribution. Long Island (near Northport), and Staten Island, New York, and south- ern Pennsylvania to northern Florida, and westward through the Gulf states to eastern Texas, through Arkansas to southwestern Oklahoma (near Page, Leflore County, G. W. Stevens) and to southern Missouri’and southwestern IJlinois and to eastern Tennessee and western West Virginia; most abundant and of its largest size west of the Mississippi River.
24, Pinus virginiana Mill. Jersey Pine. Scrub Pine.
Leaves in remote clusters, stout, gray-green, 14/—3’ long, marked by many rows of
minute stomata, gradually and irregularly deciduous during their third and fourth years. Flowers: male in crowded clusters, orange-brown; female on opposite spreading peduncles near the middle of the shoots of the year, generally a little below and alternate with 1 or 2
PINACE® oT
lateral branchlets, pale green, 2’-3’ long, the scale-tips tinged with rose color. Fruit ovoid- conic, often reflexed, dark red-brown and lustrous, with thin nearly flat scales, and stout or slender persistent prickles, openiig in the autumn and slowly shedding their seeds, turning dark reddish brown and remaining on the branches for three or four years; seeds nearly oval, full and rounded, }’ long, with a thin pale brown rough shell, their wings broadest at the middle, 3 long, about }’ wide.
A tree, usually 30°-40° high, with a short trunk rarely more than 18’ in diameter, long horizontal or pendulous branches in remote whorls forming a broad open often flat-topped pyramid, and slender tough flexible branchlets at first pale green or green tinged with purple and covered with a glaucous bloom, becoming purple and later light gray-brown; toward the western limits of its range a tree frequently 100° tall, with a trunk 24°-3° in
Fig. 31
diameter. Bark of the trunk 2/2’ thick, broken by shallow fissures into flat plate-like scales separating on the surface into thin closely appressed dark brown scales- tinged with red. Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, coarse-grained, durable in contact with the soil, light orange color, with thick nearly white sapwood; often used for fuel and occasionally manufactured into lumber.
Distribution. Middle and southern New Jersey west of the pine barren region; Plym- outh, Luzerne County, and central, southern and western Pennsylvania to Columbia County, Georgia, Dallas County, Alabama (near Selma, 7.G. H. arbison), and to the hills of northeastern Mississippi (Bear Creek near its junction with the Tennessee River, E. N. Lowe), through eastern and middle Tennessee to western Kentucky and to southeastern and southern (Scioto County) Ohio, and southern Indiana; usually small in the Atlantic states and only on light sandy soil, spreading rapidly over exhausted fields; of its largest size west of the Alleghany Mountains on the low hills of southern Indiana.
25. Pinus clausa Sarg. Sand Pine. Spruce Pine.
Leaves slender, flexible, dark green, 2’-34’ long, marked by 10-20 rows of stomata, de- ciduous during their third and fourth years. Flowers: male in short crowded spikes, dark orange color; female lateral on stout peduncles. Fruit elongated ovoid-conic, often oblique at base, usually clustered and reflexed, 2’/-33’ long, nearly sessile or short-stalked, with convex scales armed with short stout straight or recurved prickles, becoming dark yellow- brown in autumn; some of the cones opening at once, others remaining closed for three or four years before liberating their seeds, ultimately turning to an ashy gray color; others still unopened becoming enveloped in the growing tissues of the stem and branches and finally entirely covered by them; seeds nearly triangular, compressed, 7’ long, with a
28 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
black slightly roughened shell, their wings widest near or below the middle, 7’ long, about }’ wide. ’
A tree, usually 15°-20° high, with a stem rarely a foot in diameter, generally clothed to the ground with wide-spreading branches forming a bushy flat-topped head, and slender tough flexible branchlets, pale yel- low-green when they first appear, becoming light orange-brown and ultimately ashy gray; occasionally growing to the height of 70°-80° with a trunk 2° in diameter. Bark on the lower part of the trunk 3/_1’ thick, deeply divided by nar- row fissures into irregularly shaped generally oblong plates separating on the surface into thin closely ap- pressed bright red-brown scales; on the upper part of the trunk and on the branches thin, smooth, ashy gray. Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, light orange color or yel- low, with thick nearly white sap-
Fig. 32 wood; occasionally used for the masts of small vessels.
Distribution. Coast of the Gulf of Mexico from southern Alabama to Peace River, western Florida; eastern Florida from the neighborhood of St. Augustine to New River, Dade County, covering sandy wind-swept plains near the coast; growing to its largest size and most abundant in the interior of the peninsula (Lake and Orange Counties).
26. Pinus muricata D. Don. Prickle-cone Pine.
Leaves in crowded clusters, thick, rigid, dark yellow-green, 4’-6’ long, beginning to fall in their second year. Flowers: male in elongated spikes, orange-colored; female short-
Fig. 33
stalked, whorled, 2 whorls often being produced on the shoot of the year. Fruit ovoid, oblique at base, sessile, in clusters of 3-5 or sometimes of 7, 2’-33/ but usually about 3’ long, becoming light chestnut-brown and lustrous, with scales much thickened on the
PINACE 29
outside of the cone, those toward its base produced into stout incurved knobs sometimes armed with stout flattened spur-like often incurved spines, and on the inside of the cone slightly flattened and armed with stout or slender straight prickles; often remaining closed for several years and usually persistent on the stem and branches during the entire life of the tree without becoming imbedded in the wood; seeds nearly triangular, +’ long, with a thin nearly black roughened shell, their wings broadest above the middle, oblique at apex, nearly 1’ long, }’ wide.
A tree, usually 40°-50° but occasionally 90° high, with a trunk 2°-3° in diameter, thick spreading branches covered with dark scaly bark, in youth forming a regular pyramid, and at maturity a handsome compact round-topped head of dense tufted foliage, and stout branchlets dark orange-green at first, turning orange-brown more or less tinged with purple. Bark of the lower part of the trunk often 4/—-6’ thick and deeply divided into long narrow rounded ridges roughened by closely appressed dark purplish brown scales. Wood light, very strong, hard, rather coarse-grained, light brown, with thick nearly white sap- wood; occasionally manufactured into lumber.
Distribution. California coast region from Mendocino County southward, usually in widely separated localities to Point Reyes Peninsula, north of the Bay of San Francisco, and from Monterey to Coon Creek, San Luis Obispo County; in Lower California on Cedros Island and on the west coast between Ensenada and San Quentin; of its largest size and the common Pine-tree on the coast of Mendocino County.
27. Pinus pungens Lamb. Table Mountain Pine. Hickory Pine.
Leaves in crowded clusters, rigid, usually twisted, dark blue-green, 14’-23’ long, decidu- ous during their second and third years. Flowers: male in elongated loose spikes, yellow; female clustered, long-stalked. Fruit ovoid-conic, oblique at base by the greater de- velopment of the scales on the outer than on the inner side, sessile, reflexed, in clusters usually of 3 or 4, or rarely of 7 or 8, 2/-33’ long, becoming light brown and _ lustrous,
- with thin tough scales armed with stout hooked curved spines produced from much thickened mammillate knobs, opening as soon as ripe and gradually shedding their seeds, or often remaining closed for two or three years longer, and fre- quently persistent on the branches for eighteen or twenty years; seeds almost triangular, full and rounded on the sides, nearly +’ long, with a thin conspicuously roughened light brown shell, their wings widest below the middle, gradually narrowed to the ends, 1’ long, 1’ wide.
A tree, when crowded in the forest occasionally 60° high, with a trunk 2°-3° in diameter, and a few short branches near the summit forming a narrow round-topped head; in open ground usually 20°-30° tall, and often fertile when only a few feet high, with a short thick trunk frequently clothed to the’ground, and long horizontal branches, the lower pendulous toward the extremities, the upper sweeping in graceful upward curves and forming a flat- topped often irregular head, and stout branchlets, light orange color when they first appear,
30 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
soon growing darker and ultimately dark brown. Bark on the lower part of the trunk 2/-1' thick and broken into irregularly shaped plates separating on the surface into thin loose dark brown scales tinged with red, higher on the stem, and on the branches dark brown and broken into thin loose scales. Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, very coarse- grained, pale brown, with thick nearly white sapwood; somewhat used for fuel, and in Pennsylvania manufactured into charcoal.
Distribution. Dry gravelly slopes and ridges of the Appalachian Mountains from south- ern Pennsylvania to North Carolina, eastern Tennessee and northern Georgia, sometimes ascending to elevations of 4000°, with isolated outlying stations in eastern Pennsylvania, western New Jersey, Maryland, the District of Columbia and Virginia; often forming toward the southern limits of its range pure forests of considerable extent.
28. Pinus Torreyana Carr. Torrey Pine.
Leaves forming great tufts at the ends of the branches, stout, dark green, conspicuously marked on the 3 faces by numerous rows of stomata, 8/-13’ long. Flowers from January to March; male yellow, in short dense heads; female subterminal on long stout peduncles.
Fig. 35
Fruit broad-ovoid, spreading or reflexed on long stalks, 4/--6’ in length, becoming deep chestnut-brown, with thick scales armed with minute spines; mostly deciduous in their fourth year and in falling leaving a few of the barren scales on the stalk attached to the branch; seeds oval, more or less angled, 2’—1’ long, dull brown and mottled on the lower side, light yellow-brown on the upper side, with a thick hard shell, nearly surrounded by their dark brown wings often nearly 3’ long.
A tree, usually 30°-40° high, with a short trunk about 1° in diameter, or occasionally 50°-60° tall, with a long straight slightly tapering stem 23° in diameter, stout spreading and often ascending branches, and very stout branchlets bright green in their first season, be- coming light purple and covered with a metallic bloom the following year, ultimately nearly black. Bark {’-1’ thick, deeply and’ irregularly divided into broad flat ridges covered by large thin closely appressed light,red-brown scales. Wood light, soft, not strong, coarse- grained, light yellow, with thick yellow or nearly white sapwood; occasionally used for fuel. The large edible seeds are gathered in large quantities and are eaten raw or roasted.
Distribution. Only in a narrow belt a few miles long on the coast near the mouth of . the Soledad River just north of San Diego and on the island of Santa Rosa, California; the least widely distributed Pine-tree of the United States.
PINACE . $}
Now planted in the parks of San Diego, California, and in New Zealand, growing rapidly in cultivation, and promising to attain a much larger size than on its native cliffs.
°
2. LARIX Adans. Larch.
Tall pyramidal trees, with thick sometimes furrowed scaly bark, heavy heartwood, thin pale sapwood, slender remote horizontal often pendulous branches, elongated leading branchlets, short thick spur-like lateral branchlets, and small subglobose buds, their in- ner scales accrescent and marking the lateral branchlets with prominent ring-like scars. Leaves awl-shaped, triangular and rounded above, or rarely 4-angled, spirally disposed and remote on leading shoots, on lateral branchlets in crowded fascicles, each leaf in the axil of a deciduous bud-scale, deciduous. Flowers solitary, terminal, the staminate glo- bose, oval or oblong, sessile or stalked, on leafless branches, yellow, composed of numerous spirally arranged anthers with connectives produced above them into short points, the pistillate appearing with the leaves, short-oblong to oblong, composed of few or many green nearly orbicular stalked scales in the axes of much longer mucronate usually scarlet bracts. Fruit a woody ovoid-oblong conic or subglobose short-stalked cone composed of slightly thickened suborbicular or oblong-obovate concave scales, shorter or longer than their bracts, gradually decreasing from the centre to the ends of the cone, the small scales usually sterile. Seeds nearly triangular, rounded on the sides, shorter than their wings; the outer seed-coat crustaceous, light brown, the inner membranaceous, pale chestnut- brown and lustrous; cotyledons usually 6, much shorter than the inferior radicle.
Larix is widely distributed over the northern and mountainous region of the northern hemisphere from the Arctic Circle to the mountains of West Virginia and Oregon in the New World, and to central Europe, the Himalayas, Siberia, Korea western China, and Japan in the Old World. Ten species are recognized. Of the exotic species the European Larix decidua, Mill., has been much planted for timber and ornament in the northeastern states, where the Japanese Larix Kempferi, Sarg., also flourishes.
Lariz is the classical name of the Larch-tree.
CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES.
Cones small, subglobose; their scales few, longer than the bracts, leaves triangular. 1. L. laricina (A, B, F). Cones elongated; their scales numerous, shorter than the bracts. Young branchlets pubescent, soon becoming glabrous; leaves triangular. 2. L. occidentalis (B, G). Young branchlets tomentose; leaves 4-angled. 3. L. Lyallii (B, F).
1. Larix laricina K. Koch. Tamarack. Larch. Lariz americana Michx.
Leaves linear, triangular, rounded above, prominently keeled on the lower surface, 3’-11’ long, bright green, conspicuously stomatiferous when they first appear; turning yellow and falling in September or October. Flowers: male subglobose and sessile; female oblong, with light-colored bracts produced into elongated green tips, and nearly orbicular rose-red scales. Fruit on stout incurved stems, subglobose, rather obtuse, 3’—3’ long, composed of about 20 scales slightly erose on their nearly entire margins, rather longer than broad and twice as long as their bracts, bright chestnut-brown at maturity; usually falling during their second year; seeds 3’ long, about one third as long as their light chestnut-brown wings broadest near the middle and obliquely rounded at apex.
A tree, 50°-60° high, with a trunk 18’—20’ in diameter, small horizontal branches forming during the early life of the tree a, narrow regular pyramidal head always characteristic of this tree when crowded in the forest, or with abundant space sweeping out in graceful
32 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
curves, often becoming contorted and pendulous and forming a broad open frequently picturesque head, and slender leading branchlets often covered at first with a glaucous bloom, becoming light orange-brown during their first winter and conspicuous from the small globose dark red lustrous buds. Bark 4/—3’ thick, separating into thin closely appressed rather bright reddish brown scales. Wood heavy, hard, very strong, rather coarse-grained, very durable, light brown; largely used for the upper knees of small ves- sels, fence-posts, telegraph-poles, and railway-ties.
Distribution. At the north often on well-drained uplands, southward in cold deep swamps which it often clothes with forests of closely crowded trees, from Labrador to the Arctic Circle, ranging west of the Rocky Mountains to latitude 65° 35’ north, and south-
Fig. 36
ward through Canada and the northern states to northern and eastern Pennsylvania, Garrett County, Maryland (Oakland to Thayerville), and Preston County, West Virginia (Cranesville Swamp), northern Indiana and Illinois, and northeastern Minnesota; along the eastern foothills of the Rocky Mountains to about latitude 53° and between the Yukon River and Cook Inlet, Alaska (Larix alaskensis Wight.) ; very abundant in the interior of Labrador, where it is the largest tree; common along the margins of the barren lands stretching beyond the sub-Arctic forest to the shores of the Arctic Sea; attaining its largest size north of Lake Winnipeg on low benches which it occasionally covers with open forests; on the eastern slopes of the northern Rocky Mountains usually at elevation from 600°- 1700° above the sea; rare and local toward the southern limits of its range.
Occasionally planted as an ornamental tree in the northeastern states, growing rapidly _ and attaining in cultivation a large size and picturesque habit.
2. Larix occidentalis Nutt. Tamarack.
Leaves triangular, rounded on the back, conspicuously keeled below, rigid, sharp- pointed, 1’-14’ long, about sx’ wide light pale green, turning pale yellow early in the autumn. Flowers: male short-oblong; female oblong, nearly sessile, with orbicular scales and bracts produced into elongated tips. Fruit oblong, short-stalked, 1/-14’ long, with numerous thin stiff scales nearly entire and sometimes a little reflexed on their margins, much shorter than their bracts, more or less thickly coated on the lower surface below the middle with hoary tomentum, and standing after the escape of the seeds at right angles to the axis of the cone, or often becoming reflexed; seeds nearly 3’ long, with a pale brown’ shell, one half to two thirds as long as the thin fragile pale wings broadest near the middle and obliquely rounded at apex.
PINACES 83
A tree, sometimes 180° high, with a tall tapering naked trunk 6°-8° in diameter, or on dry soil and exposed mountain slopes usually not more than 100° tall, with a short narrow pyramidal head of small branches clothed with scanty foliage, or occasionally with a larger crown of elongated drooping branches, stout branchlets covered when they first appear with soft pale pubescence, usually soon glabrous, bright orange-brown in their first year, ulti- mately becoming dark gray-brown, and dark chestnut-brown winter-buds about 2/ in diameter. Bark of young stems thin, dark-colored and scaly, becoming near the base of old trunks 5’ or 6’ thick and broken into irregularly shaped oblong plates often 2° long and covered with thin closely appressed light cinnamon-red scales. Wood very heavy, exceedingly hard and strong, close-grained, very durable in contact with the soil, bright
light red, with thin nearly white sapwood; largely used for railway-ties and fence-posts, and manufactured into lumber used in cabinet-making and the interior finish of buildings.
Distribution. Moist bottom-lands and on high benches and dry mountain sides gen- erally at elevations between 2000° and 7000° above sea-level, usually singly or in small groves, through the basin of the upper Columbia River from southern British Columbia to the western slopes of the continental divide of northern Montana, and to the eastern slopes of the Cascade Mountains of Washington and northern Oregon; most abundant and of its largest size on the bottom-lands of streams flowing into Flat Head Lake in northern Mon- tana, and in northern Idaho. a
Occasionally planted in the eastern states and in Europe, but in cultivation showing little promise of attaining a large size or becoming a valuable ornamental or timber-tree.
3. Larix Lyallii Parl. Tamarack.
Leaves 4-angled, rigid, short-pointed, pale blue-green, 1/-14’ long. Flowers: male short-oblong; female ovoid-oblong, with dark red or occasionally pale yellow-green scales and dark purple bracts abruptly contracted into elongated slender tips. Fruit ovoid, rather acute, 13’-2’ long, subsessile or raised on a slender stalk coated with hoary tomen- tum, with dark reddish purple or rarely green erose scales, fringed and covered on their lower surface with matted hairs at maturity spreading nearly at right angles and finally much reflexed, much shorter than their dark purple very conspicuous long-tipped bracts; seeds full and rounded on the sides, 4’ long and about half as long as their light red lustrous wings broadest near the base with nearly parallel sides.
A tree, usually 25°-50° high, with a trunk generally 18’—20’ but rarely 3°-4° in diameter, and remote elongated exceedingly tough persistent branches sometimes pendulous, devel- oping very irregularly and often abruptly ascending at the extremities, stout branchlets
34 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
coated with hoary tomentum usually persistent until after their second winter, ultimately becoming nearly black, and prominent winter-buds with conspicuous long white matted hairs fringing the margins of their scales and often almost entirely covering the bud. Bark of young trees and of the branches thin, rather lustrous, smooth, and pale gray tinged with yellow, becoming loose and scaly on larger stems and on the large branches of
y
Se eS WA
NS KS \
Fig. 38
1/_3/
old trees, and on fully grown trunks }’-3’ thick and slightly divided by shallow fissures into irregularly shaped plates covered by thin dark-red brown loosely attached scales. Wood heavy, hard, coarse-grained, light reddish brown.
Distribution. Near the timber-line on mountain slopes at elevations of 4000°-8000°, from southern Alberta on the easteru slope of the Rocky Mountains and from the interior of southern British Columbia, southward along the eastern slopes of the Cascade Moun- tains of northern Washington to Mt. Stewart at the head of the north fork of the Yakima River, and along the continental divide to the middle fork of Sun River, Montana, form- ing here a forest of considerable size at elevations of 7000°-8000°, and on the Bitter Root Mountains to the headwaters of the south fork of the Clearwater River, Idaho.
3. PICEA Dietr. Spruce.
Pyramidal trees, with tall tapering trunks often stoutly buttressed at the base, thin sealy bark, soft pale wood containing numerous resin-canals, slender whorled twice or thrice ramified branches, their ultimate divisions stout, glabrous or pubescent, and leaf- buds usually in 3’s, the 2 lateral in the axils of upper leaves. Leaves linear, spirally dis- posed, extending out from the branch on all sides or occasionally appearing 2-ranked by the twisting of those on its lower side, mostly pointing to the end of the branch, entire, articulate on prominent persistent rhomboid ultimately woody bases, keeled above and below, 4-sided and stomatiferous om the 4 sides, or flattened and stomatiferous on the upper and occasionally on the lower side, persistent from seven to ten years, deciduous in drying. Flowers terminal or in the axils of upper leaves, the male usually long-stalked, composed of numerous spirally arranged anthers with connectives produced into broad nearly circu- lar toothed crests, the female oblong, oval or cylindric, with rounded or pointed scales, each in the axis of an accrescent bract shorter than the scale at maturity. Fruit an ovoid or oblong, cylindric pendant cone, crowded on the upper branches or in some species scattered over the upper half of the tree. Seeds ovoid or oblong, usually acute at base, much shorter than their wings; outer seed-coat crustaceous, light or dark brown, the inner membranaceous, pale chestnut-brown; cotyledons 4-15.
PINACEA 35
\ Picea is widely distributed through the colder and temperate regions of the northern hem- isphere, some species forming great forests on plains and high mountain slopes. Thirty- seven species are now recognized, ranging from the Arctic Circle to the slopes of the southern Appalachian Mountains and to those of northern New Mexico and Arizona in the New World, and to central and southeastern Europe, the Caucasus, the Himalayas, western China, Formosa and Japan. Of exotic species the so-called Norway Spruce, Picea Abies Karst., one of the most valuable timber-trees of Europe, has been largely planted for ornament and shelter in the eastern states, where the Caucasian Picea orientalis Carr., and some of the Japanese species also flourish. Picea was probably the classical name of the Spruce-tree.
CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES.
Leaves 4-sided, with stomata on the 4 sides. Cone-scales rounded at apex. Cone-scales stiff and rigid at maturity; branchlets pubescent. Cones ovoid on strongly incurved stalks, persistent for many years, their scales erose or dentate; leaves blue-green. 1. P. mariana (A, B, F). Cones ovoid-oblong, early deciduous, their scales entire or denticulate; leaves dark yellow-green. 2. P. rubra (A). Cone-scales soft and flexible at maturity; branchlets glabrous; cones oblong-cylindric, slender, their scales entire; leaves blue-green. 3. P. glauca (A, B, F). Cone-scales truncate or acute at apex, oblong or rhombic; leaves blue-green. Cones oblong-cylindric or ellipsoidal; branchlets pubescent; leaves soft and flexible. 4. P, Engelmannii (F, B, G). Cones oblong-cylindric; branchlets glabrous; leaves rigid, spinescent. 5. P. pungens (F). Leaves flattened, usually with stomata only on the upper surface; cone-scales rounded. Cone-scales ovate, entire; branchlets pubescent; cones ellipsoidal, leaves obtuse. 6. P. Breweriana (G). Cone-scales elliptic, denticulate above the middle; branchlets glabrous;.cones oblong-
cylindric, leaves acute or acuminate, with stomata occasionally on the lower surface. 7. P. sitchensis (B, G).
1. Picea mariana B.S. P. Black Spruce.
Leaves slightly incurved above the middle, abruptly contracted at apex into short callous tips, pale blue-green and glaucous at maturity, +/—2’ long, hoary on the upper sur- face from the broad bands of stomata, and lustrous and slightly stomatiferous on the lower surface. Flowers: male subglobose, with dark red anthers; female oblong-cylindric, with obovate purple scales rounded above, and oblong purple glaucous bracts rounded and denticulate at apex. Fruit ovoid, pointed, gradually narrowed at the base into short strongly incurved stalks, 3’-13’ long, with rigid puberulous scales rounded or rarely somewhat pointed at apex and more or less erose on the notched pale margins, turning as they ripen dull gray-brown and becoming as the scales gradually open and slowly dis- charge their seeds almost globose; sometimes remaining on the branches for twenty or thirty years, the oldest close to the base of the branches near the trunk; seeds oblong, narrowed to the acute base, about #’ long, very dark brown, with delicate pale brown wings broadest above the middle, very oblique at the apex, about 4’ long, §’ wide.
A tree, usually 20°-30° and occasionally 100° high, with a trunk 6’-12’ and rarely 3° in diameter, and comparatively short branches generally pendulous with upward curves, forming an open irregular crown, light green branchlets coated with pale pubescence, soon beginning to grow darker, and during their first winter light cinnamon-brown and covered with short rusty pubescence, their thin brown bark gradually becoming glabrous and be- ginning to break into small thin scales during their second year; at the extreme north
36 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
sometimes cone-bearing when only 2°-3° high. Winter-buds ovoid, acute, light reddish brown, puberulous, about 3’ long. Bark }/-4/ thick and broken on the surface into thin rather closely appressed gray-brown scales. Wood light, soft, not strong, pale yellow- white, with thin sapwood; probably rarely used outside of Manitoba and Saskatchewan, except in the manufacture of paper pulp. Spruce-gum, the resinous exudations of the Spruce-trees of northeastern America, is gathered in considerable quantities principally in northern New England and Canada, and is used as a masticatory. Spruce-beer is made by boiling the branches of the Black and Red Spruces.
NYP
=
Distribution. At the north on well-drained bottom-lands and the slopes of barren stony hills, and southward in sphagnum-covered bogs, swamps, and on their borders, from Labra- dor to the valley of the Mackenzie River in about latitude 65° north, and, crossing the Rocky Mountains, through the interior of Alaska to the valley of White River; southward through Newfoundland, the maritime provinces, eastern Canada and the northeastern United States to central Pennsylvania, and along the Alleghany Mountains to northern Virginia; and from the eastern foothills of the Rocky Mountains in Alberta, through northern Saskatchewan and northern Manitoba, and south to northeastern and northern Minnesota, and central Wisconsin and Michigan; very abundant at the far north and the largest coniferous tree of Saskatchewan and northern Manitoba, covering here large areas and growing to its largest size; common in Newfoundland and all the provinces of eastern Canada except southern Ontario; in the United States less abundant, of small size, and usually only in cold sphagnum swamps (var. brevifolia Rehd.)
Occasionally planted as an ornamental tree, the Black Spruce is short-lived in cultivation and one of the least desirable of all Spruce-trees for the decoration of parks and gardens.
2. Picea rubra Link. Red Spruce. Picea rubens Sarg.
Leaves more or less incurved:above the middle, acute or rounded and furnished at the apex with short callous points, dark green often slightly tinged with yellow, very lustrous, marked on the upper surface by 4 rows and on the lower less conspicuously by 2 rows of stomata on each side of the prominent midrib, 3’—3’ long, nearly 7s’ wide. Flowers: male oval, almost sessile, bright red; female oblong-cylindric, with thin rounded scales reflexed and slightly erose on their margins, and obovate bracts rounded and laciniate above. Fruit on very short straight or incurved stalks, ovoid-oblong, gradually narrowed from near the middle to the acute apex, 14’-2’ long, with rigid puberulous scales entire or slightly toothed at the apex; bright green or green somewhat tinged with purple when
PINACE® 37
fully grown, becoming light reddish brown and lustrous at maturity, beginning to fall as soon as the scales open in the autumn or early winter, and generally disappearing from the branches the following summer; seeds dark brown, about 3 long, with short broad wings full and rounded above the middle.
A tree, usually 70°-80° and occasionally 100° high, with a trunk 2°-3° in diameter, branches long-persistent on the stem and clothing it to the ground, forming a narrow rather conical head, or soon disappearing below from trees crowded in the forest, stout pubescent light green branchlets, becoming bright reddish brown or orange-brown during their first winter, gla- brous the following year, and covered in their third or fourth year with scaly bark. Winter-buds ovoid, acute, }/—3’ long, with light reddish brown scales. Bark i2/-)’ thick, and broken into thin closely appressed irregularly shaped red- brown scales. Wood light, soft, close- grained, not strong, pale slightly tinged with red, with paler Fig. 40 sapwood usually about 2’ thick; largely manufactured into lumber in the northeastern states, Pennsylvania, and Virginia, and used for the flooring and construction of houses, for the sounding-boards of musical instruments, and in the manufacture of paper-pulp.
Distribution. Well-drained uplands and mountain slopes, often forming a large part of extensive forests, from Prince Edward Island and the valley of the St. Lawrence southward to the coast of Massachusetts, along the interior hilly part of New England, New York, and northern Pennsylvania and on the slopes of the Alleghany Mountains at elevations above 2500 feet from West Virginia to North Carolina and Tennessee.
Occasionally planted in the eastern states and in Europe as an ornamental tree, but growing in cultivation more slowly than any other Spruce-tree.
8. Picea glauca Voss. White Spruce. Picea canadensis B.S. P.
Leaves crowded on the upper side of the branches by the twisting of those on the lower side, incurved, acute or acuminate with rigid callous tips, pale blue and hoary when they first appear, becoming dark blue-green or pale blue, marked on each of the 4 sides by 3 or 4 rows of stomata, 3’-3’ long. Flowers: male pale red, soon appearing yellow from the thick covering of pollen; female oblong-cylindric, with round nearly entire pale red or yellow-green scales, broader than long, and nearly orbicular denticulate bracts. Fruit nearly sessile or borne on short thin straight stems, oblong-cylindric, slender, slightly narrowed to the ends, rather obtuse at apex, usually about 2’ long, pale green sometimes tinged with red when fully grown, becoming at maturity pale brown and lus- trous, with nearly orbicular scales, rounded, truncate, and slightly emarginate, or rarely narrowed at apex, and very thin, flexible and elastic at maturity, usually deciduous in the autumn or during the following winter; seeds about 3’ long, pale brown, with narrow wings gradually widened from the base to above the middle and very oblique at the apex.
A tree, with disagreeable smelling foliage, rarely more than 60°—70° tall, with a trunk
38 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
not more than 2° in diameter, long comparatively: thick branches densely clothed with stout rigid laterals sweeping out in graceful upward curves, and forming a broad-based rather open pyramid often obtuse at the apex, stout glabrous branchlets orange-brown during their first au-
1 SSS tumn and _ winter,
= /" gradually growing UT)
darker grayish brown. Winter-buds broadly ovoid, obtuse, cov- ered by light chest- nut-brown scales with thin often reflexed ciliate margins. Bark +/-}’ thick, separat- ing irregularly into thin plate-like light gray scales more or less tinged with brown. Wood light, soft, not strong, straight- grained. light yellow, with hardly distinguishable sapwood; manufactured into lumber in the eastern provinces of Canada and in Alaska, and used in construction, for the interior finish of buildings, and for paper-pulp.
Distribution. Banks and borders of streams and lakes, ocean cliffs, and in the north the rocky slopes of low hills, from Labrador along the northern frontier of the forest nearly to the shores of the Arctic Sea, reaching Behring Strait in 66° 44’ north latitude, and south- ward down the Atlantic coast to southern Maine, northern New Hampshire, Vermont, and New York, shores of Saginaw Bay, Michigan, northern Wisconsin and Minnesota, and through the interior of Alaska.
The variety (var. albertiana Sarg.) of the Gaspé Peninsula and the valleys of the Black Hills of South Dakota and of the Rocky Mountains of northern Wyoming, Montana, Alberta and northward, is a tree with a narrow pyramidal head, sometimes 150° high, with a trunk 8° to 4° in diameter, and shorter and rather broader cones than those of the typical White Spruce of the east, although not shorter or as short as the cones of that tree in the extreme north.
Often planted in Canada, northern New England, and northern Europe as an orna- mental tree; in southern New England and southward suffering from heat and dryness.
4. Picea Engelmannii Engelm. White Spruce. Engelmann Spruce.
Leaves soft and flexible, with acute callous tips, slender, nearly straight or slightly in- curved on vigorous sterile branches, stouter, shorter, and more incurved on fertile branches, 1’-13’ long, marked on each face by 3-5 rows of stomata, covered at first with a glaucous bloom, soon becoming dark blue-green or pale steel-blue. Flowers: male dark purple; female bright scarlet, with pointed, or rounded and more or less divided scales, and oblong bracts rounded or acute or acuminate and denticulate at apex or obovate-oblong and abruptly acuminate. Fruit gblong-cylindric to ellipsoidal, gradually narrowed to the ends, usually about 2’ long, sessile or very short-stalked, produced in great numbers on the upper branches, horizontal and ultimately pendulous, light green somewhat tinged with scarlet when fully grown, becoming light chestnut-brown and lustrous, with thin flexible slightly concave scales, generally erose-dentate or rarely almost entire on the margins, usually broadest at the middle,wedge-shaped below, and gradually contracted above into a truncate or acute apex, or occasionally obovate and rounded above; mostly deciduous in the autumn or early in their first winter soon after the escape of the seeds; seeds obtuse
PINACE 39
at the base, nearly black, about }’ long and much shorter than their broad very oblique wings. -
A tree, with disagreeable smelling foliage sometimes 120° high, with a trunk 3° in diam- eter, spreading branches produced in regular whorls and forming a narrow compact pyram- idal head, gracefully hanging short lateral branches, and comparatively slender branch- lets pubescent for three or four years, light or dark orange-brown or gray tinged with brown during their first winter, their bark beginning to separate into small flaky scales in their fourth or fifth year; at its highest altitudes low and stunted with elongated branches pressed close to the ground. Winter-buds conic or slightly obtuse, with pale chestnut- brown scales scarious and often free and slightly reflexed on the margins. Bark 1/-2/ thick, light cinnamon-red, and broken into large thin loose scales. Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, pale yellow tinged with red, with thick hardly distinguishable sap- wood; largely manufactured into lumber used in the construction of buildings; also employed for fuel and charcoal. The bark is sometimes employed in tanning leather.
SF) We \\ Y, Y
Hj Y Vf
Distribution. High mountain slopes, often forming great forests from the mountains of Alberta, British Columbia and Alaska, southward over the interior mountain systems of the continent to southern New Mexico (the Sacramento Mountains) and northern Arizona, from elevations of 5000° at the north up to 11,500° and occasionally to 12,000° at the south, and westward through Montana and Idaho to the eastern slopes of the Cas- cade Mountains of Washington and Oregon; attaining its greatest size and beauty north of the northern boundary of the United States.
Occasionally planted as an ornamental tree in the New England states and northern Europe, where it grows vigorously and promises to attain a large size; usually injured in western Europe by spring frosts.
5. Picea pungens Engelm. Blue Spruce. Colorado Spruce. Picea Parryana Sarg.
Leaves strongly incurved, especially those on the upper side of the branches, stout, rigid, acuminate and tipped with long callous sharp points, 1’-13’ long on sterile branches, often not more than half as long on the fertile branches of old trees, marked on each side by 4-7 rows of stomata, dull bluish green on some individuals and light or dark steel-blue or silvery white on others, the blue colors gradually changing to dull blue-green at the end of three or four years. Flowers: male yellow tinged with red; female with broad oblong or slightly obovate pale green scales truncate or slightly emarginate at the denticulate apex, and acute bracts. Fruit produced on the upper third of the tree, sessile or short-stalked, oblong-
40 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
cylindric, slightly narrowed at the ends, usually about 3’ long, green more or less tinged with red when fully grown at midsummer, becoming pale chestnut-brown and lustrous, with flat tough rhombic scales flexuose on the margins, and acute, rounded or truncate at the elongated erose apex; seeds } long or about half the length of their wings, gradually widening to above the middle and full and rounded at apex.
A tree, usually 80°-100° or occasionally 150° high, with a trunk rarely 3° in diameter and occasionally divided into 3 or 4 stout secondary stems, rigid horizontal branches dis- posed on young trees in remote whorls and de- creasing regularly in length from below upward, the short stout stiff branchlets pointing forwardand mak- ing flat-topped masses of foliage; branches on old trees short and remote, with stout lateral branches forming a thin ragged py- ramidal crown; branch- lets stout, rigid, glabrous, pale glaucous green, be- coming bright orange- brown during the first win- ter and ultimately light grayish brown. Winter- buds stout, obtuse or rare- ly acute, 7’-3’ long, with thin pale chestnut-brown scales usually reflexed on the margins. Bark of young trees gray or gray tinged with cinnamon-red and broken into small oblong plate-like scales, becoming on the lower part of old trunks #’-13’ thick and deeply divided into broad rounded ridges covered with small closely appressed pale gray or occasionally bright cin- namon-red scales. Wood light, soft, close-grained, weak, pale brown or often nearly white, with hardly distinguishable sapwood.
Distribution. Banks of streams or on the first benches above them singly or in small groves at. elevations between 6500° and 11,000° above the sea; Colorado and eastern Utah northward to the northern end of the Medicine Bow Mountains and on the Laramie Range in southern and on the Shoshone and Teton Mountains in northwestern Wyoming, and southward into northern New Mexico (Sierra Blanca, alt. 8000°-11,000°, Sacramento Mountains, Pecos River National Forest).
Often planted as an ornamental tree in the eastern and northern states and in western and northern Europe, especially individuals with blue foliage; very beautiful in early life but in cultivation soon becoming unsightly from the loss of the lower branches.
SSS
rr FSS SS
6. Picea Breweriana S. Wats. Weeping Spruce.
Leaves abruptly narrowed and*obtuse at apex, straight or slightly incurved, rounded and obscurely ridged and dark green and lustrous on the lower surface, flattened and con~ spicuously marked on the upper surface by 4 or 5 rows of stomata on each side of the prominent midrib, 3’-13’ long, ~y’-;/y’ wide. Flowers: male dark purple; female oblong- cylindric, with obovate scales rounded above and reflexed on the entire margins, and ob- long bracts laciniately divided at their rounded or acute apex. Fruit ellipsoidal, gradually narrowed from the middle to the ends, acute at apex, rather oblique at base, suspended on straight slender stalks, deep rich purple or green more or less tinged with purple when fully grown, becoming light orange-brown, 2’-4’ long, with thin broadly ovate flat scales longer than broad, rounded at apex, opening late in the autumn after the escape of the
PINACE® 41
seeds, often becoming strongly reflexed and very flexible; usually remaining on the branches until their secend winter; seeds acute at base, full and rounded on the sides, 4’ long, dark brown, and about one quarter the length of their wings broadest toward the full and rounded apex.
A tree, usually 80°-100° high, with a trunk 2°-3° in diameter above the swelling of its enlarged and gradually tapering base, and furnished to the ground with crowded branches, those at the top of the tree short and slightly ascending, with comparatively short pendu- lous lateral branches, those lower on the tree horizontal or pendulous and clothed with slender flexible whip-like laterals often 7°-8° long and not more than } thick and furnished with numerous long thin lateral branchlets, their ultimate divisions slender, coated with fine pubescence persistent until their third season, bright red-brown during their first win- ter, gradually growing dark gray-brown. Winter-buds conic, light chestnut-brown, A
Fig. 44
long and 3’ thick. Bark 3/—?’ thick, broken into long thin closely appressed scales dull red-brown on the surface. Wood heavy, soft, close-grained, light brown or nearly white, with thick hardly distinguishable sapwood.
Distribution. Dry mountain ridges and peaks near the timber-line on both slopes of the Siskiyou Mountains on the boundary between California and Oregon, forming small groves at elevations of about 7000° above the sea; on a high peak west of Marble Mountain in Siskiyou County, California; on the coast ranges of southwestern Oregon at elevations of 4000°-5000°.
7. Picea sitchensis Carr. Tideland Spruce. Sitka Spruce.
Leaves standing out from all sides of the branches and often nearly at right angles to them, frequently bringing their white upper surface to view by a twist at their base, straight or slightly incurved, acute or acuminate with long callous tips, slightly rounded, green, lustrous, and occasionally marked on the lower surface with 2 or 3 rows of small conspicu- ous stomata on each side of the prominent midrib, flattened, obscurely ridged and almost covered with broad silvery white bands of numerous rows of stomata on the upper surface, 2/-1¥ long and 7,’-;4’ wide, mostly persistent 9-11 years. Flowers: male at the ends of the pendant lateral branchlets, dark red; female on rigid terminal shoots of the branches of the upper half of the tree, with nearly orbicular denticulate scales, often slightly truncate above and completely hidden by their elongated acuminate bracts. Fruit oblong-cylindric, short-stalked, yellow-green often tinged with dark red when fully grown, becoming lustrous and pale yellow or reddish brown, 23’—4’ long, with thin stiff elliptic scales rounded toward the apex, denticulate above the middle, and nearly twice as long as their lanceolate den-
42 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
ticulate bracts; deciduous mostly during their first, autumn and winter; seeds full and rounded, acute at the base, pale reddish brown, about 4’ long, with narrow oblong slightly oblique wings 3/—3’ in length.
A tree, usually about 100° high, with a conspicuously tapering trunk often 3°-4° in diameter above its strongly buttressed and much-enlarged base, occasionally 200° tall, with a trunk 15°-16° in diameter, horizontal branches forming an open loose pyramid and
on older trees clothed SSS SSS SSS with slender pendant la- SS SS SSS teral branches frequent- LIK SCZ ly 2°-3° long, and stout iff A rigid glabrous branch- lets pale green at first, becoming dark or light orange-brown during their first autumn and winter and finally dark gray-brown; at the ex- treme northwestern lim- its of its range occa- sionally reduced to a low shrub. Winter-buds ovoid, acute or conical, +/-3’ long, with pale chestnut-brown acute 3 scales, often tipped with short points and more or less reflexed above the middle. Bark }’-3’ thick and broken on the surface into large thin loosely attached dark red-brown or on young trees some- times bright cimnamon-red scales. Wood light, soft, not strong, straight-grained, light brown tinged with red, with thick nearly white sapwood; largely manufactured into lum- ber used in the interior finish of buildings, for fencing, boat-building, aeroplanes, cooper- age, wooden-ware, and packing-cases.
Distribution. Moist sandy, often swampy soil, or less frequently at the far north on wet rocky slopes, from the eastern end of Kadiak Island, southward through the coast region of Alaska, British Columbia, Washington, and Oregon to Mendocino County, California; in Washington, occasionally ranging inland to the upper valley of the Nesqually River. :
Often planted in western and central Europe and occasionally in the middle Atlantic states as an ornamental tree.
4. TSUGA Carr. Hemlock.
Tall pyramidal trees, with deeply furrowed astringent bark bright cinnamon-red except on the surface, soft pale wood, nodding leading shoots, slender scattered horizontal often pendulous branches, the secondary branches three or four times irregularly pinnately rami- fied, with slender round glabrous or pubescent ultimate divisions, the whole forming grace- ful pendant masses of foliage, and minute winter-buds. Leaves flat or angular, obtuse and often emarginate or acute at apex, spirally disposed, usually appearing almost 2- ranked by the twisting of theif petioles, those on the upper side of the branch then much shorter than the others, abruptly narrowed into short petioles jointed on ultimately woody persistent bases, with stomata on the lower surface; on one species not 2-ranked, and of nearly equal length, with stomata on both surfaces. Flowers solitary, the male in the axils of leaves of the previous year, globose, composed of numerous subglobose anthers, with connectives produced into short gland-like tips, the female terminal, erect, with nearly circular scales slightly longer or shorter than their membranaceous bracts. Fruit
PINACE 43
an ovoid-oblong, oval, or oblong-cylindric obtuse usually pendulous nearly sessile green or rarely purple cone becoming light or dark reddish brown, with concave suborbicular or ovate-oblong scales thin and entire on the margins, much longer than their minute bracts, persistent on the axis of the cone after the escape of the seeds. Seeds furnished with resin- vesicles, ovoid-oblong, compressed, nearly surrounded by their much longer obovate- oblong wings; outer seed-coat crustaceous, light brown, the inner membranaceous, pale chestnut-brown, and lustrous; cotyledons 3-6, much shorter than the inferior radicle.
Tsuga is confined to temperate North America, Japan, central and southwestern China, Formosa, and the Himalayas; nine species have been distinguished.
Tsuga is the Japanese name of the Hemlock-tree.
CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES.
Leaves flat, obtuse or emarginate at apex, with stomata only on the lower surface; cones ovoid, oblong or oblong-ovoid. Cones stalked. Cone-scales broad-obovate, about as wide as long, their bracts broad and truncate. 1. T. canadensis (A). Cone-scales narrow-oval, much longer than wide, their bracts obtusely pointed. 9. T. caroliniana (A). Cones sessile; cone-scales oval, often abruptly contracted near the middle, their bracts gradually narrowed to an obtuse point. 3. T. heterophylla (B, F, G). Leaves convex or keeled above, bluntly pointed, with stomata on both surfaces; cones ob- long-cylindric, their scales oblong-obovate, longer than broad, much longer than their acuminate short-pointed bracts. 4. T. Mertensiana (B, F, G).
1. Tsuga canadensis Carr. Hemlock. Leaves, rounded and rarely emarginate at apex, dark yellow-green, lustrous and ob- scurely grooved especially toward the base on the upper surface, marked on the lower sur- face by 5 or 6 rows of stomata on each side of the low broad midrib, 3’/—2’ long, about +,’
xs P SS Ais WK“. =F GY. SS G3 ZI ZUG X
——
ZA Fi = il] TD IN
S55 EAN GX D> Zs =F HiAN (So AN Fig. 46
wide, deciduous in their third season from dark orange-colored persistent bases. Flowers: male light yellow; female pale. green, with broad bracts coarsely laciniate on the margins and shorter than their scales. Fruit on slender puberulous stalks often ¢’ long, ovoid, acute, 4/—3’ long, with broad-obovate scales almost as wide as long, and broad truncate
bracts slightly laciniate on the margins, opening and gradually losing their seeds during
4A TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
the winter and mostly persistent on the branches ‘until the following spring; seeds 7,’ long, usually with 2 or 3 large oil-vesicles, nearly half as long as their wings broad at the base and gradually tapering to the rounded apex.
A tree, usually 60°-70°, and occasionally 100° high, with.a trunk 2°-4° in diameter, gradually and conspicuously tapering toward the apex, long slender horizontal or pendu- lous branches, persistent until overshadowed by other trees, and forming a broad-based rather obtuse pyramid, and slender light yellow-brown pubescent branchlets, growing darker during their first winter and glabrous and dark red-brown tinged with purple in their third season. Winter-buds obtuse, light chestnut-brown, slightly puberulous, about qs long. Bark }/—?’ thick, deeply divided into narrow rounded ridges covered with thick closely appressed scales varying from cinnamon-red to gray more or less tinged with purple. Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, coarse-grained, difficult to work, liable to wind-shake and splinter, not durable when exposed to the air, light brown tinged with red, with thin somewhat darker sapwood; largely manufactured into coarse lumber employed for the out- side finish of buildings. The astringent inner bark affords the largest part of the material used in the northeastern states and Canada in tanning leather. From the young branches oil of hemlock is distilled.
Distribution. Scattered through upland forests and often covering the northern slopes of rocky ridges and the steep rocky banks of narrow river-gorges from Nova Scotia to eastern Minnesota (Carleton County), and southward through the northern states to New- castle County, Delaware, cliffs of Tuckahoe Creek, Queen Anne’s County, Maryland, southern Michigan, southern Indiana (bank of Back Creek near Leesville, Laurence County), southwestern Wisconsin, and along the Appalachian Mountains to northern Georgia, and in northern Alabama; most abundant and frequently an important element of the forest in New England, northern New York, and western Pennsylvania; attaining its largest size near streams on the slopes of the high mountains of North Carolina and Tennessee.
Largely cultivated with numerous seminal varieties as an ornamental tree in the northern states, and in western and central Europe.
2. Tsuga caroliniana Engelm. Hemlock. Leaves retuse or often emarginate at apex, dark green, lustrous and conspicuously grooved on the upper surface, marked on the lower surface by a band of 7 or 8 rows of stomata oneach side of
a the midrib, 3/—2’ long, BSE. about 3,’ wide, decidu- [ST ous from the orange-
| BSE, d ing thei I\’—=<$="-EBfb DS red bases during their
Ly Wi 27 Z fifth year. Flowers:
male tinged with pur- ple; female purple, with broadly ovate bracts, scarious and erose on the margins and about as long as their scales. Fruit on short stout stalks, ob- long, 1’-13’ long, with narrow-oval scales gradually narrowed and rounded at apex, rather abruptly con- tracted at base into distinct stipes, thin, concave, puberulous on the outer surface, twice as long as their broad pale bracts, spreading nearly at right angles to the axis of the cone
PINACE 45
at maturity, their bracts rather longer than wide, wedge-shaped, pale, nearly truncate or slightly pointed at the broad apex; seeds }’ long, with numerous small oil-vesicles on the lower side, and one quarter as long as the pale lustrous wings broad or narrow at the base and narrowed to the rounded apex.
A tree, usually 40°-50°, or occasionally 70° high, with a trunk rarely exceeding 2° in diameter, short stout often pendulous branches forming a handsome compact pyramidal head, and slender light orange-brown pubescent branchlets, usually becoming glabrous and dull brown more or less tinged with orange during their third year. Winter-buds obtuse, dark chestnut-brown, pubescent, nearly 3’ long. Bark of the trunk $/-1}' thick, red-brown, and deeply divided into broad flat connected ridges covered with thin closely appressed plate-like scales. Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, coarse-grained, pale brown tinged with red, with thin nearly white sapwood.
Distribution. Rocky banks of streams usually at elevations between 2500° and 4000° on the Blue Ridge from southwestern Virginia to northern Georgia, generally singly or in small scattered groves of a few individuals.
Occasionally planted as an ornamental tree in the northern states, and in western Europe.
3. Tsuga heterophylla Sarg. Hemlock.
Leaves rounded at apex, conspicuously grooved, dark green and very lustrous on the upper surface, marked beiow by broad white bands of 7-9 rows of stomata, abruptly contracted at the base into slender petioles, 3’—3’ long and +,/-;1,’ wide, mostly persistent
LLZzLZESS
Gs XO Vie
Fig, 48
4-7 years. Flowers: male yellow; female purple and puberulous, with broad bracts grad- ually narrowed to an obtuse point and shorter than their broadly ovate slightly scarious scales. Fruit oblong-ovoid, acute, sessile, #’-1’ long, with slightly puberulous oval scales, often abruptly narrowed near the middle, and dark purple puberulous bracts rounded and abruptly contracted at apex; seeds 3’ long, furnished with occasional oil-vesicles, one third to one half as long as their narrow wings.
A tree, frequently 200° high, with a tall trunk 6°-10° in diameter, and short slender usually pendulous branches forming a narrow pyramidal head, and slender pale yellow- brown branchlets ultimately becoming dark reddish brown, coated at first with long pale hairs, and pubescent or puberulous for five or six years. Winter-buds ovoid, bright chestnut-brown, about 7,’ long. Bark on young trunks thin, dark orange-brown, and
46 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
separated by shallow fissures into narrow flat plates broken into delicate scales, becoming on fully grown trees 1’-1}’ thick and deeply divided into broad flat connected ridges cov- ered with closely appressed brown scales more or less tinged with cinnamon-red. Wood light, hard and tough, pale brown tinged with yellow, with thin nearly white sapwood; stronger and more durable than the wood of the other American hemlocks; now largely manufactured into lumber used principally in the construction of buildings. The bark is used in large quantities in tanning leather; from the inner bark the Indians of Alaska obtain one of their principal articles of vegetable food.
Distribution. Southeastern Alaska, southward near the coast to southern Mendocino County, California, extending eastward over the mountains of southern British Columbia, northern Washington, Idaho and Montana, to the western slopes of the continental divide, and through Oregon to the western slopes of the Cascade Mountains, sometimes ascend- ing in the interior to elevations of 6000° above the sea; most abundant and of its largest size on the coast of Washington and Oregon; often forming a large part of the forests of the northwest coast.
Frequently planted as an ornamental tree in temperate Europe.
4. Tsuga Mertensiana Sarg. Mountain Hemlock. Black Hemlock.
Leaves standing out from all sides of the branch, remote on leading shoots and crowded on short lateral branchlets, rounded and occasionally obscurely grooved or on young plants sometimes conspicuously grooved on the upper surface, rounded and slightly ribbed
on the lower surface, bluntly pointed, often more or less curved, stomatiferous above and below, with about 8 rows of stomata on each surface, light bluish green or on some indi- viduals pale blue, 3’-1’ long, about ;4,’ wide, abruptly narrowed into nearly straight or slightly twisted petioles articulate on bases as long or rather longer than the petioles; irregularly deciduous during their third and fourth years. Flowers: male borne on slender pubescent drooping stems, violet-purple; female erect, with delicate lustrous dark purple or yellow-green bracts gradually narrowed above into slender often slightly reflexed tips and much longer than their s¢ales. Fruit sessile, oblong-cylindric, narrowed toward the blunt apex and somewhat toward the base, erect until more than half grown, pendulous or rarely erect at maturity, §/-3’ long, with thin delicate oblong-obovate scales gradually contracted from above the middle to the wedge-shaped base, rounded at the slightly thickened more or less erose margins, puberulous on the outer surface, usually bright bluish purple or occasionally pale yellow-green, four or five times as long as their short- pointed dark purple or brown bracts; seeds light brown, 2’ long, often marked on the
PINACES 47
surface next their scales with 1 or 2 large resin-vesicles, with wings nearly 2’ long, broadest above the middle, gradually narrowed below, slightly or not at all oblique at the rounded apex.
A tree, usually 70°—-100° but occasionally 150° high, with a slightly tapering trunk 4°-5° in diameter, gracefully pendant slender branches furnished with drooping frond-like lateral branches, their ultimate divisions erect and forming an open pyramid surmounted by the long drooping leading shoot, and thin flexible or sometimes stout rigid branchlets light reddish brown and covered for two or three years with short pale dense pubescence, becom- ing grayish brown and very scaly. Winter-buds acute, about 3’ long, the scales of the outer ranks furnished on the back with conspicuous midribs produced into slender decidu- ous awl-like tips. Bark 1’—14’ thick, deeply divided into connected rounded ridges broken into thin closely appressed dark cinnamon scales shaded with blue or purple. Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, pale brown or red, with thin nearly white sap-wood; occa~ sionally manufactured into lumber.
Distribution. Exposed ridges and slopes at high altitudes along the upper border of the forest from southeastern Alaska, southward over the mountain ranges of British Co- lumbia to the Olympic Mountains of Washington, and eastward to the western slopes of the Selkirk Mountains in the interior of southern British Columbia, and along the Bitter Root Mountains to the headwaters of the Clearwater River, Idaho; along the Cascade Mountains of Washington and Oregon, on the mountain ranges of northern California, and along the high Sierra Nevada to the cafion of the south fork of King’s River, Cali- fornia; in Alaska occasionally descending to the sea-level, and toward the southern limits of its range often ascending to elevations of 10,000°.
Often planted as an ornamental tree in western and central Europe, and rarely in the eastern United States.
5. PSEUDOTSUGA Carr.
Pyramidal trees, with thick deeply furrowed bark, hard strong wood, with spirally marked wood-cells, slender usually horizontal irregularly whorled branches clothed with slender spreading lateral branches forming broat flat-topped masses of foliage, ovoid acute leaf-buds, the lateral buds in the axils of upper leaves, their inner scales accrescent and marking the branchlets with ring-like scars. Leaves petiolate, linear, flat, rounded and obtuse or acuminate at apex, straight or incurved, grooved on the upper side, marked on the lower side by numerous rows of stomata on each side of the prominent midrib, spreading nearly at right angles with the branch. Flowers solitary, the male axillary, scattered along the branches, oblong-cylindric, with numerous globose anthers, their con- nectives terminating in short spurs, the female terminal or in the axils of upper leaves, composed of spirally arranged ovate rounded scales much shorter than their acutely 2-lobed bracts, with midribs produced into elongated slender tips. Fruit an ovoid-oblong acute pendulous cone maturing in one season, with rounded concave rigid scales persistent on the axis of the cone after the escape of the seeds, and becoming dark red-brown, much shorter than the 2-lobed bracts with midribs ending in rigid woody linear awns, those at the base of the cone without scales and becoming linear-lanceolate by the gradual suppression of their lobes. Seeds nearly triangular, full, rounded and dark-colored on the upper side and pale on the lower side, shorter than their oblong wings infolding the upper side of the seeds in a dark covering; outer seed-coat thick and crustaceous, the inner thin and mem- branaceous; cotyledons 6-12, much shorter than the inferior radicle.
Pseudotsuga is confined to western North America, southern Japan, southwestern China and Formosa. Four species are recognized.
Pseudotsuga, a barbarous combination of a Greek with a Japanese word, indicates the relation of these trees with the Hemlocks.
48 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES.
Leaves usually rounded and obtuse at apex, dark yellow-green or rarely blue-green; cones 2/-43/ long, their bracts much exserted. 1. P. taxifolia (B, E, F, G, H).
Leaves acuminate at apex, bluish gray; cones 4’-64’ long, their bracts slightly exserted. 2. P. macrocarpa (G).
1. Pseudotsuga taxifolia Britt. Douglas Spruce. Red Fir. Pseudotsuga mucronata Sudw. Leaves straight or rarely slightly incurved, rounded and obtuse at apex, or acute on leading shoots, 3/-1%’ long, 4;’-1,’ wide, dark yellow-green or rarely light or dark bluish green, occasionally persistent until their sixteenth year. Flowers: male orange-red; fe-
ATs go ALAN
aR lh
7 7 175 4
male with slender elongated bracts deeply tinged with red. Fruit pendant on long stout stems, 4’-63’ long, with thin slightly concave scales rounded and occasionally somewhat elongated at apex, usually rather longer than broad, when fully grown at midsummer slightly puberulous, dark blue-green below, purplish toward the apex, bright red on the closely appressed margins, and pale green bracts becoming slightly reflexed above the middle, 4/—-}’ wide, often extending }’ beyond the scales; seeds light reddish brown and lustrous above, pale and marked below with large irregular white spots, 3’ long, nearly 2’ wide, almost as long as their dark brown wings broadest just below the middle, oblique above and rounded at the apex.
A tree, often 200° high, with a trunk 3°-4° in diameter, frequently taller, with a trunk 10°-12° in diameter, but in the dry interior of the continent rarely more than 80°-100° high, with a trunk hardly exceeding 2°-3° in diameter, slender crowded branches densely clothed with long pendulous lateral branches, forming while the tree is young an open pyramid, soon deciduous from trees crowded in the forest, often leaving the trunk naked for two thirds of its length and,surmounted by a comparatively small narrow head some- times becoming flap-topped by' the lengthening of the upper branches, and slender branch- lets pubescent for three or four years, pale orange color and lustrous during their first season, becoming bright reddish brown and ultimately dark gray-brown. Winter-buds ovoid, acute, the terminal bud often }’ long and nearly twice as large as the lateral buds. Bark on young trees smooth, thin, rather lustrous, dark gray-brown, usually becoming on old trunks 10’-12’ thick, and divided into oblong plates broken into great broad rounded and irregularly connected ridges separating on the surface into small thick closely ap-
PINACE® 49
pressed dark red-brown scales. Wood light, red or yellow, with nearly white sapwood; very variable in density, quality, and in the thickness of the sapwood; largely manu- factured into lumber in British Columbia, western Washington and Oregon, and used for all kinds of construction, fuel, railway-ties, and piles; known commercially as “Oregon pine.” The bark is sometimes used in tanning leather.
Distribution. From about latitude 55° north in the Rocky Mountains and from the head of the Skeena River in the coast range, southward through all the Rocky Mountain system to the mountains of western Texas, southern New Mexico and Arizona, and of northern Mexico, and from the Big Horn and Laramie Ranges in Wyoming and from eastern base of the Rocky Mountains of Colorado to the Pacific coast, but absent from the arid mountains in the great basin between the Wahsatch and the Sierra Nevada ranges and from the mountains of southern California; most abundant and of its largest size near the sea-level in the coast region of southern British Columbia and of Washington and Oregon, and on the western foothills of the Cascade Mountains; ascending on the California Sierras to elevations of 5500°, and on the mountains of Colorado to between 6000° and 11,000°, above the sea.
Often planted for timber and ornament in temperate Europe, and for ornament in the eastern and northern states, where only the form from the interior of the continent flourishes. (P. glauca Mayr.)
2. Pseudotsuga macrocarpa Mayr. Hemlock. Leaves acute or acuminate, terminating in slender rigid callous tips, apparently 2- ranked by the conspicuous twist of their petioles, incurved above the middle, #’-1%' long, about +,’ wide, dark bluish gray. Flowers: male pale yellow, inclosed for half their length
Fig. 51
in conspicuous involucres of the lustrous bud-scales; female with pale green bracts tinged with red. Fruit produced on the upper branches and occasionally on those down to the middle of the tree, short-stalked, with scales near the middle of the cone 13’-2’ across, stiff, thick, concave, rather broader than long, rounded above, abruptly wedge-shaped at the base, puberulous on the outer surface, often nearly as long as their comparatively short and narrow bracts with broad midribs produced into short flattened flexible tips; seeds full and rounded on both sides, rugose, dark chestnut-brown or nearly black and lustrous above, pale reddish brown below, 3’ long, 3’ wide, with a thick brittle outer coat, and wings broad- est near the middle, about 3/’long, nearly +’ wide, and rounded at the apex.
A tree, usually 40°-50° and rarely 90° high, with a trunk 3°-4° in diijmeter, remote elon- gated branches pendulous below, furnished with short stout pendant or often erect laterals forming an open broad-based symmetrical pyramidal head, slender branchlets dark reddish
50 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
brown and pubescent during their first year, becoming glabrous and dark or light oranges brown and ultimately gray-brown. Winter buds ovoid, acute, usually not more than }/ long, often nearly as broad aslong. Bark 3’-6’ thick, dark reddish brown, deeply divided into broad rounded ridges covered with thick closely appressed scales. Wood heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, not durable; occasionally manufactured into lumber; largely used for fuel.
Distribution. Steep rocky mountain slopes in southern California at elevations of 3000°-5000° above the sea, often forming open groves of considerable extent, from the Santa Inez Mountains in Santa Barbara County to the Cuyamaca Mountains.
6. ABIES Link. Fir.
Tall pyramidal trees, with bark containing numerous resin-vesicles, smooth, pale, and thin on young trees, often thick and deeply furrowed in old age, pale and usually brittle wood, slender horizontal wide-spreading branches in regular remote 4 or 5-branched whorls, clothed with twice or thrice forked lateral branches forming flat-topped masses of foliage gradually narrowed from the base to the apex of the branch, the ultimate divisions stout, glabrous or pubescent, and small subglobose or ovoid winter branch-buds usually thickly covered with resin, or in one species large and acute, with thin loosely imbricated scales. Leaves linear, sessile, on young plants and on lower sterile branches flattened and mostly grooved on the upper side, or in one species 4-sided, rounded and usually emarginate at apex, appearing 2-ranked by a twist near their base or occasionally spreading from all sides of the branch, only rarely stomatiferous above, on upper fertile branches and leading shoots usually crowded, more or less erect, often incurved or falcate, thick, convex on the upper side, or quadrangular in some species and then obtuse, or acute at apex and fre- quently stomatiferous on all sides; persistent usually for eight or ten years, in falling leaving small circular scars. Flowers axillary, from buds formed the previous season on branchlets of the year, surrounded at the base by conspicuous involucres of enlarged bud- scales, the male very abundant on the lower side of branches above the middle of the tree, oval or oblong-cylindric with yellow or scarlet anthers surmounted by short knob-like pro- jections, the female usually on the upper side only of the topmost branches, or in some species scattered also over the upper half of the tree, erect, globose, ovoid or oblong, their scales imbricated in many series, obovate, rounded above, cuneate below, much shorter than their acute or dilated mucronate bracts. Fruit an erect ovoid or oblong-cylindric cone, its scales closely imbricated, thin, incurved at the broad apex and generally narrowed below into long stipes, decreasing in size and sterile toward the ends of the cone, falling at maturity with their bracts and seeds from the stout tapering axis of the cone long-per- sistent on the branch. Seeds furnished with large conspicuous resin-vesicles, ovoid or oblong, acute at base, covered on the upper side and infolded below on the lower side by the base of their thin wing abruptly enlarged at the oblique apex; seed-coat thin, of 2 layers, the outer thick, coriaceous, the inner membranaceous; cotyledons 4-10, much shorter than the inferior radicle.
Abies is widely distributed in the New World from Labrador and the valley of the Atha- basca River to the mountains of North Carolina, and from Alaska through the Pacific and Rocky Mountain regions to the highlands of Guatemala, and in the Old World from Si- beria and the mountains of cential Europe to southern Japan, central China, Formosa, the Himalayas, Asia Minor, and the highlands of northern Africa. Thirty-three species are now recognized. Several exotic species are cultivated in the northern and eastern states; of these the best known and most successful as ornamental trees are Abies Nord- manniana, Spach, of the Caucasus, Abies cilicica Carr., of Asia Minor, Abies cephalonica Loud., a native of Cephalonia, Abies Veitchii Lindl., and Abies homolepis S. & Z., of Japan, and Abies. pinsapo} Boiss., of the Spanish Sierra Nevada.
Abies is the classical name of the Fir-tree.
PINACE® 51
CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES.
Winter-buds subglobose, with closely imbricated scales. '
Leaves flat and grooved above, with stomata on the lower surface (in Nos.3 and 5, also on the upper surface), rounded and often notched, or on fertile branches frequently acute at apex.
Leaves on sterile branches spreading, not crowded. Cones purple. Leaves dark green and lustrous above, pale below. Bracts of the cone-scales much longer than their scales, reflexed. 1. A. Fraseri (A). Bracts of the cone-scales shorter or rarely slightly longer than their scales. 2. A. balsamea (A). Leaves pale blue-green, stomatose above. 3. A. lasiocarpa (B, F, G). Cones green (green, yellow, and purple in No. 5). Leaves dark green and lustrous above, pale below. 4. A. grandis (B, G). Leaves pale blue or glaucous, often stomatose above on the upper surface. 5. A. concolor (F, G, H). Leaves on sterile branches pointing forward, densely crowded, dark green and lus- trous above, pale below. 6. A. amabilis (B, G).
Leaves often 4-sided, with stomata on all surfaces, blue-green, usually glaucous,
bluntly pointed or acute, incurved and crowded on fertile branches; cones purple. Leaves of sterile branches flattened and distinctly grooved above; bracts of the cone-scales rounded and fimbriate above, long-pointed, incurved, light green, much longer than and covering their scales. 7. A. nobilis (G). Leaves of sterile branches 4-sided; bracts of the cone-scales acute or acuminate
or rounded above, with slender tips shorter or longer than their scales. 8. A. magnifica (G). Winter-buds acuminate, with loosely imbricated scales; bracts of the cone-scales pro- duced into elongated ridged flat tips many times longer than the obtusely pointed scales; leaves acuminate, dark yellow-green above, white below, similar on sterile and fertile branches. 9. A. venusta (G).
1. Abies Fraseri Poir., Balsam Fir. She Balsam.
Leaves obtusely short-pointed or occasionally slightly emarginate at apex, dark green and lustrous on the upper surface, marked on the lower surface by wide bands of 8-12
Mirae, MUU
52 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
rows of stomata, 3’ to nearly 1’ long, about 7,’ wide. Flowers: male yellow tinged with red; female with scales rounded above, much broader than long and shorter than their oblong pale yellow-green bracts rounded at the broad apex terminating in a slender elongated tip. Fruit oblong-ovoid or nearly oval, rounded at the somewhat narrowed apex, dark purple, puberulous, about 23’ long, with scales twice as wide as long, at maturity nearly half covered by their pale yellow-green reflexed bracts; seeds 4’ long, with dark lustrous wings much expanded and very oblique at apex.
A tree, usually 30°-40° and rarely 70° high, with a trunk occasionally 24° in diameter, and rather rigid branches forming an open symmetrical pyramid and often disappearing early from the lower part of the trunk, and stout branchlets pubescent for three or four years, pale yellow-brown during their first season, becoming dark reddish brown often tinged with purple, and obtuse orange-brown winter-buds. Bark 4/-+’ thick, covered with thin closely appressed bright cinnamon-red scales, generally becoming gray on old trees. Wood light, soft, not strong, coarse-grained, pale brown, with nearly white sapwood; occasionally manufactured into lumber. v
Distribution. Appalachian Mountains; Cheat Mountain, near Cheat Bridge, Randolph County, West Virginia, and from southwestern Virginia to western North Carolina and eastern Tennessee, often forming forests of considerable extent at elevations between 4000° and 6000° above the sea-level.
Occasionally planted in the parks and gardens of the northern states and of Europe, but short-lived in cultivation and of little value as an ornamental tree.
2. Abies balsamea Mill. Balsam Fir. Leaves dark green and lustrous on the upper surface, silvery white on the lower surface, with bands of 4-8 rows of stomata, 3’ long on cone-bearing branches to 1} long on the sterile branches of young trees, straight, acute or acuminate, with short or elongated rigid
Fig. 53
callous tips, spreading at nearly right angles to the branch on young trees and sterile branches, on the upper branches of older trees often broadest above the middle, rounded or obtusely short-pointed at apex, occasionally emarginate on branches at the top of the tree. Flowers: male yellow, Anore or less deeply tinged with reddish purple; female with nearly orbicular purple scales much shorter than their oblong-obovate serrulate pale yellow-green bracts emarginate with a broad apex abruptly contracted into a long slender recurved tip. Fruit oblong-cylindric, gradually narrowed to the rounded apex, puberu- lous, dark rich purple, 2’-4’ long, with scales usually longer than broad, generally almost twice as long; rarely not as long as their bracts, (var. phanerolepis Fern.); seeds about 2’ long and rather shorter than their light brown wings.
PINACEAD 53
A tree, 50°-60° high, with a trunk usually 12’—-18’, or rarely 30’ in diameter, spreading branches forming a handsome symmetrical slender pyramid, the lower branches soon dying from trees crowded in the forest, and slender branchlets pale yellow-green and coated with fine pubescence at first, becoming light gray tinged with red, and often when four or five years old with purple. Winter-buds nearly globose, 4/-%’ in diameter, with lustrous dark orange-green scales. Bark on old trees often 3’ thick, rich brown, much broken on the surface into small plates covered with scales. Wood light, soft, not strong, coarse-grained, perishable, pale brown streaked with yellow, with thick lighter colored sapwood; occasion- ally made into lumber principally used for packing-cases. From the bark of this tree oil of fir used in the arts and in medicine is obtained.
Distribution. From the interior of the Labrador peninsula westward to the shores of Lesser Slave Lake, southward through Newfoundland, the maritime provinces of Canada, Quebec and Ontario, northern New England, northern New York, northern Michigan to the shores of Saginaw Bay, and northern Minnesota and northeastern Iowa, and along the Appalachian Mountains from western Massachusetts and the Catskills of New York to the high mountains of southwestern Virginia; common and often forming a considerable part of the forest on low swampy ground; on well-drained hillsides some- times singly in forests of spruce or forming small almost impenetrable thickets; in northern Wisconsin and vicinity occurs a form with longer and more crowded leaves and larger cones (var. macrocarpa Kent); near the timber-line on the mountains of New England and New York reduced to a low almost prostrate shrub.
Sometimes planted in the northern states in the neighborhood of farmhouses, but usually short-lived and of little value as an ornamental tree in cultivation; formerly but now rarely cultivated in European plantations; a dwarf form (var. hudsonia Sarg.) growing only a few inches high and spreading into broad nests is often cultivated.
3. Abies lasiocarpa Nutt. Balsam Fir.
Leaves marked on the upper surface but generally only above the middle with 4 or 5 rows of stomata on each side of the conspicuous midrib and on the lower surface by 2 broad bands each of 7 or 8 rows, crowded, nearly erect by the twist at their base, on lower branches 1/-12’ long, about 72’ wide, and rounded and occasionally emarginate at apex, on upper branches somewhat thickened, usually acute, generally not more than % long, on leading shoots flattened, closely appressed, with long slender rigid points. Flowers: male dark indigo-blue, turning violet when nearly ready to open; female with dark violet- purple obovate scales much shorter than their strongly reflexed bracts contracted into slender tips. Fruit oblong-cylindric, rounded, truncate or depressed at the narrowed apex, dark purple, puberulous, 23’—4’ long, with scales gradually narrowed from the broad rounded or nearly truncate apex to the base, usually longer than broad, about three times as long as their oblong-obovate red-brown bracts laciniately cut on the margins, rounded, emarginate and abruptly contracted at the apex into long slender tips; seeds 7’ long, with dark lustrous wings covering nearly the entire surface of the scales.
A tree, usually 80°-100°, occasionally 175°, or southward rarely more than 50° high, with a trunk 2°-5° in diameter, short crowded tough branches, usually slightly pendulous near the base of the tree, generally clothing the trunks of the oldest trees nearly to their base and forming dense spire-like slender heads, and comparatively stout branchlets coated for three or four years with fine rufous pubescence, or rarely glabrous before the end of their first season, pale orange-brown, ultimately gray or silvery white. Winter-buds sub- globose, }/-1’ thick, covered with light orange-brown scales. Bark becoming on old trees 3/-11' thick, divided by shallow fissures and roughened by thick closely appressed cinnamon-red scales; on the San Francisco Mountains, Arizona, thicker and spongy (var. arizonica Lem.). Wood light,,soft, not strong, pale brown or nearly white, with light- colored sapwood; little used except for fuel. ;
Distribution. High mountain slopes and summits from about latitude 61° in Alaska, southward along the coast ranges to the Olympic Mountains of Washington, over all the
54 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
high mountain ranges of British Columbia and Alberta, and southward along the Cas. cade Mountains of Washington and Oregon to the neighborhood of Crater Lake, over
the mountain ranges of eastern Washington and Oregon, and of Idaho, Wyoming, Colo- rado, and Utah to the San Francisco peaks of northern Arizona, and on the Sandia and Mogollon Mountains of New Mexico. This southern form is now often considered a species
as Abies arizonica Merr. Occasionally planted as an ornamental tree in the northern United States and in northern
Europe, but of little value in cultivation.
4. Abies grandis Lindl. White Fir. Leaves thin and flexible, deeply grooved very dark green and lustrous on upper sur- face, silvery white on lower surface, with two broad bands of 7-10 rows of stomata, on sterile branches remote, rounded and conspicuously emarginate at apex, 13’ —21' long, usu-
ally about a wide, spreading in two ranks nearly at right angles to the branch, on cone- bearing branches more crowded, usually 1/—12/ long, less spreading or nearly erect, blunt-
pointed or often notched at apex, on vigorous young trees }/—%’ long, acute or acumi-
PINACE 55
nate, usually persistent 4-10 years. Flowers: male pale yellow sometimes tinged with purple; female light yellow-green, with semiorbicular scales and short-oblong bracts emar- ginate and denticulate at the broad obcordate apex furnished with a short strongly re- flexed tip. Fruit cylindric, slightly narrowed to the rounded and sometimes retuse apex, puberulous, bright green, 2’—4’ long, with scales usually about two thirds as long as wide, gradually or abruptly narrowed from their broad apex and three or four times as long as their short pale green bracts; seeds 3 in length, light brown, with pale lustrous wings 2’—s’ long and nearly as broad as their abruptly widened rounded apex.
A tree, in the neighborhood of the coast 250°-300° high, with a slightly tapering trunk often 4° in diameter, long somewhat pendulous branches sweeping out in graceful curves, and comparatively slender pale yellow-green puberulous branchlets becoming light reddish brown or orange-brown and glabrous in their second season; on the mountains of the in- terior rarely more than 100° tall, with a trunk usually about 2° in diameter, often smaller and much stunted at high elevations. Winter-buds subglobose, 3/1’ thick. Bark becom- ing sometimes 2’ thick at the base of old trees and gray-brown or reddish brown and divided by shallow fissures into low flat ridges broken into oblong plates roughened by thick closely appressed scales. Wood light, soft, coarse-grained, not strong nor durable, light brown, with thin lighter colored sapwood; occasionally manufactured into lumber in western Washington and Oregon and used for the interior finish of buildings, packing-cases, and wooden-ware.
Distribution. Northern part of Vancouver Island southward in the neighborhood of the coast to northern Sonoma County, California, and along the mountains of northern Washington and Idaho to the western slopes of the continental divide in northern Montana, and to the mountains of eastern Oregon; near the coast scattered on moist ground through forests of other conifers; common in Washington and northern Oregon from the sea up to elevations of 4000°; in the interior on moist slopes in the neighborhood of streams from 2500° up to 7000° above the sea; in California rarely ranging more than ten miles inland or ascending to altitudes of more than 1500° above the sea.
Occasionally planted in the parks and gardens of temperate Europe, where it grows rapidly and promises to attain a large size; rarely planted in the United States.
5. Abies concolor Lindl. & Gord. White Fir.
Leaves crowded, spreading in 2 ranks and more or less erect from the strong twist at their base, pale blue or glaucous, becoming dull green at the end of two or three years, with 2 broad bands of stomata on the lower, and more or less stomatiferous on the upper surface, on lower branches flat, straight, rounded, acute or acuminate at apex, 2/-3' long, about ts’ wide, on fertile branches and on old trees frequently thick, keeled above, usually fal- cate, acute or rarely notched at apex, ?/-1}’ long, often }’ wide. Flowers: male dark red or rose color; female with broad rounded scales, and oblong strongly reflexed obcordate bracts laciniate above the middle and abruptly contracted at apex into short points. Fruit oblong, slightly narrowed from near the middle to the ends, rounded or obtuse at apex, 3’—5’ long, puberulous, grayish green, dark purple or bright canary-yellow, with scales much broader than long, gradually and regularly narrowed from the rounded apex, rather more than twice as long as their emarginate or nearly truncate bracts broad at the apex and terminating in short slender tips; seeds 4/4’ long, acute at base, dark dull brown, with lustrous rose-colored wings widest near the middle and nearly truncate at apex.
A tree, on the California sierras 200°-250° high, with a trunk often 6° in diameter or in the interior of the continent rarely more than 125° tall, with a trunk seldom exceeding 3° in di- ameter, a narrow spire-like crown of short stout branches clothed with long lateral branches pointing forward and forming great frond-like masses of foliage, and glabrous lustrous com- paratively stout branchlets dark orange color during their first season, becoming light grayish green or pale reddish brown, and ultimately gray or grayish brown. Winter-buds subglobose, 3#’-1’ thick. Bark becoming on old trunks sometimes 5’-6’ thick near the ground and deeply divided into broad rounded ridges broken on the surface into irregularly
56 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
shaped plate-like scales. Wood very light, soft, coarse-grained and not strong nor durable, pale brown or sometimes nearly white; occasionally manufactured into lumber, in northern California used for packing-cases and butter-tubs. é Distribution. Rocky Mountains of southern Colorado, westward to the mountain ranges of California, extending northward into northern Oregon, and southward over
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the mountains of New Mexico and Arizona into northern Mexico and Lower California (Mt. San Pedro MA4rtir Mountains); the only Fir-tree in the arid regions of the Great Basin, of southern New Mexico and Arizona, and of the mountain forests of southern California. Often planted as an ornamental tree in Europe (the California form usually as A. Lowiana Murr.) and in the eastern states where it grows more vigorously than other Fir- trees. 6. Abies amabilis Forbes. White Fir.
Leaves deeply grooved, very dark green and lustrous on the upper surface, silvery white on the lower, with broad bands of 6 or 8 rows of stomata between the prominent midribs and incurved margins, on sterile branches obtuse and rounded, or notched or occasionally acute at apex, 3/11’ long, ;4,’-7,’ wide, often broadest above the middle, erect by a twist at their base, very crowded, those on the upper side of the branch much shorter than those on the lower and usually parallel with and closely appressed against it, on fertile branches acute or acuminate with callous tips, occasionally stomatiferous on the upper surface near the apex, 3’—3’ long; on vigorous leading shoots acute, with long rigid points, closely appressed or recurved near the middle, about # long and nearly 3?’ wide. Flowers: male red; female with broad rounded scales and rhombic dark purple lustrous bracts erose above the middle and gradually contracted into broad points. Fruit oblong, slightly narrowed to the rounded and often retuse apex, deep rich purple, puberulous, 33/—6’ long, with scales 1/-13’ wide, nearly as long as broad, gradually narrowed from the rounded apex and rather more than twice.as long as their reddish rhombic or oblong-obovate bracts terminating in long slender tips;'seeds light yellow-brown, 4’ long, with oblique pale brown lustrous wings about 2’ long. ¢'
A tree, often 250° tall, or at high altitudes and in the north usually not more than 70°-80° tall, with a trunk 4°-6° in diameter, in thick forests often naked for 150°, but in open sit- uations densely clothed to the ground with comparatively short branches sweeping down in graceful curves, and stout branchlets clothed for four or five years with soft fine pu- bescence, light orange-brown in their first season, becoming dark purple and ultimately reddish brown. Winter-buds nearly globose, %’—}’ thick, with closely imbricated lus- trous purple scales. Bark on trees up to 150 years old thin, smooth, pale or silvery white,
PINACE 57
becoming near the ground on old trees 14/21’ thick, and irregularly divided into compara- tively small plates covered with small closely appressed reddish brown or reddish gray scales. Wood light, hard, not strong, close-grained, pale brown, with nearly white sapwood; in Washington occasionally manufactured into lumber used in the interior finish of buildings.
Distribution. High mountain slopes and benches from southeastern Alaska (Boca de Quadra Inlet and Sandfly Bay), to Vancouver Island and southward along the coast ranges to Saddle Mountain near Astoria, Oregon, and on the Cascade Mountains to the slopes of Old Bailey Mountain, Oregon, ranging from the sea level at the north to elevations of from 3000°-6000° southward; attaining its largest size on the Olympic Mountains of Wash- ington, where it is the most common Fir-tree.
Occasionally cultivated as an ornamental tree in the eastern states and in western Europe, but without developing the beauty which distinguishes this species in its native forests.
7. Abies nobilis Lindl. Red Fir.
Leaves marked on the upper surface with a deep sharply defined groove, rounded and obscurely ribbed on the lower surface, stomatiferous above and below, dark or light blue- green, often very glaucous during their first season, crowded in several rows, those on the lower side of the branch two-ranked by the twisting of their bases, the others crowded, strongly incurved, with the points erect or pointing away from the end of the branch, on young plants and on the lower sterile branches of old trees flat, rounded, usually slightly notched at apex, 1’-14’ long, about +,’ wide, on fertile branches much thickened and almost equally 4-sided, acuminate, with long rigid callous tips, }/—?’ long, on leading shoots flat, gradually narrowed from the base, acuminate, with long rigid points, about 1’ long. Flowers: male reddish purple; female often scattered over the upper part of the tree, with broad rounded scales much shorter than their nearly orbicular bracts erose on the margins and contracted above into slender elongated strongly reflexed tips. Fruit oblong-cylindric, slightly narrowed but full and rounded at apex, 4’-5’ long, purple or olive-brown, pu- bescent, with scales about one third wider than long, gradually narrowed from the rounded apex to the base, or full at the sides, rounded and denticulate above the middle and sharply contracted and wedge-shaped below, nearly or entirely covered by their strongly reflexed pale green spatulate bracts full and rounded above, fimbriate on the margins, with broad midribs produced into short broad flattened points; seeds 3’ long, pale reddish brown, about as long as their wings, gradually narrowed from below to the nearly truncate slightly rounded apex. ,
A tree, in old age with a comparatively broad somewhat rounded head, usually 150°— 200° and occasionally 250° high, with a trunk 6°-8° in diameter, short rigid branches, short stout remote lateral branches standing out at right angles, and slender reddish brown branch-
58 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
lets puberulous for four or five years and generally pointing forward. Winter-buds ovoid- oblong, red-brown, about ?/ long. Bark becoming on old trunks 1’-2’ thick, bright red- brown, and deeply divided into broad flat ridges irregularly broken by cross fissures and
covered with thick closely appressed scales. Wood light, hard, strong, rather close-grained, pale brown streaked with red, with darker colored sapwood; occasionally manufactured into lumber and used under the name of larch for the interior finish of buildings and for packing-cases.
Distribution. Slopes of Mt. Baker in northern Washington and southward to the valley of the Mackenzie River, Oregon, and the Siskiyou Mountains, California, at elevations of from 2000°-5000° above the sea; most abundant and often forming extensive forests on the Cascade Mountains of Washington; less abundant and of smaller size on the eastern and northern slopes of these mountains. In Oregon sometimes called Larch.
Often planted in western and central Europe as an ornamental tree, and in the eastern states hardy in sheltered positions as far north as Massachusetts.
8. Abies magnifica A. Murr. Red Fir.
Leaves almost equally 4-sided, ribbed above and below, with 6-8 rows of stomata on each of the 4 sides, pale and very glaucous during their first season, later becoming blue-green, persistent usually for about ten years; on young plants and lower branches oblanceolate, somewhat flattened, rounded, bluntly pointed, 3/-1)’ long, qs’ wide, those on the lower side of the branch spreading in 2 nearly horizontal ranks by the twist at
their base, on upper, especially on fertile branches, much thickened, with more prominent
PINACED 59
midribs, acute, with short callous tips, }’ long on the upper side of the branch to 13’ long on the lower side, crowded, erect, strongly incurved, completely hiding the upper side of the branch, on leading shoots 2’ long, erect and acuminate, with long rigid points pressed against the stem. Flowers: male dark reddish purple; female with rounded scales much shorter than their oblong pale green bracts terminating in elongated slender tips more or less tinged with red. Fruit oblong-cylindric, slightly narrowed to the rounded, truncate, or retuse apex, dark purplish brown, puberulous, from 6/—9/ long, with scales often 13’ wide and about two thirds as wide as long, gradually narrowed to the cordate base, some- what longer or often two thirds as long as their spatulate acute or acuminate bracts slightly serrulate above the middle and often sharply contracted and then enlarged toward the base; seeds dark reddish brown, 2’ long, about as wide as their lustrous rose-colored ob- ovate cuneate wings nearly truncate and often 2’ wide at apex.
A tree, in old age occasionally somewhat round-topped, frequently 200° high, with a trunk 8°-10° in diameter and often naked for half the height of the tree, comparatively short small branches, the upper somewhat ascending, the lower pendulous, and stout light yellow-green branchlets pointing forward, slightly puberulous during their first season, becoming light red-brown and lustrous and ultimately gray or silvery white. Winter- buds ovoid, acute, }/—}’ long, their bright chestnut-brown scales with prominent midribs produced into short tips. Bark becoming 4’-6’ thick near the ground, deeply divided into broad rounded ridges broken by cross fissures and covered by dark red-brown scales. Wood light, soft, not strong, comparatively durable, light red-brown, with thick somewhat darker sapwood; largely used for fuel, and in California occasionally manufactured into coarse lumber employed in the construction of cheap buildings and for packing-cases.
Distribution. Cascade Mountains of southern Oregon, southward over the mountain ranges of northern California (summits of the Trinity and Salmon Mountains and on the inner north coast ranges), and along the western slope of the Sierra Nevada to the divide between White and Kern Rivers; common in southern Oregon at elevations between 5000° and 7000°